\_sh v3.0 1084 Nahuatl
\_DateStampHasFourDigitYear
\ref 00001
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 3:00
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\revised 2006-02-12
\lxam mamalintsi:n
\lxam_alt ma:malintsi:n
\lxam_c mamalintsi:n
\lxoa mali:ntsi:n
\lxoa_c mali:ntsi:n
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Rdp-s
\lexical_d Am
\infn N1
\gloss_e insect.type.of.grasshopper
\gloss_s insecto.tipo.de.saltamontes
\sense_e type of edible cloth-eating insect (kiteki tlake:ntli) still unidentified; the majority of consultants (at least those of Oapan) classify this as a type of
grasshopper (see chapolin) that looks like the to:topo (Oa)
\sense_s tipo de insecto comestible que come tela (kiteki tlake:ntli) pero todavía no identificado plenamente; la mayoría de los aesores (por lo menos los de
Oapan) lo clasifican como un tipo de chapulin (véase chapolin) que se parece al to:topo (Oa)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Un chapolin mama:lintsi:n no: ihkón onotla:lia, cho ki... ke:itlah kipapalotok pero dya: kasi ikwalaktsi:n, san yewa ika yo:kitetek un tlake:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00001_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 3:00
\phrase_e That grasshopper called mamalintsi:n, it alights [on clothes] like that, it really, like it licks them, but then a little of its spittle gets on them, and just with that it
has cut through the fabric.
\phrase_s El chapolin llamado mamalintsi:n, se pone así [sobre la ropa], se la pasa como si fuera lamiéndola, pero cuando le alcanza su baba, nada más con
eso ya cortó la tela.
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\nse The "saliva" of this insect is harmful to cloth, it eats it away like acid. Even though it has wings, it flies only a short distance. Several Oapan consultants stated that this insect was
similar to the to:topo. According to Roberto Mauricio (Oa), this is a type of grasshopper, chapolin. It eats herbaceous plants such as the
té:má:kohtsí:n, where it is mostly found. This grasshopper is somewhat shiny and blue, with black stripes on its body. The male, again according to Roberto
Mauricio, is tsi:ntetepontik (with a short, stubby, tail), the female is tsi:nkó:lawáh (with a tail). According to Cristino Flores (Am) this grasshopper is not
edible. He added that it appears in October and shortly thereafter disappears, dying of thirst shortly after the end of the rainy season.
\nae The vowel length of the Ameyaltepec term is not clear. From Cristino Flores's pronunciation it appears that the first /a/ is short, as well as the second, though the first might be
slightly longer. However, Chen Díaz had a definite long first vowel and a short second /a/. In both cases the /i/ of the /lin/ syllable was apparently (though not definitely) short. In
Oapan, however, the length is more clearly mali:ntsi:n.
\mod Probably this entry should be split into two, one for each village (and x-listed).
\qry Check classification of the /ma:malintsi:n/, i.e., whether it is indeed a type of 'chapulin.' In regards to the etymology, check to see if it is related to /mali:na/ and whether this has
something to do with a characteristic of the animal. Ask reason for name.
\ref 00002
\dt 20/Feb/2006
\revised 2006-02-12
\lxam_notes This word is not used in Ameyeltepec, which instead has /tla:lto:ntsi:n/.
\lxoa tla:ltepiso:lin
\lxoa_c tla:ltepiso:lin
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-in
\infn N1
\gloss_e plant.Dalembertia.populifolia
\gloss_s planta.Dalembertia.populifolia
\sense_e Dalembertia populifolia Baill., a plant with an edible root of the Euphorbiaceae family
\sense_s Dalembertia populifolia Baill., una planta con una raíz comestible, de la familia Euphorbiaceae
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld komekatl
\root tla:l
\root te
\root po:so:l
\nse For a further discussion of this plant, see the Ameyaltepec entry for tla:lto:ntsi:n.
\nae The etymology of tla:ltepiso:lin is uncertain.
\semref tla:lto:ntsi:n
\semref_t natural
\semref_d Am
\semref tla:ltepo:so:lin
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00003
\dt 20/Feb/2006
\revised 16/07/05
\lxam kemech
\lxam_c kemech
\lxoa kámách
\lxoa_pr kamach
\lxoa_c kámách
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-b
\pitch yes
\gloss_e recently
\gloss_s apenas
\sense_e recently; just a short time or moment ago
\sense_s apenas; hace un rato o hace poco tiempo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kemech o:yah, ¡xkonasi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just left a moment ago, go catch up to him!
\phrase_s ¡Se fue apenas hace un momento, ¡ve a alcanzarlo!
\phrase_n Kemech ompa o:tiwa:le:hkeh.
\phrase_e We just recently came from there.
\phrase_s Apenas vinimos de allá.
\phrase_n Kemech o:pe:w timonono:tsan, kemech o:pe:w titlatlatowan.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00003_02_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 5:30
\phrase_e We just started to converse, we just started to talk.
\phrase_s Apenas empezamos a placticar, apenas empezamos a hablar.
\phrase_n Un a:man kemech nowepa:wan, yewameh xkimatin.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00003_03_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 9:55
\phrase_e Those that now are just growing up, they don't know it [the word teposmiktia:ni for 'knife'].
\phrase_s Ellos que ahora apenas están creciendo, ellos no lo saber [la palabra teposmiktia:ni para 'cuchillo'].
\sense_e (~ kayo:tl)
\sense_s (~ kayo:tl)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e something from just recently; something or someone not very old
\sense_s algo recién hecho; algo o alguien no muy antiguo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kemech kayo:tl, ya:lwa o:nemiko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's a recent thing (in this case a baby just born), it was born yesterday.
\phrase_s Es algo reciente (en este caso un niño), apenas ayer nació.
\sense_e (ma:s san ~ ) more recently
\sense_s (ma:s san ~) más recientemente
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Yewa ma:s san kemech.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That one is more recent.
\phrase_s Ése es más reciente.
\root kemech
\nse The Ameyaltepec kemech is is not to be confused with ke:mechih, from the same dialect.
\nae The motivation for the pitch-accent in Oapan is not clear. To date I have found no indication of any historical *h in any variant of Nahuatl.
\qry In the phrase above (/yewa ma:s san kemech/) I have used /san/ although in one version I had recorded /sa:/. This should be checked, i.e., whether the phrase is /sa: kimich/ or /san
kimich/. Make sure that etymology and historical basis of the two forms is identical. If not, give Oapan and Ameyaltepec separate entries. It might be that the Oapan form is similar
or cognate to Ameyaltepec /ke:mech/.
\semref sanki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00004
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\revised 2006-02-12
\lxam tlapeya:wa
\lxam_c tlapeya:wa
\lxoa_notes This word is not documented in Oapan.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\incorp tla-V2
\infn N1
\gloss_e slippery.surfaced
\gloss_s resbaloso.superficie
\der V2-alt-wi
\gloss_e party-goer
\gloss_s parandero
\sense_e place that is slippery and with an earthy surface that causes one to slide down (referring to a downward sloping area, particularly one that is wet)
\sense_s lugar (en referencia a una cuesta o inclinación) resbaloso y con una superficie que hace que uno se resbala o se desliza hacia abajo
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kea:man para newa nocha:n, a:mantsi:n kiawi, tiá:s pa mo:nteh, pos nowiá:n tlapeya:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00004_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 6:00
\phrase_e For example, there were I live, now it is raining, when you go into the hills, well now, everywhere it is slippery.
\phrase_s Por ejemplo, allá por donde vivo, ahora está lloviendo, vas al monte, pues en todos lados es resbaloso.
\phrase_n Tlapeya:wa ipan tlakaltech.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is slippery on the slope (e.g., because it is smooth, or muddy and wet, etc.).
\phrase_s Es resbaloso por la cuesta inclinada (p. ej., por estar un lugar muy liso, o por estar mojado y tener algo de lodo).
\phrase_n Tlapa:stika:n, ke:n tlapeya:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is a wet place, it is really slippery.
\phrase_s Es un lugar mojado, es muy resbaloso.
\phrase_n ¡Ma:ka tipano:s ompú:n! Tlapeya:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Cristino Flores (p.c. junio 2002)
\phrase_e Don't go over there! It's slippery.
\phrase_s ¡No vayas por allá! Es resbaloso.
\root peya:
\disamb 00004_disambig-tlapeyawa-tlaxolawa-am_cf
\src_dis 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav at 6:42
\nse The word tlapeya:wa refers to a place that is slippery from being wet, particularly from the rain. It may be compared to tlaxola:wa, which is more
often used to refer to an incline on which ones feet may fly out from under one, perhaps because the ground is covered with small pebbles.
\nae The derivational process and the morphology of tlapeya:wa are not entirely clear. To some extent this word parallels, both semantically and morphologically,
tla:la:la:wa: a transitive verb (at least in modern Ameyaltepec Nahuatl) with valency-reducing nominal incorporation to. However, Ameyaltepec
tlapeya:wa might also derive from a lost intransitive form peya:wa, forming an impersonal passive to indicate a state of nature. The second
interpretation and analysis, which seems more likely, suggests that the literal meaning of tlapeya:wa would be something like 'slipping down occurs.' Not only does it
function semantically as a noun, but it has no verbal inflectional paradigm. At any rate, the word is not found in Oapan and may be an Ameyaltepec-specific formation.
\grm /tla-/; The derivational process and the morphology of tlapeya:wa are not entirely clear. To some extent it parallels tla:la:la:wa in that what
seems to be a transitive verb (at least in modern Ameyaltepec Nahuatl) takes the nonspecific object prefix to form a word that indicates the state of a particular section of
land. However, it might also be that the peya:wa in tlapeya:wa reflects the historical intransitive form and that the resultant compound is an
impersonal passive, here functioning as an indication of a state of nature.
\mod Add ompun to the dictionary for Am
\revised 8/28/04
\semref tlapeya:ska:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tlatexilahka:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00005
\lxam ixwi:wmontli
\lxam_c ixwi:wmontli
\lxoa ixwi:hmontli
\lxoa_c ixwi:hmontli
\dt 20/Feb/2006
\revised 2006-02-12
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N2(dom)
\allomorph i-epen
\gloss_e son.in.law
\gloss_s yerno
\sense_e husband of a granddaughter, from the perspective of the grandparents
\sense_s esposo de una nieta, desde la perspectiva de los abuelos
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nikpia noxwi:w se: suwa:tl, pwes yo:nona:miktih. Dya: a:man te:h un, iwe:wentsi:n, noxwi:wmon.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00005_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 7:39
\phrase_e I have a granddaughter, well, she's already gotten married. And now then, her, her husband, he's my ixwi:wmontli.
\phrase_s Tengo una nieta, pues ya se casó. Y ahora pues, su esposo, es mi ixwi:wmontli.
\semfld kin
\root xwi:w
\root mon
\nse Although this word was accepted by Florencia Marcelino, several other individuals from Oapan denied the correctness of this word. Roberto Mauricio gave the form ya:
o:hpa montli, e.g., ya: o:hpa nomon, literally 'he is my second son-in-law.' Ixwi:wmontli, however, is definitely documented in Ameyaltepec.
\qry Determine whether other extended ties also enter into this paradigm.
\revised 8/28/04
\ref 00006
\lxam ma:xi:kole:wi
\lxam_c ma:xi:kole:wi
\lxoa ma:xi:kole:wi
\lxoa_c ma:xi:kole:wi
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te ma:texi:kole:wi
\lx_te_d Am, Oa
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\gloss_e to.scrape.ones.arm
\gloss_s raspar.el.brazo
\sense_e to scrape or abrade ones arm or hand (e.g., from choppping wood with an axe)
\sense_s rasparse o excoriarse el brazo o la mano (p. ej., al leñar con una hacha)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwa:k kamantika tikasin se: yo:lki yewan kuwtik, tikiasitiweh wa:n tiknekin titlamatilo:skeh, kamantika, amigo xtlah tiempo para
tikma:ka:waskeh un riata. Ma:tiliwi na:n ipan toma:. Dya: pos deke o:ma:tiliw a fuerza te:h, de milá:k timo... ika a
fuerza timopilo:s. Pos deke o:... o:tili:n riata, tima:xi:kole:wis. Noso deke o:tiwets chika:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sometimes when we lasso an animal that is strong, we go along holding it and if we want to wrap (the lasso) around, sometimes friend there is no time to let the lasso go. It
wraps itself around our arm. And if it got tangled, you've got to, well, to really strongly pull against it. But if it got tight, you'll scrape up your arm. Or (this can also happen)
if you fall hard.
\phrase_s A veces cuando agarramos un animal que es fuerte, vamos agarrándolo y queremos enrollar (el laso), a veces amigo no hay tiempo para soltar la riata. Se enrosca
sobre la mano. Y entonces cuando ya se enroscó, a fuerza pues, de veras tú, con fuerza jalas. Pues una vez que se apretó la riata, te rascas el brazo. O también (lo
mismo ocurre) cuando te caes fuerte.
\snd_am 00006_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 8:49
\semref xi:kole:wi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\root ma:
\root xi:kol
\nse The insertion of the intensifier te- immediately before the verbal stem (e.g., ma:texi:kole:wi) indicates an intensified event, i.e., a greater degree of scraping.
Giving the fact that such abrasions are often severe or, at least, painful, it is not uncommon to find the intensified form.
\qry Determine any other use or possible meanings. Check /xi:koliwi/ as possibility.
\revised 16/07/05
\ref 00007
\lxam kechkoto:na
\lxam_c kikechkoto:na
\lxoa kechkoto:na
\lxoa_c kikechkoto:na
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te kextekoto:na
\lx_te_d Am, Oa
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\trans ~Compl
\infv class-3a
\gloss_e to.snap.neck.of
\gloss_s romper.cuello.de
\sense_e to snap or break the neck of (particularly a chicken)
\sense_s romper el cuello de (particularmente una gallina)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kikechkoto:nas un pió.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will snap the neck of that chicken.
\phrase_s Le va a romper el cuello a esa gallina.
\phrase_n Bueno un pió, san nopilowa ikechkuwiotsi:n. San noma:ka:wa i:n, ka:n noki:tskitok itsontekontsi:n.
\snd_am 00007_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 10:08
\phrase_e Well with a chicken, one just pulls down on its little neck. It just comes apart, there where its head is attached (i.e., the head is not completely severed).
\phrase_s Bueno, con una gallina, nada más se jala sobre su cuellito. Se separa allí, donde se junta con su cabecita.
\sense_e to cut or slit the throat of (e.g., a cow or pig in killing it); to behead
\sense_s degollar (p. ej., una vaca o marrano al matarlo)
\sense_d Pending
\semref koto:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref kwa:tsonteki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref kextsonteki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\root kech
\root koto:
\nse According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) this verb is used solely in cases where the neck is pulled and snapped and pulled off (as it is in slaughtering a chicken), not broken. The
koto:ni part of the verb refers to the snapping apart of the head from the spinal cord and not the severing of the neck. In other words, the primary sense of
'(being) pulled apart' is still applicable. Note that the verb kechkoto:na verb can be applied to almost any small animal (such as a grassphopper), or even a
person (e.g., with a machete). It is also applied, according to Cristino Flores (Am) to cutting the throat of an animal in slaughtering it (e.g., a cow or pig) although perhaps other
forms, such as kextsontekiare more appropriate. Finally, it appears that kechkoto:na can also be used in a figurative sense for actions such
as pulling a flower off of its stem.
\qry Check for other meanings and uses, as well as for the existence and use of possible intransitive forms. Check for possibility of using -te- before verbal stem.
\revised 8/28/04
\ref 00008
\lxam iye:wilia
\lxam_c kiye:wilia
\lxoa é:wiliá
\lxoa_alt yé:wiliá
\lxoa_pr é:wilia
\lxoa_c ké:wiliá
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical rdp-s/h
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\gloss_e to.store.for
\gloss_s guardar.para
\sense_e to store for
\sense_s almacenar o guardar (en un lugar) para
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kea:man tewa, kwa:' tiá:s ne: nocha:n, tli:n tlasoti, tikito:s "Noba:leh, na:n, na:n ma n´ka:wa i:n, xne:chiye:wili, newa niá:s ne:, tepe:k.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00008_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 11:07
\phrase_e For example, you, when you go there to my home, [of] things that are dear, you'll say,"My friend, here, here let me leave this, keep it for me. I'm going into the mountains."
\phrase_s Por ejemplo, tú, cuando vas allá a mi casa, [de] las cosas que son preciosas, vas a decir,"Amigo mío, aquí, aquí déjame dejarlas, guárdamelas. Voy al monte.
\phrase_n ¡X'tlá:ye:wili, yo i yaw!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Put away his things for him, he's about to leave!
\phrase_s ¡Recógele las cosas, ya se va él!
\sense_e to set aside for (e.g., food, for later consumption)
\sense_s apartar para (p. ej., comida para consumirse después)
\phrase_n Ke:tlah ne:chiye:wilian un a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's like they save some of that water for me.
\phrase_s Es como me guardan algo de esa agua.
\sense_e to take away and store on (i.e., in a negative sense, as in 'to hide from,' so that the person no longer has access to the object stored)
\sense_s esconder y guardar a (esto es, en perjuicio de algn, para que la persona ya no tenga aceso al objeto trasladado)
\phrase_n Kikwa o:me itlaxkal dya: kika:wte:wa, ona:tli. Kwa:' yeko xokitlah ipla:toh. Yo:kekwanelikeh, yo:kiye:wilikeh itlaxkal. Noka:wa niún xok tlakwa. Xok ixwi.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00008_02_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 12:20
\phrase_e He eats two tortillas and then he leaves them behind, he goes over to drink some water. When he gets back his plate is gone. They've taken away his plate on him, they've put
away his tortillas. He's left without eating any more. He won't get full.
\phrase_s Se come dos tortillas y después las deja atrás al ir a tomar agua. Cuando regresa ya no estásu plato. Se lo quitaron, guardaron sus tortillas. Queda sin comer más. Ya no
se llena.
\root ye:wa
\fla iye:wa
\nse The applicative iye:wilia (Am) / é:wilia (Oa) can apparently be both a benefactive or a malefactice (e.g., in the case that a visitor's tortillas are removed
from in front of him). That is, the primary object can benefit from the "storage" as when a friend keeps some money for safekeeping. But it can also have a malefactive sense, as in
the example above, when a host takes away and stores the food of a guest who is not done eating.
\nae In Oapan one usually finds the form é:wiliá although occasionally it is found with an epenthetic /y/: kiyé:wiliá.
\nde The various forms of this lexeme in different dialects all manifest reduplication or the reflex of reduplication. Thus Ameyaltepec has iye:wilia in which the first /i/ is from
the reduplicated syllable. Oapan manifests the expected pitch accent pattern, and San Juan Tetelcingo short vowel reduplication with code /h/: yehyewilia.
\grm Reduplication; epenthetic /y/: Note that with the nonspecific object prefix /tla-/ the reduplicant fall on the prefix, given that the maintenance of the epenthetic /y/ makes this
act like a consonant-initial verb.
\revised 8/28/04
\xref iye:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 00009
\lxam te:nkoya:wak
\lxam_c te:nkoya:wak
\lxoa te:nkoya:wak
\lxoa_c te:nkoya:wak
\dt 20/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-k
\gloss_e wide.mouthed
\gloss_s boca.grande
\sense_e to be wide-mouthed; to have a wide mouth or opening (pots, bottles or jugs, sacks, etc.)
\sense_s tener la boca, o una apertura, ancha (ollas, botellas o garrafones, costales, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kihli:s topi:pih, "Xne:che:kchi:wili se: na:ko:n,¡ma te:nkoya:wak!"
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00009_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 13:16
\phrase_e He will say to an elder woman,"Make a water jug for me, let it have a wide mouth!"
\phrase_s Le va a decir a la señora,"Hazme un cántaro, ¡Qué tenga una boca ancha!"
\phrase_n Kineki ma te:nkoya:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00009_02_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 13:24
\phrase_e He wants it to have a wide mouth.
\phrase_s Quiere que tenga una boca ancha.
\phrase_n Seki ko:ntli te:nkoya:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Some pots are wide-mouthed.
\phrase_s Algunas ollas tienen la boca grande.
\root te:n
\root koya:
\revised 8/28/04
\nse This can be applied to a wide-mouthed pot or a:tekomatl, a house with a wide door, a well or hole, a sack or bag. This term is also applied to cliffs that have a
cave. It is not applied to people who are gossipy.
\grm Optative; adjectives: Note that the optative can be used with an adjective to communicate the speakers desire that a certain object have the quality expressed by the
adjective: /Kihli:s topi:pih,"Xne:che:kchi:wili se: na:ko:n,¡ma te:nkoya:wak!/
\grm Optative; adjectives; complements. Note Kineki ma te:nkoya:wak in which the complement of the verb of desire /neki/ is expressed in the optative.
\ref 00010
\lxam yekxo:ltia
\lxam_c kiyekxo:ltia
\lxoa yexo:ltia
\lxoa_c kiyexo:ltia
\dt 20/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\gloss_e to.make.sneeze
\gloss_s hacer.estornudar
\sense_e to make or cause to sneeze
\sense_s hacer estornudar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ekxo
\nse The subject of this verb is usually not a person but a material object such as tla:hli (earth), tla:ltemolohtli (Oa) / tla:ltektli (dust),
chi:hli (chile), or sa:yo:lin (mosquitos). Cristino Flores (Am) also mentioned that the wasp called chi:lpa:n de te:sotla:wani
may cause one to sneeze from the strong smell released when it stings.
\revised 9/7/04
\xref yekxowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 00011
\lxam notekwixtok
\lxam_c notekwixtok
\lxoa notékwixtók
\lxoa_pr notekwixtok
\lxoa_c notékwixtók
\dt 26/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der Stat-refl
\lexical te-
\lexical_d Am, Oa
\infv Durative(refl)
\pitch yes-lex
\gloss_e wrapped.up
\gloss_s envuelto
\sense_e to be wrapped up (e.g., a person in a blanket)
\sense_s estar envuelto (p. ej., una persona en una cobija)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yewa un ye tlakwalispan isa, dya: asta i tlakwalispan notekwixtok ka un ipilisa:l. Xnokwiste:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00011_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 17:00
\phrase_e Ones who wake up when it is already noon, up to noon they are wrapped up in their blanket. They don't get up.
\phrase_s Él que cuando ya es mediodía se despierta, hasta cuando ya es mediodía estáenvuelto en su cobija. No se levanta.
\phrase_n Koxtok, notekwixtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is sleeping, he is wrapped up (e.g., in a blanket, because of the cold)
\phrase_s Está durmiendo, está envuelto (p. ej., en una cobija, a causa del frío)
\sense_e (often with long vowel reduplication) to be coiled up (e.g., a snake, rope)
\sense_s (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal larga) estar enroscado (p. ej., una culebra, laso)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\revised 7/28/04
\semref tekwixtok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tékwixtók
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\root hkwiya
\nse According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) the reflexive stative is used for humans that have wrapped themselves up in a blanket or similar object; the nonreflexive
tékwixtók is used (i.e., as a resultative) for material objects that have been wrapped up. Other consultants have agreed with this assessment. Nevertheless, it is often
the case that the nonreflexive may be used for human (e.g., san ke:nkah tekwixtok (Am) 'he's just wrapped up the same as ever' (e.g., someone sleeping later)
although the reflexive form is never used for something (a material object) that has been wrapped up. The form with long vowel reduplication can be used for snakes and rope that is
coiled, but also for people. However, it can also be used for individuals, as in Oapan kamach note:tekwixtia:ya 'he was just wrapping himself up (in a blanket, e.g., in
getting ready to sleep).' In a conversation with Cristino Flores (Am) he gave the following sentence: "Un toba:leh o:h'ne:xti:to, tlakwalispan san ke:nkah tekwixtok 'I
went and found our friend, it's noon and as always he's just wrapped up (in a blanket, i.e., he has woken up yet).' However, later he said that although acceptable it is more common
(or preferable) to use the reflexive notekwixtok. As to snakes he said that both the reflexive notekwixtok and the resultative
tekwixtok can be used. The difference is unclear, but it appears to have to do with the volitionality ascribed to the subject.
\nae Note that the prefixes change according to person (e.g., nimotekwixtok). The initial te- has been analyzed as related to the intensifier with the same form.
\mod Determine how to enter reflexive statives. There are few of these and perhaps with /no-/ is the best.
\grm Statives and progressives; reflexive: Statives and progressives seem to fall into several groups. Most important is the distinction between unaccusative and unergative
intransitives. As a basic rule of thumb, the /-tok/ suffix on unergative verbs conveys a progressive sense (this is in accord with the agentive nature of these verbs). Indeed,
one might consider that one of the diagnostics of unergativity is precisely the fact that /-tok/ added to a verb is progressive for intransitives only if these intransitives are
unergative. If the meaning is stative, then the diagnostic has failed and the intransitive is unaccusative. Yet whereas unergatives cannot acquire a stative meaning with /-tok/,
unaccusatives can acquire a progressive meaning. One way is through the adverbial modifier /ye/. Thus /koto:ntok/ is a resultative 'it is snapped'; however, /ye koto:ntok/
indicates a more ongoing event, and this is given a progressive interpretation. Another way to give a progressive meaning is thr ough /-tiw / in a temporal sense.The is an
example of such a use in this corpus. The second parameter is the use of /-tok/ with transitive verbs. Some of these are the transitive form of nondirected alternation. In such
cases, perhaps, one may assume that an intransitive form did at one time exist, and the stative is actually built on this. Or one may consider the /-tok/ ending as a
detransitivizer. This might be the case with /a:ntok/, /kweptok/, /mela:wtok/, etc. All these have been coded as Stat-x. There is then the problem of transitives and statives vs.
progressives. In general in most cases a transitive verb will form a progressive with /-tok/ if there is full saturation of the argument slots. Thus with the transitive /kwepa/ one
has /tlakweptok/ 'he is turning (sth) over.' In other cases of verbs that seem to manifest nondirected alternation, /-tok/ has a stative interpretation either because: 1) it is built
on an intransitive that has been lost in all but the stative; or 2) t h e /-tok/ en ding effectively detransitivizesthetransitiveverb. However, this leaves aside one important
class of verbs: reflexives that indicate actions performed on oneself, and how to express the state of being in the result of this event (having done XVerb to oneself). A verb
such as /mela:wa/ has two statives: /mela:wtok/ and /nomela:wtok/, the difference between the two is not entirely clear and needs to be explored. However, other statives
(and adjectivals, such as those ending in -kayoh) seem to not accept a detransitivized or intransitive source. One example seems to be /notekwixtok/ 'to be wrapped up.' Thus
the example in this sense above /koxtok, notekwixtok/ manifests a stative with a reflexive object. On the other hand, another sentence with /pa:ntalonkwixtok/ does not have
the reflexive. These forms should be investigated and discussed. According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) the reflexive stative is used for humans that have wrapped
themselves up in a blanket or simila r o bj ect; the nonreflexive tékwixtók is used (i.e., as a resultative) for material objects that have been wrapped up.
Other consultants later agreed with this assessment. The form with long vowel reduplication can be used for snakes and rope that is coiled, but also for people. However, it
can also be used for individuals, as in Oapan kamach note:tekwixtia:ya 'he was just wrapping himself up (in a blanket, e.g., in getting ready to sleep).' In a
conversation with Cristino Flores (Am) he gave the following sentence: Un toba:leh o:h'ne:xti:to, tlakwalispan san ke:nkah tekwixtok 'I went and found our
friend, it's noon and as always he's just wrapped up (in a blanket, i.e., he has woken up yet).' However, later he said that although acceptable it is more common (or
preferable) to use the reflexive notekwixtok. As to snakes he said that both the reflexive notekwixtok and the resultative
tekwixtok can be used. The difference is unclear, but it a ppe a rs to have to do with the volitionality ascribed to the subject.
\revised 9/7/04
\ref 00012
\lxam tlanne:nepantik
\lxam_c tlanne:nepantik
\lxoa tlanne:nepantik
\lxoa_c tlanne:nepantik
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical rdp-l
\lexical_d Am, Oa
\gloss_e double.toothed
\gloss_s con.dientes.encimados
\sense_e to have doubled teeth (e.g., as may occur when a baby tooth does not fall out, leaving two teeth, one behind the other)
\sense_s tener dos dientes doblados, uno atrás del otro (esto es, cuando un diente de niño no se cae causando que el otro salga adelante, dejando dos dientes, uno tras el otro)
\phrase_n Tlanne:nepantik, un yewa de itlan. Pa:mpa u:nkah seki ne:nepane:wi itlan. Yewa tikihlian tlanne:nepantik. Wa:n un deke mokali tlane:nepane:wtok, yewa ke:aman
tewa, nanwameh ma:ski tla: ma nikito nantlane:nepanowan pa:mpa nankipian un, ka:n nantlaiye:wan ke:aman ka amoli:broh.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00012_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 20:45
\phrase_e Tlanne:nepantik, that refers to teeth. Because there are some whose teeth grown on top of each other. Those people we refer to by the term
Tlanne:nepantik. And then there are things that inside your house are piled one on top of another, for example you, you all I might say, you all stack things
one on top of another because you all have a place where you keep things, like your books.
\phrase_s Tlanne:nepantik, eso hace referencia a dientes. Porque hay algunos a quienes se le enciman sus dientes. A estos les decimos que tienen los dientes
encimados. Y si en tu casa hay cosas encimadas una arriba de otra, esto que tú, o que diga yo Uds., ponen cosas una encima de otra porque Uds. tiene eso, donde
guardan cosas por ejemplo sus libros.
\sense_d Am, Oa
\revised 7/28/04
\root tlan
\root nepan
\nae Both Gabriel de la Cruz and Luis Lucena (Am) clearly articulated a double /nn/ in careful, slow pronunciation. Cristino Flores confirmed (as the illustrative sentence makes clear) that
there is a difference between tlanne:nepantik and tlane:nepantik, which means 'to be stacked, one thing on top of another.' Measurements of three
tokens of tlanne:nepantik yielded an average lenght of 107 ms. Measurements of eight tokens of tlane:nepantik or related forms yielded an average
length of 84 ms. In addition, there appears to be some devoicing of the double nasal (cf. illustrative sentence) as often occurs with geminate consonants. Nevertheless, this double
nasal sequence is difficult to note in normal speech. This follows the general pattern whereby geminate nasals are reduced. Oapan consultants all wrote the entry form with a double
/nn/ and at first suggested that the initial /a/ was long. However, it might be that the nasal itself is prolonged, not the vowel. The double nasal needs to be studied acoustically.
\qry Check for nonreduplicated form ?/tlanepantik/ or ?/tlanenepantik/. In Oapan I did not note this double nasal.
\qry_fon Check the tokens from 4076. These are interesting in regards to vowel length as the female as ratios of 127:72 and 120:66 (for ne:ne of tlane:nepantik) while the male as
ratios of 74:51 and 77:54. Check to determine whether in Oapan Nahuatl there is also a difference between /tlanne:nepantik/ and /tlane:nepantik/.
\root_notes The root /nepan/ could perhaps be further analyzed as /ne/ and /pan/. However, this should only be mentioned in the root notes.
\vl There are four additional tokens for this word at the now deleted entry of 4076. Link to the dictionary from these four additional tokens (i.e., c and d for each speaker.
\grm Vowel length: the tokens of /tlane:nepantik/ from entry 4076 (c and d for each speaker, which I also saved separately) are interesting because of the differnt lengths.
Florencia Marcelino has 127:72 and 120:66 as the ratio of the two /e/'s (tlane:nepantik) whereas Inocencio Jiménez has ratios of 74:51 and 77:54. This demonstrates quite
clearly that the important determination of length is not absolute but rather relative duration, i.e., the duration in relationship to surrounding sounds.
\revised 13/7/04
\ref 00013
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lxam tlayo:ltleko:ltia
\lxam_c tlayo:ltleko:ltia
\lxoa tlayó:ltlakó:ltia
\lxoa_alt tlayo:ltláko:ltiá
\lxoa_alt tlayó:ltlekó:ltia
\lxoa_alt tlayo:ltléko:ltiá
\lxoa_pr tlayo:ltlako:ltia
\lxoa_c tlayó:ltlekó:ltia
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\gloss_e to.take.maize.up.to.store
\gloss_s subir.maíz.para.guardarlo
\sense_e to take sacks up maize a ladder and and empty it into a granary for storage
\sense_s subir costales de maíz por una escalera para almacenarlo en una troje
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:wekaw kwa:' milá: tito:kayan, miahka:n, tiaweh skie:rah na:hka:n, ma:kwi:lka:n. Tontlapale:wian, titlayo:ltleko:ltian.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00013_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 22:57
\phrase_e A long time ago, when we really used to plant, in many places, we would go to some four, five places. We would then go to help out, we would take maize up ladders to put it
into the graneries.
\phrase_s Hace mucho, cuando de a de veras sembrabamos, en muchos lugares, vamos quizás a cuatro, cinco lugares. Ibamos a ayudar, subíamos maíz en las trojes.
\phrase_n Nitlayó:ltlakó:lti:s i:pan kweskomatl.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I am going to take my maize up to store in the granary.
\phrase_s Voy a subir maíz a la troja.
\sense_e to load maize (onto a high surface for storage or transport, such as onto a truck bed; this term is used when a lot of maize is placed on the truck bed)
\sense_s cargar maíz (para almacenar o transportar, p. ej., sobre una troca o algo así, pero solamente cuando se sube mucho maíz )
\sense_d Pending
\root o:ya
\root tlehko
\ilus_note General drawing
\nse Although this term is occasionally be used to refer to the action of placing maize on a truck bed for transport, it is not used for loading maize onto a beast of burden.
\ref 00014
\mod This was a duplicate entry for /ye:ilia/, which has been deleted.
\dt 29/Dec/2004
\ref 00015
\lxam tlakaltech
\lxam_c tlakaltech
\lxoa_notes This word is not used in Oapan, at least according to the information gathered to date.
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound V-loc
\infn N1
\gloss_e steep.upward.slope
\gloss_s cuesta.arriba
\sense_e steep upward slope; place or section of land that is steep (generally used for an upward slope)
\sense_s subida; lugar o sección de tierra muy inclinada (generalmente utilizado para cuestas hacia arriba)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kanah pan tlakaltech, te:h ma:ski ma tlakaltech tikito:s deke yo:li:k tiwa:hlaweh. Bah, tiwa:ltsi:tsikwintiweh keitlah tikmatin tikito:s pan tlawe:i tle:ika pa:mpa de
momo:stla hkon tikateh nomatin i:n tokxi. Nomati tocuerpo xte:chsiawi:tia un tlakaltech
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00015_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 25:15
\phrase_n Xwel nipanwetsi. Yo:nisiaw, we:i tlakaltech.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I can't make it to the top (in this case of a hill). I'm tired, it is a long steep slope.
\phrase_s No puedo llegar a la cima (en este caso de un cerro). Ya me cansé, es una larga y muy inclinada subida.
\phrase_n Xtlakaltech, san so:wtoktsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It isn't steep, there is just a gentle upward incline.
\phrase_s No está muy empinado, hay solamente una leve inclinación hacia arriba.
\phrase_n Mejó:r x'tlatlani un ne:nkah tla:hli ka:n tlawe:i. Ni:n xkipia tetl, wa:n ni:n xtlakaltech.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It would be better to ask for that there land in the open. It neither has rocks nor is it steeply inclined.
\phrase_s Sería mejor pedir esa tierra allá donde hay campo. Ni tiene piedras, ni estáinclinada.
\phrase_n Pakah ne:, itlakotia:n tlakaltech.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is there, halfway up the steep slope.
\phrase_s Allá está, a la mitad de la inclinada cuesta.
\semref te:mowa:ya:n
\semref_t antonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref tlapelkaya:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\revised 7/28/04
\semfld topography
\root tlahkal
\root_rel -tech
\disamb tlakaltech; temowa:ya:n; (ka:n) pilkatok
\nse In Ameyaltepec this term is used in reference to an upward slope. For a downward (e.g., bajada) slope temowa:ya:n is used.
\nse In Oapan tla:ltech is used to indicate something low to the ground as well as a downward slope, for which tlapelkaya:nis also used. In Ameyaltepec
there are two words: tlakaltech to indicate a steep slope and tla:ltech to indicate closeness to the ground. Oapan also has tla:ltechioh
the precise meaning of which still needs to be determined. Cristino Flores indicóque la traducción de esta palabra es vereda.
\qry Determine precise grammatical category of this lexeme.
\qry_h Check in San Juan for tlakaltech or tlahkaltech
\mod Originally the /lxo entry was /tla:ltech/, but this has been given a different entry.
\revised 13/7/04
\semref tlekowa:ya:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tla:ltech
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref kekowa:ya:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref tlapowetska:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00016
\lxam xtekitl
\lxam_c xtekitl
\lxoa xtekitl
\lxoa_c xtekitl
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\gloss_e easy
\gloss_s fácil
\sense_e easy; not difficult; to be a breeze
\sense_s fácil
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n ¡Oh, a:mantsi:n niá:s! Yewa xtekitl nihkukwis. ¿Tle:ka? Pa:mpa h'mastok ka wel nikukuwi. Pues niaw. Xtekitl nikukuwtiwetsi. Xtekitl nikchi:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00016_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 26:07
\phrase_e Oh, I'll go right away! It's no problem for me to get. Why? Because I know I can chop wood. Well, I'll go. It's a breeze for me to get some firewood right away. It's a breeze
for me to do it.
\phrase_s ¡Oh, ahorita voy! No es problema para que lo consiga. ¿Por qué? Porque sé que puedo leñar. Pues voy. No es difícil que consiga leña rápido. No es difícil que lo haga.
\phrase_n Xtekitl wa:hla:s.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e It's no problem for him to come (i.e., he can just get up and come in a flash).
\phrase_s No le es difícil venir (eso es, puede venir de un momento a otro).
\revised 7/28/04
\semref tekitl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00017
\lxam one:wi:ltilia
\lxam_alt one:wi:tilia
\lxam_c kone:wi:ltilia
\lxoa one:wi:ltilia
\lxoa_c kone:wi:ltilia
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp Dir-V3
\der V3-d-ap[ca]
\infv class-2a
\gloss_e to.take.there.for
\gloss_s llevar.allí.para
\sense_e to start taking or carrying (something) for (sb); to take (sth) there for
\sense_s empezar a cargar o llevar (algo) para (algn); llevar (algo) allá para (algn)
\sense_d pending
\phrase_n Tikitos, "¡Ah! ¡Newa ma nike:wi:lti! Newa ma nimitsone:wi:ltili." Xto:pa tewa tikma:mas. Tine:chmakas ne:yhka ka:n yo:tisiaw. Iwa:n deke san ne:yhka
o:tine:chna:mik, un san [o:]tine:chpa:tlak, xtewa [o:]tike:witih nika:n, ka:n katka.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00017_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 33
\phrase_e You say, "Ah! Let me start it! Let me start it out on its way for you.!" You carry it on your back first. You'll give it to me there, where you've gotten tired. But if you just meet
up with me there, then you just take my place, you didn't start out with it here, where it was.
\phrase_s Dices, "¡Ah! ¡Déjame empezarlo! Déjame empezarlo para tí!" Tú primero lo cargas. Me lo vas a dar allí, donde ya te cansaste. Y si allí nada más te topas conmigo,
entonces nada más me relevas, tú no lo empezaste aquí, donde estaba.
\phrase_n Ma tikito:ka:n, newa nitlapa:tska. I:wa:n dya: tia:skeh toniswate:kaskeh te:tla:lpan. Wa:n ne: ka:n nitlapa:tska, pa tine:chmakas notlaxkal, tine:chone:wi:ltili:s wa:n
ne: pa tine:chmakas. Ya: yewa, mowa:n i niaw.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00017_02_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 28:46
\phrase_e Let's say that I am going to milk cows. And then we will go to strip corn leaves off the stalks in some else's field. And there where I am milking cows, there you give me my
tortillas, you take it out (of the village) for me and there you give it to me. And then I continue on with you.
\phrase_s Digamos que voy a ir a ordeñar. Y después vamos a zacatear en una milpa ajena. Y allá donde estoy ordeñando, allí me das mis tortillas, te las llevas (del pueblo) para
mi y allá me las das. Entonces, voy contigo (al lugar donde vamos a zacatear).
\semref wa:le:wi:ltia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semfld motion
\xref one:wi:ltia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\root e:wa
\dis-notes onti:tlanilia; one:wi:ltilia
\nse The most common meaning of one:wi:ltilia is as the applicative (with a benefactive meaning) of one:wi:ltia, which is used to mean "the action
of "starting" or "starting (sth) on its way." Thus, if two people are together and are trying to move something heavy, one may say to the other, ¡Ma nimitsone:wi:ltili:s¡
(Am) 'Let me start it on its way for you!' There are several key facets to the meaning of this verb. First, it is only used for objects that are carried. Thus if a person (e.g. a worker) is
being sent along to someone who has already departed (e.g., a field owner who has left for work early) the applicative forms ti:tlanilia or
to:tokilia are used. Second, the movement of the object must be initiated at the source, i.e, the original location. Thus if two people are carrying a heavy object
and somewhere along the way one person gets tired and the other takes up the load to help, the verb one:wi:ltilia is not used. Rather one would most commonly
say, ¡Ma timitspatla! (Am) 'Let me take your place!' (in the sense of 'let me help you out in carrying it'). Basically, then, the meaning then is related to
one:wa 'to depart' and one:wi:ltia 'to make depart' in the sense of taking or carrying something on its way from its point of departure or
origin. It is also important to note that in the example given by Cristino Flores the verb is used in situations in which the person doing the carrying does not take the object to its final
destination, but only part way. Thus the following situation. Two people will work together far away. One person heads out early to work but stops on the way. The second person
later departs, taking some item (e.g., food) for the first. He brings the item, which the first person takes, and then they head off together. The verb one:wi:ltilia
may be used as the second person brought the item but didn't take it all the way to the destination. If the two head out together, one would say, nimitspale:wi:s, as I
go along with you. Or, if the owner of something takes it and then tires, and a fellow-traveler helps by carrying the object some distance, the verb wi:kilia (to
carry for) may be used, or simply patla (to take the place of). Some Ameyaltepec speakers have suggested that one:wi:ltilia may be used as the
equivalent of onka:wilia, e.g., timitsone:wi:ltili:s motlaxkal would be equivalent to Timitsonka:wili:s motlaxkal. Nevertheless, this
appears to be an unusual interpretation. Rather, one would use wi:kilia for the action of taking something to someone, or one might use ti:tlanilia for
the action of sending something to someone. Finally, for the action of sending someone off to meet up with another (e.g, a worker being sent off to work with someone else), it is
more usual to use to:tokilia; see tokilia. Finally, note that the action of bringing or sending something back to a point of reference is indicated by
wa:le:wi:ltilia (which is the applicative of wa:le:wi:ltia (or also wa:le:wi:tia), and means 'to send (sth) on its way here
for (sb).' Thus one might have the sentence
\qry Check for /wa:le:wi:ltilia/. Check Timitsone:wi:ltili:s mopió:n meaning. Previously I had these meaning and phrases., which appear to be wrong, and the result of
elicitation. Meaning 1: to send (sb) on the way there for (or 'against' as a malefactive); e.g., phrase Saniman timitsone:wi:ltili:s, saniman nikonixiti:s. / I'll send him on for you right
away (in this case making sure that a hired worker goes to the field), I'll go wake him up right away. Meaning 2: to take (sth) there for; phrase: I will take your tortillas to you right
away.
\ref 00018
\revised 7/28/04
\lxam -ma:k
\lxam_c ima:k
\lxoa -ma:k
\lxoa_c i:ma:k
\dt 27/Feb/2006
\psm Noun(rel)
\infn Oblig poss
\der N-loc-poss-k(o)
\gloss_e in.the.hand.of
\gloss_s en.la.mano.de
\sense_e in the hand of
\sense_s en la mano de
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:nimokxitepachoh, noma:k o:ki:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got my foot crushed with a rock, it (understood as the rock) slipped from my hand.
\phrase_s Me apachuré el pie con una piedra, se me fue (la piedra) de la mano.
\phrase_n Ma:ka te:ma:k nemi yes ixkopi:nahlo!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't let her photo get into other people's hands!
\phrase_s ¡No vayas a dejar que su foto llegue a manos ajenas!
\phrase_n ¡Pero de hkon de te:mama:k pan ye, xkinekin!
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00018_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 37:46
\phrase_e But for it (a photo) to be like that in other people's hands, they (young maidens) don't want that!
\phrase_s ¡Pero si así estará en manos ajenas (un retrato), no lo quieren (muchachas).
\phrase_n I:mima:k tlatlas beli:tah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Candles will burn in their hands (said of the bride and bridegroom who hold candles during a traditional wedding ceremony).
\phrase_s Velas se van a quemar en sus manos (dicho del novio y novia, quienes sostienen velitas durante la ceremonia matrimonial tradicional).
\sense_e in the possession of
\sense_s en la posesión de
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Nawa noma:k o:noka:w, xo:kihtik yo i:te:ko.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e It stayed in my possession, its owner did not take it away.
\phrase_s Se quedó en mi poder, su dueño no se lo llevó.
\phrase_n I:ma:k o:nkah motla:l.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Your land is in his hands (here in reference to pawned land).
\phrase_s Tu tierra está en sus manos (aquí en referencia a una parcela empeñada).
\root ma:
\root_rel -ko
\qry Check with /makpal/
\nse Inocencio Díaz was not familiar with this term, although it was previously documented in Ameyaltepec. Cristino Flores was familiar with it, but stated that it was a Oapan term. He
gave the form nomama:k ki:sa in reference to a baby that is squirming around in ones hands. He also denied the correctness of I:mima:k tlatlas beli:tah
instead giving Pan ima: tlatlatok beli:tah kwa:kon ke:itlah kiki:tskian beli:tah.. Thus at best this term would appear to be rare or archaic in Ameyaltepec, though more
common in Oapan.
\grm Copula: /Ma:ka te:ma:k nemi yes i:xkopi:nahlo!/ 'Don't let her photo get into other people's hands!' Note the use of the future copula /yes/ with /nemi/, which in this case has
a more auxiliary or adverbial function. A separate entry for /nemi/ as is created on this basis.
\qry Check transcription of 00018_01_am, the part /pa ye/ might be in error.
\ref 00019
\lxam tepachowa
\lxam_c kitepachowa
\lxoa tepachowa
\lxoa_c kitepachowa
\dt 27/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\gloss_e to.press.with.stone
\gloss_s prensar.con.piedra
\sense_e to press down by placing underneath the weight of a rock (e.g., palm that will be used for thatching; a serpent in killing it)
\sense_s prensar bajo el peso de una piedra (p. ej., palma en preparación para utilizarla para techar, una culebra para matarla)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:kitepacho:to so:ya:tl, ke:kchi:was ikal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He went to place rocks on top of cut palm, he's going to fix up (or construct) his house.
\phrase_s Fue a colocar piedras sobre palma cortada, va a arreglar (o construir) su casa.
\phrase_n De Oapan noso un de San Juan, ontlatepachowan ne: pan tepe:tl. Kitepachowan un so:ya:tl. Kitekin wa:n hkon kine:nepanowan wa:n kitepachowan para ma:ka
ko:piliwis para ke:kchi:wan kahli.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00019_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 38:52
\phrase_e Those from Oapan or San Juan, they go there into the hills to press. They press down palm with a rock. They cut it, stack it up, and then put a rock on top of it to keep it
from curling up, so that they can (using it as thatch to) make houses.
\phrase_s Los de Oapan o de San Juan, van al cerro para prensar. Prensan la palma con piedras. La corta, la ponen una sobre otra, y la apachuran con piedras para (usarla como
el techo en) hacer casas.
\phrase_n Yewa ke:mah tikito:s, "Nikwa:ltepachote:w," pa:mpa hkon o:t'ka:wte:w.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00019_03_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 40:14
\phrase_e You would say, "I put stones on it to flatten in (in this case, palm) before heading over here," because that's the way you left it.
\phrase_s Dirías, "La dejé prensada (la palma) bajo piedras antes de venir hacia acá," porque así lo dejaste.
\phrase_n Deke o:tikne:xti:to yo:ltok, yewaliwtok, tekwixtok. Tikonkwis tetl, yewa milá:k san ke:chkitsi:n tike:wa, wa:n para h'tlakalili:s. Para ma miki. Yewa hkon
tiktepachowan un kowatl.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00019_04_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 40:28
\phrase_e If you came upon it (a snake) alive, coiled up, curled up, you reach out and grab a rock, the heaviest that you can pick up, and you toss it on top of it. So that it dies. That's
the way we crush serpents with rocks.
\phrase_s Si fuiste a topar con una viva, enroscada, enrollada, vas por una piedra, la más grande que puedes alzar, y la avientas sobre ella. Para que se muera. Así aplastamos a
las culebras con piedra.
\sense_e to cover with rocks (e.g., so it does not appear, such as a dead snake so that it does not frighten others)
\sense_s cubrir o tapar con piedras (p. ej., para esconder algo como una culebra muerta)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ikwa:k nipitentsi:n katka nihtepachowa:ya i:te:nko tsi:katl.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e When I was little I used to cover up ant holes with rocks.
\phrase_s Cuando era pequeña tapada los hormigueros con piedras.
\sense_e to throw a rock at (e.g., an animal to kill it or chase it away)
\sense_s aventar piedras a (p. ej., a un animal para matarlo o ahuyentarlo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Dya: para tihki:xtian, te:h, tikintepachotiweh. Un tikim[i]mo:tlatiweh. San no: yewa un tikmo:tlatiá:s, wa:n san no: yewa tiktepachotiá:s.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00019_02_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 39:40
\phrase_e And in order to get them (animals that have gotten into our fields) out, then, we go along hurling rocks at them. We go along throwing things at them. It's the same meaning:
we will go along throwing things at them and we will go along hurling rocks at them.
\phrase_s Y para sacarlos (animales que han entrado en nuestras milpas), pues, vamos tirándoles piedras. Vamos tirándoles. Es lo mismo (en significado), le vamos tirando y le
vamos tirando piedras.
\phrase_n Skontila:na tetl para tiktepacho:s un kuwatl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Reach over and grab a rock to crush that snake (with a rock)!
\phrase_s ¡Agárrale una piedra para aplastar esa culebra!
\sense_e to smash a rock against; to hit hard with a rock
\sense_s golpear con una piedra
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n X'tepacho un kuwtsontetl para ma wepe:wi ne: ka:n tla:laktok!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Smash a rock against that stump (by throwing it) to that it comes out (gets uprooted) from there where it is planted in the ground!
\phrase_s ¡Golpéale fuerte a ese tocón con una piedra para que se desarraigue de donde estámetido en la tierra!
\phrase_n Wel tikasi michin saka tetl. Tiktepacho:s se: tetl, itlampa pakah michin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You can catch fish with nothing more than rocks. You throw a rock hard against a rock under which there are fish (and the fish will emerge).
\phrase_s Puedes pescar con piedras nada más. Le tiras una piedra contra otra abajo de la cual hay peces (y van a salir).
\revised 7/28/04
\semfld contact
\root te
\root pach
\nse In the action indicated by kitepachowa so:ya:tl the palm is cut and then placed on the ground, and each group of leaves is flattened out, as one set of fronds is put on
top of another, slightly lower, like cards partially laid one over the other in a line. The stones are placed on top of the palm so that it dries flat and wide, perfect for the thatching of a
house. In Oapan the term tepachowa is used to indicate the action of covering something with stones, as it is in Ameyaltepec. However in Ameyaltepec it can also be
used to refer to the action of throwing a heavy stone at something. Note that if one hits something repeatedly with a stone without releasing the stone from ones hand, the verb
tetso:tsonais used.
\semref tlamixtsontemo:tla
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\grm Directionals: Note the following use of wa:l- in one case and not the other (before ka:wte:w). Yewa ke:mah tikito:s, "Nikwa:ltepachote:w," pa:mpa hkon o:t'ka:wte:w. / You would
say, "I put stones on it to flatten in (in this case, palm) before heading over here," because that's the way you left it.
\ref 00020
\lxam tlaitlani
\lxam_c tlaitlani
\lxoa tláitláni
\lxoa_pr tlaitlani
\lxoa_c tláitláni
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\gloss_e to.bride.request
\gloss_s pedir.novia
\sense_e to formally request a bride with a representative who knows the formal, ritualized discourse used on this occasion
\sense_s pedir formalmente a una novia con un representante quien conoce el discurso formal y ritualizado para estos eventos
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tewameh tikitowan "tlaitlani" kwa:k kitlatlanin se: ichpokawah. Kontlatlanin se: ichpokawah, ina:k itah.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00020_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 41:01
\phrase_e We say "tlaitlani" when they request a young girl. The go request a young girl from her father.
\phrase_s Nosotros decimos "tlaitlani" cuando piden a una muchacha. Van a pedir una muchacha de su papá.
\revised 7/28/04
\semfld communicate
\semref tlaitlanke:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref tlaitlanilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlatlani
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\root htlani
\ency_ref 00020_am_cf_tlaitlani
\nse Tlai:tlani refers to the action whereby the suitor's father and a representative (we:weh (Am) / wé:wetlí(Oa)) go to the house of the
potential bride with drink and cigarettes, thus beginning the long process of asking for a young girl's hand in marriage.
\nae Apparently the long vowel in Ameyaltepec results from the lenition of *h. However, there is also the possibility that it is related to a folk etymology that relates this word to drinking,
tlai, with an underlyingly long final /i:/.
\qry Check length of tlaitlani in Ameyaltepec.
\ref 00021
\lxam kiki:ski
\lxam_c kiki:ski
\lxoa kíkí:ski
\lxoa_pr kiki:ski
\lxoa_c kíkí:ski
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ki
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Am, Oa
\infn N1(dom)
\pitch yes-rdp
\gloss_e party-goer
\gloss_s parandero
\sense_e person who is always out on the town, visiting friends or social spots; party-goer
\sense_s parrandero; persona que anda de un lugar a otro, generalmente divirtiéndose o visitando personas y lugares; holgazán
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Sólo tli:no:n, te:h, yewameh milá:k neye:kchi:wanimeh, un kiki:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00021_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 43:57
\phrase_e Just one thing, though, they really dress themselves up, those who go out on the town.
\phrase_s Solamente una cosa, pues, ellos de veras se arreglan, los que salen de parranda.
\phrase_n Melá: tikiki:ski, san tikiki:stinemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You're a real party-goer, you just go around about on the town.
\phrase_s De veras eres un parrandero, nada más andas de paranda.
\root ki:sa
\revised 7/28/04
\disamb Check meaning of this word, and of /kiki:ske:tl/ since I have different glosses. I have thus changed them from synonyms to cfa.
\nse The agentive noun kiki:ski does not refer to a vagrant but rather to a person who goes out a lot, wandering around the village but not doing anything in particular, just
visiting friends and stopping in the cantinas for a drink of soda or beer. This is well captured in Cristino Flores illustrative sentence, where he refers to how
kiki:skeh take care to dress themselves up before they go out on the town.
\nae Although kiki:ske:tl is stated to be correct in Ameyaltepec, it is rarely used; kiki:ski is much more common.
\semref tsi:npaxia:l
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref kiki:ske:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00022
\lxam tlami:nahli
\lxam_c tlami:nahli
\lxoa tlami:nahli
\lxoa_c tlami:nahli
\dt 03/Mar/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn N1
\gloss_e food.poisoning.witchcraft
\gloss_s brujería.de.envenamiento
\sense_e type of witchcraft that involves"food poisoning," by which small animals or insects are placed in the intestines of a victim who has imbibed or eaten contaminated drink or
food
\sense_s tipo de hechicería con la cual se coloca un animalito o insecto pequeño en los intestinos de una víctima quien ingiere una bebida o comida contaminada, o mejor dicho
embrujada, que puede tener un gusano, chapulin u otro animalito adentro
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e bow
\sense_s arco (para usar con flecha)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root mi:na
\fla mi:na
\ency_note brujería
\revised 7/28/04
\nse The nominal form, although it has been documented, is very rarely used in the sense of "food-poisoning 'witchcraft." Rather, the verbal form is used, te:mi:na, etc. In
regard to the use of tlami:nahli to mean 'bow' (for shooting) again this was only heard once, though it was later confirmed as correct by several consultants.
Bows in Oapan used to be made tepe:ixkihli, the best wood for this purpose.
\qry Check to make sure that this refers to the action of bewitching and not to the person so bewitched. Note that the nominalized form has only been documented for
tlami:nahli , which was glossed by consultants as 'brujería,' apparently in reference to the action itself, not the person victimized. One might check whether
tlami:nahli would indicate 'person bewitched with food poisoning,' much as in Classical tlamachtilli indicates 'alumni' or 'student.'
\ref 00023
\lxam kala:chin de kipia imatlapal
\lxam_alt kala:chin kipia ima:stla:kapal
\lxam_c kala:chin de un kipia imatlapal
\dt 03/Mar/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\gloss_e insect.type.of.cockroach
\gloss_s insecto.tipo.de.cucaracha
\sense_e type of cockroach, still not identified
\sense_s tipo de cucaracha, todavía no identificada
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root kala:ch
\root piya
\root mah
\root tlapal
\nse Apparently there are two types of cockroach. One is large while the other is small. It is this small one that forms wings. Florencia Marcelino (Oa) mentioned that there are two types
of kala:chin including a small one that has wings. However, the Ameyaltepec complex lexeme for this type of cockroach is not used in Oapan even though Oapan
consultants did know about the wing-bearing cockroach. In one conversation Cristino Flores referred to a type of cockroach called kala:chin kipia ima:stla:kapal,
apparently the same as the one named in this entry. Though winged, this type of cockroach can not fly very far
\semref kala:chin mátlapáleh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00024
\lxam pestia
\lxam_c pestia
\lxoa pestia
\lxoa_c pestia
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\gloss_e to.become.smooth
\gloss_s quedarse.liso
\sense_e to become smooth (e.g., a molcajete after much use)
\sense_s quedarse o ponerse liso (p. ej., un molcajete después de mucho uso)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to acquire a smooth coat of fur (e.g., a well-fed animal; syn. petsiwi)
\sense_s quedarse con el pelo liso (p. ej., un animal bien alimentado; sin. petsiwi)
\sense_d Pending
\root pets
\disamb pestia; petsiwi
\revised 8/5/2004
\nse Oapan, this verb is used to describe the smoothing that happens with age to various objects: metlatl, metlapihli, the surface of a table or floor etc. In
can be applied to body parts that have gotten smooth, for example after a rash or case of pimples; cf. xa:yakapestia.
\nae Although the verbalizer -tia is generally a means of creatinig a denominal verb (e.g., sowa:tia) in this case the Balsas dialects have no noun *
pestli corresponding to a potential nominal stem for the verbalized headword entry pestia. Nevertheless, such a nominal form is found in Classical as Molina
has petztli 'piedra de espejos' and RS has petztli 'pirita, mineral que los mexicanos utilizaban para hacer espejos.' Both dictionaries have petztia as
in M 'pararse muy liso, o luzio, lo acecalado o bruñido.'
\qry Check difference between /petsiwi/ and /pestia/ if there is any.
\grm Verbalization; /-tia/: Note that in general /-tia/ seems to be a means of verbalizing noun (e.g., /sowa:tia/). However, in this case there is no noun */pestli/ in Ameyaltepec
though there is in Classical. Thus RS has /petztli 'pirita, mineral que los mexicanos utilizaban para hacer espejos.' RS also has /petztia/ 'ponerse muy brillante, un objeto que
se bruñe.' The sense is of polished smooth to the point of shining.
\ref 00025
\lxam kuwpitso
\lxam_c kuwpitso
\lxoa kohpitso
\lxoa_c kohpitso
\dt 20/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\infn N1(dom)
\gloss_e wild.boar
\gloss_s jabalí
\sense_e wild boar or pig
\sense_s jabalí
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld mammal
\root kow
\root pitso
\ref 00026
\lxam tlanchikohlo
\lxam_c itlanchikohlo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N2; Intrin(head)
\sense_e small crosspiece tied onto a rod, used to hook and pull things (such as fruit plucked from a tree)
\sense_s pequeño travesaño atado a una caña o vara que se utiliza para enganchar y jalar cosas (como la fruta jalada de unárbol)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xtla:li itlanchikohlo nochikol!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Put the crosspiece on my chikol!
\phrase_s ¡Ponle su travesaño a mi chikol!
\phrase_n Ye kipia itlanchikol.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (a chikohli) already has its crosspiece in place.
\phrase_s Ya tiene (un chikol) su pequeño travesaño.
\semfld tool-cultivate
\revised 5/08/04
\root tlan
\root chihkol
\nse Although obligatorily possessed, both the form with the part/whole possessed marker -yo (as the headword) and without the possessed marker -yo
(p. ej., i:tlanchikol) have been documented although the form with the possessed marker is far more common.
\qry Check the vowel length of the final /o/. Note that since the Oapan cognate has pitch-accent, this suggests the possibility of /chihko:l/ as the stem.
\mod Illustrate. See illustration on original filecard.
\grm Possession: In the case of /tlanchikol/ or /tlanchikohlo/, both types of possession have been documented, i.e. with and without /-yo/. The reference is to the crosspiece on a
rod used to pull down fruits from up high on trees. The two cases I have are: /Xtla:li itlanchikohlo nochikol!/ and /Ye kipia itlanchikol/.
\semref 'chikóhlo
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00027
\lxam ka:wa
\lxam_c kika:wa
\lxoa ka:wa
\lxoa_c kika:wa
\dt 03/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to abandon (e.g., a spouse in leaving a household)
\sense_s abandonar (p. ej., un esposo en dejar de vivir conél o ella)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:kika:w isuwa:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He left his wife.
\phrase_s Dejóa su esposa.
\sense_e (refl.) to lag behind (in performing a task, in movement toward a given destination, in a given state or condition, etc.); to stay behind; to remain (behind in a given place)
\sense_s (refl.) quedarse atrás (en hacer una tarea, mover hacia algún destino, estar en un estado o condición en particular, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n On ne: yaw, sa: tlatoka, yo:noka:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That one going there, he's just following along behind, he got left behind.
\phrase_s Ese que va allá, nomás sigue a los demás, se quedóatrás.
\phrase_n O:wa:lnoka:w, xwel nenemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He got left behind, he can't walk well.
\phrase_s Se quedóatrás, no camina bien.
\sense_e (refl.) to acquire a certain permanent or semi-permanent state
\sense_s (refl.) adquirir o estar en un cierto estado permanente o semi-permanente
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nimoka:wtok tli:ltik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm becoming dark-skinned (e.g., from too much time in the sun).
\phrase_s Me estoy quedando prieto (p. ej., al pasar demasiado tiempo en el sol).
\sense_e (generally with a directional) to (go or come and) leave off; to drop off (here or there)
\sense_s (generalmente con un direccional) (ir o venir a) dejar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nikominka:was te:cha:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to go drop (leave) them off at someones house.
\phrase_s Los voy a ir a dejar en una casa ajena.
\phrase_n Xo:nikwa:kik, o:nikwa:lka:wtiki:s te:chan, nihkwitiki:sas kwa:k oksepa niá:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I didn't bring it with me, I left it off at somone's house on the way here. I'll pick it up on the way when I go again.
\phrase_s No me lo traje, camino hacia acálo paséa dejar en casa ajena. Lo voy a recoger cuando vaya otra vez.
\sense_e (refl. with i:wa:n) to head a different way from; to part ways (forever)
\sense_s (refl. con i:wa:n) tomar rumbos distintos; despedirse de (para siempre)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nika:n timoka:wan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here we will take leave of each other (part ways).
\phrase_s Aquínos despedimos (al ser que cada quien va por su lado)
\phrase_n Iwa:n nimoka:was, xok kwahli ke:n kichi:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p CF Nakas 1:25
\phrase_e I'm going to go a separate way from him, what he does is no longer any good.
\phrase_s Me voy a despedir deél (esto es, tomo otro camino), ya no estábien lo que hace.
\phrase_n A:man ke:mah, kas timoka:waskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now indeed, it seems that we will part ways.
\phrase_s Ahora sí, parece que nos vamos a dejar.
\phrase_n A:man i:pan agosto milá: noka:ka:wah tohni:wa:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Now in August our fellow citizens each go their own way.
\phrase_s Ahora en agosto nuestros paisanos va cada quien por su propio rumbo.
\sense_e (recipr.) to get divorced; to split up (a couple relationship)
\sense_s (recipr.) divorciarse; dejarse (en una relación de pareja)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:noka:hkeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They got divorced.
\phrase_s Se divorciaron.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to desist from doing (sth such as a task)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) desistir de, dejar de (p. ej., hablar, de llevar a cabo una tarea, de hacer algo como tocar una canción)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:nkaka:w ika nitlai:xma:tokak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I stopped using my hand to smooth over a surface.
\phrase_s Dejéesto de correr mi mano (sobre algo) para alisarlo.
\phrase_n Tí:hká:was.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e You're going to stop it (e.g., doing a chore).
\phrase_s Vas a dejar de hacerlo (p. ej., de hacer una tarea).
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to leave alone (a person, such as sb being approach for a job, a girlfriend or boyfriend who had been pursued for a long time)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) dejar en paz (p. ej., a algn solicitado para un trabajo, o a un novio o novia después de mucho tiempo juntos)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n A:man yo:ne:chkaka:w, xok itlah ne:chihlia, xok ne:chiyo:le:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now he's left me alone (in this case said by a girl who had been courted 2 or 3 years), he doesn't say anything to me anymore, he doesn't court me anymore.
\phrase_s Ahora me ha dejado en paz (dicho por una joven que había recibido las atenciones de un muchacho), ya no me dice nada, ya no me corteja.
\sense_e (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to keep quiet; to stop (e.g., carrying out a task)
\sense_s (refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta) mantenerse tranquilo o quieto (p. ej., de llevar a cabo un trabajo o tarea)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nimokaka:was, xok itlah nikito:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to be quiet, I'm not going to say anything anymore.
\phrase_s Voy a mantenerme quieto, ya no voy a decir nada.
\phrase_n Xmokaka:wa! Ma:ka san xtsatsito!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Be quiet! Don't just be shouting!
\phrase_s ¡Tranquilízate!¡No estés gritando!
\phrase_n Xmokaka:wa! Xtelti un tekitl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Leave of! Stop doing that job (task)!
\phrase_s ¡Tranquilo!¡Deja de hacer ese trabajo!.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to leave off at various locations (e.g., in distributing food among relatives; syn. Oa with short vowel reduplication)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) ir a dejar uno tras otro en varios lugares (p. ej., al dejar comida a las casas de parientes; sin. Oa con reduplicación de vocal corta)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kinka:ka:was un da:nsas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She (in this case the dancemaster) will drop off each dancer at her respective home.
\phrase_s Ella (en este caso la maestra de danza) va a dejar a cada danzante en su propia casa.
\phrase_n Tikonka:ka:was i:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You're going to go leave this in various places.
\phrase_s Vas a dejar esto en varios lugares.
\sense_e (¡Xi Diós mitska:wa !) God has not abandoned you!
\sense_s (¡Xi Diós mitska:wa !)¡Diós todavía no te abandona!
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Pero no:ihki deke xi Dios kika:wa se: para mikis.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00027_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 49:56
\phrase_e But also if God has still not abandoned him to his death.
\phrase_s Pero también si Dios todavía no lo deja morir.
\semfld motion
\nae In nikominka:was note the metathesis from {kim+on+ka:was} to kominka:was.
\root ka:wa
\nse A form such as timitskaka:wa is not used in the sense of 'I shut you up' or 'I make you quiet' although the reflexive has this sense, i.e. of 'to quiet oneself.' However,
the causative ka:waltia with the nonspecific object prefix tla- as an indefinite null complement is used transitively in this sense of 'to quiet down':
timistlaka:waltia 'I quiet you down.' As to the form (on)tlaka:wa , note that the complementary meaning 'to go a bring in animals left to graze' is
(on)tlaa:na. One example of the use of kaka:wa refers to courting: if one has a novia and for 2 or 3 years she doesn't want to get married, finally one
may say a:man timitskaka:was 'I will now leave you alone,' i.e., I will stop saying things to you about marriage. However, kaka:wa may also be used
to refer to stopping or stopping saying other things not connected to courting. In the expression Xi Diós mitska:wa, which may also be pron ounced X
Diós mitska:wa as well as use other objects such as Xi Diós te:chka:wa (for example if one is suffering from lack of food and hopes that God will
find a way for the family to eat), it appears that the negative clitic x- is used in an optative sense. It is most common to use this phrase with the form
xi, which might derive from ye or i ('alread') with the sense, in the negative, of 'not yet.' However, the form
xe is not acceptable here. Finally, note that x- may be used before a noun with the negative sense, as in XJuan
te:chpale:wi:s 'It is not Juan who will help us!'
\qry Nevertheless, despite the fact that /kaka:wa/ seems to have a different meaning with a reflexive as opposed to a transitive object, check the possible meaning and use of
/timitskaka:wa/, etc. Check if /nitlaka:wtok/ is a possible word. Check the difference between /timitska:wa/ and /timitskaka:wa/ said by a boy to his girlfriend.
\grm Negative/optative: In the expression Xi Diós mitska:wa, which may also be pronounced X Diós mitska:wa as well as use other
objects such as Xi Diós te:chka:wa (for example if one is suffering from lack of food and hopes that God will find a way for the family to eat), it
appears that the negative clitic x- is used in an optative sense. It is most common to use this phrase with the form xi, which might
derive from ye or i ('alread') with the sense, in the negative, of 'not yet.' However, the form xe is not acceptable
here. Finally, note that x- may be used before a noun with the negative sense, as in XJuan te:chpale:wi:s 'It is not Juan who will
help us!'
\revised 5/08/04
\semref ka:wte:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ka:hte:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref xka:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ka:wte:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref tlakaka:wa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tlá:ká:wa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\xref tlaka:wa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref ka:wilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref ka:waltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 00028
\lxam tiske:tl
\lxam_c tiske:tl
\lxoa tiske:tl
\lxoa_c tiske:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e woman or adolescent girl hired to grind maize for tortillas and, by extension, to prepare food for a man, group, or household
\sense_s molendera, mujer o muchacha contratada para moler maíz y hacer tortillas y, por extensión, preparar comida para un hombre o grupo de gente
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld cook
\root tisi
\revised 5/08/04
\ref 00029
\lxam pe:lowa
\lxam_c kipe:lowa
\lxoa pe:lowa
\lxoa_c kipe:lowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi[x]
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to slice or split open lengthwise; to slit open (a slaughtered animal such as fish, pigs, cattle, chicken, etc.)
\sense_s cortar o abrir a lo largo; abrir en canal (un animal como pescado, marrano, ganado, pollo, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kipe:lotokeh pitso.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are slitting open the pig.
\phrase_s Le están abriendo el marrano en canal.
\sense_e to pull the sides apart and open wide (e.g., a box, plastic basin, a ceramic bowl of wet clay, etc.)
\sense_s extender o abrir los lados para dejar abierto (p. ej., un cartón, caso de plástico, un plato hondo de barro fresco)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld distort-fissure
\root pe:l
\ncol The verb pitso
\ncol wa:kax
\ncol michin
\ncol pió
\qry Probably /pe:liwi/ exists, although I have not yet documented this use without NI.
\semref tlaxikipe:lowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref tlape:lowa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\ref 00030
\lxam i:xte:nkoya:wi
\lxam_c i:xte:nkoya:wi
\lxoa i:xte:nkoya:wi
\lxoa_c i:xte:nkoya:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become stretched out or widened (a small opening, such as a buttonhole)
\sense_s ensancharse (una abertura en forma de ojo, como un ojal)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Peto:nin nobotonsi:tos, yo:i:xte:nkokoya:w notlake:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My clothes become unbuttoned (lit., my buttons snap out of place), the buttonholes on my clothes have gotten stretched out.
\phrase_s Se desbotona mi ropa (lit., se descolocan mis botoncitos), los ojales de mi ropa se han ensanchado.
\semfld distort-fissure
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root koya:
\ncol reso:rteh kweri:toh
\qry Cf. definition for /i:xte:nkoya:wa/ and determine whether /te-/ can be used with the intransitive. I have no examples, but probably it can be. Also determine whether a similar meaning
is found, i.e., refering to the sockets of a person or animals eyes to be without the eyeball.
\ref 00031
\lxam mama:yo:tia
\lxam_c nomama:yo:tia
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-para-h/wa/tia[refl]
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Am
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to fill out with a lot of branches (a tree, bush, or herbaceous plant)
\sense_s (refl.) llenarse con muchas ramas (un árbol, arbusto o planta herbácea)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Nomama:yo:ti:s, kwaltsi:n noka:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It will fill out with a lot of branches, it will wind up looking nice.
\phrase_s Se le van a salir muchas ramas, al final quedarábonito.
\phrase_n Matsa:nkihli tikihlian pa:mpa mamatsakale:wi ima:wa:n, o sea nochachaya:wtiw, te:h, ima:wa:n, nomama:yo:tia.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 09289_01_am
\src_p Inocencio Díaz: 0027_Am_ID_md04_tr22 / 0:18
\phrase_e The plant called matsa:nkihli is so called because (from the verb mamatsakale:wi) its stems grow in an entangled form, in other words, its
stems spread out all over, it forms a lot of stems.
\phrase_s La planta nombrada matsa:nkihli así se llama porque (del verbo mamatsakale:wi) sus tallos crecen todo enredado, o sea, sus tallos se
extienden por todas partes, brotan muchos tallos.
\root ma:
\qry The example I had from conversation is with the transitive verb in reflexive. Check to see if intransitive ending in /-yowa/ exists and whether there is a difference between the
intransitive use of the form and the reflexive use.
\semref ma:tia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00032
\mod This entry /yowa/ was eliminated as a duplicate of 3258.
\dt 29/Dec/2004
\ref 00033
\lxam ikxipil we:i
\lxam_c i:kxipil we:i
\lxoa ixipil we:i
\lxoa_c i:xipil we:i
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N2; Aln
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e big toe
\sense_s dedo gordo del pie
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Toma:wak mokxipil we:i.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your big toe is fat.
\phrase_s Tu dedo gordo del pie estágrueso.
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root kxi
\root pil
\root we:i
\qry Check whether one can state /nixipilwe:i/. If this is correct then it should be given a separate entry as a single adjectival lexeme /ixipilwe:i/ in which the nominal incorporation is like
possessor raising (i.e., equal to /we:i noxipil/.
\vl Check for /lxoc form to insure that the initial sound is a long /i:/ of the possessor and not the stem vowel. I would imagine that in pronouncing this word without an
absolutive. Note that added tokens of this word are at 3469.
\semref ikxipil bie:joh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00034
\lxam kwala:nia
\lxam_c kikwala:nia
\lxoa kwala:nia
\lxoa_c kikwala:nia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to anger; to make angry
\sense_s hacer enojar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Timokwala:nian, xwel timowi:kan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We get angry with each other, we don't get along.
\phrase_s Nos hacemos enojar, no nos llevamos bien.
\sense_e (refl. plus -wa:n) to get angry with
\sense_s (refl. con -wa:n) hacerse enojar o enojarse con
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkaman te:wa:n nimokwala:nia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I never get angry with anyone.
\phrase_s Nunca me enojo con nadie.
\sense_e to cause to foam (a liquid such as beer or soda)
\sense_s hacer espumar o salir espuma (a una bebida como cerveza o refresco)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld emotions
\root kwala:
\nse The sense of 'to cause to foam' is based on the intransitive use of kwala:ni to mean 'to foam up.'
\ref 00035
\lxam kana:wak
\lxam_c kana:wak
\lxoa kana:wak
\lxoa_c kana:wak
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-k
\sense_e to be thin (in the sense of objects with extended surfaces, such as ceramics, wooden boards, cloth, tortillas, etc., that are not thick)
\sense_s ser o estar delgado, de poco grosor (objetos con superficies extendidas, como cerámica, tablas de madera, ropa o tela, tortillas, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Achi kana:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's somewhat thin.
\phrase_s Es algo delgado.
\phrase_n Kakana:hkeh motepalkawa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your ceramic bowls are thin (i.e., with thin walls).
\phrase_s Tus platos hondos de barro son delgados (esto es, sus paredes son de poco grosor).
\phrase_n Kakana:wak notlaxkal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your tortilla is thin in places.
\phrase_s Tu tortilla estádelgado en algunos lugares.
\root kana:
\ncol tlaxkahli
\qry Check translation of /a:chi kana:wak/, i.e. whether it is used to compare. At the same time, investigate comparisons. Check or recheck difference between /kakana:hkeh/ and
/kakana:wak/.
\grm Note the difference in pluralization: /Kakana:wak notlaxkal/ your tortilla (sg) is thin in places (pl). Compare this to /Kakana:hkeh motepalkawa:n/ your bowls are thin in
places' in which the plural of the object is indicated by the plural ending /-keh/, whereas the reduplication indicates plurality of place (on one specific item).
\ref 00036
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yexoxo:hki
\lxoa_c yexoxo:hki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\infn N1
\sense_e type of food made with pi:pitiketl
\sense_s tipo de comida hecha con pi:pitiketl
\sense_d Oa
\semfld food-maize
\root e
\root xo:
\semref yexoxo:hka:tsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 00037
\lxam xoko:ya
\lxam_c xoko:ya
\lxoa xoko:ya
\lxoa_c xoko:ya
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to go bad; to spoil (turning acidic and sour, as cooked beans do after time)
\sense_s acedarse; echarse a perder (quedando agrio y acídico, como frijoles cocidos después de un tiempo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Wel xoko:ya deke xtiktoto:nia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It can go bad if you don't heat it up (in this case beans).
\phrase_s Se puede acedar si no los calientas (en este caso frijoles).
\root xoko
\ncol mo:hli
\ncol yetl
\nse Xoko:ya refers to a process whereby food spoils and turns bad, forming a foam on its surface. Most typically, this occurs with beans.
\ref 00038
\lxam pa:tsiwi
\lxam_c pa:tsiwi
\lxoa pa:tsiwi
\lxoa_c pa:tsiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get wet or soaked
\sense_s mojarse; empaparse
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:pa:tsiwilo:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e People got wet.
\phrase_s Se mojóla gente.
\phrase_n Kwahli o:tlapa:tsiw, kwahli o:nika:te:kih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Everything got evenly wet, I evenly sprinked water on it (in this case on the earthen floor).
\phrase_s Todo se mojóbien parejo, le echéagua bien (en este caso sobre un piso de tierra).
\root pa:ts
\grm Impersonal passive: Note the following phrase: /Kwahli o:tlapa:tsiw, kwahli o:nika:te:kih/ 'Everything got evenly wet, I evenly sprinked water on it (in this case on the
earthen floor).' The first thing to note is how /kwahli/ is a predicate modifier and refers to the evenness of the 'becoming wet.' However, note that despite the fact that the
first phrase is an impersonal, with no specific referent, the second clause has a specific object, obviously that which 'became wet.'
\ref 00039
\lxam petskuwi:xin
\lxam_c petskuwi:xin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-S-N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e type of small lizard, still no definitively identified
\sense_s tipo de lagarto pequeño, todavía no identificado plenamente
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld lizard
\root pets
\root kowi:x
\qry I have entries that give simply /petskowi:xin/. Perhaps the two (with and without initial /a:/) are the same and I have simply misrecorded one of the entries; this should be checked. I
don't have /apetskowi:xin/ listed either under /kowi:xin/ or under the animals that are described as crawling: /noma:tila:na/. If /apetskowi:xin/ is confirmed as a type of animal (either
different from /petskowi:xin/, or the correct form), then the entries under /noma:tila:na/ and /kowi:xin/ should be corrected. Cristino Flores corrected this to /petskowi:xin/.
\grm If /a:petskowi:xin/ is correct then this should be noted as a possible type of combination in the grammar. Indeed, plant and animal names often have the most interesting and
unusual morphologies.
\ref 00040
\lxam po:kyowa
\lxam_c po:kyowa
\lxoa po:hyowa
\lxoa_c po:hyowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia[x]
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to get sooty from smoke
\sense_s cubrirse de hollín a causa de humo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Po:kyowas, tli:liwis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It will get sooty from smoke, it will turn black.
\phrase_s Se va a cubrir de hollín por el humo, se va a enegrecer.
\root po:k
\ncol kahli
\nse This word can refer to anything that gets covered with soot, i.e., things hung near smokey fires.
\disamb po:kyowa; po:che:wi; po:ktia
\qry Determine whether there is a transitive form /po:kio:tia/?
\ref 00041
\lxam chichi:ka:tl
\lxam_c chichi:ka:tl
\lxoa chi:chi:katl
\lxoa_c chi:chi:katl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex rdp-l
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e bile
\sense_s hiel
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e gall bladder
\sense_s vesícula bilial; hiel
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld body
\root chichi:
\nse Although consultants generally translated forms such as i:chichi:kaw (Am) as 'su hiel,' from verbal descriptions it appears that this lexeme can also refer to an organ,
the gall bladder. The following animals have i:chi:chi:kaw according to Cristino Flores: michin , pitso , masa:tl ,
te:jon.
\qry Check meaning as"gall bladder."Note that a good way to check for incorporated possessives is the diminutive: /nokiwtsi:n/ cf. /noxwitsi:n/ Recheck. I have an entry on one of the
original file cards as /ichichicaw pio/, probably the same lexeme as here.
\qry_fon Check vl for both dialect.
\vl Check.
\grm Perhaps this is an example of a word with 'incorporation' possessive; RS has /chichicatl/ as"hiel."Cf. entry under /ikniwtli/. Note that a good way to check for incorporated
possessives is the diminutive: /nokiwtsi:n/ cf. /noxwitsi:n/ Recheck.
\ref 00042
\lxam tewistik
\lxam_c tewistik
\lxoa tewistik
\lxoa_c tewistik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. te-
\sense_e to be bumpy; to be uneven (with bulging or protruding sections, such as the bark of the po:cho:tlor chalalatli, the skin of an alligator or
horned toad, the surface of a pineapple, etc.)
\sense_s tener topes (una superficie con protuberancias, como la cáscara del po:cho:tlo chalalatli, la piel de un lagarto o
tepaxin , la superficie de una piña, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tewistik itla:l. Un tlakomohli, nepantlah tewistik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His land is bumpy. That small open space, it has a small mound in the middle.
\phrase_s Su terreno tiene topes. Ese llanito, tiene una protuberancia en medio.
\phrase_n Kwa:ta:takaltik, tetewistik itson. O:kixi:nkeh kanah uwekatlan, kanah wekapan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His hair is roughly cut, it is bumpy. In some places they cut his hair short, in other places they left it long.
\phrase_s Su cabello estátrasquilado, estádisparejo. En algunos lugares le cortaron el pelo cortito, en otros lugares se lo dejaron largo.
\semfld texture
\root tewits
\ncol tepa:xin
\ncol po:cho:tl
\disamb tewistik; tsotsokoltik; chakayoltik; tolopochiwi; tolopoxtik
\nae The etymology of tewistik is not entirely clear, but it may be related to wistli , in which case the underlying final root consonant is /ts/. The initial
syllable te might be part of the stem or an independent element (such as te 'stone' or te-, an intensifier). This term, and related verbal forms, refer
to a surface that has protruding bumps, often pointed or, at least, with a steep edge. The reduplicated form tetewistik is often used in reference to surfaces with a lot
of sharply defined bumps (for example, the surface of the po:cho:tl tree).
\qry Get a list of all potential subjects.
\ref 00043
\mod Was /Ipan Patla:wsakayoh/, switched to Toponym database.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\ref 00044
\lxam kechposteki
\lxam_c kechposteki
\lxoa kechposteki
\lxoa_c kechposteki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to get a broken neck
\sense_s romperse el cuello
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to break its neck (a bottle, a:tekomatl , etc.)
\sense_s romperse el cuello (una botella, a:tekomatl , etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kech
\root posteki
\qry Make sure that it can be used transitively and intranstively. Check possible uses of this verb, i.e. for things as well as animates.
\vl There is an additional female token at 5772. It is the one that should be linked.
\ref 00045
\lxam tlake:ntekoch
\lxam_c tlake:ntekoch
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N/Adj
\compound N-N(ap)
\der N-ap
\infn N2/Adj
\sense_e (poss. as noun) plaid or checkered shirt or clothes
\sense_s (pos. como sustantivo) ropa o camisa de cuadritos
\sense_d Am
\sense_e (unposs. as adjectival) to be clothed in a checkered or plaid outfit or shirt
\sense_s (no pos. como adjectival) estar vestido con ropa de cuadritos
\sense_d Am
\root ke:m
\root tekoch
\fla tekoch
\nse Tekoch refers to the woodpecker and, by extension, to its coloring, which is said to be checkered or variegated.
\nae Tlake:ntekoch can function in two manners. In the first, the one-place predicate nitlake:ntekoch 'I am"checkered-shirted,"' the paradigm is that
of"possessor raising"in that the subject represents the possessor of the incorporated noun (i.e., nitlake:ntekoch is semantically similar to tekoch
notlake:n or nikpia notlake:n tekoch). This one-place predicate functions as an adjectival (syntactically equivalent, for example, to 'I am long-haired'). In the
second, the two-place predicate notlake:ntekoch 'it is my checkered shirt,' the possessor is overtly expressed by the appropriate pronominal prefix, the subject is
coreferent with the incorporated noun that is modified by the final attributive noun tekoch.
\semref tekoxtik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00046
\lxam teltilia
\lxam_c kiteltilia
\lxoa teltilia
\lxoa_c kiteltilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to stop (e.g., the movement of an animal, the functioning of a machine, etc.) for
\sense_s parar (p. ej., el movimiento de un animal, el funcionamiento de una máquina, etc.) para
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to mitigate, calm, or sooth the pain of ([O] is the place or body part that hurts, not the pain itself)
\sense_s calmar o apaciguar el dolor a ([O] es el lugar o parte del cuerpo que duele, no el dolor mismo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xkiteltilia ka:n ne:chkukwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It doesn't stop the pain where it hurts me.
\phrase_s No le quita el dolor donde me duele.
\sense_e to lower the sound of (e.g., a radio)
\sense_s bajarle el sonido a (p. ej., un radio)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xteltili a:chitsi:n, ma:ka a:sta ihkón chika:wak ma tlatsotsona.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Lower the volume on it (a radio) a little, don't have it playing like that so loud!
\phrase_s Bájale el volumen (al radio) un poquito,¡quéno estésonando asíde fuerte!
\semfld motion
\root tel
\disamb teltia; teketsa
\nae The applicative teltilia changes the nature of the argument structure from that of teltia. In regard to pain, for example, while the object of
kiteltia is the pain itself that is felt, with kiteltilia the primary object is the place at which the pain is located. Thus in Xkiteltilia ka:n
ne:chkukwa the implication is that the medicine doesn't stop the pain from affecting the area that is suffering (ka:n ne:chkukwa). The covert secondary object
is the pain itself, i.e., 'it doesn't stop the pain [secondary object] from affecting the location [primary object].' Note a similar construction with lowering the sound on a radio:
Xteltili achitsi:n literally means 'Lower it (the sound) on the radio' in which 'the radio' is the affected object. In Spanish this would be Bájale el sonido al
radio, instead of Baja el sonido.
\grm Applicative: The applicative teltilia changes the nature of the argument structure from that of teltia. In regard to pain, for example, while the
object of kiteltia is the pain itself that is felt, with kiteltilia the primary object is the place at which the pain is located. Thus in
Xkiteltilia ka:n ne:chkukwa the implication is that the medicine doesn't stop the pain from affecting the area that is suffering (ka:n
ne:chkukwa). The covert secondary object is the pain itself, i.e., 'it doesn't stop the pain [secondary object] from affecting the location [primary object].' Note a
similar construction with lowering the sound on a radio: Xteltili achitsi:n literally means 'Lower it (the sound) on the radio' in which 'the radio' is the affected
object. In Spanish this would be Bájale el sonido al radio, instead of Baja el sonido.
\xref teltilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 00047
\lxam chipa:wa
\lxam_c kichipa:wa
\lxoa chipa:wa
\lxoa_c kichipa:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to clean (material objects such as clothes, a wall, particularly sth that needs to be cleaned with soap)
\sense_s limpiar (objetos materiales como ropa, una pared, particularmente algo que se necesita limpiar bien con jabón)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n On suwa:tl, wel tlachipa:wa, kwahli tlapa:ka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That woman gets things clean, she can wash clothes well.
\phrase_s Esa mujer sabe hacer que las cosas queden limpias, lava bien la ropa.
\phrase_n Mlátlachipa:wa mojabó:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your sopa really gets things clean.
\phrase_s De veras limpia bien tu jabón.
\sense_e (refl.) to bathe and clean oneself thoroughly
\sense_s (refl.) bañarse y limpiarse bien
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwahli o:timochipa:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You cleaned (bathed) yourself really well.
\phrase_s Te limpiaste (lavaste) bien.
\root chipa:
\semref tlachipa:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00048
\lxam tlaxoxo:hka:n
\lxam_c tlaxoxo:hka:n
\lxoa tlaxoxo:hka:n
\lxoa_c tlaxoxo:hka:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla-ka:n
\infn N1(N-tla)
\sense_e place or area green with budding plants and trees
\sense_s lugar oárea cubierto en verde por plantas yárboles que están floreciendo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:tlaxoxo:wiak. Tlaxoxo:hka:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has gotten green all over. Everywhere it is green from budding plants.
\phrase_s Ya se puso todo verde. En todos lados estáverde por los retoños de las plantas.
\semfld weather
\root xo:
\root_rel -ka:n
\nse Tlaxoxo:wia and tlaxoxo:hka:n may refer not only to land surfaces but also to water that becomes green from algae.
\qry For Oapan FM did not accept *tla:xo:hka:h.
\grm Oapan phonology and reduplication: Note that Florencia Marcelino of Oapan did not accept *tla:xo:hka:n, indicating that reduction of reduplicated forms does not occur
with lexicalized forms such as /xoxo:hki/.
\ref 00049
\lxam pipi:nia
\lxam_c pipi:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia[x]
\lexical rdp-s/
\lexical_d Am
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to become resistent, tough, stretchy, or sinewy and fibrous
\sense_s ponerse resistente, difícil de partir o destrozar
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Iswatl kwa:k yo:wa:k dya ipan kiawi, pipi:nia, noka:wa pipi:nki. Xwel tiswate:ka, ma:ski tiktila:nas chika:wak xiska:n noma:ka:wa itech mi:lowatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When the corn leaves (that will be stripped and used as fodder) have dried and then are rained upon, they become fibery, they become tough. You can't strip them from the
stalks, for even if you pull hard on them, they don't easily come off the stalk.
\phrase_s El zacate del maíz, cuando ya se secóy llueve sobre ello, se pone correoso, se queda correoso. Ya no puedes zacatear, aunque jalas fuerte, no se desprenden del tallo
luego luego.
\root pi:n
\fl pipi:nki
\ncol tla:hli kwa:k xok kiawi
\ncol tlaxkahli kwa:k ye wa:ktok
\nse Neither Inocencio Jímenez nor Florencia Marcelino (Oa) accepted pipi:nia as an intransitive verb, though they did both accept pipi:nki , which they
said was applied mostl commonly to wood that is fibery and hard to split. Cristino Flores mentioned that when zacate starts to dry and then is rained upon, pipichiwi.
Inocencio Días mentioned that he had not heard this verb, and that pipichiwi is used instead. Probably this verb should be removed from the lexicon.
\qry Determine whether there is a transitive form of this verb.
\ref 00050
\lxam kwa:xsosohli
\lxam_c kwa:xsosohli
\lxoa kwa:xté:sohlí
\lxoa_pr kwa:xté:sohli
\lxoa_c kwa:xté:sohlí
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-suf[sosohli]
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(lex)
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e old cuaxtle , i.e. palm matting for beasts of burden, that is pulled apart and rolled into a ball for shotgun ammunition
\sense_s cuaxtle viejo que se despedaza y se hace una bolita para usar en una escopeta (tal vez 'taco' o 'postas' en español)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwa:ch
\root hsol
\qry Check how this item is used in shotguns.
\mod Also, perhaps follow Tom's suggestion and have a separate field for morphemes.
\root_notes Check relation of /sosol/ to /hsol/.
\ref 00051
\lxam tsopi:nia
\lxam_c kitsopi:nia
\lxoa tsopi:nia
\lxoa_c kitsopi:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)[x]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to prick; to pierce
\sense_s picar (una superficie al agujerearla)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Mistso:tsopi:ni:s ia:wayo mi:hli, mistsotsopitsas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The prickly hairs of the maize plants will prick you here and there, they will prickle you.
\phrase_s Los aguates de las plantas de maíz te van a picar por acáy por allá, te van a causar picor.
\sense_e to inject (e.g., with a syringe and medicine)
\sense_s inyectar (p. ej., con una jeringa y medicina)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tikwalo, mistsopini:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are ill, you are going to get an injection.
\phrase_s Estás enfermo, te van a inyectar.
\sense_e to stab
\sense_s acuchillar; apuñalar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to peck at (e.g., a chicken of its food)
\sense_s picotear; dar picotazos a (p. ej., una gallina a su comida)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkita in mópio! Yo:pe:w kitsotsopi:nia itlakwal, tli:n yo:tike:kchi:hka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take a look at your chicken! It's started to peck at its food, that which you made.
\phrase_s ¡Ve a tu gallina! Ya empezóa picotear a la comida, la que tu hiciste.
\semfld distort-fissure
\root tsopi:
\nse This word may be used in a vulgar sense by men in reference to a male (human or animal) penetrating a female during sexual intercourse.
\xref tsotsopitsa
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00052
\lxam a:ichwia
\lxam_alt a:wichwia
\lxam_c ka:ichwia
\lxoa á:wichwía
\lxoa_pr á:wichwia
\lxoa_c ká:wichwía
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\lexical Reduced rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to sprinkle with water (e.g., flowers or other plants, an earthen floor to harden it or keep it from becoming overly dusty)
\sense_s rociar con agua (p. ej., flores u otra plantas, un piso de tierra para amacizarlo o evitar que se levente el polvo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\src_s CF Am 901/02:05
\phrase_n Dya: kwa:k kona:te:kian tikito:s,"Xka:ichwi!" Kó:n tiktsi:ntepolketsas motso:tsokol noso mokube:tah dya un na:nkah moma 'ki xchi:wilito. Para ma:ka... ma tsikwi:ni
a:tl, tikito:s tika:ichwia.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00052_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav /
\phrase_e And when they (flowers) are watered, you'd say,"Sprinkle water on them!"You turn your water jug or bucket upside down like this and with that arm you do like this to it, so
that it doesn't... so that the water skips out, you'll that that your are sprinkling them
\phrase_s Y cuando se rocian vas a decir,"Rociales agua!"Asípones tu cántaro o cubeta boca abajo asíy con este mano asíle haces. Para que no... para que le brinque el agua, vas
a decir que le rociaste agua.
\phrase_n Iú:n sila:ntroh na:ichwia para xwa:kis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That corriander gets sprinkled with water so that it doesn't dry up.
\phrase_s Aquel cilantro se rocía con agua para que no se seque.
\phrase_n Xka:ichwi para ma:ka tla:ltekwtlan yes!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sprinkle water on it (in this case on the floor) so that the dust and dirt doesn't get all over the place!
\phrase_s ¡Rocíale agua (en este caso sobre el piso) para que no se levante el polvo!
\phrase_n Xka:ichwi un tla:hli para ma ye tlasese:hlo:tl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sprinkle some water on the ground so that the place cools off!
\phrase_s ¡Rocíale agua sobre el suelo para que estémás fresco!
\phrase_n Nitla:ichwitok para ma tla:ltepi:tsiwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am sprinkling water so that the ground (the dirt floor) gets hard.
\phrase_s Estoy rociando agua para que se ponga duro el suelo.
\root a:
\root ich
\ncol so:ya:tl
\ncol tla:hli
\nse The process of sprinkling water is commonly accomplished by pouring water from a container held and tilted with one arm. The other hand is moved rapidly back and forth under
the water as it pours out, creating a sprinkling effect. Note that both a:ichwia and a:wichwia are utilized, though the former seems much more common
in Ameyaltepec.
\nde The Oapan form manifests a high-pitched initial /a:/. Given that no underlying {h} has been documented for this word, it may be that the Oapan pitch-accent on the initial /a:/ derives
from reduplication, given that the action referred to is usually carried out repeatedly.
\qry Actual tape of one example has the pronunciation a:wichwia:. However, this has been changed, in this dictionary entry, to the more common /a:ichwia:/. Recheck.
\mod Add entry from above phrase under /tlasese:hlo:tl/.
\ref 00053
\mod Was /A:chichi:ka:n/, switched to Toponym database.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\ref 00054
\lxam o:kpa ixwi:wtli
\lxam_c ika o:kpa ixwi:wtli
\lxoa o:kpaixwi:htli
\lxoa_c o:kpaixwi:htli
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Adj-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e great-grandchild (male or female)
\sense_s bisnieto o bisnieta
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yewa noo:kpaixwiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He/she is my great-grandson/daughter.
\phrase_s El/ella es mi bisnieto (o bisnieta).
\semfld kin
\root o:k
\root ixwi:w
\root_rel -pa
\nse The expressions noo:kpaixwiw and i:ka o:kpa noxwiw are equivalent. The term o:kpaixwiwtli (Am) and o:kpaixwihtli are
rarely found in unpossessed form. Cristino Flores stated that the form used in Ameyaltepec is ika o:kpa noxwiw and not ? noo:kpaixwiw
\nae As with other terms including ixwiwtli , the possessed marker has been grammaticalized as part of the nominal stem.
\semref o:kpa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00055
\lxam tijeri:tas
\lxam_c tijeri:tas
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan tijeritas
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of small black and yellow insect found in maize plants
\sense_s tijeritas, tipo de pequeño insecto negro y amarillo que se halla en las plantas de maíz
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\semref yo:lka:tsitsi:nteh de mi:hli
\semref_t natural
\semref_d Am
\semref a:ma:xtlatsi:n
\semref_t natural
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00056
\lxam Tre:s Pote:nsias
\lxam_c Tre:s Pote:nsias
\lxoa Tre:s Pote:nsiah
\lxoa_c Tre:s Pote:nsiah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan tres potencias
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e religious dance performed by young and adult men in San Francisco Ozomatlán (and perhaps other neighboring villages)
\sense_s danza religiosa presentada por hombres jóvenes y adultos en san Francisco Ozomatlán (y quizáotros pueblos circumvecinos)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld dance
\qry For this check the circumstances when it is performed. Differentiate from /Sie:teh Bi:sios/.
\semref Sie:teh Bi:sios
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 00057
\lxam so:wtok
\lxam_c so:wtok
\lxoa so:htok
\lxoa_c so:htok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\incorp *V1-Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be extended or spread out over a large flat surface
\sense_s estar tendido o extendido sobre una superficie larga y plana
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tepetlayoh. O:kine:xtih a:tl, kiawtli. San so:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is exposed limestone all over. The water, the rain, made it appear (by washing away the surface cover). It extends over a large flat area.
\phrase_s Hay tepetate por todos lados. El agua, la lluvia lo hizo aparecer (al llevarse la tapa de tierra). Extiende por una granárea plana.
\sense_e to have a gentle incline or slight upward slope (an area or piece of land)
\sense_s tener una leve inclinación hacia arriba (unaárea o pedazo de tierra)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xtlakaltech, san so:wtoktsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It isn't steep, there is just a gentle upward incline.
\phrase_s No estámuy empinado, hay nada más una leve inclinación hacia arriba.
\phrase_n Tla:lkwe:hli, xso:wtok itla:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The surface is undulating and uneven, his land is not flat and extended.
\phrase_s La superficie es algo ondulante, su tierra no estáplana y extendida.
\root so:wa
\qry Check vowel length in /tla:lkwe:hli/. Also check /w/ and /h/ in Am and Oa dialects, respectively.
\grm /So:wtok/ is a good example of the process by which /-tok/ seems to create resultatives/statives out of transitive verbs.
\ref 00058
\lxam tsi:nto:ne:wa
\lxam_c kitsi:nto:ne:wa
\lxoa tsi:nto:ne:wa
\lxoa_c kitsi:nto:ne:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to cause a burning pain in the anus, rectum, or rear end of
\sense_s hacer arder el ano, recto o nalgas a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Mistsi:nto:ne:was chi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Chile will make your rectum burn (e.g., when defecating).
\phrase_s Chile te va a hacer arder el recto (p. ej., al defecar).
\fla tsi:nto:ne:wi
\root tsi:n
\root to:n
\ref 00059
\lxam tsi:nkomol
\lxam_c i:tsi:nkomol
\lxoa tsi:nkomol
\lxoa_c tsi:nkomol
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-b
\infn N2
\sense_e part of the rear end between the small of the back and the crack
\sense_s parte de las nalgas entre donde termina la columna vertebral y las nalgas mismas
\sense_d Am
\sense_e big butt (in reference to a butt so big that it sticks out and is slightly flat and concave at the top as a result)
\sense_s nalgas grandes (en referencia a nalgas tan grandes que crean una superficie algo plana y concava en sus partes superiores)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tsi:n
\root komol
\qry Check to see if this can be used both as an obligatorily possessed noun (notsi:nkomol 'my big butt') and as a possessor-raising, adjectival, construction (nitsi:nkomol 'I am
big-butted'). For now I have it only as a noun 'big butt.'
\ref 00060
\lxam a:palwah
\lxam_c a:palwah
\lxoa a:palwah
\lxoa_c a:palwah
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-posr-wah
\infn N1
\sense_e type of black, or brown and black, snake with a red throat; it often inhabits the water
\sense_s tipo de culebra negra, o negra y color café, con una garganta roja; a menudo se halla en el agua
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld sn
\root a:
\root pal
\root -wah
\nse According to Luis Lucena, this snake is brown and black with red on its throat.
\qry Determine whether to classify /-wah/ here as a suffix. If there were to be a possessed form, determine its nature (i.e., does it have a -ka:w suffix as would be the case with -wah
nominals?).
\ref 00061
\lxam kwa:uwasoma
\lxam_c kikwa:uwasoma
\lxoa kwá:wasóma
\lxoa_pr kwá:wasoma
\lxoa_c kikwá:wasóma
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Am, Oa
\infv class-3a(m)
\pitch yes
\sense_e to scratch the head of
\sense_s rasguñarle o rascarle la cabeza a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:ne:chkwa:teuwason.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He scratched my head.
\phrase_s Me rascóla cabeza.
\semfld distort-surface
\root kwa:
\root wasoma
\disamb uwasoma; uwana; motsowa; komolowa (e.g., /tla:lkomolowa/)
\qry Apparently this refers to a hard scratch. Check. Check for /uwasoma/ with no IN.
\ref 00062
\lxam pa:tska
\lxam_c kipa:tska
\lxoa pa:tska
\lxoa_c kipa:tska
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to squeeze (particularly to get water or other liquid out of, e.g., of wet clothes, fruits, etc.)
\sense_s exprimir (particularmente para sacarle agua u otro líquido a, p. ej, a ropa mojada, frutas, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nikpa:tska notlake:n para ma ki:sa a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I squeeze my clothes so that the water comes out.
\phrase_s Exprimo mi ropa para que salga el agua.
\sense_e to milk (e.g, a cow)
\sense_s ordeñar (p. ej., una vaca)
\sense_d Pending
\root pa:tska
\ncol ba:kah
\ncol momapil para ma yeski:stiwetsi
\nae RS and FK (perhaps taken from RS) give a causative form pa:tzcaltia ; however, this has not been located in Molina and the original citation for this form is not given in
either of the two secondary sources.
\xref tlapa:tska
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref pa:tskilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00063
\lxam ko:chin
\lxam_c ko:chin
\lxoa ko:cheh
\lxoa_c ko:cheh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan coche
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e car
\sense_s coche
\sense_d Am, Oa
\ref 00064
\lxam pa:xiwi
\lxam_c pa:xiwi
\lxoa pa:xiwi
\lxoa_c pa:xiwi
\lx_te Yes
\lx_te_d Am, Oa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to implode; to collapse upon itself (e.g., sth hollow such as a plastic container that gets softened by heat and whose sides collapse toward the center); to collapse or sink
down (soft land that forms a depression); to get or become crushed or squashed (e.g., soft fruit or sth soft yet solid)
\sense_s implosionar; apachurarse (p. ej., algo hueco como un recipiente de plástico que se calienta y cuyos lados implosionan hacia adentro); sumirse (tierra blanda, el suelo al
formarse una depresión en la superficie de la tierra); aplastarse o apachurarse (p. ej., fruta o algo blando y sólido)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:pa:xiw na:tekon.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My (plastic) water bottle got crushed.
\phrase_s Mi botella de agua (de plástico) implosionó.
\phrase_n O:tepapa:xiw -o:tepa:xiw- fle:chah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The bus got smashed (e.g., in an accident).
\phrase_s El camión se aplastó(p. ej., en un accidente).
\phrase_n O:pa:xiw moplá:ntanoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your banana got crushed.
\phrase_s Se aplastó tu plátano.
\phrase_n O:tepapa:xiw moplá:ntanos.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your bananas got crushed.
\phrase_s Se aplastaron tus plátanos.
\phrase_n Tla:lkalaki, pa:xiwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The ground sinks in, it softens and collapses.
\phrase_s Se hunde la tierra, se ablanda y se sume.
\sense_e to deflate; to become flat (e.g., a tire that becomes flat)
\sense_s desinflar; ponchar (p. ej., una llanta que quede ponchada)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:pa:xiw ya:ntah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tire got flat.
\phrase_s Se ponchóla llanta.
\root pa:x
\nae According to Luis Lucena in the phrase o:pa:xiw ya:ntah the intensifier te- cannot be used (i.e., * o:tepa:xiw ya:ntah). The precise
circumstances in which the intensifier can be used is still not fully documented.
\qry According to Luis Lucena in the phrase o:pa:xiw ya:ntah the intensifier te cannot be used (i.e., * o:tepa:xiw ya:ntah). The precise
circumstances in which the intensifier can be used is still not fully documented. Check with other cases of this same verb and others.
\grm Reduplication; pluralization. The use of reduplication of a verb or adjective to indicate plurality is clear in the following: /O:pa:xiw moplá:ntanoh/ 'Your banana got
crushed.' vs. /O:tepapa:xiw moplá:ntanos/ 'Your bananas got crushed.' The preceding were taken from conversation. One certain question is whether /o:pa:xihkeh
moplá:ntanos/ is also correct. If so, check the difference between the plural marker and the reduplication to indicate pluralization/distribution. It seems to me that the
reduplication indicates pluralization of many different points on one object, or very many tokens of one type. The plural suffix, on the other hand, seems to indicate greater
separation and more specificity. Thus a hotel with all its rooms filled is /tete:ntok/, but many hotels filled is described by /te:ntokeh/.
\ref 00065
\lxam kwa:tese:bolió:n
\lxam_alt kwa:tese:bolió:n
\lxam_c kwa:tese:bolió:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan sebo; -ión
\psm N
\der N-N
\infn N1
\sense_e practical joke
\sense_s vacilada o broma
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ka:chikatsi:n! San kwa:tese:bolió:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's not true! It's only a joke!
\phrase_s ¡No es verdad!¡Es sólo una vacilada!
\sense_e It's on you!
\sense_s ¡Te caiste (en una vacilada)!
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kwa:tese:bolió:n, san o:timitskakaya:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's on you! I just fooled you (e.g., it isn't true what I said).
\phrase_s ¡Te caiste!¡Nada más te vacilé(p. ej., no era verdad lo que dije).
\root kwa:
\nse This term apparently refers to a practical joke or to the victim. The ending -ió:n is interesting and enters into some words used with children or joking. The noun form
borrows from Spanish sebo 'grease or fat' and the saying hacer sebo with the sense of 'to fool around or goof off.'
\qry Check to make sure /ka:chikatsi:n/ is correctly written and in the dictionary.
\grm Note how again the incorporation of /kwa:-/ is followed by /te-/. This seems very common and it might be well simply to note that the incorporation of /kwa:-/ often involves
this"intensifying"element.
\ref 00066
\lxam masa:teroh
\lxam_c masa:teroh
\lxoa masa:teroh
\lxoa_c masa:teroh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (Sp) masa:tl
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e dear hunter
\sense_s cazador de venado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ne: o:nikontak tlitl. Tla:wi:lowa masa:te:roh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I saw a light over there. A deerhunter is shining a light (as he walks through the hills).
\phrase_s Vi una luz allí. Un cazador de venado estáiluminando con una luz (al caminar en el bosque).
\root masa:
\vl Check
\mod Perhaps determine a new category code for this type of word: Nahuatl root plus a Spanish ending (e.g. /mejikane:roh/, /tlatole:roh/, etc.). For /tlatole:roh/ check the length of the /o/
and /e:/, if the /o/ is actually short this would indicate reassignment of length in the root based on Spanish- influenced lengthening. Cf. also /ma:pocheroh/, etc.
\ref 00067
\lxam chi:maliwi
\lxam_c chi:maliwi
\lxoa chi:maliwi
\lxoa_c chi:maliwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to spread out in a circle (e.g., a liquid spilled on a flat surface, a dress that billows out as a woman swirls, the outer edge of a village as it expands equally in all directions,
a fishing net properly thrown, etc.)
\sense_s extenderse en forma de círculo (un líquido que se derrama sobre una superficie plana, una falda que se vuela al dar giros la que la tiene puesta, la orilla de un pueblito
que se va creciendo igual en todas direcciones, una terraya aventada bien, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Asta chi:maliwi ikwe.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Her dress even flies out in a wide open circle (e.g., when she twirls while dancing).
\phrase_s Hasta se le vuela la falda en un círculo (p. ej., cuando gira al bailar).
\phrase_n Nitotitinemi un suwa:tl, techi:maliwi ikwe.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That woman is going along dancing, her dress is billowing out in a large circle.
\phrase_s Esa mujer va bailando, su falda se vuela a su alrededor en un gran cículo.
\phrase_n Chi:maliwis un tlapahli
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That (spilled) paint will spread out in an ever-widening circle.
\phrase_s Esa pintura (derramada) se va a extenderse hacia afuera en un círculo.
\phrase_n Techi:maliwi kohsa:wananakatl kwa:k yo:topo:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The fungus mushroom called kuhsa:wananakatl spreads out in a wide circle when it has burst open.
\phrase_s El hongo llamado kuhsa:wananakatl forma un gran círculo cuando ya se reventó.
\root chi:mal
\ncol kohsa:wananakatl
\ncol i:kow burroh
\ref 00068
\lxam ye:lo:tlaxkahli
\lxam_c ye:lo:tlaxkahli
\lxoa ye:lo:tlaxkahli
\lxoa_c ye:lo:tlaxkahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e tortilla made with ripe, green corn (ye:lo:tl), called tlascales in local Spanish
\sense_s tortilla hecha con elote, llamado tlascales en el español regional
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld food-maize
\root ye:lo:
\root xka
\nse Besides ye:lo:tl maize that is kama:wak can also be used for making ye:lo:tlaxkahli.
\ref 00069
\lxam tlankwi:tsowa
\lxam_c tlankwi:tsowa
\lxoa tlankwi:tsowa
\lxoa_c tlankwi:tsowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to bare ones teeth (e.g., an animal in anger); to snarl
\sense_s enseñar los dientes (p. ej., un animal enojado); gruñir
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xwel kitla:kamati, san wa:ltlankwi:tsowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He does not obey him (in this case a son of his father), he just snarls back at him.
\phrase_s No lo obedece (en este caso un hijo a su padre), nada más le echa gruñe.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to open up (a weave)
\sense_s (con reduplication de vocal corta) abrirse (el tejido de una tela)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Yo:isoliw motlake:n, o:pe:w tlatlankwi:tsowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your clothes are worn out, their weave has started to open up (as a number of threads have started to break).
\phrase_s Tu ropa estábien luida, el tejido ha empezado a abrirse (al reventarse algunos hilos).
\root tlan
\root kwi:ts
\ncol chichi kwa:k mitskwa:snekis
\qry FM did not accept meaning of for a weave to open up.
\grm Directional: /Xwel kitla:kamati, san wa:ltlankwi:tsowa/ 'He does not obey him (in this case a son of his father), he just snarls back at him.' Note the use of the directional
prefix /wa:l-/. In this case it signifies the look that the son gives his father, a look back in anger. The deixis has a reference point which is the location of the experiencer
(the father) who sees the snarl. Note how the focus therefore is not on the act of snarling carried out by the son, but by the experience/perception of snarling sensed by the
father.
\ref 00070
\lxam tlapo:postektli
\lxam_c tlapo:postektli
\lxoa tlapo:postehtli
\lxoa_c tlapo:postehtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e something repeatedly folded over (e.g., paper made into a fan, or folded over itself once and again; clothes with pintucks, etc.); pleats
\sense_s algo doblado una y otra vez (p. ej., paper hecho en un abanico o doblado repetidas veces sobre si mismo, o tela con alforzas, etc.); pliegues
\sense_d Pending
\root posteki
\grm Reduplication with long vowel: /tlapo:postektli/ is a good example of long vowel reduplication in a lexical nominalization. The word refers to something that has been folded
over once and once again (a paper fan, an item of clothing with pintucks, etc.)
\ref 00071
\lxam elna:miki
\lxam_c kelna:miki
\lxoa ilna:miki
\lxoa_c kilna:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\allomorph object deletion
\allomorph_d Oa
\incorp S-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e (plus NP or complement) to remember
\sense_s (más frase nominal o complemento) recordarse de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xnikelna:miki tli:no:n o:kitoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't remember what he said.
\phrase_s No me acuerdo lo que dijo.
\phrase_n Xnikelna:miki notah katka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't remember my deceased father.
\phrase_s No me acuerdo de mi papáque falleció.
\root el
\root na:miki
\nae Elna:miki often takes a complement clause, referencing what was remembered, although it may also take a simple nominal phrase or pronominal argument (e.g.,
timitselna:miki). In Oapan, with a 3rd-person object and a 1st- or 2nd-person subject the overt marker is absent, e.g., nilna:mikis 'I will remember
(it),' which in the orthography used is n'ilna:miki.
\qry Check correctness of /timitselna:miki/.
\vl Vowel length check in Oa /ni:lna:miki/. Record and place on internet.
\xref elna:miktia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref ilna:mihtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 00072
\lxam mela:hka:n
\lxam_c mela:hka:n tiaweh
\lxoa melahka:n
\lxoa_c melahka:n
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der Loc-?
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e direct route
\sense_s camino directo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:s sa: mela:hka:n tiaweh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The way we are going is more direct.
\phrase_s Es más derecho por donde vamos.
\root mela:
\root_rel -ka:n
\qry Check to see if this correct as written. Perhaps it should be /ma:s sa: mela:hka:n/ or /ma:s san mela:k/. Also recheck long vowel for final /a/. Apparently this is an apocopated form of
/melaktik/. Check both.
\vl Check for Oapan and Ameyaltepec forms: length of /a/.
\ref 00073
\lxam mache:teh
\lxam_c mache:teh
\lxoa machi:teh
\lxoa_c machi:teh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan machete
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e machete
\sense_s machete
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tool
\nse There are two types of machetes, a curved machete mache:teh araba:toh and a straight machete, called mache:teh la:rgoh in Ameyaltepec and
machi:teh peya:stliin Oapan.
\ref 00074
\lxam te:mpo:poxowa
\lxam_c note:mpo:poxowa
\lxoa te:mpo:poxowa
\lxoa_c kite:mpo:poxowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to rub or push ones lips or mouth around, or back and forth, on
\sense_s frotar los labios en o sobre, de un lado a otro
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San note:mpo:poxowa ipan ina:n, chi:chisneki
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It just pushes and rubs its mouth around its mother (i.e., her breast, e.g., a young calf), it wants to suckle.
\phrase_s Solamente empuja y frota los labios de lado a lado sobre (el ubre de su mamá) quiere amamantar.
\root te:m
\root pox
\nse Te:mpo:poxowa is particularly used to refer to the action of an animal, such as a calf or other nursing animal, that rubs its lips forcefully against its mother's breast,
trying to get milk when there is none.
\qry_fon I have reanalyzed this as having a short vowel reduplicant and no {h}. All this should be checked. Originally I had /Timiste:mpopoxo:s i:pan tla:hli!/ 'I'm going to rub your
face into the ground!' but Cristino Flores stated that this was in error.
\qry_fon Check vowel length for all words in /popoxowa/. I had first head it long, but certain evidence from Oapan suggests a short vowel. All entries with this should be checked;
also, it is possible that there are two forms and that speakers have varied between one and the other. Check thoroughly.
\ref 00075
\lxam tlama:chia
\lxam_c tlama:chia
\lxoa tlama:chia
\lxoa_c tlama:chia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3c(chia)
\sense_e see ma:chia
\sense_s véase ma:chia
\sense_d Pending
\ref 00076
\lxam kwe:tlan
\lxam_alt kwe:tlah
\lxam_c kwe:tlan
\lxoa kwe:tla
\lxoa_c kwe:tlan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e type of fat worm, often green though sometimes black or yellow
\sense_s tipo de gusano gordo, a menudo verde aunque a veces negro o amarillo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kitsi:npa:chichi:na ipan itiyo:ltsi:n mi:hli kwilin noso kwe:tlan, wan wa:ki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Worms or kwe:tlan suck liquid from the bottom of the maize flower's stamen, and the plant then dries up.
\phrase_s Gusanos o kwe:tlan chupan el líquido de la parte inferior del estambre de la flor del maíz, que entonces se seca.
\sense_e (fig.) glutton
\sense_s (fig.) glutón; comelón
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tikwe:tlan, ke:n titlakwa:ni, san titlakwatok kada rati:toh ke:n kwe:tlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are a kwe:tlan , you are a real glutton, you are eating all the time like a kwe:tlan.
\phrase_s Eres un kwe:tlan , eres un comelón, te la pasas comiendo como un kwe:tlan.
\semfld animal
\semfld worm
\root kwe:tlan
\nse Whether or not the kwe:tlan is actually a type of worm in native classificatory schemes still needs to be determined. The ethmology of this word is uncertain (and thus
it has been preliminarily classified as an apocopated and nonderived noun). This worm is constantly eating and therefore used metaphorically to refer to a glutton, someone who is
constantly eating. The pronunciation of this word varies. Polin Claudio definitely pronounced the word [kwe:tlan] with a final velarized nasal, while Aurora Beiza (originally from
Chilapa 60 years ago) pronounced it with a final [h]. Yet despite her having been speaking Nahuatl for over half a century, she still does not mark vowel length and glottal stops
accurately. Pánfilo Lorenzo, on the other hand, on the tape DT #8, 513, pronounces this word with a final glottal stop. Perhaps all forms are common and reflect a generalized shift
among [n], [h] and [?]. The etymology of kwe:tlan is not certain.
\nae Although I had documented this word with a final /n/ and /h/ (as well as nothing, but not a glottal stop) Cristino Flores indicated that the correct form was kwe:tlah. In
Oapan Roberto Mauricio definitely pronounces this with a final glottal stop.
\nse Of the kwe:tlan , Pánfilo Lorenzo [Source: DT #8, 513] stated that it lives in the komo:chitl or a:matl tree, whereas others have stated
that it lives on the ground. Some have said that it is fuzzy, whereas others have not.
\qry Check vowel length and ending of /kada/ and correct as necessary.
\ref 00077
\lxam kwe:liwi
\lxam_c kwe:liwi
\lxoa kwe:liwi
\lxoa_cpend kwe:liwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become curved and twisted (e.g., a piece of wood or a branch that, once cut, starts to dry and twist and bend)
\sense_s encorvarse y torcerse (p. ej., un pedazo de madera, o rama, que después de cortarse y al secarse se empieza a torcer y doblar)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:kwe:liw, xok peya:stik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It got twisted, it's no longer straight (e.g., a piece of wood starting to dry).
\phrase_s Se torció, ya no estáderecho (p. ej., un pedazo de madera que se empieza a secar).
\root kwe:l
\disamb kwe:liwi; no:liwi
\nde Florencia Marcelino (Oa) gave no:liwi as carrying the meaning of kwe:liwi. Ameyaltpeec has both verb forms, kwe:liwi and
no:liwi.
\qry Also, confirm that /kweya:ya/ and /kweya:wa/ are synonyms. Note that on the second set of file cards I had /kweya:ya/ whereas on the first, which might be in error, I had
/kweyawa/. Note also that for one entry of /kweya:ya/ I had a long first /e/. This might well be correct as /kwe:lowa/, which seems to be synonymous, has a long /e:/ not only in my
records, but in FK for /cue:lihui/ and /cue:loa/. FK suggests that"cue:loa: and cuelpachoa: appear to by synonymous in spite of the vowel length discrepancy attested in T."Vowel
length in /kweya:ya/, /kweya:wa/, /kwe:liwi/ and /kwelpachowa/ should all be checked. Recheck with other Oapan speakers for /kwe:liwi/.
\vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 7182. These should be tagged as 00077 and two linked (one male and one female) to the headword here at 00077.
\semref kwe:ltik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00078
\lxam tlapaloh
\lxam_c tlapaloh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\sense_e hillside
\sense_s ladera
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Asta ne: yaweh ipan un tlapaloh, tlanakastlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are already going over there, on the hillside, at the side (of the hill).
\phrase_s Hasta allávan, por la ladera, por el lado (del cerro).
\phrase_n San ne: ipan ne:nkah tlapaloh pakah se: tla:ltemesi:tah. Pa o:nikpanawih, pa westok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just over there on that side of the slope there is a small flat area. There I passed by it (i.e., an animal that was being sought), it is there lying on the ground.
\phrase_s Allápor la ladera de ese cerrito hay una pequeña mesita. Allílo pasé(p. ej., una animal acostado que se estaba buscando), alláestáechado sobre la tierra.
\semfld topography
\root tlapal
\disamb tlapalo:tl; tlanakastlan
\nse The etymology of tlapalo:tl is not clear although there are several words that contain tlapalo:, as in tlapalo:ma:ma. It might be the same
root found in matlapahli and it might also be related to part of the root of napalowa. Several consultants indicated that tlapalo:tl is
synonymous to tlanakastlan.
\qry I had the following meaning, removed. It is apparently in error. \ (poss.) back (of a person) /Xne:chontlakalili i:pan notlapaloh para nikma:matia:s! I:pan noma xwel nikwi:kas, ke:n
nima:kohtia:s./ 'Toss it up on my back so that I can go along carrying it! I can't take it in my arms because they'll gradually get sore.'
\semref tlanakastlan
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlanakastlah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00079
\lxam oli:ni
\lxam_c oli:ni
\lxoa oli:ni
\lxoa_c oli:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to tremble; to move back and forth (as the Earth does during an earthquake); to swing from one side to another (like a pendulum or a hammock)
\sense_s temblar; mover en una forma oscilante (como la tierra durante un terremoto); mecerse; columpiarse (como el movimiento de una hamaca)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:li:nis tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There will be an earthquake (lit., the earth will move back and forth).
\phrase_s Va a haber un tremor (lit., se va a mover la tierra de un lado a otro).
\sense_e to flare up (e.g., a pain or disease)
\sense_s recrudecer (p. ej., un dolor o enfermedad)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wa:le:wa o:li:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e At times it flares up (e.g., a pain or sickness, an old wound, dislocation, or other injury).
\phrase_s De vez en cuando recrudece (p. ej., un dolor o enfermedad, una vieja herida, dislocación, etc.).
\phrase_n Kwa:k selik me:stli, pe:wa o:li:ni, oksepa pe:was mitskoko:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When the moon is young it begins to flare up (in this case an old injury), it will start to hurt you once again.
\phrase_s Cuando la luna estácreciento, empieza a recrudecer (una vieja herida), te va a empezar a doler otra vez.
\root oli:
\qry I seem to remember a use of /o:li:ni/, or perhaps a transitive form, indicating movement of a person, a departure, etc. Check. RS gives as a meaning of /olini/: seguir su camino.
Check.
\grm Note the discussion here of /o:nipitsahka:noli:ni/, etc.
\mod Check vowel length. All consultants have indicated a short vowel.
\ref 00080
\lxam olo:chowa
\lxam_c kolo:chowa
\lxoa olo:chowa
\lxoa_c kolo:chowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to scoop up with both ones hands (e.g., earth, or small scattered objects such as beans, maize, etc.)
\sense_s juntar en puñadas con las dos manos (p. ej., la tierra o objetos esparcidos sobre el suelo, tales como frijoles, maíz, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root olo:ch
\ncol tla:hli
\ncol tlasohli
\disamb sentla:lia; xoto:ntetla:lia, ma:olo:chowa; tepayolowa
\nse Apparently olo:chowa is equivalent or nearly equivalent to ma:olo:chowa. Both verbs refer to the action of scooping up something such as grains,
earth, pebbles, etc. with both ones hands in order to place these things someplace else (e.g., in a sack or bucket). Zacapoaxtla has an apparent cognate in olo:chtli
meaning 'juntos,' olo:chtatzotzona:nij meaning 'grupo de músicos,' and olo:chtli meaning 'grupo, unidos.'
\qry Check for intransitive.
\ref 00081
\lxam manga:nah
\lxam_c manga:nah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan mangana
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e lasso or rope used for lassoing the front legs of an animal (e.g., bulls) and causing it to fall
\sense_s mangana, un lazo que se arroja a las manos de un caballo o toro para sujetarlo
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Chapa:ni norria:tah ipan tla:hli. Xkwahli para manga:nah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My lasso falls loosely to the ground (i.e., it's no longer stiff but more like a loose rope). It's no good for lassoing the front legs of an animal.
\phrase_s Mi riata se cae flojo sobre el suelo (ya no estárecia, pero más como una soga floja). Ya no sirve para mangana.
\qry Check to see whether possessed form exists, e.g., /xkekchi:wa momanga:nah/. I imagine it does but I have not coded it.
\ref 00082
\lxam po:te:tia
\lxam_c po:te:tia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to get a large, round belly or midsection; to have a bloated belly
\sense_s llegar a tener una barriga hinchada, grande y redonda
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Melák kwahli o:ixwik, a:sta o:po:te:tiak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has really gotten full (after eating a lot), he's even gotten a bloated belly.
\phrase_s De veras se llenóbien (después de comer mucho), hasta se le hinchóla barriga.
\root po:te:
\nse The denominal verb po:te:tia is obviously derived from the fish po:te:tl , probably given the enlarged belly of this guppy-like fish.
\qry Cf. vowel length of first vowel in /po:te:tia/ and /poti:xah/.
\semref ítia:po:té:tia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00083
\lxam yo:ltok
\lxam_c yo:ltok
\lxoa yo:ltok
\lxoa_c yo:ltok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\incorp *V1-Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be alive
\sense_s estar vivo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:ltok, xe miki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is alive, it still hasn't died.
\phrase_s Estávivo, todavía no se muere.
\phrase_n San ke:nkah yo:ltok
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's alive, just like always.
\phrase_s Como siempre, estávivo.
\phrase_n Xo:mihka, o:yo:ltitiah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It didn't die (an animal that had ostensibly been slaughtered), it went along (e.g., being carried) alive.
\phrase_s No murió(un animal que estaba sacrificado), se iba (p. ej., al ser transportado) vivo.
\phrase_n Xo:mik kwahli, o:yo:ltitiah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It didn't completely die, it went along barely alive.
\phrase_s No se murióbien, iba todavía con vida.
\root yo:l
\nae Note that yo:ltitiw is an aspectually marked form of yo:ltok ; however * yo:ltitok is not acceptable. The form yo:ltitiw
or, in the past o:yo:ltitiah is derived from the stative yo:ltok much as westitiw is related to westok. Yo:ltitiw
does not appear to be an aspectual form of the intransitive yo:ltia.
\qry On one file card I have written /melá:k tiyo:ltitok pampa tikpia, ke:n ticha:ntitok/ 'You're really alive because you are rich, oh how you live! (i.e., you're doing really well). Check
whether this is correct.
\qry Check whether /yo:li/ as a verb exists in Ameyaltepec.
\qry Note that yo:ltitiw is an aspectually marked form of yo:ltok ; however * yo:ltitok is not acceptable. The form yo:ltitiw
or, in the past o:yo:ltitiah seems to be related to the stative yo:ltok much as westitiw is related to westok. It does not
appear to be an aspectual form of the intransitive yo:ltia , where one would expect ? yo:ltixtiw. This, however, should be checked.
\grm Pluperfect: Note that following use: /Xo:mihka, o:yo:ltitiah/ 'It didn't die (an animal that had ostensibly been slaughtered), it went along (e.g., being carried) alive.' The
reason for the pluperfect is not clear. Certainly any negative perfective is a counterfactual, so this could not be the only reason. Here it seems to be that the animal was
actually alive, and thus the pluperfect perhaps indicates a relation to this future state whereas the simple perfective /xo:mik/ would be the end. Another example of the
pluperfect is: /Xkonta un kowatl! Yo:hmiktika iwa:n oksepa o:noyo:ltilih, oksepa o:tlachi:x/ 'Look at that snake! I had (thought I had) killed it and it's come back to life,
once again its come to.' Apparently the same reason holds. It is interesting that two example phrases with /yo:ltia/ or a similar verb and the verb for 'to kill' would used the
pluperfect. This suggests that this verb (/miki/) might be prone to occur in the pluperfect when the"death"is not permanent.
\grm Aspect /-tiw/ with statives: Note that yo:ltitiw is an aspectually marked form of yo:ltok ; however * yo:ltitok is not acceptable.
The form yo:ltitiw or, in the past o:yo:ltitiah is derived from the stative yo:ltok much as westitiw is related to
westok. Yo:ltitiw does not appear to be an aspectual form of the intransitive yo:ltia.
\ref 00084
\lxam tekichi:wa
\lxam_c tekichi:wa
\lxoa tekichi:wa
\lxoa_c tekichi:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to do work
\sense_s trabajar; ponerse a trabajar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xok nikiyo:wia ke:n na:wiltia:ni! Xkinemilia para tekichi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I can't put up with the way he fools around anymore! The the idea of working doesn't seem to cross his mind.
\phrase_s ¡Ya no le aguanto lo juguetón! No se le ocurre ponerse a trabajar.
\root teki
\root chi:wa
\disamb tekichi:wa; tekiti; tekipanowa
\xref tekichi:wilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00085
\lxam kamachalko
\lxam_c i:kamachalko
\lxoa kamacha:lko
\lxoa_alt kamachalko
\lxoa_c i:kamacha:lko
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Loc
\compound N-N
\der N-loc-k(o)
\infn N2
\sense_e little pocket inside the mouth, right behind where the upper and lower jaws meet
\sense_s bolsilla que se forma donde las mandíbulas superiores e inferiores se juntan en la parte interior y posterior de la boca
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root kama
\root chal
\qry The /a/ of the third syllable of kamachalko is definitely short in Ameyaltepec. Note that I had recorded it long from Inocencio Jimenez but Florencia Marcelino
apparently has it long. The recordings should be checked.
\qry Determine whether this must be obligatorily possessed as the cod N-loc-1-k(o)[poss] is presently defined as either being able to or not taking a possessive prefix. If the prefix is
obligatory, then the coding should be changed. My original definition for this word was"inside pocket of ones cheek". However, given the explanation of Florencia and Inocencio I
have changed it. See /kamaxikipilko/.
\vl Check length in Oapan and Am. Check with other forms of /chal/ or /cha:l/.
\semref kamachaleh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00086
\lxam tlako:lo:lto:kake:tl
\lxam_c tlako:lo:lto:kake:tl
\lxoa tlako:lo:lto:kake:tl
\lxoa_c tlako:lo:lto:kake:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e man (or woman) who works a hillside parcel (tlako:lo:hli) with a digging stick
\sense_s hombre (o mujer) que trabaja un terreno en una cuesta o cerrito (tlako:lo:hli) sembrado con coa
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tlako:l
\disamb tla:hli
\nse Tlako:lo:lto:kake:tl is rarely used; much more common is the hispanized tlako:lo:le:roh.
\vl Check vowel length, as noted under /tlako:lo:hli/.
\grm Note use of /kinoto:kilia/ in C. Flores discussion here.
\semref tlako:lo:le:roh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00087
\lxam te:kwa:ni
\lxam_c te:kwa:ni
\lxoa te:kwa:ni
\lxoa_c te:kwa:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e animal that bites (e.g., a dog); ferocious; one that attackes (e.g., a wild animal)
\sense_s mordiente (p. ej., un perro); bravo; uno que ataca (p. ej., un animal silvestre)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Notskwin te:kwa:ni katka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My dog used to bite (implying that the dog no longer bites, although it is possible that he is dead)
\phrase_s Mi perro mordía (implicando que ya no muerde, aunque también puede significar que ya no vive).
\phrase_n Tla:lakato:chin, te:kwa:ni, pero kitowan mansi:toh para je:nteh. Wel iwa:n nomailia so:lo te:kwa:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tla:lakato:chin , it attacks, but they say it is tame with people. Only the te:kwa:ni can fight with it.
\phrase_s El tla:lakato:chin , ataca, pero dicen que es mansito con la gente. Solamente el te:kwa:ni puede vérselas conél.
\sense_e animal that stings (e.g., certain insects)
\sense_s animal que pica (p. ej., ciertos insectos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:kwa:ni, mitskwa:s ika itsi:nkoli:tah. Umpa noka:wa ka:n o:mitskwah, o:mistsopi:nih, dya tsi:nkopi:ni, dya saniman miki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It stings (in this case the bee), it will sting you with its stinger. It (the stinger) remains there where it stung you, where it penetrated you, and then its stinger comes of (the
bee), and then it dies right away.
\phrase_s Pica (la abeja), pica con su aguijón. Alláse queda (el aguijón) donde te picó, donde te penetró, y luego se desprende, y entonces luego luego se muere.
\sense_e type of large, ferocious animal called ti:greh or, if female, ti:grah , in local Spanish
\sense_s tipo de animal grande y bravo, llamado ti:greh o, si una hembra, ti:grah , en el español local
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld mammal
\root kwa
\qry Check length of /so:lo/ as well as final vowel.
\grm Nonspecific objects; /te:-/: /Tla:lakato:chin, te:kwa:ni, pero kitowan mansi:toh para je:nteh. Wel iwa:n nomailia so:lo te:kwa:ni/ 'The tla:lakato:chin , it
attacks, but they say it is not threatening to people. Only the te:kwa:ni can fight with it.' Note the use of /te:-/ in the first form. The animal known as the
/tla:lakato:chin/ is said to be /te:kwa:ni/ but, at the same time, is said to be /mansi:toh para je:nteh/ 'tame with people.' This demonstrates that the use of /te:-/ in /te:kwa:ni/
(as an attributive noun), does not refer to people, but rather to animates in general. Thus /te:kwani/ as an attributive noun should be translated simply as 'ferocious.' This
analysis should be compared to other analyses in which /tla-/ is used in a context that signifies a human, as in /tlakwa:te:kia/. Note also the case in which /te:-/ signifies
inanimates as in /te:wan tlapowtok/ 'it is counted with the rest' in reference to a bundle of firewood set slightly apart that, nevert he less, is counted with that which is
together. Returning to /te:kwa:ni/: the fact that a phrase such as /te:kwa:ni pero kitowan mansi:toh para je:nteh/ is possible suggests that the animal name /te:kwa:ni/, while
it might refer to 'people-eating capacity' of the animalmay refer to general ferociousness with all animates.
\ref 00088
\lxam katlih
\lxam_c katlih
\lxoa katlih
\lxoa_c katlih
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(int)
\der Pr-b
\sense_e where is it? (in reference to the location of some immobile object)
\sense_s ¿dónde está? (en cuanto a la ubicación física de algo material y no móvil)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Katlih mosombre:roh?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where is your hat?
\phrase_s ¿Dónde estátu sombrero?
\root katlih
\nse From the same root as in katlewa. Katlih is used only to inquire about the location of an object and not the destination of a person (viz.,
/ka:non).
\qry Do a recheck of the meaning and use of /katli/ and the difference from /ka:non/. Note that /katli/ this may well be related to /ka:n/ but vowel is definitely short.
\vl Check vowel length in Oa and Am. Recheck with /katlewa/ or Oa /kátlewá/.
\grm Emphatic pronouns: Note good example of use here wiht the discussion of this word by C. Flores.
\ref 00089
\mod This entry has been removed. It was originally /tete:mowilia/ with a pointer to /te:mowilia/. However, since the applicative /te:mowilia/ 'to miss (a person) for' does not exist (I think),
this entry has been deleted (entry 00089) and the entry 00975, which used to be /te:mowilia/ has been changed to /tete:mowilia/.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\ref 00090
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa á:tsilwía
\lxoa_pr á:tsilwia
\lxoa_c ká:tsilwía
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-wia
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Oa
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e see a:tsetselwia
\sense_s véase a:tsetselwia
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root a:
\root tsel
\semref a:tsetselwia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00091
\lxam yo:yotli
\lxam_c yo:yotli
\lxoa yó:yotlí
\lxoa_pr yó:yotli
\lxoa_c yó:yotlí
\lxgen yo:yohtle
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn Stem 1(h)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e generic name for a type of tree of which there are two major varieties: yo:yotli and okichyo:yotli (this latter itself has two genders, male and
female)
\sense_s nombre genérico por un tipo deárbol del cual hay dos tipos principales, yo:yotli) y okichyo:yotli (esteúltimo tiene de por sídos variedades,
una hembra y la otra macho)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e one of the two major types of types of yo:yotli , which is itself considered female
\sense_s uno de los dos tipos principales de yo:yotli , lo cual se considera hembra
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:yotli | Kipia ixo:chio, awiá:k. No: bwe:noh para tiktetemas motlai:xpan noso tikonka:was tio:pan. Ikuwyo para tlikuwtli deke yo:wa:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Yo:yotli : It has a fragrant flower. It is good if you are going to lay down a bed of flowers at your altar, or if you are going to leave them at the church. Its
wood is for firewood if it has dried.
\phrase_s Yo:yotli : Tiene una flor fragante. Es bueno si vas a poner una capa de flores en tu altar, o si vas a dejarlas en la iglesa. Su madera is para leña si ya se
secó.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root yoh
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the yoyote, a tree of the family Apocynaceaeand the genus/species Thevetia thevetioides. Guizar and Sánchez
(1991:172) give this same tree as venenillo in Spanish. Schoenhals (1988) under yoyote states:"(Thevetia, spp., e.g., T. peruviana) 'yellow
oleander,' 'luckynut.' Widely cultivated as an ornamental. Bright yello, large flowers. Wood is usually white and flowers fragrant. Seeds are called codo de
fraile. Sap and seeds are poisonous when ingested and the sap is also an irritant. The seeds are carried as health charms. Latex is used for toothache and to treat
sores and ulvers. Also called codo de fraile, copa de oro, narciso amarillo, trompeta, yucacaca."
\notes_func The flowers of the female are sweet smelling unlike those of the male. The former are used as in the church, placed on the altar, any day when one has the desire to place an
offering in the church. The seeds of the female are ground up and then used as chewing gum. The wood of both yoyotes is used as firewood. The wood of the female tree is
used for slingshots because it has many branching arms; the wood of the male is used only for firewood. If the wood of the male has thick branches they can be used as
estantes. The wood of the female is too small for this, but it is also very good for firewood.
\ref 00092
\lxam nakastlantepalka
\lxam_c nakastlantepalka
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-N(At)
\der N-ap
\sense_e to be hard of hearing
\sense_s tener dificultades en oir
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to be a heavy sleeper (who sleeps through a lot of noise)
\sense_s ser una persona que duerme profundamente (a quien el ruido no despierta fácilmente)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tinakastlantepalka. Tila:wak nonakas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are a heavy sleeper. You have thick ears.
\phrase_s Duermes profundamente (esto es, nada te despierta). Tienes los oidos gruesos.
\root nakas
\root tepalka
\root_rel -tlan
\qry Confirm that /nakastepalka/ Oapan and /nakastlantepalka/ Ameyaltepec are synonyms. If needed create two entries.
\semref nakastepalka
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00093
\lxam a:mapa:pa:lo:tl
\lxam_c a:mapa:pa:lo:tl
\lxoa a:mapa:pa:lo:tl
\lxoa_c a:mapa:pa:lo:tl
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e paper kite
\sense_s papalote de papel
\sense_d Oa
\root a:ma
\root pa:lo:
\ref 00094
\lxam matsi
\lxoa matsi
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\sense_e this is a suppletive stem for mati
\sense_s este es una raíz supletiva de mati
\sense_d Pending
\nse Matsi is a suppletive stem of mati, found in such words as the durative mastok (with /ts/>/s/) and, palatalized, in maxtia (with
/ch/>/x/).
\ref 00095
\lxam to:toltekakawatl
\lxam_c to:toltekakawatl
\lxoa to:tolte:kawatl
\lxoa_c to:tolte:kawatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e eggshell (of an egg from any type of animal)
\sense_s cáscara de huevo (de un huevo de cualquier animal)
\sense_d Pending
\root to:tol
\root te
\root kakawa
\vl Check vowel length of Oapan form which does not have reduplication. The form might be /to:tolte:kawatl/. Check for possessed form. I would imagine it exists as Intrinsic.
\ref 00096
\lxam kalmichin
\lxam_c kalmichin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e small piece of carved wood (perhaps some 18 inches in length) that is hung from the neko:xtli in a thatched-roof huts, below the area called
kaltsonko or kaltsontekomatl. It is often a simple ornament.
\sense_s pequeña (como medio metro de largo) pieza de madera colgada del neko:xtli en una casa con techo de zacate o palma, abajo de una zona llamada
kaltsonko o kaltsontekomatl. A menudo es simplemente un ornamento.
\sense_d Am
\semfld construct-part
\root kal
\root mich
\ency_note house; kahli, etc.
\ilus_note Cf. Fld-1984-04-29.1 and words listed there. Cf. drawing in original 3x5 filecard.
\nse The kalmichin is no longer used, and many Ameyaltepequeños do not know what it is. However, from what people have said, it appears that this piece was
decorational and served no particular function.
\qry Check for possessed form.
\ref 00097
\lxam nokwa to:nahli
\lxam_c nokwa to:nahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\sense_e see to:nahli
\sense_s véase to:nahli
\sense_d Am
\semref tlami to:nahli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00098
\lxam tlanwetsi
\lxam_c tlanwetsi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to have a tooth fall out
\sense_s caersele un diente a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:nitlanwets, o:ne:chaxilih tetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I had a tooth fall out, a rock hit me.
\phrase_s Se me cayóun diente, me alcanzóuna piedra.
\root tlan
\root wetsi
\semref tlankope:wi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00099
\lxam okixtli
\lxam_c okixtli
\lxoa okixtli
\lxoa_c okixtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e male (as opposed to female animal)
\sense_s macho (opuesto a hembra)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xne:chmaka se: motskwintsi:n, pero newa nikneki okixtli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Give me one of your puppies, but I want a male!
\phrase_s ¡Dame uno de tus cachorritos, pero quiero un macho!
\sense_e (alienable possession) husband
\sense_s (posesión enajenable) esposo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka itlah tikihli:s, kipia iyokich!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't say anything to her (in terms of courting), she has a husband!
\phrase_s ¡No le digas nada (para cortejarla), tiene su esposo!
\nse In the Ameyaltepec compound kichkone:tl , the root okich(missing the initial /o/) is used as a modifier, indicating the sex of the nominal head. In
contrasts with the use of sowa:, as in sowa:kone:tl.
\root okich
\ref 00100
\lxam yo:ltamalteh
\lxam_c yo:ltamalteh
\lxoa yo:ltamaltih
\lxoa_c yo:ltamaltih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N1/2; Aln: noyo:ltamalwa:n
\sense_e dolls of boiled ground nextamahli (i.e., of tixtli) in various forms (of men and women and certain animals: snakes for when a snake has
caused the susto, water animals for offerings in the river, etc.) that are left on top of a bed of leaves (xo:chia:pantli) as an offering to the
yeyekameh during the 'soul-raising ceremony known as tlakaka:walistli
\sense_s muñecas de masa de nixtamal (i.e., of tixtli) en varias formas (de hombres, mujeres y ciertos animales: culebras cuando una serpiente causóel susto, o
animales del agua para ofrendas al río, etc.) que se dejan sobre una colcha de hojas (xo:chia:pantli) como una ofrenda a los yeyekameh
durante la ceremonia de 'levantamiento de sombra' conocida en náhuatl como tlakaka:walistli
\sense_d Pending
\root yo:l
\root tamal
\ency_note tlakaka:walistli
\nse The documented references to these objects has always been in the plural although the singular is grammatically correct.
\semref munye:kos.
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00101
\lxam tekoch
\lxam_c tekoch
\lxoa tekoch
\lxoa_c tekoch
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e type of woodpecker, family Picidae; the genus or species is still not identified, but perhaps Centurus hypopoliusor a closely related species
\sense_s pájaro carpintero, familia Picidae; el género todavía no se identifica, pero quizáel Centurus hypopoliuso una especie cercana
\sense_d Am, Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 35, p. 251
\sense_e lineated or checkered (e.g., cloth)
\sense_s lineado; de cuadros; de cuadros escoceses (p. ej., una tela)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Cho tekoxtsi:n nokoto:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My shirt is checkerish.
\phrase_s Mi camisa es de cuadritos.
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\semfld color
\root tekoch
\nse The color or pattern signified by tekoch is derived from the woodpecker's appearance. When looking through a field guide to Mexican birds, Florencia Marcelino stated
that the color pattern indicated by tekoch is found on birds such as the spotted owl. The lineated woodpecker was described by the term
ye:lpantekoch. The tekoch is a bird commonly found on the órgano cactus, which it pecks at and perforates. Ramírez and Dakin (1979)
identify this as the 'pájaro carpintero de cabeza roja.'
\nae Tekoch may be used as a nominal term or it may be used attributively to describe a particular color and pattern. It is often combined with a preceding nominal stem,
which it modifies: tlake:ntekoch , koto:ntekoch , etc.
\semref tlake:ntekoch
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref koto:ntekoch
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00102
\lxam tlatlako:ltia
\lxam_c kitlatlako:ltia
\lxoa tlátlakó:ltia
\lxoa_pr tlátlakó:ltia
\lxoa_c kí:tlakó:ltia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): kí:tlakó:ltia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to blame; to accuse (unfairly, of something [O] didn't do or didn't intend to do)
\sense_s echar la culpa a; acusar (sin justificación, de algo que [O] no hizo o que no hizo a propósito)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to charge or entrust with a (not specified) task
\sense_s encargar (algo no especificado) a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mistlatlako:ltian para xikchi:wa ma:ski xtiweli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They entrust you with something to do, even though you can't do it.
\phrase_s Te encargan algo para hacer aunque no puedes.
\sense_e (refl.) to give (it, an unspecified task or similar action) a good try
\sense_s (refl.) entregarse o esforzarse (para hacer algo no especificado, como una tarea o trabajo); hacerle la lucha (para hacer algo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmlák niweli, san nika:n nimotlatlako:ltitok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I can't really do it, I'm just here giving it a try.
\phrase_s De veras no lo puedo hacer, solamente estoy aquíhaciéndole la lucha.
\phrase_n Timotlatlako:lti:s para tiwelis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will make a strong effort to learn (e.g., a language, a skill, etc.).
\phrase_s Vas a hacer un gran esfuerzo para poder (p. ej., hablar una lengua, fabricar algo, adquirir una habilidad, etc.).
\phrase_n Nimotlatlako:ltia para ma niweli espanyó:l kwa:k te:wan nimonono:tsa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I make a concerted effort to learn Spanish when I talk to people.
\phrase_s Me esfuerzo para aprender español cuando plactico con la gente.
\root htlak
\qry Recheck meaning and get further examples. In one filecard I mention that /tlatlako:ltia/ (in regards to the second sense) does not mean simply 'to charge or entrust with a task' but 'to
charge or entrust (sb) with a task he or she cannot do.' This should be checked.
\ref 00103
\lxam patio:tia
\lxam_c kipatio:tia
\lxoa patio:tia
\lxoa_c kipatio:tia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-para-h/wa/tia
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to raise the price of
\sense_s encarecer; subir el precio de
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kipatio:tia tli:n kinamaka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He raises the price on what he sells.
\phrase_s Encarece lo que vende.
\root pati
\nde Molina has patiotia. nitla 'pagar, o dar el precio delo que se compra.'
\xref patio:tilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00104
\lxam te:lpokatsi:n
\lxam_c te:lpokatsi:n
\lxoa te:lpakatsi:n
\lxoa_alt te:lpa:tsi:n
\lxoa_c te:lpakatsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn Irregular: note:lpoch ; pl. te:lpokatsitsi:nteh ; te:lpakatsitsi:ntih
\sense_e very young boy, between about 8 and 13 years old
\sense_s un muy joven muchacho, entre como 8 y 13 años de edad
\sense_d Pending
\semfld age
\root te:lpo:ch
\ency_note youth
\nse After about 13 years of age note:lpo:ch is used instead of note:lpokatsi:n. In terms of the range of ages to which te:lpokatsi:n is
applicable, some consultants mention 8 to 13 (as noted in the definition), others mention 7 to 14. Apparently the upper limit is the marriageable age of a young boy.
\qry Check difference between /te:lpo:tsi:n/ and /te:lpokatsi:n/, i.e., whether there is indeed no difference. Check to see if can be possessed as such, with /-tsi:n/
\mod The relationship between /te:lpokawa/, /te:lpokatsi:n/, /te:lpo:xtli/, etc. should be discussed.
\ref 00105
\mod Was /A:wa:xtitlan/ switched to Toponym database.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\ref 00106
\lxam te:lpo:xtli
\lxam_c te:lpo:xtli
\lxoa te:lpo:xtli
\lxoa_c te:lpo:xtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e young boy of marriagable age, about 14 to 20 years old
\sense_s jovencito o muchacho de una edad apropriada para casarse, como de 14 a 20 años de edad
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (possessed) son (generally speaking, from some 15 years on, including after marriage)
\sense_s (poseído) hijo (en general, desde más o menos los 15 años hasta muy grande, incluyendo después de casarse)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld age
\root te:lpo:ch
\ency_note youth
\nse Although several consultants have suggested that te:lpo:xtli is the semantic equivalent of te:lpokawah , others have suggested a difference (which, if
found to be true, would probably hold as well for ichpo:xtli and ichpokawah). Thus Pánfilo Lorenzo suggested that te:lpo:xtli is
a"friendlier"term than te:lpokawah ; others have said that te:lpo:xtli refers to a boy at the beginning of the marrriage cycle (i.e., close to 15 years of
age) whereas te:lpokawah is used at a slightly older age.
\semref te:lpokawah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref te:lpakawah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00107
\lxam mexkalte:koh
\lxam_c mexkalte:koh
\lxoa mexkalte:koh
\lxoa_c mexkalte:koh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-gen
\infn Gender; N1
\sense_e person from Mezcala
\sense_s persona de Mezcala
\sense_d Pending
\root mexkal
\root -te:koh
\qry Check for final /h/. Check for other gentilicios (e.g. /xa:lite:koh/, etc.) by village.
\ref 00108
\lxam xa:hloh
\lxam_c xa:hloh
\lxoa xa:hloh
\lxoa_c xa:hloh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to be full of or covered with sand (an area)
\sense_s estar lleno o cubierto de arena (unaárea)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (i:pan ~) sandy place (e.g., the bank of a river, the beach, etc.)
\sense_s (i:pan ~) lugar arenoso (p. ej., la orilla de un río, la playa, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root xa:l
\qry Elicit a phrase for the"locative"use of /xa:hloh/; check whether the sequence /i:pan xa:hloh/ is correct. I have removed the following as unconfirmed: /Xaxa:hloh nokaltso:n./ 'My
calzones are covered with sand.'
\ref 00109
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlase:wi:hlo:tl
\lxoa_c tlase:wi:hlo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-yo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e shade
\sense_s sombra (un lugar sin sol)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e shadow
\sense_s sombra (proyección que falta luz)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e reflection
\sense_s reflejo
\sense_d Oa
\root se:wi
\nse Oapan tlase:wihlo:tl has a meaning of 'reflection' that is apparently not included in the Ameyaltepec cognate tlase:wahlo:tl.
\nde Although the two words tlase:wihlo:tl and tlase:wahlo:tl are very close cognates they perhpas have somewhat distinct etymologies. The Oapan word
might be related to the verb se:wiyawith senses such as 'turn off (a fire, light, etc.),' 'relax,' etc. The Ameyaltepec word might be related to the impersonal verb
se:wa , referring to 'coldness.'
\qry Check for possessed form. Probably one exists.
\semref tlase:wahlo:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref se:wahlo:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 00110
\lxam metolin
\lxam_c metolin
\lxoa metolih
\lxoa_alt metolin
\lxoa_c metolih
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e type of worm-like animal (yo:lka:tsi:n , perhaps maggots)
\sense_s tipo de animal como gusano (yo:lka:tsi:n)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld worm
\root metol
\nde RS gives metolin 'piojo blanco que ataca el cuerpo humano; especie de tiña'; Molins has for metolloa 'apolillarse la ropa.'
\semref metohlowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00111
\lxam tsono:kilia
\lxam_c kitsono:kilia
\lxoa tsono:kilia
\lxoa_c kitsono:kilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to pour a stream (of a liquid) on; to bathe by pouring (a liquid) on (e.g., a person, plant, etc., by tilting or turning some liquid-filled container upside down and rapidly
dumping the a great quantity of liquid contents on)
\sense_s verter o echar un chorro de (un líquido) sobre; bañar (con un líquido, p. ej., a una persona, planta, etc., al inclinar o invertir algún recipiente boca abajo y derramar una
gran cantidad de líquido sobre)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\src_s DT #1: 557
\phrase_n Pa:mpa deke tiktsono:kili:s, de tikte:kili:s san se: we:i, kwa:kon sila:ntroh pachiwi, chapa:ni ipan tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e because if you dump water on it, if you pour water on it all at once, then the corriander will get plastered, it will fall flat on the ground.
\phrase_s porque si le echas un chorro de agua, si le tiras agua todo de una vez, entonces el cilantro se va a apachurrar, se va a quedar tirado sobre el suelo.
\root tson
\root no:ki
\xref tsono:kia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref tsono:kiya
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 00112
\lxam yema:nka:toto:nki
\lxam_c yema:nka:toto:nki
\lxoa yema:nka:toto:nki
\lxoa_c yema:nka:toto:nki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound Part-Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia[v]
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to be lukewarm (food, water, etc.)
\sense_s estar tibio (comida, agua, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld temperature
\root yema:n
\root to:n
\grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note that with Oapan /yema:nkatoto:nki/ there is no reduction of the reduplicated pattern, probably given the lexicalized nature of this
word and meaning.
\vl Check vowel length of /ka:/ syllab.e
\ref 00113
\lxam mayeti:ya
\lxam_c mayeti:ya
\lxoa máyetí:ya
\lxoa_pr mayeti:ya
\lxoa_c máyetí:ya
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia[k][v]
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\pitch yes
\sense_e for ones arms to feel heavy
\sense_s sentir los brazos pesados y cansados
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:nimayeti:yak. Yo:nisiaw, xok nike:wa noma.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My arms felt heavy. I got tired, I can't hold up my arms anymore.
\phrase_s Sentílos brazos pesados. Ya me cansé, ya no puedo alzar los brazos.
\root mah
\root e
\nse Ma:yeti:ya refers to the process whereby ones arms get to feel heavy, particularly when they tire after bearing a weight or repeating a specific action or movement.
\nde The pitch-accent in the Oapan form suggests an underlying {mah + yeti:ya} with {h} in the suppletive stem for 'arm' or 'hand' being a source of the pitch-accent. However, the vowel
length of the incorporated noun might be underlying long (/ma:-/) and the pitch-accent the result of reduced reduplication of the verbal stem. There are other such cases of
reduplication and the simple assignment of pitch-accent to a preceding long vowel (usually with body-part incorporation). If this were the case the initial vowel in Oapan might be
long (check).
\qry_fon Check vowel lenght in Am form.
\qry_h mayetiya
\vl Check for both Oapan and Ameyaltepec cognate.
\root_notes I have analyzed /yeti.ya/ here as derived from /ye/. This should be kept consistent throughout the dictionary. Check. Also standardize whether root should be /ye/ or simply
/e/.
\ref 00114
\lxam xama:nia
\lxam_c kixama:nia
\lxoa xama:nia
\lxoa_c kixama:nia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to break up or crumble (sth brittle and hard, for example by pounding)
\sense_s desmoronar; quebrar o romper (algo duro y quebradizo, p. ej., al golpearlo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xikxaxama:ni un tenextli ika tetl, yo:tepi:tsiw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Break up that piece of lime (by pounding it) with a stone, it has already hardened!
\phrase_s ¡Rompe ese pedazo de cal (al golpearlo) con una piedra, ya se puso duro!
\phrase_n Kixama:ni:s un to:toltetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's going to smash that egg (shattering its shell).
\phrase_s Va a aplastar ese huevo (rompiendo su cáscara).
\phrase_n Xikxa:xama:ni toomitew ika a:chah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Break up that soup bone with an axe!
\phrase_s ¡Hazle pedazos con una hacha a ese hueso para sopa!
\phrase_n Xikxaxamani notlikuw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Chop up my firewood (i.e., split it up into many pieces)!
\phrase_s ¡Házle añicos a mi leña (esto es, rómpela en muchos pedazos)!
\root xama:
\ncol omitl de wa:kax
\ncol tlikuwtli kwa:k deke de melá:k o:wa:k
\nde In Oapan, the most common form of this verb is the reduplicated derivative, kí:xama:nia.
\xref xama:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 00115
\lxam kapi:res
\lxam_c kapi:res
\lxoa kapi:res
\lxoa_c kapi:res
\lxgen kapi:res
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\loan capires
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e fruit of the tree called capire in Spanish
\sense_s fruta delárbol llamado capires
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e by extension the tree that bears the above-mentioned fruit; see kapi:reskohtli
\sense_s por extensión elárbol que da la fruta susodicha; véase kapi:reskuhtli
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) and Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give no entry under this word. Guizar and Sánchez (1991: 170) identify the capire as of the family
Sapotaceaeand the genus/species Sideroxylon capiri. Schoenhals (1988) does not list capire, nor the genus/species Sideroxylon
capiri.
\notes_func A shade tree, it always has its leaves. Its fruit is edible; it is small, like the /kowi:skitl/. It is a large, tall and thick tree. Its wood is used in San Juan for for /timon/ and
/manse:rah/ of a plow; however, in Ameyaltepec it is only used for firewood. There, as in Oapan, the /i:skixo:chitl/ is used for plow /timon/ and /manse:rah/.
\qry Recheck vowel length as in botanical notes I have a long /a:/ with the note that this should be the form recorded in the lexicon.
\semref kapi:reskuwtli
\semref_t natural
\semref_d Am
\semref kapi:reskohtli
\semref_t natural
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00116
\lxam tsi:nokwihloh
\lxam_c tsi:nokwihloh
\lxoa tsi:nkwikwihloh
\lxoa_c tsi:nkwikwihloh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Oa)
\sense_e to be uneasy
\sense_s estar inquieto
\sense_d Pending
\root tsi:n
\root okwil
\nae The Oapan form tsi:nkwkwihloh has a reduplicated adjectival (which modifies the head noun) that is absent in Ameyaltepec.
\qry Check precise meaning and use; context when a person is described as /tsi:nokihloh/. Make sure there is a final /h/. Check for absence of reduplication in the Ameyaltepec form.
\ref 00117
\lxam tsi:na:yakachowa
\lxam_c notsi:na:yakachowa
\lxoa tsi:na:yakachowa
\lxoa_c notsi:na:yakachowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\compound N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi[x][refl]
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) to shake ones hips or rear end (e.g., while dancing)
\sense_s (refl.) menearse las caderas o nalgas (p. ej., al bailar)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld motion-nontranslational
\root tsi:n
\root a:yakach
\qry Check for intransitive forms (e.g., /a:yakachiwi/ and /tsi:na:yakachiwi/); and check for non-reflexive use of transitive.
\qry_fon Check vowel length length of /a:/.
\ref 00118
\lxam Temonextsi:n
\lxam_c Temonextsi:n
\lxoa Témonéxtsi:n
\lxoa_pr Temonextsi:n
\lxoa_c Témonéxtsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e slightly fuzzy"star,"probably the galaxy in Andromeda
\sense_s "estrella"algo borroso, probablemente la galaxia de Andromeda
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld heavens
\root te-
\root mohnex
\nse My notes are inconclusive on the identification of this heavenly body, but my recollection is that it is a greyish and poorly defined"star."This characteristic would seem to identify it
with a galaxy visible to the naked eye, the most prominent of which is that in Andromeda.
\nae The pitch-accent present in témonéxtsi:n suggests an underlying {h}. However, the location of this element is not clear, nor is the etymology of
témonéxtsi:n and cognate forms. No similar word has been found in outside lexical sources, although simple nextik is quite common accross dialects.
\qry_h temonextik (for location of underlying /h/, if there is one. Note that the pitch-accent is present in /mónextík/ or similar Oapan terms, which suggests that if there is an
underlying {h} it is in the syllable /moh/.
\vl Check both dialects.
\ency_note si:tlalin
\ref 00119
\lxam tsakwa:nia
\lxam_c tsakwa:nia
\lxoa tsakwa:nia
\lxoa_c tsakwa:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to become thick (a liquid like atole in cooking, natural paint when resin is added, etc.)
\sense_s hacerse espeso (un líquido como el atole al cocerse, pintura natural al agregarsele resina, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:tsakwa:niak, xok a:tki, yo:a:tetso:liw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's thickened, it's no longer watery, the water has evaporated (or been boiled) out of it.
\phrase_s Ya se hizo espeso, ya no estáaguado, el agua lo ha dejado (p. ej., al evaporarse, al hervirse el líquido, etc.).
\sense_e to become muddied (and for this reason"thick,"e.g., a river during the rainy season)
\sense_s quedar enturbiado (y por eso,"espeso,"como un río crecido y lodoso durante la temporada de lluvias)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:tsakwa:niak un a:te:ntli, yo:moya:w a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That river has become thick (with mud), the water has gotten stirred up (from the torrential rains).
\phrase_s Ese río se espesó(con lodo), el agua se agitó(de las aguas torrenciales).
\semfld consistency
\root tsakwa:n
\ncol a:to:hli kwa:k xkite:kilian a:tl
\qry Check for transitive; check for Classical cognate to /tetsa:wa/.
\vl Check, given that the Classical /tetsa:wa/ has a long /a:/ that might be the basis for /tsakwa:nia/.
\xref tsakwa:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00120
\lxam ma:yeyeka
\lxam_c ma:yeyeka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Am
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to be fast with ones hands (e.g., in working, in doing a task or chore)
\sense_s ser rápido con las manos (p. ej., en trabajar, en hacer una tarea, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xma:yeyeka!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hurry up with what you are doing with your hands!
\phrase_s ¡Apúrate con lo que estás hacienda con las manos!
\phrase_n Melá:k tima:yeyeka, wel titlakwilowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are really fast with your hands, you know how to write.
\phrase_s De veras eres muy rápido con las manos, sabes bien como escribir.
\root ma:
\root e:ka
\nse Ameyaltepec ma:yeyeka is virtually equivalent to ma:isiwi ; the antonym of both is ma:yo:li:k.
\disamb ma:isiwi
\qry The word /ma:yeyeka/ is apparently equivalent to /ma:isiwi/: but check. Check vowel length in Oapan cognate /máisíwi/ for long initial /a/. It has not so been recorded but this should
be checked.
\mod Perhaps /yeyeka/ should be considered as lexicalized reduplication.
\semref má:isíwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00121
\lxam tlapi:tske:tl
\lxam_c tlapi:tske:tl
\lxoa tlapi:tske:tl
\lxoa_c tlapi:tske:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\infn Stem 2
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\sense_e musician who plays a wind instrument, particularly a brass instrument
\sense_s músico que toca un instrumento de viento, particularmento uno de metal
\sense_d Pending
\root pi:tsa
\nse The agentive form tlapi:tske:tl is acceptable, though much less common than the generalized tlapi:tski.
\vl Four additional tokens of this word are at 3871.
\semref tlapi:tski
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 00122
\lxam mento:narowa
\lxam_c nomento:narowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (Nah) mentar
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi[refl]
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) to shoot off at the mouth; to talk like a big shot
\sense_s (refl.) engreirse; hablar con presunción y vanidad; fanfarronear
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w nomento:narowan, yo:pe:w tla:tlatowan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They've started to shoot off at the mouth at each other, they've started to talk without restraint.
\phrase_s Ya empezaron a intercambiar disparates, ya empezaron a hablar sin medirse.
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w nomento:narowa, o:tla:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's started to talk like a big shot, he's drunk.
\phrase_s Ya empezóa fanfarronear, se emborrachó.
\nse The meaning of ento:narowa is probably derived from a figurative meaning of entonar. Thus the Diccionario de la lengua españolaof the Real
Academia Española gives under entonar 'fig. Desvanecerse, engreírse.'
\qry Check meaning and etymology.
\ref 00123
\lxam kwalaktli
\lxam_c kwalaktli
\lxoa kwalahtli
\lxoa_alt kwelahtli
\lxoa_c kwalahtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-ni-k
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e drool; saliva
\sense_s baba; saliva
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ki:stok ikwalak, kipias kamaye:rbah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Saliva is coming out of its mouth, it probably has kamaye:rbah (a type of mouth infection or fungus).
\phrase_s Se le estásaliendo saliva por la boca, a lo mejor tiene kamaye:rbah (un tipo de infección o hongo en la boca).
\semfld body-internal
\root kwala:
\nae Kwalaktli
\grm Note derivation process leading to /kwalaktli/ 'saliva' and derivation from /kwala:ni/.
\ref 00124
\lxam itiko:tsi:liwi
\lxam_c itiko:tsi:liwi
\lxoa ítiko:tsi:líwi
\lxoa_pr itiko:tsi:liwi
\lxoa_c ítiko:tsi:líwi
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi[x]
\infv class-3a(w)
\allomorph i-epen
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have stomach cramps or a stomach ache (related to the sense that ones intestines are twisting in knots, e.g., when one has diarrhea)
\sense_s tener calambres, retorcijones o fuertes dolores en el estómago (relacionado con el sentido de que se le entuercen los intestinos, p. ej., cuando a uno le da diarea)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld body-disease
\root hti
\root ko:tsi:l
\disamb koltotsiwi; ko:tsi:liwi; makakachiwi; pa:lakachiwi
\qry Check to see if a transitive form exists. Check length of /i:/ of /-tsi:liwi/ as I have it recorded both long and short in different examples.
\mod For onomasiological section include those words relating to twisting and shrinking, etc. /ko:tsi:liwi/, /koltotsiwi/, /malakachiwi/, /palachachiwi/, etc.
\semref itikoltotsiwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00125
\lxam a:tekonyo:hli
\lxam_c a:tekonyo:hli
\lxoa a:tekonyo:hli
\lxoa_c a:tekonyo:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e seeds of the a:tekomatl gourd
\sense_s semillas del a:tekomatl
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\root a:
\root tekoma
\root yo:l
\ref 00126
\lxam tsi:ntli:ltik
\lxam_c tsi:ntli:ltik
\lxoa tsi:ntli:ltik
\lxoa_c tsi:ntli:ltik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to have a black bottom or base; to have a black rear end
\sense_s tener la base o la parte inferior negra; tener las nalgas negras
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to have black roots (e.g., hair)
\sense_s tener las raices negras (p. ej., el cabello)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:xte:nka:la:tl, tsi:ntlitli:ltiktsitsi:nteh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The type of eyelashes known as i:xte:nka:la:tl have little black roots.
\phrase_s El tipo de pestañas llamadas i:xte:nka:la:tl tienen las raices negritas.
\root tsi:n
\root tli:l
\ncol ko:ntli
\ncol nexko:ntli
\ref 00127
\lxam tlachialtia
\lxam_c kitlachialtia
\lxoa tlachialtia
\lxoa_c kitlachialtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make conscious; to bring to; to resuscitate (e.g., sb who has fainted)
\sense_s hacer conciente; resuscitar (p. ej., algn que se había desmayado)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to bring to health (e.g., a person or animal that has suffered a disease, a plant suffering from blight or a lack of water)
\sense_s hacer recuperar la salud (p. ej., una persona o animal que estaba enfermo, una planta que sufría por una enfermedad o falta de agua)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tle:ka tia:s? Xok tiktlachialti:s motah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Why are you going (said by an irate husband to his wife who was going to see her sick father)? You won't bring your father back to health!
\phrase_s ¿Por quévas a ir (dicho por un esposo enojado a su esposa que iba a ver a su padre)?¡Ya no vas a hacer que tu papárecupere la salud!
\sense_e to make sober; to sober up (a person who is drunk)
\sense_s despejar; hacer sobrio a (una persona que se había emborrachado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkoni refre:skoh para mitstlachialti:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Drink a soda so that it sobers you up!
\phrase_s ¡Bebe un refresco para que te despeje!
\sense_e to make (sb) look around; to show (not by holding up an object for a person to see, but by making that person see, perhaps by taking him or her to a specific location)
\sense_s hacer (a algn) mirar o observar; hacer ver; hacer observar (p. ej., al llevar la persona a algún lugar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Papa:kin ikone:wa:n, yo:kinwi:kakeh, yo:kintlachialti:to ke:no:n u:nkah mi:hli. Tla:ki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His children are happy, he took them with him, he took them so that they could see how the maize plants are doing. They are coming to fruit.
\phrase_s Sus niños están felices, ya se los llevaron, ya los llevópara ver como estála milpa. Están rindiendo.
\sense_e (with locational adverb or directional prefix) to point the gaze of; to make (sb) face and look at; to turn (sb) to (the direction indicated by the adverb or directional)
\sense_s (con adverbio de lugar o un prefijo direccional) encarar hacia; hacer mirar o orientar (a algn) para ver; apuntar (a algn o algo hacia el lugar indicado por el adverbio o
direccional)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tine:xtlachialtih para ne:yhka, ka:n niá:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You made me face over there (a place out of eyesight), where I will go.
\phrase_s Me encaraste hacia allá(un lugar fuera de vista) donde voy a ir.
\phrase_n Na:nika o:kwa:ltlachialtih para na:nika wa:hla:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He turned it (in this case a car) to face in this direction so that it would come in this direction.
\phrase_s Lo orientó(en este caso un coche) hacia acápara que viniera en esta dirección.
\phrase_n Xkwa:ltlachialti moxwi:tsi:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make your grandchild look over in this direction!
\phrase_s ¡Haz mirar hacia acáa tu nieto!
\root chia
\nae Tlachialtia is a transitive verb the object of which may be a person or object that is resuscitated, made sober, etc. However, in the sense of 'to point the gaze of' or 'to
make face and look' this verb takes an adverbial clause indicating the direction or location that is the focus of the action. This may be a directional prefix (as in xkwa:ltlachialti
moxwitsi:n) or it may be an adverbial clause. The literal meaning in these cases is more to 'to make (sb) visibly aware of (complement).'
\grm Although apparently this very is only transitive and thus would only one object (and not an additional complement), it does appear to always occur with some sort of
adjunct, as in the phrase Yo:kintlachialti:to ke:non unkah mi:hli 'he took them to see how the maize was.' The literal meaning seems to have more the sense of
he made them visibly aware. Yet the syntactic status of ke:non unkah mi:hli is unclear.
\xref tlachia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00128
\lxam yeyekana:miki
\lxam_c yeyekana:miki
\lxoa yéye:kana:míki
\lxoa_pr yeye:kana:miki
\lxoa_c yéye:kana:míki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to meet the wind head on (e.g, as one rides a fast horse, is sitting on top of a moving bus, etc.); to have the wind blow hard in ones face as one moves quickly
\sense_s tener el viento el la cara al moverse rápidamente; tener el viento en contra, pegándole (p. ej., al correr montado en un caballo rápido, al estar sentado por el techo de un
camión corriendo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root e:ka
\root na:miki
\ref 00129
\lxam tlawe:lse:wi
\lxam_c tlawe:lse:wi
\lxoa tlawe:ltse:wi
\lxoa_c tlawe:ltse:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi(a)
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to have ones anger or bad mood subside; to calm down (from being mad)
\sense_s calmarsele el mal humor o genio a; calmarse (de haberse enojado)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:nitlawe:lse:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've already calmed down.
\phrase_s Ya me calmé
\semfld emotions
\root tlawe:l
\root se:
\qry Check for transitive ?tlawe:lse:wia, which I imagine does exist.
\ref 00130
\lxam ikxiteki
\lxam_c kikxiteki
\lxoa ixiteki
\lxoa_c kixiteki
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e to cut on the leg
\sense_s cortarle la pierna a
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to amputate the leg of
\sense_s amputarle la pierna a
\sense_d Pending
\root kxi
\root teki
\qry Check whether /ikxitsonteki/ is also acceptable.
\ref 00131
\lxam pitsotik
\lxam_c pitsotik
\lxoa pitsotik
\lxoa_c pitsotik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e to be dirty; to be slovenly (particularly in eating habits)
\sense_s estar desaseado; estar sucio (particularmente en la manera de comer)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San pitsotik, san ke:n ihki tlakwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's slovenly, he just eats in whatever way (he likes).
\phrase_s Es sucio, come como quiera.
\root pitso
\ref 00132
\lxam nochiwiá:n
\lxam_c nochiwiá:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-place
\der Adv-pl
\sense_e everywhere; in all parts or places
\sense_s por todos lados; por todas partes
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kwa:k ye u:nkah, nochiwiá:n u:nkah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When there finally is some (e.g., a fruit during its season), there is some everywhere.
\phrase_s Cuando por fin hay, hay en todos lados.
\root nochi
\root_rel -ya:n
\nae The origin of wi in words such as nochiwiá:n, no:wiá:n, or towiá:n is not entirely clear.
\qry_fon Check vowel length here and in /nowiá:n/. C
\grm The origin of wi in words such as nochiwiá:n, no:wiá:n, or towiá:n is not entirely clear. It might be epenthetic or it might
represent some morpheme, either diachronically or synchronically relevant. All such words should be isolated and compared, however, it seems to occur only before /-yá:n/
as a final, accented morpheme.
\semref nowiá:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref nowiya:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00133
\lxam tla:lchi:wahli
\lxam_c tla:lchi:wahli
\lxoa tla:lchi:wahli
\lxoa_c tla:lchi:wahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound (N-V2)-Ag
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e land that has been cleared, broken in, worked, and planted (even though at this precise moment it may be fallow)
\sense_s tierra que ha sido limpiada, trabajada y sembrada (aunque en el momento de hablar estédescansando)
\sense_d Pending
\root tla:l
\root chi:wa
\disamb tla:hli
\nse Tla:lchi:wahli refers to land that has been prepared and planted in the past, even though it may be lying fallow. That is, it refers to land that has been used but not to
land that is necessarily in use.
\qry Check for possessed form.
\ref 00134
\lxam te:nistekwi
\lxam_c kite:nistekwi
\lxoa te:nistekwi
\lxoa_c kite:nistekwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(kw)
\sense_e to pinch the chin of
\sense_s pellizcar el mentón de
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tle:ka note:ntlapachotok? Yes pa:mpa o:kite:niistehkeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Why does he have his mouth covered (e.g., with a paliacate)? It must be because someone (e.g., his girlfriend) pinched him on the chin (leaving an embarrassing mark).
\phrase_s ¿Por quétiene la boca tapada (p. ej., con un paliacate)? Debe ser porque alguien (p. ej., su novia) le pellizóel mentón (dejándole una marca embarasoza).
\nae Although in other lexemes the nominal root istitlappears, in te:nistekwi the alternative istetl is found. Nevertheless, for cross-referencing
purposes the root has been standardized to sti.
\root te:n
\root sti
\root kwi
\ref 00135
\lxam tlatla:kihlo:tl
\lxam_c tlatla:kihlo:tl
\lxoa tlatla:kihlo:tl
\lxoa_c tlatla:kihlo:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e see tla:kihlo:tl
\sense_s véase tla:kihlo:tl
\sense_d Pending
\qry Check difference between /tla:kihlo:tl/ and /tlatlakihlo:tl/. Apparently the latter is not reduplicated but rather has the /tla-/ prefix. Check. Check and make sure of possessed form
\vl Check length of /i/ in the penultimate syllable. I have changed this several times.
\ref 00136
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlakwaltsi:nko
\lxoa_c tlakwaltsi:nko
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-tla-tsi:n
\sense_e place that is well-arranged or manicured; place that is pretty
\sense_s lugar que estábien arreglado; lugar bien bonito
\sense_d Oa
\root kwal
\root_rel -ko
\semref tlakwaltsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00137
\lxam tsontekonyamana
\lxam_alt kitsontekonamana
\lxam_c kitsontekonyamana
\lxoa tsontekonyámaná
\lxoa_pr tsontekonyamana
\lxoa_c kitsontekonyámaná
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to give a headache to; to bother
\sense_s darle un dolor de cabeza a; molestar; desagradar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (refl.) to feel under pressure; to feel bothered or tense; to be upset; to become frustrated or bothered
\sense_s (refl.) sentirse bajo presión; sentirse tenso; molestarse; desagradarse
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld emotions
\root tson
\root tekoma
\root ahmana
\disamb tsontekonyamana; tsontekontlapa:na; kwa:tlapa:na
\qry Determine the contexts under which one might use this reflexively, i.e., what type of emotions are involved.
\vl Check and cf to kwáyamána
\grmx Oapan pitch-accent; stress shift: Note that for /kwá:yamána/ the pitch-accent shifts left onto the long vowel of teh incorporated noun. In /tsontekonyámaná/ there is no such
left shift. The question is why and this is not certain. One reason might be syllable weight. This would make sense although more evidence from other cases would need to be
studied.
\semref kwa:yamana
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kwá:yamána
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00138
\mod I originally had /i:xkwi:ti:hli/ here but Cristino Flores indicated that this is in error. The correct form is /ni:xkwi:ti:hli/.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\ref 00139
\lxam -tiw
\lxam_c cho:katiw
\lxoa -tiw
\lxoa_c cho:katiw
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\psm Associated motion ending
\infv Irregular
\sense_e aspectual ending
\sense_s terminación aspectual
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root yaw
\nae Note the irregular forms are more fully described in the grammar. Basically the forms are -tia:ya ; perfective. -tiah ; future.
-tiá:s ; conditional. -tia:skia , imperative/optative and present -tiw
\ref 00140
\lxam -teko
\lxam_c cho:kateko
\lxoa -'tekó
\lxoa_pr -teko
\lxoa_c cho:kátekó
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Associated motion ending
\infv class-4a/associated motion
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to occur (with intransitive verbs) or do (with transitive verbs) upon arriving here (at a particular location located toward a deictic reference point)
\sense_s occurir (con verbos intransitivos) o hacer (con verbos transitivos) al llegar allá(a un lugar en una dirección intraversa de un punto de referencia deíctica)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nitlakwatekos tio:tlak, yeniaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will eat when I get back here in the afternoon (i.e., I will eat upon arriving here), I'm on my way now.
\phrase_s Voy a comer al regresar aquíen la tarde (esto es, voy a comer al llegar acá), ya me voy.
\sense_e (with intransitive verbs) to occur in hitting the ground (here, toward a particular deictic reference point, usually speaker location)
\sense_s (con verbos intransitivos) ocurrir en llegar a tocar tierra (acá, hacia un punto de referencia deíctica, usualmente la ubicación del hablante)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tikma:niye:w, o:komo:ntekok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You let it slip out of your hands, it fell to the ground with a thud.
\phrase_s Dejaste que se te fuera de las manos, cayócon estrépito al suelo.
\phrase_n O:tlapa:ntekok nopla:toh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My plate fell and broke as it hit the ground.
\phrase_s Se cayómi plato y se rompióal estrellar contra el suelo.
\root ehko
\nse The aspectual marker -teko is the antonym of -tasi. It signifies that an action takes place over a horizontal or vertical plane, with the action signalled
by the verb occuring at a location toward a deictic reference point. Often the present is used even with a future event. In a phrase such as nitlakwatekos the fact that
a"return"is involved is implied by the deictic nature of the action. Given that it occurs upon"arriving here"and the speaker is the one who will perform the action, the implication is that
the speaker will first leave"here"(a reference point usually associated with the speaker, particularly when a 1st-person subject is both actor and speaker) and then return, carrying out
the action signified by the verb upon arrival.
\semref yeko
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00141
\lxam ixwi:wtli
\lxam_c ixwi:wtli
\lxoa ixwi:htli
\lxoa_c ixwi:htli
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e grandchild (male or female)
\sense_s nieto(a)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Newa umpa nixwi:wtli, newa ne:chmakas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am the grandchild there (i.e., in respect to a member of the household in question), it will be to me whom he gives it (in this case sth requested in loan).
\phrase_s Allíyo soy el nieto (esto es, en un hogar), es a mía quien lo va a dar (en este caso algo pedido prestado).
\phrase_n Tewa mitsixwi:w mokoko:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are the grandchild of your grandfather.
\phrase_s Tu eres el nieto de tu abuelo.
\semfld kin
\root xwi:w
\nae The stem-final /w/ is lost in the diminutive form noxwi:tsi:n (in both Oapan and Ameyaltepec), which suggests that historically it might not be part of the underlying stem.
Indeed, historically it might derive from the possessed marker -w that has fused to the original root.
\grm Note that the poss. retains /w/ in the non-diminutive but with the diminutive, which is commonly used, /w/ deletes: /noxwi:tsi:n/ 'my little grandchild'. Cf. Dakin's comment that
final /w/ might be related to possessive marker.
\mod Diminutive noxwi:tsi:n
\ref 00142
\lxam chikna:wtipan
\lxam_c chikna:wtipan
\lxoa chikna:htipah
\lxoa_alt chikna:htipan
\lxoa_c chikna:htipah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Num-N(rel)
\der N-loc-1-tipan
\infn N1
\sense_e literally 'place of nine,' this is the residence of the yeyeka:meh , or evil spirits, that cause people harm, illness, and soul-loss
\sense_s literalmente 'lugar de nueve', este es la residencia de los yeyeka:meh , aires o espíritus malos que causan daños, enfermedades, y susto a la gente
\sense_d Pending
\nse In Ruiz de Alarcón there are references to chicnauhtopan , literally"nine above us,"a place toward which, apparently, many of the chants are directed. Clearly the
present-day chikna:wtipan represents an identical concept, perhaps simply through a reinterpretation of -topan.
\root chik
\root na:wi
\root_rel -tipan
\ref 00143
\lxam kochka:yoh
\lxam_c xkochka:yoh
\lxoa kochka:yoh
\lxoa_c xkochka:yoh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg
\sense_e (x ~) to not be sleepy (e.g., a person up late and not working but rather watching over others, e.g, in a vigil); to be unable to sleep
\sense_s (x ~) estar sin sueño (p. ej., una persona que queda despierta toda la noche, no trabajando pero cuidando a otros); no poder dormir
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtikochka:yoh, tewa xtikochis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are not sleepy, you will be the one not to fall asleep.
\phrase_s No tienes sueño, túvas a ser el que no se duerme.
\root kochi
\ref 00144
\lxam se:ka:nowa
\lxam_c kise:ka:nowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi[x]
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to sling or place across ones chest (e.g., the strap of a bag being carried that crosses diagonally in front and back of ones torso)
\sense_s colgar o colocar atravesando el pecho (p. ej., el tirante de una bolsa que pasa diagonalmente por el pecho y la espalda)
\sense_d Am
\root se:ka:n
\fla ma:se:ka:titlan
\nae Se:ka:nowa might well be an apocopated form of ma:se:ka:nowa , which itselft seems related to several other lexical items such as
ma:se:ka:titlan.
\qry Check to make sure ma:se:ka:no:ltia is the equivalent of se:ka:no:ltia. Check to see if /sekatitlan/ is a word. Apparently /se:ka:nowa:/ is a transitive
basic verb that ends in /-owa/. This should be checked, cf. /te:mowa/, etc.
\vl Check! Since in Tetelcingo one finds the equivalent of /se:yekatitla/ the vowel length should be checked here in /se:ka:nowa/ and similar words.
\xref se:ka:no:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\semref ma:se:ka:nowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ma:se:ka:na
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00145
\mod This used to be an entry for /sentetl/. It has since been removed as a duplicate. Tag speech tokens fro there with number 2766.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\vl The speech tokens here should be tagged as 2766, however, given that they are early with a lot of echo, they should not be linked to the dictionary.
\ref 00146
\lxam tlatsatsakwilia
\lxam_c kitlatsatsakwilia
\lxoa tlá:tsakwília
\lxoa_pr tlá:tsakwilia
\lxoa_c kitlá:tsakwília
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to fill in colors within outlined shapes (e.g., of an amate or other drawing) for
\sense_s rellenar los espacios con colores (de un dibujo de blanco y negro) para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:kinon tiktlatsatsakwilitok?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Who are you filling things (drawings) in for?
\phrase_s ¿Para quién estás rellenando (algo como amates)?
\root tsakwa
\xref tsakwilia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00147
\lxam tlana:miktia
\lxam_c tlana:miktia
\lxoa tlana:mihtia
\lxoa_c tlana:mihtia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to conduct a marriage ceremony (e.g., a priest or judge)
\sense_s casar en una ceremonia (p. ej., un sacerdote o juez)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\ncol tatli wa:n na:ntli
\root na:miki
\xref na:miktia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\xref na:mihtia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Oa
\ref 00148
\lxam xo:mah
\lxam_c i:xo:mah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e lips (of people and certain animals)
\sense_s labios (de humanos y ciertos animales)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e snout (of an animal, particularly mammals)
\sense_s hocico (de un animal, particularmente las mamalias)
\sense_d Am
\semfld body
\root xo:mah
\ncol pitso
\ncol burroh
\mod Florencia Marcelino did not accept xo:mah but rather te:nxo:mah.
\qry Determine which animals have snouts and/or lips (e.g., does this apply to snakes, etc.)
\semref te:nxo:mah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref te:nxo:mah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00149
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xtéme:tsowília
\lxoa_pr i:xtéme:tsowilia
\lxoa_c ki:xtéme:tsowília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to give a good, measured look at (e.g., sth to make sure that it is flat, correctly measured, etc.)
\sense_s ver detalladamente y cuidadosamente a (p. ej., una cantidad de algo para asegurar bien que estábien medido)
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root tehme:ts
\nae The etymology of i:xteme:tsowilia is uncertain: the only clearly identifiable element is i:xand, perhaps, te. No other dialects have
been found with any words resembling either teme:tsowa or me:tsowa. Certainly a precise identification of the location of the {h} element that probably
motivates the pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl i:xtéme:tsowilia would be helpful.
\qry As with other words, it is unclear whether the te- element is part of the incorporated noun (e.g., i:xtetl), whether it is an intensifier, or whether it is part of
the verb. However, no verb /teme:tsowa/ or /me:tsowa/ has been found, where /tsowilia/ means 'to lasso for'.
\qry_h i:xteme:tsowilia
\vl Check vowel length and location of /h/ in SJ dialect.
\root_notes Discuss difficulty in termining root and whether /teme:ts/ is correct.
\semref i:xte:nteme:tsowilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00150
\lxam tio:tlaki:ltih
\lxam_c tio:tlaki:ltih
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\psm Interj
\allomorph Plural: tio:tlakiki:ltikeh
\sense_e Good afternoon (from noon to vespers; reverential)
\sense_s Buenas tardes (desde mediodía hasta la hora de oración; reverencial)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ma tio:tlaki:ltih!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Have a very good afternoon (reverential)!
\phrase_s ¡Quétenga unas muy buenas tardes (reverencial)!
\root tio:
\root_rel -tlak
\nse The afternoon greeting tio:tlaki:ltih (cf. tio:tlakih) is the only reverential form that has been noted among all greetings. It seems to be used only toward
individuals (e.g., godparents) to whom one owes a certain amount of respect, though more often, even in such situations, the unmarked tio:tlakih is used. The
reverential form was not accepted by Florencia Marcelino as correct for Oapan.
\qry Check for final /h/ in this and other terms.
\vl Check for long vowel before causative.
\semref tlapoya:wilih
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tio:tlakih
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tio:tlakeh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00151
\lxam tla:wa:nke:tl
\lxam_c tla:wa:nke:tl
\lxoa tla:wa:nke:tl
\lxoa_c tla:wa:nke:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e drunkhard; alcoholic
\sense_s borracho; alcohólico
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niman tla:wa:nke:tl ki:sa ke:n itah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Right away (at an early age) he's turned out to be a drunkard like his father.
\phrase_s Luego luego (a una edad temprana) sale borracho como su papá.
\sense_e drunk
\sense_s borracho (en el sentido adjectival)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ya:lwa nitla:wa:nke:tl katka.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I was drunk yesterday.
\phrase_s Ayer estaba yo borracho.
\root tla:wa:
\nse In Oapan (and probably in Ameyaltepec as well) the nominal tla:wa:nke:tl is used to indicate a state of drunkeness. To reference a drunkhard it is much more
common to use the partial borrowing tlawanke:roh.
\qry /-ki/ is not acceptable. Check vowel length. Check whether possession is possible. If so add Aln(ag)
\ref 00152
\lxam tlakwi:lia
\lxam_c kitlakwi:lia
\lxoa tlá:kwí:lia
\lxoa_pr tlá:kwi:lia
\lxoa_c kitlá:kwí:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e (Oa: with short vowel reduplication of verbal stem) to run off with the girlfriend or boyfriend, or even wife or husband, of
\sense_s (Oa: con reduplicación de vocal corta de la raíz verbal) bajarsele la novia o novio, o hasta el esposo o la esposa, a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:kitlakwi:likeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His girlfriend was taken away from him.
\phrase_s Se le bajaron su querida.
\root kwi
\nse Apparently tlakwi:lia can also be used with an object that references either a man or a woman; however it seems to be much more commonly used in reference to
men having their partners taken away by another suitor. Cristino Flores stated that this word is used to refer to taking anything away form someone; if one wishes to refer to a
woman, one uses sowakwi:lia.
\xref kwi:lia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00153
\lxam kakahli
\lxam_c kakahli
\lxoa kákahlí
\lxoa_pr kakahli
\lxoa_c kákahlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): í:kál
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e awning; canopy (e.g., like those supported on four poles and sustained over a saint during a procession)
\sense_s toldo; dosel; baldaquín; pabellón (p. ej., la tela que se porta con cuatro estandartes arriba de un santo durante una procesión)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e blind (such as that used by a hunter to hide from prey)
\sense_s escondite (de los que utilizan los cazadores para que no se vean)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e shell (of a snail)
\sense_s cáscara (de un caracol)
\sense_d Pending
\root kal
\nae The speech of the vast majority of Oapanecos does not manifest the reduction of the reduplicant on the 3rd person singular or possessive markers i- and in-.
Thus one finds for kákahlí the following possessed forms: nó:kál, mó:kál, íkakál, tó:kál,
nimó:kál, and ínkakál. Nevertheless, it is interesting that both Florencia Marcelino and her husband Inocencio Jiménez used the reduced form when the
extended plural marker imin was used: imí:nkál. All Oapanecos I asked spontaneous gave íkakál as the 3rd person singular possessed
form of the reduplicated kákahlí except Carlota Pantaleón, a woman about 20 years old and daughter of Silvestre Pantaleón. She spontaneously gave
í:kál even though the rest of her family (father, mother, and elder sister) all used the form í:kakál. Note that Inocencio Jiménez accepted
í:kál as a rarely used alternative form of the 3rd person singul ar possessed. The general absence of í:kál in the speech of almost all Oapanecos is
interesting given that almost all residents do show reduction of the reduplicant with kókó:hli 'grandfather' and kókoné:tl 'doll.' Thus one finds
nó:kó:l, mó:kó:l, í:kó:l, tó:kó:l, nimó:kó:l, and i:nkó:l as well as nó:koné:w,
mókoné:w, í:koné:w, tó:koné:w, nimó:koné:w, and í:nkoné:w. One difference with kákahlí is
that the nominal stem here has a short vowel. This could perhaps explain the difference between the reduplicated nouns. However, it does not explain why, with
kákahlí one finds reduction with nó:kál, mó:kál, etc., but not with the 3rd person forms. The only difference here is that the 1st and 2nd
person possessor markers have an initial consonant. If this were the determining factor, it suggests that in Oa pan Nahuatl a consonant onset has so m e bearing on the prosodic
structure of the syllable, a situation that is not, to my knowledge, common. More research obviously has to be done on reduplication reduction onto the 3rd person singular and
plural possessor markers from reduplicated nominal stems.
\grm Oapan phonology; reduplication; reduction: The speech of the vast majority of Oapanecos does not manifest the reduction of the reduplicant on the 3rd person singular or
possessive markers i- and in-. Thus one finds for kákahlí the following possessed forms: nó:kál, mó:kál,
íkakál, tó:kál, nimó:kál, and ínkakál. Nevertheless, it is interesting that both Florencia Marcelino and her
husband Inocencio Jiménez used the reduced form when the extended plural marker imin was used: imí:nkál. All Oapanecos I asked
spontaneous gave íkakál as the 3rd person singular possessed form of the reduplicated kákahlí except Carlota Pantaleón, a woman about 20
years old and daughter of Silvestre Pantaleón. She spontaneously gave í:kál even though the rest of her family (father, mother, and elder sister) all used the
form íkakál. Note that Inocencio Jiménez accepted í:kál as a rarely used alte rnative form of the 3rd person singular possessed. The general
absence of í:kál in the speech of almost all Oapanecos is interesting given that almost all residents do show reduction of the reduplicant with
kókó:hli 'grandfather' and kókoné:tl 'doll.' Thus one finds nó:kó:l, mó:kó:l, í:kó:l,
tó:kó:l, nimó:kó:l, and i:nkó:l as well as nó:koné:w, mókoné:w, í:koné:w,
tó:koné:w, nimó:koné:w, and í:nkoné:w. One difference with kákahlí is that the nominal stem here has a short
vowel. This could perhaps explain the difference between the reduplicated nouns. However, it doe s not explain why, with kákahlí one finds reduction with
nó:kál, mó:kál, etc., but not with the 3rd person forms. The only difference here is that the 1st and 2nd person possessor markers have an
initial consonant. If this were the determining factor, it suggests that in Oapan N a h uatl a consonant onset has some bearing on the prosodic structure of the syllable, a
situation that is not, to my knowledge, common. More research obviously has to be done on reduplication reduction onto the 3rd person singular and plural possessor
markers from reduplicated nominal stems.
\semref kahli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00154
\mod This used to be /xa:xa:yakatsi:n/ but was rejected by Cristino Flores. I originally had this as meaning 'horsefly.'
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\qry Note that this entry was originally given as /xaxayakatsi:n/ with the note under /lxo 'see /xa:xa:yakatl/. I have assumed that /xa:xa:yakatsi:n/ in Ameyaltepec is used for the horsefly
and thus have changed the entry. However, when going over this dictionary check with Am speaker what /xaxayakatsi:n/ might mean.
\ref 00155
\lxam tsi:ntlatsi:nia
\lxam_c kitsi:ntlatsi:nia
\lxoa tsi:ntlatsi:nia
\lxoa_c kitsi:ntlatsi:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give (sb) a pat or slap on the rear
\sense_s darle una palmada por las nalgas a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kitsi:ntlatsi:nih un suwa:tl
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He gave that woman a pat on the rear.
\phrase_s Le dio a esa mujer una palmada en la trasera.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to spank
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) dar nalgadas a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kitsi:ntlatlatsi:ni:s ikone:w. Ke:n cho:kani, ipan notlawe:lki:sti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's going to give his child a spanking. He really cries a lot, he's going to take out his anger on him.
\phrase_s Le va a dar unas nalgadas a su hijo. Es un llorón, se va a descargar (el padre) su ira enél.
\root tsi:n
\root tlatsi:
\nse Note that in Oapan * tsi:ntlaxkalowa is not used, as it is in Ameyaltepec. According to Florencia Marcelino, in Oapan tsi:ntlatsi:nia refers to a spanking on
the rear of a person not wearing anything there whereas tsi:ntekapa:niarefers to a slap on the butt of a clothed person.
\disamb tsi:ntlatsi:nia; tsi:ntlaxkalowa; tsi:ntekapa:nia
\semref tsi:ntekapa:nia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00156
\lxam yo:ltia
\lxam_c yo:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to resuscitate; to come to
\sense_s resuscitar; volver a ser conciente
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Oksepa o:yo:ltiak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It came back to life.
\phrase_s Resucitóotra vez.
\root yo:l
\ncol chichi deke o:sotla:w
\ncol tlitl
\nae Yo:ltia may be used for any animate being that has fainted and then come to. It can also refer to a fire that springs up after one had thought it had been put out.
\disamb yo:li:tia; yo:ltilia and the reflexive forms of both with /yo:ltia/.
\qry The form yo:ltitiw or, in the past o:yo:ltitiah seems to be related to the stative yo:ltok much as westitiw is related to
westok. It does not appear to be an aspectual form of the intransitive yo:ltia , where one would expect ? yo:ltixtiw. This, however,
should be checked. Check also whether /yo:ltixtiw/ is correct. Also, /yo:ltitok/ as a progressive of /yo:ltia/. Finally, check whether /yo:ltitiw/ means 'se va estando vivo' or 'se va
resuscitando.' Obviously the meanings are close, the important thing to note or determine is whether /o:yo:ltitiah/ is related to /yo:ltok/ or to /yo:ltia/ and whether /yo:ltixtiw/ exists as
an alternative. Florencia Marcelino gave yo:lihere and did not accept yo:ltia as a correct form in Oapan.
\xref yo:ltilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\semref yo:li
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00157
\lxam kwa:pasole:wi
\lxam_c kwa:pasole:wi
\lxoa kwá:pasolé:wi
\lxoa_pr kwa:pasole:wi
\lxoa_c kwá:pasolé:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\lexical Op. -te- : kwa:tepasole:wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e see kwa:tepasole:wi
\sense_s véase kwa:tepasole:wi
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root pahsol
\ncol kahli pani ka:n nona:miki sakatl
\qry Check pitch-accent in Oapan form. My original notes had not p-a here, but given my understanding of the morphology of this word, I have added it. Check. According to my notes
this has been recorded and thus it should be possible to check. Note that it should also be checked whether or not this form can occur without /te-/ as ?/kwa:pasole:wi/. If not, then
this entry should be eliminated and only /kwa:tepasole:wi/ should be maintained.
\ref 00158
\lxam tlamiktia
\lxam_c tlamiktia
\lxoa tlamihtia
\lxoa_c tlamihtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to lose (a child) accidentally to death (used only in reference to female subjects, animals or humans, whose newborn child dies shortly after birth, perhaps within some 3 to
6 months; antonym nemi:tia)
\sense_s perder (a un niño o a algn cercano que estábajo el cuidado de uno) accidentalmente a la muerte (utilizado solamente con sujetos femininos, humanos o animales, cuyos
niños recién nacidos se mueren poco después de haber nacido, quizádentro de 3 a 6 meses; antónimo nemi:tia)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:tlamiktih, xok nemi ikone:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Her child died on her, he isn't alive anymore.
\phrase_s Se le muriósu niño, ya no vive.
\phrase_n Kinemi:tia ikone:w, xmiki, xkimiktia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is caring for her child, he hasn't died, she hasn't lost him (through a fault of her own).
\phrase_s Cuida a su niño, no se muere, no lo ha dejado morir (por culpa suya).
\sense_e to be impotent (a male) because of an inability to get an erection (antonym tlaxitia)
\sense_s ser impotente (un hombre) por no poder tener una erección (antonym tlaxitia)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tlamiktih un tla:katl, xok tlaxitia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That man has become important, he can't get it up anymore.
\phrase_s Ese hombre es impotente, ya no se le para.
\sense_e to slaughter (an animal such as a pig or ox)
\sense_s sacrificar (un animal como un marrano o buey)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlamikti:lo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e An animal will be slaughtered.
\phrase_s Se va a sacrificar un animal.
\root miki
\nse The first two senses given in this entry are generally found only with the nonspecific prefix tla- whereas the final sense, that of slaughtering an animal, can also be found
with a specific object prefix: kimikti:s i:pitso 'he will slaughter his pig.'
\nde Similar senses to those given above are found in RS under mictia Nitla- 'ser impotente, improprio para la generación, hacer sacrificios a losídolos, inmolar
algún animal.'
\mod Perhaps remove the 'slaughter' definition.
\grm Causative; reduplicative; transitivity: Note the lowering of transitivity with /tla-/. Thus /tlamiktia/ indicates"having sth, a child, die on one"but one can say that /o:tlamiktih,
pero ka, xo:kimiktih i:kone:w/. NB.
\xref miktia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\xref mihtia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00159
\lxam tsonwe:weyakia
\lxam_c tsonwe:weyakia
\lxoa tsonwe:weyakia
\lxoa_c tsonwe:weyakia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\lexical Lex rpd-l; Op. te- : tsontewe:weyakiya
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e for ones hair to grow long
\sense_s crecersele el cabello muy largo a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwa:
\root weya
\nse In Oapan the verbal form with infixed te- is used to indicate the long hair of a man; the form without te- is used to indicate that of a woman; see
tsonwe:wiyakfor a more extensive discussion of this distinctioni in meaning, which does not seem to exist In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl.
\qry Check to determine whether a transitive form exists ?kwa:weweyakilia:, or an adjectival form ?kwa:weweyak. Check length of /weweyak/ here and in all similar forms. Check all
recordings for the length of the reduplicant. I was so confused in my original notes that it is not worth relying on them.
\vl Check vowel length of reduplicated syllable here and in all other words with the reduplicated: /we:weyak/ or similar forms.
\semref kwa:we:weyakia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00160
\mod This used to be an entry for /kwe:tlah/.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\ref 00161
\lxam tlama:ma
\lxam_c tlama:ma
\lxoa tlama:ma
\lxoa_c tlama:ma
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to be suffering under or bearing a heavy weight
\sense_s estar cargado y sufriendo bajo un peso
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to serve as a support for other objects or a heavy weight (e.g., as a cross-beam holding that holds up other vertical beams that rest upon it; [O] expressed obliquely with
i:ka)
\sense_s servir como un soporte o sosten (p. ej., una viga horizontal que carga otras verticales, [o] se expresa como oblicua con i:ka)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San se: kwentli tlama:matok ika kwenko:koneh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just one furrow has a lot of cornejales bearing down on it.
\phrase_s Solamente un surco estácargado con una cantidad de cornejales.
\sense_e (fig.) to be suffering under or bearing a heavy responsibility (a person [S]; [O] expressed obliquely with i:ka)
\sense_s (fig.) estar cargado con una obligación o responsabilidad pesada (una persona n [S]; [O] se expresa como oblicua con i:ka)
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:ma
\qry I have had difficultly in determing the argument structure of /tlama:maltia/. Certainly one can state that one is loading up ones donkey: /niktlama:maltia noburroh/. One question is how
the second object is expressed: /niktlama:matlia noburroh tlikuhtli/ or /niktlama:maltia noburroh ika tlikuhtli/. The former would seem to be more correct from a strictly grammatical
point of view. Another question concerns two nonspecific nonhuman objects. Can one state /nitlatlama:maltia/ 'I am loading up (animals with burdens)' (and cf. to /tlatlakukwaltia/). If
so, give an entry for /tlama:maltia/ 'to load up (an animal)' with at least one example of /tlatlama:maltia/. However, it will be necessary to make a determination about separate entries
for words with two indefinite null complements
\mod For description of the manner in which a furrow bears the burden of the cornejales cf. drawing in original 3x5 filecard. Illustrate.
\xref ma:ma
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00162
\lxam -pan
\lxam_c ipan
\lxoa -pan
\lxoa_c i:pan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(rel)
\der Rel-stem/poss-sim
\infn N2(rel)
\sense_e on; on top of (i.e., directly on top of, mounted on an animal, etc.)
\sense_s sobre; encima de (esto es, directamente sobre o encima de, montado sobre un animal, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtla:li ipan tetl! Ma:ka sapan tla:hli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place it on a rock, not just on the ground!
\phrase_s ¡Pónlo sobre una piedra, no simplemente sobre la tierra!
\phrase_n Ipan xkontla:li!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place it on top of it (e.g., a table, rock, etc.)!
\phrase_s ¡Pónlo encima deél (p. ej., una mesa, una piedra, etc.)!
\phrase_n Ipan tleko:s un burroh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He'll get on that donkey.
\phrase_s Va a subir a ese burro.
\phrase_n Ipan xiya!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go on it (e.g., a burro, horse, etc.)!
\phrase_s ¡Vaya sobreél (un burro, caballo, etc.)!
\phrase_n O:niwa:ltsikwi:n ipan un tepantli, o:niwa:lmoma:ka:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I jumped down off of that wall (where I was), I let myself down (on my own).
\phrase_s Saltéde esa pared (donde estaba), me dejébajar (intencionalmente).
\sense_e (~ yeko or ~ asi) to arrive (here or there) where (sb) is
\sense_s (~ yeko o ~ asi) llegar (aquío allá) donde (estáalgn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xyatiw! Mopan nasis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Get going! I'll catch up with you there (i.e., arrive there where you'll be).
\phrase_s ¡Vete yendo! Voy a alcanzarte allídonde estarás.
\sense_e (~ nochi:wa or wetsi) to happen to; to affect (sb)
\sense_s (~ nochi:wa o wetsi) sucederle; pasarle (a algn); caer sobre o encima de (algn, p. ej., una desgracia)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nopan o:wets kokolistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A disease hit me.
\phrase_s Me cayóuna enfermedad encima.
\sense_e (~ one:wa or wa:le:wa) to head toward; to go in the direction of (e.g., a blow)
\sense_s (~ one:wa o wa:le:wa) ir hacia; ir para (p. ej., un golpe)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xpia kwida:doh, tla:mo mopan one:was -wa:le:was-!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take care (in this case of what you say to him), if you don't it (e.g., a blow) will be coming your way!
\phrase_s ¡Ten cuidado (en este caso. de lo que le dices), si no, te va a caer (p. ej., un golpe) encima!
\sense_e (~ [+ verb]) to [verb] on top of, in relation to, etc.
\sense_s (~ [+ verbo]) [verbo] encima de, en relación a, etc.
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:timoma:kaxa:nih! Xtili:ni moma, nika:n o:pe:w ko:ko:tsi:liwi, xok kwahli note:katiw in i:loh, san te:pan noma:matilotiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You've let your arm go slack (in this case not pulling tight on a taravía used to make cord)! Hold your arm tight! Here it's begun to twist up, the threads are
no longer laying out nice and flat (i.e., the strands on each other), they go twisting over and around each other in places.
\phrase_s ¡Dejaste aflojar el brazo!¡Apriétatelo! Aquíya empezóa quedar torcido en varios lugar, ya no se va quedando plano el hilo, más bien se va enredando, se va enroscando
sobre si mismo en algunos lugares.
\sense_e (i:pan [number + time period]) on; in [number + time period]
\sense_s (i:pan [número + periodo de tiempo]) en [número + periodo de tiempo]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ipan ye:i to:nahli teh, niwa:hla:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll come, then, on the day after tomorrow.
\phrase_s Vengo, pues, pasado mañana.
\sense_e ([number] i:pan [number]) after (in telling time, e.g., five after five)
\sense_s ([número] i:pan [número]) después de (en términos de la hora, p. ej., cinco después de las cinco)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Si:nkoh ipan ke:ch tikateh?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How many minutes after five is it?
\phrase_s ¿Cuántos minutos después de las cinco estamos?
\root_rel -pan
\nse In ipan ye:i to:nahli teh, niwa:hla:s the counting system used in Nahuatl is that of Spanish where en tres días indicates 'the day after tomorrow.' The forms
-pan yeko and -pan asi indicate that one person (the possessor of the relational noun) moves to a destination where the second person (the subject of
the verb of movment) will later arrive.
\nae The difference between the length the intial i:- possessor prefix in the pronunciations of Florencia Marcelino and her husband Inocencio Jiménez (both of Oapan) is quite
marked, with her vowel appearing short and his long. This might reflect grammaticalization of the form ipan and consequent vowel shortening, but this might well not be
the case, with shortening due to other factors. However, as an analysis of the initial /i/ of ilakastikdemonstrates, the might be a generalizable difference in the length of
initial vowels in the speech of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez.
\nde In Ameyaltepec the difference between mopan nasi and mopan asi is that in the second, before a vowel-initial verb, the final /n/ of
mopan is velarized, whereas in the former expression there is no velarization. In Oapan the situation is more complicated. The relational noun -pan is
often pronounced [pah] although it may also end in a nasal (or, with some speakers, even a velarized nasal). However, when followed by a vowel-initial word the final consonant of
-pan deletes. Thus /mopan nasi/ is pronounced as [mopán así] whereas /mopan asi/ is pronounced [mopáasí].
\qry Note that in the phrase /si:nkoh ipan ke:ch tikateh?/ the hour is expressed before /ipan/. Determine if this is always true, i.e., ask how one says"ten after five": /si:nkoh ipan die:s/ or
/die:s ipan si:nkoh/. Note the relevance of which one is correct for the interpretation of /si:nkoh ipan ke:ch?/.
\qry_fon Check with phonetician on the status of the two /i/'s. Get acoustic analysis of patterns.
\grm Directionals; relational nouns/locatives: /O:niwa:ltsikwi:n ipan un tepantli, o:niwa:lmoma:ka:w/ 'I jumped down off of that wall (where I was), I let myself down (on my
own).' Note how although /ipan/ often gives the significance of 'on' here the state of being 'on' the wall is the state or position from which the action began. Thus note the
difference /o:nitsikwi:n ipan un tepantli/ 'I jumped onto the wall' and /o:niwa:ltsikwi:n ipan un tepantli/ 'I jumped from off the wall.'
\grm Oapan phonology: In Ameyaltepec the difference between mopan nasi and mopan asi is that in the second, before a vowel-initial verb, the
final /n/ of mopan is velarized, whereas in the former expression there is no velarization. In Oapan the situation is more complicated. The relational noun
-pan is often pronounced [pah] although it may also end in a nasal (or, with some speakers, even a velarized nasal). However, when followed by a
vowel-initial word the final consonant of -pan deletes. Thus /mopan nasi/ is pronounced as [mopán así] whereas /mopan asi/ is pronounced [mopáasí].
\grm Oapan phonology: The difference between the length the intial i:- possessor prefix in the pronunciations of Florencia Marcelino and her husband Inocencio
Jiménez (both of Oapan) is quite marked, with her vowel appearing short and his long. This might reflect grammaticalization of the form ipan and consequent
vowel shortening, but this might well not be the case, with shortening due to other factors. However, as an analysis of the initial /i/ of ilakastikdemonstrates,
the might be a generalizable difference in the length of initial vowels in the speech of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez.
\ref 00163
\lxam koxo:naltia
\lxam_c kikoxo:naltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)[+ca]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make (a liquid, small stones, etc.) swirl or slosh around inside a container (such as a water jug or a gourd, as when one is cleaning out its inside)
\sense_s zangolotear o agitar (un líquido, piedrecillas, etc) dentro de un recepiente (como un cántaro o perol, o un cuatecomate para limpiarlo)
\sense_d Am
\root koxo:
\nse This transitive form koxo:naltia is often used to describe actions such as swirling water inside a container to clean it, or doing the same with small stones inside a gourd
in order to loosen the"entrails"and prepare it for being used to carry water.
\nde Florencia Marcelino (Oa) only accepted the transitive koxo:niaand not the more marked causative koxo:naltia.
\qry Apparently nihkoxo:ni:s can be used in the same sexual sense as nihkoxo:nalti:s. However, recheck the semantics of both forms. Confirm that Am has
both /koxo:nia/ and /koxo:naltia/ and, if so, check possible differences in the two forms.
\xref koxo:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\semref koxo:nia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00164
\lxam tokatl de un totomioh
\lxam_c tokatl de un totomioh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e tarantula or similar type of spider still not definitively identified
\sense_s tarantula o tipo de araña parecida todavía no identificado definitivamente
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root toka
\root tohmi
\semref tokatl de un tsi:ntotomioh
\semref_t natural
\semref_d Am
\semref komo:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00165
\lxam kia:wak
\lxam_c kia:wak
\lxoa kia:wak
\lxoa_c kia:wak
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-1
\sense_e outside; in the open air
\sense_s a fuera; al aire libre
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kia:wak kochi, xkipia ikal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He sleeps outside, he doesn't have a house.
\phrase_s Duerme al aire libre, no tiene una casa.
\phrase_n Kia:wak onkah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is (are) some outside.
\phrase_s Afuera hay algunos.
\phrase_n Noka:was kia:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It will stay outside.
\phrase_s Se va a quedar afuera.
\sense_e (para ~) toward the outside (of an organized group of people, e.g., a circle of children, etc.; antonym kali)
\sense_s (para ~) hacia afuera (de un grupo organizado de gente, como un círculo de niños, etc.; antónimo kali)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nokwepo:nian para kia:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They (the front dancers in a line dance) make a turn toward the outside and then go back (to the end of the line).
\phrase_s Ellas (las danzantes de adelante en una danza de línea) se dan vuelta hacia afuera y van hacia atrás (a cabo de la línea).
\root kia:wa
\root_rel -ko
\nae Whether or not two entries for kia:wak should be established is not entirely clear. Definitely the reference to 'patio' may be considered nominal in that it is possessed (and
indeed must be possessed to signify a 'house patio'). Unpossessed kia:wak functions as a locative in much the same way as nika:n , kali ,
etc. Thus in the phrase nokwepo:nian para kia:wak one cannot mark the reference point for the deixis with a possessive prefix * i:kia:wak. Nor does
one find a form such as * tlakia:wak.
\qry Check for /kia:watl/, as it exists in classical.
\semref kali
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00166
\lxam kexsolo:ni
\lxam_c kexsolo:ni
\lxoa kexsolo:ni
\lxoa_c kexsolo:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to make rumbling sounds in ones throat; to make wheezing sounds in the throat (e.g., sb near death)
\sense_s hacer sonidos como de resuello en la garganta (p. ej., algn al punto de morir)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kech
\root solo:
\qry Not in filecards to date; this verb should be rechecked. Compare to other words for 'snore' and make noises in ones throat. Also check for transitive form, is it /-solo:nia/ or
/solo:naltia/?
\xref kexsosolka
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00167
\lxam popo:naltia
\lxam_c kipopo:naltia
\lxoa pópo:náltia
\lxoa_pr popo:naltia
\lxoa_c kí:po:náltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): kí:po:náltia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to open up or cause to open up (e.g., a flower by a hummingbird)
\sense_s abrir o hacer brotar (p. ej., una flor por un colibrí)
\sense_d Pending
\src_s DT#8:759
\phrase_n Wi:tsakatsi:n, notla:lia ipan in xo:chitl, na:n ya kikalaktia ite:nchopiotsi:n itik un xo:chitl, ihkón tlapopo:naltia, kikakaxa:nia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The hummingbird, it alights on this flower, then here it sticks its small little beak into the flower, that's the way it opens things up, it loosens it up.
\phrase_s El colibrí, se posa sobre una flor, ya entonces mete su piquito dentro de la flor por aquí, asíED hace abrir, la afloja.
\sense_e to tie up braids (of a young adolescent girl) in a loop to that the tips pop upward slightly (like little horns) from the back of the head
\sense_s amarrar las trenzas (de una joven adolescente) en una lazada o pequeño círculo con los cabos asomándose hacia arriba (como cuernitos) por la parte posterior de la
cabeza
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xpopo:nalti itson, ma popo:nto!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place her braids so that they pop up slightly on the back of her head, they should be pointed up!
\phrase_s ¡Amarra sus trenzas para que los cabos se asomen hacia arriba por la parte posterior de su cabeza, que estén paraditos hacia arriba!
\root po:
\ilus_note Create illustration for hair entry.
\qry Determine use and meaning of unreduplicated form if it exists.Perhaps for words that manifest two transitive forms (as with /po:nia/ and /po:naltia/) a clear exposition of the
differences should be made. However, this should probably be dealt with in the grammar.
\xref po:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 00168
\lxam me:kotlako:tl
\lxam_c me:kotlako:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of plant still unidentified, whose branches may be used for switches
\sense_s tipo de planta todavía no identificada, cuyas ramas se pueden utlizar como varas
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Me:kotlako:tl | Kwa:k timosakakaltia:yan, yewa tihkwiyan ipan eski:nas. Pani yaw, oksepa nosakate:ma. Xne:stok un tlako:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Me:kotlako:tl : When we used to build our houses of grass thatching we would use it in the corners. It would go on top and then grass was laid down again.
The rod is not visible.
\phrase_s Me:kotlako:tl : Cuando nos hacíamos las casas de pasto, eso lo utilizabamos en las esquinas. Va arriba, y otra vez se coloca pasto. La vara no
estávisible.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root me:ko
\root tlako:
\notes_func None of the three consultants (from Ameyaltepec, San Juan, and Oapan) knew of this plant.
\qry Check for presence of {h}. Also, inquire as to reason that it is named /me:kotlako:tl/.
\ref 00169
\lxam i:xte:nkweri:toh
\lxam_c i:xte:nkweri:toh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) cuero
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\infn N2
\sense_e eyelids
\sense_s párpados
\sense_d Am
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root i:x
\root te:n
\qry Check possessed form for final /h/, etc.
\semref i:xté:nkwetóhli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00170
\lxam popo:ka si:tlalin
\lxam_c popo:ka si:tlalin
\lxoa popo:ka si:tlalin
\lxoa_alt popo:ka si:talin
\lxoa_c popo:ka si:tlalin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e comet
\sense_s cometa
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld heavens
\root po:ka
\root si:tlal
\nse Although this might be analyzed as a single word, here popo:ka si:tlalin has been considered to be two.
\qry This seems to be one of the only, perhaps only, word that is formed by a verb plus noun incorporation sequence. Check, but it appears that the fact that plural is not marked on the
verb indicates clearly that this is not juxtaposition, but one word. Check in a dialect in which {h} would be apparent, e.g., Oapan Nahuatl for unusual stress.
\ref 00171
\lxam sole:rah
\lxam_c sole:rah
\lxoa sole:rah
\lxoa_c sole:rah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan solera
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e wooden beam or support upon which other horizontal, vertical, or inclined wooden construction materials rest
\sense_s solera
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Sole:rah, ipan kitlaksaltian kabe:sas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sole:rah : it is on it that the kabe:sas (which bear the weight of a thatched roof) are stood upright.
\phrase_s La solera: es sobre ella que se paran las cabesas (que soportan el peso de un techo de palma o zacate).
\ency_note kahli
\nse The sole:ras are the bottom beams of a thatched roof house (of palm or grass) upon which the horcones rest. The sole:rah thus supports the
main weight of the house.
\nae Possessed form shows no change from the unpossessed Spanish loan: nosole:rah.
\qry Determine full range of house parts. Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 for a list of words used in reference to a thatched house. Check possessed form.
\mod Add drawing of house, parts, construction sequence, etc. under kahli. See illustration with original 3x5 card.
\semref kaltepa:ntli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00172
\lxam tamalayutli de peye:joh
\lxam_c tamalayutli de peye:joh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan pellejo
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1/2; Aln (notamalayoh de peye:joh)
\sense_e variety of small, thin-skinned type of squash (generically called tamalayotli) that is called peye:joh because it has a fleshy, tasty interior
\sense_s calabaza chiquita y de cáscara delgada (de las llamadas genericamente tamalayutli) que se llama peye:joh por su carnoso interior
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root tamal
\root ayoh
\fla tamalayutli
\nse The skin of this squash is extremely thin and delicate; one can scratch it with ones fingernails. Oapan apparently does not use the adjectival phrase de peye:joh but
refers to these types of squash in general as tamaláyotlí.
\nde Oapan apparently does not use the adjectival phrase de peye:joh.
\qry Etymology of /peye:joh/ is not clear; also check to determine whether this is actually /peye:joh/. Perhaps a loan word. Check throughout the length of /a/ in /ayotli/.
\ref 00173
\lxam kineki
\lxam_c kineki
\lxoa kineki
\lxoa_c kineki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\sense_e (~ [Noun Phrase]) to be necessary [Noun, as subject]
\sense_s (~ [Frase nominal]]) ser necesario [sustantivo, como sujeto]
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kineki tla:katl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A man is needed.
\phrase_s Falta un hombre (esto es, se necesita un hombre).
\sense_e (~ [Verb Phrase]) to be necessary [Noun, as subject]
\sense_s (~ [Frase verbal]]) ser necesario [sustantivo, como sujeto]
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ma:ka san we:weka tiksasa:lo:s un notlake:n! Kineki xkasi pi:si:ltik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't sew my clothes with open stiches! You need to (it is necessary that you) sew it with the stitches close together.
\phrase_s ¡No vayas a coser mi ropa con las puntadas abiertas! Es necesario que la coses (tienes que coserla) con las puntadas apretadas.
\phrase_n Saka tine:che:wi:tia para ma nia nomi:hlan, pero yewa kineki tine:chihli:s saniman.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You just (want) to send me off to my cornfield, but (to do this) it is necessary for you to tell me right away (i.e., with decent advance warning).
\phrase_s No más me (quieres) enviar a mi milpa, pero (para hacer eso) es necesario que me avises luego luego (esto es, con anticipación).
\root neki
\nse Kineki has been given a separate entry as a modal compound that is used to indicate the speaker's evaluation of the necessity of a given situation occurring, of a
particular noun being present, etc.
\semref neki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00174
\lxam nenemi:tia
\lxam_c kinenemi:tia
\lxoa nénemí:tia
\lxoa_pr nenemi:tia
\lxoa_c kí:nemí:tia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): kí:nemí:tia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to help or make walk (especially a young child just learning); to speed up (e.g., a beast of burden, so that it walks quicker)
\sense_s ayudar a o hacer caminar (especialmente un niño que apenas estáaprendiendo a caminar); apurar (p. ej., una bestia, para que camine más rápido)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xnenemi:ti mokone:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Help your child walk (e.g., by leading him by the hand).
\phrase_s Ayuda a tu hijo a caminar (p. ej., al agarrarlo por la mano).
\phrase_n Xkita! Kinenemi:tia ikone:w, xkima:ma.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Look! She makes her child walk, she doesn't carry him.
\phrase_s ¡Ve! Hace caminar a su niño, no lo carga.
\phrase_n Kinenemi:tia chika:wak iburroh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He makes his donkey walk fast.
\phrase_s Hace caminar rápido a su burro.
\sense_e to keep going (a process such as litigation, official paperwork, etc.)
\sense_s mantener en pie a o dar seguirmiento a (un asunto como un trámite, un litigio, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to hurry up (e.g., a task)
\sense_s apurrar (p. ej., una tarea al hacerla)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to help send onto death (e.g., a sick person, particularly through prayer, so that he doesn't suffer)
\sense_s ayudar a encaminar hacia la muerte (p. ej., un enfermo, particularmente por medio de la oración, para que no sufra)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xnenemi:ti nokokoxka:w! Ke:n yo:tlayo:wih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pray so that my sick family member goes on his way! He has suffered greatly.
\phrase_s ¡Reza para que se encamine mi pariente enfermo! Ha sufrido tanto.
\root nemi
\nse Note the metaphoric use of nenemi:tia to mean 'to pray for someone's recovery [from an illness].'
\qry Check the phrase /O:tlanenemi:tih/ 'It gave a good birth (said of an animal that has not aborted).' and determine whether one can say /o:tlanemi:tih/. If both are correct, check for the
difference between /o:tlanemi:tih/ and /o:tlanenemi:tih/. Also, perhaps assign a separate entry to the /tla-/ form.
\xref nenemi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 00175
\lxam skie:rah
\lxam_alt kie:rah
\lxam_c skie:rah
\lxoa ke:ra
\lxoa_alt kie:ra
\lxoa_c kie:ra
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan siquiera
\psm Modal
\sense_e at least
\sense_s por lo menos; siquiera
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:tikwa:tepasoliw, skie:rah xmotsonchichi:wa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your hair got disheveled, why don't you at least arrange it (e.g., brush it and perhaps braid it)!
\phrase_s ¡Te quedaste despeinada, por lo menos arréglatelo (p. ej., cepillándolo y, quizá, poniéndolo en trenzas)!
\phrase_n Ke:ra se: xne:chmaka!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Give me at least one!
\phrase_s ¡Por lo menos dáme uno!
\qry Check /cat classification; perhaps a modal.
\vl Check vowel length and final /h/ or absence thereof.
\ref 00176
\lxam wiyo:tia
\lxam_alt kwiyo:tia
\lxam_c kiwiyo:tia
\lxoa yówiyó:tia
\lxoa_pr yowiyo:tia
\lxoa_c kiyówiyó:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to place a feather or feathers in (e.g., for a headdress used in religious dances)
\sense_s colocar o meter plumas en (p. ej., para una corona utilizada en danzas religiosas)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kwiyo:ti:s ikoro:nah, te:wa:n nito:ti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is going to place feathers in her headdress, she's going to dance with others (in the Danza de Corona).
\phrase_s Va a poner plumas en su corona, va a bailar con los demás (en la Danza de Corona).
\phrase_n Deke tikte:kwa:li:s pio:tsi:n, kwa:k yo:timik tikwiyo:ti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If you eat someone else's chicken, when you die you will put its feathers back.
\phrase_s Si le comes a alguien su pollo, cuando te mueras vas a reponerle las plumas.
\root hwi
\vl Check vowel length and p-a in Oapan form. If there is an underlying {h} this should have pitch-accent. My entry here originally had /kiyowiyo:tia/ but I have changed this
to /kiyówiyó:tia/ based on analogy from /yówítl/. This needs to be rechecked.
\qry_fon The transitive should be /kwiyo:tia/ not ?/kiwiyo:tia/.
\semref iwitl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00177
\lxam yetl
\lxam_c yetl
\lxoa yetl
\lxoa_c yetl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e generic term for beans
\sense_s término genérico para frijoles
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n ¿Tihkwa:s i:yeyo noso i:a:yo?
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Are you going to eat the beans (of a caldo) or the caldo (itself)?
\phrase_s ¿Vas a comer los frijoles (de un caldo) o el caldo (mismo)?
\root ye
\nae In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan the possessed form of both the diminutive and the unmodified from of yetl is long. Thus one finds both yetl
and yetsi:ntli but noye:w and noye:tsi:n. The reason for this alternation is not clear.
\nse Like o:kikwah chi:lpan and i:xkwa:tili:ntok , o:kikwah yetl is a metaphoric reference to the enlarged belly accompanying pregnancy
and is considered insulting, taunting, and somewhat vulgar (although all these forms might at times be shouted within earshot of a pregnant woman, particularly a young adolescent
girls who are having a child out of wedlock.
\notes_nature The following types of beans are grown in Ameyaltepec: ista:kyetl , pi:pitik yetl , kaxtiltsi:n , and mi:lyetl.
\grm /-yo/; possession: note the use of /-yo/ in the following from Oapan Nahuatl /Tihkwa:s i:yeyo noso i:a:yo?/ 'Are you going to eat the beans (of a caldo) or the caldo (itself)?'
\grm Vowel lengthening: In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan the possessed form of both the diminutive and the unmodified from of yetl is long. Thus one finds
both yetl and yetsi:ntli but noye:w and noye:tsi:n. The reason for this alternation is not
clear.
\ref 00178
\lxam -peti
\lxam_c ompeti
\lxoa -peti
\lxoa_c ompeti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-3d(ti)
\irregular Given that this verb is always found with a directional, the perfective and pluperfective will take a directional suffix.
\sense_e (with directional prefix or suffix) to transverse; to pass through (from one side to the other of a material and solid object, such as liquid that soaks through and penetrates a
piece of paper, a nail that goes completely through a piece of wood, a bite that breaks the skin, etc.)
\sense_s (con prefijo o sufijo direccional) atravesar o penetrar (de un lado al otro de un objeto sólido, por ejemplo, un líquido que empapa y filtra de un lado al otro de un papel,
un clavo que penetra y sale al otro lado de una table de madera, una mordida que rompe la piel, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:petiko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It penetrated through to this side.
\phrase_s Atravesóhacia este lado.
\root peti
\disamb cf. /o:ki:sako/ with /o:petiko/.
\nae The verb peti always takes a directional. It differs, therefore, from a verb such as ki:sa , which may or may not take a directional depending on the
circumstances and semantics. Thus, whereas o:petiko refers to something, such as a nail, that penetrates and goes through some object, just slightly emerging,
o:ki:sako refers to situations in which something emerges from an area (such as a woods, a house, a cave, etc.) or terminates a task or performance (such as a story).
Note also that peti differs from the intransitive form of e:wa , which has been lexicalized with fused directional prefixes (one:wa and
wa:le:wa) that do not vary with tense/aspect inflection. Thus whereas one finds wa:lpetis and o:petiko (prefix and suffix alternate in
different tense/aspects) the wa:l- of wa:le:wa never varies (one finds, therefore, wa:le:was and o:wa:le:w , but never, for
instance, * o:e:wako).
\ref 00179
\lxam ma:toto:nki
\lxam_c ma:toto:nki
\lxoa ma:toto:nki
\lxoa_c ma:toto:nki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Intrans; ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e to have a"hot"hand (i.e., so that if one cuts a plant, it dries up)
\sense_s tener la mano"caliente"(asíque si cortas una planta, luego luego se seca)
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root to:n
\nse A person noted to be ma:toto:nki is valued for certain tasks, such as grinding chocolate for a drink, but not for others, such as cutting hair or breaking the branches of
plants so that they sprout again.
\qry Determine, with /ma:sesé:k/, the entire range of activities that are propitious for one or the other"hand type."
\mod Cf. entry under /ma:sesé:k/ and Flk 1984-05-25.1
\semref ma:sesé:k
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ma:sese:k
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00180
\lxam a:tekonxo:chitl
\lxam_c a:tekonxo:chitl
\lxoa a:tekonxo:chitl
\lxoa_c a:tekonxo:chitl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e flower of the a:tekomatl
\sense_s flor del a:tekomatl
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld fl
\root a:
\root tekoma
\root xo:chi
\qry Check how possession occurs.
\ref 00181
\lxam patilowa
\lxam_c kipatilowa
\lxoa patilowa
\lxoa_c kipatilowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\trans Compl
\sense_e to push over to one side (making sth, usually standing vertically, become crooked or out of line)
\sense_s empujar hacia un lado (haciendo que algo, generalmente parado o en posición vertical, quede inclinado o chueco)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xpatilo! Xma:pe:wa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make it lean over to one side! Push it!
\phrase_s ¡Empújale hacia un lado!¡Empújalo!
\phrase_n O:tsi:npatiliw noburroh, o:kipatiloh yeyekatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The hind part of my donkey went off to one side, the wind pushed it off course.
\phrase_s La parte trasera de mi burro se fue chueco, el viento lo empujóa un lado.
\sense_e to twist (making sth that should be straight not straight); to make crooked
\sense_s hacer chueco (algo que debe estar derecho)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:tikpatiloh mosurkoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You've laid down your furrows crookedly (that is, you've plowed poorly and lelt the furrows crooked as a result).
\phrase_s Dejaste chuecos tus surcos (esto es, al trabajar el arado no surcaste el terreno bien sino que ibas en parte por un lado, dejando el surco chueco).
\root patil
\disamb patiliwi; kwepaliwi, nekwiliw, no:liwi, etc.
\root_notes patiliwi
\qry Check to see if /te-/ can be used here.
\grm Note that in words with /e:wi/ ~ /iwi/ alternation, apparently there is only one transitive, in /-owa/. This should be checked.
\ref 00182
\lxam yewameh
\lxam_c yewameh
\lxoa yó:méh
\lxoa_pr yo:meh
\lxoa_c yó:méh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(ind)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e they
\sense_s ellos
\sense_d Pending
\root yehwa
\nse Often pronounced with a raised and backed vowel [yowameh]; see newa.
\ref 00183
\lxam patiliwtok
\lxam_c patiliwtok
\lxoa patilihtok
\lxoa_c patilihtok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\incorp V1-Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e see patile:wtok
\sense_s véase patile:wtok
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root patil
\ref 00184
\lxam mihka:tete:ka
\lxam_c nomihka:tete:ka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Part-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-4a
\sense_e (refl.) to lie down as if dead; to play dead
\sense_s (refl.) acostarse como muerto; jugar al muerto
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ma:ka xmomihka:tete:ka!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't lie down like you were dead!
\phrase_s ¡No te vayas a acostar como si estuvieras muerto!
\root miki
\root te:ka
\nse This word is used often to refer to what a wild head of cattle does that is being chased, in order to avoid being caught. It lies down on the ground and pretends to be dead.
\qry Check whether nonreflexive use is correct.
\semref mihká:chichí:wa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00185
\lxam ixonak kuwatl
\lxam_c ixonak kuwatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of weed that grows on cliffs, osto:xiwtli
\sense_s tipo de maleza que crece en los riscos, osto:xiwtli
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root xonak
\root kowa
\notes_nature According to Gabriel de la Cruz, this plant is a xiwtli, osto:xiwtli.
\semref xóxonakátsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00186
\lxam ne:neltia
\lxam_c none:neltia
\lxoa ne:neltia
\lxoa_c none:neltia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia[refl]
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to sigh
\sense_s (refl.) suspirar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n None:neltia, me:dioh tlayo:koya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is sighing, he's feeling somewhat melancholy.
\phrase_s Suspira, se siente algo melancólico.
\root nel
\nse According to Cristino Flores (Am) this refers to a sound made when one is starting to go to sleep and tries to talk but can't. He also said that this verb may be used as an intransitive:
ne:neltia , with the same meaning.
\qry Given that no cognates have been found in other dialects, the meaning and use of /ne:neltia/ should be checked. Can it be used non-reflexively? Without reduplication? etc. And what
animals can be subjects?
\ref 00187
\lxam saka
\lxam_c saka o:me pe:soh
\lxoa sayá:
\lxoa_alt sayá:n
\lxoa_pr sayá:
\lxoa_c sayá:
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Subord
\der Subord
\pitch yes
\sense_e (~ [subord. predicate] just because [predicate as cause or reason]
\sense_s (~ [predicado subord.] solamente porque; solamente con esto de que [predicado como razón o causa]
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n A:man xkita! Melákwahli yo:iyo:te:n! Xka:wa, saka ye o:stli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take a look at her! Her belly is really swollen up! It's not what you think, it is just that she's pregnant.
\phrase_s ¡Véla!¡Su barriga estábien hinchada! No es lo que piensas, simplemente es porque estáembarazada.
\phrase_n Saka tewa tikpia tomi:n, tine:chpipi:na:wtia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just because you have money, you make fun of me.
\phrase_s Solamente con esto de que tienes dinero, te burlas de mi.
\sense_e (~ [subord. temporal clause]) just or only during [time indicated by clause]
\sense_s (~ [claúsula subord. de tiempo]) solamente en o durante [periodo de tiempo indicado por la claúsula]
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Saka tio:tlak tiksasa:lo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will sew it only in the afternoon (i.e., at no other time during the day).
\phrase_s Lo vas a coser nada más en la tarde (esto es, durante ningúna otra parte del día)
\sense_e (~ [subord. nominal predicate) just with [noun]
\sense_s (~ [cláusula nominal subord.]) solamente con [sustantivo]
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Saka se: notlaxkal niá:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will go (e.g., on a trip) with just one tortilla.
\phrase_s Voy a ir (p. ej., en un viaje) con solamente una tortilla.
\phrase_n Saka se: burroh niáw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I go (e.g., to chop wood) with just one donkey.
\phrase_s Voy (p. ej., para cortar leña) con solamente un burro.
\phrase_n Wel tikasi michin saka tetl. Tiktepacho:s se: tetl itlampa pakah michin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You can catch fish with nothing more than rocks. You throw a rock hard against a rock under which there are fish (and the fish will emerge).
\phrase_s Puedes pescar con piedras nada más. Le tiras una piedra contra otra abajo de la cual hay peces (y van a salir).
\phrase_n Saka motlatska:yo o:tike:kchi:w. Xkwahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You fixed it without any effort (lit., 'with your laziness'). It's no good.
\phrase_s Lo arreglaste sin ganas (lit., 'con tu flojera'). No estábien.
\flo ya
\root sa
\root_rel -ka
\nae Ameyaltepec saka seems to derive from san ika with the loss of the possessive prefix i-. It appears from this and other cases that
sa is a variant form of san meaning 'only' and should not be confused with sa: having a long vowel. There is a different word
sa:ka (Am) / sa:yá:.
\nde As expected in Oapan Nahuatl, intervocalic /k/ is often lost. This is particularly true in the case of ya, which derives from i:ka.
\qry Note that on one card I had this recorded as /sa:ka/, with a long initial /a:/. However, this should be checked. According to one speaker, this is the same as /saika/. My etymological
analysis has /san/ + /ika/ although the derivation might well be /sa:/ + /ika/. Check derivation as well as the full range of meanings and uses.Note that although some speakers
accepted /saika/ as an alternative pronunciation, none accepted /san ika/. Check. Ask Launey. Add discussion under /ya/ for /lxo.
\grm Relative clauses. Note the following: /Wel tikasi michin saka tetl. Tiktepacho:s se: tetl i:tlampa pakah michin./ 'You can catch fish with nothing more than rocks. You throw a
rock hard against a rock under which there are fish.' It would appear here that the adpositional phrase /i:tlampa pakah michin/ is a relative clause with the external
nominal head /tetl/ and that the translation is 'a stone under which there is a fish.' More research should be done on these types of adpositional relatives (on which there
is..., under which there is..., above which there is..., etc.).
\semref san ika
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00188
\lxam ikxikextlan
\lxam_c ikxikextlan
\lxoa ixikextlah
\lxoa_c i:xikextlah
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-N(rel)
\der N-loc-tlan
\infn N2
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e ankle; joint where ones foot meets ones leg
\sense_s tobillo; coyuntura donde el pie se junta con la pierna
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\disamb ikxikextlan; kakayol
\root kxi
\root kech
\root_rel -tlan
\ref 00189
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlama:ni
\lxoa_alt tlama:ne
\lxoa_pr tlama:ni
\lxoa_c tlama:ne
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e hunter
\sense_s cazador
\sense_d Oa
\root ma
\fl tlama
\semref tlama:ke:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00190
\lxam mela:wi
\lxam_c mela:wi
\lxoa mela:wi
\lxoa_c mela:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become straight (e.g., a long rod, chicol, hanging up for straightening, etc.)
\sense_s enderezarse (p. ej., un chicol colgado para enderezarse)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ko:ko:tsi:liw nola:soh, kineki xikma:tlalo para ma mela:wi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your rope has gotten twisted up in various places, you need to run your hand over it so that it straightens out.
\phrase_s Se ha enroscado tu lazo en varios lugares, tienes que correr la mano sobre ello para que se enderezca.
\root mela:
\ref 00191
\lxam kiawi:lo
\lxam_c kiawi:lo
\lxoa kiawi:lo
\lxoa_c kiawi:lo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-pas
\infv class-4a(pass)
\sense_e (-pan ~) to get rained upon (clothes left out; sb sleeping in the open; a field after a storm)
\sense_s (-pan ~) tener la lluvia caer sobre si (ropa dejada afuera, algn durmiendo a la intemperie, un sembradío después de una fuerte lluvia)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:pan o:kiawi:lo:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It was rained hard upon (e.g., a milpa during a particularly heavy storm).
\phrase_s Recibiómucha lluvia (p. ej., la milpa durante el transcurso del verano).
\root ki
\root yawi
\nse At least in Ameyaltepec, the verb kiawi:lo seems to always be preceded by the relational noun -pan.
\qry The presence of a long /i:/ before the impersonal/passive is noteworthy and perhaps suggests a passive formation of an 'intermediate' transitive form (cf. /to:nalwi:lo:/, /yeyekawi:lo:/,
etc.). Probably /kiawi:lo:/ is derived from *?kiawia. Perhaps a better or more accurate translation of /kiawi:lo:/ is 'it was (adversely) affected by much rain (e.g. a planted crop after a
season of much rain). Cf. /ipan o:tlapayawi:lo:k/ 'it drizzled on it'. Note that /ipan o:kiawi:lo:k/ indicates that it rained 'hard' (and, check, probably destructively) upon it, not simply
that it rained on it. Check the difference between -pan kiawi:lo and simply kiawi:lo. In fact, it seems almost incorrect to say /ipan o:kiawi:lo:k/, and I would think that simply
/o:kiawi:lo:k/ would be correct. This should be checked, along with /ipan o:to:nalwi:lo:k/, /ipan o:yeyekawi:lo:k/, etc. Perhaps the /ipan/ is ungrammatical (would one say /nopan
o:nikiawi:lo:k/?).
\vl Note that there are several extra tokens of this word in tape 14_1 at 3578; these should be properly tagged here, with 191.
\grm Discuss teh form /i:pan o:kiawi:lo:k/.
\ref 00192
\lxam ke:
\lxam_cpend ke:
\lxoa ke:
\lxoa_c ke:
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-man
\sense_e see ke:tla
\sense_s véase ke:tla
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e see kea:man
\sense_s véase kea:man
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ke:
\qry Check this word carefully, i.e. whether /ke:/ or /keh/ (or possibly /ke:h/. I once recorded that the /e/ is definitely short followed by /h/ which shows up phrase finally. However, this
should be rechecked, cf. /ke:san/ which, thus, should perhaps be /keh san/. In one filecard I mention that I had check /ke:/ carefully with Gabriel de la Cruz as to whether the spelling
should be /ke:/ instead of /keh/; Luis Lucena's pronunciation coincided with /ke:/. Note that this word is definitely distinct from /ke:n/ This final note and correction is dated Aug.
1986, and should be taken to supercede all previous notes and corrections on the spelling of this word. But at any rate, careful attention should be devoted to the distinction in form
and meaning of /ke:/ and /ke:n/, e.g. /ke: a:man/ and /ke:n a:man/ (I think the latter enters into phrases such as /ke:n a:man i:n/ 'at the same time as today.' Also, an added note re: /ke:
itlah/. I am now unsure as to whetehr there is a final /h/. In seve ra l recordings I seem tohear a final glottal stop. This should be checked. Check also if /kiya:man/ is /ke: a:man/ or
/ke:n a:man/ in careful pronunciation.
\semref keh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00193
\lxam xokó:k
\lxam_c xokó:k
\lxoa xoko:k
\lxoa_c xoko:k
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\sense_e to be sour (e.g., lemons, wild plums, grapefruit, etc.)
\sense_s ser agrio (p. ej., limones, ciruelas, toronjas, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root xoko
\ncol xokotl
\ncol limo:n
\ref 00194
\lxam a:solo:ntok
\lxam_c a:solo:ntok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\incorp [N-V1]-Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e (place in a stream or river where) a rushing sound is made in the water (e.g., by eddies or rapids)
\sense_s (lugar en un arroyo o río donde) un sonido de gorgoteo se hace en el agua (a causa de rápidos o remolinos)
\sense_d Am
\root a:
\root solo:
\nse All documented uses of this term are preceded by an adverbial of place, relative pronoun, etc. that indicates where the verbal event occurs (e.g., nika:n a:solo:ntok
'there is the sound of rushing water here,' i.e., 'there are rapids here'; niá:s ka:n a:solo:ntok). Thus one cannot say * niá:s a:solo:ntok. The Oapan
cognate as the verbal locative suffix -ka:n in the word itself and thus no additional locative lexeme is required.
\nae Note that the intransitive verbal * a:solo:ni does not occur (cf., the somewhat parallel construction of tla:loli:ni in which the intransitive verbal form
exists and the -tok construction is a progressive (tla:loli:ntok) 'an earthquake is occurring.'
\qry Syntactical use should be checked, i.e. the possibility of /ne: a:solo:ntok/ or /nenkah a:solo:ntok/, etc. Check also to see if the verbal form /a:solo:ni/ exists.
\semref a:solo:nka:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00195
\lxam moxpachiwi
\lxam_c moxpachiwi
\lxoa moxpachiwi
\lxoa_c moxpachiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become covered by clouds (e.g., the sun or stars)
\sense_s taparse por las nubes (p. ej., el sol o las estrellas)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root mox
\root pach
\ncol to:nahli
\nse To date the corpus only has this verb with an aspectual ending: -tok. I have entered moxpachiwi as an entry simply in anticipation of what I think will
be confirmation of this form.
\qry Check for this intransitive form (as opposed to the documented stative) and adjust entry accordingly.
\ref 00196
\lxam amantli
\lxam_c amantli
\lxoa ámantlí
\lxoa_pr amantli
\lxoa_c ámantlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(n)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (often preceded by kipia) anger, ire, or rage (in particular the anger of parents toward each other that affects and harms their children with
cólico)
\sense_s (a menudo con kipia) enfado o ira; cólico (particularmente en referencia al enojo que un esposo se siente con su pareja, afectando y dañando sus hijos con
cólico)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kipia amantli pa:mpa itlah tli:no:n o:kihlikeh wa:n xo:kwelkak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is all worked up because they said something to him that he did not like.
\phrase_s El estáenfadado porque ellos le dijeron algo que aél no le pareció.
\phrase_n Pero un kone:tsi:ntli, kipia san amantli ika kwalo, san nokwala:nitokeh un tatli wa:n na:ntli, a:man itech o:yah tlawe:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e But that little kid, his illness is simply from anger (of others that has spread to him), his father and mother pass the time fighting and now their rage has affected him (the
child).
\phrase_s Pero ese niño chiquito, estáenfermo nada más con cólico, su papáy mamáse la pasan discutiendo, ahora su ira se le fue al niño.
\root ahmana
\qry Check and correction all references to /pero/ and /para/ for final /h/. Check for possession ?noamanyo??
\ref 00197
\lxam axi:ltia
\lxam_c kaxi:ltia
\lxoa áxí:ltia
\lxoa_pr axi:ltia
\lxoa_c káxí:ltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to complete a measured task (e.g., collecting enough of a given material for sth such as a load of firewood, sand, etc.)
\sense_s completar una tarea o cargo (p. ej., juntando lo necesario para una carga de leña, unos costales de arena, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtikaxi:ltis, poliwi miák tlikuwtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your are not going to complete it (a load of firewood), a lot of firewood is still needed.
\phrase_s No lo vas a completar (una carga de leña), falta mucha leña.
\sense_e to successfully take or carry to a destination (e.g., a load being carried on ones back, etc.)
\sense_s lograr a llevar a una meta o destinación (p. ej., una carga llevada a cuestas, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtikaxi:lti:s. Yetí:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are not going to get it to its destination. It is heavy.
\phrase_s No vas a poder hacerlo llegar. Es pesado.
\root ahsi
\qry Cf. /axi:tia:/ with apparently similar if not same meaning; check for differences.
\xref axi:ltilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref asi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref ásí
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 00198
\lxam te:ntsonkukwa:ch
\lxam_c te:ntsonkukwa:ch
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N/Adj
\infn N1
\compound N-N(At)
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e (nickname) to have a long, very thick and full beard
\sense_s (apodo) con una barba larga y muy llena
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tite:ntsonkukwa:ch pa:mpa xtikxi:ma mote:ntson.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You have a very full, thick beard because you do not shave.
\phrase_s Tienes una barba muy amplia y llena porque no te rasuras.
\root te:n
\root tson
\root kwa:ch
\nse The reference is to a beard that is thick and long, the word deriving from the metaphoric similarity of such a beard to a kwa:xtli , the padding made of woven palm
placed under the saddles of donkeys and mules.
\mod This should probably be removed since according to C. Flores it was only a nickname of sb from Ameyaltepec. DECIDE WHAT TO DO WITH NICKNAMES.
\ref 00199
\lxam ma:tlapa:na
\lxam_c kima:tlapa:na
\lxoa ma:tlapa:na
\lxoa_c kima:tlapa:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to break with ones hands
\sense_s quebrar, romper con las manos
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to shell (e.g., beans) with ones hands
\sense_s desvainar (p. ej., frijoles) con las manos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikma:wi:s noyew, nikma:tlapa:nas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will use my hands on my beans, I will shell them by hand.
\phrase_s Voy a usar las manos con mis frijoles, los voy a desvainar a mano.
\root ma:
\root tlapa:
\nae In Oapan verb stem reduplication is often used for actions such as shelling beans: má:tlatlapá:na
\qry Check for intransitive
\grm Note that if the intransitive means to break ones hand and the transitive 'to break with ones hands' then this should be presented as a good example of how the function of
INs changes with transitivity, and how it is impossible to select a single entry (e.g., intransitive) to cover all related forms.
\semref ma:wia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ma:wiya
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00200
\lxam aiwextli
\lxam_c aiwextli
\lxoa áyowáxtli
\lxoa_alt áyewáxtli
\lxoa_pr ayowaxtli
\lxoa_c áyowáxtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e squash seeds that have been dried and toasted on comal for eating
\sense_s pepitas secas de calabaza para comer
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root ayoh
\root wech
\nse In Ameyaltepec the Spanish borrowing semi:yah is much more commonly used than a:yowextli , which is, nevertheless, understood and occasionally
used. The phrase semi:yah de a:yowextli is also heard in Ameyaltepec. Apparently the squash from which such seeds come is pipiana.
\qry Check possession. /noa:yowech/?? etc.
\qry_fon Check phonetics of this word.
\vl Check vowel length and measure. Apparently in this as well as several other words, the sequence /ah/ has gone to /a:/, at least in Ameyaltepec (but still, recheck). In Oapan
it appears that the vowel is also long, but this should be checked given that it would make sense for only the pitch-accent to surface (given that {h} motivates p-a)
\ref 00201
\lxam tsatsintsi:n
\lxam_c tsatsintsi:n
\lxoa tsátsintsí:n
\lxoa_pr tsatsintsi:n
\lxoa_c tsátsintsí:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni-tsi:n
\pitch yes-lex
\infn N1
\sense_e person who is continually shouting
\sense_s gritón; persona que siempre grita
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Melák titsatsintsi:n, ke:n tikwa:texi:kal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are really a shouter, you have a very loud voice.
\phrase_s Eres un gritón, tienes la voz muy fuerte.
\root tsahtsi
\ref 00202
\lxam itso:mia
\lxam_c nitso:mia
\lxoa ítso:mía
\lxoa_pr itso:mia
\lxoa_c nítso:mía
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/dif)
\der V2-refl
\trans +Refl/+Nonspec
\infv class-2a
\allomorph i-epen
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to blow the nose of
\sense_s sonar las narices de
\sense_d Pending
\root htso:mi
\nse Used reflexively itso:mia refers to action of blowing one's nose by holding it between one's fingers and blowing the mucous out, letting it drip to the ground. At least in
Oapan the transitive form is acceptable (e.g., kítsomíya), as when one blows the nose of ones child (in the manner indicated by this verb).
\nae The reflexive form maintains the initial /i/: timitso:mia (Am); the /i/ is lost, however, after the nonspecific marker tla- : tlatso:mia. The
maintenance of the initial /i/ after the /o/-final reflexive markers suggests that the /i/ is not epenthetic, though an initial /hC/ sequence is usually preceded by an epenthetic /i/. However,
the loss of /i/ before the nonnspecific complement tla- is consistent with epenthesis (cf., tlatso:mia). The ambiguity of the status of the initial /i/ is also
noted by FK.
\qry_h itsomiya; check for /h/.
\qry Note sequence /htso(:)/ and cf. to word for nose: /yekahtsol/ although the similarity is undoubtedly coincidental (but the presence of /h/ in /yekahtsol/ is problematic.
\xref tlatso:mia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tlátso:mía
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\ref 00203
\lxam tekiwah
\lxam_c tekiwah
\lxoa tekiwah
\lxoa_c tekiwah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-posr-wah
\infn N1
\sense_e town mayor
\sense_s comisario; alcalde
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e lieutenant of the town mayor
\sense_s suplente al comisario
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld govern
\nse Literally 'one who has work,' the term tekiwah is used only to refer to the two top secular officials; it is in Ameyaltepec, also called komisa:rioh and
segundoh. The root tekimight well refer to communal, village-wide labor and monetary contributions, which the secular officials 'have' (hence the
ending -wah). Note that tekiwah is not used to refer to the fiská:l even though he has a"cargo"(tekitl) in the general sense.
Finally, although in Oapan tekiwah is understood and used, it appears to be less common there than in Ameyaltepec. It is not clear whether tekiwah is used
in other neighboring villages.
\root teki
\qry Make sure this term is used with the same meaning in Oapan.
\ref 00204
\lxam kwarti:yah
\lxam_c kwarti:yah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan cuartilla
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e 3 centavos (old monetary division)
\sense_s 3 centavos (división monetaria antigua)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Nikpia kwarti:yah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have three centavos.
\phrase_s Tengo tres centavos.
\semfld measure
\ency_note measurements
\nde The Oapan speakers I have consulted were young and might not have ever heard this form, which is perhaps known by older individuals.
\qry Get all sizes and weights. Recheck with Oapan.
\semref rreá:l
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00205
\lxam tlaxtla:wilia
\lxam_c kitlaxtla:wilia
\lxoa tlaxtla:wilia
\lxoa_c kitlaxtla:wilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to pay (sb [PO]) for (e.g., a debt, work done for wages, the cost of sth destroyed or damaged, etc. [SO])
\sense_s pagarle a (algn [OP]) para (p. ej., trabajo hecho por un sueldo, el costo de algo destruído o dañado, etc. [OS])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xene:xtlaxtla:wilian. We:i ne:chwi:kilian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They still haven't paid me (e.g. for work, for sth sold, etc.). They owe me a lot.
\phrase_s Todavía no me lo han pagado (p. ej., por un trabajo, una venta, etc.). Me deben mucho.
\root xtla:
\disamb tlaxtla:wa; tlaxtla:wilia
\vl Check vowel length.
\xref tlaxtla:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 00206
\lxam a:moxkwitlatl
\lxam_c a:moxkwitlatl
\lxoa á:moxkwítlatl
\lxoa_pr a:moxkwitlatl
\lxoa_c á:moxkwítlatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e algae or any similar type of small green water plants that inhabit a large area of water
\sense_s algas o cualquier otro tipo de planta acuática que pulula por unaárea extendida de agua
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root a:
\root mox
\root kwitla
\nae The basis for pitch-accent in Oapan Nahuatl is not clear, unless it is related to reduplication reduction on a vowel-initial stem. Note that at least one consultant, Silvestre Pantaleón,
seemed to pronounce a:moxkwitlatl without pitch-accent, as expected.
\qry Check pronounciation of Oapan; in session Silvestra Pantaleón seemed to pronounce this without pitch accent.
\qry_h a:moxkwitlatl
\ref 00207
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kó:skayá:ntsi:n
\lxoa_c kó:skayá:ntsi:n
\lxgen kwi:saltsi:n
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e type of marigold, with yellow and purplish or maroon petals
\sense_s tipo de cempoalxochitl con pétalos color amarillo y moradito
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e type of edible grasshopper, still not identified
\sense_s tipo de chapulin comestible, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld fl
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root ko:ska
\root_rel -ya:n
\nse This same Oapan word is used as the name of a flower and for a type of grasshopper. In Oapan this flower is used to make garlands of flowers that are placed on the laso of the the
bulls that are danced in San Lucas.
\nae The etymology of kó:skayá:ntsi:n is uncertain, though it is perhaps related to ko:ska'necklace' and the locative formation -ya:n in reference
to the fact that it is most commonly used in garlands.
\qry Check for possessed form.
\vl Check vowel length and, rethink etymology.
\semref ko:saltsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00208
\lxam techiki
\lxam_c kitechiki
\lxoa 'techíki
\lxoa_pr techiki
\lxoa_c kítechíki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\pitch yes
\sense_e (often reduplicated with short vowel) to rub (sth hard) against; to scrape (one object [O] with another hard object); to scrub
\sense_s (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) rozar; frotar; fregar; restregar; raspar; tallar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xmotetechiki, ke:n titlatla:hloh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Rub youself hard (e.g., with a rough stone, a hard cloth, estropajo, etc.), you are really covered with dirt!
\phrase_s ¡Tállate bien (p. ej., con una piedra rasposa, una tela burda, un estropajo, etc.), estás muy sucio!
\phrase_n Xtetechiki mokone:w!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Rub your child hard (i.e., with a stone while bathing him, to get the dirt off)!
\phrase_s ¡Talla bien a tu hijo (p. ej., con una piedra al bañarlo, para que se le quite la tierra)!
\phrase_n Kitechiktiw tlikuwtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The firewood goes along scraping against it (in this case because it was poorly placed and tied onto a donkey, allowing it to go rubbing along against the animal's front
legs).
\phrase_s La leña le va raspando (en este caso leña mal colocada y atada a un burro, que le iba raspando las piernas delanteras).
\phrase_n Ma mistetechiki mosuwa:w!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Have your wife scrub you (e.g., while bathing, with a stone, estropajo, etc.)!
\phrase_s ¡Quéte restriega tu esposa (p. ej., al bañarte, con una piedra, estropajo, etc.)!
\phrase_n Notetechiki un pitso itech tetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That pig is rubbing itself (scraping or scratching itself) against the rock (e.g, to aliviate an itch).
\phrase_s Ese marrano se estáraspando contra la piedra (p. ej., donde tiene comezón para que se le quite).
\phrase_n O:kitechiktiki:s ipan ixi:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It scraped him on the belly button in passing.
\phrase_s Le raspópor el ombligo al pasar.
\phrase_n Kitechiktiw, kaxiliatiw ipan ima.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It goes along rubbing against it (in this case a sack not properly tied against a mule's front leg); as it goes along (a mule on a path) it hits against its front leg.
\phrase_s Le va rozando (en este caso un costal no bien atado contra una pierna de una mula); le va pegando una de sus piernas delanteras.
\phrase_n Xtetechiki ika li:jah para ma petsiwi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Rub it hard with sandpaper so that it becomes smooth!
\phrase_s ¡Frótalo duro con papel lija para que se alise!
\sense_e to sharpen by scraping (e.g., a machete, with a stone or similar material)
\sense_s sacarle filo al raspar con una piedra (p. ej., un machete)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitechiki imache:teh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He sharpens his machete (with a stone).
\phrase_s Le saca filo a su machete (con una piedra).
\semfld distort-shape
\root te-
\root hchiki
\nse Although the form chiki , without the intensifier, is accepted in elicitation in Ameyaltepec, all documented uses are of techiki. In Oapan, the consultants
Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez did not accept the form without initial te-. However, the form chiki (and chikilia might well
be"overcorrections"that were the result of the elicitation process. The fact that the basic verb even in Ameyaltepec, might be techiki is suggested by the fact that
Ameyaltepec reduplication affects the first"prefixed"syllable te-, not the stem itself. Thus one finds tetechiki and not * techichiki.
\nae The Ameyaltepec verb tlantetechiki has only been documented with the reduplication of the te- intensifier, i.e., ? tlantechiki has not been
accepted by consultants. Oapan Nahuatl manifests what appears to be a non-reduplicative pattern. There are other Oapan words that have the same stem and all manifest pitch
accent. These comprise the applicative téchikília, three words with an incorporated noun (tsí:ntechíki, tlantéchikí, and
tlayó:ltechíki) and a derived nominal tlaí:xtechikó:ni. The location of the underlying {h} is not immediately apparent, but it has tentatively been placed in
an initial position, hchiki. This may have to be changed with further comparative analysis from neighboring dialects and historical documentation.
\qry Determine whether the verb appears mostly with the"intensifier"or how common simple /chiki/ is. Check meaning of /kitechiki ika pla:nchah/. Check /techichiki/ vs. /tetechiki/, and
?/tetekoto:na/ vs. /tekokoto:na/. Check to make sure class 3.
\grm Reduplication: there are some examples in C. Flores' discussion of the difference between /tetechiki/ and /te:techiki/.
\grm Note the reduplication of /te-/: Xmotetechiki, ke:n titlatla:hloh! Rub youself hard (e.g. with a stone, hard cloth, etc.), you are really covered with dirt! The relates to the
problem of with the intensifier what reduplicates. Restudy the Oapan vs. Ameyaltepec (and S. Juan) forms of reduplication (stem or /te-/ intensifier) and discuss. Note that in
Oapan one has the reduplicated form /tlaó:yá/ whereas in Ameyaltepec one has /tlatlao:ya/ 'to shell maize with ones hands.'
\xref techikilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref téchikília
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 00209
\lxam ma:ka:wtok
\lxam_c ma:ka:wtok
\lxoa ma:ka:htok
\lxoa_c ma:ka:htok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\incorp [N-*V1]-Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be left out to roam and graze (an animal such as a donkey, mule, cow, etc.)
\sense_s estar dejado suelto para apacentar (un animal como burro, mula, vaca, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n I:tsi:ntlan momi:l, pakah un yo:lki. Tlakwa:s. San ma:ka:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is an animal at the lower edge of your milpa. It will eat. It's been left out to graze.
\phrase_s Hay un animal por la parte abajo de tu milpa. Va a comer. Ha sido dejado en el campo para apacentar.
\sense_e to be lose (an animal such as a dog that is not tied up)
\sense_s estar suelto (un animal como un perro que no estáamarrado)
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root ka:wa
\ncol burroh
\ncol pió
\ncol chichi
\ref 00210
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tláto:lmáti
\lxoa_pr tlato:lmati
\lxoa_c tláto:lmáti
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv Irregular; see mati
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to know how to speak (in the sense of offering a discourse or speech); to be a good speaker or orator; to be persuasive with words (able to put together a good argument)
\sense_s saber hablar (en el sentido de exponer); ser un buen orador; ser persuasivo con las palabras
\sense_d Oa
\nse According to Cristino Flores tlato:lmatki is used in Ameyaltepec; the verbal form tlato:lmati is not an Ameyaltepec word (even though it was in my
original list of words).
\root hto
\root mati
\ref 00211
\lxam mi:na
\lxam_c kimi:na
\lxoa mi:ni
\lxoa_c kimi:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to give bewitched food or drink to (e.g., a drink that causes little animals, or an illness, to materialize inside the person's intestines, stomach, or body; see
tla:tla:ilia)
\sense_s darle una bebida o comida hechizada a (una bebida que hace crecer animalitos, o una enfermedad, dentro de los intestinos, estómago, o cuerpo de algn; véase
tla:tla:ilia)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Wel te:mi:na.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He knows how to bewitch people's food.
\phrase_s Sabe embrujarle la comida de la gente.
\phrase_n Mitsmi:nas wan ki:sas kwilin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will bewitch you (i.e., your food or drink) and worms will spring up inside of you.
\phrase_s Te va a embrujar (la comida o bebida) y te van a salir gusanitos adentro.
\sense_e (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to get only partially cooked (one type of bean when mixed with another; Ameyaltepec synonym tlatlaka:mihka:ti)
\sense_s (refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta) cocinarse parcialmente y quedar algo duro (un tipo de frijol cuando se mezcla y hierve con otro; sinónimo de Ameyaltepec:
tlatlaka:mihka:ti)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e (refl.) to cross-pollinate (strains of plants such as maize that show visible effects from such cross-pollination)
\sense_s (refl.) cruzarse (variantes de plantas como el maíz que dejan huellas visibles de tal proceso)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to get a disease that is apparently chicken pox (small, purplish pimples that appear on a child's body, arms, and face and then quickly
disappear)
\sense_s (refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta) enfermarse con una enfermedad que aparentemente es varicela (que se manifiesta con granitos púrpuras que aparecen sobre el
cuerpo, brazos, y cara de los niños para después desaparecer rápido)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to throw cooked grains of boiled maize and white beans that have been threaded onto a small piece of brush at (in order to cure chicken
pox)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) flechar a (algn) con maíz hervido (como de pozole) y frijol blanco que ha sido ensartado en un pedacito de tlasole
\sense_d Oa
\root mi:na
\nse In the acceptation referring to food poisoning, the animals that spring forth inside of one may be kwilin, kalwa:wtli, chapolin, sa:poh, and wi:laka , or
just plain 'whooping cough' (i.e., tlatlaxixtli). The targeted person accepts something to eat or drink from another, who has the ability to alter a beverage (or food,
though most often beverages are the means of transmission) so that it has the desired effect. In the Oapan acceptation of 'to cross-pollinate' the verb indicates a situation in which
two varieties of a plant cross. The example given to me was of maize plants (nomini tlayo:hli): one person might plant white maize in his field and another might plant
blue maize in an adjoining field. The resultant fruit will show blue kernels interspersed with white ones (and vice versa). Note, finally, that with the sense of 'to hunt' (see
tlami:na) the verb is often reduplicated: tontlatlami:naskeh. Although the phrase kontemi:n tok to :nahli was documented in my original
notes from Ameyaltepec, Cristino Flores stated that the proper term is konwi:tektok to:nahli. However, he added the definition of 'to be pointing and pressed up
against (e.g., a finger against an object, a knife, etc.). In Oapan to say that one has chicken pox one says nó:mí:ni. This word is also used (in the reflexive and with an
object) to indicate the cure for this disease, which consists in threading a boiled kernel of corn and a white bean on a small piece of brush and throwing it at the sick person. To do
this a bunch of neighbors contribute the corn and beans and then come to the sick person's house where they thread the two grains (one each) on small pieces of brush and then
throw the"arrows"at the sick person.
\nae The utilization of nonspecific prefixes (te:- and tla-) with mi:na illustrates the manner in which the semantics of these affects meaning. The
transitive verbal form mi:na accepts both prefixes with different meanings (similar in some ways to te:miktia and tlamiktia):
te:mi:na refers to the action of"bewitching"a human through food poisoning; tlami:na refers to the action of shooting (an animal hunted) with an arrow.
The division of meaning between te:- and tla- follows the expected pattern given that both activities (witchcraft and hunting) are, or were, culturally salient.
However, the nominalized form has only been documented for tlami:nahli , which was glossed by consultants as 'brujería,' apparently in reference to the action itself,
not the person victimized. Thus even though te:- and tla- combine as indefinite objects with distinct senses of mi:na , the nominalized for m with
tla- is sema ntically related to the verbal form with te:- ; there is no nominal form * te:mi:nahli.
\nde The variation in final vowel between the two dialects (mi:na vs. mi:ni) is not regular.
\qry Check to determine which is more usual, reduplicated or not, for the meaning of 'to hunt with a bow and arrow.' Check for difference in meaning in Oapan Nahuatl between /kimi:ni/
and /kitla:tla:ilia/.
\grm /te:-/, /tla-/, nominalization: The utilization of nonspecific prefixes (te:- and tla-) with mi:na illustrates the manner in which the
semantics of these affects meaning. The transitive verbal form mi:na accepts both prefixes with different meanings (similar in some ways to
te:miktia and tlamiktia): te:mi:na refers to the action of"bewitching"a human through food poisoning; tlami:na refers
to the action of shooting (an animal hunted) with an arrow. The division of meaning between te:- and tla- follows the expected pattern given that
both activities (witchcraft and hunting) are, or were, culturally salient. However, the nominalized form has only been documented for tlami:nahli , which
was glossed by consultants as 'brujería,' apparently in reference to the action itself, not the person victimized. Thus even though te:- and tla-
combine as indefinite objects with distinct senses of mi:na , the nom inal ized form with tla- is semantically related to the verbal form with
te:- ; there is no nominal form * te:mi:nahli.
\semref tla:tla:ilia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref tlami:na
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tlami:ni
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\ref 00212
\lxam pochi:na
\lxam_c kipochi:na
\lxoa pochi:na
\lxoa_c kipochi:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to card (e.g., cotton or similar fibrous materials by pulling apart and fluffing up the fibers and, in the case of cotton, first picking out the seeds); to beat cotton with a small
stick to fluff up
\sense_s cardar (p. ej., algodón u otros materiales parecidos, desgarrando las fibras y, en el caso del algodón, quitándole las semillas); agitar algodón con un palito para que
quede esponjado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:xchia! Ok ma nikpochi:na in noi:ch para nihkopi:nas i:loh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Wait for me! Let me fray this hemp fiber of mine so that I can pull it off in strands (e.g., to make a rope, etc.).
\phrase_s ¡Espérame! Deja que deshilache esta fibra de maguey que tengo para que pueda ir sacándole hebras (p. ej., para hacer una soga, etc.).
\root pochi:
\ncol mexkahli
\ncol ichkatl
\nse Although some consultants have stated that pochi:na is used to refer to the carding of cotton, Roberto Mauricio (Oa) mentioned that this verb is used to refer to
the pulling apart of the strands of maguey fiber before it is twisted into rope or cord. The verb kí:moló:nia is used to refer to the fluffing up of cotton before it is spun.
The precise use of pochi:na needs to be checked. Finally, although I have only heard pochi:na as the transitive verb, Inocencio Díaz (Am)
said that pochi:naltia is also correct. This needs to be checked.
\qry At one point I had a xref to /tlapo:china/, but no entry. Check whether this is a null obj. complement verb with culturally determined meaning. Note that
\ref 00213
\lxam sinkorrá:l
\lxam_cpend *sinkorrá:l
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan corral
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e constellation of stars (lit. ' mazorca fence') in the shape of a circle of stars located between tolkopetli and miák
\sense_s constelación de estrellas (lit. 'corral para mazorca') en la forma de un círculo ubicado entre tolkopetli and miák
\sense_d Am
\semfld heavens
\root sin
\nse Cristino Flores was not familiar with this group of stars although it is documented in my notes from Ameyaltepec.
\qry Make sure that both /tolkopetli/ and /miák/ link to the proper entries, referring to constellations.
\ref 00214
\lxam no:ntia
\lxam_c no:ntia
\lxoa no:ntia
\lxoa_c no:ntia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to become unable to speak or mute (from a fright, illness, etc.)
\sense_s quedarse mudo; perder la facultad de hablar (por un susto, enfermedad, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:no:ntiak, xok wel tlatowa, ye tlanawi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's gotten so that he can't speak, he can't talk anymore, he's in a grave state.
\phrase_s Quedósin poder hablar, ya no puede decir nada, ya estágrave.
\phrase_n Deke tikitas suwa:teyowah, tino:ntias, xok wel titlato:s ma:ski deke tipa:ktok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If you see a sowa:teyowah (type of evil female supernatural being, all dressed in black), you will become mute, you won't be able to talk even if you are
healthy.
\phrase_s Si ves a una sowa:teyowah (tipo de ser supernatural feminino, vestido siempre de negro) te vas a quedar mudo, no vas a poder hablar aunque estés
bien de salud.
\root no:n
\nde Classical Nahuatl (see Molina) has the form no:nti with the same meaning.
\qry Check for other uses of this root. Check to see if /no:ntli/ exists. I only remember hearing an"adjectival"form, /no:ntik/. Molina does list /nontli/ 'mudo.' Check for use of /te-/, which I
think is possible. If I remember correctly /no:ntia/ refers to a temporary state and /teno:ntia/ to sth more permanent. But check (as well as with nominal forms).
\xref no:ntilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\semref tlato:lka:wa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tláto:lká:wa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00215
\lxam tekomo:ni
\lxam_c tekomo:ni
\lxoa tekomo:ni
\lxoa_c tekomo:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e see komo:ni
\sense_s véase komo:ni
\sense_d Am, Oa
\ref 00216
\lxam kwalakchipi:ni
\lxam_c kwalakchipi:ni
\lxoa kwalahchipi:ni
\lxoa_alt kwelahchipi:ni
\lxoa_c kwalahchipi:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)[x]
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to drool; to have or let saliva drip from ones mouth (e.g., when one has sores, tso:tso:tl in ones mouth)
\sense_s babear; dejar escurrir baba o saliva de la boca (cuando uno tiene tso:tso:tl i:kamak)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwalakchipi:ntok, o:kikwah ko:lo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is drooling, a scorpion bit him.
\phrase_s Estábabeando, le picóun alacrán.
\root kwala:
\root chipi:
\grm Word order: /Kwalakchipi:ntok, o:kikwah ko:lo:tl/ 'He is drooling, a scorpion bit him' Note the order V-A, This seems be related to the fact that the discourse topic is the
subject of the first progressive verb and already introduced. But when two bits of new information are introduced as in /Juan o:kitek i:xo:chiw/ 'Juan cut his flower' (A-V-P
or S-V-O) the V-S order is not common ?/i:xo:chiw o:kitek Juan/.
\ref 00217
\lxam pelo:tawia
\lxam_c kipelo:tawia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (Nah) pelota
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give an enema with a ball of cotton to (a person or animal)
\sense_s darle unaénema con una bolita de algodón a (una persona o animal)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:tsi:ntepi:tsiw iburroh, kipelo:tawi:s ika untoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His donkey has become constipated, he will give it an enema with ointment.
\phrase_s Su burro estáestreñido, le va a dar una enema con ungüento.
\nse Pelo:tawia refers to the action of giving an enema of ointment to release constipation. The verb derives from the fact that with humans a ball of cotton is used to apply
the ointment. With animals, however, the ointment is applied to ones fingers, which are then inserted inside the animal's rectum.
\qry Determine what type of ointment is used, and if this is only used to relieve constipation. Finally, check vowel length (i.e., the /o/ might be short and the /a/ long).
\semref tsi:npachowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00218
\lxam temowa:ya:n
\lxam_c temowa:ya:n
\lxoa temowa:ya:n
\lxoa_c temowa:ya:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-dvb[imp]
\infn N1
\semfld topography
\sense_e downward slope (e.g., of a hill)
\sense_s inclinación hacia abajo (en una cuesta); bajada
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root temo:
\root_rel -ya:n
\ref 00219
\lxam tlama:se:wa
\lxam_c tlama:se:wa
\lxoa tlámasé:wa
\lxoa_pr tlamase:wa
\lxoa_c tlámasé:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-tla
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to do what one is able (in terms of prayer or penance, particularly to help aliviate a distressing situation)
\sense_s hacer lo que uno puede (en cuanto a rezar o hacer penitencia, particularmente para aliviar una situación penosa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xok niweli, yo:nitlamase:w a:chitsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I can't do anything anymore, I did the little I could (in this case trying to help keep a child from dying).
\phrase_s Ya no puedo hacer más, hice lo que pude para ayudar (en este caso para que no se muriera un niño enfermo).
\root mahse:
\nse The meaning of tlamase:wa is not entirely clear. The one documented use refers to the effort of someone to deter the death of a child battling an illness. Molina has
maceua. nic 'conseguir, o merecerlo deseado' and maceua. nitla 'idem. o hazer penitencia.' For nominalized tlamaceualiztli he has 'penitencia, o
merecimiento, o el acto de dar sacomano.' The term sacomano is not in the dictionaries consulted, but it undoubtedly refers to 'lending a helping hand' or some
equivalent expression. This is in accord with the definition proportioned by consultants in Ameyaltepec. Cristino Flores did not know this word, tlamase:wa in
Ameyaltepec, but rather he stated that a word was ma:se:wia , which was taken to mean, literally, 'to rest the arms of (e.g., someone doing a heavy task).
\nde FM gave the translation of tlámasé:wa as 'se encargo.'
\qry Check vowel length given that this entry was obtained from a file card that did not have vowel length recorded. Also, obtain further examples and explanation.
\qry_fon Check vowel length in all dialects.
\ref 00220
\lxam ma:ski
\lxam_c ma:ski
\lxoa ma:si
\lxoa_c ma:si
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Subord
\der Subord
\sense_e (~ [verb]) even though [verb]
\sense_s (~ [verbo]) aunque [verbo]
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ma:ski de milá:k tekipanowa:ntsi:n, de milá:k tlayo:wia.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00220_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 2002_08_06_CF1_Am.wav / 1:22
\phrase_e Even though he is a real hard worker, he really suffers from want.
\phrase_s Aunque es muy trabajador, es muy pobre.
\phrase_n Ma:ski tikwalo, xtimitspati:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Even though you are sick, I won't cure you.
\phrase_s Aunque estés enfermo, no te voy a curar.
\root ma:
\root so
\root iw
\ref 00221
\mod Was /Ia:pan Wi:lo:tl/ switched to Toponym database.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\ref 00222
\lxam komo:nteko
\lxam_c komo:nteko
\lxoa komó:ntekó
\lxoa_pr komo:nteko
\lxoa_c komó:ntekó
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp V1-Asp
\der Asp
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to fall hard and hit the ground with a thud
\sense_s caer fuertemente al suelo con un ruido sordo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tikma:niye:w, o:komo:ntekok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You let it slip out of your hands, it fell to the ground with a resounding thud.
\phrase_s Dejaste que se te fuera de las manos, cayócon estrépito al suelo.
\root komo:n
\root ehko
\nae With the relevant change in deictic reference, komo:ntasi has the same meaning as komo:nteko.
\mod Note use of /nochpa:na/ in ref. to mules here in C. Flores discussion.
\ref 00223
\lxam ichkakuwtli
\lxam_c ichkakuwtli
\lxoa ichkakohtli
\lxoa_c ichkakohtli
\lxgen ichkakohtli
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e Gossypium hirsutumL., cotton tree of the Malvaceae family; in Oapan two types of ichkakohtli are recognized
\sense_s Gossypium hirsutumL.,árbol de algodón de la familia Malvaceae; en Oapan se reconocen dos tipos de ichkakohtli
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ichkakuwtli | Xkuwtli pa:mpa xwe:i. Kipia ichkayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Ichkakuwtli : It isn't a tree because it isn't big. It has its cotton.
\phrase_s Ichkakuwtli : No es unárbol porque no es grande. Tiene su algodón.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root chka
\root kow
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as"árbol de algodón."
\notes_func In Oapan there are two types of ichkakohtli. One grows in the village and has white flowers. Its cotton was previously used for spinning thread with a
malacate (para kitsa:wa). There is another type that grows wild in the hill with purplish flowers.
\qry Check to determine if this is a tree or bush, i.e., if it is the cotton plant itself or simply a tree (like the /po:cho:tl/) with cotton pods. Description mentioned: /kipia ichkayo/. In another
file card I had /kipia ichkaw/ which would seem to be in error. But check whether both are OK. Check for possibility of possessed form.
\semref ichkaxo:chitl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00224
\lxam to:ka:yo:mati
\lxam_c kito:ka:yo:mati
\lxoa to:ka:yo:mati
\lxoa_c kito:ka:yo:mati
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv Irregular; see mati
\sense_e to know the name of (a person or an object)
\sense_s saber el nombre de (una persona o un objeto)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xma:s nikto:ka:yo:mati.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't really know what his name is.
\phrase_s No sébien cúal es su nombre.
\root to:ka:
\root mati
\nse To:ka:yo:mati is only used in reference to a personal name. Thus xnikto:ka:yo:mati means 'I don't know his (or her) name.' To express a similar
concept in regard to names of objects, one would say xnikmati ke:n ito:ka 'I don't know what it is called.'
\grm Incorporation. Note that although name is not found normally with the -yo abstract suffix, in this compound form it is.
\ref 00225
\lxam tilikixtik
\lxam_c tilikixtik
\lxoa tilikixtik
\lxoa_c tilikixtik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be scarred
\sense_s estar cicatrizado; tener un cicatriz
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to have a rough, poorly joined, and highly visible seam (e.g., cloth sewn together)
\sense_s con una costura mal hecha y visible (p. ej., tela cosida)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tilikixtik, xkwahli o:nosasa:loh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is poorly joined together (a seam), it wasn't sewn well.
\phrase_s Estámal cosida (una costura), no se cosióbien.
\root tilikich
\nse Tilikixtik refers to a seam or seam-like area that is rough and raised, such as occurs with a scar left after a bad cut or with a seam that is poorly sewn together.
\ref 00226
\lxam ke:chka:n
\lxam_c ke:chka:n
\lxoa ke:chka:n
\lxoa_c ke:chka:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Pr(int)
\compound Pr(int)-Loc
\der N-loc-1-ka:n
\infn N(loc)
\sense_e how many places?
\sense_s ¿cuántos lugares?
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ke:chka:n tlatektli mokwe?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How many tiers does your skirt have?
\phrase_s ¿Cuántas tiras horizontales en tu falda?
\root kech
\root_rel -ka:n
\qry Check vowel length; my original filecard had a short vowel recorded but I have entered this as long given the data from other occurrences of /ke:ch/.
\ref 00227
\lxam kwa:k
\lxam_alt ikwa:k
\lxam_alt kwa:'
\lxam_alt ikwa:'
\lxam_c ikwa:k
\lxoa íkwá:k
\lxoa_pr ikwa:k
\lxoa_alt kwa:k
\lxoa_c íkwá:k
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Subord
\der Subord-b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e when
\sense_s cuando
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kwa:k nekos, nikekchi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When I arrive here, I will fix it.
\phrase_s Cuando llegue acá, lo voy a arreglar.
\root hkwa:k
\nse Kwa:k (or ikwa:k) is never used as an interrogative; see kamanon.
\nae In Ameyaltepec the initial syllable (cf., underlying {ihkwa:k}) is seldom pronounced; the same change has occurred in Tetelcingo, Morelos. In Oapan it is quite often pronounced,
with a high pitch reflective of the underlying {h} as the coda of the first syllable.
\qry Check etymology. Perhaps /k/ should not be included.
\semref kamanon
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00228
\lxam poposoka
\lxam_c poposoka
\lxoa poposoka
\lxoa_c poposoka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to boil heavily; to come to a heavy boil
\sense_s hervirse fuertemente
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Poposokatok ma:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your water is boiling heavily.
\phrase_s Se estáhirviendo fuertemente tu agua.
\root poso:
\qry Recheck difference between /poso:ni/ and /poposoka/.
\xref poso:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00229
\lxam kwa:xikipi:hli
\lxam_c kwa:xikipi:hli
\lxoa kwa:xikipi:hli
\lxoa_c kwa:xikipi:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e white cloth head-covering worn by Judas in the Holy Week passion play of Oapan
\sense_s tela que cubre la cabeza de Judas durante la pasión de Cristo de semana santa en oapan
\sense_d Am
\sense_e bonnet (e.g., of little children and babies)
\sense_s gorrita (p. ej., de niños pequeños o bebés)
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root xikipi:l
\ilus_note Pending
\nse I heard this used only once in reference to a baby's bonnet, perhaps jokingly and as an idiosyncratic metaphor; see kwa:po:xah. The general acceptation of
kwa:xikipihli is the white, sack-like head-covering worn by Judas during the Holy Week passion play in Oapan (a synonym is the obligatorily possessed
kwa:po:xah). This covering consists of a white cloth placed like a sack over Judas's entire head with two holes made for the eyes and two wrapped-up balls of cloth
that are like ears (or horns?) at the top.
\nde In Oapan kwa:xikipi:hli is used (though it is not that common) for a child's bonnet. For Judas's headdress the word kwa:koweh because he has his
kwa:kuh.
\qry In one entry from the original Am filecards I had a long stem-final /i:/; the others had a short /i/. However, my impression from Oapan was that the /i:/ is long and this has been
entered for both dialects. But check! Nevertheless, under Am /xikipi:hli/ I have written"Note that the final vowel has been checked and is definitely long."
\vl Check
\ref 00230
\lxam tla:hli
\lxam_c tla:hli
\lxoa tla:hli
\lxoa_c tla:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e ground; earthen floor
\sense_s tierra; piso o suelo de tierra
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nikochi ipan tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I sleep on the ground
\phrase_s Duermo sobre la tierra.
\sense_e earth; dust or dirt
\sense_s tierra; mugre o polvo de tierra
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (often poss.) land
\sense_s (a menudo pos.) terreno
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkipia itla:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He doesn't have any land (e.g., to plant).
\phrase_s No tiene terreno (p. ej., para siembra).
\sense_e (poss. with -yo) body dirt or grime
\sense_s (pos. con -yo) mugre del cuerpo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Melá:k o:ki:s notla:hlo. Yo:nima:ltih, yo:weka:w xnima:ltia:ya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The grime really came off me. I've bathed, it had been a long time since I had bathed.
\phrase_s Salióel mugre de mi cuerpo. Me bañé, ya había pasado mucho tiempo desde que me había bañado.
\root tla:l
\nse Note that in general a distinction is made between tla:hli , which means earthen floor, and the borrowing pi:soh , which is used to refer to floors of
cement or tile. Similarly, the possessed i:tla:l refers most often (though not exclusively) to land for planting; land for housesites is more often referred to with the borrowed
si:tioh.
\ref 00231
\lxam sakilia
\lxam_c kisakilia
\lxoa sakilia
\lxoa_c kisakilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (often with long vowel reduplication) to truck for; to remove by transporting or carrying for (a material object, usually referenced by a mass noun--such as water, fodder,
stone--from a given location)
\sense_s (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal larga) acarrear para; sacar para (un objeto material, usualmente no contable--como zacate, agua, piedra--de un lugar donde se
encuentra)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chsa:sakilia a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He transports water for me (in repeated trips).
\phrase_s Me acarrea agua (en viajes repetidos).
\root saka
\nse Note that an utterance such as Ne:chsasakilia a:tl would be used in reference to a large quantity of water, such as that needed in house construction. If one is simply
drawing one or two trips of water for household use the applicative a:tlakwi:lia would be used.
\qry Check vowel lenght of reduplication in /ne:chsasakilia a:tl/. Determine whether there exist forms with long and short vowel reduplication.
\xref saka
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00232
\lxam ara:doh de po:lkoh
\lxam_c ara:doh de po:lkoh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan arado; polco (?)
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e type of plow yet not definitively identified, it has replaced the plow made of wood
\sense_s tipo de arado todavía no identificado definitivamente
\sense_d Am
\semfld tool-cultivate
\ency_note tla:hli; List types of plows under a synonym section on /tla:hli/ containing all the words associated with plowing, planting, etc. There is also a type of plow, or used to be,
called /ara:doh de kuhtli/
\nse This type of plow is apparently the one used nowadays, having replaced the ara:doh de kuhtli.
\nae As with most Spanish borrowings, the possessed form of the headword manifests no change on the complex noun, e.g, ara:doh de po:lkoh.
\semref ara:doh de kohtli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00233
\lxam i:xkochi
\lxam_c i:xko:kochi
\lxoa i:xkochi
\lxoa_c i:xko:kochi
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-3a(ch)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to have ones eyes closed from sleep
\sense_s tener los ojos cerrados por el cansacio o sueño
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to have ones eyelids slowly and repeatedly close from droziness; to drop of or nod off to sleep, with ones eyes slowly opening and closing
(and perhaps ones head bobbing as one is overcome by sleep)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) cerrarle a uno los párpados, despacio y repetidamente, por sentir un fuerte sueño; estar abrumado por el sueño con los párpados
abriéndose y cerrándose (y tal vez cabeceando por el sueño)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n I:xko:koxtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's dropping off to sleep and his eyes are starting to close.
\phrase_s Le estáagarrando el sueño y se le están cerrando los ojos.
\sense_e to dim or start dying out (light, such as a flashlight losing energy that is weak or dimmed)
\sense_s atenuarse o bajarse la luz (p. ej., de una luz eléctrica que tiene la pila baja y estáperdiendo energía)
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root kochi
\qry At one point I had a note here"Check to see if the non-reduplicated form occurs."However, in my original (unchecked) file cards I did have a sentence /ti:xkochi pampa
tikochisneki/"se te cierran los ojos porque estás soñoliente."I also had /ti:xkoxtia:snekis/, although this seems to definitely be the result of elicitation or direct questioning. There is no
evidence of /i:xkochi/ in the Classical texts. Check for other possible subjects.
\ref 00234
\lxam chipi:nia
\lxam_c kichipi:nia
\lxoa chipi:nia
\lxoa_c kichipi:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to let drops fall (e.g., of medicine into a wound)
\sense_s dejar caer gotas (p. ej., de un remedio a una herida)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Deke me:dioh xok titlakaki, titsatsati, tikonkwis, tiktepa:paxo:s ika tetl dya un ia:yotsi:n tikonchipi:ni:s itik monakas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If you have sort of lost your hearing, you've become hard of hearing, you go get it, you grind up up slowly with a rock and you drip its juice into your ear.
\phrase_s Si has perdido algo de tu capacidad para oir, si ya estás algo sordo, lo vas a traer, lo apachurras con una piedra y te echas su aguita como gotas dentro de tus orejas.
\root chipi:
\xref chipi:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00235
\lxam tetsotsoltsi:n
\lxam_c tetsotsoltsi:n
\lxoa tsotsoltsi:n
\lxoa_c tsotsoltsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s; Op. te- : tetsotsoltsi:n
\sense_e to have little or no hair or feathers (animals)
\sense_s tener poco o nada de pelo o plumaje (animales)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tetsotsoltsi:n mopio.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your chicken is missing a lot of feathers.
\phrase_s Tu gallina tiene pocas plumas.
\sense_e to be bare or without covering (e.g., prickly pears, corn that has been husked, etc.)
\sense_s estar pelón (p. ej., una tuna sin ahuates, mazorca sin cáscara)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (often with te- prefix) to be nude (e.g., a young child)
\sense_s (a menudo con prefijo te-) estar desnudo (p. ej., un niño pequeño)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Tsotsoltsi:n mokone:w.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Your little child is nude.
\phrase_s Estádesnudo tu niño.
\root tsol
\nae Given the lexicalized nature of the reduplication here, Oapan Nahuatl does not permit reduction: * ti:tsoltsi:n
\qry Usually endings in /-tsi:n/ are related to endings in /-tik/. Thus check whether /tsotsoltik/ and /tsotsohli/ exist. Make sure that reduplication reduction is not acceptable in Oapan.
Check difference between form with and without /te-/.
\ref 00236
\lxam kamasasa:l
\lxam_c kamasasa:l
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s; Op. infix te- : kamatesasa:l
\sense_e to be a slow-eater
\sense_s ser lento en comer
\sense_d Am
\root kama
\root sa:l
\nse Apparently may be used with or without the te-, as either kamasasa:l or kamatesasa:l. It is used to refer to someone who takes a long time
to eat or drink and is particularly said when others are impatiently waiting while one, derogatorily called kamasasa:l takes his or her time.
\semref kamayo:li:k
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00237
\lxam -neki
\lxam_c tlakwa:sneki
\lxoa -neki
\lxoa_c cho:kasneki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Suf
\sense_e suffix added to future single verbs to indicate want or desire
\sense_s sufijo agregado a la forma futura singular de verbos para indicar deseo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nitlakwa:sneki, yo:wekaw xnitlakwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I want to eat, it's been a long time since I've eaten.
\phrase_s Quiero comer, ya se hace mucho tiempo que no como.
\sense_e suffix added to future singular verbs to indicate that the verbal action is about to occur
\sense_s sufijo agregado a la forma futura singular de verbos para indicar que la acción verbal estáa punto de ocurrir
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kiawisneki. Xkalakti motlake:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's about to rain. Put your clothes inside!
\phrase_s Quiere llover (o, estáa punto de llover).¡Mete tu ropa!
\root neki
\ref 00238
\mod Was /Tla:lchi:chi:hloh/ switched to Toponym database.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\ref 00239
\lxam kuwpitsiwi
\lxam_c kuwpitsiwi
\lxoa kohpitsiwi
\lxoa_c kohpitsiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to harden; to become brittle; to stiffen or become stiff (sth originally soft and bland, that by nature shouldn't harden, like tortillas, or sth that is hard when it shouldn't be,
such as cooked beans)
\sense_s endurecerse; quedarse quebradizo; ponerse tieso (algo originalmente suave y blando que de por si no debe ser duro, como las tortillas, o algo que es duro cuando no debe
ser, como frijoles cocidos)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w kuwtia tlaxkahli, xok yema:nki. Wa:n seki yo:pe:w kuwpitsiwi, ye noka:wtok ke:n tlaxkalsosohli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tortillas have started to stiffen, they are no longer soft. And some have started to become stiff and brittle, they are getting like old tortillas (such as those used to make
chilaquiles).
\phrase_s Las tortillas ya empezaron a ponerse tiesas, ya no están suaves. Algunas ya empezaron a endurecerse poniéndose tiesas, ya se están quedando como tortillas viejas
(como las que se emplean para hacer chilaquiles).
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w kukuwpitsiwi motlaxkal, yaw para kukuwtia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your tortillas have started to get stiff, they're on their way to becoming hard.
\phrase_s Se empezaron a ponerse tieso tus tortillas, ya están para endurecerse.
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w kuwpitsiwi ke:soh, yo:pe:w wa:ki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The cheese has started to harden, it has started to dry.
\phrase_s Ya empezóa endurecerse el queso, ya empezóa secarse.
\sense_e to have rigor mortis set in on [S]
\sense_s empezar a quedarse rígido (un cuerpo o persona) por rigidez cadavérica
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San weyakixtok, peya:siwtok, tikito:s o:kohpitsiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's just stretched out, he's just lying flat out straight (in this case a sick person on a bed), you'd think that rigor mortis has set in on him.
\phrase_s Estáacostado todo estirado, estátodo como recto (en este caso una persona enferma sobre una cama), dirías que se quedótieso por la rigidez cadavérica.
\phrase_n Kwa:k timikis, tikuwpitsiwis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When you die, you will get stiff (from rigor mortis).
\phrase_s Cuando te mueras, te vas a poner tieso (por la rigidez cadavérica).
\root kow
\root pits
\ncol tlake:ntli ika mito:nil
\ncol tlaxkahli kwak ye wa:ktok
\ncol wa:kax deke o:mik ka:n to:na, kohpitsiwi ikweroh
\disamb tepi:tsiwi
\nse The verb kuhpitsiwi is used to refer to the stiffening of tortillas, meat, bread, cheese (because it is getting old, or has been overdone on a fire). It can also be used to
refer to the stiffening of a body at death (rigor mortis). Thus it seems clear that kuhpitsiwi refers to something that should be soft, but that hardens or stiffens. In this
sense it differs from tepi:tsiwi , which indicates the hardening that affects materials that should be so: ice, mortar, clay, etc. With a human subject
kuhpitsiwi can refer to rigor mortis. But it can also be used to refer to a person who is metaphorically"stiff"from clothes that have become covered with dirt. Thus
o:nikuhpitsiw , 'I have become stiff,' can refer to the fact that the clothes I am wearing have become covered with dirt from not having been washed for a long time
and as a result have stiffened. In Oapan tepi:tsiwiis used for mud that hardens, whereas the hardening of a cerami c bowl is r eferred to by kohtiaor
kohpitsiwi. Note that in general it seems that tepi:tsiwi is used for things that should become hard: mortar, cement, mud, etc., whereas
kohpitsiwi is used for tortillas, dirty clothes, hair with soap left in it, etc. Kuhtia can also be used for these same situations.
\nae The vowel length of kohpitsiwihas been checked several times and been found as indicated. However, tepi:tsiwi , which would seem to have the same
root as its head is marked in all contexts with a long vowel. It would appear that the two forms, kohpitsiwi and tepi:tsiwi are related despite the vowel
length discrepancy which should, nevertheless, be rechecked.
\qry Check respective vowel lengths of /kuhpitsiwi/ and /tepitsi:wi/, although my recording agrees with the information in Karttunen. Check for transitive form. Check to see if
reduplicated form /kukuhpitsiwi/ is more common than non-reduplicated form. The first /i/ is definitely short and should be recorded as such in all entries. Cf. and check the
correctness of /kukuhpitsiwi/ in entry under /tlatlaka:mihka:ti/; here it refers to things that stayed hard.
\mod Note use of /kel a:tl/ here.
\qry In one example phrase I had /peya:tsiwtok/, but this has been changed here to /peya:siwtok/, which is probably correct.
\ref 00240
\lxam ka:miliwi
\lxam_c ka:miliwi
\lxoa ka:miliwi
\lxoa_c ka:miliwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get bruised and turn purple; for welts to form on ([S], e.g., skin after a hard blow)
\sense_s magullarse y ponerse morado (p. ej., la piel a causa de un golpe); salir verdugones en el cuerpo de ([S], p. ej., como resultado de una fuerte caída)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ka:miliw moma ika o:tikukuw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your hand got bruised (showed welts and dark spots) from you having chopped wood.
\phrase_s Se te magullóla mano (salindo ronchas y moretones) por haber cortado leña.
\phrase_n O:nimoma:tepachoh wan o:ka:miliw, o:noyeskwep, xo:topo:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It hit my hand with a stone and it turned purple, it got a blood blister but it didn't burst.
\phrase_s Me golpeéla mano con una piedra y se puso moradita, se le salióuna ampolla llena de sangre, pero no se reventó.
\phrase_n Yo:ka:miliw itla:kayo, kwalo:, yo:pe:w tli:liwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His torso has darkened. He's sick, he's begun to turn dark.
\phrase_s Su torso ya empezóa ponerse morenito. Estáenfermo, ya se le empezóa poner la piel más negro.
\sense_e to get or become darkened (e.g., rocks from smoke, or ceramics from being poorly fired)
\sense_s ennegrecerse o ponerse más oscuro (p. ej., piedras por el humo, o cerámica al ser ennegrecerse por mal cocida)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ka:miliw, xo:iksik kwahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It got blackened (in this case a clay pot), it didn't fire well.
\phrase_s Se ennegreció(en este caso cerámica), no se cocióbien.
\root ka:mil
\ncol xi:tomatl noso chi:lxoxo:hki ipan koma:hli
\disamb ka:miliwi; tli:liwi
\nae In Oapan ka:miliwi is used mostly in the adjectival ka:miltikto indicate a darkened color of ceramics that are poorly and incompletely fired. If fired well
the material (barro) becomes paler. However, although there is a transitive form ka:milowa in Ameyaltepec (at least according to my original documentation),
Florencia Marcelino denied that such a form was used in Oapan, where she accepted only the intransitive ka:miliwi of the present entry.
\nde RS has the definition for camiliui as 'empezar a madurar, tomar color, referente a frutos'; as common with words that indicate changes in surface color there is a
synonymous intransitive form camileua. He also gives the adjectival camilectic. Molina has only camileua 'pitantar las cerezas, o la fruta, o pararse
moreno' and camilectic 'cosa morena, o fruta que pinta'. To date in the Balsas region I have not documented any use of this word with a fruit as subject, but obviously
there is a common meaning in the Guerrero and Classical forms, a meaning referring to the darkening of a skin or surface.
\qry Check for /ka:mile:wi/.
\qry Check to see if this verb can be used in reference to fruit.
\root_notes The semantic relation with the root in /kamotli/ appears likely, but vowel length is different.
\ref 00241
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlikonextamahli
\lxoa_c tlikonextamahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\sense_e type of tamal made from corn dough (i.e., tixtlimade from nextamahli) that is mixed with tenextliand
tlikonextlias it is boiled
\sense_s tipo de tamal que se hace con masa hecho de nixtamal que se cocióen la olla con tenextliy tlikonextli
\sense_d Oa
\semfld food
\root tli
\root nex
\root tamal
\ency_note tamahli
\nse Tamahli de kuhnextli is eaten in all villages of the Balsas region except, apparently, San Miguel Tecuiciapan and San Agustín Oapan. In this latter village tamales are
made of simple tixtli and for this reason the tamales harden much quicker. They are also wrapped in to:tomo:xtli and not corn leaves,
iswatamahli or tamaliswatl, as are other tamals such as tamahli de telolotsi:n. Nevertheless, Oapan does have a word for what in
Ameyaltepec is called tamahli de kuhnextli.
\qry Make sure that /tlikonextamahli/ is a word in Oapan and refers to what is indicated in this entry. Also, if the information on the fact that this type of tamal is not made in Oapan,
check why a name for it exists.
\semref tamahli de kuwnextli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00242
\lxam ichpo:chlamatsi:ntia
\lxam_c yo:ichpo:chlamatsi:ntiak
\lxoa ichpo:chlámatsí:ntia
\lxoa_pr ichpo:chlamatsi:ntia
\lxoa_c yo:ichpo:chlámatsí:ntiak
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\allomorph i-epen
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\allomorph i-epen
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to grow old (a woman) as a spinster by passing the common or proper age for marriage (e.g., by exceeding approximately 22 or 23 years of age)
\sense_s llegar (una mujer) a ser solterona por rebasar la edad más apropriada para casarse (al rebasar los 22 o 23 años de edad)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld age
\root chpo:ch
\root lamah
\root_notes lamah
\qry Also, make sure to determine progressive forms. I have recorded this as inflecting like /yema:nia/: check therefore whether this is indeed the case, i.e., whether the prog. is
/ichpo:chlamatsi:ntixtok/. Code accordingly
\qry_h Check for /h/..
\ref 00243
\lxam komo:ntasi
\lxam_c komo:ntasi
\lxoa komó:ntasí
\lxoa_pr komo:ntasi
\lxoa_c komó:ntasí
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp V1-Asp
\der Asp
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e see komo:nteko (Am) / komó:ntasí(Oa)
\sense_s véase komo:nteko (Am) / komó:ntasí(Oa)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root komo:n
\root ehko
\ref 00244
\lxam nakapachiwi
\lxam_c nakapachiwi
\lxoa nakapachiwi
\lxoa_c nakapachiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get covered with flesh (e.g., a wound as it is healing)
\sense_s taparse con piel (p.ej., una herida mientras que se compone y se alivia)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to get more than ones fill of meat
\sense_s llenarse de carne hasta estar bien satiado
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to get (ones eye) covered with a thin film (in Sp., the condition called carnosidad)
\sense_s taparsele (el ojo) con una delgada capa blanca (en la condición llamada"carnosidad")
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nakapachiw i:xtew.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His eye got covered with a thin film.
\phrase_s Tiene carnosidad en el ojo.
\semfld disease
\root naka
\root pach
\qry Determine whether there is a transitive form of this verb, and whether it, or the intransitive, can refer to anything other than this eye condition.
\ref 00245
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\mod This entry was originally /texopilowa/ but has been removed; only /xopilowa/ is listed now.
\ref 00246
\lxam chichí:k to:motli
\lxam_c chichí:k to:motli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 1(h)
\sense_e type of cactus, to:motli as yet unidentified
\sense_s tipo de cactus, to:motli , hasta ahora no identificado
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld cactus
\root chichi:
\root to:moh
\nse It is not clear whether this is actually a type of to:motli or whether it simply a descriptive term for certain types of prickly pears (cactus fruit).
\qry None of the consultants during the field botany project of 2001 were familar with this form.
\qry Check whether /chichí:k to:mohtli/ is actually a type of cactus. I only have it recorded in one place, under a list of /to:motli/ on the filecard entry for this word.
\ref 00247
\lxam tlakwi:xwia
\lxam_c tlakwi:xwia
\lxoa tlakwi:xwia
\lxoa_f [tla kwi:x 'wi ya]
\lxoa_c tlakwi:xwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make a hissing or rushing sound
\sense_s hacer un sonido como de soplido o silbido
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tlakwi:xwia kwi:xin kwa:k patla:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The hawk makes a rushing sound when it flys.
\phrase_s El gavilán hace un sonido de soplido cuando vuela.
\phrase_n Tlakwi:xwia kowatl kwa:k kwala:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A snake makes a hissing sound when it is mad.
\phrase_s Una culebra hace un sonido como de silbido cuando se enoja.
\root kwi:x
\ncol tekolo:tl
\ncol masa:tl
\ncol kowatl
\nse Tlakwi:xwia indicates a hissing or rushing of air sound, such as that made when one tightens ones lips and exhales air through the narrow opening. It is also
documented as referring to the sounds made by snakes and other animals or lizards, particularly when mad, or to the sound of gas escaping from a leak. It is unclear whether the
name of the"gavilán"(kwi:xin) is related to this verb. According to Cristino Flores the animal that most commonly makes this sound is the owl.
\qry I was only able to obtain this verb with the prefix tla- ; but I have a definition as a transitive. This is unclear. Check. Cf. query with /kwi:xwia/. Check whether /kwi:xwia/
is derived from any other lexical form.
\xref tlakwi:xwilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref kwi:xwia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00248
\lxam mailia
\lxam_alt makilia
\lxam_c kimailia
\lxoa makilia
\lxoa_c kimakilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to thrash; to hit or strike; to give a beating or thrashing to (with a fist or hard object; particularly used in this sense with a human or animate object)
\sense_s dar una paliza a; golpear (con el puño o algo duro; particularmente utilizado con este significado cuando el objeto es humano o animado)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ma:ka tiá:s! Mitsmaili:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't go! They'll give you a beating.
\phrase_s ¡No te vayas! Te van a dar una paliza.
\sense_e to strike (often metaphorically) and cause harm (e.g., the sun beating down on sth, a shadow hitting a planted field, always with the sense of causing harm of having a
negative effect)
\sense_s pegar o golpear (a menudo metaforicamente) causando daño (p. ej., el sol que le pega a algo, una sombra que le pega un sembradío, siempre con el sentido de hacer daño,
de tener un efecto negativo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwa:tetepolo:ti in kuwtli! Ma:ka kimaili:s in tomi:l, xkwa:lxi:nili imawa:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go cut the branches of the top of this tree! Don't let it strike our cornfield (by casting a shadow on it, considered harmful and"hot"to the growth of maize)! Cut its top
branches down!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a córtale las ramas en la parte alta de esteárbol!¡Quéno vaya a pegar (elárbol con su sombra, que se considera dañina y calorosa) a nuestra milpa! Córtale sus
ramas más altas!
\phrase_n O:kima:tetepolokeh un kuwtli, kimailia mi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They pruned the branches off that tree, it was casting its heat (from its shadow, which is considered"hot") on the cornfield (thus adversely affecting the growth of maize).
\phrase_s Le podaron las ramas a eseárbol, estaba echándole su calor (de su sombra, que se considera"caliente") a la milpa (dañando el maíz).
\phrase_n Kose:wi momi:l, yo:pe:w kimailia a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your cornfield is turning yellow, the (excess of) water has started to harm it.
\phrase_s Tu milpa ya se estáponiendo amarilla, ya le empezóa hacer daño el agua (esto es, la abundancia de agua).
\sense_e to go at (e.g., a task)
\sense_s aplicarse a; darle a (p. ej., una tarea)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n We:i o:tikmailikeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We've gotten a lot of it accomplished (e.g., in planting a large section of a field in a day).
\phrase_s Le dimos mucho (p. ej., en sembrar una buena parte de una milpa).
\sense_e (~ bwe:ltah) to go the long way around (an area, an object, etc.)
\sense_s (~ bwe:ltah) darle mucha vuelta a (unaárea, objeto, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n We:i bwe:ltah o:kimailia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They go around it the long way.
\phrase_s Le dan mucha vuelta (p. ej., al caminar alrededor de algo).
\semfld contact
\root maka
\nse Apparently this is an alternate form of makilia , which is seldom heard. Like many applicative verbs that involve contact or insertion this is also occasionally used by
men in a sexual sense.
\qry Check to determine whether /mailia/ and /makilia/ are the same in meaning. If so, set up in /syn field.ry. Check meaning of /we:i bwe:ltah kimailia/. If /mailia/ and /makilia/ are
synonyms in Am, check whether the same is true in Oapan.
\ref 00249
\lxam tlatlapo:wtok
\lxam_c tlatlapo:wtok
\lxoa tlatlapo:htok
\lxoa_c tlatlapo:htok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\incorp [tla-V1]-Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be open (a building, store, house, etc.)
\sense_s estar abierto (un edificio, tienda, casa, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tlatlapo:wtok nokal. O:nikelka:w, xo:nitlatsakw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My house is open (i.e., the door). I forgot, I didn't close up.
\phrase_s Mi casa estáabierta. Se me olvidó, no cerré.
\phrase_n Ye tlatlapo:wtok, ma titlakowatin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is already open (e.g., a store), let's go shopping.
\phrase_s Ya estáabierto (p. ej., una tienda), vamos a ir de compras.
\root tlapo
\nae The first tla- in the above forms is not a reduplicated stem, but rather the tla- prefix such as that used in impersonal passives (i.e., with intransitive verbs).
\qry Check vowel length; check also re: /tlapo:wtok/ 'he is counting' and /tlapowtok/ 'it is open.' Cf. /tlapowtok/. Apparently they are the same in vowel quantity. This entry needs to be
corrected. See discussion under /tlapo:htok/.
\semref tlatsakwtok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref tlapo:wtok
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\xref tlapo:htok
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Oa
\ref 00250
\lxam akomi:na
\lxam_c nakomi:na
\lxoa akomi:ni
\lxoa_c nakomi:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Adv-V
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (refl.) to jump forward (and generally over sth)
\sense_s (refl.) saltar adelante (y generalmente sobre algo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmakomi:na! Ma:ka tipolakis itik un sokitl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take a leap over it! Don't sink into that mud!
\phrase_s ¡Sáltale!¡No te vayas a hundir en el lodo!
\sense_e (refl.) to leap or spring up in the air (e.g., fish that try to jump out of a terraya)
\sense_s (refl.) saltar o brincar hacia arriba (p. ej., peces que tratar de salir de una terraya)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xma:komi:na para tasis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Jump up high so that you can reach it!
\phrase_s ¡Brinca arriba para que alcanzes!
\phrase_n Xma:komi:na! Xkontila:na!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Jump up! Reach up and take it down (sth hanging)!
\phrase_s ¡Bríncale!¡Estírate para bajarlo (algo colgado)!
\phrase_n Xmakomi:na! Xtleko ipan burroh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Leap up! Get on the burro!
\phrase_s ¡Bríncale!¡Súbete al burro!
\phrase_n Asta nakomi:ntokeh! Miák michin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The water is jumping (with fish)! There are a lot of fish.
\phrase_s ¡Hasta están brincando! Hay muchos peces.
\phrase_n O:nakomi:nte:w. O:nomamuwtih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It suddenly jumped up. It got startled (in this case an animal).
\phrase_s De repente saltó. Se asustó(en este caso un animal).
\phrase_n Yo:isak. O:pe:w nakomi:na. Xkonta, ma:ka wa:lwetsis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's woken up (e.g., a child in a hammock). He's started to move up and down a lot. Take a look at him, make sure he doesn't fall to the ground!
\phrase_s Ya despertó(p. ej., un niño en una hamaca). Empezóa brincar.¡Vélo para que no se vaya a caer al suelo!
\sense_e to push up and against (e.g., a stick or post against a roof or covering)
\sense_s empujar hacia arriba y contra (algo, p. ej., una vara o poste contra algo como un techo)
\sense_d Oa
\root ahko
\root mi:na
\nae In Ameyaltepec this word has only been documented in the reflexive form to indicate the jumping up or forward of an animate being. A transitive use with a specific object has only
been documented in Oapan, as indicated in the final sense given above, referring to a stick or post pushing up against a covering or roof.
\qry In a final check for Ameyaltepec I have determined that the initial vowel is definitely long, /a:/; it has so been recorded But the use in Oapan should be rechked. Check to see if
non-reflexive use occurs and if so change the /cat code.
\qry_fon Check vl of first /a/ particularly in Am form.
\vl Check for p-a; it should be here.
\ref 00251
\lxam tsi:nkuwtli
\lxam_c itsi:nkuwyo
\lxoa tsi:nkohtli
\lxoa_c i:tsi:nkohyo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e stem (of certain fruits such as chile, tomato, plum, etc.)
\sense_s tallo (de ciertas frutas como el chile, jitomate, ciruela, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n I:tsi:nkuwyo chi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is the stem of the chile.
\phrase_s Es el tallo del chile.
\sense_e stand; base (of certain material objects such as lamps, fans, etc.)
\sense_s pie; base (de ciertos objetos como ventiladores, lámparas, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:postek itsi:nkuwyo bentiladó:r.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The stand of the fan broke.
\phrase_s Se rompióla base del ventilador.
\root tsi:n
\root kow
\nse Particularly in reference to plants the diminutive is often used: i:tsi:nkuhiotsi:n chi:hli. The unpossessed form is rarely used, though grammatically acceptable and
henceforth here used as the headword.
\ref 00252
\lxam tlanawi
\lxam_c tlanawi
\lxoa tlanawi
\lxoa_c tlanawi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to be extremely, even terminally, ill (to the extent of being bed-ridden and virtually unable to move, or an animal that is old and near death)
\sense_s estar gravamente, hasta mortalmente, enfermo (hasta estar postrado en la cama casi dsin poder moverse, o un animal a punto de morir)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be on the verge of breaking (e.g., an axe with a handle about to break)
\sense_s estar a punto de romperse o estropearse (p. ej., una hacha con una manga a punto de romper)
\sense_d Pending
\root tlana
\qry Vowel length has been checked and a note on one filecard dated Aug. 1986 states that"short vowels should be recorded in all entries."
\xref tlanawi:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00253
\lxam pachiwtok
\lxam_c pachiwtok
\lxoa pachihtok
\lxoa_c pachihtok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\incorp V1-Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be pressed down; to be dobled over (an object that has been knocked down or over)
\sense_s estar apachurado; estar doblado (un objeto que ha sido derribado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:yeyekawi:lo:k, sa: pachiwtok mi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The corn plants got knocked over by the wind, the maize plants are just pressed down against the ground.
\phrase_s La milpa se derribóa causa del viento, ya queda nada más bien apachurada contra el suelo.
\root pach
\ref 00254
\lxam tsonakawetsi
\lxam_c tsonakawetsi
\lxoa tsonakawetsi
\lxoa_c tsonakawetsi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp PM-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to fall over sideways; to fall over on the side (e.g, a large sack of maize was not vertically balanced)
\sense_s caerse a un lado (p. ej., un costal grande de maíz que no estaba bien balanceado verticalmente)
\sense_d Pending
\root tsonaka
\root wetsi
\nse Tsonakawetsi is the virtual synonym of tsonakayaw. Any possible or potential semantic differences have not yet been documented though it seems
that tsonakawetsi is used more to indicate the event of actually falling over into a set horizontal position whereas tsonakayaw is more likely to indicate
the simple leaning or tilting of an object to its side.
\nae In Oapan the subject prefix always precedes tsonaka ; this may not be the case in Ameyaltepec.
\qry Cf. Gram 1986-08-20.1
\ref 00255
\lxam ikxinetechowa
\lxam_c nokxinetechowa
\lxoa ixinetechowa
\lxoa_c noxinetechowa
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi[refl]
\infv class-2b
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e (refl.) to put ones legs close together
\sense_s (refl.) cerrar las piernas o ponerlas muy cerca, la una a la otra
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmokxinetecho.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Put your legs together (in this case said to a woman sitting with her legs apart)!
\phrase_s ¡Cierra las piernas (en este caso dicho a una mujer sentada con las piernas abiertas)!
\root kxi
\root netech
\qry Check etymology. Check possible transitive use and also intransitive cognate ending in /iwi/.
\ref 00256
\lxam poxa:wa
\lxam_cpend *kipoxa:wa
\lxoa poxa:wa
\lxoa_c kipoxa:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to crumble (e.g., a rock or stone of brittle consistency, such as tla:la:mo:hli , a hardened, green clay)
\sense_s desmigajar; deshacer; desmoronar (p. ej., una piedra quebradiza, como tla:la:mo:hli , un piedra verde y arcillosa)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to loosen (e.g., a tightly twined rope or cord)
\sense_s aflojar (p. ej., una soga o cuerda que tenía los hilos muy apretados)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to soften, loosen up or unstiffen (e.g., material such as clothes that have dried with soap and become brittle, by moving the cloth rapidly
back and forth, cracking the stiffened earth)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer menos tieso (p. ej., ropa tiesa que se quedócon jabón seco al restregarla o agitarla de un lado a otro para quebrar el jabón)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipopoxa:wa, kiyema:nilia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He loosens it up (e.g., a shirt that dried with soap in it), he softens it up.
\phrase_s Lo hace menos tieso (p. ej., una camisa lleno de jabón resecado), lo suaviza.
\root poxa:
\nse According to Cristino Flores the transitive verb form kipoxa:wa is not used in Ameyaltepec.
\qry Obtain intransitive form; also note other things that may be objects of this transitive verb, such as braids? Determine whether intensifier /te-/ can be used and difference in meaning.
\ref 00257
\lxam ga:chopi:nes
\lxam_alt a:chopi:nes
\lxam_c ga:chopi:nes
\lxoa ka:chopi:meh
\lxoa_c ka:chopi:meh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan gachupines
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of religious line dance with masks made in the stereotyped image of Spaniards
\sense_s tipo de danza religiosa en línea con máscaras hechas como la imagen estereotipificada de los españoles
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kito:ka:yo:tian"achopi:nes."
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They call it (the dance) a:chopi:nes.
\phrase_s Ellos la llaman (a la danza) a:chopi:nes.
\ency_note danzas
\nse A:chopi:nes is almost always employed in the plural, the singular is a:chopí:n.
\nae The /i/ in the plural apparently varies between long and short, depending upon the speaker.
\ref 00258
\lxam a:yo:to:chin
\lxam_cpend *a:yo:to:chin
\lxoa a:yo:to:chin
\lxoa_c a:yo:to:chin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e armadillo, i.e., the nine-banded armadillo found in Mexico (Dasypus novemcinctus)
\sense_s armadillo (el especie Dasypus novemcinctus)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root a:yo:
\root to:ch
\nse A:yo:to:chin is known by Ameyaltepequeños but apparently from contact with neighboring villages. The common term in Ameyaltepec is tla:lpitso.
Cristino Flores was not familiar with the term a:yo:to:chin.
\semref tla:lpitso
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00259
\lxam tla:lse:wi:hli
\lxam_c tla:lse:wi:hli
\lxoa tla:ltse:wi:hli
\lxoa_c tla:ltse:wi:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e land in fallow
\sense_s terreno que estáen barbecho
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tla:lse:wi:hli de o:me tie:mpoh katka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is land that was left fallow for two planting seasons.
\phrase_s Es un terreno que estaba en barbecho por dos temporadas.
\root tla:l
\root se:
\ency_note tla:hli
\qry Check for possessed form.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note the ts-to-s /l ____. This is a common phonological change in Oapan.
\ref 00260
\lxam to:moichkatl
\lxam_c to:moichkatl
\lxoa tó:moichkatétsi:n
\lxoa_alt tó:moixkatétsi:n
\lxoa_c tó:moichkatétsi:n, tó:moixkatétsi:n
\lxoa_pr to:moichkatetsi:n
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of cactus with edible fruit, as yet unidentified
\sense_s tipo de cactus con fruta comestible, hasta ahora no identificado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld cactus
\root to:moh
\root chka
\nde Although the etymology of the Oapan name differs slightly from that of Ameyaltepec, given the closeness of the forms a single entry has been used for both.
\notes_nature For a preliminary list of the cactuses found in the area, see the entry under to:motli. Apparently the to:moichkatl is the same as
ichkato:motli although the former name is much more common.
\notes_func Neither Asención Marcelo of San Juan nor Inocencio Díaz of Ameyaltepec knew of this plant. Silvestre Pantaleón called this cactus tó:motli kwa:ichkatetsi:n
and stated that he was not familiar with the name tó:moichkatétsi:n.
\semref ichkato:motli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref tó:motlíkwa:ichkatetsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00261
\lxam sa:na
\lxam_c sa:na
\lxoa sa:na
\lxoa_c sa:na
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan sanate
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of bird, apparently called the sanate in Spanish, still not definitively identified (apparently not illustrated in Howell and Webb, 1995)
\sense_s tipo de pájaro, aparentemente llamado sanate en español, todavía no identificado definitivamente (aparentemente no ilustrado en Howell y Webb, 1995)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\qry Check that Oapan word also refers to the bird.
\ref 00262
\lxam sa:watik
\lxam_c sa:watik
\lxoa sa:watik
\lxoa_c sa:watik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tiki
\sense_e to have a rash, pox, pimples, or skin eruptions (a person, in a condition generally the result of a lack of cleanliness)
\sense_s tener la piel con sarpullido, roñas, granitos (una persona, generalmente esta condición es resultado de una falta de higiene)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to be mangy (an animal such as a dog)
\sense_s estar sarnoso (un animal como el perro)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld disease
\root sa:wa
\fl sa:watl
\nde In Oapan one also commonly finds the reduplicated forms sása:wátik and té:sa:wátik.
\mod Check; apparently this is not a word from Ameyaltepec. Remove the link. However, one can say /sa:wati/ or /tesasa:watik/.
\ref 00263
\lxam komalako:tsi:n
\lxam_c komalako:tsi:n
\lxoa komálakó:tsi:n
\lxoa_pr komalako:tsi:n
\lxoa_c komálakó:tsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\pitch yes
\sense_e whirlwind; dust devil
\sense_s remolino
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e generic name for certain aires or yeyekameh
\sense_s nombre genérico para ciertos aires o yeyekameh
\sense_d Pending
\root ko
\root malaka
\nae The etymology of komalako:tsi:n is uncertain, particularly problematical is the initial ko. Molina has ecamalacotl as 'remolino de viento';
Tetelcingo has yejcamalacutl and Tlaxpanaloya has yehyecamalacatl a variant form that is perhaps closest to the underlying morphology of {yehye:ka +
malakatl}. The pitch-accent of Oapan komálakó:tsi:n suggests an underlying {h}, consistent with the reduplicated root yehye:ka even though the
pitch-accent does not fall on the initial syllable, as expected. In sum, the initial /ko/ would seem to be related to ehka and the final sequence malako: related to
malaka. As to the initial /k/, note that in Oapan an initial /k/ does sometimes occur where other dialects have a vowel (komitetl for a type of bone,
omitetl).
\qry Perhaps a list should be made of all nouns ending in /o:tl/ or /o:tsi:n/.
\qry_h komalako:tsi:n
\root_notes The /mal/ of words like /malakatl/, /mali:na/, and /komalaka/ should probably be cross-referenced in the root dictionary. This is a general problem.
\ref 00264
\lxam i:xte:nkwepo:nia
\lxam_c ki:xte:nkwepo:nia
\lxoa i:xte:nchi:kopo:nia
\lxoa_c ki:xte:nchi:kopo:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\lexical Lex. -chi:- (Oa)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to turn up or inside out the top eyelid of
\sense_s voltear al revés el párpado superior de
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xmi:xte:nkwepo:ni!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Turn up your eyelid!
\phrase_s ¡Pon tu párpado superior al revés!
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root kwepo:
\nae Whereas the infixation of the intensifier chi:- is optional in Ameyaltepec, it apparently is always present in the Oapan cognate of this word.
\qry Determine whether for /i:xte:nchi:kwepo:nia/ only the reflexive is used. If this is the case, then add [refl] to der field. Also, recheck that forms with and without intensifier
chi: are both acceptable.
\ref 00265
\lxam tlato:lmatki
\lxam_c tlato:lmatki
\lxoa tláto:lmátki
\lxoa_pr tlato:lmatki
\lxoa_c tláto:lmátki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ki
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e orator; person who is good at speaking in public and commands an elegant and extensive vocabularly
\sense_s orador; persona que sabe exponer en público y que tiene facilidad con las palabras, particularmente las que son elegantes
\sense_d Pending
\root hto
\root mati
\nse Tlato:lmatki is considered a noun although it has many adjectival qualities, both morphological and semantic (in that it singles out one property of the subject). Thus it
could be translated either nominally or adjectivally (as a predicate, for example), depending on the context.
\nae The agentive form * tlato:lmatke:tl is not acceptable in either dialect.
\qry Check for possessed form.
\grm Agentives in /-ki/ and /-ke:tl/. Note that according to my understanding (and this needs to be checked), /tlato:lmatki/ exists, but ?/tlato:lmatke:tl/ does not. Although both
have been identified as"agentives"in general it seems that it is /-ke:tl/ that most often indicates a true agentive and that /-ki/ often indicates a less time-stable state, rather
than an agentive a characteristic of the subject in question.
\ref 00266
\lxam chapa:nilia
\lxam_c kichapa:nilia
\lxoa chapa:nilia
\lxoa_c kichapa:nilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to throw onto (e.g., thorn bushes onto a fence)
\sense_s echar o tirar sobre (p. ej., espinas sobre una cerca)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to sprinkle on; to spread on
\sense_s rociar sobre; untar sobre
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:kikwe:choh nekaxa:ni:hli, kichapa:nili:skeh ipitsa:hka:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They ground up the nekaxa:ni:hli,vine, they will sprinkle it on the back of her waist.
\phrase_s Molieron la enredadera nekaxa:ni:hli, se le van a rociar por la parte posterior de su cintura.
\phrase_n Kichapa:nilian ka:n o:tipostek dya kitekwian ika tlake:ntli para nokwaltla:lia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They spread it (in this case postekpatli) where you have broken a bone and then they wrap it up in cloth so that it gets better.
\phrase_s Le untan (en este caso postekpatli) donde tienes un hueso quebrado y lo envuelven en tela para que se componga.
\root chapa:
\qry Check for other meanings and uses of this applicative. Check whether it can mean both sprinke and spread or only one of the two.
\xref chapa:nia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00267
\lxam yekaposteki
\lxam_c kiyekaposteki
\lxoa yekaposteki
\lxoa_c kiyekaposteki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to break off the point of (e.g., a pencil, pointed stick, etc.)
\sense_s romperle la punta a (p. ej., una lápiz, un palo puntiagudo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root yeka
\root posteki
\semref te:mposteki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00268
\lxam tsi:ntetepon
\lxam_c tsi:ntetepon
\lxoa tsi:ntetepon
\lxoa_c tsi:ntetepon
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e to be bare-assed; to have ones rear end showing and with little covering it
\sense_s estar con las nalgas desnudas o expuestas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tiá:s tsi:ntetepon.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will go bare-assed (because, for example, you forgot your pants).
\phrase_s Vas a ir con las nalgas expuestas (p. ej., porque se te olvidaron tus pantalones).
\sense_e to be mini-skirted; to be dressed in a short skirt
\sense_s estar vestida con minifalda (o una falda muy corta)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tsi:n
\root tepon
\disamb tsi:ntetepon; kwe:tetepon
\nse Tsi:ntetepon can refer to someone who goes around in such a state of nudity that the persons rear end is exposed, such as might occur with a bikini or very short
pants. Tsi:ntetepon can also be used to refer to a woman wearing a very short dress or similar item of clothing, although kwe:tetepon may also be
used in such circumstances.
\ref 00269
\lxam techichikile:wi
\lxam_c techichikile:wi
\lxoa téchichikilé:wi
\lxoa_pr techichikile:wi
\lxoa_c téchichikilé:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[e][x]
\lexical Lex. rdp-s-
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e see techichikiliwi
\sense_s véase techichikiliwi
\sense_d Pending
\vl Check p-a in Oapan for all words with /techichikil-/.
\ref 00270
\lxam kwech
\lxam_c i:kwech
\lxoa wech
\lxoa_c i:wech
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e see i:kwech kowatl
\sense_s véase i:kwech kowatl
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwech
\nde Molina gives cuechtli as 'cierto caracol largo'; it seems clear that the physical similarity of a snail or snail shell to the rattle of a rattlesnake accounts for the meaning of
kwech in the Balsas Region where i:kwech has been documented only in the collocation i:kwech kowatl.
\qry I have only heard /kwextli/ in possessed form referring to a snake's rattle. Other meanings should be checked.
\ref 00271
\lxam pepechowilia
\lxam_c kipepechowilia
\lxoa pepechowilia
\lxoa_c kipepechowilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to patch or close up (sth) for
\sense_s parchar o cerrar una hendedura (de algo) para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chpepechowili noa:maw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Patch up my amate for me (by gluing small pieces of amate to the back, where the original is torn or thin)!
\phrase_s ¡Ponle parches a mi amate (pegándole pedacitos de amate atrás de donde el original estémaltratado)!
\root pech
\nse Besides the definition given above, this applicative in general has all the meanings of the base verb pepechowa , with the added object (either a human benefactive or
a material object to which sth is glued or similarly attached) that the applicative form establishes.
\nae The absence of pitch-accent in Oapan signals the lack of a"saltillo"as the coda of the reduplicated syllable. Likewise, note that in Oapan the reduplication cannot be reduced on a
preceding light syllable: * kí:pechowília, indicating that the reduplication is fully lexicalized.
\grmx Oapan reduplication: Note that /pepechowilia/ does not manifest pitch-accent. Also, the absence of pitch-accent in Oapan signals the lack of a"saltillo"as the coda of the
reduplicated syllable. Likewise, note that in Oapan the reduplication cannot be reduced on a preceding light syllable: * kí:pechowília, indicating that the
reduplication is fully lexicalized. This is apparently because the reduplicated form has been lexicalized and there is no equivalent *kipechowa.
\xref pepechowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 00272
\lxam ye:watok
\lxam_c ye:watok
\lxoa ya:watok
\lxoa_alt ya:watikah
\lxoa_alt ya:watitok
\lxoa_alt ya:watitikah
\lxoa_c ya:watok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\incorp *V1-Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e see e:watok (Am) / a:watok(Oa)
\sense_s véase e:watok (Am) / a:watok(Oa)
\sense_d Pending
\nae The epenthetic /y/ is found only in word-initial position but is lost after pronominal prefixes: ne:watok. As with other statives, the form with -titiw is used
for the associated motion construction. However, with the stative/durative -tok (or in Oapan, -tikah as well), the use of -ti- is optional. This is
the case with westotok (= westok) and westotiw ; tlákaltók (= tlákaltótok) and tlákaltótiw ;
íkatók (= íkatítok) and íkatítiw).
\grm Statives; duratives; double stative: As with other statives, the form with -titiw is used for the associated motion construction (ya:watitiw). However, with the
stative/durative -tok (or in Oapan, -tikah as well), the use of -ti- is optional (e.g., /ya:watok/, /ya:watitok) This is the case with
westotok (= westok) and westotiw ; tlákaltók (= tlákaltótok) and tlákaltótiw ;
íkatók (= íkatítok) and íkatítiw).
\ref 00273
\lxam tlatskapa:naltia
\lxam_c kitlatskapa:naltia
\lxoa tlatskapa:naltia
\lxoa_alt tlatskopo:naltia
\lxoa_c kitlatskapa:naltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp PM-V2
\der V2-c-ca(ni/ltia)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make (sth) give off a slapping, wet sound
\sense_s hacer (algo) emitir un sonido como de palmada sobre algo mojado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitlatskapa:naltia sokitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He makes the clay (used for ceramics) give off a wet, slapping sound (in slapping it down hard against a flat stone or wooden table to knead it).
\phrase_s Hace que el barro emita un fuerte sonido como de palmada (al amasarlo, azotándolo duramente contra una piedra plana o tabla de madera).
\phrase_n O:htlatsi:nih, o:tiktlatskapa:naltih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You slapped him with your palm, you made (his skin emit) a loud slapping sound.
\phrase_s Le diste una palmada, haciéndola sonar fuerte.
\fla tlatskapa:ni
\root tlats-2-
\root kapa:
\disamb kapa:naltia; tlatskapa:naltia
\nse The meaning of making a hard, wet slapping sound is the basis of its use in the speech of some men to connote sexual relations, in reference to the sound two bodies make as skin
slaps against skin during intercourse. Thus this verb implies an energetic and, from the male perspective at least, positive or desirable sexual event.
\semref kapa:naltia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlatskapa:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00274
\lxam koltotse:wtok
\lxam_c koltotse:wtok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e curled (as, in particular, the result of heat or fire)
\sense_s enrizado (como, en particular, el resultado de fuego o flama)
\sense_d Am
\root koltots
\ncol tli:n kiwi:teki to:nahli
\nde In Oapan no form of this verb or its derivatives with /e:/ is accepted neither * koltotse:wi * koltotse:wtok but only those with /i/:
koltotsiwi. In Ameyaltepec it is used to refer to things that become curled and twisted, e.g., a cable, something that is struck by the sun, etc.
\qry In this and other cases check for which verbs accept /e:wi/ endings in alternation (or instead of) /-iwi/ endings: /chichi:le:wi/, /chichi:liwi/, etc. Besides checking for which verbs this
alternation exists, check for semantic or functional difference in usage. I originally had this phrase, but it is probably the result of elicitation and has been removed:
/I:xmontsotsokwe:ltik, kokoltotse:wtok para tlakpak. I:xmonkokoltostik./´He has curved eyelashes, they are curled upward. He has curly eyelashes.'
\semref koltotsiwtok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref koltotsiwtok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00275
\lxam tlayeka:na
\lxam_c tlayeka:na
\lxoa tlayeka:na
\lxoa_c tlayeka:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to walk as a guide in front of a team of oxen being trained to follow the furrows of a field being plowed
\sense_s caminar como guía enfrente de una yunta de bueyes siendo adiestrados para seguir los surcos de un terreno que están arando
\sense_d Pending
\root yeka
\root a:na
\xref yeka:na
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00276
\lxam so
\lxam_c kiso
\lxoa so
\lxoa_c kiso
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to prick (skin, with a needle, thorn, a splinter, etc.)
\sense_s picar; pinchar (la piel, con una aguja, espina, astilla de madera, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:nimosok ika wistli, xne:chki:xtili!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got pierced with a thorn, take it out for me!
\phrase_s Me piquécon una,¡quítamelo!
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to string (as beads on a thread, flowers on a string, etc.)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) hilar; ensartar (como cuentitas o flores en un hilo, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Niksosowa, a:man xok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I used to string them, (but) now I no longer do.
\phrase_s Antes los ensartaba, (pero) ahora ya no.
\phrase_n Ma niksoso!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me string them!
\phrase_s ¡Deja que yo los ensarte.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to baste (in stiching or sewing)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) hilvanar (al coser con hilo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pi:si:ltik xne:chsasa:lowili, ma:ka san tikso:sos!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sew it finely for me, don't just baste it!
\phrase_s ¡Cósemelo con una puntada cerrada,¡no lo vayas a hilvanar nada más!
\root so
\nae Although some Ameyaltepequeño consultants mentioned that the imperfective of this form was kisowa:ya others gave kisoya. Cristino Flores
confirmed (or agreed with) this last piece of data. The other inflected forms are: future: kisos; perfective o:kisok; imperfective
kisoya
\qry Check inflection for imperfective, particularly the semivowel /w/. Perhaps the form should be /kisowaya/ or /kisoya/? Also check the imperfective for /yeko/, which might represent
the same"problem."
\grm Reduplication: Here note the excellent example of the difference between long and short vowel reduplication in the discussion of this word by C. Flores.
\xref solia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 00277
\lxam na:nkah
\lxam_c na:nkah
\lxoa na:nkah
\lxoa_c na:nkah
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Adv(loc)=V1
\der V1-b
\infv Irregular; see kah
\sense_e to be here
\sense_s estar aquí
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Na:nkah! Xkwi:ka!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here it is! Take it away!
\phrase_s ¡Aquíestá!¡Llévatelo!
\sense_e (i:n ~) this one here; the one that is here
\sense_s (i:n ~)éste que estáaquí; este mismo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n In na:nkah a:matl, na:nkah a:chi kana:wak de iwa:n in na:nkah oksé, na:nkah ma:s tila:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e This piece of paper here, it is a little thinner here in comparison with this other one here, which is a little thicker.
\phrase_s Este papel aquí, estáalgo delgado en comparasión con este otro, que estámás grueso.
\phrase_n In na:nkah kinene:wia un ne:nkah, no: ihkón.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e This one here is similar to that one over there, it's just like it.
\phrase_s Este que estáaquíes similar al otro allí, es parecido aél (es de la misma manera).
\root na:n
\root ka
\nae Given the stress pattern [ná:nkah], this is treated as one word even though with an overt subject marker the adverb is preverbal: na:n tunkah 'you are here.' Note also
that na:nkah may be used in a relative clause, nihkwis in na:nkah 'I'll take this one here' ('I'll take the one that is here'). Certainly the distribution,
use, and function of na:nkah needs to be further researched. But for now it appears that na:nkah can be 'It is here' (i.e., in showing
something) or, with in it can mean 'the one that is here.' Forms of this verb include: kah: na:n nunkah , na:n
tunkah , na:nkah , na:n tikateh , na:n nankateh , na:n kateh
\qry I have treated this as one word. In the example phrase /in na:nkah a:matl.../ the use of /na:nka/ as in /na:nka a:chi kana:wak/ should be checked, as should the use of /de iwa:n/. This
phrase is recorded on DT #1, 048. Check length of /i:n/ and check and correct in all entries and texts.
\grm Copula: Given the stress pattern [ná:nkah], this is treated as one word even though with an overt subject marker the adverb is preverbal: na:n tunkah 'you are here.'
This suggests that the copula is at times to be considered a proclitic bound tightly to other parts of speech. Cf. Oapan's use of the future /yes/ in forms such as /tí:sowa:tíhyes/.
\semref na:n; ne:nkah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00278
\lxam melo:nxiwtli
\lxam_c melo:nxiwtli
\lxoa melo:nxihtli
\lxoa_c melo:nxihtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) melón
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e vine of the rmelon plant
\sense_s tallo rastrero y hojas del melón
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\root xiw
\qry Make sure that Oapan form is not /melo:xihtli/.
\ref 00279
\lxam tlatlako:la:tl
\lxam_c tlatlako:la:tl
\lxoa tlátlakó:la:tl
\lxoa_pr tlatlako:la:tl
\lxoa_c tlátlakó:la:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): nó:tlakó:la:w
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (ritual) hard liquor; spirits (usually mezcal)
\sense_s (ritual) aguardiente; bebida alcohólica fuerte (particularmente mezcal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma tikomatika:n i:n, totlatlako:la:tsi:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let us try a little bit of this, our spirits!
\phrase_s ¡Vamos a probar un poquito de este, nuestra bebida!
\phrase_n Tose:pa:nya:ntsi:n ma tikoni:ka:n iwí:n tlatlako:la:tsi:ntli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Together let us partake of this (alcoholic) drink!
\phrase_s ¡Juntos sólo nosotros vamos a compartir esta bebida (alcohólica)!
\root htlak
\root a:
\nse Tlatlako:la:tl is understood by the entire populace though it is rarely used except in the ritual speech of bride petitions or counseling. More common in everyday use is
the Spanish loan tra:goh.
\qry Check to determine that reduced reduplication can occur in Oapan.
\ref 00280
\lxam kochia:n
\lxam_c i:kochia:n
\lxoa kochiya:n
\lxoa_c i:kochiya:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-dvb-ya:n
\infn N2
\sense_e in ones sleep; while sleeping
\sense_s mientras que uno duerma
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n I:kochia:n o:nikasik, nochipa xa:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I caught him (at home) while he was asleep, he is never there (i.e., during the day).
\phrase_s Lo agarré(en casa) cuando dormía, nunca está(esto es, durante el día).
\phrase_n Nokochia:n o:tine:chasik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You caught me while I was sleeping.
\phrase_s Me agarraste cuando estaba durmiendo.
\sense_e (~ kakalaki) to take advantage of a woman (sexually) while she is sleeping
\sense_s (~ kakalaki aprovecharse de una mujer (sexualmente) mientras que estédurmiendo
\sense_d Am
\root kochi
\root_rel -ya:n
\qry Check difference between /kochipan/ and /kóchia:n/; also reconfirm that the /ó/ is stressed (as I had it marked and the orthography suggests) or, perhaps, the /í/. Check for the
animal called /kochiantsin/.
\ref 00281
\lxam yema:nka toto:nka yeyekatl
\lxam_c yema:nka toto:nka yeyekatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e one of the yeyekameh (Am)
\sense_s uno de los yeyekameh (Am)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld ritual
\root yema:n
\root to:na
\root e:ka
\nse This yeyekatl was mentioned by Bacilio Reyes of Ahuelicán; its properties and effects were not described.
\qry Check vowel length of /ka/ elements in the two modifiers; also check how these sequences should be written, i.e., perhaps the final element /toto:nka/ should be fused or
compounded to /yeyekatl/
\mod For all /yeyekameh/ determine the complete characteristics.
\semref yeyekatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00282
\lxam tlakukuwilia
\lxam_c notlakukuwilia
\lxoa tla:kowilia
\lxoa_cpend notla:kowilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Reduced rdp-s* (prev-s)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to hurt oneself again where one is already sore or hurt
\sense_s (refl.) lastimarse o volverse a lastimar por donde ya estáadolorido o lastimado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:nimotlakukuwilih san newa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I hurt myself again (where I has already hurt, sore, or injured) all by myself.
\phrase_s Me volvía lastimar (donde ya estaba lastimado o adolorido) yo solo.
\root kowa
\qry Check whether form without /tla-/ is acceptable, e.g, /o:nimokukowilih ka:n o:niwets/, etc. If it is add definition to entry 454. And if it is not acceptable, then also add a comment to
this entry.
\qry Check whether /o:nimotlakukowilih/ 'I bought many things for myself (from the verb /kowa/) is homophonous with /o:nimotlakukowilih/ 'I reinjured myself (i.e., hurt myself where it
was already sore or hurt).
\qry_fon There seems to be a mistake in the elicitation. Both Florencia and Inocencio Jiménez give /notlá:kowília/; my understanding is that this is the reduplicated form of /kowilia/.
Thus the tokens here should be tagged with ref. 1858 but they should not be linked. I will need to check with speakers whether /notlá:kowília/ is indeed the reduplicated
form of /kowilia/ with nonspecific secondary object
\vl The elicited forms here are in error. The pronunciation is /notlá:kowília/, with pitch accented 2nd and 4th syllables.
\ref 00283
\lxam tlatlastale:wi
\lxam_c tlatlastale:wi
\lxoa tlatlastale:wi
\lxoa_c tlatlastale:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become pale
\sense_s ponerse o quedarse pálido
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:tlatlastale:w, xok ma:s kipia iyesio.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's already become pale, he doesn't have any color (complexion) left.
\phrase_s Ya se puso pálido, ya no tiene tez.
\phrase_n Tlatlastale:wi, o:kwalo:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's palid, he got sick.
\phrase_s Estápálido (se pone pálido), se enfermó.
\semfld color
\root sta
\nae The etymology of tlatlastale:wi is uncertain. Molina gives tlaztaleualli 'color encarnado o rosado' along with tlaztalia. ni 'dar lustre blanco, o
emblanquecer alguo, o hazerse cano o encanecer.' Though the two forms seem etymologically related, their definitions are very disparate. A similar difference is apparent in Molina's
tlaztalilli 'cosa emblanquecida assi' and tlaztallotl 'resplandor de claridad o del alva.' It would seem that the common element in all these definitions is that of 'to
lighten' or 'to become pale.' In the morning this 'becoming pale' translates into the dawn, and hence perhaps the glossing of tlaztaleualli as 'color encarnado o rosado.' The
signification of 'paleness' is appropriate to this term in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl. Thus it seems quite likely that etymologically tlastale:wi is related to istatl
'salt' in a way similar to istá:k 'white.' This interpretation is further evidenced by Molina's tlaztauiliztli'el acto de salar alguna cosa' and tlaztauilli
'cosa salada aposta.' Whether or not the stem is reduplicated or not is not entirely clear; the absence of pitch-accent in Oapan, however, strongly suggests that there is no {h} in the
underlying form (i.e., *{tlahtlastale:wi}), though it is not clear if the first tla- syllable is a reduplicant or a prefixed tla-, which is occasionally used to indicate
that a verbal event affects an entire body (e.g., tlatlata , tlawi:teki , and a few other similar forms). Finally, note that the form * tlastale:wi
has not been documented; the same is true of * tlatlastaliwi.
\qry Check to determine whether unreduplicated form exists: ?/tlastale:wi/. Also check for other derivations. Check also for ?/tlatlastaliwi/.
\qry_h tlatlastale:wi
\ref 00284
\lxam chi:wa
\lxam_c kichi:wa
\lxoa chi:wa
\lxoa_c kichi:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to do (in the sense of fulfill an obligation, complete a task, etc.)
\sense_s hacer (en el sentido de cumplir con una obligación, llevar a cabo una tarea, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nikchi:was un tekitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will do that job.
\phrase_s Voy a hacer ese trabajo.
\phrase_n I:tekiw nochi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's bound to get done.
\phrase_s De por síse va a hacer (o, llevar a cabo).
\sense_e (refl.) to act dumb; to play the fool; to pretend or feign ignorance; to put on an act (in order to deceive, not have to do a job, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) hacerse (el tonto; esto es, una persona que finge ignorancia, que no sabe algo, etc.); fingir
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n San timochi:wa. Xmilá:k!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are just putting on an act. It's not true!
\phrase_s Solamente te estás haciendo.¡No es verdad!
\phrase_n O:nimochi:w para ma pipi:na:wi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I acted dumb (in this case pretending not to hear sb's calls to me) so that he would be embarrassed.
\phrase_s Me hice el tonto (en este caso no contestando a una persona cuando llamaba) para que tuviera vergüenza.
\sense_e (-pan with refl.) to happen to (a person [Poss. of -pan])
\sense_s (-pan con refl.) sucederle a; acaecerle a (una persona [Pos. de -pan])
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xo:nikwelitak tli:n mopan o:nochi:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I didn't like what happened to you (i.e. something bad).
\phrase_s No me gustólo que te pasó(algo malo).
\sense_e ([adj. or noun] with refl.) to become; to convert into ([adjective or noun])
\sense_s ([adj. o sustantivo con refl.) hacerse; llegar a ser; convertirse en ([adjectivo o sustantivo])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n We:i wa:lnochi:was motomi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your money will buy a lot more (be worth a lot more) here.
\phrase_s Tu dinero se va a valer más (hacerse"grande") acá.
\sense_e (~ wa:xin) to made a fool out of
\sense_s (~ wa:xin) hacerle guaje a; hacerle parecer tonto a (algn)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:tine:xchi:w wa:xin, xmlá:k tli:n o:tine:chihlih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You made a fool out of me, it wasn't true what you said to me.
\phrase_s Me hiciste guaje, no fue verdad lo que me dijiste.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to make; to produce; to fabricate
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer (un producto); producir; fabricar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nikchichi:was a:to:hli -=na:to:lchi:was-.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will make atole.
\phrase_s Voy a hacer atole.
\phrase_n Kí:chí:was semi:tah.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He is going to make semita(a type of bread made in Oapan).
\phrase_s Va a hacer semita (un tipo de pan hecho en Oapan).
\root chi:wa
\nse The reflexive and idiomatic use of nochi:wa is probably a borrowed calque from Spanish, e.g. 'no te hagas'. Likewise the idiomatic expression hacerle guaje a
alguien 'to make a fool of somone' is also found in Spanish, though the direction of borrowing is not entirely clear. Often chichi:wa seems to be a virtual
equivalent of e:kchi:wa. However, there may be a slight but important difference: Chichi:wa is used more to refer to household or petty production
whereas e:kchi:wa to a village industry: I:pan un kahli kichichi:wan ke:soh 'In that house they make cheese'; cf. Ne: San Jua:n ke:kchi:wan
ke:soh , 'There in San Juan they produce cheese.' In addition chichi:wa refers to rather small items that are fashioned with ones hands, whereas
e:kchi:wa refers more to larger objects that are assembled or put together, e.g., ke:kchi:was i:kal 'he will make (build) his house.' However, the distinc
tion between the tw o verb forms needs further research.
\disamb e:kchi:wa; chichi:wa
\qry Check the correctness of /nikchi:was a:to:hli/ vs. /nikchichi:was a:to:hli/. Also, cf. these to /na:to:lchi:was/. In general determine whether /chi:wa/ can be used in the sense of the
manufacture or make, or whether the reduplicated form is necessary for that. Check a phrase (for predication) such as nimochi:was tiopixki; cf. Classical, e.g., RS: nimochiua
\grm Note the following use of a directional and the reference point in the future: /We:i wa:lnochi:was motomin/ 'Your money will buy a lot more (be worth a lot more) here.'
\semref kichi:was
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref chi:wilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref chi:waltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlachi:wa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tlá:chí:wa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\ref 00285
\lxam pipitska
\lxam_c pipitska
\lxoa pipitska
\lxoa_c pipitska
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to squeak lightly (sth new and not broken in such as shoes, or a lasso rubbing against leather, a door hinge that needs oil, etc.)
\sense_s rechinar (algo nuevo como zapatos, o una riata que se frota contra cuero, un bisnagra a que le falta aciete, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wa:lpipitskatiw un la:soh. Ye:nkwik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That rope is making a squeaking sound as it comes along (in this case a rope tied tight around a load of firewood). It is new.
\phrase_s Esa soga viene rechinando, haciendo un ruido agudo (en este caso un laso atado a una carga de leña). Es nueva.
\phrase_n Pipitska motlapech kwa:k timote:ka, me:dioh kaxa:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your bed squeaks when you lie down, it's a little loose.
\phrase_s Rechina tu cama cuando te acuestas, estáalgo flojo.
\sense_e to make a low-pitched whining sound (a child); to make small, squeaking sounds (e.g., people playing, such as newlyweds touching and tickling each other)
\sense_s gemir ligeramente (un niño); hacer ruidos ligeros (personas jugando, como novios recién casados que se dan cosquillas jugando)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xkonta un mokone:tsi:n, yo:isak! Yo:pe:w pipitska, yo:pe:w cho:cho:ka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take a look over at your little baby, he's woken up! He's started to make a low whining sound (as if complaining), he's started to cry lightly.
\phrase_s ¡Ve alláa tu hijito, ya se despertó! Ya empezóa gemir (como quejándose), ya empezóa llorar esporádicamente.
\sense_e to squeak; to squeal (e.g., a mouse, a tejon,or other similar small animals)
\sense_s chillar (p. ej., un ratoncito, tejón u otros animales asíde pequeños)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to hiss (a snake)
\sense_s sisear (una culebra)
\sense_d Pending
\root pits
\ncol tlapextli
\ncol ko:chin kwa:k xok yenkwik ireso:rtes
\ncol kowatl
\ncol kimichin
\nae Pipitska refers to the shrill and high-pitched sounds made by certain animals, including humans. Many frequentative words (e.g., tsotsomoka ,
tsitsilka , etc.) refer to sounds are are transparently derived from verbs ending in a long vowel followed by -ni (e.g., tsomo:ni ,
tsili:ni , etc.). Pipitska (like nanalka) does not obviously have such a derivation though it might be related to pitsi:ni and
other word with the root pitsthat seems to indicate small, thin, objects. The verb pitsi:ni refers to a very fine crack, fissure, or small opening in
something such as an eggshell, and might be related to pipitska. Moreover, the fact that the transitive is pipitski:tia and not * pipistsasuggests
that pipitska is not the result of the same derivational process as tsotsomoka , tsitsilka , etc.
\qry Recheck whether"hiss"is also adequate, i.e., whether snakes too can be subjects of /pipitska/. Check all potential subjects.
\xref pipitski:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00286
\lxam tlalowa
\lxam_c notlalowa
\lxoa tlalowa
\lxoa_c notlalowa
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1(refl/only)
\der V2-refl[ca]
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) to run (an animate [S])
\sense_s (refl.) correr (un ser animado [S])
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Timotlatlalo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are going to run (stopping occasionally and resting, or walking and then running, etc.).
\phrase_s Vas a correr (parándose ocasionalmente para descansar, o corriendo para después caminar un rato, etc.)
\phrase_n Timotla:tlalo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are going to run back and forth (e.g., when chasing or following sth, such as an animal that one is trying to catch, or when playing a sport such as basketball, etc.).
\phrase_s Vas a correr de un lado a otro (p. ej., al estar persiguiendo algo, como un animal que uno estátratando de agarrar, o al estar jugando un deporte como el basketbol,
etc.).
\phrase_n O:wa:lnotlalote:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He headed out and started running this way.
\phrase_s Salióy vino corriendo hacia acá.
\sense_e to flow (e.g., water in a stream); to flow down (a liquid on a surface, often indicated obliquely with i:pan)
\sense_s fluir (p. ej., el agua de un arroyo); escurrir (un líquido por una superficie, indicado a menudo como oblicua con i:pan)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Notlalotok a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The water is flowing (i.e., not stagnant).
\phrase_s El agua estácorriendo (esto es, no estáestancada).
\phrase_n O:pe:w notlatlaowa. O:poso:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's started to run down (in this case water down the side of a pot). It came to a boil.
\phrase_s Ya empezó a escurrir (en este caso agua por el exterior de una olla). Ya hirvió.
\phrase_n Nika:n kalaki a:tl, o:tlapa:n te:jah. O:pe:w notlatlalowa ipan mori:yoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Water gets in here, some tejas have broken. It (water) has started to run down along the beams.
\phrase_s Entra el agua, algunas tejas se rompieron. El agua ha empezado a esucrrir sobre los morillos.
\sense_e (refl.) to run or mess around (particularly a young girl [S], in the sense of having a lot of boyfriends or having sex)
\sense_s (refl.) andar con adolescentes del sexo contrario (particularmente una muchacha [S] que tiene varios novios o tener relaciones sexuales)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w notlalowa ichpokawah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The young girl has started to mess around.
\phrase_s La muchacha ya empezóa andar con chavos.
\phrase_n Kwa:kon, pe:wa notlalowan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's at that time (that age) that they start to mess around (in this case in reference to adolescent boys who begin to run after girls).
\phrase_s Es cuando (es la edad cuando) empiezan a andar (en referencia a muchachos que empiezan a andar con muchachas).
\sense_e (refl.) to take off (i.e., to start out on a particular path or activity)
\sense_s (refl.) agarrar el camino (esto es, en el sentido de empezar a"correr"con una actividad en particular)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w kone:wati. Yo:pe:w notlalowa, yo:xo:tlak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She has started to have children (in this case after ten years of not giving birth). She has taken off, she has gotten on a roll.
\phrase_s Ya empezóa tener niños (en este caso después de diez años de no haber concebido). Ya agarrósu camino (con tener niños), ya va a toda máquina.
\sense_e (refl. with long vowel reduplication) to run quickly
\sense_s (refl. con reduplicación de vocal larga) correr rápido
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San xmotla:tlalo!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just run (there) fast (and hurry back)!
\phrase_s ¡Córrele rápido (y regresa rápido)!
\sense_e (as a transitive with a specific object) to run down on (a liquid on a surface)
\sense_s (como verbo transitivo con un prefijo específico) escurrir sobre (un líquido sobre una superficie)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pe:w kitlatlalowa, yo:pexo:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's started to run down it (e.g., the side of a bucket), it got filled to the brim.
\phrase_s Empezóa escurrirle (p. ej., al lado exterior de una cubeta), se llenóhasta el tope.
\sense_e (refl. with first long and then short vowel reduplication) to run all over the place (particularly a young active child, or an animal)
\sense_s (refl. con reduplicación primera de vocal larga y después de vocal corta) correr por todos lados, sin seguir un solo camino (particularmente un niño o un animal)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Ma:ka san xmó:tla:tlálotíw i:joh!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Don't go running all over the place my child!
\phrase_s ¡No vayas corriendo por todos lados mi hijo!
\semfld motion
\root tlal
\nse In the sense of 'to mess around' (i.e., to have many sexual partners of the opposite sex) it is used figuratively, most often with adolescent girls as the subject although also, as one
example shows, with boys. Finally, note that although almost all documented used of tlalowa are reflexive, one case was noted of a transitive use O:pe:w
kitlatlalowa, yo:pexo:n in which the object references the surface over which a liquid flowed. This might well have been a very idiosyncratic use; it is not elsewhere
documented.
\nae The etymology of tlalowa is not clear; it is one of the few underived intransitive verbs ending in -owa (cf. cholowa).
\qry Note that although almost all documented used of tlalowa are reflexive, one case was noted of a transitive use O:pe:w kitlatlalowa, o:pexo:n in which
the object references the surface over which a liquid flowed. This might well have been a very idiosyncratic use and should be checked.
\grm Reduplication: note that the simple /notlalowa/ means 'he runs.' With reduplication the sense changes, cf. the example sentences: /Timotlatlalo:s/ 'You are going to run
(stopping occasionally and resting, or walking and then running, etc.)' vs. /Timotla:tlalo:s/ 'You are going to run back and forth (e.g., when chasing or following sth, such
as an animal that one is trying to catch, or when playing a sport such as basketball, etc.).' Also note a triple reduplication with the following sense: (refl. with first long and
then short vowel reduplication) to run all over the place (particularly a young active child, or an animal), e.g., Ma:ka san xmó:tla:tlálotíw i:joh! Don't go running all over
the place my child!
\grm Directional; aspectual: Note /O:wa:lnotlalote:w/ 'He headed out and started running toward here' or in Spanish 'Salióy vino corriendo.'
\xref tlalo:xtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00287
\lxam ye:wa
\lxam_c ye:wa
\lxoa ya:wa
\lxoa_c ya:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e (often used in the diminutive) a little while ago
\sense_s (a menudo en el diminutivo) hace poco rato
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ye:wa kwalka:n o:yah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He left a little while ago, in the morning.
\phrase_s Se fue hace poco rato, en la mañana.
\root ye:wa
\nse The diminutive ye:watsi:n indicates that a slightly shorter period of time has passed since the point of temporal reference. The reduplicated form has not been
documented.
\qry Get better examples of the use of this word and more precisely determine its meaning and part of speech.
\ref 00288
\lxam tetamahli
\lxam_c tetamahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of small, round tamal made of one piece of tixtli and wrapped in a corn husk, to:tomoxtli , as opposed to corn leaves
(iswatamahli), as are other types of tamals
\sense_s tipo de tamal pequeño y redondo, de una sola bola de masa, envuelto en un to:tomoxtli y no en hojas de maíz (iswatamahli) como los demás
tamales
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tetamahli, san bobo:lah, kitla:lian ika to:tomo:xtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tetamahli , it is just a big ball (of tixtli), they place it (in the pot to cook) in a corn husk.
\phrase_s El tetamahli , es nada más una bola (de tixtli), la ponen (en una olla, envuelto) con totomoxtle.
\semfld food
\root te
\root tamal
\disamb hypo tamahli
\qry See entry under /tamahli/. Check to make sure possessed form is OK.
\semref tatamahli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00289
\lxam kixtia:noh
\lxam_c kixtia:noh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan cristiano
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e foreigner; gringo; person who speaks a non-indigenous language
\sense_s extraño; gringo; persona que habla una lengua no indígena; güero
\sense_d Am
\nse This borrowing from the Spanish cristiano was lexicalized at an early stage, not only acquiring the phonology of Nahuatl at that time (hence the loss of /r/), but also the
meaning of cristiano as a foreigner, i.e., the Spanish invaders, who were the only Christians at the time. A subsequent borrowing, kristia:noh , was closer
to the Spanish not only in phonology, but in meaning, as 'human,' i.e., non-pagan.
\nde Oapan only has the borrowing kri:stia:noh.
\semref kristia:noh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00290
\lxam nakastila:na
\lxam_c kinakastila:na
\lxoa nakastila:na
\lxoa_c kinakastila:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to pull on the ears of (a person or animal)
\sense_s jalarle las orejas a (una persona o animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka a:sta ihkón xne:chnakastitila:na!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't pull my ears like that (e.g., said by a child, complaining to a mother scolding him)!
\phrase_s ¡No me jales asílas orejas (p. ej., dicho por un niño quejándose a su mamáquien le estaba regañando)!
\root nakas
\root tila:na
\qry As in other cases, determine if short vowel reduplication is a reflection of either repetitive action or multiple places (i.e., both ears). Can this occur with long vowel reduplication? If
so, check for Oapan reduplication reduction.
\semref nakasmomotsowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref nakaste:motsowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00291
\lxam wetski:tia
\lxam_c kwetski:tia
\lxoa wetski:tia
\lxoa_c kiwetski:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make or cause to laugh (e.g., with a story or joke, by tickling, etc.)
\sense_s hacer reir (con una broma o cuento, con cosquillas, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ne:chwetski:tia, weli sa:sa:ne:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He makes me laugh, he knows riddles.
\phrase_s Me hace reir, sabe adivinanzas.
\root wetska
\ref 00292
\lxam moxpachiwtok
\lxam_c moxpachiwtok
\lxoa moxpachihtok
\lxoa_c moxpachihtok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\compound N-Stat
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be covered by clouds (the sun, moon, stars, etc.)
\sense_s estar tapado por las nubes (el sol, la luna, las estrellas, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Moxpachiwtoya to:nahli. A:man yo:chaya:w moxtli, yo:to:natiak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sun was covered by clouds. Now the clouds have dispersed, the sun has come out and shone.
\phrase_s El sol estaba tapado por nubes, ahora se han dispersado las nubes, ya se hizo sol.
\phrase_n Moxpachiwtoya me:stli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The moon was covered by clouds.
\phrase_s La luna estaba tapada por las nubes.
\root mox
\root pach
\nse Check to determine whether the intransitive actually does exist (if not, remove the entry for it), and whether the transitive also exists.
\semref moxte:ntok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00293
\lxam we:i
\lxam_c we:i
\lxoa we:i
\lxoa_c we:i
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-b
\trans Compl
\infa pl. we:imeh
\sense_e big (in size)
\sense_s grande (en tamaño)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kwe:xtik xkwilo, ma:ka uwe:i!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Write it in small letters, not big ones!
\phrase_s ¡Escríbelo en letra chiquita, no grande!
\sense_e to be a lot of; to be much (with mass nouns)
\sense_s haber mucho; ser mucho (con sustantivos no contables)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n We:i a:tl, chika:wak o:kiaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The river is swollen (lit., 'there is much water'), it rained hard.
\phrase_s El río estácrecido (lit., 'hay mucha agua'), lloviófuerte.
\phrase_n We:i xa:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is a lot of sand.
\phrase_s Hay mucha arena.
\phrase_n Titsi:nto:ne:wtos, we:i o:tkwah chi:hli
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your anus will be burning, you ate a lot of chile.
\phrase_s Tu ano va a estar ardiendo, comiste mucho chile.
\sense_e many
\sense_s muchos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Me:roh yewa na:ntli, ke:n we:i ki:sa ikone:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That very one is the mother (e.g., of my animals: pigs, burros, etc.). She bears a lot of children.
\phrase_s Esa mera es la mamá(p. ej., de mis animales: burros, marranos, etc.). Le salen muchos niños.
\sense_e (san se: ~) all at once
\sense_s (san se: ~) todo junto; todo de una vez
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n pa:mpa deke tiktsono:kili:s, deke tikte:kili:s san se: we:i, kwa:kon sila:ntroh pachiwi, chapa:ni ipan tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e because if you dump water on it, if you pour water on it all at once, then the corriander will get plastered, it will fall flat along the ground.
\phrase_s porque si le echas un chorro de agua, si le tiras agua todo de una vez, entonces el cilantro se va a apachurrar, se va a quedar tirado sobre el suelo.
\ncol tepostli
\ncol chichi
\nse The use of we:i with nouns needs to be further investigated. Although we:i xahli is documented in the corpus from Ameyaltepec, Florencia Marcelino,
a consultant from Oapan, corrected me once when I was referring to the amount of sand needed in house construction, from we:i xahli to miék xahli,
commenting in effect that the grains of sand are countable. Note also that the corpus contains the phrase Me:roh yewa na:ntli, ke:n we:i ki:sa i:kone:wa:n although this
might well be an idiosyncratic use, with miák in this context much more likely.
\nae According to Cristino Flores, the plural of we:i chichi could be either tiuwe:i chichimeh or tiuwe:imeh chichimeh. This suggests that the
subject prefix (in this case ti-) is perhaps best analyzed as a clitic.
\grm Predication: According to Cristino Flores, the plural of we:i chichi could be either tiuwe:i chichimeh or tiuwe:imeh chichimeh.
\grm Pitch accent; Note that the diminutive in Oapan is pitch accented: wéitsí:n. This suggests an underlying /h/. The /h/ is heard in Ahuelicán /tlawé:ihtsí:n/ and in Totolcintla:
we:ihtsi:n, and cf. also se:ntehtsi:n.
\qry On DT 1:039 I have /achi we:i/, which I translate as 'It's a little bigger.' Check this. I also have as a similar phrase and interpretation under /weka/ as /achi weka/ 'It is a little further
away.' This has been given as an illustrative phrase and should also be checked. Establish when one uses /uwe:i/ and when /we:imeh/.
\ref 00294
\lxam komisaria:doh
\lxam_c komisaria:doh
\lxoa komisaria:doh
\lxoa_c komisaria:doh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan comisariado
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e the principal ejido or communal land authority
\sense_s el comisariado ejidal o comunal
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e the ejido or communal land commission in its entirety
\sense_s la comisión ejidal o comunal entero
\sense_d Am, Oa
\ency_note officials
\nse Depending on the land structure of the village, the term komisaria:doh can refer either to the president of the comisariado ejidal or to the
representante de bienes comunales. In an extended usage it may refer to the entire comisariado(effectively a board of officials) and not just the president.
In Ameyaltepec in total there are 12 members of the comisariado ejidal..
\mod Give all officials of a village and their responsibilities.
\vl Check vowel length of /sar/.
\ref 00295
\lxam tla:ltekwi:lo
\lxam_c tla:ltekwi:lo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-pas
\infv class-4a(pass)
\sense_e to get covered with dust (e.g., clothes, blankets, a table surface, etc.)
\sense_s cubrirse de polvo (p. ej., ropa, cobijas, la superficie de una mesa, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Mlá:k yo:tla:ltekwi:lo:k, yo:weka:w xnotsetselowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It really got covered with dust, it hasn't been shaken out for a long time.
\phrase_s Se cubrióde mucho polvo, ya hace mucho que no se sacude.
\phrase_n O:nokwiste:w tla:ltekwtli. Xkalakti motlake:n, tla:mo tla:ltekwi:lo:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The dust has become stirred up (e.g., with the wind). Take your clothes in (to the house), if you don't they'll get covered with dust!
\phrase_s El polvo se ha empezado a levantar (p. ej., con el viento).¡Mete tu ropa (en la casa), si no (lo haces) se van a cubrir de polvo!
\root tla:l
\root tekw
\nde Apparently tla:ltekwi:lo is the same as, or the virtual equivalent of, tla:ltekwyowa. However, both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez rejected
the former as used in Oapan. Another similarly constructed word, a:skawi:lo was spontaneously uttered by an Ameyaltepec speaker (Inocencio Díaz) in reference to
a petate and cactus-rod bed that were being covered by ants. Here too Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez both refused to accept the passive formation and instead gave
a:skayowa as haing the same meaning.
\qry Check spelling/pronuncation of /tla:ltekwyowa/; perhpas it should be /tla:ltekyowa/, as I had it in my original notes.
\semref tla:ltekwyowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tla:ltehyowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00296
\lxam petsowa
\lxam_c kipetsowa
\lxoa petsowa
\lxoa_c kipetsowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi[e]
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to polish (e.g., ceramics, or other material objects that initially have a rough surface)
\sense_s pulir (p. ej., cerámica, u otros objetos que inicialmente tienen una superficieáspera)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to smooth over; to level (e.g., a surface that has bumps on it, such as a portion of a dirt floor)
\sense_s alisar; nivelar (p. ej., una superficie no plana, como parte de un piso de tierra con mucho topes)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:kipetsokeh a:wilkorral, ye tla:wilti:lo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They leveled the ground of the bullring, there will be a rodeo soon.
\phrase_s Nivelaron la tierra de la rueda de toros, pronto va a haber un jaripeo.
\sense_e to plane (wood)
\sense_s cepillar (madera)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to iron (clothes)
\sense_s planchar (ropa)
\sense_d Pending
\root pets
\xref petsowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 00297
\lxam neko:xtli
\lxam_c neko:xtli
\lxoa neko:xtli
\lxoa_c neko:xtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e crossbeam placed under heavy objects, such as large logs, two or more of which are used to enable several people to jointly carry the object
\sense_s travesano colocado abajo de un objeto pesado, como un tronco grande; dos o más de estos neko:xtli se utilizan para facilitar que varias personas puedan
cargar el objeto
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e rivet used to join the kabe:sas Am / kaltlama:stliOa of a thatched roof hut together (also called a kalneko:xtli)
\sense_s remache utilizado para rematar y juntar las kabe:sas Am / kaltlama:stliOa de una casa de palma (también llamado
kalneko:xtli)
\sense_d Pending
\root neko:ch
\nse Thos who hold each end of a neko:xtli are called tlama:makeh , even though they might not necessarily carry the weight on their backs or shoulders.
\qry Check both possession possibilities: /noneko:ch/ and /i:neko:chyo/.
\ilus_note See illustration with original 3x5 filecard.
\vl Check vowel length.
\semref kalneko:xtli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00298
\lxam se:xtli
\lxam_c se:xtli
\lxoa se:xtli
\lxoa_c se:xtli
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N
\infn N1
\pss Adv(tm)
\compound Num-N
\der N-b
\sense_e one year from (from a particular deictic reference point, either in the past or present as determined by the absence or presence of ye or by the tense/aspect
of the verb)
\sense_s un año desde (un punto de referencia en particular, determinado por la ausencia o presencia de ye o por el tiempo/aspecto verbal)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:kitlako:loh itla:l, se:xtli kito:kas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's already cleared his land, next year he will plant it.
\phrase_s Ya desmontósu terreno, el año que viene lo va a sembrar.
\phrase_n I se:xtli o:nikitak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I saw him a year ago.
\phrase_s Lo vi hace un año.
\phrase_n Ye se:xtli xo:ki:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It didn't yield (i.e., a poor harvest) last year.
\phrase_s Hace un año no rindió(p. ej., un cosecha pobre).
\root se:
\root xiw
\nse As with wi:ptla (cf. wi:ptla and ye wi:ptla), se:xtli can indicate a time either in the past or in the future, often simply
depending on the verb tense (though the adverbial ye or i can also change the deixis involved). Thus one may find both se:xtli niá:s 'I will go in
a year' and se:xtli o:niah 'I went last year.' Note that unlike xihpan , se:xtli indicates temporal distance from a particular point, not
duration.
\nae Apparently se:xtli is a shortened form of se: xiwtli , with a particular, lexicalized meaning. Syntactically it functions as a predicate modifier, indicating
the time that something will get done.
\qry Determine how to categorize this word, as noun or adverb. Note same with /mo:stla/, etc.
\grm Adverbs of time: Note that in many cases the same adverb is use for both a future and past reference from the present. In many cases the difference is indicated by the
adverbial /ye/. Thus /wi:ptla/ is 'the day after tomorrow' and /ye wi:ptla/ is 'the day before yesterday.' However, /ye/ is only one manner of indicating a forward or backward
looking time frame from a present point of reference. The tense/aspect of the predicate verb is also a mechanism for shifting deixis. Thus note: /Se:xtli xo:ki:s/ 'it didn't yield
last year (i.e., last year was a poor harvest)' whereas /Se:xtli ki:sas/ indicates 'next year there will be a good harvest.'
\semref se:se:xpan
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00299
\lxam i:xpapa:ya:tl
\lxam_c i:xpapa:ya:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e see i:xpapa:ya:tsi:n
\sense_s véase i:xpapa:ya:tsi:n
\sense_d Am
\root i:x
\root paya:
\ref 00300
\mod This used to be /elpo:tsaltia/ as an alternate pronunciation of /ilpo:tsaltia/.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\ref 00301
\lxam wa:le:wi:tia
\lxam_c kwa:le:wi:tia
\lxoa wa:le:wi:tia
\lxoa_c kwa:le:wi:tia
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Dir-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to bring here (i.e., toward a deictic reference point)
\sense_s traer hacia acá(esto es, hacia un punto de referencia deíctica)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n X'wa:le:wi:ti notlayo:l!
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00301_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 33:10
\phrase_e Bring my maize here!
\phrase_s ¡Trae mi maíz hacia acá!
\semfld motion
\root e:wa
\disamb wa:le:wi:tia; wa:le:wiltia (check vowel length).
\qry Check to make sure this is correct and compare to meaning of the other form /wa:le:wiltia/. If the same enter as synonym.
\semref wa:le:wi:ltia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\xref wa:le:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 00302
\lxam tsi:npa:chichi:na
\lxam_c kitsi:npa:chichi:na
\lxoa tsi:npa:chi:na
\lxoa_c kitsi:npa:chi:na
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s-
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to suck the liquid from the bottom of (e.g., a plucked sweet flower)
\sense_s chupar el líquido de la parte inferior de (p. ej., una flor)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kitsi:npa:chichi:nan mi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They chew and suck the juice from the bottom of the maize flowers.
\phrase_s Mastican y chupan el jugo de las partes inferiores de las flores de maíz.
\phrase_n Kitsi:npa:chichi:na ipan itiyo:ltsi:n mi:hli kwilin noso kwe:tlan, wa:n wa:ki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Worms or kwe:tlan suck liquid from the bottom of the maize flower's stamen, and the plant then dries up.
\phrase_s Gusanos o kwe:tlan chupan el líquido de la parte inferior del estambre de la flor del maíz, que entonces se seca.
\root tsi:n
\root pa:
\root chi:na
\nde Molina has pachichina. nitla 'chupar alguna cosa' but no compounded form; Tetelcingo has the pa:lchichi:na as 'chupar.'
\qry Check whether in the example sentence the reference is from the bottom of the maize plant or the maize flower.
\ref 00303
\lxam sahki
\lxam_alt saihki
\lxam_c sahki
\lxoa sahki
\lxoa_c sahki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-manner
\compound Adv-Adv
\der Adv-man
\sense_e without reason (i.e., without wanting to elaborate further)
\sense_s asínada más; sin ninguna razón en particular
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n A: Tle:ka ihkón tike:kchi:wa? B: Sahki, pa:mpa ihkón o:niknekilih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A: Why do you do (i.e., fix or make) it that way? B: No reason in particular, it's just because that's the way I wanted it.
\phrase_s A:¿Por quélo haces (esto es, fabricas) así? B: Asínomás, solamente porque asíle quise hacer.
\phrase_n A:man in to:nahli tio:tlak notsakwas tlato:hli, notla:li:s kamanon tlai:lo:s, tla: ika mú:sikah noso tla: sahki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Today this day, in the afternoon, an agreement will be reached (in regard to a marriage ceremony), it will be determined when the fiesta will be, if with musicians or just
simply that way (i.e., without any trimmings).
\phrase_s Hoy en este día, en la tarde, se va a llegar a un acuerdo, se va a decidir cuando va a ser la fiesta de la boda, si serácon música o solamente así(sencillo sin mucho
alarde).
\root san
\root iw
\nse Sahki is often used almost as an interjection, indicating that the speaker is not inclined to give further reasons for a particular attitude or action. For example, if asked
for his reason in doing something in particular a man might respond simply Sahki! meaning, 'That's just the way it is!' 'For no good reason!' etc. Thus a conversation
might be: A: Tle:ka xtiá:s ; B: Sahki! , i.e., 'Why aren't you going to go? B: Just because! The term sahki should be distinguished from
sa:hki. The former is used when speaker wishes to end the conversation and give no further reason. It is equivalent to 'That's the way it is!' or, in Spanish, '¡Asínada
más!' The term sa:hki indicates a reduced state of wealth, health, etc. Thus one may say, Sa:hki o:noka:w, xokitlah weli 'He just wound up like that
(i.e., impoverished or of poor health), he can't do anything anymore.'
\nae Sayhki is apparently derived from san + ihki (and not sa: + ihki).
\qry Check to determine whether the pronunciation ?/sahki/ is also correct. I believe that I may have annotated it wrong in my original filecards.
\semref sa:hki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00304
\lxam kwa:mama:choh
\lxam_c kwa:mama:choh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) macho
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-loan
\lexical Lex. rdp-s; Op. te- : kwa:temama:choh
\sense_e to be long-haired (in reference to men only)
\sense_s ser mechudo; ser greñudo; tener el pelo largo (en referencia solamente a hombres)
\sense_d Am
\root kwa:
\qry The etymology of this is uncertain, though it is apparently a loan. Apparently it only applied to men, not women. This should be checked. Thus, check to see if gender can or is
marked. Also check change in meaning with intensifier. Finally, determine whether a special category should be made for partial loans. Also, cf. this to other things like
/kwa:we:weyak/, etc.
\ref 00305
\lxam poye:ya
\lxam_c poye:ya
\lxoa poye:ya
\lxoa_c poye:ya
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to become salty (a food or drink)
\sense_s ponerse o quedarse salado (una comida o bebida)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root poye:
\qry Check vowel length. I have in my notes recorded it once with a short and once with a long vowel.
\ref 00306
\lxam we:wentsi:n
\lxam_c we:wentsi:n
\lxoa we:wentsi:n
\lxoa_c we:wentsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1/2; Aln
\sense_e old man
\sense_s anciano; hombre viejo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye tiwe:wentsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You're already an old man.
\phrase_s Ya eres un hombre viejo.
\sense_e (poss.) husband
\sense_s (pos.) esposo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mo:stla yekos nowe:wentsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My husband will arrive here tomorrow.
\phrase_s Mañana aquíllega mi esposo.
\root we:we
\qry Note that I originally had the vowel lf the second syllable marked short. I had changed this but after an acoustic analysis of Oa Nahuatl have changed back. CHeck with all entries.
\ref 00307
\mod This used to be the entry for /ye:skah/ but it appears that this was incorrect and the correct term is /ye:skatl/
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\ref 00308
\lxam kwa:tetepoloti
\lxam_c kwa:tetepoloti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-ti
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to become barren on the top branches or stem (a plant or tree)
\sense_s quedarse desprovisto de ramas en la copa o parte superior (una planta oárbol)
\sense_d Am
\fla kwa:tetepolowa
\root kwa:
\root tepol
\qry Unfortunately in revising this dictionary I found only a headword here; there was no definition or example sentences. I added what I thought would be corrected based on cognate
forms, but this should be checked. Perhaps this entry should be removed. Check the discussion with CF
\ref 00309
\lxam tlawe:ltia
\lxam_c notlawe:ltia
\lxoa tlawe:ltia
\lxoa_c notlawe:ltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia[refl]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to work oneself up into a fit; to get furious
\sense_s (refl.) hacer berrinche; encolerizarse; agitarse mucho
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n San notemimilowa, o:notlawe:ltih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's just thrashing about on the ground (i.e. rolling back and forth), he put himsefl into a fit.
\phrase_s Nada más se estárevolcando en el suelo, estáhaciendo berrinche.
\root tlawe:l
\ref 00310
\lxam pa:lakatechó:n
\lxam_c pa:lakatechó:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-uncl
\infn N1
\sense_e ring of of children who spin around
\sense_s rueda de niños que dan vuelta fuerte y rápidamente
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ma tiktla:li:ka:n pa:lakatechón!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let's form a ring that spins around and around!
\phrase_s ¡Vamos a hacer una rueda que da vueltas y vueltas!
\root pa:lakach
\nae Pa:lakatechon refers to the ring that playing children form, each child holding the hands of the two others on each side, with the entire group spinning around as
in"ring-around-the-rosy." Pa:lakatechon is clearly related to the verbal stem pa:lakach, which has a clear sense of circling around or spinning (e.g.,
i:xpa:lakachiwi and kwa:pa:lakaxtli). Yet the derivational process is not clear since the relationship between a root pa:lakachand
the entry form pa:lakatechon is not clear (e.g., whether -chon is some sort of suffix or whether, perhaps, -te- has somehow become
infixed into the root. It might also be the case that the root is in effect simply pa:laka and the /ch/ of forms such as pa:lakachiwi related to some other element.
If this were true, then the entire sequence -techon of palakatechon might be a semantic unit of some sort.
\qry The word or stem palaka(ch) might relate to malaka as in malakatl. Note that my original filecard entry has a short vowel
/palakatechon/ but I have changed the first /a:/ to a long vowel given the probable etymology. This should be checked. Check also stress pattern.
\qry_fon Check first and final vowels of /pa:lakatechón/.
\ref 00311
\lxam ikwitlaxkol dia:bloh
\lxam_c ikwitlaxkol dia:bloh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) diablo
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e type of vine used in tying sesame, still not yet identified
\sense_s tipo de bejucco utilizado para atar ajonjolí, pero todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root kwitlaxkol
\notes_nature The identity of the vine called i:kwitlaxkol dia:bloh has not yet been determined. However, several consultants (Feb. 2001) mentioned that it grows on trees,
hanging straight down from trees: nopilowa i:pan kuhtli. Cristino Flores mentioned that this vine is used for tying bundles of cut sesame. Marcelo Venancio
was not familiar with the name i:kwitlaxkol dia:bloh but did know of the vine, which he said was called simply komekatl. None of the three
consultants in the first botany fieldwork session were familiar with this term.
\ref 00312
\lxam te:i:xpantia
\lxam_c kite:i:xpantia
\lxoa te:i:xpantia
\lxoa_c kite:i:xpantia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to tell on; to complain about (informally, generally before the family of the accused or perhaps even before other members of the community, but not before the judicial
authorities)
\sense_s quejarse de (informalmente, generalmente a la familia del acusado o tal vez hasta con otros miembros de la comunidad presente, pero no frente a las autoridades
judiciales)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Timiste:i:xpanti:s, nikno:tsas motah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to tell on you (e.g., on what you did), I'm going to speak to your father.
\phrase_s Me voy a quejar de tí(p. ej., acerca de algo que hiciste), voy a hablar con tu papá.
\phrase_n Timiste:i:xpanti:s, tikmastok, pa:mpa ke:n timotan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am going to tell (your parents) on you (said by a girl to a boy who was courting her), be sure of that because we are related.
\phrase_s Me voy a quejar (a tus padres) de tí(dicho por una muchacha al muchacho que la estaba cortejando), te das cuenta, porque somos parientes.
\phrase_n Ma:ka itlah tihki:tskili:s! Yewa niman note:i:xpantia tio:pan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't go taking anything from him (e.g, an animal left in the fields to graze)! Right away he goes to the church to complain (i.e., praying to the saints to return what has
been stolen).
\phrase_s ¡No le vayas a agarrar nada (p. ej., un animal dejado suelto en el campo)! Luego luego se va a quejar en la iglesia (esto es, rezando a los santos para que le regresen lo
que es suyo).
\phrase_n Ma:ka xcho:kti, yewa niman note:i:xpantia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't make her cry (in this case said to a man about his wife), right away she complains (i.e., in going to tell her parents).
\phrase_s ¡No le vayas a hacer llorar (en este caso dicho a un hombre acerca de su esposa), luego luego se queja (p. ej., al decirselo a sus papás).
\sense_e (refl.) to come clean; to confess (publically)
\sense_s (refl.) confesar (publicamente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Note:i:xpantia san no: yewa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He came clean all by himself (i.e., voluntarily confessed sth that he had done, e.g., that he had broken sth, he had killed sb else's pig, etc.).
\phrase_s Confesóde su propia cuenta (esto es, voluntariamente confesóalgo que había hecho, p. ej., haber roto algo, matado un marrano ajeno, etc.).
\semfld communicate
\root i:x
\root_rel -pan
\disamb te:ilwia; te:i:xpantia
\nse Whereas te:ilwia refers to a formal, judicial complaint, te:i:xpantia is more of a family or personal complaint.
\grm Negative imperative: /Ma:ka xcho:kti, yewa niman note:i:xpantia/ 'Don't make her cry (in this case said to a man about his wife), right away she complains (e.g., in telling
her parents).' Note sequence /ma:ka x[VERB].
\ref 00313
\lxam tla:tlawtia
\lxam_c kitla:tlawtia
\lxoa tla:tlahtia
\lxoa_c kitla:tlahtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to pity; to show mercy toward
\sense_s sentir lástima para; tener piedad de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tiktla:tlawtia. Tle:ka xtikteuwi:teki, xmistla:kamati, mitsnana:nkilia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You pity him (in this case an insolent child). Why don't you give him a thrashing? he doesn't obey you, he gives you lip.
\phrase_s Le tienes lástima (en este casa a un niño insolente).¿Por quéno le des una paliza? no te obedece, te es insolente.
\phrase_n Ma:ka tiktla:tlawti:s, melá:k xkwi:teki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't show him mercy, really give him a thrashing!
\phrase_s ¡No le vayas a tener piedad, dále una paliza!
\sense_e to beg; to implorar (sb to do sth [ para ma + verb]); to beg (for mercy, foregiveness, etc.)
\sense_s rogarle a; implorar a; suplicar a (algn que haga algo [ para ma + verbo]); rogar (por piedad, perdón, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitla:tlawtia para ma kipale:wi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He begs him to help him.
\phrase_s Le ruega a ayudarlo.
\phrase_n Timistla:tlawtia, Dió:s ikone:w, xne:xtlane:wti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I implore you, child of God, lend it to me!
\phrase_s ¡Te suplico, hijo de Diós, préstamelo!
\sense_e (refl.) to beg foregiveness (e.g., for an evil deed); to plea (for pity, foregiveness, mercy, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) suplicar; rogar; pedir perdón (p. ej., por un mal hecho)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:notla:tlawti:ko notech iwa:n o:niktlapopolwih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He came to beg forgiveness from me and I forgave him.
\phrase_s Vino a pedirme perdón y lo perdoné.
\sense_e (with a directional prefix) to send ones regards to; to send words of concern about to (e.g., the health of sb)
\sense_s (con un prefijo direccional) ofrecerle saludos a; mandar a inquirir sobre (algo, p. ej., la saludo de algn) a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:xtlapalowili:ti, nikontla:tlawtia!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go give him my greetings, I send him my best regards!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a saludarlo de mi parte, le mando mis saludos!
\phrase_n Xkihli Juan nikontla:tlawtia!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tell Juan that I send him my regards!
\phrase_s ¡Díle a Juan que le mando mis saludos!
\phrase_n Mitsa:ltla:tlawtia deke xtikwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He sends words of concern here to inquire whether you are sick.
\phrase_s Manda saludos aquípara inquirir si estás enfermo.
\root tlaw
\disamb tla:tlawtia; tlapalowa
\nse Tla:tlawtia is used to signal a very respectful greeting that is sent over a distance. The direction of the sending is indicated by a directional prefix (never a suffix). Note
that a word such as timitsontlapalowa is used only when the subject is going to greet at the physical location of the addressee [O]. Timitsontla:tlawtia is
used when the subject is not going to extend a greeting but instead simply sends his regards through someone, or by sending a letter, etc.
\qry In two filecards I had a long second /a/. This should be checked. The two phrases were: /Ma:ka tiktla:tlawti:s, melá:k xkwi:teki!/ and /Timistla:tlawtia Dió:s ikone:w, xne:xtlane:wti!/,
i.e., the original text had /Ma:ka tiktla:tla:wti:s, melá:k xkwi:teki!/ and /Timistla:tla:wtia Dió:s ikone:w, xne:xtlane:wti!/. I have changed the length to short here given that the meaning of
these phrases seems to coincide with those of others where I have a definite short vowel. Both phrases should, however, be checked to make sure that there is indeed no long
vowel.
\grm Vocative; relative clauses; subordination: Note the following sentence: /Timistla:tlawtia Dió:s ikone:w, xne:xtlane:wti!/ 'I implore you child of God, lend it to me!' What this
phrase shows is a predication with a null subject. One might suspect that in Classical one would find /timitstla:tlawtia ti-ikone:w Dió:s 'I implore you, you are the child of
God.' Or perhaps some other syntax would be used. However, what is significant in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl is the absence of the subject marker before the second phrase, that
relativizes the pronoun marked on the verb, /mits-/. Thus /mits-/ functions as the subject of /Dió:s ikone:w/ or perhpas as the head, i.e.,"you, who are the child of
God."Check this syntactical interpretation with Michel.
\grm Complementation: Note /Xkihli Juan nikontla:tlawtia!/ 'Tell Juan that I send him my regards!' Here the verb /ihlia/ takes two objects; the secondary object is a sentential
complement; note that there is a zero complementizer here, simply a VP.
\ref 00314
\lxam to:nalki:xtia
\lxam_c kito:nalki:xtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to scare the wits out of or to greatly frighten (sb, so as to cause susto and the loss of ones to:nahli)
\sense_s espantar muchísimo hasta causar susto a (algn, y la pérdida de su to:nahli)
\sense_d Am
\root to:na
\root ki:sa
\nse The literal meaning of to:nalki:xtia is to remove to spirit or soul (i.e., to:nahli) from. It causes a case of susto that requires that the victim
be cured in a ceremony to obtain the return or release of his or her to:nahli. According to Cristino Flores the term to:nalka:waltia is much more common.
\qry Check for intransitive form ?/to:nalki:sa/.
\mod REMOVE THIS FROM THE DICTIONARY.
\semref to:nalka:waltia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref to:nalma:mohtia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00315
\lxam nochipa
\lxam_c nochipa
\lxoa nochipa
\lxoa_c nochipa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e always; all the time
\sense_s siempre; todo el tiempo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nochipa mitspale:wia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He always helps you.
\phrase_s Siempre te ayuda.
\root nochi
\root_rel -pa
\ref 00316
\lxam i:ya:ntok
\lxam_c i:ya:ntok
\lxoa i:ya:ntok
\lxoa_c i:ya:ntok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be hidden
\sense_s estar escondido
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root i:ya:na
\nde Oapan also accepts iya:ntikah
\nae Initial analysis is that the initial vowel in Oapan is long; at any rate no pitch-accent was noted although this would be expected if the underlying form was {ihya:na}. The length of the
initial /i:/ in the Ameyaltepec cognate remains uncertain. Evidence from San Juan Tetelcingo would clearly indicate if there is an underlying {h} as in this dialect this phoneme is
maintained. It appears that the present entry form refers to a stative whereas the reflexive refers to a progressive construction.
\grm As with /antok/, /mela:wtok/, etc. this is a stative which should, apparently, derive from *iya:ni. However, only the transitive /iya:na/ exists as a verb. Refers to something
hidden, an object, by an agent/other: money, etc. Cf. entry under pti field in /iya:na/. Apparently the reflexive refers to a progressive.
\grm Durative: Note the discussion here by C. Flores of the difference between the reflexive and nonreflexive durative.
\ref 00317
\lxam sí:jateh
\lxam_c sí:jateh
\lxoa sí:jateh
\lxoa_c sí:jateh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (?)
\psm Interj
\der Interj
\sense_e back! (said to a ox or team of oxen while planting)
\sense_s ¡atrás! (dicho a un buey o par de bueyes de una yunta durante el trabajo de campo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sí:jateh, xtsi:nki:sa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Back! Back off!
\phrase_s ¡Atrás!
\nse The origin of sí:jateh is probably a loan from Spanish, though the precise origin is open to question. It is used as an interjection or command only with oxen. The
transitive verb, sija:rowa or seja:rowa is apparently only used with oxen as well.
\semref seja:rowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00318
\lxam no:ntik
\lxam_c no:ntik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e to be mute (by nature, from illness, etc.)
\sense_s ser mudo (de por si, a causa de una enfermedad, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\root no:n
\nse Apparently whereas no:ntik refers to muteness that is the result of a congenital problem or disease, the reduplicated tenono:ntik refers to muteness
that is the result of a reluctance to speak. This should, however, be confirmed. Finally, note that according to Florencia Marcelino, a consultant from Oapan, * no:ntik
is not used in this speech community although ténonó:ntik(or té:nó:ntik) is.
\qry Recheck reasons for which one might be /no:ntik/. Although in my original notes here I had stated that /no:ntik/ can be used to refer to someone who is mute simply from not wishing
to speak (a veces solamente por no querer hablar). Recheck the Oapan data
\semref tenono:ntik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ténonó:ntik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00319
\lxam lamah
\lxam_c i:lamah
\lxoa lamah
\lxoa_c i:lamah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N2
\sense_e (poss.) old woman (in the sense of 'wife')
\sense_s (pos.) vieja (en el sentido de 'esposa')
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Mitstlakwalti:s nolamah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My"old woman"will feed you.
\phrase_s Mi"vieja"te va a dar de comer.
\root lamah
\nde In Oapan, according to Florencia Marcelino, lamah as in Mitstlakwalti:s nolamah indicates a lack of respect. The respectful term would be
nolámatsí:n.
\qry Check p-a pattern in nolámatsí:n, perhaps it should be nólamátsi:n.
\grm Reverential: In Oapan, according to Florencia Marcelino, lamah as in Mitstlakwalti:s nolamah indicates a lack of respect. The respectful term
would be nolámatsí:n.
\semref lamatsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref lámatsí:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00320
\lxam Tona:n To:naka:yow
\lxam_c Tona:n To:naka:yow
\lxoa Tona:n To:naka:yo:tl
\lxoa_c Tona:n To:naka:yo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e Our Mother Maize
\sense_s Nuestra Madre el Maíz
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nika:n o:timitska:wili:ko Tona:n To:naka:yow.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here I have come to leave off for your (in talking to yeyekameh who are being appeased in a soul-raising ceremony) Our Mother Maize.
\phrase_s Aquíte he venido a dejar (al hablar a los yeyekameh que estaban siendo suplicados en una ceremonia de levantamiento de sombra) Nuestra Madre el
Maíz.
\root na:n
\root to:na
\qry Check form. I had originally recorded in my notes /tona:n to:naka:yow/, but this might be in error. The presence of final /-w/ suggests perhaps a reinterpretation. Check with several
speakers.
\ref 00321
\lxam ma:kelo:ni
\lxam_c ma:kelo:ni
\lxoa ma:kelo:ni
\lxoa_c ma:kelo:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to severely sprain a joint in ones arm or hand (i.e., ones wrist or shoulder; see ma:peto:ni); to have ones arm or hand get severely sprained (but not
dislocated)
\sense_s torcerse y lastimarse un hueso en el brazo o mano (esto es, la muñeca o hombro; véase ma:peto:ni); torcersele dura o fuertemente el brazo a la mano (pero
no hasta luxarse)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ma:
\root kelo:
\nse In Oapan according to Florencia Marcelino ma:kelo:ni is used when one is hit hard on the wrist. The bone doesn't break or get dislocated; in her words, san
xa:kwaliwi 'it just gets badly bruised.' Many other speakers when describing the meaning of this word will place the outside of their hand down on a hard surface and push
against it, forcing the palm into the wrist. It often happens to the front legs (called 'arms' in Nahuatl) of a donkey.
\qry Check for transitive form.
\ref 00322
\lxam a:pistli
\lxam_c a:pistli
\lxoa a:pistli
\lxoa_c a:pistli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e hunger
\sense_s hambre
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:mik de a:pistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He died of hunger.
\phrase_s El se murióde hambre.
\phrase_n O:mik ika a:pistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He died from starvation.
\phrase_s Se murióde hambre.
\phrase_n Nimikis de a:pistli, umpa xtlakwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will be hungry all the time, over there (i.e., in a given village or town) no one eats well.
\phrase_s Voy a andar siempre con hambre, allá(esto es, en un pueblo o ciudad) nadie come bien.
\phrase_n Yo:ne:chasik a:pistli -=yo:pe:w na:pismiki-
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I feel pangs of hunger (lit., 'I've been seized by hunger').
\phrase_s Me agarróel hambre.
\root a:pis
\nse Compare o:mik de a:pistli in which the subject really died, to ye miktok de a:pistli 'he's dying of hunger,' 'he's really hungry,' 'he's starving,' etc. The
sense of miki de a:pistli may be either literal or metaphoric, depending upon the context and the verb tense. For example, the perfective tends to orient a literal
interpretation, the present or future is more metaphoric.
\qry Check for possibility of possessed form.
\ref 00323
\lxam tlatsmoli:nahli
\lxam_c tlatsmoli:nahli
\lxoa tlatsmoli:nahli
\lxoa_c tlatsmoli:nahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e shoot (of a plant [marked as possessor])
\sense_s retoño (de una planta [señalada como poseedora])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Konkwin itlatsmoli:nahlo, nokwa. Bwe:noh para tlikuwtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They go gather its shoots (of the yepakihlitree), they are edible. It (the tree) is used for firewood.
\phrase_s Van a traer sus retoños (delárbol yepakihli), se comen. Es (elárbol) bueno para leña.
\root tsmoli:
\nae This noun is almost always found in possessed form, with the possessed suffix -yo.
\grm Nominalizations: Note the following deverbal noun: /tlatsmoli:nahlo/. There is no transitive form documented yet ?/itsmoli:na/. Classical Nahuatl has /itzmolinaltia/ as in RS
/nitlatzmolinaltia/ 'hacer reverdecer.' The question, therefore, is the derivational process that lead to /tlatsmoli:nahlo/. Perhaps it involves a form, /itsmoli:na/ that is reflected
only in this nominal form. Check that /tlatsmoli:nahlo/ is indeed correct.
\mod This should be changed to /tlatsmoli:nahlo:tl/ or perhaps an additional entry made. YES.
\ref 00324
\lxam Da:nsah de Bo:lah
\lxam_c Da:nsah de Bo:lah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan Danza de Bola
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e religious line dance performed by young women, now only in Oapan during Carnival and Holy Week
\sense_s religiosa danza de línea bailada por jovenes doncellas, ahora sólo se presenta en solamente en oapan durante Carnaval y semana santa
\sense_d Am
\semfld dance
\ency_note da:nsah
\qry For this and Da:nsah de Bo:lah check the circumstances when it is performed. They are definitely performed during Carnaval and, I think, during Holy Week. Check
whether performed at other times.
\semref kwa:tepáil
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00325
\lxam ikiti
\lxam_cpend kikiti
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv Irregular; Perfective o:kikit / o:kikitik
\sense_e to weave on a loom (standing or backstrap)
\sense_s tejer en telar (parado o de cintura)
\sense_d Am
\root hkiti
\nae This word is now almost never used, and at the time of original fieldwork was known only by the eldest Ameyaltepequeños. There is some variation for inflected forms, undoubtedly
related to the rarity of use of this word. I have recorded the perfective as both o:kikit (don Luis Lucena) and o:kikitik (others). Historically this is an
intransitive although in Ameyaltepec it is used with a 3rd-person object marker. Cristino Flores was not familiar with this term
\qry Since I have recorded this as a transitive in Ameyaltepec although historically it is intransitive, this should be checked. Perhaps Oapan speakers will need to be consulted for for
possible transitive/intransitive alternation. It may also be that this verb, like /to:ka/, is not used with /tla-/. This too should be checked.
\qry_h kikiti
\semref tlako:hikiti
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00326
\lxam mahka:miki
\lxam_c mahka:miki
\lxoa mahka:miki
\lxoa_c mahka:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp Part-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to be overcome by fright
\sense_s morirse de miedo (figuritivamente)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root maw
\root miki
\nse Although several consultants when asked remarked that mahka:miki refers to a real death from fright, this is not the common use.
\qry Recheck meaning and obtain example sentences.
\ref 00327
\lxam kwe:chiwtok
\lxam_c kwe:chiwtok
\lxoa kwe:chihtok
\lxoa_c kwe:chihtok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be finely ground
\sense_s estar molido muy fino
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to have aches over ones whole body (a person)
\sense_s tener dolores por todo el cuerpo (lit. 'estar molido')
\sense_d Pending
\root kwe:ch
\nse The meaning of kwe:chiwtok referring to body pain might be a calque from Spanish 'estar molido.' To date it has only been documented in Ameyaltepec.
\ref 00328
\lxam sempwalxo:chitl
\lxam_alt sampwalxo:chitl
\lxam_c sempwalxo:chitl
\lxoa sampwelxo:chitl
\lxoa_alt sempwelxo:chitl
\lxoa_c sampwelxo:chitl
\lxgen sampwalxo:chitl
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e marigold (including several types of this flower)
\sense_s cempasúchil o zempoalsúchil, tambíen flor de muerto
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld fl
\root sem
\root powa
\root xo:ch
\notes_nature This is classified by consultants as both a xo:chitl and xiwtli. Schoenhals (1988) under flor de muerto states, in part:"1. (Tagetes
erecta) 'marigold,' 'African marigold.' Since ancient times, marigolds have been associated with religious rites. They are currently used in the Day of the Dead
observances [All Saints holidays]. A widely cultivated plant; it is common in cemeteries as well as gardens. Also called caléndula azteca, cempasúchil, cempaxúchil, clavel
de oro, zempoalxóchitl."All consultants mentioned that there is both a male and female variety, the former being smaller and with fewer
\qry_fon Check whether C. Flores starts with /sampw.../ or /sempw.../.
\semfld flower
\ref 00329
\lxam señó:r
\lxam_c señó:r
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan señor
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N0/2; Aln(0=2)
\sense_e (vocative) compadre
\sense_s (vocativo) compadre
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Pano:lti señó:r!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Good morning, compadre!
\phrase_s ¡Buenos días, compadre!
\sense_e (poss.) compadre (male possessor and male subject)
\sense_s (pos.) compadre (poseedor masculino y sujeto masculino)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Mitspale:wi:s moseñó:r kwa:k nona:mikti:s mokone:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your compadre will help you (male addressee) when your son gets married.
\phrase_s Tu compadre te va a ayudar (dirigiéndose a un hombre) cuando se casa tu hijo.
\semfld kin
\nse This borrowing from the Spanish is used as an address term by male speakers to their male compadres; it may also be used as a two-place nominal predicate, e.g.,
yewa moseñó:r 'he is your compadre,' but only when the possessor is male. It is also used in the Spanish sense of 'sir.'
\qry Apparently señó:r is only used in reference to a relationship among males. Check to determine whether seño:rah is similarly used in reference to
females.
\semref ko:mpáretsí:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00330
\lxam xokwi:chiwi
\lxam_c xokwi:chiwi
\lxoa xokwi:chiwi
\lxoa_c xokwi:chiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to wrinkle up (as one may do to ones nose or mouth in certain circumstances)
\sense_s fruncir (como en varias circunstancias uno puede hacer con la nariz o boca)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to bunch up or become bunched up (e.g., a wrap-around skirt poorly put in place)
\sense_s fruncirse (p. ej., una falda mal colocada por la cintura)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root xokwi:ch
\nde No cognate forms have been found in other dialects studied to date.
\ref 00331
\mod This entry has been eliminated as it duplicates 6699.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\vl Assign the speech tokens here to #6699. However, remember that the links should generally be the later files, which are cleaner.
\ref 00332
\lxam tsetselowilia
\lxam_c kitsetselowilia
\lxoa tsétselowília
\lxoa_pr tsetselowilia
\lxoa_c kí:tselowília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): kí:tselowília
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to shake out for (e.g., a blanket to remove dust)
\sense_s sacudir para (p. ej., una cobija para sacarle el polvo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:xsetselowili nopetl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Shake out my petate for me!
\phrase_s ¡Sacúdeme mi petate!
\root tsel
\ncol a:njoli:n
\ncol tlake:ntli
\ncol tale:gah
\qry_h kitsetselowilia
\vl Note that in my database before revision I had no pitch-accent in the headword for Oapan /tsetselowilia/ but pitch-accent in the elicitation form /kí:tselowília/. FK has this
reduplicated form without /h/, so the Oapan form should be rechecked on tape and the entry corrected as needed. SJ will indicate if there is indeed an underlying /h/. For
now I have standardized the Oapan forms to pitch accent, but the tape should reveal the correct orthography.
\xref tsetselowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref tsétselówa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 00333
\lxam te:nana:nkilia:ni
\lxam_c te:nana:nkilia:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\sense_e person who talks back and argues with people
\sense_s respondón; persona que contesta mal a la gente, enfrentándose a y discutiendo con los demás
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Te:te:nkwi:kwini, te:nana:nkilia:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He argues back and forth with people, he talks back to people.
\phrase_s Discute y discute con la gente, contesta fuerte a la gente.
\root na:nki
\semref te:í:xna:mikíni
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00334
\lxam tlakwalka:waltia
\lxam_c kitlakwalka:waltia
\lxoa tlakwalka:waltia
\lxoa_c kitlakwalka:waltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make (sb) lose his appetite (e.g., an illness [S])
\sense_s hacer perder el apetito a (p. ej., una enfermedad [S])
\sense_d Am, Oa
\src_s DT#7: 596
\phrase_n Xok tihkwa:s ni: un tli:n, yo:mitstlakwalka:waltih tsompi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You won't (want to) eat anything at all, a cold has made you lose your appetite.
\phrase_s Ya no vas que querer comer ni nada, la gripa te ha quitado el apetito.
\root kwa
\root ka:wa
\disamb tlakwalkoto:na; tlakwalki:xtilia; tlakwalka:waltia
\nse Although the difference between tlakwalka:waltia , tlakwalkoto:na , and tlakwalki:xtilia needs to be further researched, it appears that
the first word in this list is used only when something adverse, such as a disease or illness, causes a person to lose his appetite. Although the latter two verbs apparently can also refer
to this type of situation, they are often used when something or someone (e.g., a sudden visitor at dinner time) interrupts a meal.
\nae Apparently ka:waltia is a ditransitive verb that always has its valency reduced by either a nonspecific object such as tla- or an incorporated noun such as
tlakwahli ; see tlaka:waltia.
\grm Valency; applicative; noun incorporation: Note the following three words: tlakwalka:waltia , tlakwalkoto:na , and
tlakwalki:xtilia What is interesting is the similarity of meaning but the difference in valency structure between the noun and the verb. Thus, /ka:wa/ is a
transitive verb, and /ka:waltia/ would be a ditransitive. Similarly, /ki:xtia/ is a transitive and /ki:xtilia/ would be a ditransitive (though the first is a causative and the second
is an applicative). However, /koto:na/ is a transitive. Since all three verbs with the incorporation of /tlakwal/ are transitives, the first two undergo valency reduction with
incorporation while the third does not. The basis for this difference is not clear, i.e., why does one not encounter */tlakwalkoto:nilia/. One might, in addition, compare
/tlakwalkoto:na/ to /koto:na/ used reflexively, e.g., /nokoto:na noburroh/ 'my donkey snapped lose (of its tether).' Perhaps one could say that there are two /koto:na/ ver
bs. The first takes an inanimate object as patient; the second takes an animate object as benefactive/malefactive. This should be explored.
\semref tlakwalkoto:na
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref tlakwalki:xtilia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 00335
\lxam ma:totomioh
\lxam_c ma:totomioh
\lxoa má:tomíyoh
\lxoa_c má:tomíyoh
\lxoa_pr ma:tomiyoh
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have hairy arms
\sense_s tener los brazos peludos
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ma:
\root tohmi
\qry Check whether nonreduplicated form is used.
\grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note that whereas Am has reduplication, Oa has a reduced form even though the preceding vowel is long: Am: /ma:totomioh/ and Oa:
/má:tomíyoh/. It may be the case in this instance, however, that the p-a on /ma:/ in Oapan is simply the result of the underlying /h/ in /tohmi/.
\ref 00336
\lxam tlatska:westok
\lxam_c tlatska:westok
\lxoa tlatska:westok
\lxoa_c tlatska:westok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\compound Part-Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be lying down from a sheer feeling of laziness
\sense_s estar acostado por sentir o estar con flojera
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nitlatska:westok, nikwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm lying down from sheer laziness, I'm feeling ill.
\phrase_s Estoy acostado por pura flojera, no me siento bien.
\root tlats
\root wetsi
\nse In general tlatska:westok refers to being in a lying down position because of laziness, although apparently the cause may also be something such as weakness brought on
by feeling slightly under the weather or exhausted. It definitely does not refer to individuals who are in lying in bed because of a severe illness or other physical problems.
\grm Participle: Note that the participial form of /-iwi/ verbs seems always to be without the final /w/ or /h/: thus /tlatska:/ instead of /tlatsihka:/. But check this.
\ref 00337
\lxam te:ne:wa
\lxam_c kite:ne:wa
\lxoa te:ne:wa
\lxoa_c kite:ne:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to mention; to talk about (an event, a situation, a person, etc.)
\sense_s mencionar; hablar acerca de (un evento, una situación, una persona, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xkita nochi tlato:hli tli:n yo:tikte:te:ne:hkeh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Look at all the words that we have already mentioned (pronouncing one after the other)!
\phrase_s ¡Mira todas las palabras que ya mencionamos (una tras otra)!
\sense_e to speak highly of; to praise (a person)
\sense_s hablar bien de; ensalzar (una persona)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to gossip about; to bad-mouth; to speak poorly of (see te:tete:ne:wani)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) chismear sobre; hablar maliciosamente o mal de (véase te:tete:ne:wani)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ne:yhka ne:xtete:ne:wa. I:wa:n nicha:ntoya pero ne:si san ne:chistla:ko:ko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He bad-mouths me behind my back (i.e., there, out of earshot). I used to live with him but it appears he only came (to live with me) in order to check me out (e.g., how I live,
what I eat, etc., only later to gossip to others about what he had seen).
\phrase_s Habla mal de mítras mi espalda (lit.,"por ahí"). Vivía conél, pero parece que nada más vino a husmear (p. ej., cómo vivía, quécomía, etc., para después contárselo a la
gente).
\sense_e (refl. with i:ka [verb phrase]) to be highly regarded; to be recognized (in [verb phrase])
\sense_s (refl. con i:ka [frase verbal]) ser estimado; tener reconocimiento (en [frase verbal])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timote:ne:wa ika wel titekiti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are known to be a good worker.
\phrase_s Se te conoce como un buen trabajador.
\sense_e (refl. with i:pan [noun]) to make a name for oneself (doing an activity associated with [noun])
\sense_s (refl. con i:pan [sustantivo]) hacer un nombre para si (llevando a cabo una actividad asociada con [sustantivo])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nkak timote:ne:waya ipan iswatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I heard that you made a name for yourself working in stripping corn leaves from the stalks before harvest (i.e., in the iswate:kilistli)
\phrase_s Oíque tenías buena fama para trabajar en el zacateo.
\root te:n
\root e:wa
\grm Passive; reflexive: Note the phrases with the reflexive use of /te:ne:wa/. In these the meaning is not 'to speak highly of oneself' but, more precisely, 'to be highly regarded.'
\semref powa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00338
\lxam sokiyowa
\lxam_c sokiyowa
\lxoa sokiyowa
\lxoa_c sokiyowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\infv class-4a
\sense_e (often reduplicated with short vowel) to become covered with mud
\sense_s (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) cubrirse o llenarse de lodo; enlodarse
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:nisosokiyowak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got covered in mud.
\phrase_s Me enlodé.
\root soki
\qry Cf. /sokioh/; for /sokiyowa/ also the only example in the corpus is with reduplicated stem. Check this.
\ref 00339
\lxam te:malki:sa
\lxam_c te:malki:sa
\lxoa te:malki:sa
\lxoa_c te:malki:sa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for pus to come or ooze out (of an infection)
\sense_s salir pus (de una infección)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root te:mal
\root ki:sa
\qry Make sure that this refers only to pus oozing out of a wound, and not simply to pus forming in a wound. Also, clarify what the subject is of this verb compound, i.e., can one have a
form such as /nite:malki:sa/, or is it the would that is the subject.
\ref 00340
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tepi:tka:tla:katl
\lxoa_c tepi:tka:tla:katl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Part-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e healthy man; stout and sturdy man (of body and health, who does not easily become sick)
\sense_s hombre sano; hombre fuerte y duro (de cuerpo, de salud, quien no se enferma facilmente)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tepi:ts
\root tla:ka
\nse Tepi:tska:tla:katl is used, for example, in talking about an old man who is still strong, sturdy, and able to work hard, or who never gets ill despite his age.
\qry Check into Oapan and the use of /tepi:tka:/ instead of /tepi:tska:/. Apparently the latter is not acceptable in these contexts; cf. the Yale tape, which I believe might have a discussion
somewhere on this point. Check for possessed form.
\semref tepi:tska:tla:katl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kaxa:nka:tla:katl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref tepi:tka:siwa:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00341
\lxam kwa:i:xiwintia
\lxam_c kikwa:i:xiwintia
\lxoa kwa:i:xiwintia
\lxoa_alt kwa:i:xwintia
\lxoa_c kikwa:i:xiwintia, kikwa:i:xwintia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-tia[x]
\lexical Op. -te- : kwa:tei:xiwintia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make the head of spin; to make dizzy
\sense_s marear; hacer girar la cabeza a; hacer sentir mareos a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w ne:ckkwa:tei:xiwintia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (e.g., a drink) has started to make my head spin.
\phrase_s Me ha empezado a hacer girar la cabeza (p. ej., una bebida).
\phrase_n O:ne:chkwa:tei:xiwintih toroh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The bull (I rode) made me dizzy.
\phrase_s El toro (que monté) me hizo sentir mareos.
\root kwa:
\root i:x
\root iwin
\qry Check root whether /iwin/ or /win/. Apparently there is no reason to consider the initial /i/ not part of the root.
\vl Apparently Inocencio lacks the /i/ of Florencia in the 3rd syllable. Check.
\ref 00342
\lxam kwihlo:tia
\lxam_c kikwihlo:tia
\lxoa kwihlo:tia
\lxoa_c kikwihlo:tia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to put and lay down kwi:hlo:tl (wattle of rods made of tlapextli) in constructing the frame for the roof of a thatched house
\sense_s poner y colocar kwi:hlo:tl (cañas o varas hechas de tlapextli) en construir el techo de una casa de zacate o palma
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld build
\flao kwihlo:tl
\root kwi
\qry Obtain all terms possible for house construction.
\ref 00343
\lxam uwatl
\lxam_c uwatl
\lxoa owatl
\lxoa_c owatl
\lxgen owatl
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e sugarcane
\sense_s caña dulce
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Owatl | Ke:n me:roh mi:hlli, bwe:noh para pane:lah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Owatl : It's just like the maize plant, it is good for making panela.
\phrase_s Owatl : Es casi como la milpa, es bueno para hacer panela.
\root owa
\qry Check for possessed form. I am almost certain at least alienable possession exists, hence I have coded N1/2. If intrinsic (e.g., /i:owayo/) then change as appropriate.
\ref 00344
\lxam poti:xa
\lxam_c poti:xa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan botija (?)
\psm Adj
\der Adj-loan
\lexical Op. te- : tepoti:xah
\sense_e to be pot-bellied; to have a bloated belly (a human or animal)
\sense_s ser barrigón; ser panzón (una persona o animal)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n San cho poti:xatsi:n, yo:pi:tso:t.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has a little bloated belly (in this case a young child with a recently born sibling), he has sibling rivalry.
\phrase_s Tiene la barrigita hinchadita (en este caso un niño pequeño con un hermano recién nacido), tiene chípil.
\sense_e to have a big, round bulbous base (e.g, a pot, jug, etc.)
\sense_s tener una base redondo y muy grande (p. ej., una olla, cántaro, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Poti:xah motso:tsokol.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your water jug has a big, round base.
\phrase_s Tu cántaro tiene una base muy grande y redonda.
\nse Although it is suggested above that poti:xah and related words may be related to Spanish botija, this might not be the case. Zacapoaxtla Nahuatl has the
root po:x meaning 'belly' and this same root could perhaps be that of poti:xah. According to Cristino Flores poti:xa is used only to refer
to the swollen belly of the po:tetl or certain children with chipil. However, for bowls and other ceramics the word itipoti:xa is used.
\qry Recheck to see if intensifier is used: /tepoti:xah/. I had a note saying that this was acceptable, but no example. It might be in error. Also reconfirm final /h/; my card entry has simply
/poti:xa/, but under /itipoti:xah/ the final /h/ was recorded. Cf. meaning of /poti:xah/ and /itipoti:xah/. Recheck vowel length in /poti:xatsi:n/; given that this is probably a loan word,
length might shift to the penultimate syllabe.
\mod Make illustration.
\semref ítipo:xá:tik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00345
\lxam yeskwepa
\lxam_c noyeskwepa
\lxoa yeskopa
\lxoa_c noyeskopa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (refl.) to turn into or form a blood blister
\sense_s (refl.) volverse una ampolla con sangre
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (refl.) to have an embryo form in (e.g., a chicken's egg)
\sense_s (refl.) formarsele un embrión en (p. ej., el huevo de una gallina)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:noyeskwep un to:toltetl. I yaw para nochi:was de pio:tsi:n, xok bwe:noh para tihkwa:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That egg has already formed an embryo. It's on its way to becoming a chick, it's no longer good for you to eat.
\phrase_s Ese huevo ya formósu embrión. Estáen camino para llegar a ser un pollito, ya no estábien para que te lo comes.
\semfld body-injury
\disamb yeskwepa, yestia, yeste:mi
\root es
\root kwepa
\fl yestia
\ref 00346
\lxam one:stok
\lxam_c one:stok
\lxoa one:stok
\lxoa_c one:stok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\compound Dir-Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e (with -pan) to be reflected on
\sense_s (con -pan) estar reflejado sobre
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tone:stok ne:, ipan te:skatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are reflected there, in the mirror.
\phrase_s Estás reflejado allí, en el espejo.
\root ne:si
\qry Recheck correctness of this. The phrase is taken from my memory of a conversation with Florencia Marcelino on this verb.
\ref 00347
\lxam kechpachka:yo
\lxam_cpend i:kechpachka:yo
\lxoa kechpachka:yo
\lxoa_c i:kechpachka:yo
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-wi-ki
\infn N2
\sense_e collar or folded and sewn hem around the neck of a man's or woman's shirt
\sense_s cuello o dobladillo cosido alrededor del cuello de una camisa de hombre o mujer
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kech
\root pach
\ency_note tlake:ntli
\nse The etymology of kechpachka:yo is uncertain, though perhaps in reference to the flatness of the collar it is related to same stem as that in pachiwi.
Cristino Flores (Am) was not familiar with this word although it was documented in my notes from his village.
\qry Determine whether the possessor of this word is the shirt, or the man: /ikechpachka:yo nokoton/, or /nokechpachka:yo/?
\mod Create an /ono page on clothes: pants, mens shirts, sandals, hats, womens clothes (blusa, falta, vestido, corpiño, etc.). Also jewelry, etc.
\vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 6322. They should be tagged as 00347. Moreover, the two linked words should be taken from among the 4 tokens originally
recorded at 6322.
\semref te:mpachka:yo
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00348
\lxam sasa:l
\lxam_c sasa:l
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s-; Op. te- : tesasa:l
\infa pl. sasa:lmeh
\sense_e to be a slowpoke; to be very slow in what he does (e.g., walking, working, performing a task, etc.)
\sense_s ser lentón; ser muy lenta en hacer lo que sea (p. ej., en caminar, trabajar, hacer algo, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ke:n titesasa:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You're a real slowpoke.
\phrase_s Eres un lentón.
\phrase_n Melá:k tesasa:lmeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are real slowpokes.
\phrase_s Son muy lentos.
\root sa:l
\nse Sasa:l is used to refer to someone who takes a long time to do something, particularly when someone else is waiting. The same element sasa:l appears
with ma: and kama , as in ma:sasa:l and kamasasa:l.
\qry Determine any other incorporated forms; check to see if /masasa:l/ and /kamasasa:l/ can take the /te-/ intensifier. In one entry I have mentioned specifically that vowel length has
been checked and found to be long on the final /a:/.
\semref téyo:lítik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00349
\lxam kwitlanexiwi
\lxam_c kwitlanexiwi
\lxoa kwitlanexiwi
\lxoa_c kwitlanexiwi
\dt 03/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to lose luster or sheen; to acquire a faded look
\sense_s deslucir o perder el lustro y vista; ajarse
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:kwitlanex motepos.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your rifle lost its sheen.
\phrase_s Perdiólustro tu rifle.
\phrase_n O:nikwitlanexiw ipan fle:chah de miák tla:ltekwtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I (i.e., my clothes) came to looked faded when riding on the bus from all the dust (that was stirred up).
\phrase_s En el camión (mi ropa) tomóuna apariencia de deslucida por todo el polvo (que se levantó).
\root kwitla
\root nex
\ncol a:tl
\ncol i:xtetl
\nse Although kwitlanexiwi and similar forms are often related to the act of becoming covered with dust, it appears that the primary sense is for some colored object to
lose its sheen and brilliance. Thus kwitlanextik is applied to colors that are faded or dark (such as the green of certain pine trees) rather than bright and light (such as
the green of most leaves). According to Cristino Flores (Am) this word can be used to refer to water that starts to get muddied, or to ones eye if it has been hit by a branch or other
similar object.
\qry Check whether /kwitlamonexiwi/ or /kwitlatenexiwi/ is correct. Check whether 'to fade' or 'desteñirse' (clothes) is acceptable as a translation of /kwitlanexiwi/ and related words.
Check whether /kwitlanexe:wi/ is acceptable. It probably is but has not yet been documented.
\ref 00350
\lxam sosolka
\lxam_c sosolka
\lxoa sosolka
\lxoa_c sosolka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[stem-final-vowel loss][freq.]
\infv class-4a
\semfld sound
\sense_e to make a rushing sound, or that of whirring, whizzing, etc. (such as that caused by a hard wind, a piece of ceramic or clay as it breaks off a pot and flies into the air, a
radio with poor reception, an insect like a cicada, etc.)
\sense_s hacer un sonido como una ráfaga de aire, un zumbido, runrún, soplido, etc. (como el sonido de un viento fuerte, de un pedazo de cerámica que se bota de una olla y vuela
rápido por el aire, de un radio con mala recepción, de un insecto como la cigarra, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yeyeka wa:n tlasosolka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is wind and a rushing sound all over.
\phrase_s Hay viento y un sonido como de soplido por todos lados.
\phrase_n San sosolka morra:dioh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your radio is just giving off a buzzing sound (from poor reception).
\phrase_s Tu radio nada más produce un sonido como de zumbido (de mala recepción).
\phrase_n Sosolkatiw yeyekatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The wind is coming along making a rushing sound.
\phrase_s Viene bramando el viento.
\phrase_n Kakayo:tl sosolkatok kwa:k ye kiawis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The kakayo:tl makes a whirring sound when it is about to rain.
\phrase_s El kakayo:tl hace un zumbido cuando estápor llover.
\phrase_n Wa:lsosolkatiw un ka:rroh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That car is coming whirring along.
\phrase_s Ese coche viene zumbando.
\root solo:
\nae In Classical Nahuatl the cognate is sosoloka , the expected and untruncated form (though Zacapoaxtla Nahuatl also has zozolca 'roncar'). Yet truncated
frequentatives are not uncommon, as witness derivations such as tsitsilka.
\qry Check whether correct is /san sosolka morra:dioh/ or whether it should be /sa: sosolka morra:dioh/. Check also the difference between /solo:ni/ and /sosolka/.
\xref solo:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00351
\lxam tsontekomawistli
\lxam_cpend *tsontekomawistli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e type of plant not yet identified
\sense_s tipo de planta todavía no identificada
\sense_d Am
\root tson
\root tekoma
\root wits
\qry My notes for this entry were not entirely clear. I list /witsapo:lin/ and simply have a mark"=tsontekomawistli."There is no other mention of this latter plant.
\nse Inocencio Díaz was not familiar with this plant. Asunción Marcelo and Silvestre Pantaleón suggested this might be the plant known as tsi:yatsontekomatlbut where not
sure of this. Cristino Flores said he had never heard of this but thta he was familiar with an archaic word, never used now, which means 'man of respect.' He equated this to
/mawistla:katl/ (although this latter I have documented in the corpus).
\qry Perhaps this entry should be removed.
\ref 00352
\lxam tlakwaltia
\lxam_c kitlakwaltia
\lxoa tlakwaltia
\lxoa_c kitlakwaltia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to serve a meal to (a person); to feed (an animal)
\sense_s servir una comida a (una persona); alimentar (un animal)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Te:tlakwalti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She will serve a meal.
\phrase_s Va a servir una comida.
\phrase_n Nikontlakwalti:s nobese:rrah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to feed my calf (giving it food directly, but not by letting it out to graze).
\phrase_s Voy a ir a alimentar a mi becerra (alimentándola directamente y no simplemente dejándola apacentar).
\sense_e to give a beating or thrashing to (see a:pismiki)
\sense_s dar una golpiza o paliza a (véase a:pismiki)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xpia kwida:doh, moka wa:hlaw! Kas iwa:n timotlawe:lita, a:man mitstlakwalti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take care, he's coming for you! It must be that you have problems with him, now he's going to give you a thrashing.
\phrase_s ¡Ten cuidado, viene por tí! Debes tener algún problema conél, ahora viene a darte una paliza.
\disamb tlakwaltia; tlamaka (an animal); tlakukwaltia
\root kwa
\semref a:pismiki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref kwaltia [03308]
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00353
\lxam xoloxtik
\lxam_c xoloxtik
\lxoa xoloxtik
\lxoa_c xoloxtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e (usually reduplicated with long vowel) to be bunched up (e.g., curtains that are pulled open); to be pleated or taken in leaving pleats
\sense_s (generalmente reduplicado con vocal larga) estar fruncido (en el sentido de algo como tela que ha sido empujado, como cortinas abiertas); tener tablitas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root xoloch
\nse Xoloxtik is most often used to refer to the appearance of cloth with small uneven pleats, as might occur where a large cuff is sewn to a shirt, or when a curtain is
pulled open. It is almost always, though not necessarily, found in reduplicated form.
\qry Note that in my original notes I had written /xoloxtok/. Perhaps this is correct and /xoloxtik/ should be changed, or perhaps both are correct. Nevertheless other occurrences of this
word and my general understanding of Nahuatl suggests that /xoloxtik/ is also (if not exclusively) correct. Check. Check the general patter of vl for the reduplicant.
\ref 00354
\lxam axi:ltilia
\lxam_c kaxi:ltilia
\lxoa áxi:ltília
\lxoa_pr axi:ltilia
\lxoa_c káxi:ltília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap[ca]
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to make up the difference for (e.g., sb, for example by giving money needed to complete a given amount)
\sense_s completarle (algo a alguien); cubrirle la diferencia a (p. ej., a algn con dinero que le hace falta para hacer algo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Na:nkah i:n, san kichi:was ma:s patio:tsi:n. Xkaxi:ti dya nika:n timitsaxi:ltili:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here is some (money), just in case it (sth to be bought) is more expensive. Pay the difference (yourself) and I will make the difference up to you here (e.g., when you get
back).
\phrase_s Aquíhay (dinero), en caso de que salga más caro. Complétale túy aquíte pago la diferencia (p. ej., cuando regreses).
\sense_e to complete (a task, load, etc.) for
\sense_s completar (una tarea, carga, etc.) para
\sense_d Pending
\root ahsi
\qry Check correctness of /axi:ltilia/ meaning"to complete (a task, load, etc.) for. Check /dya/ or /dyah/.
\xref asi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref ásí
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 00355
\lxam sempoliwi
\lxam_c sempoliwi
\lxoa sempoliwi
\lxoa_c sempoliwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp PM-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to disappear without a trace; to be destroyed, demolished, or lost forever (e.g., a construction or building)
\sense_s desaparecer sin dejar huella; perderse, derribarse o destruirse para siempre (p. ej., una construcción o edificio)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to die forever (e.g., a plant or tree that will never again sprout)
\sense_s morir para siempre (p. ej., una planta que jamás va a retoñar o reverdecer)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:sempoliw un kuwtli, xok itsmoli:nis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That tree has died for good, it won't ever sprout again.
\phrase_s Ese arból se muriópara siempre, ya no va a brotar jamás.
\sense_e to die out (a person's [S] lineage and last name)
\sense_s acabarse (el linaje y apellido de una persona [S])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Deke timikis, tisempoliwis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If you die, you (your lineage and last name) will be gone forever (said of someone who was an only son).
\phrase_s Si te mueres, te perderás (tu linaje y apellido) para siempre (dicho de algn que era hijoúnico).
\root sem
\root pol
\nse When used with a plant as a subject, sempoliwi refers to the fact that it will never sprout again, that it has died for good and forever. With a human subject
sempoliwi indicates the end of a family line, something that could potentially be reborn or reinitiated.
\ref 00356
\lxam no:xtli
\lxam_c no:xtli
\lxoa no:xtli
\lxoa_c no:xtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e inside fibers of the ó:rganoh cactus that remain when its fleshy exterior dries away
\sense_s fibras interiores del cactus conocido como ó:rganoh que se quedan cuando la parte carnosa de la planta se seca
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root no:ch
\fl teo:no:xtli
\qry Recheck length of first /o/ in /teono:xtli/. Check possible types of possession; ?nono:ch?, i:no:chyo? etc.
\semref teono:xtli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00357
\lxam itikoltotsiwi
\lxam_c itikoltotsiwi
\lxoa ítikoltotsíwi
\lxoa_pr itikoltotsiwi
\lxoa_c ítikoltotsíwi
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi[x]
\infv class-3a(w)
\allomorph i-epen
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have stomach cramps (particularly a feeling of ones stomach shrinking and tightening as one is unable to straighten up)
\sense_s tener calambres por el estómago (particularmente el sentido de que el estómago se le encoge a uno que queda doblado por el dolor)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld disease
\root hti
\root koltots
\ency_note stomach ailments; disease
\nse Both itikoltotsiwi and itiko:tsi:liwi refer to stomach cramps, but their senses are slightly different. The former relates to the verb
koltotsiwi and inidcates a motion of coming together, shrinking, and tightening. The latter, related to the verb ko:tsi:liwi a twisting motion, in this case of
the intestines.
\qry Check for transitive.
\root_notes Determine whether /koltots/ should be further divided. Offer extended commentary on meaning of /koltotsiwi/ in general.
\ref 00358
\lxam ma:choh
\lxam_c ma:choh
\lxoa ma:choh
\lxoa_c ma:choh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan macho
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2); pl. ma:chos
\sense_e male mule
\sense_s macho
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld domes
\ref 00359
\lxam tlayo:lkimichin
\lxam_c tlayo:lkimichin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e type of white maize planted almost exclusively in Ameyaltepec, along with tlayo:lyewahli , which has slightly larger kernels
\sense_s tipo de maíz blanco que se siembra casi exclusivamente en Ameyaltepec, aunque también se siembra tlayo:lyewahli , que tiene los granos un poquito más
grandes
\sense_d Am
\semfld food-maize
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root o:ya
\root kimich
\ency_note tlayo:hli
\nse Tlayo:lkimichin is one of several strains of white maize; for a full list, see istá:k tlayo:hli.
\qry Check for possessed form.
\ref 00360
\lxam toli:na
\lxam_c toli:na
\lxoa toli:na
\lxoa_c toli:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to desire or crave good things to eat (particularly said of sb recovering from an illness who starts eating well and desires delicacies that are not always immediately
available such as fruit, meat, cheese, etc.)
\sense_s antojarse o desear buenas cosas para comer (dicho particularmente de algn recuperándose de una enfermedad que empieza a comer bien y antoja cosas buenas que no
siempre están a la mano como fruta, carne, queso, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n San tli:no:n yo:tikelna:mik tihkwa:s, titoli:na.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You just remembered something that you want to eat, you have a craving for something delicious.
\phrase_s Te acordaste que algo que querías comer, estás de antojo (para algo bueno de comer).
\root toli:
\qry I had an illustrative phrase /Nitoli:na nakatl/ 'I desire to eat meat' but this might be in error for /nihtoli:na/. The Classical use of this word is unclear. It is morphologically an intransitive
/nitoli:na/ but translated by RS as transitive: 'tener ganas de comer una cosa sin poder procurársele
\ref 00361
\lxam isa
\lxam_c isa
\lxoa ísá
\lxoa_pr isa
\lxoa_c ísá
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\allomorph i-epen
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to awaken; to wake up
\sense_s despertarse
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:isate:w
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He woke up unexpectedly.
\phrase_s Despertórepentinamente.
\phrase_n Ma:ka isas!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't let him wake up!
\phrase_s ¡No lo dejes despertar!
\root hsa
\nse The metaphor of being asleep and away is often used in reference to a male erection. Thus an erect penis may be said to be awake (isatok) and the nonerect penis to
be asleep (koxtok). Note that the common way to refer to getting an erection is through the causative form of isa along with the nonspecific object
tla- ; see tlaxitia.
\grm It is difficult to establish the precise difference between /isa/ and /isate:wa/. Most likely the first refers simply to awakening while the second to awakening while something
else is happening, and realizing this immediately; or to awake and immediately head out somewhere. This word may be used in a vulgar to indicate a male getting an
erection.
\xref ixitia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 00362
\lxam xa:yakapipilichiwi
\lxam_c xa:yakapipilichiwi
\lxoa xa:yaká:pilichíwi
\lxoa_alt xa:yakapípilichíwi
\lxoa_alt xa:yá:pilichíwi
\lxoa_pr xa:yakapipilichiwi
\lxoa_pr xa:yá:pilichiwi
\lxoa_c xa:yaká:pilichíwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\lexical Reduced rpd-s(prev-s)
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-red-rdp
\sense_e to get a wrinkled face (from old age in particular)
\sense_s arrugarse la cara (de la vejez en particular)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root xa:yaka
\root pilich
\nse The reduplicated form is used as the main entry given that this verb is usually found reduplicated as the process affects both cheeks simultaneously.
\nae Note that in Oapan there are several variations of this word. The base form would be xa:yakapípilichíwi, with the short vowel reduplication of the verbal stem and the
unaltered incorporated noun. However, the reduplicant may be reduced onto the final short vowel of the incorporated noun, yielding xa:yaká:pilichíwi. In addition, the
intervocalic /k/ may be lost yielding xa:yá:pilichíwi. Occasionally, the /ya/ syllable is lost, yielding xa:ká:pilichíwi.
\ref 00363
\mod This is a duplicate entry for /kopalkihli/, #1543.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\vl The tokens here should be tagged as 1543 since this present entry is a duplicate of later entries.
\ref 00364
\lxam texixiwtli
\lxam_c texixiwtli
\lxoa té:xihtlí
\lxoa_c té:xihtlí
\lxoa_pr té:xihtli
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Reduced rpd-s(prev-s)
\infn Stem 1(w)
\pitch yes
\sense_e type of rod-like plant, still not identified
\sense_s tipo de planta como de varas, todavía no identificada
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Texixiwtli | Xtlah kihlian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Texixiwtli : They don't use it for anything.
\phrase_s Texixiwtli : No lo utilizan para nada.
\semfld plant
\semfld tlako:tl
\root te
\root xiw
\ref 00365
\lxam kakapaka
\lxam_c kakapaka
\lxoa kakapaka
\lxoa_c kakapaka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to make a clattering or drumming sound (such as that of fingers being tapped quickly and lightly on a table, or that made by a typewriter, a sewing machine, etc.)
\sense_s hacer un sonido de traqueteo (como el sonido que se hace a golpear los dedos de la mano rápida y ligeramente sobre una mesa, o el sonido hecho por una máquina de
escribir, de coser, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kakapakatok imá:kinah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His"machine"(i.e., typewritter, sewing machine, etc.) is making a clattering sound.
\phrase_s Su máquina (de escribir, de coser, etc.) estáhaciendo un sonido como de traqueteo.
\phrase_n Sa: tlakakapakatok ika moma:kinas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is nothing but clattering from your machines (e.g., sewing machines or typewriters, etc.).
\phrase_s Se oye nada más el sonido de traqueteo con tus máquinas (de coser, de escribir, etc.).
\root kapa:
\ncol má:kinah kwa:k tlasasa:lo:lo deke xkitla:lilian ase:iteh
\xref kapa:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00366
\lxam teketsa
\lxam_c kiteketsa
\lxoa teketsa
\lxoa_c kiteketsa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp PM-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to place or stand upright; to place or hold in a vertical position
\sense_s parar (un objeto); poner o sostener en posición vertical
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xteketsa motso:tsokol! O:tsonakayah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Stand your water jug upright! It fell over on its side.
\phrase_s ¡Pon tu cántaro parado! Se fue de lado.
\phrase_n Yo:kiteteketskeh kasti:yoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They've set up the castillo(i.e., raised it up and placed it vertically).
\phrase_s Ya pusieron (parado) el castillo.
\phrase_n Ma:ka xteketsa, xte:ka -=xpexte:ka- mowitso:k!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't hold your witso:ktli upright, incline it horizontally (e.g., when weeding, so that the blade enters the ground at a low angle)!
\phrase_s ¡No mantengas tu espátula (witso:ktli) en posición vertical, inclínalo horizontalmente (p. ej., para limpiar la milpa de hierba, colocando laéspatula
para que la hoja entre la tierra a unángulo muy cerrado)!
\phrase_n O:ko:pi:liw mosombre:roh, ipan o:kiaw. A:man xteteketsa, tla:mo sahkó:n nomatis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your hat (i.e., its brim) has drooped down, it got rained upon. Now push (the brim) up, if you don't it'll stay that way.
\phrase_s (Las alas de) tu sombrero cayeron hacia abajo, se le cayóla lluvia encima. Ahora empújalas hacia arriba, si no lo haces asíse va a quedar.
\phrase_n Kiteteketsa ka:n to:na ite:ko pa:mpa itech o:ki:s ko:lo:tl, ma xo:tla ikxiwa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Because a scorpion's sting has affected it (in this case a chicken), its owner stands it up in the sun, so that it's legs get hot (and in this was the chicken is cured).
\phrase_s Dado que se le trabóel piquete de un alacrán (en este caso a una gallina), su dueño la para en el sol, para que se calienten bien sus piernas (y asíse alivia).
\phrase_n Onkoxo:ntok ma:r itech osto:tl, noteketsa a:tl para tlakpak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sea is swooshing up against a cliff, the water sprays up high (upon striking the rocks).
\phrase_s Subiendo y bajando, el mar se golpea contra un risco, se echa el agua para arriba (al golpear contra las piedras).
\phrase_n O:notekestekok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It landed standing up (e.g., a cat falling from a height).
\phrase_s Cayóparado sobre sus pies (p. ej., un gato que se cayóde lo alto).
\sense_e to bring to a stop (an animate being or that is walking or otherwise moving linearly, or a vehicle, etc.)
\sense_s parar (un ser animado que estácaminando o moviendo en forma linear, un vehículo en movimiento, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Segi:doh kiteteketsa ino:biah ipan otli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He continually (in the morning, afternoon, etc.) stops his girlfriend on the path (i.e., he waits and steps in front of her, stopping her to court her).
\phrase_s Seguido (en la mañana, tarde, etc.) detiene a su novia en el camino (esto es, la espera y le corta el paso para enamorarla).
\phrase_n Yo:mitsno:tskeh para xmoteketsa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They called to you to come to a stop.
\phrase_s Te llamaron para que te detuvieras.
\phrase_n Xmoteketsa! Timitsno:tsasneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Stop! I want to talk to you.
\phrase_s ¡Párate! Te quiero hablar.
\sense_e (refl.) to stand up (i.e., from a sitting or lying position); to come to a stop or maintain oneself in a stationary position; to stay still
\sense_s (refl.) incorporarse (esto es, al estar sentado, acostado, etc.); pararse o mantenerse en una posición inmóbil
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:notekets moburri:toh, seliktsi:n, kemech o:tla:kat.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your little donkey has stood up (on its four legs), it is an infant, it was just born.
\phrase_s Tu burrito se paró(sobre sus cuatro piernas), es un infante, apenas nació.
\sense_e to stop (doing a task)
\sense_s parar (en hacer algo que se estaba haciendo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:niktekets notekiw, tli:n nihchi:waya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I stopped work, what I was doing.
\phrase_s Parémi trabajo, lo que estaba haciendo.
\sense_e (refl.) to stop working (sth that moves or has moving parts, such as a watch)
\sense_s (refl.) pararse; dejar de funcionar (algo que se mueve o que tiene partes que se mueven, como un reloj)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:notekets, xok tekipanowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's stopped, it no longer works (a machine, watch, etc. that had been running).
\phrase_s Se paró, ya no trabaja (una máquina, un reloj, etc. que había estado funcionando).
\sense_e (refl.) to show up; to suddenly appear
\sense_s (refl.) aparecer de repente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Deke o:me o:notekets ko:sama:lo:tl noteketsa a:tl, xok kiawis. O:me, se: na:nika iwa:n se: na:nika.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If two rainbows show up, the rain will stop, it will not rain anymore. Two (appear like this), one over here (pointing), and one over here (pointing to the other side of the
sky).
\phrase_s Si de repente aparecen dos arco iris, se va a parar la lluvia, ya no va a llover. Dos (aparecen así), uno acá(apuntando) y uno acá(apuntando al otro lado del cielo).
\sense_e (noteketsa a:tl) for the rain to stop or pause (particularly after a storm, but also after the end of the rainy season; see ki:sa)
\sense_s (noteketsa a:tl) pararse o detenerse el agua (esto es, la lluvia, particularmente después de una tempestad, pero también al fin de la temporada de lluvias)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:notekets a:tl. Xoh kiawi, ye tlapili:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The rains have already stopped. It doesn't rain anymore, everything (in this case all the corn fields) have started to wither.
\phrase_s Ya se pararon las aguas. Ya no cae la lluvia, todo (en este caso las milpas) ha empezado a ponerse mustío.
\sense_e (refl., reduplication with short vowel, and -tiw) to arrive
\sense_s (refl., reduplicación de vocal corta, y -tiw) venir, llegar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xsan yemameh wa:lnotetekestia:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is not just them who are going to arrive (but instead, their family).
\phrase_s No nomás ellos van a venir (sino con su familia).
\phrase_n Xsan nawa mpa niwa:hnó:tekéstiw.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I don´t arrive there by myself.
\phrase_s No voy a llegar allínada más yo solo.
\semfld motion
\root te
\root ketsa
\disamb teltia
\nse The reason for the te- element at the beginning of this word is unclear; in other many other dialects outside the Balsas region (e.g., Classical) the simple form
ketsa is used instead. However, in the Balsas region ketsa has the vulgar meaning of 'to screw (in terms of sexual intercourse).' Given this meaning the
te- element might simply be something like a"dummy"morpheme, added simply to avoid a vulgarity.
\qry The relationship between /ketsa/ and /teketsa/ should be examined. Note that in the Ameyaltepec-Oapan region /ketsa/ means 'to fuck' whereas /teketsa/ means 'to place or stand
upright'. Perhaps the 'intensifier/dummy' morpheme /te/ is here used to avoid a sexual pun or meaning. Check with /noteketsa a:tl/ whether this refers to only the end of the rainy
season, or to rain in general. It might even refer more to the end of a particular rain than the rain of the rainy season. With the reflexive meaning of 'to appear' check what other
subjects can occur. Can it refer to a person? Is the sense that of 'to suddenly appear,' 'to show up,' etc.
\mod Distinguish /teltia/ from /teketsa/, though often these seem to have equal meanings. Cf. Gram 1985 10-05.2
\xref tlatetekestiw
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\ref 00367
\lxam xi:lo:tl
\lxam_c xi:lo:tl
\lxoa xi:lo:tl
\lxoa_c xi:lo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e young, tender green ear of maize (before it becomes edible as a ye:lo:tl)
\sense_s jilote (la etapa del maíz antes de que se vuelva comestible como elote)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye kipia ixi:lo:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (the maize plant) already has its young green ears of corn.
\phrase_s Ya tiene (el maíz) sus jilotes.
\root xi:lo:
\nae Although plant parts, apparently both xi:lo:tl and ye:lo:tlare only alienably possessed, either by a human possessor or by the whole plant of
which it is a part.
\ency_note mi:hli stages and parts of
\qry Check possibility of /-yo/ possession.
\grm Possession: The reason for the possessed form as /i:xi:lo:w/ and not /i:xi:lo:yo/ is not clear. Cf. /i:xo:chiyo/ which is used with plants having flowers, in reference to this
flower. Check to see if /i:xi:lo:yo/ is also correct.
\ref 00368
\lxam ma:temonex
\lxam_c ma:temonex
\lxoa ma:témonéx
\lxoa_c ma:témonéx
\lxoa_pr ma:temonex
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have dusty or dirty hands
\sense_s tener las manos sucias de polvo o tierra
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Melá:k tima:temonex.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You really have dirty hands.
\phrase_s Tienes las manos muy sucias.
\root ma:
\root te-
\root mohnex
\qry Check to determine whether one can also say /ma:monex(tik)/ or /ma:nex(tik)/; also /ma:temonextik/. Check to determine whether this can be used as a vocative.
\root_notes It is not clear how to consider the relation between /nex-/, /tenex-/ and /temonex-/ as roots or stems. Obviously /nex/ should be considered a root. The word /monex/ is also
used, but the meaning of the /mo-/ element is unclear. Similarly one finds /tenextli/ for 'lime,' which would seem to include both /te/ 'stone' and /nex/ 'grey.' Thus it becomes an
interesting question whether /te-/ should be considered the intensifier, and how /mo/ should be analyzed. I have noted in my original card that the use of /temonex/ withough
the adjectival ending /-tik/ is quite common and appears to indicate more of a quality than a temporary state.
\ref 00369
\lxam ye:kma:te:roh
\lxam_alt ye:kma:te:rah
\lxam_c ye:kma:te:roh
\lxoa ye:hma:te:roh
\lxoa_alt ye:kma:te:rah
\lxoa_c ye:hma:te:roh
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\loan ye:kma:
\loan_t Spz
\psm Adj
\der N-Adj
\allomorph Gender
\sense_e to be right-handed
\sense_s ser diestro, utilizando la mano derecha
\sense_d Pending
\root ye:k
\root ma:
\ref 00370
\lxam tlane:spahlo:tl
\lxam_c tlane:spahlo:tl
\lxoa tlane:spahlo:tl
\lxoa_c tlane:spahlo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-yo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e light, including sunlight, that illuminates an area; clarity from a light source (that enables one to see)
\sense_s luz, incluyendo luz del sol, que ilumina; claridad (que permite ver a uno)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n A:man o:kalak tlane:spahlo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Illuminating light has now entered (e.g., through a window).
\phrase_s Ahora algo de luz que ilumina ha entrado (p. ej., por una ventana)
\root ne:si
\root_rel -pan
\nae Apparently tlane:xpahlo:tl is derived from tlane:span , with final consonant change. The noun refers not to light in general, but to a light that illuminates an
area that would otherwise be dark, as occurs with an opening through a window or door, or with light that streams in through a hole in a roof or wall.
\qry Check for possessed form.
\ref 00371
\lxam kechposteki
\lxam_c kikechposteki
\lxoa kechposteki
\lxoa_c kikechposteki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to break the neck of (a person or animate being, or of a material object with a"neck,"such as a bottle)
\sense_s romperle el cuello a (una persona o ser animado, o de un objeto material con"cuello", como una botella)
\sense_d Pending
\root kech
\root posteki
\nse According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) the word used to decribed the action of breaking an chicken's neck is kechkoto:nabecause it is long and can be streched (or
snapped).
\qry Check possible uses of this verb, i.e. for things as well as animates.
\mod Perhaps change format of dictionary so that verbs with varying valency have two entries. This should perhaps also be the case of interrogatives, relativizers, etc. that may function is
various manners.
\ref 00372
\lxam tlai:xpoya:wi
\lxam_c tlai:xpoya:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp tla-N-V1
\der V0-tla
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become dark from nightfall
\sense_s oscurecer por entrada la noche
\sense_d Am
\root i:x
\root poya:
\qry Check to determine if non-impersonal form exists, i.e., /i:xpoya:wi/. If it does enter it and also add /xbtl field here.
\semref tlapoya:wi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref i:xtlapoya:wi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00373
\lxam wapa:wa
\lxam_c kwapa:wa
\lxoa opa:wa
\lxoa_alt kopa:wa
\lxoa_c kiopa:wa
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to raise (as a parent its offspring)
\sense_s criar (como un padre o madre a su hijo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ne:nkah, yewa o:ne:chwapa:w. O:mik notah kwa:ko:n nitsoyo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That person over there, he raised me as a child. My father died when I was a little pipsqueak.
\phrase_s Esa persona allá, me crióde niño. Se muriómi papácuando era un escuincle.
\sense_e (refl.-anticaus.) to grow up (a child, young animal, that is still growing older)
\sense_s (refl.-anticaus.) crecer (un niño, un animal joven, en general cualquier cosa que todavía está haciéndose más viejo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Un a:man kemech nowapa:wan, yewameh xkimatin.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00373_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 9:55
\phrase_e Those that are just growing up, they don't know about it (in this case, a certain word in Nahuatl).
\phrase_s Los que apenas van creciendo, ellos no lo saben.
\sense_e (refl.-anticaus.) to grow (e.g., hair, shoots of a plant, etc., apparently things that grow upward or outward)
\sense_s (refl.-anticaus.) crecer (pelo, retoños, plantas, etc., aparentemente cosas que crecen hacia arriba o afuera)
\phrase_n Oksepa nowapa:was mote:ntson.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your beard will grow out again.
\phrase_s Se te va a crecer otra vez la barba.
\phrase_n Kwa:k timoxi:ma petse:wi motsontekon. Xok tikwa:kokoloxtik. Pero kwa:k nowapa:wa, sepa pe:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When you get your hair cut (said to sb with curly hair) your head becomes smooth (as the hair that is left behind is short and straight). You no longer have curly hair. But
when it starts to grow back, once again it starts (to get curly).
\phrase_s Cuando te cortas el pelo (dicho a algn con pelo chino) se te pone lisa la cabeza (porque el pelo que se queda es corto y derecho). Ya no tienes rizos. Pero cuando crezca,
otra vez empieza (a salir los rizos).
\sense_e to build up (a construction that is raised off the ground, such as a wall)
\sense_s levantar (al construir algo que se va haciendo más alto, como una pared)
\sense_d Pending
\root wapa:
\nae In Oapan one occasionally finds kopa:wa after a vowel-final prefix: nokopa:wa although even here the form without /k/ is more common:
noopa:wa.
\nde Classical Nahuatl in this word and others in which this root is found has wapa: instead of wepa:.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note /we/>/o>in initial position.
\ref 00374
\lxam yekaposteki
\lxam_c yekaposteki
\lxoa yekaposteki
\lxoa_c yekaposteki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to have the point break off (e.g., a knife, a machete, a pointed stick, pencil, etc.)
\sense_s rompersele la punta a (p. ej., un cuchillo, machete, palo puntiagudo, lapiz, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Te:ntetepon momache:teh, o:yekapostek.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your machete has a short edge to its blade, its end broke off.
\phrase_s Tu machete es rabón, se le rompióla punta.
\phrase_n O:yekapopostek notlachpa:nwa:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The ends of (the bottom of) my broom broke off.
\phrase_s Se rompieron las puntas de (la paja de) mi escoba.
\root yeka
\root posteki
\grm Reduplication with short vowel: Note /O:yekapopostek notlachpa:nwa:s/ 'The ends of (the bottom of) my broom broke off.' As expected it is the verb stem that reduplicates,
not the IN.
\ref 00375
\lxam i:xte:nkekexkia
\lxam_c i:xte:nkekexkia
\lxoa i:xte:nkekexia
\lxoa_c i:xte:nkekexia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e for ones eyes to itch
\sense_s escocerle los ojos a
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root kex
\qry Check inflection for future, imperfective, perfective, etc.
\mod Make sure that root of /kekexkia/ here is the same as with the main entry for this word.
\ref 00376
\lxam a:toktli
\lxam_c a:toktli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-k-pret
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e sth carried away by a river, usually because of heavy rains (often a:toktli refers too wood that has been swept away by a rushing torrent and that may be
collected along riverbanks and used for firewood, but can refer to anything carried away by the current)
\sense_s algo llevado por un río crecido a causa de las lluvias (por lo común a:toktli refiere a madera que ha sido llevada por una fuerte corriente, y que la gente
junta para leña, pero también puede significar cualquier otra cosa asíllevada)
\sense_d Am
\root a:
\root toka
\ref 00377
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwi:xwia
\lxoa_f [kwi:x 'wi ya]
\lxoa_c kikwi:xwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make a hissing sound at (e.g., a chicken to scare it away)
\sense_s hacer un sonido como soplido a (p. ej., una gallina para ahuyentarla)
\sense_d Pending
\root kwi:x
\qry I was only able to obtain this verb with the prefix tla- ; but I have a definition as a transitive. This is unclear. Check. Perhpas this reference should be removed. I was only
able to obtain it with the /tla-/ prefix as an intransitive: /tlakwi:xwia/. When there is an object (e.g., a chicken being hissed at) the form /kitlakwi:xwilia/ is used.
\xref tlakwi:xwia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00378
\lxam i:xkwa:tili:ntok
\lxam_c i:xkwa:tili:ntok
\lxoa i:xkwa:tili:ntok
\lxoa_c i:xkwa:tili:ntok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\compound N-Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to have a headband or bandanna wrapped tightly around the forehead
\sense_s tener la frente amarrada por una tela o pañuelo (p. ej., un danzante en la danza de corona)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to have a swollen forehead (e.g., from being hit with a rock, in reference to the tightening of the skin on a swelling)
\sense_s tener la frente hinchada (p. ej., por haber sido alcanzado con una piedra, en referencia a la piel que queda algo"apretada")
\sense_d Am
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\root tili:
\fl yetl
\nse In Oapan, according to Florencia Marcelino, i:xkwa:tili:ntok is not used in the vulgar sense used in the first definition but rather to refer to a state in which the subject has
a"tight"(tili:ntok) forehead, in reference to the cloth or cloth-like material tightly tied. It can even be used to refer to a person (e.g., dancer) wearing a tight crown (e.g, in
the danza de corona).
\qry The meaning of /i:xkwa:tili:ni/ should be checked. Note that /tili:ni/, however, is often used to indicate swelling, such as that of a tightening that leaves the skin taught. I originally had
this vulgar definition: '(vulg.) to have a full and swollen belly (i.e., to be pregnant)' that Cristino Flores denied was correct.
\ref 00379
\lxam ye:ixiwtilia
\lxam_c kiye:ixiwtilia
\lxoa ye:ixihtilia
\lxoa_c kiye:ixihtilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Num-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e see -xiwtilia (Am) / -xihtilia(Oa)
\sense_s véase -xiwtilia (Am) / -xihtilia(Oa)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ye:i
\root xiw
\ref 00380
\lxam a:molo:nki
\lxam_c a:molo:nki
\lxoa a:molo:nki
\lxoa_c a:molo:nki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to have a bad smell from to have been left soaking too long in water
\sense_s tener un mal olor por haber sido dejado demasiado tiempo en agua estancada
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be foul-smelling (water from having mud)
\sense_s tener un mal olor (agua, por tener lodo)
\sense_d Pending
\root a:
\root molo:
\ncol nextamahli
\nae A:molo:nki is used (predictivately or attributively) to refer to a material, such as nixtamal, clothes, etc., that has spoiled from sitting in water. Apparently it
refers to the material itself and not to the water itself. In this sense the relationship of the incorporated a:- to molo:nki is quite distinct from that between
a:- and poso:nki in a:poso:nki , 'boiled water,' where the incorporated noun is the head.
\qry Check to determine whether this adjective refers to items that smell bad from being too long in water, or to the water itself.
\grm See discussion under /kwa:toto:nki/. A:molo:nki is used (predictivately or attributively) to refer to a material, such as nixtamal, clothes, etc., that
has spoiled from sitting in water. Apparently it refers to the material itself and not to the water itself. In this sense the relationship of the incorporated a:- to
molo:nki is quite distinct from that between a:- and poso:nki in a:poso:nki , 'boiled water,' where the incorporated
noun is the head.
\ref 00381
\lxam kwi:tia
\lxam_c kikwi:tia
\lxoa kwi:tia
\lxoa_c kikwi:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (~ [SC]) to think (that sth or a certain situation exists that is not the case)
\sense_s (~ [CS]) pensar (que algo o algn situación impera que resulta no ser cierto)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kikwi:tia na:nkah ikone:w pero xa:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He thinks that his child is here but he isn't.
\phrase_s Piensa que aquíanda su hijo pero no está.
\sense_e (refl.) to come clean (e.g., confessing an action or admitting a crime, etc.); to tell the truth
\sense_s (refl.) confesar (no en el sentido religioso sino en admitir una falla, etc.); decir la verdad (en el sentido de admisión)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xnokwi:ti:s, xte:chihli:s a:kino:n o:kichi:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will not come clean, he will not tell us who did it.
\phrase_s No va a confesar, no nos va a decir quien lo hizo.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to accidentally stain or leave a mark on (e.g., a person while painting gets distracted and strikes sth accidentally with a paintbrush; usually
with the nonspecific object prefix tla-)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) manchar; dejar una mancha o marca sobre (p. ej., una persona se distrae al pintar y por casualidad alcanza algo con un pincel y
pintura; usualmente con el objeto no específico tla-)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n O:tlá:kwí:tih, o:kitoya:wilih i:tlakwal.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He stained things, he spilled his food out on it.
\phrase_s Dejótodo manchado, le tirósu comida sobre ello.
\root kwi
\nse Florencia Marcelino (Oa) did not accept the transitive meaning of kwi:tia as 'to think' but did accept the meaning given for Oapan above (to accidentally leave a mark
on). She also accepted a trivalent form (e.g., kinokwi:tia i:kone:w, which has been given a distinct entry for a V3 verb.
\nae The transitive use of kwi:tia as in Kikwi:tia na:nkah i:kone:w pero xa:k is not documented in Classical sources such as Molina, who has cuitia.
nicno. 'conocer, o confesar a otro por señor, o conocer el dellicto que cometió,' with two overt object markers, the reflexive and the specific 3rd-person. As a causative of a
transitive (kwi) kwi:tia should be trivalent. Yet given that Ameyaltepec Nahuatl usually loses the reflexive marker in constructions where it is
accompanied by a 3rd-person specific object (e.g., nokowilia for kinokowilia 'he buys it for himself') this might explain the form
kikwi:tia. Note also that in any case the Ameyaltepec reflexive use of kwi:tia is notionally trivalent (e.g., one confesses, nokwi:tia, about
something).
\qry Check correctness of /kikwi:tia/ as the sentence with the transitive use was taken from an early file card. Check vowel length of /akinon/ in one sentence above. I believe that I
originally had it recorded as a short vowel but changed it to a long one based on evidence from Oapan tapes (which might be in error and I have changed it to short).
\grm The transitive use of kwi:tia as in Kikwi:tia na:nkah i:kone:w pero xa:k is not documented in Classical sources such as Molina, who has
cuitia. nicno. 'conocer, o confesar a otro por señor, o conocer el dellicto que cometió,' with two overt object markers, the reflexive and the specific 3rd-person.
As a causative of a transitive (kwi) kwi:tia should be trivalent. Yet Ameyaltepec Nahuatl usually loses the reflexive marker in constructions
where it is accompanied by a 3rd-person specific object; this might explain the form kikwi:tia. Note also that in both cases, the transitive and the reflexive
uses of kwi:tia, the terms is notionally trivalent (e.g., one confesses, nokwi:tia, about something; or one thinks, kikwi:tia, about
something). This suggests that causativization does not always increase the morphological valency of the verb, but may independently change the semantic roles of the
participants.
\semref yo:lkwi:tia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref kwi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00382
\mod Here the word /kuhsombre:roh/ has been removed from the dictionary.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\ref 00383
\lxam fiská:l
\lxam_c fiská:l
\lxoa fi:skal
\lxoa_c fi:skal; bi:skal
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan fiscal
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e the highest officer of the village church, elected every year from among the adult men
\sense_s el oficial de más algo rango en la iglesia del pueblo, elegido cada uno de entre los hombres adultos
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld govern
\ency_note give list of village officials; church separate from secular
\ref 00384
\lxam tekiwtia
\lxam_c kitekiwtia
\lxoa tekihtia
\lxoa_c kitekihtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to entrust or assign (a certain task) to
\sense_s encargarle o asignarle (una tarea o trabajo) a; importunar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n I:n na:nkah yewa tikchi:was, xok tli:n ya:lwa o:timistekiwtih. A:man okse: timistekiwtia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will do this(thing, task) here, not what I had assigned you to do yesterday. Now I'm entrusting you with something different.
\phrase_s Vas a hacer este(cosa, tarea), no lo que te había encargado ayer. Ahora es una cosa diferente lo que te encargo.
\phrase_n Kwala:nini deke tiktlatekiwti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is easily angered if you give him a job to do.
\phrase_s Se enoja fácilmente si le encargas alguna tarea.
\sense_e (refl.) to take responsibility for
\sense_s (refl.) tomar la responsabilidad de
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Nimotekiwtia, san newa para nitlamis, xekah ne:xtekiwtia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I take responsibility for it, it's just me who will finish, no one has has forced it on me.
\phrase_s Yo me encargo de ello, solamente yo estoy para terminarlo, nadie me ha insistido.
\fla tekiwia
\root teki
\nae Tekiwtia seems to be a causative form of tekiwia , a denominal transitive verb that means 'to apply oneself to (a task).' Rather, tequiuia is
a transitive verb with one object, the person who is"imposed upon' or 'charged with' a task. Thus the object of the transitive tekiwia becomes the secondary object of
the causative tekiwtia and the new primary object is the person who applies himself to this task. Note that given that Ameyaltepec tends to delete the overt
expression of a specific object with a reflexive, a form such as nimotekiwtia is perhaps best considered a ditransitive, underlying {nikmotekiwtia}. It is for this reason
that the form tlatekiwtia remains a transitive. A comparison with a cognate Oapan reflexive might confirm this analysis.
\nde Molina has for tequiuia. nite 'importunar algo a otro' and for tequiuhtia. nicno 'tomar algo a su cargo, o encargarse de algún negocio.' The other dictionary that
tequiutia is that of Northern Puebla: tequiutiya as a reflexive (p. 96) is glossed as 'dedicarse, aplicarse' whereas the fully transitive form (p. 166) is listed with
three senses: '1: mandar, gobernar, obligar, forzar; 2: invertir; 3: utilizar.'
\qry Further determine the meaning of both /tekiwia/ and /tekiwtia/. The meaning and the derivation of each is somewhat obscure.
\ref 00385
\lxam tlake:ntia
\lxam_c kitlake:ntia
\lxoa tlake:ntia
\lxoa_c kitlake:ntia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to put clothes on; to dress (from a state of lesser to more clothes)
\sense_s vestir (de un estado de menos a más ropa)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:notlake:nti:to.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He went to put on some (different) clothes.
\phrase_s Fue a vestirse (esto es, a ponerse ropa diferente)
\sense_e to buy an outfit of clothes for (usually in reference to godparents clothing their godchild)
\sense_s comprar un juego de ropa para (generalmente en referencia a los padrinos comprándole un juego de ropa para su ahijado)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n On toba:leh o:tlakowato para te:tlake:nti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Our friend there went to shop, he went to fulfill his obligation as a godfather (to cloth his godchild).
\phrase_s Nuestro amigo fue a comprar ropa, fue para cumplir con su responsabilidad como padrino (para vestir a su ahijado).
\sense_e (refl. with a directional affix) to buy clothes for oneself
\sense_s (refl. con un afijo direccional) adquirir o comprar ropa para si mismo
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (fig.) (refl.) to get covered with folliage (a tree or landscape)
\sense_s (fig.) (refl.) cubrirse de foliaje (unárbol o paisaje)
\sense_d Pending
\root ke:m
\disamb compadrazgo
\qry Get a list of obligations of godparents vis-a-vis their godchildren, in regards to clothing.
\semref tlá:kiá
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00386
\lxam tlikoyo:tl
\lxam_c tlikoyo:tl
\lxoa tlikoyo:tl
\lxoa_c tlikoyo:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-yo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of tortilla of salted tixtli patted into a thick tortilla shape and then cooked directly on embers
\sense_s tipo de tortilla gruesa de masa salada que se cuece directamente sobre las brasas
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food-maize
\qry Check for possessed form.
\root tli
\root_rel -ko
\ref 00387
\lxam tlape:wia
\lxam_c tlape:wia
\lxoa tlape:wia
\lxoa_f [tla pe: 'wi ya]
\lxoa_c tlape:wia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-alt-wi(a)[x]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to drive along (an animal such as a mule, donkey, etc., by a person who is either riding or walking alongside)
\sense_s arrear (un animal como una mula, burro, etc., por una persona que estámontado o caminando al lado)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tlape:witiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He goes along driving animals (e.g., as he takes them to sell).
\phrase_s Va arreando (esto es, animales, como los que se llevan a vender).
\phrase_n Xtlape:wi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hurry it up (an animal being ridden or driven)!
\phrase_s ¡Arréale (un animal montado o que se estáarreando a pie)!
\root pe:wi
\qry Check if an oblique can be used: /xtlape:wi i:ka moburroh/... or can one even say, /xtlape:wi moburro/ (perhaps /xtlasiwi:ti moburroh/). Check. The intransitive verb
pe:wia differs in meaning and use from the intransitive tlape:wia. The former is used to indicate the chasing away of an animal, for example one that it
trying to enter into a kitchen, irrigated garden, etc. Tlape:wia , on the other hand, is used to indicate the action of hurrying up an animal. The referent may be evident
from context (e.g., when one person shouts to another, both riding on their respective animals, ' Xtlape:wi!, it is evident that the animal to be hurried along is the one
being riden by the addressee).
\xref pe:wia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00388
\lxam kwa:tesonek
\lxam_c kwa:tesonek
\lxoa kwa:tesonek
\lxoa_c kwa:tesonek
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to have uncombed hair that stands up on end
\sense_s tener el pelo sin peinar y parado
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root teson
\nae The etymology of the Oapan form here kwa:tesonek is unclear, specifically in reference to the final /ek/ sequence.
\mod The word here should be /kwa:teson/ for Oapan. Note that /kwa:tesonek/ is used for someone who has hair that stands straight up, not just when recently cut. Even though the hair
is wet, and that someone tries to comb it down, if when it gets longer, it still goes straight up. Thus this should be changed. Check recording and if the form /kwa:teson/ is there, then
change. Otherwise perhaps create a new entry for /kwa:tesonek/, but determine the source of the /-ek/ ending.
\semref kwa:teteson
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref kwa:tetesontik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00389
\lxam tepotskuwtli
\lxam_c tepotskuwtli
\lxoa teposkohtli
\lxoa_c teposkohtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e generic name for a type of tree of which there are two types: teposkohtli tli:ltik and teposkohtli tekwitlanextik
\sense_s generic name for a type of tree of which there are two types: teposkohtli tli:ltik and teposkohtli tekwitlanextik
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root tepos
\root kow
\nse This tree grows on lands of Oapan, where the information about two types was gathered (Silvestre Pantaleón, consultant). The name of the tree was known in Ameyaltepec, but the
tree identification not made. Note, moreover, that neither of the two species were collected. It might be that this is an erroneous entry for tepotskohtli. This
needs to be checked.
\ref 00390
\lxam xa:lite:koh
\lxam_c xa:lite:koh
\lxoa xa:li:te:koh
\lxoa_c xa:li:te:koh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-gen
\infn N1(gender: xa:li:te:kah)
\sense_e person from Xalitla
\sense_s persona de Xalitla
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root xa:l
\root -te:koh
\qry Check for final /h/. Check for other gentilico's (e.g. /xa:lite:koh/, etc.) by village.
\ref 00391
\lxam i:xte:nxoxok
\lxam_c i:xte:nxoxok
\lxoa i:xte:nxoxok
\lxoa_c i:xte:nxoxok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to have green eyes
\sense_s tener los ojos verdes
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to have ones eyes painted green with mascara
\sense_s estar con, o tener, los ojos pintados verdes con maquillaje
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to have a black eye
\sense_s tener un moretón por el ojo
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root xo
\nse In Oapan if there are a lot of bruises the form i:xte:ntexó:xók can be used. In Ameyaltepec to refer to a person with a black eye one would say
o:i:xte:nxoxo:wiak.
\qry Check vowel length in /-xoxok/. Check whether /i:xte:ntexoxok/ is correct as the 'singular' and /i:xte:nxó:xók/ can be used for the plural (i.e., without /te-/. Check.
\grm Oapan reduplication: Note If there are a lot of bruises: i:xte:ntexó:xók whereas the singular is /i:xte:nxoxok/ is the singular.
\semref i:xtexoxok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00392
\mod Was /A:tlikpak/ switched to Toponym database.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\ref 00393
\lxam pe:peto
\lxam_c pe:peto
\lxoa pe:peto
\lxoa_c pe:peto
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan pepita
\psm N
\der N-loan
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\sense_e squash seeds cooked in water
\sense_s semilla de calabaza cocida en agua
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nse Apparently pepe:toh is derived from the Spanish pepita.
\ref 00394
\lxam tekoncho:ka
\lxam_c tekoncho:ka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to make a loud hollow, resonant sound (sth hollow, such as a gourd or earthen water jug, or ground that is hollow below the surface)
\sense_s emitir un sonido fuerte, hueco y resonante (algo como un calabazo o tinaja, o unaárea de tierra con un hueco abajo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tekoncho:ka a:tlawtli, kukuwilo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The ravine resounds with a deep, hollow sound (in this case from the blows of an axe against a tree), someone is chopping wood.
\phrase_s La barranca resuena con un sonido fuerte y hueco (en este caso de los golpes de una hacha contra unárbol), alguien estáleñando.
\semfld sound-material
\root tekoma
\root cho:ka
\qry Check length of /i/ in /kukowilo/. My notes had a long /i/ (/kukowi:lo/) but here I have changed it to a short /i/, as I would expect. This should be checked.
\vl Check vowel length.
\xref tekoncho:ktia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 00395
\lxam kuwtlatlapa:nani
\lxam_c kuwtlatlapa:nani
\lxoa kohtlatlapa:nani
\lxoa_c kohtlatlapa:nani
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\sense_e person who is particularly adept at splitting wood
\sense_s persona buena para partir leña
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (fig:) person who boisterous and has a loud laugh
\sense_s (fig.) vocinglero y que hace mucho ruido cuando se rie
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kuwtlatlapa:nani un suwa:tl. Nochipa wetska, kwa:texi:kal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That woman is boisterous. She is always laughing, she has a loud voice.
\phrase_s Es vocinglera esa mujer. Siempre se ríe, sueña su voz muy fuerte.
\root kow
\root tlapa:
\nse The figurative use of kuwtlatlapana:ni is documented from Ameyaltepec, but might well have been an idiosyncratic and personal use. Cristino Flores, a consultant, has
recently (2001) stated that he was unfamiliar with such a meaning.
\ref 00396
\lxam kuwnextli
\lxam_c kuwnextli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(x)
\sense_e corn dough (tixtli) that is made by mixing the dough with tenextli and tlikonextli ; kuwnextli is used in
making the tamals called tamahli de kuwnextli
\sense_s masa de maíz que se hace mezclándola con tenextli y tlikonextli ; kuhnextli se usa para hacer tamahli de
kuhnextli
\sense_d Am
\root kow
\root nex
\qry Check to make sure that /tenextli/ is mixed with the masa, or simply ashes, /tlikonextli/. Check for possessed forms, both Aln and Intrin
\root_notes Apparently /nex/ no longer occurs as an isolated nominal root (*nextli) although it is so found in classical nahuatl.
\semref tamahli de kuwnextli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00397
\lxam tepepechyo:tia
\lxam_c kitepepechyo:tia
\lxoa té:pechyó:tia
\lxoa_c kité:pechyó:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-tia
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Am, Oa
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to lay flagstones (on the ground, e.g., in a yard to keep it from getting muddy); to cobblestone (a street)
\sense_s colocar losa sobre la tierra (p. ej., en un patio para evitar un lodazal durante la temporada de lluvias); poner adoquines (en una calle)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n yo:kitepepechyo:tikeh, ne: poliwi tepepextli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here they have already laid down flagstones, there flagstones (or cobblestones) still have to be laid down.
\phrase_s Aquíya le pusieron losa (o adoquín), allátodavía falta la losa (o adoquín).
\root te
\root pech
\disamb tepepechowa; tepepechyo:tia; tepepextia
\grm /-yo/; verbalization: Note the use of /-yo/ in forms that mean to apply something or make something. In another example of Oapan Nahuatl I had /i:xteyo:tia/ (or
?/i:xte:nyo:tia/) referring to adding eyes to the moon in a drawing. It seems that the /yo/ is often used become the noun that is added is part and parcel of a larger entity. In
this sense it will be very important to determine the difference between /tepepechyo:tia/ and /tepepextia/.
\qry The reason for the /-yo/ is not clear, since the nominal is /tepepextli/. Check the possessed construction, i.e., /itepepechyo/? Check difference between /tepepechyo:tia/ and
/tepepextia/.
\semref tepepextia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00398
\lxam tla:ltikpaktli
\lxam_c tla:ltikpaktli
\lxoa tla:ltehpahtli
\lxoa_c tla:ltehpahtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-2
\infn Stem 1(l)
\sense_e Earth
\sense_s la Tierra; el mundo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ilwikak wa:n tla:ltikpaktli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e the Heavens and the Earth.
\phrase_s los Cielos y la Tierra.
\ncol xi:ktli
\ncol xi:hli
\root tla:l
\root_rel -ikpak
\nse This noun is never possessed; it is used to refer to the Earth as an entity and not to any specific section or region of the Earth.
\ref 00399
\lxam tla:lko:nwia
\lxam_c notla:lko:nwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to trip over a large hole in the ground
\sense_s (refl.) tropezar y caerse a causa de un hoyo grande en la tierra
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:notla:lko:nwih, o:ikxipostek.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He tripped over a large hole in the ground, he broke his leg.
\phrase_s Tropezóy se cayóa causa de un gran hoyo en la tierra, se rompióla pierna.
\root tla:l
\root ko:m
\qry Check whether transitive form exists, or if only the reflexive is possible.
\grm Reflexive; -wia Note that the reflexive here indicates an event that happens to someone, but without any sort of volition. Note also the combination of reflexive with -wia,
which often means 'to act with noun on' However, as this form shows, the N should be considered an instrument in all cases.
\semref tla:lko:nchi:wilia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00400
\lxam tlawe:i
\lxam_c tlawe:i
\lxoa tlawe:i
\lxoa_c tlawe:i
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound tla-Adj
\der Adj-b
\sense_e to be open or having a large, flat, clear and open area (e.g., an area of land that is flat and relatively free of stones, bushes, and trees)
\sense_s haber mucho campo; tener un espacio plano y abierto (p. ej., una sección de terreno plano y relativamente libre de piedras, arbustos yárboles)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Mejó:r xtlatlani un ne:nkah tla:hli ka:n tlawe:i. Ni:n xkipia tetl, wa:n ni:n xtlakaltech.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It would be better to ask for that there land where it's flat and open. It doesn't have rocks and it isn't steeply inclined.
\phrase_s Sería mejor pedir esa tierra alládonde hay campo. No tiene piedras y ni estáinclinada.
\sense_e to be roomy (an interior space that is large and open); to be spatious (in general any area in which there is open space that can be occupied)
\sense_s ser un lugar amplio o espacioso (un espacio interior grande, p. ej., una sala); ser unaárea donde hay lugar (para poner o colocar cosas, en general cualquier espacio
donde cabe algo, p. ej., una persona, mueble, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nika:n tlawe:i, nika:n wel titlamoya:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here there's a lot of room, here you can spread out your goods.
\phrase_s Hay campo aquí, aquípuedes poner (extender) tus cosas.
\phrase_n Na:nika tlawe:i. Na:nika xkwa:hki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Over here there is a lot of room (in this case to store sth). Bring it over here!
\phrase_s Por acáhay mucho espacio (en este caso para guardar algo),¡Tráelo para acá!
\sense_e (sa: ~) all in one place; all together
\sense_s (sa: ~) todo en un lugar; todo junto
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Sa: tlawe:i xi:ntikah nosen, i niatok nóntlapí:li:s.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e My mazorcas are all just spread out in a single area (in this case that has been cleared for the purpose, i.e., o:kitlawe:ika:tílikéh), I'm going to
go keep an eye on it.
\phrase_s Mi mazorca estátodo extendido junto en un lugar (limpiado para tal fin, esto es, o:kitlawe:ika:tílikéh), ya me voy a ir a vigilarla.
\root we:i
\nse Whereas we:i , one of the few underived adjectives in Nahuatl, is used to describe the physical size (or at times social status) of a particular person or thing,
tlawe:i is used to describe an aspect of space: its relative"openness."This is described as relative because the utilization of tlawe:i depends on the
purpose to which the space might be put, essentially whether it is large and open enough for the matter at hand. Thus an area of land might be described as tlawe:i to
someone wishing to park his car there, but as xtlawe:i to someone wishing to build a house.
\qry Determine difference (and cf. first illustrative sentence) between /ni:/ and /ni:n/.
\grm tla- Note the use of /tla-/ with the adjective /we:i/. Whereas we:i , one of the few underived adjectives in Nahuatl, is used to describe the physical size (or at
times social status) of a particular person or thing, tlawe:i is used to describe an aspect of space: its relative"openness."This is described as relative because
the utilization of tlawe:i depends on the purpose to which the space might be put, essentially whether it is large and open enough for the matter at hand. Thus
an area of land might be described as tlawe:ito someone wishing to park his car there, but as xtlawe:i to someone wishing to build a house.
Note also the use of /tla-/ with words (nouns?) that describe places.
\ref 00401
\lxam kwepo:naltia
\lxam_c kikwepo:naltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to fold up and back (particularly sth that folds back upon itself, such as earth being plowed, spouting water, etc.)
\sense_s hacer doblar o plegar (particularmente algo que se dobla sobre si mismo, como tierra al ser arada, agua que brota, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:kikwepo:naltitiki:s yeyekatl ikwe, o:yeyekak chika:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The wind passed by and blew up her skirt, there was a strong gust of wind.
\phrase_s Al pasar el viento levantósu falda, hubo una fuerte ráfaga de viento.
\phrase_n Tihkwepo:naltitia:s tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will go along (while plowing) folding the earth back upon itself.
\phrase_s Vas a ir (al arar) haciendo que la tierra se vaya doblando sobre si misma.
\root kwepo:
\qry Cf. entries under /kwepo:ni/ and /kwepo:nia/. Note and check the difference between /-kwepo:nia/ and /kwepo:naltia/. Get possible objects of each, and can each be used in
reflexive?
\grm Word order: /O:kikwepo:naltitiki:s yeyekatl i:kwe, o:yeyekak chika:wak/ 'The wind passed by and blew up her skirt, there was a strong gust of wind. Note the word order:
VSO.
\semref i:xte:nchi:kopo:nia; kopo:nia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref kwepo:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 00402
\lxam ma:kextlan
\lxam_c ima:kextlan
\lxoa ma:kextlah
\lxoa_c i:ma:kextlah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loc-tlan
\infn N2
\sense_e wrist
\sense_s muñeca (de la mano)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e cuff (of a sleeve)
\sense_s puño (de la manga de una camisa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tekomo:ntok mokoto:n ipan ima:kextlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sleeves of your shirt are puffed-up around the cuff.
\phrase_s Las mangas de tu camisa están infladas por los puños.
\semfld body
\root ma:
\root kech
\root_rel -tlan
\nse Cristino Flores (Am) was not familiar with the use of ma:kextlan to indicate the cuff of a shirt. However, this acceptation has been retained pending further study.
\mod Perhaps create separate field for locative and pospositions, e.g. /- tlan/. In terms of category field, it is not clear whether this word should be N-lopo or N-rel.
\ref 00403
\lxam i:xa:mia
\lxam_c ki:xa:mia
\lxoa i:xa:mia
\lxoa_c ki:xa:mia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-mi(a)
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to lightly wash the face of
\sense_s lavar ligeramente la cara de
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:ki:xa:mih ikone:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She lightly washed off the face of her child (with water).
\phrase_s Limpióligeramente la cara de su niño (con agua).
\phrase_n Xmi:xa:mi:ti pa:mpa o:kalak mi:xtewa:n jábon!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go and rinse your face off because soap got in your eyes!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a enjuagarse la cara porque se te metióagua a los ojos!
\sense_e to paint (with a solid color); to varnish
\sense_s pintar (con un solo color); barnizar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:ki:xa:mikeh isiye:tas ika tlapahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They have already painted their chairs (with a solid color, not drawn figures).
\phrase_s Ya pintaron sus sillas (con un solo color, no figuritas).
\phrase_n Yo:ki:xa:mikeh intepalkawa:n ika barní:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They've already varished their ceramic bowls.
\phrase_s Ya barnizaron sus platos de cerámica.
\sense_e to plaster; to whitewash (a wall)
\sense_s revocar; blanquear; enjalbergar; encalar (una pared)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ki:xa:mi:skeh un tepantli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are going to plaster (or whitewash) that wall.
\phrase_s Van a revocar (o blanquear) esa pared.
\root i:x
\root a:
\nae The etymology of i:xa:mia is not entirely clear. Tetelcingo (p. 217), which has many cognates with Balsas valley Nahuatl, has i:xa:mia 'le lava la cara'
(although FK has this listed as xa:mia the initial /i:/ is long in Tetelcingo and thus clearly part of the verbal stem; the same mistake is made with ? xa:huia).
Molina has ixamia. nite. 'lavar a otro la cara.' These two definitions fit in well with the initial senses of i:xa:mia in the Balsas area. However, the other
sense, of painting or plastering, is covered by Molina ixauia. nitla. 'embarrar o enxalvegar pared' and perhaps Tetelcingo (p. 217) i:xa:bia 'enjuagar.' Balsas
Nahuatl also have i:xa:wia with the meaning of 'to rinse.' At any rate the difference between i:xa:mia and i:xa:wia , both with the sense
of 'to rinse,' needs to be further investigated.
\qry Check etymology. Note that Molina has /i:xa:uia/ with virtually the same meaning; here the etymology seems to be {i:x + a: + wia}, meaning 'to act with Noun Stem.' Thus the
change would be /i:xa:mia/ from /i:xa:wia/. This seems plausible. Thus check for /i:xa:mia/, /i:xa:wia/, /xa:mia/ and /xa:wia/.
\grm Word order: /Xmi:xa:mi:ti pampa o:kalak mi:xtewa:n jábon/. Note the word order of V-Loc-S. This seems quite usual from my feeling for the language.
\root_notes Discuss the possibility that this is related to the roots /i:x/ and /a:/ at some level.
\ref 00404
\lxam -ikpak
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N(rel)
\der N-loc-poss-k(o)
\infn N2(rel)
\sense_e see tlakpak
\sense_s véase tlakpak
\sense_d Am
\root kpa
\nae This relational ending is found only with tla- as a nonspecific possessor.
\semref -ihpahtlah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00405
\lxam no: ihkón
\lxam_alt no:hkón
\lxam_c no: ihkón
\lxoa no: kió:n
\lxoa_c no: kió:n
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-manner
\der Adv-man
\sense_e in that way too
\sense_s también de esa manera
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n No: ihkón niweli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I can also do it that way.
\phrase_s Así(de esa manera) también lo puedo hacer.
\phrase_n No: ihkón nikchi:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I also do it that way.
\phrase_s También lo hago así.
\root no:
\root iw
\root on
\qry Check whether this should be /no:hkón/.
\ref 00406
\lxam tla:lxopo:nia
\lxam_c tla:lxopo:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to work the land
\sense_s trabajar la tierra
\sense_d Am
\semfld agriculture
\root tla:l
\root xopo:
\nse This entry needs to be checked; even though it was in the original corpus it has not been confirmed as a word. Florencia Marcelino (Oa) accepted tlaxopo:nia but not
* tla:lxopo:nia ; see the transitive verb xopo:nia.
\qry Check the correctness of this entry. Perhaps it is /tlaxopo:nia/ which perhaps since it always refers to land should receive a separate entry.
\semref xopo:nia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00407
\lxam mesto:pi:hli
\lxam_c mesto:pi:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e (rare) thigh
\sense_s (raro) muslo
\sense_d Am
\semfld body
\root mets
\root to:pi:l
\nse This term is rarely used, but has been noted once in speech (though it may be a borrowing from a neighboring village or region).
\qry Check to see if this rarely used term refers to the thigh itself or to the thighbone, or even the lower leg, etc.
\ref 00408
\lxam yekatla:ni
\lxam_c kiyekatla:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to gain the lead on; to get to a destination before
\sense_s ganarle la delantera a; llegar a un destino antes de
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:te:chyekatla:n, yewa ma:s tlaksa ma:ka tewameh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He got there (to a given point or destination) before us, he's faster than us.
\phrase_s Nos ganóa la meta, es más rápido que nosotros.
\root yeka
\root tla:ni
\qry Check for applicative. Check correctness of -O:te:chyekatla:n, yewa ma:s tlaksa ma:ka tewameh/ the last part of which was added by me.
\semref yekapanawiya
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00409
\lxam awiá:k
\lxam_c awiá:k
\lxoa áwiá:k
\lxoa_pr awia:k
\lxoa_c áwiá:k
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be fragrant or sweet-smelling (e.g., flowers, etc.); to be perfumed
\sense_s ser fragante o con un buen oler (p. ej., flores, etc.); estar perfumado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to be flavorful (not bland, e.g., food with spices)
\sense_s estar o ser sabroso; tener un buen sabor (p. ej., una comida tenerdimentada, que no estádesabrida)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xawiá:k, xnihkwa:sneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is bland (doesn't taste good or doesn't smell good), I don't want to eat it.
\phrase_s Está desabrida (no sabe bien o no huele bien), no lo quiero comer.
\phrase_n Ma:s awiá:k ki:sa tlakwahli pan un de tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00409_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 13:55
\phrase_e Food comes out tasting better from one (here a cooking pot) made of clay.
\phrase_s La comida sale más sabrosa cuando se hace en una (olla para cocinar) de barro.
\root ahwi
\root hya:
\ncol tli:n iksitok: yetl, tlaxkahli, nakatl
\ncol nana:ntsi:n
\ncol xo:chitl
\nae The etymology of this word is unclear. Comparative evidence suggests that there is a coda {h} at the end of the first syllable. However, it also appears, semantically and in terms of
the morphology of derivative forms, that the root {hya:}, which appears in many words that indicate smells, is also in this word. However, if it is the {h} of this root is lost. However,
it might well be that there are words indicating smells of the form {root + ya:}. This would suggest that a better analysis of all these words would be {(i)h + ya:}, {xoh + ya:}, and, in
the current case, {ahwi + ya:}. If this analysis is correct then perhaps awiá:k is one of the few that does not have a final /h/ in the root.
\qry_h Check for position of {h}.
\ref 00410
\lxam kweskomatl de munye:koh
\lxam_c kweskomatl de munye:koh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) muñeco
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn stem-final vowel loss; N1/2; Aln
\sense_e type of grain storage bin made with coils of mud and straw
\sense_s tipo de troje hecha con manojos de zacate y adobe
\sense_d Am
\root kweskoma
\ency_note granary; agriculture
\semref kweskomatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref tlásolkweskómatl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00411
\lxam a:pi:tsahli
\lxam_c a:pi:tsahli
\lxoa a:pi:tsahli
\lxoa_c a:pi:tsahli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e runny excrement; diarrea; the runs
\sense_s excremento aguado; diarrea; chorro
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Na:pi:tsa un bwe:yeh, ki:sa ia:pi:tsal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That steer has diarrea, runny excrement comes out.
\phrase_s Aquel novillo tiene diarrea, su excremento sale aguado.
\qry Check for possessed form.
\root a:
\root pi:tsa
\ref 00412
\lxam tenexkuwsa:watl
\lxam_c tenexkuwsa:watl
\lxgen tenexkohsa:watl
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of kuwsa:watl tree, still not identified
\sense_s tipo deárbol de los que se llaman kuwsa:watl , todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tenexkuwsa:watl | Kwitlanextik itla:kayo, ixiwyo titila:wak. San para ika timopo:ktla:lili:s kwa:k yo:wa:k. San no:hki ke:n kuwsa:watl, no: ki:sa ikuwsa:wananakayo,
tekuwsa:wananakatl, we:lik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tenexkuwsa:watl : Its trunk is greyish, its leaves are thick. When it is dry it's just good for smoking the area around you. It's just like the
kuwsa:watl , it also gets large fungus on its surface, the tekuhsa:wananakatl , it is tasty.
\phrase_s Tenexkuwsa:watl : Su tronco es algo gris, sus hojas son gruesas. Solamente sirve para que te eches humo cuando ya se secó. Es lo mismo que el
kuwsa:watl , también se le salen hongos grandes, el tekuhsa:wananakatl , son sabrosos.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root te
\root nex
\root kow
\root sa:wa
\notes_nature This tree is considered a type of kuhsa:watl. Its wood is not good for anything except to produce smoke deke timopo:ktla:lili:s ,"if you
surround yourself with smoke"(in order to fend off biting insects). Note that neither Silvestre Pantaleón nor Inocencio Díaz were familiar with this tree. However, Asunción
Marcelo of San Juan described it as a male variety of the /kuhsa:watl/ given that it does not flower. It is found around Zapotitlan.
\semref kohsa:watl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00413
\lxam wepe:wi
\lxam_c wepe:wi
\lxoa kope:wi
\lxoa_c kope:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\lexical Op. te- : tewepe:wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to come loose; to become detached
\sense_s desprenderse
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:wepe:w ka:n o:nikpepechoka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It came loose from where I had stuck it (or glued it) on.
\phrase_s Se desprendióde donde lo había pegado.
\phrase_n Wepe:wis un tetl iwa:n xiti:nis tekorrá:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That rock will come popping out (from its place in the wall) and the stone fence will tumble down.
\phrase_s Esa piedra se va a desprender (de su lugar donde estámetido) y la cerca de piedra se va a derrumbar.
\sense_e to become uprooted
\sense_s desarraigarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtepacho un kohtsontetl para ma wepe:wi ne: ka:n tla:laktok!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Smash a rock against that stump to that it comes out (gets uprooted) there from where it's in the ground!
\phrase_s ¡Golpéa fuerte contra ese tocón para que se desarraigue de alládonde estámetido en la tierra!
\root wepe:
\disamb wepe:wi; kopi:ni
\nse The difference between wepe:wi and kopi:ni is not altogether clear. Kopi:ni can refer to something coming out of a socket, and
wepe:wi can refer to becoming uprooted. However, it seems that in general wepe:wi refers to things become loose from where they are attached, such
as plaster coming off a wall, or a bandaid coming loose from the skin, whereas kopi:ni is used more to refer to things coming out of sockets or openings.
\grm Pluperfect: Note the use of the pluscamperfect: /O:wepe:w ka:n o:nikpepechoka/ 'It came loose from where I had stuck it (or glued it) on.' This is the typical case of the
pluperfect in which it references a state that is no longer found. In this case, by coming loose the state of being attached had come to an end. NOTE: it will be important to
document all uses of this tense.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note that the verb /kope:wi/ represents two phonological changes. The first is we>o. This is also found in other words such as /opa:wa/ for /wepa:wa/.
The other is a 0>k insertation rule in word-initial position. This is found in /komitetl/ for /omitetl/.
\ref 00414
\lxam i:xtlapachowa
\lxam_c ki:xtlapachowa
\lxoa i:xtlapachowa
\lxoa_c ki:xtlapachowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi[x]
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to blindfold; to cover the eyes of
\sense_s vendar; cubrir los ojos de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Newa nimi:xtlapachowa, ke:n ne:chi:xkwi:lia tla:wi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I cover my eyes, the light really makes it difficult for me to see.
\phrase_s Me tapo los ojos, la luz me quita la vista.
\sense_e to cuckhold; to fool by having a secret lover on
\sense_s ponerle los cuernos a (un hombre o mujer al tener un amante en secreto)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (fig.) to cover the surface of
\sense_s (fig.) cubrir la superficie de
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:popoyo:t. O:ki:xtlapachoh to:naka:yo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It got rotten. It (a black rotten decay) covered the surface of the maize.
\phrase_s Su pudrió. Cubrió(la pudridumbre negra) la superficie del maíz.
\root i:x
\root tlapach
\nse To refer to the action of covering the surface of an object, Florencia Marcelino (Oa) used i:xtepoya, reserving i:xtlapachowa for the act of blindfolding.
\qry Check for other senses of /i:xtlapachowa/.
\root_notes Relate /tlapach/ as a root to /pach/.
\ref 00415
\lxam kwa:wawa:tsa
\lxam_alt kwa:uwa:tsa
\lxam_c kikwa:wawa:tsa
\lxoa kwá:wawá:tsa
\lxoa_c kikwá:wawá:tsa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ki/tsa
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e (often in refl.) to dry the hair of
\sense_s (a menudo en refl.) secar el cabello de
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwa:
\root wa:
\nae Both Ameyaltepec and Oapan manifest reduplication of the verbal root after an incorporated body-part noun. Each dialect manifests a character pattern with w-initial
words: Ameyaltepec reduces /w/ to /u/ and Oapan manifests the pitch-accent associated with h--final reduplicants. Note that given the preceding long vowel in the
incorporated noun, there is no reduction of the reduplicant to lengthening.
\qry Check how etymologies have been recorded for -ki/-tsa words. An alternative form /-kwa:wawa:tsa/ also occurs. Note that I have only heard this reduplicated and in the transitive.
Check for unreduplicated and intransitive forms. Although after Yale I had written /kikwa:wáwa:tsá/ during the first workshop this was corrected to /kikwá:wawá:tsa/. Recheck the
Yale tape.
\grmx Phonology: Note that the two words /kwa:uwatsa/ from Am and /kwá:wawátsa/ from Oa here illustrate well different patterns in reduplication of the two dialects.: Both
Ameyaltepec and Oapan manifest reduplication of the verbal root after an incorporated body-part noun. Each dialect manifests a character pattern with w-initial
words: Ameyaltepec reduces /w/ to /u/ and Oapan manifests the pitch-accent associated with h--final reduplicants. Note that given the preceding long vowel in the
incorporated noun, there is no reduction of the reduplicant to lengthening.
\ref 00416
\lxam tla:ltipan
\lxam_c tla:ltipan
\lxoa tla:ltipan
\lxoa_c tla:ltipan
\dt 23/Feb/2006
\psm N(loc)
\compound N-N(rel)
\der N-loc-1-tipan
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e on the ground; on the floor; on the surface of the Earth
\sense_s sobre la tierra; sobre el piso o suelo
\phrase_n Ya: deke yo:chika:w, yo:isik kwahli tsi:ntekopi:ni, wa:lwetsi tla:ltipan.
\phrase_d Oa
\snd_oa 05094_01_oa
\src_p Silvestre Pantaleón: BO_004_24_0000_0863.wav / 7:24
\phrase_e And once it has gotten ripe, it is well-matured, it detaches from its stem, it falls down onto the ground.
\phrase_s Ya cuando quedó bien a sazón, se maduró bien, se desprende de su tallo, cae al suelo.
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tla:l
\root_rel -tipan
\nae The plural of tla:ltipan kristia:noh is tla:ltipan kristia:nos.
\qry Check for how /tla:ltipan/ can be used in context; do the same for /tla:ltipan kristia:noh/. Check coding for /ps field.
\ref 00417
\lxam temonexe:wi
\lxam_c temonexe:wi
\lxoa témonexé:wi
\lxoa_pr temonexe:wi
\lxoa_c témonexé:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e see monexe:wi
\sense_s véase monexe:wi
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root mohnex
\qry_h temonexe:wi; determine the basis for the pitch-accent, which is apparently part of the sequence /monexe:wi/. Perhaps it comes from /moh/???
\qry Make sure that /temonexe:wi/ is synonymous with /monexe:wi/, with perhaps the /te-/ being an intensifier.
\ref 00418
\lxam kwilowilia
\lxam_c kikwilowilia
\lxoa 'ikwilowília
\lxoa_pr ikwilowilia
\lxoa_c kíkwilowília
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to write (sth) for
\sense_s escribir (algo) para
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xne:xtlakwilowili, newa xniweli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Write for me, I can't (write)!
\phrase_s ¡Escribe para mí, yo no puedo!
\xref kwilowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\root hkwil
\ref 00419
\mod This used to be tlato:tolopochka:n but was eliminated as the correct form seems to be /tla:lto:tolopochka:n/.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\ref 00420
\lxam pestik
\lxam_c pestik
\lxoa pestik
\lxoa_c pestik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be smooth (surfaces such as that of planed and sanded wood, ironed clothes, etc.); to be polished (e.g., ceramics)
\sense_s ser liso (superficies como la de madera cepillada y lijada, ropa planchada, etc.); ser pulido (p. ej., la cerámica)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli, xpestik
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The type of dress called kwe:tli de i:tlakotia:n tlatektli (i.e., a dress with a seam between two pieces of cloth haflway down) isn't smooth.
\phrase_s El tipo de falda llamada kwe:tli de i:tlakotia:n tlatektli (una falda que a la mitad tiene una costura entre dos pedazos de tela) no es lisa.
\phrase_n Yo:nokwa:tepasolo:to. Kwa:k o:one:w xihkón, o:yah pestik katka itsontekon.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He went to have his hair curled. When he headed out it wasn't like that, he left with straight hair (lit., 'a smooth head')..
\phrase_s Fue a enchinarse el pelo. Cuando salióno estaba así, se fue con el cabello lacio (lit., 'con la cabeza lisa').
\sense_e to be straight (e.g., furrows in a cornfield)
\sense_s ser derecho (p. ej., surcos arados en un terreno)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pepestik mosurkos.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your furrows (of a field you plowed) are straight.
\phrase_s Tus surcos (de un terreno que trabajaste) se van derechitos.
\sense_e to be plain or simple (a pattern, such as that on a dress)
\sense_s ser simple o liso (el diseño o los colores de una tela)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San pestik tlake:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The cloth is just plain (i.e., with no print or design).
\phrase_s La tela es simple (esto es, sin diseños ni una mezcla de colores).
\semfld texture
\root pets
\qry Check the meaning of 'straight' in regards to furrows. If /pestik/ has the meaning of 'straight,' determine what other objects it can be used to refer to.
\grm Adjectives plural: /Pepestik surkos/ 'The furrows (of a plowed field) are straight.' Note the way in which reduplication works here. Apparently plural is marked by
reduplication and not a suffix because they furrows are all within a covertly expressed unit, they are not individuated.
\ref 00421
\lxam ma:temolo
\lxam_c i:ma:temolo
\lxoa ma:temoloh
\lxoa_c i:ma:temoloh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N2
\sense_e (unusual) elbow
\sense_s (poco común) codo
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root ma:
\root temolo
\nse The etymology of this seldom used form is quite uncertain. Given the rarity of its use in Ameyaltepec, it might be a borrowing from another village. Also note the definition of
temolo.
\qry Given that /temolo/ refers to the flat part of a leg, recheck the definition of /ma:temolo/ (and /tsi:ntemolo/). Check for final /h/ in Ameyaltepec. Recheck Oapan final form and vowel
length.
\semref temolo
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00422
\lxam tsi:ntla:tlaka:lowa
\lxam_c tsi:ntla:tlaka:lowa
\lxoa tsi:ntlá:ka:lówa
\lxoa_pr tsi:ntlá:ka:lowa
\lxoa_c tsi:ntlá:ka:lówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-tla-V1
\der V2-alt-wi[x]
\lexical Irregular reduplication pattern (see below)
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes
\sense_e to walk slowly with ones legs very stiff and slightly spread apart
\sense_s caminar lentamente con las piernas muy tiesas y al mismo tiempo algo abiertas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n San titsi:ntla:tlaka:lotia:s, tiyeti:xtia:s. O:tisiaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will just go inching along with your legs stiff and open, you will go along feeling a burden on your legs. You got tired.
\phrase_s Nada más vas a ir caminando despacio con las piernas tiesas y medio abiertas, vas sintiendo las piernas pesadas. Te cansaste.
\root tsi:n
\root ka:l
\nae Oapan speakers during a literacy workshop rejected * tsi:ntlaka:lowa and would only accept the headword form, with a lengthened /a:/ and pitch-accent. The basis
for this is not clear. The cognate form in Ameyaltepec appears to be tsi:ntla:tlaka:lowa ; if this involves long vowel reduplication of tlaka:lowa , with an
incorporated tla- prefix to the transitive verb ka:lowa. In Oapan the pitch-accent and vowel length pattern would seem to indicate an"underlying"form of
{tla + kah + ka:lowa}. If this is the case then the two dialects, Ameyaltepec and Oapan, would manifest a different reduplication pattern. Ameyaltepec, as is clear from the surface
form, shows long vowel reduplication of the nonspecific object prefix tla- ; Oapan would show the reduced reduplication of the verbal root ka:l. Yet whereas
the reduplicant of Ameyaltepec is bimoraic, that of Oapan is monomoraic. There is, however, evidence from other words that reduplication in the t wo dialects does vary in terms
of stem vs. prefix. Thus in Ameyaltepec and Oapan the transitive verb o:ya means 'to shell maize (i.e., taking the kernels off the dried ear).' The unreduplicated form
refers to carrying out this action with an o:lo:tetl (or, in Oapan, teo:lo:tl). The reduplicated form refers to this action done with ones hands. However,
whereas Ameyaltepec has tlatlao:ya (reduplication of the nonspecific object of the verbal root) Oapan has tlaó:yá, which involves reduced reduplication
on a vowel-initial root (equivalente to {tla + oh + o:ya}).
\qry During the workshop speakers corrected /tsi:ntla:ka:lowa/ to /tsi:ntlá:ka:lówa/ and rejected the form without pitch accent as correct. Recheck Yale tape. Note also that for
Ameyaltepec I had two different entries, that have since been combined. One entry was for /tsi:ntlaka:lowa/ and the other for /tsi:ntla:tlaka:lowa/. The second was that in the example
sentence and therefore these two headwords have been combined to /tsi:ntla:tlaka:lowa/.
\vl Recheck Yale tape for length and p-a.
\grm /tla-/ and indefinite null complement; valency descrease Note the form /tsi:ntlaka:lowa/. Apparently this involves the presence of the object prefix /tla-/ in non-initial position.
However, here as in other similar cases it seems best to treat /tla-/ as a detransitivizing morpheme (an indefinite null complement) and the resultant form as an intransitive.
Thus /tsi:ntlakalowa/ should not be considered as having /tla-/ in non-initial position but rather as having /tlaka:lowa/ as a new lexical item with an incorporated noun
(/tsi:n/).
\semref tlaka:lowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tlá:ka:lówa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00423
\lxam se:
\lxam_c se: kone:tl
\lxoa se:
\lxoa_alt se:n
\lxoa_c se:
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Num
\der Num-b
\sense_e (~ [noun]) one [noun]
\sense_s (~ [sustantivo]) un(a)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nihkwa:s se: tlaxkahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll eat one tortilla.
\phrase_s Voy a comer una tortilla.
\sense_e (~ [verb]) one (of sth already mentioned in discourse)
\sense_s (~ [verbo]) uno (de algo ya mencionado en el discurso)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Se: nihneki.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I want one (of them).
\phrase_s Quiero uno (de ellos).
\phrase_n Miste:kwitlani, kwa:lti:tlani se: para tiá:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He sends word for you, he sends someone here so that you will go.
\phrase_s Te manda llamar, envía a alguien aquípara que te vayas.
\sense_e (san ~) same; single
\sense_s (san ~) un solo; el mismo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n San se: totlamachilis tikpian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We have the same ideas (i.e., we are of one or a single mind).
\phrase_s Tenemos las mismas ideas (esto es, somos de un solo parecer).
\sense_e (san se: yewa ; san sé: yawá) to be just the same (sin. san no: yewa ; san nó: yawá)
\sense_s (san se: yewa ; san sé: yawá) ser lo mismo (sin. san no: yewa ; san nó: yawá)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\ncol se: bi:dah
\root se:
\nse In composition the stem is sen : sempoliwi , sentetsi:n , etc. The phrase se: bi:dah meaning the afterlife might well be a
shortened form of o:kse: bi:dah , although I have no documentation of the form with o:kse:.
\qry Make sure that /san se: yewa/ and /san no: yewa/ are the same, i.e., synonyms, and that this is true for both dialects.
\mod The /nae field in one numeral should have an explanation of the adjectival/attributive and pronominal use of numerals; hence their conflation in one entry (much as higher numerals are
expressed in Websters).
\grm Difference between /sa:/ and /san/.
\semref se:meh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00424
\lxam xo:pantlah
\lxam_alt xo:pantlan
\lxam_c xo:pantlah
\lxoa xo:pantlah
\lxoa_c xo:pantlah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-tlah
\infn N1
\sense_e summer; rainy season (from June to September, when things are green)
\sense_s temporada de lluvias (de junio hasta septiembre, cuando todo es verde)
\sense_d Pending
\root xo:
\root_rel -pan
\root_rel -tlah
\nae A few Ameyaltepec speakers pronounce xo:pantlah with a final /n/, though the final /h/ appears to be more common. Apparently as predicates xo:pan
and xo:pantlah are synonyms (at least in Ameyaltepec), thoiugh in this function the latter is more common. According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa)
xo:pan is not so used, as a predicate, but only attributively. It appears then, that when an attributive is needed xo:pan is more common (in fact it may be the
only allowable form in Oapan). The question then is whether so used xo:pan should be fused orthographically to the head noun. Thus the choice is writing
xo:panotli vs. xo:pan otli , and between xo:panpo:cho:tl and xo:pan po:cho:tl ; see xo:pan otli.
\semref xo:pan
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00425
\lxam sitli
\lxam_c sitli
\lxoa sítlí
\lxoa_c sítlí
\lxoa_pr sitli
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(h)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e hare, probably a species of white-sided jackrabbit, the Lepus callotis
\sense_s liebre, probablemente la especie Lepus callotis
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld mammal
\root sih
\nse Species name has been taken from Leopold (1959).
\qry Check for possessed form.
\ref 00426
\lxam ye:kchi:wa
\lxoa ye:hchi:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\allomorph y-epenthesis
\sense_e see e:kchi:wa (Am) / e:hchi:wa(Oa)
\sense_s véase e:kchi:wa (Am) / e:hchi:wa(Oa)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root e:k
\root chi:wa
\nae An epenthetic /y/ is always inserted after the nonspecific object tla- : tlaye:kchi:wa , which is used to indicate the general activity of making, preparing,
fixing, etc. However, this word has been entered under ye:kchi:wa (Am) / ye:kchi:wa(Oa)
\vl Tag the Oapan tokens here with 5035. However, do not link them since the recordings actually made at 5035 are much better.
\ref 00427
\lxam ma:kwitlapan
\lxam_c ima:kwitlapan
\lxoa ma:kwitlapan
\lxoa_pr ma:kwitlapan
\lxoa_c i:ma:kwitlapan
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N1
\der N-loc-poss-kwitlapan
\sense_e back of the hand
\sense_s el revés de la mano
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root ma:
\root_rel -kwitlapan
\ref 00428
\lxam tlatski
\lxam_c tlatski
\lxoa tlatski
\lxoa_c tlatski
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-ki
\sense_e to be lazy
\sense_s ser flojo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Titekipanowa:ni, xtitlatski.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are a good worker, you are not lazy.
\phrase_s Eres un buen trabajador, no eres flojo.
\phrase_n Ara:joh miktla:n tlatski un ne:nkah tla:katl. Xkaman kanah yaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Jesus that guy's a god-damn lazy bum! He never goes anywhere.
\phrase_s ¡Carajo, ese tipo es un pinche diablo flojo! Nunca va a ningún lado.
\sense_e to take a long time to come to fruit (tla:ki , e.g., beans, squash, watermelon)
\sense_s tomar mucho tiempo en rendir (tla:ki , p. ej., frijoles, calabaza, sandía, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root tlats
\nse Beans that come to maturity late may be referred to as tlatski yetl ; those that come to fruit right away are called kware:nte:nyoh.
\grm Participle: Note that verbs in /-iwi/ have a participial form without the"final"vowel.
\semref tlatsihki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00429
\lxam tekitki
\lxam_c tekitki
\lxoa tekitki
\lxoa_c tekitki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to be hard-working
\sense_s ser trabajador
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tekitki katka!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He was hard-working,
\phrase_s Era trabajador.
\root teki
\disamb tekitki, tekipanowa:ni, tekipanoke:tl
\nae Although tekitki has the form of an agentive such as tio:pixki and could be translated as a modified noun ('hard worker'), it has been considered
adjectival here. Since tekitki cannot be possessed or modified by a quantifier it has been considered an adjectival (though often used predicatively).
\qry Check for possessive form and modifier by quantifier.
\grm Agentive; adjectivals; compounds: Take care to differentiate between agentives and adjectival constructions based on participial formations with a final /-ki/ (e.g., molo:nki
vs. kiki:ski). The adjectival form is perhaps less common than the nominal agentive. Also important is the question of compounding of an attributive adjective and a noun.
For animates my information to date suggests that the participal precedes the noun: /toma:hka:tla:katl/, /kaxa:nka:sowatl/, etc. The participial form also precedes verbs that
are the principal predicate: /ne:chkwala:nka:no:tsa/ 'he speaks to me in anger/angrily'. However, with inanimates the order is different. Thus one gets /a:molo:nki/,
/chi:lposo:nki/ etc. for 'foul-smelling water,' 'boiled chile,' etc. All similar forms should be checked. Another thing to check is the difference between stative/resultatives in
/-ki/ and those in /-tok/. Thus the difference between /kaxa:nki/ and /kaxa:ntok/. It does not appear that the difference is (or must be) one of stative vs.resultative. One way
to distinguish between nouns and adjectives should be tests, such as the ability to be possessed (notio:pixka:w) and the ability to be numerically modified (o:me
tio:pixka:meh).
\ref 00430
\lxam we:wekatik
\lxam_c we:wekatik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-tik-adv
\lexical Op. te- : tewe:wekatik
\sense_e to be far apart (stiches of sth sewn, rods placed to form the roof of a house)
\sense_s estar abierto (las puntadas a coser, varas colocadas para un techo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Pi:si:ltik xiksasa:lo, ma:ka san tewe:wekatik!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sew it finely, don't just use a real open stitch!
\phrase_s ¡Cóselo con una puntada cerrada, no una muy abierta!
\root wehka
\nae The only documented use of we:wekatik was with long-vowel reduplication of the stem and it is not clear whether a nonreduplicated form ? wekatik
would also be correct even though the predicate modifier weka is correct.
\qry Note that the entry was formed on the basis of the example sentence /pi:si:ltik xiksasa:lo, ma:ka san tewe:wekatik/. It should be checked whether /wekatik/ by itself exists, whether it
can occur with /te-/ without reduplication, etc. Since the meaning of /wekatik/ seems to indicate that the items are"far apart"it differs from /weka/, meaning simply"far away."
\grm Adjectivals: Note that it will be important to have a large/long discussion of the way in which adjectives may be formed from other adjective/adverbs (i.e., modifiers):
/a:yotik/, /wekatik/, we:itik??
\ref 00431
\lxam tlawe:lxa:yak
\lxam_c i:tlawe:lxa:yak
\lxoa tlawe:lxa:yak
\lxoa_c i:tlawe:lxa:yak
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e angry face
\sense_s cara de enojo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Te:mposa:wtok, o:kitla:lih itlawe:lxa:yak. San te:nkwala:ntok, xkineki tekichi:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is pouting, he put on his angry face. He just has a mad look, he doesn't want to do any work.
\phrase_s Tiene cara de berrinche, se puso su cara de enojo. Nada más se le ve un rostro de enojo, no quiere ponerse a trabajar.
\root tlawe:l
\root xa:yak
\ref 00432
\lxam tewia
\lxam_c kitewia
\lxoa tewia
\lxoa_f [te 'wi ya]
\lxoa_c kitewia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to gore (a bull [S] with its horns)
\sense_s cornear (un toro [S] con sus cuernos)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:pe:w kitetewia kuwxiwtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (in this case a young bull, playfully) has started to attack a kuhxiwtlishrub with its horns.
\phrase_s Empezó(en este caso un joven toro, al jugar) a atacar un arbusto con sus cuernos.
\sense_e to forcefully bang against (with a sudden and quick movement)
\sense_s golpear con fuerza y repetinamente (con un movimiento rápido y directo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mitsa:ltetewitia:s pa:mpa kaxa:nki o:tsa:loh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It will come along banging against you (in this case a sack one a beast of burden) because you tied it loosely.
\phrase_s Te va a venir golpeando (en este caso un costal sobre un animal de carga) porque lo dejaste flojo al atarlo.
\root te
\nse For Classical Nahuatl Molina glosses teuia. nitla. 'dar golpes con piedra, pisar con pison, o bruñir mantas, papel o cosa asi.' This is the meaning one would expect from
the etymology, the nominal root te 'stone' plus the verbalizer -wia 'to act with [noun] on.' However, in Ameyaltepec and Oapan tewia is most
commonly used to indicate the action in which a bull gores a person or animal, or attacks other objects with his horns. In Ameyaltepec, unlike Oapan, the verb tewia
is also used to indicate blows against a body part, which is incorporated. Thus one has, for example, ikxipi:ltewia , used reflexively to mean 'to stub ones toe.' In
Oapan this meaning of tewiya is not found and it is not so employed with incorporated nouns. Rather techakwania is used for the same action, e.g.,
ixipiltechakwa:nia.
\ref 00433
\lxam weyakilia
\lxam_c kweyakilia
\lxoa weyakilia
\lxoa_c kiweyakilia
\dt 25/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to lengthen (e.g., by pulling and streching sth)
\sense_s hacer más largo (p. ej., un laso que se estira)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (refl. often with rdp.l) to stretch out (e.g., along the ground) in an extended position (e.g., a person or animal who has died)
\sense_s (refl. a menudo con rdp.l) quedarse estirado a lo largo (p. ej., en el suelo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:noweyakilih ne:. O:mik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It would up stretched out there (on the ground). It died.
\phrase_s Se quedó estirado a lo largo, (allá por el suelo). Se murió.
\phrase_n Ke:itlah kamantika kas kie:rah ye:i, na:wi kuwtsi:ntli ipan notla:lia, nowe:weyakilia.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00433_01_am
\src_p Inocencio Díaz: BO_004_27_000_0204 / 2:01
\phrase_e Like sometimes it (the parasitic plant sakapahli) forms on maybe something like three, four (plants), it extends itself between them.
\phrase_s Como que a veces (la planta parasítica sakapahli) se pone sobre tres, cuatro (plantas), se extiende (sobre ellas).
\sense_e (recipr.) to stretch out in a line (e.g, people waiting for a popular movie)
\sense_s (recipr.) alargarse en una cola (p. ej., gente esperando para entrar a ver una película popular)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:noweyakilikeh, yo:miakiakeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They've stretched out in a long line, they've gotten to be quite numerous.
\phrase_s Se alargaron en una cola, ya se congregómucha gente.
\root weya
\ref 00434
\lxam n-
\lxoa n-
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\der Pre-sub
\sense_e first person subject prefix (I)
\sense_s prefijo de sujeto de primera persona (yo)
\sense_d Pending
\nse The prefix n- occurs before vowel-initial verb stems (its allomorph ni- may also occur in this context, but is less common) and before consonant-initial
transitive verb stems with 3rd-person singular objects in the perfective and pluperfect (e.g., o:ntek for o:niktek, although the latter too occurs in more careful
speech). Before predicate nouns and adjectives the personal prefix ni- is apparently commonly used before vowel-initial stems, e.g. nia:tlakwintsi:n
instead of na:tlakwintsi:n , at times perhaps motivated by a desire to avoid ambiguity with the possessive (e.g., na:tlakwintsi:n 'my water boy.' Before
consonant-initiatial predicates of any word class ni- is used: nitisi 'I grind corn' or nisowa:tl 'I am a woman.' In Ameyaltepec it is very common
for the underlying subject-object sequence {n-mits} to surface as timits- , although one does also hear nimits-.
\ref 00435
\mod This entry was originally for Oapan Nahuatl /ixipil komich/. However, this duplicates another entry, hence it has been deleted.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\vl Tag the 4 tokens here as 6621, but do not link them. Rather use the 6621 tokens as links.
\ref 00436
\lxam i:skixo:chitl
\lxam_c i:skixo:chitl
\lxoa i:skixo:chitl
\lxoa_c i:skixo:chitl
\lxgen kowi:skixo:chitl
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of tree with large groups of white flowers, apparently cueramo in Spanish
\sense_s tipo deárbol con grandes grupos de flores blancas, aparentemente cueramo en el español regional
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n I:skixo:chitl | Bwe:noh para mori:yoh, manse:rah de ara:doh, bwe:noh para kinxixi:nan masa:tsitsi:ntih To:nala:pan, bwe:noh para tlikohtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I:skixo:chitl : It is good for beams, for the handle of a plow, it is good for them to carve small figures of deer in Tonalapa, it is good for firewood.
\phrase_s I:skixo:chitl : Es bueno para morillos, para la mancera de los arados; es bueno para que hagan (de ello) venaditos tallados en Tonalapa, es bueno para
leña.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root i:ski
\root xo:chi
\notes_nature In northern Guerrero this is called"cueramo", an identification confirmed by many consultants in Ameyaltepec (Feb. 2001). cf. also Ramírez and Dakin (1979). Cueramo is
not found in Schoenhals. The wood is good for"horcones."and is used for carving wood figures in Iguala and Tonalapan. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as
cuéramo, a tree not in Schoenhals, and have a short initial vowel. Karttunen (1992) has a long vowel and mentions:"a tree that produces fragrant white
flowers (Bourreria huanita) or any of a number of plants and trees that produce clusters of white flowers."In northern Guerrero this is called"cueramo"; cf. Ramírez and
Dakin (1979) and is used for carving wood figures in Iguala and Tonalapan.
\qry Note that in one entry I had /i:xkixo:chitl/. This is probably in error, but should be checked. I also have a long initial /i/ recorded here and in many entries, although in others I have a
short vowel. This should be checked.
\ref 00437
\lxam xi:hla:nkalaki
\lxam_c xi:hla:nkalaki
\lxoa xi:hla:nkalaki
\lxoa_c xi:hla:nkalaki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to have ones belly or flank become sunken in (e.g., a person or animal that hasn't eaten well for a long time)
\sense_s sumirsele el vientre, costado o flanco a (p. ej., una persona o animal con bastante tiempo sin comer)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xnakokwtok iti, xi:hla:nkalaktok. Xixwi, xtlakwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The belly (in this case of my ox) is not bulging, its flank is sunken in. It doesn't eat enough to get full, it doesn't eat.
\phrase_s La panza (en este caso de mi buey) no estácombada, su costado estáhundido. No se llena (de comer), no come.
\root xi:lla:n
\root kalak
\vl See note under /xi:hlan/
\ref 00438
\lxam pa:pa:lo:tsi:ntli
\lxam_c pa:pa:lo:tsi:ntli
\lxoa pa:pa:lo:tsi:ntli
\lxoa_c pa:pa:lo:tsi:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:ntli
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e moth
\sense_s palomilla o mariposa de la luz
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e term used generically for any very small flying insect not specifically named
\sense_s término utilizado genericamente para referirse a cualquier insecto que vuela que no tiene nombre propio
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root pa:lo:
\nse The diminutive pa:pa:lo:tsi:ntli has been given a separate entry from pa:pa:lo:tl based on semantic considerations: it is used to denote small flying
insects such as moths or other bugs and not small butterflies per se. In particular, it is used to refer to small unnamed insects that fly around things, such as those that get into corn, or
which fly around lights at night.
\mod Make sure that an account of pluralization of /tsi:n/ and /tsi:ntli/ nouns is in the grammar.
\ref 00439
\lxam kalnepantlah
\lxam_c kalnepantlah
\lxoa kalnepantlah
\lxoa_c kalnepantlah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Loc
\compound N-N(rel)
\der N-loc-1-nepantlah[poss]
\sense_e in the middle of a house
\sense_s en medio de la casa
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kal
\root_rel -nepantlah
\nse According to my Ameyaltepec notes, in kalnepantlah ; kalis in essence"plural"; the meaning of the compound is 'in the center of the houses' (i.e., the
village) and not 'in the center of the house.' However, Florencia Marcelino, a consultant from Oapan, only accepted kalnepantlah as meaning 'en medio de la casa,'
referring to a specific house and not the houses of the village as a collective unit. This discrepancy should be clarified.
\qry Recheck meaning: village plaza or single house. Also check for possibility of possessing, e.g., kalnepantlah , which might mean, 'in the center of my house.'
\ref 00440
\lxam pipilixtik
\lxam_c pipilixtik
\lxoa pípilíxtik
\lxoa_c pípilíxtik
\lxoa_pr pipilixtik
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be wrinked (e.g., the skin of an old person)
\sense_s estar arrugado (p. ej., la piel de una persona de edad avanzada)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to be shriveled (e.g., a fruit that has started to go bad)
\sense_s estar resecado (p. ej., una fruta como melón que empieza a pudrir)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Sa: pipilixtik nomeló:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My cantaloupe has been reduced to a shriveled-up fruit.
\phrase_s Mi melón quedóresecado nomás.
\fla pipilichiwi
\root pilich
\nae Although the reduplication of the Oapan form has the potential to reduce, lengthening a preceding light syllable of a prefix, this seldom occurs given that pípilíxtik rarely
takes a 1st- or 2nd-person prefix. Rather, when a person has wrinkled skin the point of the body at which this skin is wrinkled is often incorporated in"possessor raising"(e.g.,
xa:yaká:pilíxtik). It is for this reason that no specific example is given above of a reduced reduplicated form.
\qry See query under /pipilichiwi/ re: presence of unreduplicated form.
\ref 00441
\lxam Mo:ros Chi:nos
\lxam_c Mo:ros Chi:nos
\lxoa Mo:rostih
\lxoa_c Mo:rostih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan Moros chinos
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e religious dance in the past performed by young and adult men in Ameyaltepec (and perhaps other neighboring villages)
\sense_s danza religiosa presentada anteriormente por hombres (jóvenes y adultos) en Ameyaltepec (y quizáotros pueblos circumvecinos)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld dance
\ency_note dance
\qry For this check the circumstances when it is performed. Apparently there are two types of Moros, one is called /Mo:ros Chi:nos/ and the other /Re:yes Mo:ros/, at least this is what I
have heard. The former uses teh /tsonkahli/. But the precise name of these dances should be checked.
\ref 00442
\lxam kamachikipe:lowa
\lxam_c kikamachikipe:lowa
\lxoa kamachikipe:lowa
\lxoa_c kikamachikipe:lowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-PM-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to pull or spread wide open the mouth of (a person or animal, e.g., a fish to take out i:chichi:kaw)
\sense_s abrirle mucho la boca a (una persona o animal, p. ej., un pez para quitarle i:chichi:kaw)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Sansó:n kikamachikipe:lotok leó:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Samson is pulling the lion's mouth wide open.
\phrase_s Sansón le estájalando la boca bien abierto al león.
\root kama
\root chiki
\root pe:l
\qry Cf. the possible relationship of /chiki/ as an intensifier to /chi:/. Cf. examples of both. However, perhaps /chiki/ is related to another root. Determine other uses of /chiki/ and /chi:/.
\grm Word Order: /Sansó:n kikamachikipe:lotok leó:n/ A-V-O, note the word order in this phrase.
\ref 00443
\mod This entry has been removed as a duplicate.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\ref 00444
\lxam oni
\lxam_c koni
\lxoa oni
\lxoa_c koni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Dir-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a(oni)
\sense_e to drink
\sense_s beber
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nikoni:s se: refre:skoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to drink a soda.
\phrase_s Voy a beber un refresco.
\phrase_n Ma tikoni:kan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let's drink it (the Nahuatl equivalent of 'To your health!,' 'Cheers!,' etc.)!
\phrase_s ¡Vamos a beberlo! (en náhuatl equivalente a '¡Salud!', etc.)
\phrase_n Tlaoni:tok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is drinking (a liquid other than water or an alcoholic beverage).
\phrase_s Estábebiendo (un líquido que no sea agua o una bebida alcohólica).
\sense_e (usually reduplicated with short vowel) to absorb or soak up (a liquid by a porous material, such as certain paper [S])
\sense_s (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) absorber o chupar (un líquido por algo espongoso o absorbente, como ciertos papeles [S])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kooni tlapahli, pochi:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It absorbs paint (in this case an amate), it has a fuzzy surface.
\phrase_s Chupa pintura (en este caso un amate), su superficie es velluda.
\root on-
\root i:
\fla tlai
\nse The verb i never appears without the directional prefix on- except in the lexicalized form tlai. With a specific object prefix the
verb oni can refer to the act of imbibing any liquid at all: water, soda, beer, etc. However, when referring to the act of drinking an alcoholic beverage in general,
the nonspecific prefix tla- is used without the directional prefix: tlai. For example, if someone says about another, o:pe:w tlai the
meaning is 'he's started to drink' in the same sense as 'drink' would here have in English: to drink an alcoholic drink. Thus the following conversation could occur: A:
Xkoni! B: Ka, xkaman nitlai! A: Drink it! B: No, I never drink! Or, often the impersonal passive tlai:lo is used to refer to
the drinking that takes place during parties and fiestas; a coming wedding party may be referred to as Mo:stla tlai:lo:s 'There will be drinking tomorrow.' H
owever, the tla-prefix can be used with oni. In this case tlaoni also has a specific meaning in that it refers to drinking a
non-alcoholic beverage. Moreover, given that the specific term a:tli exists to refer to drinking water, tlaoni seldom refers to drinking water. For
example, after eating if one wants to take a drink of water from the water jug, one would say Ma na:tli and not ? Ma nitlaoni.
\qry Determine difference, if any, between /oni:tia/ and /oni:ltia/.
\xref oni:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref oni:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref oni:lia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 00445
\lxam chikna:wi
\lxam_c chikna:wi
\lxoa chikna:wi
\lxoa_c chikna:wi
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Num
\compound S-Num
\der N-b
\sense_e nine (as numerical modifier)
\sense_s nueve (como modificador numérico)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e nine (of them)
\sense_s nueve (de ellos)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root chik
\root na:w
\ref 00446
\lxam ayuyo:hli
\lxam_c ayuyo:hli
\lxoa áyoyó:hli
\lxoa_pr ayoyo:hli
\lxoa_c áyoyó:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e squash seeds
\sense_s pepitas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root ayoh
\root yo:l
\nse A:yoyo:hli is rarely used in Ameyaltepec; it is more common in San Juan although understood throughout the valley. Ameyaltepequeños generally use the Spanish loan
semi:yas.
\qry Check difference between /a:yowextli/ and /a:yoyo:hli/; in general check for all types of squash. Check for possessive contruction, in Oapan particularly, where this term is more
common.
\ref 00447
\lxam xoya:wa
\lxam_c kixoya:wa
\lxoa choya:wa
\lxoa_c kichoya:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to reduce the swelling of; to disinflame (e.g., an injury, severe bruise, etc.)
\sense_s desinflamar; deshinchar o aliviar (p. ej., la piel hinchada por cualquier razón)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to make a dent in (a task or obligation); to lessen; to diminish (the quantity of sth, particularly sth that literally or figuratively can be piled up, like sth swollen)
\sense_s aliviar (una obligación o tarea al terminar con una buena parte); reducir (la cantidad de algo, particularmente algo que puede ser, literal o figurativaamente amontonado,
como algo hinchado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikxoya:w nosin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've diminished the amount of my dried corn on the cob (i.e., the amount I still have to shell).
\phrase_s Disminuíla cantidad de mi mazorca (que queda por desgranar).
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w nikxoya:wa, xok ma:s niweka:wis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've started to make a dent in it (in this case a task being undertaken), I won't be much longer.
\phrase_s Ya empecéa disminuirla (en este caso una tarea emprendida), ya no me tardo mucho.
\phrase_n Nikxoya:wtok, ye nitlantok tli:n nikchi:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm lessening it, I'm finishing what I'm doing.
\phrase_s Lo estoy reduciendo, estoy terminando lo que estoy haciendo.
\root xoya:
\nse Classical Nahuatl has xoyaui referring to the darkening of wheat or, in its participial form xoyauhqui to something rancid. The relationship of this signification
to the modern one in Balsas Nahuatl is not clear.
\nae The alternation of /x/ and /ch/ in initial position in Oapan Nahuatl is not predictable in this case though such a change is not uncommon in certain phonological contexts.
\nde Interestingly Classical Nahuatl shows an i-final intransitive: Molina has xoyaui 'añublarse el trigo o cosa semejante' (along with xoyauhqui 'cosa
ranciosa'). In most cases of intransitive/transitive verbs with similar morphology there is no final vowel alternation (e.g., tomaua, with variation in inflectional patterns is
both intransitive and transitive; * tomaui is not found in Classical).
\grm Oapan phonology: Note the change ch-to=x in initial position. The motivation for this is not clear, although often in certain contexts (e.g., after the imperative /x-/) such an
alternation is found. However, recheck this form (e.g., in reflexive /nochaya:wa/).
\ref 00448
\lxam tsi:nkoltotsiwi
\lxam_c tsi:nkoltotsiwi
\lxoa tsi:nkoltotsiwi
\lxoa_c tsi:nkoltotsiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to twist and turn ones rear end from pain (e.g., from cramps in ones intestines, from eating too much chile, etc.)
\sense_s retorcerse las nalgas por el dolor (p. ej., por tener calambres en los intestinos, por haber comido mucho chile, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:titsi:nkoltotsiw pa:mpa o:tkwah chi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your rear-end is twisting in pain because you ate chile.
\phrase_s Se te tuerce el trasero del dolor porque comiste chile.
\root tsi:n
\root koltots
\ref 00449
\lxam kwalo:tla
\lxam_c kikwalo:tla
\lxoa kwalo:tla
\lxoa_c kikwalo:tla
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tla
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to make ill (a disease [S] that affects a person or animal)
\sense_s hacer enfermar (una enfermedad [S] que afecta a una persona o animal)
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa
\qry Check to make sure that this verb is not used only with the prefix /tla-/, i.e. recheck possibility of form /ne:chkwalo:tla/, etc. Also determine whether this refers to the illness of one of
ones family (including those living elsewhere), or only members of ones household. Check validity of /kikwalo:tla/ and meaning difference with /tlakwalo:tla/
\grm Indefinite object deletion: Note the transivitizing element /-tla/ in /kwalo:tla/. The forms /kwalo:tla/ as a transitive verb and /tlakwalo:tla/ as a an example of indefinite object
deletion. There is an interesting change in meaning. The transitive verb /kwalo:tla/ apparently refers to a disease that causes illness. Whether /-tla/ is used as a transitivizing
element elsewhere is not clear, although obviously it does alternate with /-ti/ intransitive in forms such as /tlasohti/ and /tlasohtla/ (and these may be analyzed as denominal
verbs, as would be /pa:ti/ and /pa:tla/ from the archaic /pa:/ for 'water'. Note, however, that in /kwalo:tla/ the /-tla/ is added onto a passive verb formation. The question of
whether passives have /-tla/ is not clear, but I do not recall such a construction. So, then, there is first the problem of derivational morphology. Then there is the problem of
meaning of the /tla-/ prefix. /tlakwalo:tla/ means 'to have a member of ones family ill.' This should be commented on in the grammar. However, in my original notes I stated
that /kwalo:tla/ could not be used with a specific object prefix *kikwalo:tla. Thus the validity of the entry /kwalo:tla/ should be checked though it appears to be acceptable.
\semref kwalo
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlakwalo:tla
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00450
\lxam chi:chiwalpipixtik
\lxam_c chi:chiwalpipixtik
\lxoa chi:chiwalpipixtik
\lxoa_c chi:chiwalpipixtik
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to have an udder that is rubbery and resistant
\sense_s tener un ubre resistente, como hule
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pipixtik ichi:chiwal ba:kah. Chi:chiwalkukuwtik, chi:chiwalpipixtik, xwel ki:sa le:cheh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The cow's udder is rubbery. It has a tough udder, it has a rubbery udder, milk can't come out.
\phrase_s La ubre de la vaca es como hule. Tiene el ubre duro, tiene un ubre resistente, no sale la leche.
\semfld body-descript
\root chi:chi
\root pich
\ref 00451
\lxam tlanwepe:wa
\lxam_c kitlanwepe:wa
\lxoa tlankope:wa
\lxoa_c kitlankope:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to loosen the tooth of, making it fall out
\sense_s aflojarle el diente a, hasta que se caiga
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:ne:xtlanuwepe:w, o:ne:chkamawi:sok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He knocked out several of my teeth, he hit me in the mouth.
\phrase_s Me tumbóvarios dientes, me golpeóla boca.
\root tlan
\root wepe:
\nae Given the fact that the verbal root kope:wa is preceded by an incorporated noun with a light final syllable, the pluralized form in Oapan (plural of incorporated noun)
would be kitlá:nkopé:wa.
\nde The plural from Oapan would be kitlá:nkopéwa.
\grm Reduplication; noun incorporation; number: /o:tlanuwepe:w/ 'several of his teeth fell out.' Note the use of reduplication of the verbal stem to indicate plurality within a
single event/environment. In Oapan given the fact that the verbal root kope:wa is preceded by an incorporated noun with a light final syllable, the pluralized
form in Oapan (plural of incorporated noun) would be kitlá:nkopé:wa. However, note that the plurality of the patient is manifested by verbal reduplication.
Definitely quantity modification on the IN is reduced to simple singular vs. plural. But it will be important to note in the grammar in the section on NI that such reduced
number modification is possible.
\ref 00452
\lxam kwa:tenextli
\lxam_c kwa:tenextli
\lxoa kwa:tenextli
\lxoa_c kwa:tenextli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(x)
\sense_e ringworm (Oapan synonym: kwa:tsónawátl; Ameyaltepec synonym kwa:tsonawatl)
\sense_s tiña (sinónimo de Oapan: kwa:tsónawátl; sinónimo de Ameyaltepec: kwa:tsonawatl)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:kasik kwa:tenextli. Inakastlan tsotsoliwi, itson xi:ntiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's gotten ringworm. The side (of his head) is getting some bald spots on it, his hair is falling out little by little (in a widening circle, as occurs with ringworm).
\phrase_s Se le pególa tiña. Se le estáponiendo calvo el lado (de su cabeza), poco a poco se va cayendo su pelo (en un círculo más y más grande, como ocurre con la tiña).
\sense_e dandruff (syn. kwa:popolokatl)
\sense_s caspa (sin. kwa:popolokatl)
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\root te
\root nex
\nde Florencia Marcelino (Oa) accepted kwa:tenextli only in the sense of 'dandruff' and as synonymous in this sense with kwa:popolokatl. For ringworm she
gave kwa:tsónawátl.
\qry Make sure that /kwa:tsonawatl/ and /kwa:tenextli/ are synonyms. Compare directly.
\root_notes Here as elsewhere, the problem of etymology of /tenextli/, which obviously contains the root /nex/. The /te/ might be an intensifier or related to the root /te/ of /tetl/. Also, note
here as in other cases the problem of determining whether the verbal /nexewi/, etc. is basic and the noun the result of a process of nominalization, or whether the noun root
/nex/ is verbalized with /ewi/ or /iwi/.
\ref 00453
\lxam so:lkuwatl
\lxam_c so:lkuwatl
\lxoa so:lkowatl
\lxoa_c so:lkowatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of snake, said to have wings and to fly
\sense_s tipo de culebra, que se dice tiene alas y vuela
\sense_d Pending
\root so:l
\root kowa
\semfld animal
\semfld sn
\ency_note snakes
\nse A çolcouatl is mentioned in a primordial title published by Lockhart. The fact that the snake is said to have wings and fly is probably related to (or reflected in) the word's
etymology: 'quail' + 'snake.' For speakers it appears that this type of snake is categorized with all others, without any suggestion that it might be a mythical or somehow"less
real"creature. suggests flying, which is a characteristic of this snake (although in a language- or culturally-internal sense it is difficult to determine a means of
distinguishing"real"from"mythical"creatures and events (e.g., a:lamatsi:n).
\ref 00454
\lxam kukuwilia
\lxoa kokowilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-2a
\sense_e see tlakukuwilia (Am) / tla:kowilia(Oa)
\sense_s véase tlakukuwilia (Am) / tla:kowilia(Oa)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kowa
\qry Qry from #282: Check whether form without /tla-/ is acceptable, e.g, /o:nimokukowilih ka:n o:niwets/, etc. If it is add definition to entry 454. And if it is not acceptable, then also
add a comment to this entry.
\ref 00455
\lxam saka
\lxam_c saka se: nixwi
\lxoa sayá:
\lxoa_alt sayá:n
\lxoa_c sayá:
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Subord
\der Subord
\sense_e (~ [noun] or [number]) just with [noun or number]; with nothing more than [noun or number]
\sense_s (~ [sustantivo] o [número]) solamente con [sustantivo o número]; con [sustantivo o número] nada más
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Wel tikasi michin saka tetl. Tiktepacho:s se: tetl itlampa pakah michin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You can catch fish with nothing more than rocks. You throw a rock hard against a rock under which there are fish (and the fish will emerge).
\phrase_s Puedes pescar con piedras nada más. Le tiras una piedra contra otra abajo de la cual hay peces (y van a salir).
\phrase_n Saka se: nixwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I just get filled up with one (e.g., tortilla).
\phrase_s Me lleno nada más con uno (p. ej., tortilla).
\sense_e (~ [verb]) just because [verb]
\sense_s (~ [verbo]) solamente porque
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:tisiahkeh pero saka xo:titlakwakeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We got tired, but it was just because we didn't eat.
\phrase_s Nos cansamos, pero solamente porque no comimos.
\root san
\root_rel -ka
\nse Saka is a function word that introduces subordinate clauses
\nae As with several other words it is unclear whether the etymological analysis is based on the lexeme san, with loss of final /n/ in compounds, or on the lexeme
sa:, with vowel shortening. The meaning of these compounds, such as saka , suggests an etymological derivation from san
'only.' For Oapan Nahuatl it is still uncertain what conditions (phonological, morphological, lexical/semantic) might motivate a final /n/ in words such as sayá:n and
ya or yan. That it, it is still unclear whether or not the headword in this entry, sayá:n is a variant of sayá or not. It appeears
that it might be, in which case the headword entry might well be sayá with the notation of an alternate form sayá:n.
\qry Note and discuss difference between /sayá/ and /sayá:n/.
\ref 00456
\lxam kalaktilia
\lxam_c kikalaktilia
\lxoa kalahtilia
\lxoa_c kikalahtilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap[ca]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to stick or place into for (or in reference to; often a sexual pun)
\sense_s meterle a (o en referencia a; a menudo es un albúr sexual)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nihkalaktili:s in kuchi:yoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to stick this knife into it.
\phrase_s Voy a meterle este cuchillo.
\sense_e to score on (in a game that involves shooting a ball into a goal or net)
\sense_s anotarle a (en un juego, anotar un punto o gol en contra de)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:mitskalaktilih! Xo:mitskokoh?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He put it into you (i.e., scored on you in basketball, though often said as a double entendre)! Did it hurt?
\phrase_s ¡Te lo metió(en este caso una canasta en el basquetbol, aunque a menudo dicho como albur)!¿No te dolió?
\root kalak
\nse Often the applicative kalaktilia is used as a sexual albur , thus 'I'm going to score on you' (e.g., in basketball) literally means, 'I'm going to stick it into
you"(te lo voy a meter),' which can be taken as a sexual pun. However, the applicative kalaktilia is often used in a very direct, and vulgar, sense to refer to sexual
intercourse and penetration by a male.
\xref kalaki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 00457
\lxam te:kwa:nyo:lki
\lxam_c te:kwa:nyo:lki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ki
\infn N1
\sense_e fierce, attacking animal (such as the leó:n, kuwpitso , and lo:boh)
\sense_s animal bravo que ataca (como el leó:n, kuwpitso y lo:boh)
\sense_d Am
\root kwa
\root yo:li
\ref 00458
\lxam kwalo
\lxam_c kwalo
\lxoa kwalo
\lxoa_c kwalo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-pass
\infv class-4a(pass)
\sense_e to be sick or ill
\sense_s estar enfermo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kwalowa:ya. A:man xok kwalo, o:pat.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He used to be sick. Now he is no longer ill, he got better.
\phrase_s Antes estaba enfermo. Ahora ya no, se alivió.
\sense_e to be giving birth (apparently a calque from the Spanish estar enferma)
\sense_s estar de parto (aparentemente un calco del español estar enferma)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:pe:w kwalo isuwa:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His wife has started to give birth.
\phrase_s Su esposa empezóa dar a luz.
\sense_e (~ de me:stli) to have ones period; to menstruate
\sense_s (~ de me:stli) bajar la regla (a una mujer); menstruar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:kwalo:k de me:stli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She had her period.
\phrase_s Le bajósu regla.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to be chronically ill or sick; to be sickly
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) estar siempre algo enfermo; estar enfermizo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San kukwalo:tinemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just goes around being sick.
\phrase_s Nada más anda todo el tiempo enfermo.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to get eaten by bugs (maize or other grains, or wood by termites)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) picarse (maíz u otros granos, o la madera por la polilla)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:kukwalo:k notlayo:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My maize got eaten by bugs.
\phrase_s Se picómi maíz.
\phrase_n A:man notlayo:l ye tlapati:hloh, yo:ntla:lilih reme:dioh para ma:ka kukwalo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My maize has been treated. I put insecticide on it so that it wouldn't get eaten by bugs.
\phrase_s Mi maíz ya estátratado. Le echéun remedio para que no se picara.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication, often preceded by me:dioh) to feel under the weather; to be sick on and off; to be up and down in health, not really sick
but under the weather and then fine for a short period
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga, a menudo con me:dioh antepuesto) estar algo enfermo, de vez en cuando
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlah kichi:wa a:mantsi:n, me:dioh kwa:kwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He doesn't do much of anything now, he's sort of ill.
\phrase_s Estos días ya no hace mucho de nada, se siente algo mal.
\phrase_n Kwa:kwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is under the weather.
\phrase_s Anda medio enfermo (o mal).
\root kwa
\nae Kwalo is one of the few examples of a lexicalized passive construction. It is clearly related to kwa a transitive verb meaning 'to eat,' as apparent from
the meaning of the"passive" kwalo 'to be (bug-)eaten' or 'to be sick.' In Oapan short vowel reduplication of /kw/ does not reduce to /ku/ as in Ameyaltepec.
Thus Ameyaltepec kukwalo is Oapan kwákwaló.
\disamb kwa:lo; kokoliskwi; kokolisyowa; kokoxka:ti
\qry Check imperfect whether /kwaloa:ya/ or /kwalowa:ya/. Also, determine difference between /kwalo:tinemi/ and /kukwalo:tinemi/, etc. Check vowel length of /a/; passive would
expectedly be ?/kwa:lo/. Check for p-a in Oapan form /kwákwaló/ and possibility of reduced reduplication.
\semref kwalo:tla
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00459
\lxam iko:lah ko:lo:tl
\lxam_c iko:lah ko:lo:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e constellation of stars (lit. 'scorpion's tail') located between Orion and the Milky Way when Orion is close to the southern horizon
\sense_s constelación de estrellas (lit. 'cola de alacrán') ubicada entre orion y la Vía Láctea cuando orion estácerca del horizonte del sur
\sense_d Am
\semfld heavens
\ency_note stars
\semref okichko:lo:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref ko:lo:tl i:kwitlapi:l
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref okichko:lo:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00460
\lxam pitsi:ni
\lxam_c pitsi:ni
\lxoa pitsi:ni
\lxoa_c pitsi:ni
\lx_te tepitsi:ni
\lx_te_d Am, Oa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. te- : tepitsi:ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to crack or break open, particularly in such a way that the inside part emerges (e.g., an egg, fruit such as tomatoes or avocados, etc.)
\sense_s rompersele a agrietarsele; estrellarse (en referencia a una superficie dura como la de un calabazo o el cascarón de un huevo; también en referencia a fruta)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:tepitsi:n na:tekon.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My canteen (in this case of gourd) has gotten a light crack (or small pin-like opening) in it.
\phrase_s Se rompió(o se agujereó) ligeramente ni cantimplora (en este caso de calabazo).
\semfld distort-fissure
\root pitsi:
\ncol motsontekon deke yo:tlapa:n
\ncol tso:tsokohli
\ncol a:tekomatl
\ncol to:toltetl
\disamb motsi:ni; pitsi:ni; tsaya:ni; tlapa:ni; siyo:toni, etc.
\nse In Ameyaltepec I was told that this term may be used for hard items that break open, such as eggs, gourds, and similar items. In Oapan the term tepitsi:ni (and the
equivalent transitive form tepitsi:nia is used to indicate the crushing or smashing open of things like tomatoes, bananas, and other fruits. When one opens an egg in
order to fry it, the transitive tepitsi:nia is used, as in ¡X'tepitsi:ni on to:to:ltetl! 'Crack open that egg!' Jeremías Cabrera mentioned that the intensified form
tepitsi:ni (or the transitive equivalent tepitsi:nia is used when something is smashed or crushed. He added that the base form pitsi:ni is used
in expressions such as Kwahli pitsi:ni pola:n, 'Bananas are easily crushed.
\ref 00461
\lxam ma:xtlatl
\lxam_c ma:xtlatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e (rare) cotton pants (used of old)
\sense_s (raro) pantalones de manta (usadas antiguamente)
\sense_d Am
\root ma:xtla
\nae The word ma:xtlatl is no longer used, and is remembered by only a few old men in Ameyaltepec, who are unsure of its meaning. Luis Lucena gave me the possessed
form noma:xtlaw but the"correct"form, according to don Martín de la Cruz, is noma:xtli , which is that which I have entered above. However, Cristino
Flores also repeatedly used the possessed form i:ma:xtlayo. One speaker said that this word refers to the material that is wrapped around ones waist and legs; cf.
ma:xtlatia. Another person said that it is a"calzón", the type of pants that men used to wear.
\qry Recheck in Oapan. Also, not that while /maxtli/ and /maxaltik/ have short first vowels, /ma:xtlatl/ has a long /a:/.
\semref ma:xtlatia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref a:ma:xtlatia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00462
\lxam maxak
\lxam_c i:maxak
\lxoa maxak
\lxoa_c i:maxak
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-k(o)
\infn N2
\sense_e inside of the thighs; crotch (just inside where the legs join the torso)
\sense_s entrepiernas (de una persona)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:tsomo:n noma:xtlayo imaxak.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Cristino Flores
\phrase_e The crotch of my cotton pants ripped.
\phrase_s Se rompióla parte entrepiernas de mis calzones.
\sense_e inside the hind legs of an animal
\sense_s entre las patas traseras de un animal
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld body
\root maxa
\root_rel -ko
\qry Determine the precise location of /maxak/ with both humans and animals.
\root_notes Obviously related to /maxV/ with a meaning related to bifurcation. Determine whether root should be give as /max/ or /maxa/.
\ref 00463
\lxam ketsa
\lxam_c kiketsa
\lxoa ketsa
\lxoa_c kiketsa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to fuck ([S] can be man or woman)
\sense_s coger (a algn, sexualmente; [S] puede ser hombre o mujer)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nite:ketsasneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm horny.
\phrase_s Tengo ganas de coger.
\phrase_n Nokestokeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are fucking.
\phrase_s Están cogiendo.
\root ketsa
\grm Productivity /lo:ya:n/: Marcial Camilo told me the story of a man from Oapan (I forget his name) who when asked where he had been replied /te:ketsalo:ya:n/. I mention this
here simply to note that the locative (deverbal) ending /-lo:ya:n/ is still productive in Oapan Nahuatl.
\semref teketsa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00464
\lxam a:ko:kopi:tsiwi
\lxam_c a:ko:kopi:tsiwi
\lxoa a:kó:kokopi:tsíwi
\lxoa_pr a:ko:kokopi:tsiwi
\lxoa_c a:kó:kokopi:tsíwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to feel ones throat narrowed from having sores or phlegm in it
\sense_s sentirse la garganta angosta por tener granitos o flema
\sense_d Pending
\root a:
\root ko:koh
\root pi:ts
\qry_fon Of Oapan and Am form check for initial /a:/ and compare to other /a/-initial words. Check throughout for any changes to headwords. Recheck the vowel length of /i:/.
\vl There are 4 extra tokens of this word originally recorded at 6436. These should be tagged as 464 and, moreover, two of these later recorded words should be chosen for
the link.
\semref ko:kopi:tsiwi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref a:kó:kokopitsíwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00465
\lxam techichikilxiw
\lxam_c i:techichikilxiw
\lxoa téchichikílchiw
\lxoa_pr techichilxiw
\lxoa_c i:téchichikílchiw
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-xiw
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N2
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e one who is drawn and haggard like [possessor]
\sense_s uno que es demacrado y enclenque como [poseedor]
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Motechichikilxiw, ne:si no: kwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is drawn and haggard like you, it appears he is ill.
\phrase_s Es demacrado y enclenque como tú, parece que estáenfermo.
\root te-
\root chikil
\nae Although there is apparently no isolated nominal form ? techichikihli the -xiw construction is found, which basically signified 'for [S] to be [noun] like
[Poss]'. The absence of a free-standing nominal form is not the case with other similar -xiw lexemes.
\qry Check pitch-accent in Oapan form /téchichíkil/ and related forms. I am very inconsistent on this matter. I am also very inconsistent on whether or not the /te-/ intensifier morpheme
can take the reduced reduplication that is typical of this dialect. I do have some examples with /techichil/, so these should be checked and forms without reduction should also be
checked. It may be that this word is partially lexicalized, hence the reluctance (though not error) to reduce.
\vl Check p-a in Oapan for all words with /techichikil-/.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note x>ch after l in /i::téchichikílchiw/. Apparently the same occurs after /x/ as in xcha:xa:wawili. Check all phonological contexts that motivate this
sound change.
\ref 00466
\lxam tlakotipan
\lxam_c tlakotipan
\lxoa tlákotípan
\lxoa_pr tlakotipan
\lxoa_c tlákotípan
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-tipan
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e half (of sth previously mentioned in the discourse or obvious from context)
\sense_s mitad (de algo ya mencionado en el discurso u obvio del contexto)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tlakotipan xkoni!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Drink half!
\phrase_s ¡Bebe la mitad!
\phrase_n Xiksepowa un kuwtli, san tlakotipantsi:n xtsonteki, ma kwelpachiwi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Chop through (the branches of) that tree, just cut halfway through, let them (the branches) fold over!
\phrase_s ¡Córtale (las ramas de) a eseárbol, córtale a la mitad nada más para que se puedan doblar!
\phrase_n Ma tihkoto:natin notla:l! Nikte:maka tlakotipan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let's go divide up my land! I am giving a part of it to someone.
\phrase_s ¡Vamos a ir a dividir mi parcela! Voy a darle una parte a alguien.
\root tlahko
\disamb tlako; tlakotipan
\nae The form tlakotipan is not used in an attributive, adjectival sense. For this tlako is used before an unpossessed or possessed noun, tlako otli
tinemi 'We are halfway there.'
\qry The difference between /tlako/ and /tlakotipan/ is not clear. Check to see whether both can be nouns.
\ref 00467
\lxam po:poxowa
\lxam_c kipo:poxowa
\lxoa popoxowa
\lxoa_c nopopoxowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to push into and roll around (on the ground)
\sense_s revolcar (sobre la tierra)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:kipo:poxokeh ipan tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They pushed him and rolled him around on the ground (for example, every time he tried to get up they pushed him right back down).
\phrase_s Lo revolcaron sobre la tierra (p. ej., cada vez que intentóincorporarse, lo empujaron hacia el suelo).
\sense_e (refl.) to wallow or nestle around (such as a pig settling down in mud, or a hen creating a small depression in the soft earth in which to rest)
\sense_s (refl.) revolcarse o acurrucarse (como un marrano al acomodarse en el lodo, o una gallina que escarba una pequeña depresión en la tierra en que descansar)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:nopo:poxoh un pito itik sokitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The pig wallowed around in the mud.
\phrase_s Se revolcóese marrano en el lodo.
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w nopo:poxowa mópio.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your hen has started to nestle itself into the ground (moving its lower body back and forth to accommodate itself).
\phrase_s Tu gallina ya empezóa acurrucarse (meneándose la parte inferior del cuerpo de un lado a otro para acomodarse).
\root_notes pox
\root pox
\qry Check for other uses and cf. to Classical. RS gives the reflexive as 'labrar la tierra por segunda vez, arrejacar' and the transitive as 'cavar, trabajar la tierra.' Note that the meaning of
this root is discussed in the root dictionary. Check accent in /mópio/.
\qry_fon Check vowel length for all words in /popoxowa/. I had first head it long, but certain evidence from Oapan suggests a short vowel. All entries with this should be checked;
also, it is possible that there are two forms and that speakers have varied between one and the other. Check thoroughly.
\ref 00468
\lxam awayo:tia
\lxam_c kawayo:tia
\lxoa áwayó:tia
\lxoa_pr awayo:tia
\lxoa_c káwayó:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-yo:wa/yo:tia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to cover, fill, or cause to become covered with prickles (e.g., a person who might hit a plant with prickles, causing them to fly off and get on another person)
\sense_s hacer cubrir o llenar con aguates (p. ej., una persona a otra cuando la primera le tira a una planta con aguates)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ahwa
\qry Note that I originally had Am /Yo:ne:cha:wayo:tih, o:nitleko:k i:pan a:waxokotl/ 'It filled me with prickles, I climbed up an a:waxokotl tree.' but Cristino Floresstated
that the subject of this verb is a person.
\qry Check vowel length of initial /a/. Cf. /awatl/.
\vl Check vowel length of initial /a/. Cf. /awatl/.
\ref 00469
\lxam kichi:was
\lxam_c kichi:was
\lxoa kichi:was
\lxoa_c kichi:was
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\der Modal
\sense_e perhaps; possibly; there's a good chance that; just perhaps; just in case (in reference to the possibility that the predicate expression that follows might occur)
\sense_s a lo mejor; quizá; es posible; en caso de que (en referencia a la posibilidad de que el predicado que sigue no se lleve a cabo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ma:ka ma:s miák tikontla:li:s! Kichi:was san i:xpoliwis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't toss in any more (in this case beans in a pot)! They'll probably go bad and get wasted (from being left over).
\phrase_s ¡No le vayas a poner más (en este caso frijoles a cocinar)! A lo mejor se va a echarse a perder (al no comerse luego).
\phrase_n Kwahli iye:wtok, kichi:was tine:chkoto:nili:s
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It fine right where it's being kept (in this case a strap being requested in loan), (if I gave it to you) you might well snap it on me.
\phrase_s Estámuy bien donde estáguardado (en este caso algo como un tirante de cuero pedido prestado), (si te lo de) a lo mejor me lo vayas a reventar.
\phrase_n Kichi:was tine:chma:was. Xnikwalo:sneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You might well infect me. I don't want to get sick.
\phrase_s A lo mejor me vas a contagiar. No quiero enfermarme.
\phrase_n Na:nkah i:n, san kichi:was ma:s patiotsi:n, xkaxi:ti, dya nika:n timitsaxi:ltili:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here it is (in this case money to buy sth in market), in case it is more expensive make up the difference and I will pay you back here (later).
\phrase_s Aquíestá(en este caso para un encargo), en caso de que salga más caro, complétale lo que falta y aquí(de vuelta) te pago la diferencia.
\phrase_n Kichi:was niá:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I just might go.
\phrase_s Puede ser que (a lo mejor) vaya.
\phrase_n Xnimotlalo:s. Niá:s san yo:li:k, kichi:was nima:ntiki:sas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm not going to run. I'll just go slowly, otherwise I might trip and fall.
\phrase_s No voy a ir corriendo. Voy a ir despacio, no vaya a ser que me tropiece.
\root chi:wa
\nse The transitive verb chi:wa in the 3rd-person singular future with a 3rd-person object is used in a modal function to express speakers expectation, but lack of certainty,
that a given event will take place. Given this uncertainty kichi:was is often used after an admonitive-like phrase. Thus, for example, one might say, xtlakwate:wa,
kichi:was ta:pismikis 'Eat before you leave! you might just get hungry (otherwise)!
\semref chi:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00470
\lxam tlikonexyowa
\lxam_c tlikonexyowa
\lxoa tlikonexyowa
\lxoa_c tlikonexyowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to get covered with ashes (e.g., a chick that rubs itself into ashes)
\sense_s cubrirse de ceniza (p. ej., un pollito que se frota en la ceniza)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tlikonexyowak, o:wetsiko tliko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It got covered with ashes, it fell into the hearth.
\phrase_s Se cubrióde ceniza, se cayóal hogar.
\root tli
\root nex
\root_rel -ko
\ref 00471
\lxam kwiste:wa
\lxam_alt kwite:wa
\lxam_c kikwiste:wa
\lxoa koste:wa
\lxoa_alt kote:wa
\lxoa_c kikoste:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp V2-asp
\der Asp
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to lift up (off a surface such as the ground, a table, etc.)
\sense_s levantar (de una superficie como el suelo, una mesa, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xkinkwiste:wa un pla:tos!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pick up the plates (i.e., 'clear the table')!
\phrase_s ¡Levanta los platos (esto es, la mesa)!
\sense_e to raise up in the air (sth from a non-upright position to an upright one)
\sense_s levantar en el aire (algo que no estaba en una posición vertical)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:kikwiste:w yeyekatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The wind picked it up in the air.
\phrase_s El viento lo levantó.
\sense_e to stand upright (e.g., cultivated plants that during plowing have been knocked down or covered by earth and are cleared of earth and then uprighted by an agricultural
worker; see tlakwiste:wa)
\sense_s colocar de pie (p. ej., plantas cultivadas que han sido derribadas o tapadas al ararse la tierra; un trabajador sacude las plantas de tierra y después las coloca en posición
vertical)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kikwiste:wa mi:hli wa:n yetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He (clears the earth off and) uprights the corn and beans (following behind the plow as it goes over a field and uprighting plants that have been covered by earth or
stones).
\phrase_s Endereza la milpa y los frijoles (siguiendo la yunta por la milpa y sacándoles tierra y piedras a las plantas para enderezarlas otra vez).
\phrase_n Nikonkwi:kwiste:was nomi:ltsitsi:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will go and upright my corn plants here and there (where they have been knocked down and covered by earth thrown by the plow).
\phrase_s Voy a ir a enderezar algunas de mis plantitas de maíz que han sido tapadas (por la tierra echada por el arado).
\sense_e (refl.) to stand up (from a lying down position)
\sense_s (refl.) incorporarse; pararse (de una posición acostada)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ye nokwiste:wasneki ikone:tsin, pe:wa kipapalowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's child (in this case a calf) wants to stand up (just after birth), she (the mother) is starting to lick him.
\phrase_s Su hijo (en este caso un becerrito) se quiere levantar, ya empieza (su mamá) a lamerlo.
\sense_e (refl.) to awaken
\sense_s (refl.) despertar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kikwalka:nwia. saniman nokwiste:wa, saniman noteltia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He goes at it from an early hour. He gets up right away (early in the morning) and he finishes right away (early in the afternoon).
\phrase_s Le llega desde una hora temprana. se levanta temprano (en la mañana) y termina temprano (, y luego luego termina (en la tarde temprano).
\sense_e (refl.) to recover (from an illness)
\sense_s (refl.) recuperar (de una enfermedad)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kinekis nesawahli, xmosawa para nokwiste:was mokokoxka:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (a herbal remedy, in order to work) needs a person who is fasting. Undertake a fast so that the member of your household who is ill will recover!
\phrase_s Necesita (un remedio, para que surta efectos) una persona en ayunas.¡Ponte en ayunas para que se recupere el miembro de tu familia que estáenfermo.
\sense_e (~ a:ktah) to draw up a legal document or certification
\sense_s (~ a:ktah) levantar un acta o documento legal
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nokwiste:was a:ktah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A certifying document act will be drawn up.
\phrase_s Se va a levantar un acta.
\root kwi
\root e:wa
\nse The verb form kwiste:wa is apparently identical or nearly identical in meaning to kwiste:wa and both seem about equally common. In reference to
drawing up an act, kwiste:wa may refer to a document drawn up at the end of a meeting, or to a birth certificate, a legal agreement, etc. The use of
kwiste:wa in this sense is probably a calque from the Spanish"levantar un acta."
\nae This term has been lexicalized and, in Oapan, has been documented with a following -te:wa, e.g., nokote:hte:wa 'he rises up and leaves.'
\grm Auxiliary; aspectuals; ti-ligature The term /kote:wa/ has been lexicalized and, in Oapan, has been documented with a following -te:wa, e.g.,
nokote:hte:wa 'he rises up and leaves.'
\xref kwiste:wilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref tlakwiste:wa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tlakoste:wa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\ref 00472
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa pro:weh
\lxoa_c pro:weh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan pobre
\psm Adj
\der Adj-loan
\sense_e to be poor
\sense_s ser o estar pobre
\sense_d Oa
\vl The diminutive /pró:wetsí:n/ from 5432 should be tagged with 472. It should not be linked, however.
\semref pro:beh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 00473
\lxam cha:neka:w
\lxam_c cha:neka:w
\lxoa chá:neká:w
\lxoa_alt chá:niká:w
\lxoa_pr cha:neka:w
\lxoa_c i:chá:neká:w
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-posr-eh
\infn N2
\sense_e see cha:neh
\sense_s véase cha:neh
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root cha:n
\nse This word, at least in Ameyaltepec, it used to indicate a spouse, of either partner.
\ref 00474
\lxam tekiti
\lxam_c tekiti
\lxoa tekiti
\lxoa_c tekiti
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to work (in the most general sense)
\sense_s trabajar (en el sentido más general)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Timote:ne:wa ika wel titekiti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are known to be a good worker.
\phrase_s Se te conoce como un buen trabajador.
\phrase_n San tekiti kwa:k kineki, xtlah kipolowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He only works when he wants to, he isn't lacking anything.
\phrase_s Solamente trabaja cuando quiera, no le hace falta nada.
\root teki
\disamb tekiti; tekipanowa; tekichi:wa
\ref 00475
\lxam kokokihli
\lxam_c kokokihli
\lxoa kó:kihlí
\lxoa_alt kó:ihlí
\lxoa_c kó:kihlí
\lxoa_pr kó:kihli
\lxgen kokokihli
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound ST-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am)
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e type of edible plant, in Spanish known as huazontle, that is grown in huertas
\sense_s tipo de planta comestible que se cultiva en huertas (huazontle)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root koko
\root kil
\nae The etymology of this term is unclear. In Ameyaltepec underlying {h} is lost word internally, thus one would not expect underlying {kohko-} to show up except as
koko-. The Oapan Nahuatl term, however, suggests an initial underlying sequence of {kohko-} as the motivation for the pitch-accent noted. Nevertheless,
preliminary indications (which should be checked) indicate that San Juan Tetelcingo (which retains underlying {h} in its surface forms, e.g., tahtle'father') does not have
an h-final initial syllable. Thus the underlying form of the first two syllables might be either {kohko} or {koko}. In Oapan the long /o:/ in the first syllable seems to be the
obvious result of a k-deletion rule resulting in an /oo/ sequence that reduces to /o:/. But still, the source of the pitch-accent is not clear. Finally, note that in this latter
village the form kó:ihlí seems to be somewhat more common than kó:kihlí, but both are used.
\notes_nature RS gives cocoquilitl as"ajedrea, mostacilla silvestre."There is no such plant listed in Schoenhals (1988). Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the
huazontle. FK identifies it as Chenopodium bonus henricus, Chenopodium nuttalli.
\qry Recheck vowel length. OK: Correct long for Oa.
\vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token.
\qry_h kokokihli; check for /h/ in reduplicant. Perhaps the /h/ is at /kokohkihli/. Check.
\ref 00476
\lxam si:sikwiltik
\lxam_c si:sikwiltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e striped
\sense_s rayado, meco
\sense_d Am
\sense_e spotted; having polk-a-dots
\sense_s salpicado de color; pinto
\sense_d Am
\semfld color-pattern
\root sikwil
\ncol sa:ndiah
\ncol a:yotli
\ncol bese:rroh
\nse The etymology of si:sikwiltik its meaning in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl are still obscure. Molina has a series of words containing cicicuil and all relate to
extreme thinness, e.g., cicicuiliui. ni. 'pararse flaco y seco.' The relationship to the Ameyaltepec Nahuatl acceptation, if there is one, is not clear. Cristino Flores translated
this as"rayado."However, according to Inocencio Díaz this word is used to refer to cattle that is pinto. A boa constrictor is also called si:sikwiltikin
reference to the pattern of its skin.
\nae This word is often found with an initial /te/: tesisikwiltik.
\qry Check this entry as it was recorded on a file card with no example of use.
\semref tesi:sikwil
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00477
\lxam tlaxi:kopi:nahlo:tl
\lxam_c i:tlaxi:kopi:nahlo
\lxoa tlaxi:kopi:nahlo:tl
\lxoa_c i:tlaxi:kopi:nahlo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-yo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e shedded skin (e.g., of a snake, lizard, etc.)
\sense_s piel mudado (p. ej., de una serpiente, lagartija, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xkonta itlaxi:kopi:nahlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Look over there at its shedded skin.
\phrase_s Ve allásu piel mudada.
\root xi:
\root kopi:
\nse Both tlaxi:kopi:nahlo:tl and tlaxi:kopi:nahli are documented in the fieldwork corpus, with identical meanings. Both are usually, though not
obligatorily, possessed. Animals that to date have been documented to have i:tlaxi:kopi:nahlo are snakes and grasshoppers.
\notes_nature Animals that to date have been documented to have itlaxi:kopi:nahlo are snakes and grasshoppers.
\semref tlaxi:kopi:nahli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00478
\lxam xiwi:teki
\lxam_c kixiwi:teki
\lxoa xihwi:teki
\lxoa_c kixihwi:teki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to cut down weeds for (with a machete, e. g., to use in things such as thatching)
\sense_s cortar maleza para (con un machete, p. ej., para usar como en un techo)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld agriculture
\root xiw
\root wi:teki
\nse At least in Ameyaltepec, this verb is most often used with the nonspecific object tla-.
\nae As no example of this verb in context was obtained, it is not clear what the grammatical object would refer to. This should be clarified.
\qry Check. Also check length of /i/. It might be that this word does not come from /xiw-tli/ plus /wi:teki/ but rather from /xiwi/ plus /teki/. If I remember correctly Oapan speakers
contrasted this form with /kixiwi:teki/ 'he beats him/her on the legs.' Check. Recheck Am form that it is not /xihwi:teki/.
\ref 00479
\lxam tlapestika:n
\lxam_c tlapestika:n
\lxoa tlapestika:n
\lxoa_c tlapestika:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla-ka:n
\infn N1(N-tla)
\sense_e area or place that is smooth
\sense_s área o lugar que es plano (y algo liso)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sa: tlapestika:n u:nkah nocha:n, kwaltsi:n o:nitlai:xman.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e (The interior floor of) my house has gotten flat, I smoothed things out nicely.
\phrase_s (El piso interior de) mi casa quedóplano, allanébien la superficie.
\root pets
\root_rel -ka:n
\ref 00480
\lxam i:xiwintia
\lxam_c ki:xiwintia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make dizzy; to make the head of spin
\sense_s marear; hacer sentir mareos a; hacer girar la cabeza a
\sense_d Am
\root i:x
\root iwin
\qry Check root whether /iwin/ or /win/. Check if there is any difference between /i:xiwinti/ and /kwa:i:xiwinti/.
\semref kwa:i:xiwintia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00481
\lxam selia
\lxam_c kiselia
\lxoa selia
\lxoa_c kiselia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to receive or accept (a gift)
\sense_s recibir; aceptar (un regalo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to admit; to accept (sb as a guest in ones house, a person as a worker in ones group, etc.)
\sense_s admitir; aceptar; recibir (algn como huéspeded en la casa, algn como trabajador en un grupo, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root seli
\xref selilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 00482
\lxam i:xakukwi
\lxam_c ni:xakukwi
\lxoa í:xakókwi
\lxoa_pr i:xakokwi
\lxoa_c ní:xakókwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-Mod-V2
\der V2-b[refl]
\infv class-3a(kw)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl.) to rise (bread or other similar items); to puff up (a tortilla)
\sense_s (refl.) leventarse (pan u otras substancias similares); alzarse o inflarse (la cara de la tortilla)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ni:xakukwi motlaxkal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your tortillas puff up (as they cook on the griddle).
\phrase_s Se alzan tus tortillas (al cocerse sobre el comal).
\root i:x
\root ahko
\root kwi
\ncol tlaxkahli kwa:k iksi
\qry Check to see if only used in reflexive or if it can take an object (definite or indefinite). Cf. to /a:posa:wa:/. Also
\vl Check to make sure first vowel, /a/, is short.
\semref a:posa:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00483
\lxam so:ya:tl
\lxam_c so:ya:tl
\lxoa so:ya:tl
\lxoa_c so:ya:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e palm tree
\sense_s árbol de palma
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e palm leaves (i.e., the dried palm leaves used for tying bundles, or for roofing, etc.)
\sense_s hojas de palma (esto es, las hojas secas que se usan para amarrar, o para techar, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\ency_note so:ya:tl; make a study of the way that this is used, etc.
\root so:ya:
\nse During Holy Week palm is woven into several shapes. The following have been documented in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl (no comparable list has yet been obtained from Oapan):
kakalakatsi:n 'that makes a rattle' or 'que hace cascabeleo,' i:kamak kowatl 'serpent's mouth' or 'boca de serpiente,' i:kwech kowatl
'rattle of a rattlesnake' or 'cascabel de serpiente,' kanasti:tah 'little basket' or 'canastita,' i:kal chi:lpan 'wasp's nest' or 'panal de avispas,' and
kokoloxtik 'curly' or 'chino.'
\qry Check for /-yo/ possession: e.g., /i:so:ya:yo/.
\notes_nature Guizar and Sánchez (1991) give one member of the Palmaefamily: Brahea dulcis, in Spanish called soyatl or palma maxclera.
Schoenhals (1988) lists many types of palm. The Brahea dulcisis listed under palma de sombrero with the following comments:"'[type of] palmetto.'
Bears yellow, cherry-size, edible fruit. The fronds are the raw material of the hat industry among the Mixtecs and are also used for brooms. Also called palma dulce, soyale,
zoyate."Given that the villages to the east of the valley (Totolcintla particularly) weave palm for the hat industry in Chilapa, it would appear that the palm of the region is
Brahea dulcis. However, it is not clear whether there are other types. Also, it appears that so:ya:tl refers to palm in general and perhaps various
genera and species of trees.
\ref 00484
\lxam chikiwtli
\lxam_c chikiwtli
\lxoa chikihtli
\lxoa_c chikihtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e generic name for woven handleless baskets
\sense_s nombre genérico para canastas sin astas
\sense_d Pending
\root chikiw
\ency_note chikiwtli
\mod Add texts descriptions of how baskets are made, types of baskets, etc.
\ref 00485
\lxam tla:lte:milia
\lxam_c kitla:lte:milia
\lxoa tla:lte:milia
\lxoa_c kitla:lte:milia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to get dirt or earth on (sth belonging) to
\sense_s echarle tierra a (algo) de
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ma:ka xne:chtla:ltemili nopla:toh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't get dirt on my plate (e.g., in shoveling, be careful that dirt does not fly over where I am eating)!
\phrase_s ¡No me vayas a echar tierra sobre mi plato (p. ej., al estar excavando, teniendo cuidado que la tierra no vaya a caer sobre mi plato)!
\root tla:l
\root te:m
\xref tla:lte:mia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 00486
\lxam tlatlanilia
\lxam_c kitlatlanilia
\lxoa tlátlanília
\lxoa_pr tlatlanilia
\lxoa_c kí:tlanília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): mí:stlanília
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to make a request of (sb) for (particularly for objects [SO] that are lent or given such as a plow animal or beast of burden, a monetary loan or gift, alms for the church,
etc.)
\sense_s pedir a (algn, particularmente por objetos [OS] que se prestan o se regalan tales como un animal de carga o uno para trabajar la tierra, donaciones como las que se le
dan a la iglesia, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ne:chtlatlanilia notlayo:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is asking to borrow maize from me.
\phrase_s Me estápidiendo maíz en préstamo.
\phrase_n Ne:xtlatlanilia noi:joh para iwa:n tekitis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He asks me to lend him my son to work with him.
\phrase_s Me pide me hijo para que pueda trabajar conél.
\sense_e to request of (a daughter [SO]) in marriage (see tlai:tlani)
\sense_s pedirle (su hija [OS]) en matrimonio a (véase tlai:tlani)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitlatlanili:skeh ichpo:ch.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They will ask him for his daughter's hand in marriage.
\phrase_s Le van a pedir a su hija en matrimonio.
\phrase_n Nóntlatlanília i:chika:walis.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I ask him (in this case of a saint, in leaving an offering in the church) to give him health (an ill member of the family).
\phrase_s Le pido (en este caso a un santo al dejar una ofrenda en la iglesia) que le de fuerza (a un familiar enfermo).
\fla tlatlani
\root htlani
\qry Check translation of Oa /Nóntlatlanília i:chika:walis/ 'I ask him (in this case of a saint, in leaving an offering in the church) to give him health (an ill member of the family).'
\mod Make sure link in /xvb field is to /tlatlani/ as a transitive verb.
\xref tlatlani
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 00487
\lxam metsa:kayo
\lxam_c i:metsa:kayo
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-yo
\infn N2
\sense_e thigh bone
\sense_s hueso del muslo
\sense_d Am
\semfld body
\root mets
\root a:ka
\nse According to don Martín de la Curz, the term metsa:kayo refers to the part of the leg below the knee and above the ankle. However, Luis Lucena, who appeared
somewhat unsure, stated that this word refers to the thigh bone. This word seems to be rarely used, and this might affect the
\qry Determine precise meaning (which might not be possible if this word is rarely used).
\semref metskomiteyo
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00488
\lxam kwa:pasol
\lxam_c kwa:pasol
\lxoa kwá:pasól
\lxoa_pr kwa:pasol
\lxoa_c kwá:pasól
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Op. te- : kwa:tepasol
\pitch yes
\sense_e see kwa:tepasol
\sense_s véase kwa:tepasol
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root pahsol
\ref 00489
\lxam tili:nia
\lxam_c kitili:nia
\lxoa tili:nia
\lxoa_c kitili:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)[+ca]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to tighten (a bag by stuffing it, a screw by turning it all the way in, a post by packing earth around it, a knot by pulling it, etc.)
\sense_s apretar (un costal al atestarlo, un tornillo al meterlo lo más que se pueda, un poste al macizar la tierra a su alrededor, un nudo al jalarlo, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:timoma:kaxa:nih. Xtili:ni moma! Nika:n o:pe:w ko:ko:tsi:liwi, xok kwahli note:katiw in i:loh, san te:pan noma:matilotiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You've let your arm slack (in this case not pulling tight on a taravía used to make cord). Hold your arm tight! It (the rope) has begun to twist up here, the
threads are no longer laying nice and flat (on each other), in various places they're getting wound up around each other.
\phrase_s Dejaste aflojar el brazo.¡Apriétalo! Aquíya empezó(la soga) a torcer, ya no se asientan bien (planos) los hilos, en algunos lugares ya se van enroscando.
\phrase_n Xtili:ni un komaxahli para ma:ka wetsis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tighten up that horcón(by packing earth and stones around it) so that it doesn't fall over!
\phrase_s ¡Apreta a ese horcón (al meter tierra y piedras a su alrededor) para que no se caiga!
\root tili:
\qry Check difference between /tili:nia/ and /tili:naltia/. Note meaning of /notili:nia/ as in fasting, perhaps.
\ref 00490
\lxam ne:ntlamati
\lxam_c ne:ntlamati
\lxoa ne:ntlamati
\lxoa_c ne:ntlamati
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1
\infv Irregular; see mati
\sense_e to be distressed; to be worried
\sense_s estar angustiado; estar preocupado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nine:ntlamati. O:kelna:mik pero xnikmati deke wel nikchi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am distressed. He remembered it (e.g., sth I was to do) but I don't know if I can do it.
\phrase_s Estoy angustiado. El se acordó(p. ej., de algo que debía yo hacer) pero no sési lo puedo hacer.
\root ne:n
\root mati
\disamb te:mati; ne:ntlamati
\nse The precise meaning of ne:ntlamati needs to be further investigated. One short comment in my original notes reported a consultant's gloss for
nine:ntlamati as 'mis pensamientos están allá,' apparently with the sense of worrying about an event that is taking place. Molina gives nentlamati. ni.
'estar descontento y afligido, o hazer lo que es ensíen algún negocio.' Other derivations refer to 'angustia, descontento, aflicción, etc.'
\qry Get further examples of texts.
\ref 00491
\mod This entry was for /tlakiki:tskilia/ but has been removed as vulgar.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\mod Apparently this verb, with a lexicalized nonspecific object marker tla-, can occur with either short or long vowel reduplication. Thus in my original notes I had the phrase
Ma timitstlaki:ki:tskili:to. Newa nowa:xka! , which I had translated as 'Let me go grab at your penis. It's mine!' The use of the verb 'grab at' is meant to conveny the
idea that the grabbing takes place once and once again, repeatedly yet not with hurried and random repetitions. Hence the reduplication with long vowel. Note that it is the verb stem
that is reduplicated in both cases, and not the nonspecific object prefix, here used in a"taboo"sense (as is not uncommon). It can be used in the nonreduplicated form, at least in
Ameyaltepec tlaki:tskilia.
\grm Reduplication; /tla-/ Apparently this verb, with a lexicalized nonspecific object marker tla-, can occur with either short or long vowel reduplication. Thus in my
original notes I had the phrase Ma timitstlaki:ki:tskili:to. Newa nowa:xka! , which I had translated as 'Let me go grab at your penis. It's mine!' The use of the
verb 'grab at' is meant to conveny the idea that the grabbing takes place once and once again, repeatedly yet not with hurried and random repetitions. Hence the
reduplication with long vowel. Note that it is the verb stem that is reduplicated in both cases, and not the nonspecific object prefix, here used in a"taboo"sense (as is not
uncommon). Note, however, that it is important to discuss in the grammar that it is the verbal stem that is reduplicated, and that the /tla-/ for the nonspecific (and here
'taboo') object is not reduplicated. Note also how this reflects the degree to which lexicalization of the /tla-/ occurs. The same lack of redupication of the initial element is
found in most cases of Noun Incorporation, where it is the predicate (verb or adjectival) that is reduplicated.
\ref 00492
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:te:nko tsi:katl
\lxoa_f [i: 'te:n kon 'tsi: katl]
\lxoa_c i:te:nko tsi:katl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e see te:ntli
\sense_s véase te:ntli
\sense_d Oa
\nde Note that although when pronounced separately i:te:nko does not have a final /n/, all consultants inserted a final /n/ in the sequence i:te:nkon tsi:katl.
\grm Oapan phonology: Insertion of /n/ after vowel-final collocation: For /i:te:nkon tsi:katl/ Note that although when pronounced separately i:te:nko does not
have a final /n/, all consultants inserted a final /n/ in the sequence i:te:nkon tsi:katl.
\semref i:te:n tsi:katl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tsi:yate:nko
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref tsi:yate:ntli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00493
\lxam i:xkwi:lia
\lxam_c ki:xkwi:lia
\lxoa i:xkwi:lia
\lxoa_c ki:xkwi:lia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make it hard for (sb) to see (e.g., a bright or blinding light, a sudden flash, the sun [S])
\sense_s deslumbrar a (algn, una fuerte luz, un sol brillante [S])
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ne:chi:xkwi:lia to:nahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The bright light of the sun interferes with my vision (making it hard for me to see).
\phrase_s Me deslumbra el sol (por brillante).
\root i:x
\root kwi
\qry Check for use of /te-/.
\grm Incorporation; applicatives: With /i:xkwi:lia/ in general, note the way in which the valency of /kwi/ changes with different types of incorporation.
\ref 00494
\lxam teiksik
\lxam_c teiksik
\lxoa teisik
\lxoa_c teisik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e to be hard-boiled (an egg)
\sense_s ser cocido duro (un huevo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Teiksik nihkwa:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll eat it hard-boiled.
\phrase_s Me lo voy a comer duro.
\root te-
\root ksi
\nse Although most consultants have indicated that teiksik refers to an egg that is hard-boiled, I have heard others state that teiksik is used to refer to
soft-boiled eggs.
\qry Although most consultants have indicated that teiksik refers to an egg that is hard-boiled, I have heard others state that teiksik is used to refer to
soft-boiled eggs. Check.
\ref 00495
\lxam komekatl de ye:i kosti:yah
\lxam_alt komekatl de ye:i ikosti:yah
\lxam_c komekatl de ye:i ikosti:yah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e type of vine as yet still unidentified
\sense_s tipo de bejuco todavía no identificada
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root ko
\root me:ka
\root ye:i
\ref 00496
\lxam westok
\lxam_c westok
\lxoa westok
\lxoa_alt westikah
\lxoa_alt westotok
\lxoa_alt westotikah
\lxoa_c westok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be lying down (particularly, on ones side)
\sense_s estar acostado (en particular, por el lado)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nae The stative westok can be inflected with the aspectual marker -tiw in the complete range of tense, aspects, and modes. Interestingly, when this
occurs the stative ending -tok is apparently maintained as -ti as in niwestitia:s 'I will go along (e.g., riding in a bus or train) lying down.'
This is apparently related to the fact that whereas the -tiw marker indicates that a process or event is taking place over a space, the meaning of westitiw is
that a particular state continues over a given space. The progressive form (which shows reduplication) means 'he goes along falling down': wewestiw.
\root wetsi
\semref ya:watok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00497
\lxam peya:stik
\lxam_c peya:stik
\lxoa peya:stik
\lxoa_c peya:stik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be straight (sth long and thin such as a rod, tube, etc.)
\sense_s estar derecho; estar recto (algo largo y delgado como una vara, tubo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root peya:s
\nse To date the only documented use of this adjectival is in reference to wooden sticks, such as long rods or poles.
\ref 00498
\lxam xa:ltik
\lxam_c xa:ltik
\lxoa xa:xa:ltik
\lxoa_c xa:xa:ltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e to have a mealy texture (e.g., watermelon)
\sense_s estar harinoso (como, p. ej., sandía)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Sa:ndiah, xa:ltik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Watermelon, it is mealy in texture.
\phrase_s Sandía, es harinosa al paladar.
\phrase_n Bwe:noh un sándiah, melá:k xa:xa:ltik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That watermelon is good, it's really meaty (with a"sandy"texture).
\phrase_s Esa sandía estámuy bien, estámuy carnosa (con una textura harinosa).
\root xa:l
\ncol sa:ndiah
\ncol melo:n
\nse Several Ameyaltepec speakers mentioned that watermelon is the only object that can be described as xa:ltik. However, in Oapan several consultants mentioned that
both sá:ntiahand mante:kah.
\nde Molina has xaxaltic 'cosa rala, asícomo manta, estera o cosa semejante,' a definition quite distinct from that of Balsas Nahuatl.
\qry Check other possible items that may be described as /xa:ltik/. Check final /h/ in /sa:ndiah/. Also, recheck why a watermelon that tastes /xaxa:ltik/ is considered good. Also determine
whether the correct Am form is reduplicated or not.
\qry Note that in order to have /xa:ltik/ as a predicate in the phrase /sa:ndiah, xa:ltik/ a pause seemingly must be present. This should be checked.
\grm Note that in order to have /xa:ltik/ as a predicate in the phrase /sa:ndiah, xa:ltik/ a pause seemingly must be present. This should be checked.
\ref 00499
\lxam ite:ntson misto:n
\lxam_c ite:ntson misto:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1(N2-NP)
\sense_e type of plant, as yet not identified
\sense_s tipo de planta
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:ne:chihlih deke ipan se: la:soh noso kordó:n te:mowan kimichin i:n umpa xiksa:lo ite:ntson misto:n para ma kisos.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Costa Venancio; note that her husband, Marcelo Venancio, claimed to have never heard of this plant.
\phrase_e I was told that if mice come down on a riata or rope (e.g., one hung from the thatch roof of a house to sustain things such as chitatli), you should tie a piece
of i:te:ntson miston so that it will pierce it (i.e., the mice that comes down).
\phrase_s Me dijeron de que si ratoncitos descienden sobre un laso o cordon, allíle debe atar i:te:ntson misto:n , para que le pique.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli(pending)
\root te:n
\root tson
\root mis
\root -to:n
\nse Only one speaker in Ameyaltepec gave this plant name (her husband stated that he had never heard of it, and neither did other consultants who were asked although Inocencio Díaz
mentioned that he had heard the name of this plant but that he couldn't identify it). Indeed, in Oapan i:te:ntson misto:n is used only to refer to the whiskers of a cat.
Other Ameyaltepec consultants stated that this plant is referred to as i:sti miston.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\ref 00500
\lxam nenepi:hli
\lxam_c nenepi:hli
\lxoa nenepi:hli
\lxoa_c nenepi:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e tongue (of an animal)
\sense_s lengua (de cualquier animal)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root nene
\root pi:l
\nae The absence of pitch-accent in the Oapan lexeme reflects the lack of an underlying {h}. There is apparently never any reduction of the"reduplicated"initial syllable of
nenepi:hli.
\qry_fon The /i:/ is definitely long as marked; this was checked with an acoustic analysis of the Oapan tapes.
\root_notes In root entry note that this is possible related to /pi:l/ as it occurs in other contexts.
\ref 00501
\lxam kwa:pa:ya:tik
\lxam_c kwa:pa:ya:tik
\lxoa kwa:pa:ya:tik
\lxoa_c kwa:pa:ya:tik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e to be foolish; to be idiotic; to be like an imbecil; to be missing some marbles; to be fuzzy-brained
\sense_s ser idiota; ser tonto; ser como imbécil; estar mal de la cabeza
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwa:
\root pa:ya:
\fl kwa:pa:ya:tsi:n
\ref 00502
\lxam tlekuwa
\lxam_c kitlekuwa
\lxoa 'tlakówa
\lxoa_alt 'tlekówa
\lxoa_pr tlakowa
\lxoa_cpend kítlekówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4c(pano)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to mount (animals mating; vulg. when used to refer to human sexual relations)
\sense_s montar (un animal a otro; vulg. cuando se emplea para referirse a las relaciones sexuales humans)
\sense_d Pending
\root tlehko:
\disamb As transitive /mitseko:s/ and /mistleko:s/>
\nae In Oapan, and perhaps as well in Ameyaltepec, some people might say kítlekówa, others say i:pan tlékowá. There is no evidence of
tlekowa as a transitive verb in other Nahuatl sources: everywhere else it is given as an intransitive.
\grmx Oapan pitch-accent; phonology: Note that my data shows that with the p-a marked verb /'tlekowa/ there are two forms of adjustment. In the first, with any of the object
prefixes, stress shifts left as expected to the prefix /kítlekówa/. However, with a separate element, the relational noun /i:pan/ there is no leftward readjustment, perhaps in
order to maximize input-output identity. Note that with a verb such as /yékó/ there is always shift. This is because the input is inherently unstable in that it has p-a on two
adajent mora. This is not the case with /tlékowá/ in which there is"room"for the two p-a sequences within the single word; this might favor the retention of word-internal p-a
in the face of a relational expression to the left. However, note that the shift does occur onto the prefix. Thus one has /kítlekówa/ and not */kitlékowá/. The first is more in
accord with expected Nahuatl stress patterns in that it has penultimate stress both before the word boundary and before the un d erlying {h}.
\ref 00503
\lxam tlanne:nepan
\lxam_c tlanne:nepan
\lxoa tlane:nepan
\lxoa_c tlane:nepan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to have doubled teeth (i.e., perhaps a baby tooth did not fall out and the person has two teeth in the same"slot,"one behind the other)
\sense_s tener dos dientes, uno atrás del otro (esto es, quizácuando un persona era niño un diente no se le cayóy el otro salióadelante, dejando dos dientes, uno tras el otro)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tlan
\root nepan
\nae Two consultants from Ameyaltepec, Gabriel de la Cruz and Luis Lucena, when pronouncing this word slowly clearly articulated a double /nn/. This reflects careful pronunciation and
the influence of an understanding of morphological forms on pronunciation. However, in all other contexts that I have heard this word and its cognates the underlying double nasal is
reduced to /n/.
\root_notes The root /nepan/ could perhaps be further analyzed as /ne/ and /pan/. However, this should only be mentioned in the root notes.
\ref 00504
\lxam a:istaya
\lxam_c a:istaya
\lxoa a:istaya
\lxoa_c a:istaya
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia[x]
\infv class-4b(ya-s)
\sense_e to become white from being sumerged a long time in water (perhaps some 3 days; particularly used in reference to maize that is allowed to soak too long in lime water in
making nextamahli)
\sense_s ponerse blanco por quedar mucho tiempo sumergido en agua (tal vez unos 3 días; empleado particularmente para referirse al nixtamal que se deja demasiado tiempo en el
agua acalada)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:a:istayak monextamal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your nextamahli has turned white from being in the water a long time.
\phrase_s Tu nixtamal se volvióblanco por quedarse demasiado tiempo en el agua.
\root a:
\root sta
\ncol nextamahli
\ncol tixtli
\nae To date this a:istaya has been the only intransitive verb of this type (with final -ya) that shows /s/ for /x/ in the progressive based on harmony with the
preceding /s/.
\qry Progressive with /s/ instead of /x/ is probably the result of consonant harmony. Recheck short /a/'s both penultimate and final.
\grm Phonology: Note /s/ for /x/ in the progressive of /ai:staya/>/a:istastok/.
\nae In all dialects noted so far this verb is irregular in that the final /y/ converts to /s/, not /x/, probably the result of harmonization with the preceding /s/.
\ref 00505
\lxam petlasa:kawi:teki
\lxam_c kipetlasa:kawi:teki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\compound N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to beat real hard, particularly with a rope or similar object, such as to often making a loud sound upon striking the object
\sense_s golpear muy duro, particularmente con un lazo u otro objeto similar, a veces haciendo un sonido fuerte al conectar el golpe
\sense_d Am
\semfld contact
\root petla
\root sa:ka
\root wi:teki
\disamb petlasa:kawi:teki; wisoki; wi:teki; telowa
\nse Apparently the meaning of petlasa:kawi:teki derives from the action of hitting something with the same strong blows applied to a petate that has been used to
transport things in order to clean it. In Oapan a similar concept of beating is expressed through petlá:solwíya(here the nominal stem is petlá:sohlí 'old
petate') or through the simple verbalization of petlatl. Note also that other words containing the nominal stem petlarefer to hard, striking
actions or events (e.g., wetsi ke:n mihka:petlatl).
\qry Recheck vowel length and possible relationship to /petlasa:kah/. Determine presence of {h} (e.g., {petlasa:kahwi:teki} by comparison to forms in Oapan and Tetelcingo.
\semref petlawiya
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref petlá:solwíya
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00506
\lxam tsi:ntlapi:tsaltik
\lxam_c tsi:ntlapi:tsaltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e to have a tight-fitting dress
\sense_s tener una falda muy apretada
\sense_d Am
\root tsi:n
\root pi:tsa
\nse Consultants mentioned that this word derives from the resemblance of a woman wearing a tight-fitting dress to a musical instrument, i.e., it appears like a large bell that tapers down
(like the shape of certain horns). A few individuals have stated that tsi:ntlapi:tsaltik can also refer to a man wearing tight pants, although this is certainly not agreed
upon by all. One consultant, Gabriel de la Cruz, translated tsi:ntlapi:tsal as 'tacucado' [sic], a word that I have not been able to identify.
\grm Adjectivals: Note /tsi:ntlapi:tsaltik/ 'having a tight-fitting dress.' Determine the manner in which this form of adjectivalization signifies. Apparently the form is used to
indicate subjects that have some charatistic of the noun root. In the case of /tsi:ntlapi:tsaltik/ the reference is to a rear end that is shaped like a horn (/tlapi:tsahli/). Discuss
the manner in which the metaphoric use of nouns occurs in adjectivalization: He is a lion, i.e., taking one characteristic.
\semref kwe:pi:stik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00507
\lxam ya:wtli
\lxam_c ya:wtli
\lxoa ya:htli
\lxoa_c ya:htli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e dark maize with a deep purple or blue color
\sense_s maíz negro, o morado, con un color como morado o azúl oscuro
\sense_d Pending
\root ya:w
\flao tlayo:hli
\semfld food-maize
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\ency_note tlayo:hli
\nae Ya:wtli apparently refers to the maize itself and not to the color; the stem ya:wis apparently the first element in Classical yappalli 'color
negro,' with the expected /pp/ sequence from underlying {wp} (cf. nappa 'four times' from {na:w + pa}). However, in other forms that seem related (e.g., yapaleua.
niten. 'tener lastimados o negros los beços' there is no double consonantl. tlayo:hli.
\qry Check to determine if a color form exists: /yayaktik/, or if /ya:wtli/ itself can refer to a color, e.g., /ya:wtli mokoto:n/. Check for possessed form ?/noya:w/.
\ref 00508
\lxam si:stli
\lxam_c i:si:s
\lxoa si:stli
\lxoa_c i:si:s
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e grandmother
\sense_s abuela
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld kin
\root si:s
\nse As with the kin terms na:ntliand tatli , si:stli can be used, possessed in the 2nd person, as an interjection, often but not
necessarily with a preceding a:rah , which should be consulted for this collocation.
\qry Check vowel lenght, as Xalitla has /si:s/.
\vl Check vowel lenght, as Xalitla has /si:s/. I had originally recorded a short vowel for Ameyaltepec, but with evidence of a long vowel in Oapan I have changed it. It should
be rechecked!
\semref lo:latli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref si:s
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00509
\mod This used to be the entry for /i:xtexoxok/ and has been removed as it was only used by don Luis Lucena.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\ref 00510
\lxam tsompi:hli
\lxam_c tsompi:hli
\lxoa tsompi:hli
\lxoa_c tsompi:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e common cold; runny nose and cold
\sense_s gripa; catarro
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kitlakwalki:xtilia tsompi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His cold makes him lose his appetite.
\phrase_s La gripa le quita el apetito.
\root tsompi:l
\qry I have several notes that the final vowel is definitely long and should be so recorded in all entries. Check for possessed form.
\ref 00511
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa malakawistli
\lxoa_c malakawistli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e type of tree still not identified
\sense_s tipo deárbol todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\root malaka
\root wis
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\notes_func This is known as malakawistli because it has a thorn-like ending to its leaves. It is only found i:pan so:ya:yoh on the southern part of the
Balsas River where there is a lot of palm. In San Juan, Asunción Marcelo remembered a tree that was brought to his village by those of San Francisco Ozomatlán and
Totolcintla for morillos. It was known as malakakuhtle. Ameyaltepequeños know a tree by the name of malakakuwtli. It is not clear whether
this is the same tree known in Oapan as malakakohtli.
\ref 00512
\lxam xokotik
\lxam_c xokotik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e to be a big talker; to be a braggart; to be a liar (in the sense of falsely claiming to have sth)
\sense_s ser fanfarrón; ser mentiroso (en el sentido de aseverar tener algo que no tiene)
\sense_d Am
\fla kopaxokonono:tsa
\root xoko
\mod Cf. Flk 1984 05-03.1
\semref xokó:nó:tsa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00513
\lxam tsoyo:nki
\lxam_c tsoyo:nki
\lxoa tsoyo:nki
\lxoa_c tsoyo:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to be fried (foods, in oil, lard, butter, etc.)
\sense_s estar frito (comida, en aceite, manteca, mantequilla, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root tsoyo:
\ref 00514
\lxam kamana:lwia
\lxam_c kikamana:lwia
\lxoa kamana:lwia
\lxoa_f [ka ma na:l 'wi ya]
\lxoa_c kikamana:lwia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to joke around (with teasing words) at the expense of
\sense_s vacilarle (con palabras) a; chancearle a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kikamana:lwia, xmelá:k tli:n ki:ihlia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He jokes around with (teases) him, it isn't true what he is saying.
\phrase_s Le vacila (tomándole el pelo), no es verdad lo que le dice.
\root kamana:l
\semref a:wiltia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00515
\lxam te:tlaye:kano:chilike:tl
\lxam_c te:tlaye:kano:chilike:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e see te:tlayeyekano:chilike:tl
\sense_s véase te:tlayeyekano:chilike:tl
\sense_d Am
\root e:ka
\root no:tsa
\qry Make sure possessed form is correct.
\semref te:yéye:kano:chíliké:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00516
\lxam kwe:kokoxoktik
\lxam_c kwe:kokoxoktik
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ni-k-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to have a baggy or loose skirt
\sense_s tener una falda holgada y grande
\sense_d Am
\root kwe:
\root koxo:
\semref kwe:tekoyahtik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00517
\lxam ayakaxtsi:n
\lxam_cpend ayakaxtsi:n
\lxgen ayekahtsi:n
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e certain variety of the small, thin-skinned squash called tamala:yotli
\sense_s tipo de calabaza chiquita y de cáscara delgada de las llamadas tamala:yutli
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\fla tamala:yutli
\root a:yakach
\ency_note a:yotli
\nse According to Luis Lucena this type of small squash is not planted in Ameyaltepec but rather in in San Juan Tetelcingo and the huertas, irrigated riverbank plots, of
Xalitla. For a list of types of tamala:yotli see the list under this latter entry. Both a:yakaxtsi:n and a:yekaxtsi:n are accepted
pronunciations, with perhaps the first more common.
\qry Check
\mod Add /ono ref. to /a:yotli/ under /tamala:yotli/ and transfer all the information under the latter to the ono reference work.
\ref 00518
\lxam manse:rah
\lxam_c manse:rah
\lxoa manse:rah
\lxoa_c manse:rah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan mancera
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e plow handle
\sense_s mancera o esteva de arado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld tool-cultivate
\ency_note plow; cultivation tools; agriculture in general
\mod Illustrate a plow with the parts named.
\ref 00519
\lxam tlatsihki
\lxam_c tlatsihki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e (rare) to be lazy
\sense_s (rare) ser flojo
\sense_d Am
\root tlats
\nde Classical, Northern Puebla, Tetelcingo all have tlatsihki ; it is the only participial form of tlatsiwi documented in these dialects. Ameyaltepec has
tlatsihki only as a rarely used form. Much more common is tlatski, which is the only form found in Oapan.
\qry Recheck whether this form is acceptable. It may be a"borrowing"from another dialect. The form * tlatsihke:tl is not acceptable.
\grm Agentives; Note that /tlatsihki/ is an adjectival and thus does not accept the agentive /ke:tl/. It is important to note that whereas /-ki/ is used in adjectival forms, /ke:tl/ is a
true agentive that only refers to human agents habitually undertaking an action. In general review all /-ke:tl/ and /-ki/ agentives and see if any pattern emerges.
\grm Participles of /-iwi/ verbs: Classical, Northern Puebla, Tetelcingo all have tlatsihki ; it is the only participial form of tlatsiwi documented in these
dialects. Ameyaltepec has tlatsihki only as a rarely used form. Much more common is tlatski, which is the only form found in Oapan.
\semref tlatski
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tlatski
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00520
\lxam tewa:hka:miki
\lxam_c tewa:hka:miki
\lxoa tewa:hka:miki
\lxoa_c tewa:hka:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp Part-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to waste away to nothing
\sense_s quedarse casi demacrado por pérdida de peso
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to waste away and die
\sense_s consumirse y morir
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tewa:hkamiki, ke:n kwi:sokin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She (in this case a married woman) is wasting away, she really gets beaten up (by her husband).
\phrase_s Ella (en este caso una mujer casada) se estáquedando demacrada, de veras es pegada (por su marido).
\root tewa:
\disamb tewa:hka:miki; techichikamiki
\xref tewa:hka:miktia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref tewa:hka:mihtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 00521
\lxoa mi:ltomatl
\lxoa_c mi:ltomatl
\lxgen mi:ltomatl
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e tomatillo or green tomato
\sense_s tomate (de cáscara verde)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld edible
\root mi:l
\root toma:
\ency_note tomatl
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) does not list the a:mi:ltomatl ; Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give it as 'tomatillo de cáscara verde.' Schoenhals (1988) lists tomate silvestre and
tomate verde, and refers both to tomate de cáscara, where she states:"1. (Physalisspp. e.g., P. pubescens) 'ground cherry,' 'wild tomato,' husk tomato,'
'strawberry tomate' Grows in temperate climates. The calyx covers the fruit like a husk. Used in salsa de tomate. Also called guajtomate, miltomate, tomate silvestre, tomate
verde, tomatillo, tomatillo del campo."
\mod Note that given that the Am and Oa forms have different etymologies/roots, they have been given two different entries.
\grm Discuss that perhaps /tomatl/ has a shortened final vowel (cf. /toma:wi/, etc.) as does /xokotl/ (cf. /xoko:ya/). This should be in a section on phonology/vowel shortening and
lengthening.
\semref a:mi:ltomatl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00522
\lxam a:chi
\lxam_alt a:cho
\lxam_c a:chi we:i
\lxoa kichi
\lxoa_alt kichin
\lxoa_c kichin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-b
\sense_e a little
\sense_s un poco
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e somewhat (used particularly before adjectivals)
\sense_s poco o poquito; algo (utilizado particularmente antes de formas adjectivales)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n A:chi kana:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is somewhat thin.
\phrase_s Es algo delgado.
\phrase_n A:chi we:i.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's somewhat big.
\phrase_s Es algo grande.
\phrase_n A:chi tepitsi:n xne:chte:kili!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Serve me a little more!
\phrase_s ¡Sírveme un poquito más!
\phrase_n Kichi we:i
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e It is somewhat big.
\phrase_s Es algo grande.
\sense_e (~ [adjective]) a little less or more (according to the comparison) [adjective]
\sense_s (~ [adjectivo]) un poquito menos o más (según la comparación) [adjectivo]
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kichi ma:s kana:wak xtla:litiw me:stlah!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Put the mortar on a little thinner!
\phrase_s ¡Ponle la mezcla un poquito más delagado!
\root a:chi
\nae The length of the first vowel is hard to determine (as is usual with word-initial vowels). However, both Roberto Mauricio (Oa) and Inocencio Díaz (Am) were quite clear in their
observation that the first vowel of the stem a:chiwas long. It has so been recorded here and in related entries and sentences. Oapan Nahuatl often manifests an
alternation between final vowel and final /n/ the context of which is not clearly understood. Here, the documented headword for Oapan is kichin. Nevertheless, some
other speakers seemed to pronounced kichi. This variation may be parallel to that found in se: ~ se:n or yo ~
yon in Oapan Nahuatl.
\ref 00523
\lxam wa:l-
\lxam_c wa:lmo:stla
\lxoa wa:l-
\lxoa_alt wa:h-
\lxoa_cpend @wa:hkwalka:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e (~ [noun indicating a particular time]) afterwards, come [the time]
\sense_s (~ [sustantivo indicando un tiempo en particular]) después, al llegar [el tiempo]
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Wa:lmo:stla o:yah ina:k ino:biah, ka:n montis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Come the next day he went to his bride's house, where he was going to do service as a son-in-law.
\phrase_s Viene el día siguiente fue a la casa de su novia, donde iba a dar servicio como yerno.
\root wa:l
\nae It is not clear whether forms such as wa:lmo:stla should be written as one or two words, and there seems no good way to make a nonarbitrary decision. For now the
decision has been to write this as fused to nouns: wa:lmo:stla (Am) or wa:hmo:stla (Oa).
\mod The example recorded here is not good and should be change to /wa:l kwalka:n/ or some similar form.
\ref 00524
\lxam chi:tatli
\lxam_c chi:tatli
\lxoa chí:tatlí
\lxoa_c chí:tatlí
\lxoa_pr chi:tatli
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(h)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e cradle (for babies); household item used to store things on and made of a wooden rod bent and tied in a circle, with a slightly concave surface of woven palm strung
through the center
\sense_s cuna (para bebés); utensilio casero empleado para guardar cosas; estáhecho de una vara doblada y atada en un círculo, con una superficie de palma tejida en en centro y
que se emplea para guardar cosas dentro de la casa
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld material-house
\root chi:tah
\ilus_note http://www.ldc.upenn.edu/nahuatl/images/chitatli.htm
\nse RS cites from Betancourt:"Redecilla para llevar comida en viaje o para pescar."However, note that in Ameyaltepec a chitlatli is instead solely found only in homes or
ramadas. It is hung high from a beam and things (such tortillas, papers, remedies, money, etc.) are stored on top of it. Or it is used as a cradle. Often a small, prickly
cactus is placed on the cord sustaining the chitatli to prevent mice from climbing down onto its surface.
\ilus_note Illustrated; make link.
\ref 00525
\lxoa xo:chikohmekatl de tsatsakawa:stsi:n
\lxoa_c xo:chikohmekatl de tsatsakawa:stsi:n
\lxgen kohmekatl peinexo:chitl
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e type of vine as yet unidentified, so named in reference to the shape of its flower
\sense_s tipo de bejucco todavía no identificada, asíllamado en referencia a la forma de su flor
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root xo:chi
\root ko
\root me:ka
\root tsaka
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the bejuco flor de pájaro. No Latin identification is given. Schoenhals (1988) under flor de pájaro states:"1. (Brassica
juncea, B. nigra) 'mustard.' See mostaza. 2. (Strelitzia reginae) 'bird of paradise.' See ave del paraíso."Under mostaza:"Ramírez and Dakin (1979) gloss this as
pájaro flor de bejuco.
\mod The Oapan form should be changed to /to:to:xo:chikomekatl/. Its flower is called /pepe:ni:tah/. In Ameyaltepec it is also called tsatsakawa:htsi:n.
\semref to:to:xo:chikomekatl
\semref_t natural
\semref_d Am
\semref tsatsakawa:htsi:n
\semref_t natural
\semref_d Am
\semref to:to:xo:chikohmekatl
\semref_t natural
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00526
\lxam me:yaltia
\lxam_c kime:yaltia
\lxoa me:yaltia
\lxoa_c kime:yaltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cause to spring forth (a liquid)
\sense_s hacer manar o fluir (un líquido)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to let or wait for water to accumulate in a riverbed spring (a:me:hli)
\sense_s dejar o esperar a que agua se acumule en un pozo por el rio (a:me:hli)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Ka, xnitlami. Nika:n ni: xnihmeyaltia na:me:l.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e No, I'm not finished. Here I haven't even let water accumulate in my riverside well.
\phrase_s No, no termino. Aquíni he esperado para que se llene mi pocito ribereño.
\sense_e to stimulate the production of milk in (a woman who has given birth)
\sense_s estimular la producción de leche en (una mujer que dio a luz)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xka:nili:ti michin para kimeme:yalti:s un suwa:tl, kemech o:mi:xiw, para wa:lwetis le:cheh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go catch fish (crabs are also good) for that woman. It will make her milk flow. She has just given birth, (do it) so that her milk comes out.
\phrase_s Ve a agarrar pescado (cangrejos también funcionan) para esa mujer. Va a hacer que fluya su leche, Apenas dio a luz, (hazlo) para que caiga su leche.
\sense_e (fig.) to increase the sexual drive of (men, apparently by increasing their quantity of semen; besides the foods given in the illustrative sentence, goat meat is particularly
good for this)
\sense_s (fig.) hacer aumentar el deseo sexual de (hombres, aparentemente al aumentar la producción de semen; aparte de las comidas mencionadas en la frase ilustrative, carne de
chivo es particularmente bueno para esto)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mitsmeme:yalti:s, segi:doh tikontila:nas suwa:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It will increase your sex drive, you will be reaching for a woman all the time.
\phrase_s Te va a aumentar los deseos sexuales, seguido vas a estar buscando una mujer.
\phrase_n Deke tikoni:s chikwasen to:toltetl, dya se: sardi:nah de michin, dya se: kopi:tah de asie:teh de kome:r noso de resi:nah, mitsmeme:yalti:s. We:i tikpias mokohia:yo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If you eat six raw eggs, and then a can of sardines, and then a cup of cooking oil or resin, it will make your sexual juices flow. You'll have a lot of semen.
\phrase_s Si bebes seis huevos, y después una sardinera de pescado, y después una copita de aceite de comer o de resina, te va a aumentar el deseo sexual. Vas a tener mucho
semen.
\root me:ya
\qry Check to determine if the senses of 'to increase the milk output (of a woman)' and 'to increase the sexual desire of (a man)' are the only possible meaning of this word, or whether it
can also be used in a non-sexual sense. Also determine whether nonreduplicated form can be used. Note also the use of /wa:lwetsis/ in the above example. First, this example should
be used in a grammatical discussion of directionals. Also, note that the use of /wetsi/ here might well be a back formation from Spanish where 'caer' is used in this sense.
\grm Directional: /Xka:nili:ti michin para kimeme:yalti:s un sowa:tl, kimich o:mi:xiw, para wa:lwetis le:cheh/ 'Go catch fish (crabs are also good) for that woman. It will make her
milk flow. She has just given birth, (do it) so that her milk comes out.' Note the use of the directional /wa:l-/ with /wetsis/. Perhaps /wetsi/ here is a calque from Spanish, but
what is interesting is the use of the directional, which here seems to indicate that the"falling"took place from one side of a boundary (in this case the woman's skin) to
another. Cf. to /wa:lchichipi:ni/ to indicate dripping from one side of a roof to the other (inside).
\xref me:ya
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 00527
\lxam kamapo:tsakilia
\lxam_c kikamapo:tsakilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp N-S-V3
\der V3-d-lia
\lexical Op. -te- : kamatepo:tsakilia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to stuff full the mouth of with (sth [SO], so that his cheeks bulge)
\sense_s atestarle la boca a con (algo [OS], hasta que se le hinchen las mejillas)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xihkamapo:tsakili, ma kikwa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Stuff it into his mouth (forcibly, causing his mouth to bulge) so that he eats it!
\phrase_s ¡Metéselo bien a su boca (a fuerza, hasta que se hinche) para que se lo coma!
\phrase_n Nokamapo:tsakilitiw itlakwal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He goes along stuffing his food into his mouth.
\phrase_s Anda llenando hasta atestar su boca con comida.
\root kama
\root po:tsak
\qry Recheck as this might not be a"real"word but instead one said by young boys as a joke. Particularly problematical is the applicative form?!
\qry In general check for all verbs, roots, etc. with the (micro)morpheme /po:C/ as in /poti:xah/, /po:tetl/, /poxa:wi/, /posa:wi/, /poso:ni/, etc. all of which seem to have in common the
meaning or sense of stuffed, bulging, puffy, spongy, etc. Cf. note with /kamapo:tsakia/ and the precise identification of the object of each. It would seem that with the applicative the
primary object is the animate"eater."
\root_notes Note that there are several words that have to do with entering a space, that end in /-ak(i)/ but whose first element is not always identifiable in other contexts: /polaki/ and
/kalaki/; cf. also /tla:laki/ and, simply, /aki/. There is no evidence of a morpheme /pol/ meaning 'water.' For /kalaki/ there is evidence of /kal/ 'house' or 'shelter' that might
have a bearing on the meaning of /kalaki/. With /po:ts/ there is no direct evidence, but words such as Azcapotzalco suggest that the /po:ts/ element might be a separate
morpheme. Likewise, /tla:laki/ seems clearly a compound of /tla:l + aki/, and has been so divided in the root analysis of this word.
\semref kamapo:tsiwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref kamapo:tsakia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 00528
\mod This used to be an entry for Am and Oa /mi:te:katl/. It is repeated elsewhere and for this reason has been deleted here.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\ref 00529
\lxam tlaki:sa
\lxam_c tlaki:sa
\lxoa tlaki:sa
\lxoa_c xitlaki:sa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp tla-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for the rainy season to end
\sense_s terminar la temporada de lluvias
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:tlaki:s, xoh kiawis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The rainy season has ended (usually early October), it won't rain anymore.
\phrase_s La temporada de lluvias ha terminado (generalmente a principios de octubre), ya no va a llover.
\phrase_n Ye tlaki:stiw, ye noteltia a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The rainy season is already coming to an end, the rains are already stopping.
\phrase_s La temporada de lluvias ya va terminando, ya se detiene el agua.
\root ki:sa
\xref ki:sa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00530
\lxam yo:lka:xiw
\lxam_c i:yo:lka:xiw
\lxoa yo:lka:xiw
\lxoa_c i:yo:lka:xiw
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-xiw
\infn N2
\sense_e animal that is like another [marked as possessor]
\sense_s animal que es como otro [señalado como poseedor]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitoka iyo:lka:xiw, iyo:lka:ikni:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It follows the one that is an animal like it is, its fellow animal (of the same species).
\phrase_s Sigue al que es un animal comoél, a su compañero (de la misma especie).
\root yo:l
\nse Yo:lka:xiw refers to an animal"companion"that a given animal is comfortable with, one with which it grazes, waters, etc. This second animal is the first's
yo:lka:xiw or its yo:lka:ikniw , terms that are virtually synonymous. Often if one of the two is hard to catch the other, its yo:lka:ikniw will
be brought to the same area and placed as close as possible to the problematic animal in the hope that they will come together and then both can be herded or driven back to the
village or corral.
\grm /-xiw/ Note the use of /-xiw/ and not /-chiw/ in the Oapan form. This should be checked.
\semref yo:lki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00531
\lxam topih
\lxam_c topih
\lxoa topih
\lxoa_c topih
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\sense_e see -pih
\sense_s véase -pih
\sense_d Am, Oa
\ref 00532
\lxam xa:lmetlatl
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\sense_e see xa:metlatl
\sense_s véase xa:metlatl
\sense_d Am
\nae Although xa:lmetlatl is documented in the Ameyaltepec data, so is xa:metlatl and it is not clear which is more common. Florencia Marcelino (Oa) did
not accept * xa:lmetlatl, but only xa:metlatl.
\ref 00533
\mod Here the word /tsi:nkoyak/ has been removed from the dictionary
\dt 29/Dec/2004
\ref 00534
\lxam iso:tlaltia
\lxam_c kiso:tlaltia
\lxoa íso:tláltia
\lxoa_pr iso:tlaltia
\lxoa_c kíso:tláltia
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\allomorph i-epen
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to make vomit
\sense_s hacer vomitar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:tikitak xtikwe:lilia, mistlayeltia, mitsiso:tlalti:sneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You've seen that you don't like its taste, it turns your stomach, it makes you want to vomit.
\phrase_s Ya viste que no te agrada su sabor, te da nausea, hace que quieras vomitar.
\root hso:tla
\xref iso:tla
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref ísó:tla
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 00535
\lxam kextoponwia
\lxam_c kikextoponwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cause swelling in the neck of
\sense_s hacer hinchar el cuello de
\sense_d Am
\root_notes tohpon
\root kech
\root tohpon
\nde Florencia Marcelino would not accept this incorporated form (verb tópowíyawith kech-), stating that the swelling can surge anywhere and the causing
agent has no control over this.
\qry Cf. entry under /kextotopo:ni/. Perhaps this is the"causative"form (check meaning and possible other examples of"causative"with /-wia/. Also ask speakers for the transitive of
/kextotopo:ni/. Perhaps there is also a nominal form /kechtotopo:ntli/. Finally, after recording determine whether the beginning should be /kextoto-/ or /kechtoto-/.
\semref tópowíya
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00536
\lxam se:wi
\lxam_c se:wi
\lxoa se:wi
\lxoa_c se:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi(a)
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to go out (a fire, an electric light, etc.); to stop working (an electric appliance)
\sense_s apagarse (un fuego, una luz eléctrica, etc.); dejar de funcionar (un aparato eléctrico)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tli:tlikwi dya se:se:wi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It blinks on and off (e.g., lights on a Christmas tree).
\phrase_s Se enciende y se apaga (p. ej., las luces de unárbol de Navidad).
\phrase_n O:se:w notliw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My lights went out.
\phrase_s Se fue mi electricidad.
\sense_e to die down; to go away (an individual disease or ailment, a community-wide epidemic)
\sense_s calmarse; apaciguarse (una enfermedad o dolor particular); terminar (una epidemia)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:no:n tikchi:waskeh para se:wis un kokolistli tli:n u:nkah nika:n?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e What can we do so that the disease that is going around here goes away?
\phrase_s ¿Quévamos a hacer para que la enfermedad que anda por aquídesaparezca?
\sense_e (with tla-) for there to be a blackout; for all the lights to go out; for all the fires to go out
\sense_s (con tla-) haber un apagón; apagarse todas las luces; apagarse todos las fogatas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:tlase:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There was a blackout.
\phrase_s Hubo un apagón.
\phrase_n Oksepa xtoki un tenexko:ntli para ma:ka tlasese:wis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Stoke that lime kiln so that it doesn't go out!
\phrase_s ¡Atiza ese horno para cal para que no se apague!
\root se:
\qry Check why the form /tlasese:wis/ is used in one example phrase above, and not /tlase:wis/ or simply /se:wis/. Impersonal passive; reduplication: /oksepa xtoki un tenexko:ntli para
ma:ka tlasese:wis!/ 'Stoke that lime kiln so that it doesn't go out!' The reason for the impersonal passive and reduplication is not entirely clear. But perhaps some interpretation can be
offered. First, it is not the topic of the discourse, the lime kiln, that goes out, but rather the fire around it. This may indicate one of the uses of /tla-/ with intransitive verbs: to indicate
that an event or occurrence takes place around, or affecting, the topic of discourse (in this case cf. the phrase in reference to a path narrowing as a stone wall collapses). In this
interpretation the use of /tla-/ indicates an event that occurs affecting the topic but without the topic being the subject of the verbal action. Note the options in /oksepa xtoki un
tenexko:ntli para ma:ka tlasese:wis!/. Here it would seem that */oksep a xtoki un tenexko:ntlipara ma:ka (se)se:wis!/ would be infelicitous given that the subject of /se:wi/ would be
the topic, in this case /tenexko:ntli/, but that this might not be an acceptable (however, the possibility of using /se:wi/ with /tenexko:ntli/ should be checked. At any event, speakers
should be consulted as to why /tlasese:wi/ is used here, and not /tlase:wi/ or simply /se:wi/.
\grm Impersonal passive; reduplication; /tla-/: /oksepa xtoki un tenexko:ntli para ma:ka tlasese:wis!/ 'Stoke that lime kiln so that it doesn't go out!' The reason for the impersonal
passive and reduplication is not entirely clear. But perhaps some interpretation can be offered. First, it is not the topic of the discourse, the lime kiln, that goes out, but
rather the fire around it. This may indicate one of the uses of /tla-/ with intransitive verbs: to indicate that an event or occurrence takes place around, or affecting, the topic
of discourse (in this case cf. the phrase in reference to a path narrowing as a stone wall collapses). In this interpretation the use of /tla-/ indicates an event that occurs
affecting the topic but without the topic being the subject of the verbal action. Note the options in /oksepa xtoki un tenexko:ntli para ma:ka tlasese:wis!/. Here it would seem
that */oksepa xtoki un tenexko:ntli para ma:ka (se)se:wis!/ would be infelicitous given that the subject of /se:w i/ would be the topic,inthis case /tenexko:ntli/, but that this
might not be an acceptable (however, the possibility of using /se:wi/ with /tenexko:ntli/ should be checked. At any event, speakers should be consulted as to why /tlasese:wi/
is used here, and not /tlase:wi/ or simply /se:wi/.
\ref 00537
\lxam to:naya:nwia
\lxam_c kito:naya:nwia
\lxoa to:naya:wia
\lxoa_f [to: na ya: 'wi ya]
\lxoa_c kito:naya:wia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to place in the direct sun; to place where the sun strikes directly (sth to dry, such as washed clothes, grains, chile, etc.)
\sense_s poner en el sol, donde pega directo el sol (algo para que se seque, como ropa lavada, granos, chile, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kwa:k pa:stik katka un nakatl, we:weyak katka. A:man ika o:tikto:naya:nwikeh, o:tso:lihkeh -=o:temotso:lihkeh-.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When the (strips of) meat were fresh they were long. Now that they've placed them in the sun to dry, they've shrunken up.
\phrase_s Cuando estaba fresca la(s tiras de) carne, eran largas. Ahora por haberlas puestas a secar en el sol, se encogieron.
\phrase_n Mo:stla tikto:naya:nwi:s motlake:n, wa:kis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tomorrow you will put your clothes in the sun, they will dry.
\phrase_s Mañana vas a poner tu ropa en el sol, se va a secar.
\root to:na
\root_rel -ya:n
\grm Denominal verbs; verbalization; /-yan/: Note the following derivation: /kito:naya:nwia/.
\nse Note the use of /-wia/ with a locative nominalization.
\ref 00538
\lxam sokia:tl
\lxam_c sokia:tl
\lxoa sokia:tl
\lxoa_c sokia:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e muddy puddle
\sense_s charco lodoso
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root soki
\root a:
\ref 00539
\lxam un
\lxam_alt u:n
\lxam_c un tla:katl
\lxoa on
\lxoa_alt o:n
\lxoa_pr on
\lxoa_c on
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Reltzer
\der Reltzer
\sense_e that which; what; the one that is
\sense_s lo que es; lo; el que es
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Deke tikasis wa:n tiktlampacho:s san yo:liktsi:n tikmatis ke:n kokó:k. I:nakastlan ki:sa un kokó:k ke: itlah chi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If you catch it (the koko:ktsi:n) and hold it between your teeth slowly you'll feel what tastes hot (spicy). The hot taste comes out of its side, as it it were chile.
\phrase_s Si lo agarras (al koko:ktsi:n) y lo sostienes entre los dientes poco a poco lo vas a sentir picante. Lo picante sale de su lado, como si fuera chile.
\sense_e (de ~) of the one that is
\sense_s (de ~) del cual es
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Nihkwa:sneki kamotli de un kokostik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I want to eat yellow sweet potato.
\phrase_s Quiero comer camote amarillo.
\root on
\nse on has many functions in the Nahuatl of Ameyaltepec and Oapan. In Ameyaltepec (and check for Oapan, perhaps yon is used), on can
function to introduce a headless relative clause (in Oapan, perhaps yon is also used in this function; this should be checked). Thus in Ameyaltepec one can say:
Nikneki on we:i 'I want the big one' (or, more literally, 'I want that one which is big'). It seems that whereas on is used in headless relative
clauses, Ameyaltepec yewa on and Oapan yo on are used in nominally headed relative clauses: Nihpale:wi:s noba:leh yo on
ne:chpale:wia:ni (Oa) 'I'll help my friend who (the one who) helps me.'
\qry Determine use of /on/ in Oapan and separate all uses: demonstative adjective: /un tla:katl ne:chtlawelita/; demonstrative pronoun /nihkwa:s on/; relativizer: /nihneki un chi:chi:ltik/ 'I
want that red one' (for headless clause). The difference needs to be determined between /un/ and /in/ (can they both function in all three categories) and between /on/ and /yon/ or
/yewan/!!!
\qry_fon Apparently all final /-on/ sequences in Oapan Nahuatl have a long duration (although this should be checked). This seems to definitely be the case with forms in which the
final /-on/ represents. Certainly in the present case, the sequence /yo:on/ is extremely long. Measurements are approximately 417 and 402 ms for Florencia Marcelino, and
354 and 358 ms for Inocencio Jiménez. For now I have written this as /yó:ón/. If this orthography is maintained then perhaps a note should be added to the entry for /on/
and to the chapter on Oapan phonology that when final /-on/ represents the demonstrative it has a long duration (as occurs in /a:kinon/, /tli:non/, etc.). It will be important
to check for the phonetic-accoustic difference between final /-on/ sequences from underlying {on} of the demonstrative, and from other sources of this sequence.
\mod In the future change the linked sound file to /un chi:chi:ltik/.
\semref yewan
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref yon
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00540
\lxam nepaika
\lxam_c nepaika
\lxoa napaika
\lxoa_alt napayá:; napáya:; nepayá:; nepáya:
\lxoa_c napai:ka
\lxoa_pr napayá:
\lxoa_pr nepayá:
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-place
\compound Adv-N(rel)
\der Adv-loc
\pitch yes-irregular
\sense_e there (in a space cognitively separate from the space occupied by speaker); over there; over in that direction; over that way
\sense_s allá(en un espacio cognitivamente separado del espacio ocupado porél que habla); para allá; por allíen esa dirección
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nepai:ka onkah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There are some over there.
\phrase_s Hay algunos por allá.
\phrase_n Niá:s nepai:ka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'n going over there (in that direction).
\phrase_s Voy allá(en esa dirección).
\root ne:
\root -pa; -ka
\disamb Adverbs of place
\nse Nepa i:ka is used to indicate a distant place that is, cognitively, across a boundary. Thus it was used by Florencia Marcelino to indicate the other side of a divided
highway. But at the same time she mentioned that it would be used to refer to the location of someone who has crossed the border from Mexico to the United States. Her usage
seems to suggest that even if within eyesight nepayá (her most usual pronunciation, she also uses napa i:ka less often) may be used. In such cases it
implies a boundary. However, it also seems that nepa i:ka would be used for things that are out of sight if visibility is the key element of discourse. In this sense it
constrasts with nepa (cf. Oapan neyá or néya) that indicates a place within sight (unless the speaker choses to stress the existence of a
boundary, such as occurs between two sides of a highway). Thus the locative used with verbs indicating a precise activity (such as chi:w a) would seem to be
mostly nepa. Note that Oapan does not have the form * ne:yhka, which is found in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl.
\qry Check difference between nepa and nepa ika.
\mod In subsequent version discussion reasons for writing this as two (or one) words.
\semref na:nika
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00541
\lxam kwilin
\lxam_c kwilin
\lxoa kwilin
\lxoa_c kwilin
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e generic term for worms, caterpillers, and similar creatures
\sense_s término genérico para gusanos, orugas, y animales parecidos
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n San o:wa:lpili:nkeh kwilin, totoma:hkeh katkan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The worms wound up shriveling all up (having been left on a sidewalk after a rain), they were fat.
\phrase_s Los gusanos acabaron todo secados (al quedarse por una banqueta después de una fuerte lluvia), estaban gorditos.
\phrase_n Tiktepo:tskalaktili:s ne:, ka:n kipia kwilin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You'll stuff it deep into the place there, where there are worms (in this case pushing a remedy made from kowi:skitl into a wound on the back of a mule).
\phrase_s Le vas a meter bien apretado alládonde hay gusanos (en este caso un remedio hecho de kowi:skitl en una herida en de una persona o animal).
\sense_e (kikwa ~ tsontli) to develop split ends (e.g., kikwa kwilin notson
\sense_s (kikwa ~ tsontli) quedarse los cabos del cabello rotos (p. ej., kikwa kwilin notson
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (kikwa ~ tlantli) to develop a tooth cavity (e.g., kikwa kwilin notlan
\sense_s (kikwa ~ tsontli) tener caries en el diente (p. ej., kikwa kwilin notlan
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld xiwtli
\ncol tlankwa
\root okwil
\nae In most forms in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl the initial /o/ is lost, as in kwilin , a:tonkwilin , a:kwilin. However, it is found in Ameyaltepec
okwilxi:ni and tsi:nokwihloh and in the word and root for 'worm' found in many other dialects. Hence the root is given as okwil.
\qry Check for /-yoh/ form.
\ref 00542
\lxam te:ye:kanono:chilike:tl
\lxam_c te:ye:kanono:chilike:tl
\lxoa té:yeye:kano:chíliké:tl
\lxoa_c té:yeye:kano:chíliké:tl
\lxoa_pr te:yeye:kano:chilike:tl
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am)
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e person who invokes the aires(yeyekameh) to harm another, particularly to make the victim ill; witch
\sense_s persona que invoca los aires (yeyekameh) para dañar a otro, particularmente para hacer que se enferme; brujo
\sense_d Pending
\root e:ka
\root no:tsa
\nae More research needs to be done on the agentive forms involving the invocation of the yeyekameh. In Ameyaltepec (though perhaps not Oapan) it appears that the
word is seldom used and that for this reason there seems to be a lot of variation among speakers. Thus I have documented the agentive forms te:ye:kanono:chilike:tl ,
te:ye:katlanono:chilike:tl , te:tlayeyekano:chilike:tl , te:tlaye:kano:chilike:tl , and te:tlayeyekano:chilike:tl , as well as the
verbal yeyekatlanono:chilia. There are three axes upon which the variation occurs: 1) if the incorporated noun the stand-alone yeyeka or the root
ye:ka ; 2) is the verbal form reduplicated as nono:chilia or unreduplicated as no:chilia ; 4) is the nonspecific object prefix
tla- included in the nominal agentive; and 5) if it is included is it prefixed to the verbal construction or does it appear between the incorporated noun and the verbal root
no:chilia. Given that no:chilia is a trivalent verb we would expect two objects: a primary object as benefactive (in this case te:-) and a
secondary object, the patient or that which is called (in this case ye:ka or yeyeka). Thus there would seem to be no grammatical motivation for
tla- and the forms that have them might reflect the little use these terms are given. Note that in Oapan only one form has been documented:
té:yeyekano:chíliké:tl and there is no tla- prefix.
\qry Determine which is more common: /te:ye:katlanono:chilike:tl/ or /te:ye:kanono:chilike:tl/. Note that in the form without /tla-/ the incorporated noun /yekatl/ saturates one of the
argument slots and reduces the valency of /nono:chilia/ by one argument. However, in /te:yekatlanono:chilike:tl/ the incorporated noun /yekatl/ is more like an instrumental.
\qry_fon Check Oapan form to make sure that /ka/ syllable ending /yeyeka/ is not long and stressed from the reduced reduplicant. Note that the Ameyaltepec form has a reduplicated
verbal root and the Oapan form does not. This might reflect a difference. It seems like the Oapan form is more likely since one 'calls' to the /yeyekameh/ and does not
converse with them.
\vl There are 4 tokens for this word from ref. 04645. These should be tagged as 542. And note that the female and male tokens that will be linked to the lexical entry should be
selected from these originally 4645 tokens, and not from the 542 ones (which have too much echo).
\semref te:yekatlanono:chilike:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 00543
\lxam sokititlan
\lxam_c sokititlan
\lxoa sokititlan
\lxoa_c sokititlan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-titlan
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e place full of mud; muddy (in reference to a place)
\sense_s lodal; lodero; lugar lleno de lodo o cieno
\sense_d Pending
\root soki
\root_rel -titlan
\ref 00544
\lxam a:wilkorral
\lxam_c a:wilkorral
\lxoa a:wilko:rral
\lxoa_c a:wilko:rral
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) corral
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) (toa:wilkorral , ta:wilkorral >
\sense_e bull ring
\sense_s ruedo de toros
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root a:wil
\nde In Oapan tó:rokó:rralis now the more common term, though a:wilko:rral is still understood and sometimes used.
\vl Check /r/ in Oapan pronunciation. I had written /a:wilko:rral/ but in my notes had"In Oapan the /rr/ is not used, only /r/."These conflicting statements should be remedied.
Check vowel length in Am, final /o/ of /a:wilkorral/.
\semref tó:rokó:rral
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00545
\lxam wetskistli
\lxam_c wetskistli
\lxoa wetskistli
\lxoa_c wetskistli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-is
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e laughter
\sense_s risa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:xtla:nilih wetskistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Laughter got the better of me.
\phrase_s Me ganóla risa.
\sense_e person who laughs a lot
\sense_s persona que se ríe mucho; persona risueña
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Melá:k wetskistli, ke:n wetskani.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He laughs a lot, he is always laughing.
\phrase_s Se ríe mucho, siempre estáriéndose.
\sense_e (often plural) young man who dresses up (often in women's clothes, as an old man, in tattered clothes, etc.) during the Carnival or a traditional marriage
\sense_s (a menudo plural) joven que se viste como mujer, como viejo, o en harapos durante la Carnaval o una ceremonia de matrimonio tradicional
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root wetska
\disamb wetskistli; wetskani
\nse Wide variation has been documented in the meaning of wetskistli, from the expected 'laughter' to two agentive-like meanings: person who laughs a lot, and
carnival/wedding performer who makes others laugh. The latter meaning is quite common in Oapan, and Ameylatepec use might be a borrowing since this custom (of young males
dressing up during Carnival and weddings) is not practiced in the latter village. However, the meaning 'person who laughs a lot' might not stand up under further scrutiny and
consultation with other speakers. Nevertheless, note that in Northern Puebla both definitions are found: '1. srisa... 2. adjrisueño' (note that use of
wetskistli with the second definition is considered adjectival by the authors).
\qry Check correctness of /O:ne:xtla:nilih wetskistli/. Check correctness of /wetskistli/ as a 'person who laughs a lot.' Cf. and differentiate from /wetskani/. On one file card I not that the
two are the same. There is no mention of /wetskistli/ meaning laughter in most of the documented uses of this word. Check, though from the derivational point of view it seems a
reasonable meaning. In another filecard I have /uwetskistli/ as 'payaso de Carnaval'. Check whether /uwetskistli/ is used, or only /wetskistli/.
\ref 00546
\lxam ista:hkwe:tli
\lxam_c ista:hkwe:tli
\lxoa ista:hkwe:tli
\lxoa_c ista:hkwe:tli
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Adj-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(:)
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e light skirt that goes under a kwe:pani
\sense_s falda ligera que se pone abajo de un kwe:pani
\sense_d Pending
\root sta
\root kwe:
\ency_note tlake:ntli
\qry Check to determine if this an /ista:hkwe:tli/ is simply from the waist down, or whether it can be a full slip. I think, if I remember correctly, that the latter is called a /korpiñoh/. Check.
Elicit all names for clothes and parts thereof.
\ref 00547
\lxam tlakwake:tl
\lxam_c tlakwake:tl
\lxoa tlákwaké:tl
\lxoa_pr tlakwake:tl
\lxoa_c tlákwaké:tl
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e guest who is being fed
\sense_s visita que estácomiendo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xne:xchia, nikpia tlakwake:tl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Wait for me, I have a guest who is eating!
\phrase_s ¡Espérame, tengo una visita que estácomiendo!
\root kwa
\grm Agentive: Note that the use of the agentive /-ke:tl/ is not necessary limited to habitual or repeated actions. In the present case it indicates a very temporary event: eating by a
guest. Right after finishing the person is no longer a /tlakwake:tl/.
\qry Check for possessed form, /notlakwaka:w/.
\ref 00548
\lxam kuwkihli
\lxam_c kuwkihli
\lxoa kohkihli
\lxoa_c kohkihli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of tree still not identified
\sense_s tipo deárbol todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kuwkihli | Bwe:noh para yugoh, para timó:n, para itlah tli:n sole:rah, tira:ntes ipan kahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Kuwkihli : It is good for yokes, for plow beams, for whatever main beam or ridge beam used in a house.
\phrase_s Kuwkihli : Es bueno para yugos, para timones de arado, para cualquier viga o tirante que se utiliza en las casas.
\root kow
\root kil
\ref 00549
\lxam yekxowa
\lxam_c yekxowa
\lxoa yexowa
\lxoa_c yexowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to sneeze
\sense_s estornudar
\sense_d Pending
\semfld functions
\root ekxo
\nde Classical Nahuatl has ecuxoa, in Molina listed under necuxoa. RS has the expected entry under ecuxoa.
\xref yekxo:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 00550
\lxam ma:sa:lowa
\lxam_c kima:sa:lowa
\lxoa ma:sa:lowa
\lxoa_c kima:sa:lowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi[x]
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to tie the hands together of (e.g., a prisoner, or in general of any person or animal)
\sense_s atarle las manos a (un preso o en general de cualquier persona o animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kima:sa:lokeh, kwi:kaskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They tied his hands together, they are going to take him away.
\phrase_s Le ataron las manos, lo van a llevar.
\root ma:
\root sa:l
\ref 00551
\lxam tei:nia
\lxam_c kitei:nia
\lxoa tei:nia
\lxoa_c kitei:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to shatter; to break apart or break into pieces; to crumble (sth brittle)
\sense_s hacer añicos de; desmenuzar (algo quebradizo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to break; to make change (money, i.e., changing a bill for coin, a larger denomination coin for a smaller one, or even money from one country for that from another)
\sense_s cambiar (dinero, cambiando un billete por monedas, una moneda de denominación grande por otras más pequeñas, o hasta dinero de un país por lo de otro)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xwel niktei:nia notomi:n, xtlah tei:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I can't change my money, there's no change.
\phrase_s No puedo cambiar mi dinero, no hay cambio.
\sense_e (often reduplicated with short vowel) to shell (maize)
\sense_s (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) desgranar (maíz)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xiktetei:nitiwetsi un sintli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Shell that maize in a hurry!
\phrase_s ¡Desgrana ese maíz rápido!
\root tei:
\disamb tei:nia (sintli); o:ya
\qry Determine, or rather make sure, that /tei:nia/ can refer not only to breaking a larger for smaller denomination of money, but to changing money from one country for that from other.
\xref tei:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 00552
\lxam o:mexiwtilia
\lxam_c ko:mexiwtilia
\lxoa o:mexihtilia
\lxoa_c ko:mexihtilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\dt 13/Nov/2001
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Num-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e see -xiwtilia
\sense_s véase -xiwtilia
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root o:me
\ref 00553
\lxam i:xtaka
\lxam_c i:xtakatsi:n te:no:tsa
\lxoa i:xtaka
\lxoa_c i:xtaka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-manner
\der Adv-man
\sense_e secretly, in secret; surreptitiously
\sense_s a escondidas; secretamente, en secreto
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ke:ch ika xakah a:k, i:xtaka titlakwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e In the meantime that no one is around, you eat in secret.
\phrase_s Mientras no haya nadie, comes a escondidas.
\phrase_n I:xtakatsi:n o:tiah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You secretly slipped away (without anyone knowing).
\phrase_s Te escabulliste en secreto (sin que nadie se enterara).
\sense_e silently or softly (in making a sound)
\sense_s silenciosamente o despacito (en hacer un sonido)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:xtakatsi:n tinenemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You walk very quietly (making little noise, as if doing sth in secret).
\phrase_s Caminas silenciosamente (como si fuera en secreto).
\phrase_n I:xtakatsi:n titlatowa, ma:ka yekah kikakis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You speak softly (as if telling a secret) so that no one will hear it (what you say).
\phrase_s Hablas despacito (como comunicando un secreto) para que nadie lo escuche (lo que dices).
\root i:xtaka
\nae As an independent predicate modifier ixtaka most often occurs in the diminutive ixtakatsi:n. It also is found compounded with certain nouns
and verbs: e.g., the nominal ixtakakone:tl, the intranstive verbs ixtakao:stiand ixtakakoné:watí, and the transitive verb
ixtakakwa.
\qry Check other occurrences of /ixtaka/.
\grm Note placement of indefinite object /tla-/ in /ixtaka tlakwa/. However, one person at least gave /titlaixtakakwa/ as also correct. This should be checked.
\ref 00554
\lxam toto:nixtok
\lxam_c toto:nixtok
\lxoa toto:nixtok
\lxoa_c toto:nixtok
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be having a fever (from an illness)
\sense_s tener o estar con fiebre (de una enfermedad)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to feel overheated (from exposure to the sun)
\sense_s sentirse calentado (por haber sido expuesto al sol)
\sense_d Pending
\root to:n
\ref 00555
\lxam tlankechihli
\lxam_c tlankechihli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e bite mark
\sense_s mordedura
\sense_d Am
\root tlan
\root kechi
\nse Tlankechihli refers to a single bite mark, apparently only when the teeth do not break the skin (e.g., a dog that has bit a person). The plural form
tlatlankechihli refers to the fact that several teeth marks are visible in one location, as formed by a group of teeth in a single mouth. Molina has tlanquechia.
nite. 'morder o dar dentellada sin sacar bocado' as well as quequetzoma o quequetzuma frec. de quetzoma. nite. 'mordisquear, despedazar
a alguien, darle mordiscos.'
\qry Check plurality of /tlatlankechihli/ and cf. to possible /tlankechilteh/. (Note that my original file card had /tlatlankechihli/ simply stated to be 'plural.' Check for verbal form as in
\mod In my original notes for this entry I had under /lxo"see tlantetso:hli but have not found this entry in the dictionary. There might be an error in my annotation of the Oapan
form, but I am not clear on this. However, I have added /tlanketso:hli/ which I assume is the form I intended, mistyping /t/ for /k/.
\grm Reduplication; plurality: Note the singular /tlankechihli/ and plural /tlatlankechihli/. The plural here seems to indicate (and this should be checked) that the plurality refers
to repeated bite marks that are close together, i.e., the result of a single bite, yet with multiple teeth. Nevertheless, this should be checked.
\semref tlanketsowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref tlanketso:hli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00556
\lxam pio
\lxoa pio
\lxoa_c pio
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan pio
\psm Call
\der Onom-loan
\sense_e (often repeated three times) sound used to call chicks and chickens to feed
\sense_s (a menudo repetido tres veces) sonido utilizado para llamar a comer a los pollitos y gallinas
\sense_d Oa
\root pio
\ency_note kwa:naka
\nse The use of pio, pio, pio as a word to call chicks and chickens is borrowed from Spanish. Thus the Diccionario de la lengua españolahas, under
pío 'Voz que forma el pollo de cualquier ave.ú. también de esta voz para llamarlos a comer.' According to Cristino Flores this call is not used in Ameyaltepec.
However, it was documented and should be checked.
\ref 00557
\lxam kwa:xtli de lomi:yoh
\lxam_c kwa:xtli de lomi:yoh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan lomo
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e type of saddle pad in which two kwa:xtli s are tied together with rope and thrown over a mule or donkey so that one hangs over each flank
\sense_s tipo de colcha que se coloca abajo de la silla de un burro o mula y que se cuelga en dos partes sobre cada lado del animal
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kwa:xtli de lomi:yoh, san kisasa:lowan itech si:yah, san tlapo:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A cuaxtle de lomillo (is so called because) it is just tied onto the saddle, it is open (on top).
\phrase_s Un cuaxtle de lomillo (asíse llama porque) simplemente lo atan a la silla, estáabierto (por la parte de arriba).
\semfld material
\root kwa:ch
\ency_note Horse and animal tools
\ilus_note See illustration on 3x5 card; make illustration
\ref 00558
\lxam mache:teh la:rgoh
\lxam_c mache:teh la:rgoh
\lxoa machí:teh lá:rgoh
\lxoa_c machí:teh lá:rgoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan machete; largo
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e straight machete
\sense_s machete derecho
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld tool-cultivate
\ency_note machete; agriculture
\semref mache:teh pia:stli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref machí:te peyá:stli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00559
\lxam matlapalkwe:kwetla:ni
\lxam_c matlapalkwe:kwetla:ni
\lxoa mátlapálkwe:kwetla:ni
\lxoa_pr malapalkwe:kwetla:ni
\lxoa_c mátlapálkwe:kwetla:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e see ma:stlakapalkwe:kwetla:ni
\sense_s véase ma:stlakapalkwe:kwetla:ni
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root mah
\root tlapal
\root kwetla:
\vl Check vowel p-a in Oapan form from Yale tape as in my original entry here I had no p-a
\ref 00560
\lxam pochi:nki
\lxam_c pochi:nki
\lxoa pochi:nki
\lxoa_c pochi:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to be fuzzy (the surface of certain items such as old bark paper or cloth, etc.)
\sense_s estar velloso o velludo (la superficie de cosas como papel de amate o tela vieja, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to be unravelled (e.g., the edges of cloth)
\sense_s estar deshilachado o deshilado (p. ej., la orilla de una tela)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld texture
\root pochi:
\ref 00561
\lxam piomo:hli
\lxam_c piomo:hli
\lxoa pio:mo:hli
\lxoa_c pio:mo:hli
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\loan (part) pio
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e chicken dish with mole made from squash seeds
\sense_s guisado de pollo con mole hecho de semilla de calabaza
\sense_d Pending
\root pio
\root mo:l
\ency_note mo:hli; chicken (types and ages, terms, etc.)
\qry Note that this should perhaps be written as two words /pio mo:hli/, which seems to be underlyingly long and is perhaps shortened in /piomo:hli/ for being word final. Cf. entry under
/kwa:naka/.
\vl Check vowel length of /piomo:hli/, particularly first /o/, which I have long in Oapan but had short in Ameyaltepec.
\ref 00562
\lxam ye:kte:ne:wa
\lxam_c kiye:kte:ne:wa
\lxoa ye:hte:ne:wa
\lxoa_c kiye:hte:ne:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-[N-V2]
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to speak well of; to praise
\sense_s hablar bien de; elogiar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xa:wilnemi un ichpokawah. Xaka ka:wiltia. Kiye:kte:ne:wan pa:mpa xa:wilnemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That girl does not fool around. No one plays around with her. They speak well of her (praise her) because she doesn't fool around.
\phrase_s Esa muchacha no anda de loca. Nadie la vacila. Hablan bien de ella porque no anda con chavos.
\phrase_n Ma:ka xye:kte:ne:wa, yewa no: a:wilnemi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't sing the praises of her, she also fools around!
\phrase_s ¡No la vayas a elogiar, ella también anda de loca!
\root ye:k
\root te:n
\root e:wa
\nse Ye:kte:ne:wa is most often used in reference to a young adolescent girl who maintains her virginity, who doesn't fool around with boys. According to Luis Lucena it is
not used as a term to refer to the general praising of a person. Nevertheless, the full range of meaning of this term should be determined.
\qry Make sure that epenthetic /y/ is always maintained.
\ref 00563
\lxam popo:chkahli
\lxam_c popo:chkahli
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e incense burner (the type consisting of a round pot that is held with alambre recocido)
\sense_s sahumerio (el tipo que se hace de una ollita que se sostiene con alambre recocido)
\sense_d Am
\semfld material
\root po:ch
\root kal
\ilus_note Make illustration.
\semref po:chko:ni; po:chkaxitl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref popo:chko:ntli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00564
\lxam tla:lpitsaktli
\lxam_c tla:lpitsaktli
\lxoa tla:lpitsahli
\lxoa_c tla:lpitsahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-wi-k
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e narrow piece of land
\sense_s pedazo de tierra angosta
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tla:l
\root pitsa:
\qry Check to determine whether this refers to a field, i.e., planted or worked land, or to any piece of land. Check to make sure that Oapan form is /tla:lpitsahli/ and not /tla:lpitsahtli/. If it
is the former, it should be given a new entry and the xrefs added.
\ref 00565
\lxam pano:ltia
\lxam_c kipano:ltia
\lxoa pano:ltia
\lxoa_c kipano:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to take from one side to another (e.g., from one side of a river to another, across a street or highway, through a dangerous place, etc.)
\sense_s llevar de un lado a otro (p. ej., cruzando un río, de un lado de la calle a otro, atravesando un lugar peligroso como un bosque, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chompano:lti! Pakateh chichimeh, ke:n te:muwtikeh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take me across (in this case your yard or patio)! There are dogs there, they are really fierce!
\phrase_s ¡Llévame al otro lado (en este caso de tu patio)! Hay perros,¡son muy bravos!
\phrase_n Nikimpano:lti:s nobaki:tas. A:man xnikaxilia, kichi:was te:tlakwali:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to move my cattle to the other side (in this case placing them inside a fenced area). Today I don't have time, (and I'm worried that) they well might eat people's
maize (in the fields).
\phrase_s Voy a pasar mis vaquitas al otro lado (en este caso metiéndolas en un potrero). Hoy no me da tiempo (y estoy preocupado que) es posible que le van a comer la milpa a
alguien.
\sense_e (reduplicated with short vowel) to continually pass over (e.g., lines in painting)
\sense_s (reduplicado con vocal corta) rebasar repetidas veces (p. ej., líneas en pintar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka tikpapano:lti:s, nikna:makasneki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't go over the lines (in this case painting an amate), I want to sell it!
\phrase_s ¡No vayas a estar rebasando (en este caso líneas al pintar un amate), lo quiero vender!
\sense_e (refl.) to make ends meet
\sense_s (relf.) mantenerse
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xwel panowa, tlatski, xwel nopano:ltia. Xkitilia ke:n pano:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He can't get by, he's lazy, he can't make ends meet. He can't figure out how to get by.
\phrase_s No puede arreglarselas, es flojo, no puede mantenerse. No ve la manera de arreglarselas.
\root pano:
\xref panowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref pano:ltilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00566
\lxoa tsómakó:ltsi:n
\lxoa_c tsómakó:ltsi:n
\lxoa_pr tsomako:ltsi:n
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of red-headed vulture, apparently the Turkey Vulture, Cathartes aura
\sense_s tipo de buitre con cabeza roja, aparentemente el"Turkey Vulture," Cathartes aura
\sense_d Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 7, p. 174
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root tsohma
\root ko:l
\nae The etymology of tsómakó:ltsi:n clearly includes a word for buzzards (cf. San Juan Tetelcingo tsohma) and the element ko:l, perhaps related
to the root for 'grandfather.'
\notes_nature This is a redheaded buzzard. Florencia Marcelino (Oa) gave this as the name for Ameyaltepec tsomakwi:xin but this might have been based on the identity of
the first elements of each. Provisionally the Ameyaltepec bird seems to have been described as having a black head; some consultants translated
tsomakwi:xin as 'gavilán negro.' In Oapan all consultants stated that tsómakó:ltsi:n was red-headed. If I remember correctly in villages such
as San Juan Tetelcingo the simple word tsohma is used to refer to a buzzard, although the precise arrangement of species is still quite uncertain.
\mod Cf. entry under /tsopi:lo:tl/ for list of types of buzzards. I seem to remember an entry /ko:leh bie:joh/, perhaps for Oapan, but it is not in the database. Check.
\semref tsomakwi:xin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref ko:leh bie:joh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tsópí:lo:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00567
\lxam mimilo:hli
\lxam_c mimilo:hli
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e something round and cylindrical (particularly firewood that has not been split)
\sense_s algo redondo y cilindrico (particularmente en referencia a lena)
\sense_d Am
\root mil
\nae Despite the fact that the Ameyaltepec form is reduplicated and the Oapan form not, both have been included under this single entry.
\vl The Oapan entry here has been deleted and moved to entry 3564. Please tag all speech tokens here with ref # 3065.
\semref tla:lmimilo:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tla:lmilo:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00568
\lxam po:ni
\lxam_c po:ni
\lxoa po:ni
\lxoa_c po:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)[ca]
\trans Compl; +Caus
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to bloom (flowers as they begin to open up)
\sense_s brotar (flores que empiezen a abrirse)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to crumble, open up, or expand (rocks, such as lime rocks when water is poured on them, or certain crumbly rocks such as tla:la:mo:hli , which is used to
harden dirt floors, when sprinkled with water)
\sense_s abrirse y expanderse (piedras, como de cal al mojarse, o ciertas piedras que se desmenuzan fácilmente como tla:la:mo:hli , que se emplea para endurecer
pisos de tierra, al ser rociadas con agua)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Popo:nis un tla:la:mo:hli, kwe:chiwis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That clay will crumble apart (as water thrown onto it), it will become broken upon into fine pieces.
\phrase_s Esa arcilla se va a demoronarse (al aventarsele agua), va a quedarse como polvo fino.
\sense_e (fig.) to show up unexpectedly; to pop up (a person, particularly in showing up late for a task that is being avoided)
\sense_s (fig.) dejarse ver; aparecer de repente (una persona, particularmente al llegar tarde para hacer una tarea que trataba evitar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kemech a:man o:tipo:n, tewameh o:tlan tito:kan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You've just showed up now, now that we'vefinished planting.
\phrase_s Apenas te dejaste ver, nosotrosya terminamos de sembrar.
\root po:
\xref po:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 00569
\lxam to:nalisiwisioh
\lxam_c to:nalisiwisioh
\lxoa tó:nalisiwísioh
\lxoa_c tó:nalisiwísioh
\lxoa_pr to:nalisiwisioh
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-h/wa/tia[v]
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have heat rash (i.e., to:nalisiwistli)
\sense_s tener sarpullido a causa del calor (esto es, to:nalisiwistli)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld disease
\root to:na
\root hsi
\ref 00570
\lxam no:ntsi:n
\lxam_c no:ntsi:n
\lxoa no:ntsi:n
\lxoa_c no:ntsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e mute
\sense_s mudo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld physical
\root no:n
\nse No:ntsi:n is one of very few nouns that are documented only with the diminutive/reverential ending -tsi:n.
\qry Recheck for possibility of ?no:ntli.
\ref 00571
\lxam pa:ya:wia
\lxam_c kipa:ya:wia
\lxoa pápa:ya:wía
\lxoa_f ['pa pa: ya: 'wi ya]
\lxoa_pr papa:ya:wia
\lxoa_c kí:pa:ya:wía
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref) (Oa): kí:pa:ya:wíya
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to confuse; to muddle (a person)
\sense_s confundir; aturdir (a algn)
\sense_d Pending
\root pa:ya:
\nae The Ameyaltepec form has been documented without reduplication; this is not the case in Oapan.
\qry All these forms should be checked. Note that the Oa has rdp-s while Am does not. Check. Check p-a pattern in Oapan in light of comments in 3667.
\ref 00572
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tomi:wah
\lxoa_c tomi:wah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-posr-wah
\infn N1
\sense_e rich person; person with a lot of money
\sense_s rico; persona con mucho dinero
\sense_d Oa
\root tomi:n
\nse The Ameyaltepec cognate is a denominal adjectival.
\semref tomi:nyoh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00573
\lxam tsonpachiwtok
\lxam_c tsonpachiwtok
\lxoa tsonpachitok
\lxoa_c tsonpachihtok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e hunched or bent over with ones head down (e.g, a person intently writing, painting, working, etc.)
\sense_s agachado; cabizbajo (p. ej., una persona que estáintentamente escribiendo, pintando, trabajando, o también triste o melancólica, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tson
\root pach
\ilus_note Make illustration of this position.
\ref 00574
\lxam i:xakawa:ki
\lxam_c i:xakawa:ki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ki
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to start to dry off at the surface or along an outer area (e.g., bricks, tejamanil, cinderblocks, materials made of clay or other similar substances; heavy
clothes; land after a rain; squash seeds taken out and left in lumps to partially dry before being spread out flat to complete the process)
\sense_s empezar a secarse por la superficie o partes exteriores (p. ej., ladrillo, tejamanil, blokes, material hecha de cerámica o barro o sustancias similares; ropa gruesa; la tierra
después de una lluvia; semilla de calabaza al dejarse amontonado antes de extenderse plenamente para que se seque por completo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w i:xakawa:ki motlake:n, xe kwahli wa:ki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The outermost part of your clothes have started to dry off, but they still haven't dried completely.
\phrase_s Ya empezóa secarse la superficie de tu ropa, pero todavía no se seca bien.
\phrase_n Sa: a:chitsi:n tikpe:walti:skeh, ok ma tlaxi:ka, melá:k sokitl, a:chitsi:n ma i:xakawa:ki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e In just a short time we'll start it, but first let the water filter down (in this case into the earth after a heavy rain, but before plowing), it's all mud, let the surface dry off a
little.
\phrase_s En un poco de tiempo vamos a empezarlo, pero primero que se escurra el agua hacia abajo (en este caso de la tierra, después de una fuerte lluvia), de veras es todo
lodo, que se seque la superficie un poquito.
\root i:xaka
\root wa:
\qry In one phrase I had the initial /i/ recorded short; this should be checked. The meaning of this word is unclear. Check. Also make sure that the first sequence is /i:xaka/, with no other
possible derivation. Make sure there is no /h/ (e.g. i:xahka:wa:ki?). I doubt it, but check. It is unclear why /i:xaka-/, which usually refers to 'face down' here means 'superficie'; but it
might be simply related to 'face' or 'surface' and the meaning of 'to dry on the face (i.e., surface).
\vl Check all pronuncations of /melá:k/ for vowel length of final /a:/. In one phrase I had the initial /i/ recorded short; this should be checked.
\root_notes Unclear whether /i:x/ should be considered in etymology of /i:xaka/.
\ref 00575
\lxam tla:kaneki
\lxam_c tla:kaneki
\lxoa tla:kaneki
\lxoa_c tla:kaneki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to want a man (as a sexual partner, usually in reference to a"loose woman"[S] but may also be used in reference to a man aleged to be homosexual); to be horney (for a
man)
\sense_s estar caliente sexualmente; querer acostarse con un hombre (generalmente dicho en referencia a una mujer"fácil"[S], pero también se puede emplear en referencia a
cualquier persona que desea sexualmente a un hombre)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Gri:ngas melá:k mitsyo:kolian. Tla:kanekin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e American women (gringas) really provoke you. They desire men (as sexual partners, i.e., they are sexually aggressive).
\phrase_s Gringas de veras te provokan. Quieren a los hombres (como parejas sexuales, esto es, son agresivas sexualmente).
\root tla:ka
\root neki
\ref 00576
\lxam po:lkoh
\lxam_c po:lkoh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan polco
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e see ara:doh de po:lkoh
\sense_s see ara:doh de po:lkoh
\sense_d Am
\semfld tool
\ency_note List types of plows under a synonym section on /tla:hli/ containing all the words associated with plowing, planting, etc. There is also a type of plow, or used to be, called
/ara:doh de kuhtli/
\ref 00577
\lxam ikne:lia
\lxam_c kikne:lia
\lxoa ihne:lia
\lxoa_c kihne:lia
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e to pity; to feel sorry or have compassion for (sb poor, ill, etc.)
\sense_s tener o sentir lástima por (algn pobre o enfermo, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xte:iknelia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He doesn't pity anyone.
\phrase_s No le tiene lástima a nadie.
\phrase_n O:mistemo:ltilih, mitsikne:lia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He lowered (the price) for you, he takes pity on you.
\phrase_s Te bajó(el precio), te tiene compasión.
\root kne:li
\qry Check to make sure that the initial vowel is epenthetic.
\ref 00578
\lxam tepitsi:n
\lxam_c tepitsi:n
\lxoa tepitsi:n
\lxoa_c tepitsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e a little (of sth such as food or drink)
\sense_s un poco (de algo como comida o bebida)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Achi tepitsi:n xne:chte:kili!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Serve me a little more!
\phrase_s ¡Sírveme un poquito más!
\sense_e (san ~) a moment (measure of time)
\sense_s (san ~) un momento (medida de tiempo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San tepitsi:n, xne:xchi:xtiwetsi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just a moment, just hold up (wait) for me for a second!
\phrase_s ¡Un momento, aguántame (espérame) un poquito más!
\phrase_n San te:tepitsi:n niá:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e In just a little bit I'll go.
\phrase_s Voy en un rato más.
\sense_e (san te:tepitsi:n) in a very short time
\sense_s (san te:tepitsi:n) en muy poco tiempo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n San te:tepitsí:n yekós.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He will arrive in a very short time.
\phrase_s Va a llegar en poco tiempo.
\root tepi
\nse In terms of time, te:tepitsi:n indicates a period slightly longer than that indicated by tepitsi:n. In Ameyaltepec the phrase san te:tepitsi:n is
not common; it is also apparently also used with sa: as in sa: te:tepitsi:n. According to Roberto Mauricio (Oa) the phrase san
te:tepitsi:n indicates a very short period of time; it is similar in meaning to a:mantsi:n but indicates a shorter period than ma:yatsi:n.
\qry Check and determine the proper part of speech of this term and the phrase san tepitsi:n , which functions adverbially.
\grm Reduplication with long vowel: In terms of time, te:tepitsi:n indicates a period slightly longer than that indicated by tepitsi:n. Note that the
previous is from my original notes. This should be checked and, once confirmed, entered into the grammar.
\semref weliá
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00579
\lxam -kwitlapan
\lxam_c ikwitlapan
\lxoa -kwitlapan
\lxoa_c i:kwitlapan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(rel)
\der N-loc-poss-pan
\infn N2
\sense_e in back of
\sense_s atrás de; a espaldas de
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ikwitlapan mokal o:noka:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It was left behind your house.
\phrase_s Se dejóatrás de tu casa.
\phrase_n Pakah nokwitlapan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is there in back of me.
\phrase_s Alláestá, atrás de mi.
\phrase_n Ikwitlapan tlaxkahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The bottom part of a tortilla (i.e., the thicker section of a tortilla that puffs up, opposed to i:xa:yak).
\phrase_s La parte inferior de una tortilla (esto es, la capa más gruesa de una tortilla que se alza, opuesto a i:xa:yak).
\root kwitla
\root_rel -pan
\qry Note that /tlakwitlapan/ is a common toponym. Unlike other locative formations such as /i:xpan/ or /-ikpak/ which may accept /tla-/ in an adverbial sense, /-kwitlapan/ does not and
must always have a direct referent /no-/, /mo-/, /i-/, etc. The preceding was a note I wrote, however, it does seem that /tlakwitlapan/ might be correct, and not as a toponym.
Check.
\ref 00580
\lxam tsonakatlalo:xtia
\lxam_c kitsonakatlalo:xtia
\lxoa tsonakatlalo:xtia
\lxoa_c kitsonakatlalo:xtia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp PM-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to push or move sideways
\sense_s empujar o conducir hacia un lado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mistsonakatlalo:xtitiw yeyekatl, timokana:wtia:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The wind will be pushing you to the side as you go along, you'll go flying along (i.e., as the wind pushes you).
\phrase_s El viento te va a estar empujando hacia un lado, te vas a ir volando (esto es, en la dirección en que te empuja el viento).
\root tsonaka
\root tlal
\ref 00581
\lxam kukuwke:tl
\lxam_c kukuwke:tl
\lxoa kókohké:tl
\lxoa_c kókohké:tl
\lxoa_pr kokohke:tl
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): ní:kohké:tl n
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e woodcutter; one who chops wood and sells it as firewood
\sense_s leñador
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kow
\nse Derived from the verb kukowi or kókowí 'to chop wood.'
\grm Oapan reduplication reduction: Kókohké:tl is derived from the verb kókowí 'to chop wood.' In Oapan when the agentive noun is preceded by a
prefix having a short vowel the reduplication is reduced: ní:kohké:tl.
\ref 00582
\lxam kókoneh kókoneh
\lxam_alt kú:kuneh kú:kuneh
\lxam_c kókoneh kókoneh
\lxoa kókoneh kókoneh
\lxoa_c kókoneh kókoneh
\lxoa_pr kókoneh kókoneh
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm Call
\der Onom
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e feeding call used (by women) for baby male turkeys
\sense_s palabra utilizada (por mujeres) para llamar a guajolotitos machos a comer
\sense_d Pending
\ency_note animal sounds
\nse This call is usually uttered in groups of two: kókuneh kokuneh. Perhaps it is related to the root kone: although it might simply be used for its sound. An
alternative pronunciation is kókoneh kókoneh.
\vl There are four additional female tokens at 6087, which should be tagged as 00582. These probably have better sounds so two should be chosen for the final sound file,
which should have two female sequences of /kókoneh kókoneh/, which is the utterance from 6087.
\qry Check to see if /kókuneh kókuneh/ is only used with baby male turkeys.Finally, more commonly this word is pronounced with /u/: /kúkoneh kúkoneh/.
\ref 00583
\lxam kopaxokotl
\lxam_alt kopaxokotl
\lxam_c kopaxokotl
\lxoa kopaxokotl
\lxoa_c kopaxokotl
\lxgen kopaxokotl
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of wild plum tree
\sense_s tipo de ciruelo silvestre
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e braggart; liar; big-talker; person who misleads by words
\sense_s fanfarrón; engañoso; persona que engaña con palabras
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kopaxokotl pa:mpa kamantika xo:chiyowa wa:n xi:ni, xmelá:k tla:ki, istlakatki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He (a liar) is called a kopaxokotl because it (a kopaxokotl) sometimes flowers and then sheds its flowers, it doesn't really come to fruit,
it"lies."
\phrase_s El (un mentiroso) es un kopaxokotl porque a veces florea y después se caen, no da fruta de veras,"miente".
\phrase_n Tikopaxokotl tlatlatowa, tikitowa ma:ski tli:n xmelá:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You chatter like a plum tree (i.e., you mislead), you say things even if they aren't true.
\phrase_s Parloteas como un ciruelo (esto es, engañas), dices cosas aunque no son verdad.
\phrase_n Tikopaxokotl pa:mpa xokotl titlatowa. Tistlakatki, tikitowa tlato:hli ma:ski xmelá:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You're a big-talker because you speak like a plum tree. You lie, you say things even though they aren't true.
\phrase_s Eres un mentiroso porque hablas como un ciruelo, dices cosas aun cuando no son ciertas.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\semfld edible
\root kopa
\root xoko
\nse Apparently the kopaxokotl is one species of tree that has separate male and female. Both flower but the male does not come to fruition. Speakers are often able,
given their experience and knowledge of the local ecosystem, to point out which kopaxokotl tree is male (i.e., hasn't ever and won't come to fruit). The
metaphoric use of kopaxokotl, therefore, comes from the fact that the male trree (like the female) flowers and thus promises the fruit that flowers usually
generate. But unlike most species the fruit never appears, the tree having promised what it did not deliver.
\notes_nature The kopaxokotl is a type of xokotl that comes to fruit in late summer (tla:ki xo:pantlah), i.e., from August to September. The
fruit is yellow when ripe. According to Cornelio Lucino, the wood from this tree may be used to fire ceramics in the absence of cow dung. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify
this as the ciruelo berraco. Ramírez (1991) identifies it as the ciruelo copajocote , of the family Rosaceae. Schoenhals (1988)
has a tree called copalcojote of which she says:"(Cyrtocarpa procera) '[family cashew]' see coco de cerro."And under this latter plant she
states:"(Cyrtocarpa procera) '[family cashew].' A tropical tree with oblong leaves, tiny white flowers and small, round, edible fruit with one seed. Also called
copalcojote, chupundía, maxocote."Guizar and Sánchez (1991: 154, 156) seem to have two species of the Anacardiaceaefamily that bear edible fruit. One is the
Spondias purpure a Iknown in Span ish as ciruelo or ciruelita de cerro. Of this:"El fruto es muy apreciado regionalmente ya que
posee un sabor muy agradable cuando maduro; cuando tiernos se consumen cocidos en salmuera."This is undoubtedly the fruit that is boiled when green and added to
beans. The other is Cyrtocarpa proceraknown as coco de cerro. Of this:"Su madera es ligeramente dura, el fruto es extremadamente dulce, muy
apreciado en los mercados regionales."Perhaps one of the two is the masa:xokotl and the other is the kopaxokotl. At this point my guess is
that of the two the kopaxokotl might well be Cyrtocarpa procera, while the masa:xokotl would seem to be the Spondias
purpurea. See masa:xokotl.
\notes_func In San Juan, Asunción Marcelo considers that there are two types, one that forms fruit and the other that doesn't. But both form flowers in April, its fruit is found in July and
August.
\qry Note that in two entries I had recorded /kopalxokotl/ and /kopalxokonono:tsa/, probably the correct for is /kopaxoko.../ but possible presence of /l/ should be checked for. Note
that I have checked and this is definitely /kopaxokotl/ and not *kopalxokotl. Any occurrences of the latter should be corrected. Check and correct if necessary: Tikopaxokotl
pampa xokotl titlatowa. Perhaps /ke:n/ missing before /xokotl/.
\grm Note the following syntax and its importance for understanding the marking of subjects in phrases: /Tikopaxokotl tlatlatowa, tikitowa ma:ski tli:n xmelá:k/ 'You chatter like
a plum tree (i.e., you mislead), you say things even if they aren't true.' Here we see that the subject marker is placed at the left of the phrase, before a noun in a modifying
function with a verb. There is no incorporation since the absolutive is still with the noun. Thus we have a predicate 'speak' with the adverbial function of a noun, though not
incorporated. Another phrase indcates a problem of subject marking: /Tikopaxokotl pampa xokotl titlatowa/ Perhaps here there is simply a /ke:n/ missing before /xokotl/.
This phrase should be checked and corrected if necessary. However, the major point is the sequence /tikopaxokotl tlatlatlowa/; cf. /tiwe:i chichi/. Other simiilar examples
should be noted and discussed in the grammar.
\vl Additonal tokens will be tagged from #3794, which has been deleted.
\semref xokotl de tlatlastopo:ni
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kopaxokonono:tsa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00584
\lxam ye:i
\lxam_c ye:i
\lxoa ye:i
\lxoa_c ye:i
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\psm Num
\der Num-b
\infn Plural humans
\sense_e (~ [noun]) three [noun]
\sense_s (~ [sustantivo]) tres
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ye:i nokone:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have three children.
\phrase_s Tengo tres hijos.
\phrase_n O:kikwepo:nilih ye:i tlako:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He thrashed him three times with a switch.
\phrase_s Le diótres latigazos.
\phrase_n Ka:dah ye:i to:nahli tekipanoti:askeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They will go along working every third día.
\phrase_s Van a ir trabajando cada tres días (no cada tercer día en el sentido de un día si, otro día no, etc.).
\sense_e (~ [verb]) three (of sth already mentioned in discourse)
\sense_s (~ [verbo]) tres (de algo ya mencionado en el discurso)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ye:i mitsmakas, newa san se: o:ne:chtoka:roh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will give you three (of them), I just got one.
\phrase_s Te va a dar tres (de ellos), a míme tocónada más uno.
\sense_e (i:pan ~) the third time
\sense_s (i:pan ~) la tercera vez
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:pan ye:i to:kas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will plant on the third time (his plow passes over the field).
\phrase_s Va a sembrar la tercera vez (su arado pasa sobre el terreno).
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) three by threes; in threes
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) tres por tres; en treces
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yeye:i nikto:ka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I plant it (e.g., maize) three by three (i.e., with three seeds per hole).
\phrase_s Lo siembro (p. ej., maíz) tres por tres (esto es, tres semillas cada pocito).
\sense_e (ka:dah ~ (with short vowel reduplication)) every third
\sense_s (ka:dah ~ (con reduplicación de vocal corta) cada tres
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ka:dah yeye:i to:nahli nikwa:lka:wtia:s a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll be coming to drop of water here every three days.
\phrase_s Voy a estar viniendo para dejar agua aquícada tres días.
\root e:i
\ency_note tla:hli; re: /i:pan ye:i to:ka/.
\nse One can plant either the third or fourth time the plow passes over the earth.
\qry Make sure that /ye:imeh/ is only for humans and not for other animates as well. Check whether /ka:dah ye:i/ means 'every other day' like it would in Spanish 'cada tercer día' or it
means every three days; my feeling is that the latter is the case.
\qry Note that I have both /ka:dah yeye:i/ and /ka:dah ye:i/. However, /ka:dah ye:ye:i/ does not seem correct. Check. In general check long and short vowel reduplication with numbers
and the meaning.
\grm Directionals; aspectuals: Note the following modification of an aspectual with a directional prefix: /wa:l-/ with /-tiw/: /Ka:dah yeye:i to:nahli nikwa:lka:wtia:s a:tl./ 'Ka:dah
yeye:i to:nahli nikwa:lka:wtia:s a:tl'
\ref 00585
\lxam kwe:xtik
\lxam_c kwe:xtik
\lxoa kwe:xtik
\lxoa_c kwe:xtik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be finely ground (polvo de chile, sesame, etc.)
\sense_s estar finamente molido (chile powder, ajonjolí, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to be very small; tiny; fine (in size)
\sense_s ser muy pequeño; chiquititos (en tamaño)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xo:chika:w, ti:roh kwe:xtik nosin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They didn't mature, my mazorcas are really small.
\phrase_s No se maduraron, mis mazorcas quedaron muy pequeñas.
\phrase_n Kwe:xtik -=pi:pitik- xkwilo, ma:ka uwe:i.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Write it in small letters, not large ones!
\phrase_s ¡Escríbelo en letras chiquitas, no grandes!
\phrase_n Kukwe:xtsitsi:nteh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are really small (e.g., little baby chicks, turkeys).
\phrase_s Son chiquititos (p. ej., pollitos, guajolititos).
\phrase_n Asta ihkón patioh xnihkowas! Ti:roh kukwe:xtsitsi:ntih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e At such an expensive price I won't buy them! They (in this case ceramics) are really small.
\phrase_s ¡Asíde caro no me los voy a comprar! Son (en este caso cerámica) muy chiquititas.
\sense_e to be close together (e.g., a weave of thread or straw, a stitch in sewing, a painting in black ink with the lines close together, etc.)
\sense_s estar bien apretado (p. ej., un tejido de tela o palma); pegado o fino (p. ej., un dibujo en blanco y negro tener las líneas muy pegadas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:s kwe:xtik nosombre:roh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My hat is finer (i.e., with a finer weave of the palm).
\phrase_s My sombrero es más fino (esto es, más finamente tejido).
\phrase_n Kwe:xtik o:kitlapahlo:tih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He painted it in fine detail.
\phrase_s Lo pintóen fino detalle.
\phrase_n Teskaltik, kwe:xtik tlasa:lo:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is stiched close together, it is finely sewn.
\phrase_s El tejido es apretado, es finamente cosido.
\phrase_n Teskaltik o:tsasa:loh mokósta:l, kwe:xtik o:tikasik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You stiched up your sack with tight stiches, you made them close together.
\phrase_s Cosiste tu costal con puntadas apretadas, lo hiciste muy fino.
\sense_e in great detail (an explanation); meticulously (a task performed)
\sense_s en gran detalle (una explicación); meticulosamente (una tarea llevada a cabo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kineki kwe:xtik xkimihli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's necessary for you to explain it to them in great detail.
\phrase_s Es necesario que se lo expliques en gran detalle.
\root kwe:ch
\nse Note that only the reduplicated and plural form (kukwe:xtsitsi:nteh) is used in reference to small animals.
\qry Check /Kwe:xtik o:kitlapahlo:tih/ or should it be /-tlapahlo:ltia/. Correct here and elsewhere. Recheck /teskaltik/ and give appropriate meaning here.
\ref 00586
\lxam mali:na
\lxam_c kimali:na
\lxoa mali:na
\lxoa_c kimali:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to spin into twine against a part of the body (e.g., in ones hand, or, as is often the case, against ones leg)
\sense_s torcer algún hilo o cosa parecida en la palma, contra la pierna, etc. aunque generalmente contra la pierna
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root mali:
\nse Mali:na is used, for example, to describe the action of making hemp thread. The artisan pulls strands of maguey from a bunch of the dried fiber and rolls them
together, into twine, against his shin. He is then able to use the twine to make things such as hemp bags (see tema:tlatl). According to Roberto Mauricio (Oa) if
one does not have hair on ones shin one can make twine on the shin, however, those who have hairy shins must make twine on the thigh of their pants leg. He also said that if one
starts rolling the twine from the bottom of the thigh or shin toward the top and then down again, the cord is tightly wound. However, when starting from the top and going down and
then back up, the twine is less tightly wound. This type is called, again according to Roberto Mauricio, ma:pochmekatl.
\ref 00587
\lxam tlakomo:ni
\lxam_c tlakomo:ni
\lxoa tlakomo:ni
\lxoa_c tlakomo:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp tla-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to thunder; for there to be thunder (the rolling thunder of a distant storm, or the thunder accompanying heat lightning)
\sense_s haber truenos (los truenos que acompañan una tempestad todavía distante o lo que en inglés se llama heat lightning)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tlakomo:ni, ye kiawis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is thunder, it's going to rain.
\phrase_s Hay truenos, va va a llover.
\semfld weather
\root komo:
\disamb distinguish different types of truenos, perhaps remit to discussion on weather page.
\ency_note Encyclopedia of whether phenomenon: rain (i.e., thunder, lightening, different types of rain storms, hail, drizzle, etc.). Also an account of the /a:wakeh/.
\semref tlatlatsi:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref komo:ni
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00588
\lxam xi:kole:wa
\lxam_c kixi:kole:wa
\lxoa xi:kole:wa
\lxoa_c kixi:kole:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi[e]
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to cause an abrasion or scrape on
\sense_s raspar o dejar un raspón a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:ne:chxi:kole:w tetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The rock left a scrape on me.
\phrase_s La piedra me dejóun raspón.
\sense_e (refl.) to mess up (in the sense of causing sb to have very bad luck, to get ruined in an endeavor, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) arruinar; chingar (en el sentido de causar mala suerte, arruinar a algn en un negocio, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root xi:
\root kol
\nde No cognates of this word have been yet found in other dialects although the verbal ending -e:wa (or -e:wi) would seem to indicate an action that affects the
surface or appearance of an object.
\qry Check meaning of /xi:kole:wa/ and /xi:kole:wi/ as"chingarse."
\ref 00589
\lxam chi:koyo:ni
\lxam_c chi:koyo:ni
\lxoa chi:koyo:ni
\lxoa_c chi:koyo:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp PM-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for a wide gaping hole to form in (cloth, the surface of some object)
\sense_s quedarse con un gran y ancho agujero (tela, una fruta comida por animales)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:hne:xti:to o:chi:koyo:n tosándiah we:i. Xnikmati tli:n yo:lki o:kikwah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I went and found our watermelon with a wide gaping hole in it. I don't know what animal ate it.
\phrase_s Fui a encontrar que nuestra sandía tenía un gran y ancho agujero. No séque animal lo había comido.
\root chi:-
\root koyo:
\nse As with other derivatives with chi: , this verb appears to have the sense of something that occurs in excess.
\root_notes Note possible relation of /chi:-/ to the intensifier /cho/, which, however, is an independent, not bound, morpheme.
\semref koyo:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00590
\lxam kuwxio:tl istá:k
\lxam_alt kuwxio:tl de un istá:k
\lxam_c kuwxio:tl de un istá:k
\lxoa ista:h kohxio:tl
\lxoa_c ista:h kohxio:tl
\lxgen kohxio:tl ista:k
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of cuajiote tree
\sense_s tipo de cuajiote
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Istá:k kuwxio:tl | Xma:s kanah serbi:rowa, bwe:noh para tikikxiti:s pa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Istá:k kuwxio:tl : It can't be used for much, [but] it's good for baking bread.
\phrase_s Istá:k kuwxio:tl : No sirve para mucho, [pero] es bueno para cocer pan.
\phrase_n Istá:k kuwxio:tl | A:ntes nokwiyan ikopahlo, ia:xi:xmi:kiyo kohxio:tl de un istá:k para ika kipawia:yan michimeh. Kixi:nian itik a:tl, pe:wa kikoxo:nian ka:n wekatlan,
pe:wa ki:san un michin ke:n papa:ya:tsitsi:nteh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Istá:k kuhxio:tl : In the past the resin, the sap of the istá:k kuhxio:tl was used to poison fish. They sprinkle it in the water, they begin to stir it
around where the water is deep, the fish start to come up to the surface like they were reeling and dizzy.
\phrase_s Istá:k kuhxio:tl : Antes la savia, la resina del istá:k kuhxio:tl se usaba para envenonar peces. Lo rocían en el agua, empiezan a batirla
en un lugar profundo, empiezan a salir los peces a la superficie como atarantados.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root kow
\root xi
\root sta
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\notes_nature Guizar and Sánchez (1991) mention a Burseracalled Bursera fagaroides, which in Spanish is known as cuajiote blanco. This is perhaps the
kuhxio:tl de un istá:k. See entry under kuhxio:tl for a more complete account. According to Asunción Marcelo there are two types of this
tree. One has smooth bark; the other has sap that hardens into resinous balls. Both have white wood. They are found in a place called Tepe:kwa:tsotsoltsi:n.
\qry Recheck Yale tape. I originally had /istá:k kuhxio:tl/, which I have changed after the workshop to /ista:h kohxio:tl/, removing the final stress of the first word, changing /k/ to /h/, and
changing /u/ to /o/.
\semref istá:k kohxio:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kohxio:tl ista:k
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00591
\lxam tata:nah
\lxam_c tata:nah
\lxoa tátá:nah
\lxoa_pr tata:nah
\lxoa_c tátá:nah
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be baggy (particularly pants)
\sense_s estar holgado (particularmente pantalones)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ta:nah
\qry Check to determine whether Oapan rdp-s form can be reduced (e.g., to /ní:ta:nátik/). Most likely it can be.
\ref 00592
\lxam nakastepalka
\lxam_c nakastepalka
\lxoa nakastepalka
\lxoa_c nakastepalka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-N(ap)
\der N-ap
\sense_e to be hard of hearing
\sense_s tener dificultades para oir
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to be a heavy sleeper (who sleeps through a lot of noise because of"thick ears,"like ceramic bowls)
\sense_s tener poca sensibilidad al ruido con tal de que duerme profundamente (el que no despierta fácilmente a pesar de mucho ruido porque tiene las orejas"gruesas"como
tepalcates)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root nakas
\root tepalka
\nae Given that nakastepalka lacks many of the syntactic possibilities characteristic of nouns (it cannot be possessed, quantified or modified, take an article such as
se:, etc., it has been categorized as an apocopated adjective.
\qry In my notes I also had /nakastepalkah/; I entered /nakastepalka/ here because of my understanding of the nature of apocopated nouns, which simply lose the absolutive. This should
be checked. Also, check with Launey if this should be categorized as an adjective.
\grm Adjectives; apocopated: Given that nakastepalka lacks many of the syntactic possibilities characteristic of nouns (it cannot be possessed, quantified or
modified, take an article such as se:, etc., it has been categorized as an apocopated adjective.
\semref nakastlantepalka
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref nakastekakanak
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00593
\lxam tlane:wilia
\lxam_c kitlane:wilia
\lxoa tlane:wilia
\lxoa_c kitlane:wilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to borrow from
\sense_s pedir prestado de
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ne:xtlane:wili:sneki noara:doh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He wants to borrow my plow from me.
\phrase_s Quiere pedirme prestado mi arado.
\root tlane:wi
\qry Check if this can be used like /tlane:wia/ in Oapan. Check all forms of this verb: /tlane:wi/, /tlane:wtia/ and /tlane:wilia/. Also check for nominalizations. Check for /tlane:wia/, perhaps
this exists in Oapan. Check the difference in Oapan between /kitlane:wilia/ and /kitlane:wiya/ or between /(ki)notlane:wilia/ and /(ki)notlane:wiya/.
\xref tlane:wi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 00594
\lxam ma:ski
\lxam_c ma:ski
\lxoa ma:si
\lxoa_c ma:si
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\der Interj
\sense_e That's the way it is! Never mind! Whatever! So be it! I don't care! (used to express resignation that a certain event has or will occur)
\sense_s ¡Ni modo!¡Asíes!¡Quéasísea!¡No me importa! (utilizado para expresar como resignación que algo pasóo va a pasar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n nitlane:nka:was, pero ma:ski, timitsompale:wi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here I will (have to) leave what I was doing unfinished, but never mind, I will go to help you.
\phrase_s Aquívoy a (tener que) dejar sin terminar lo que estaba haciendo, pero ni modo, te voy a ir a ayudar.
\phrase_n Ma:ski, xya!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e OK then, go (I don't care)!
\phrase_s ¡Ni modo, vete!
\phrase_n A: Newa xok timitspale:wi:s! B: Ma:ski!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A: I won't help you anymore! B: So be it!
\phrase_s A:¡Ya no te voy a ayudar! B:¡No me importa!
\root ma
\root so
\root iw
\nse The use of ma:ski as an interjection seems to follow from its function as a subordinator indicating 'even though (in Spanish aunque). Molina glosses what
is apparently the cognate form from Classical maciuhqui as 'aunque sea tal, o tal qual es.' He also has maciui as 'aunque, o dado que, o puesto caso.'
\ref 00595
\lxam kwalne:ska
\lxam_c i:kwalne:ska
\lxoa kwalne:ska
\lxoa_c i:kwalne:ska
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N(at)-N
\der N-dvb-ka
\infn N2
\sense_e that which gives a pleasing appearance to
\sense_s lo que le da una buena apariencia o vista a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yewa ikwalne:ska.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That's what makes it look good (e.g., a decoration on a house, a piece of jewlery on a young girl, etc.)
\phrase_s Eso es lo que le da vista (p. ej., una decoración a una casa, algo de joyería a una muchacha, etc.)
\root kwal
\root ne:si
\nse This obligatorily possessed participal refers to something that is done or put on to give a good appearance. It may refer to a part of a whole object, or something that is placed on
something else to better its appearance.
\qry Obtain a more illustrative use (phrase) of this word. Note that I had orriginally recorded ikwalne:xka but changed to ikwalne:ska after speaking to Florencia. Recheck.
\ref 00596
\lxam chia:wa
\lxam_c kichia:wa
\lxoa chia:wa
\lxoa_c kichia:wa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to make greasy (e.g., a utensil, drinking water by contaminating it, etc.); to grease (e.g., a pot or cooking utensil)
\sense_s hacer grasoso (p. ej., un utensilio, agua potable al contaminarla, etc.); engrasar (p. ej., una olla o sartén)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:kichia:w iko:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has made his pot greasy (e.g., by cooking something greasy in it).
\phrase_s Ha dejado grasosa su olla (p. ej., al cocinar en ella algo grasoso).
\phrase_n O:tchia:w ma:w. O:tpolaktih moma, xka:wa, chia:wak katka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You made your water get greasy. You stuck your hand in it and, you know what! it was greasy.
\phrase_s Hiciste que tu agua quedara grasosa. Le metiste la mano y,¡sabes!, estaba grasosa.
\phrase_n O:tine:xchiya:wilih tli:n o:timistlane:wtih. Xka:wa, niktlasotlaya, xnikchia:wa:ya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You got what I lent you greasy. Indeed, I really took loving care of it (I valued it), I didn't get it greasy (the time I had it).
\phrase_s Cubriste de grasa lo que te presté. De veras, lo cuidaba mucho, no lo dejaba engrasar.
\root chiya:
\nae Note the pronunciation for Oapan Nahuatl of kichiya:wa in which the first /i/ of the verb stem is virtually unnoticeable, kichya:wa.
\qry Check to see if use of intensifier /te-/ is acceptable. Also check form for 'to grease,' as in a pot to prevent sticking. Applicative used?
\xref chia:wilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00597
\lxam tewa:hki
\lxam_c tewa:hki
\lxoa tewa:hki
\lxoa_c tewa:hki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to be skinny; to be thin (from not eating well, from illness, or simply as a physical trait)
\sense_s estar delgado (por no comer bien, por enfermedad o simplemente como caracter físico)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tewa:
\disamb tewa:ki; kana:wi
\nae The diminutive form in Oapan is tewa:hka:tsi:n.
\grm Diminutive: The diminutive for Oapan tewa:hki is tewa:hka:tsi:n. Note the ki to ka: change. Check what it is in Ameyaltepec.
\vl Add token from 3427.
\ref 00598
\lxam tlakomolko
\lxam_c tlakomolko
\lxoa tlakomolko
\lxoa_c tlakomolko
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-tla-k(o)
\sense_e place characterized by a tlakomohli , an extended flat area of land
\sense_s lugar characterizado por un tlakomohli , unaárea extendida y plana
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld topography
\root komol
\root_rel -ko
\ref 00599
\lxam i:xpetla:ni
\lxam_c i:xpetla:ni
\lxoa i:xpetla:ni
\lxoa_c i:xpetla:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\impers Am, Oa
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to enjoy improvement in ones health (from a state of reduced consciousness)
\sense_s mejorar en cuanto a la salud (recuperando de un estado de debilitamiento)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ya:lwa sa: koxtoya. A:man ye i:xpetla:ni, kas medioh ye patitsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Yesterday he was just sleeping (from illness). Today he's already started to become more aware (e.g., opening his eyes and talking, looking around), it seems that he's
improving a little.
\phrase_s Ayer no más estaba durmiendo (por estar enfermo). Hoy ya se le ve más lúcido (con los ojos abiertos y más alerto, atento a su alrededor), quizáya se estámejorando un
poquito.
\sense_e to have flashes of lucidity or clear moments (e.g., after having gotten very drunk)
\sense_s tener momentos de lucidez (p.ej., después de haberse emborrachado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:xpetla:ntiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's having some clear moments.
\phrase_s Estáteniendo algunos momentos de lucidez.
\sense_e to become cognizant or aware; (fig) to see things clearly; (fig) to see the light, (fig.) to open up ones eyes
\sense_s ver las cosas claras; (fig) abrir los ojos; tener conciencia (de algo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kemech a:man i:xpetla:ni. Kwa:k itie:mpoh katka xo:kinemilih para kichi:was -on tekitl-.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's just now starting to see things clearly. When he was in his prime he didn't think of doing it (e.g., a particular job or task).
\phrase_s Apenas ahora estáviendo las cosas claras. Cuando estaba en plena juventud no pensóhacerlo (p. ej., un trabajo o tarea en particular).
\root i:x
\root petla:
\nde The Classical definition for a transitive form of this word has little to do with the Balsas Nahuatl definition: Molina has ixpetlania. nitla. 'derramar algo de lo que estáen el
vaso o copa, o escandalizar a otros.' Of modern dialects only Zacapoaxtla has this term with a similar acceptation to Ameyaltepec and Oapan: i:xpeta:ni 'vuelve, se le
pasa la borrachera' and i:xpeta:ntoc 'en su juicio.'
\qry Check for transitive forms (with /-nia/ or /-naltia/) and code accordingly.
\ref 00600
\lxam a:xi:xtitlan
\lxam_c a:xi:xtitlan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Rel-titlan
\der N-loc-1-titlan
\infn N1
\sense_e covered with urine or the smell of urine (a place or person)
\sense_s cubierto con o lleno de orina o con su olor (un lugar o persona)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Nochipa a:xi:xtitlan onkah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is always covered with (smelling of) urine (e.g., a woman with a baby who is always urinating on her).
\phrase_s Estásiempre llena de (oliendo a) orina (p. ej. una mujer cuyo bebésiempre le orina).
\phrase_n A:xi:xtitlan pa:mpa na:xi:xalo:tok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is (a place) full of the smell of urine because people are constantly urinating there.
\phrase_s Es (un lugar) lleno del olor de orines porque la gente estáorinando ahíconstantemente.
\root a:
\root xi:xa
\root_rel -titlan
\semref a:xi:xtesokwiyá:k
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00601
\mod This used to be simply /ka:siah/ but this entry has been removed and changed to /flor de ka:siah/.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\ref 00602
\lxam to:pi:leh
\lxam_c to:pi:leh
\lxoa to:pi:leh
\lxoa_c to:pi:leh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-posr-eh
\infn N1/2; Aln(ag)
\sense_e topile, a position in the village cargo system immediately under the fiská:l (of the church) or the komisa:rioh(in the
secular, political sector)
\sense_s topile, una posición en el sistema de cargos comunicarios inmediatamente bajo el mando del fiská:l (de la iglesia) o el komisa:rioh(del
juzgado y el sistema político y secular)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld govern
\root to:pi:l
\ency_note government
\nse Even though the nominal root of to:pi:hli is archaic and virtually never used in spontaneous speech, the possessor form to:pi:leh is the commonly used
form for a series of officials positions in the village. The village mayor (komisa:rioh) has his own set of topiles divided into two groups. They are
generally at his service and are used most often to summon individuals to the juzgado in order that the komisa:rioh or segundoh
may address them (e.g., in the event of a complaint or litigation, to inform them of fees or services due, etc.). The fiská:l of the church also has two sets of
topiles(as in the juzgado, each under the direction of one of two to:pi:leh mayo:res) who are more involved in the day-to-day activities of
the church (opening it in the morning, sweeping it, helping with the religious ceremonies associated with the church, etc.).
\vl There is one female token from 5181. But since there will be such a discrepancy in sound quality with the male token, perhaps it shouldn't actually be linked to the lexicon.
Use your judgement.
\ref 00603
\lxam cho:ktia
\lxam_c kicho:ktia
\lxoa cho:htia
\lxoa_c kicho:htia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make cry (particularly a human, though various animals as well)
\sense_s hacer llorar (particularmente a una persona, pero varios animales también)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kicho:ktia ika o:mik itah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It makes him cry that his father died.
\phrase_s Le hace llorar que se muriósu papá.
\sense_e to irritate the eyes of
\sense_s irriatarle los ojos a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:xcho:ktia po:ktli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The smoke irritates my eyes.
\phrase_s El humo me irrita los ojos.
\sense_e to sound (e.g., a horn on a car)
\sense_s pitar; soñar (p. ej., el klaxon de un coche)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kicho:ktitok ikarri:toh, i yaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is sounding the horn on his car, he is about to go.
\phrase_s Estáhaciendo sonar el claxon de su coche, ya se va
\sense_e to cause to or make whistle (e.g., a rock by throwing it through the air)
\sense_s hacer silbar (p. ej., una piedra aventada fuertemente por el aire)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xwel tikcho:ktia tetl?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Can you make a rock whistle (throwing it hard in a certain way so that it whistles)?
\phrase_s ¿Puedes hacer silbar una piedra? (al aventarla fuertemente para que se haga el sonido de silbido).
\root cho:ka
\xref cho:ka
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 00604
\lxam komo:ni
\lxam_c komo:ni
\lxoa komo:ni
\lxoa_c komo:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl; +Caus
\lexical Op. te- : tekomo:ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to make a thudding or banging sound
\sense_s tronar; hacer un sonido como de tronar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tekomo:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It resounds deeply.
\phrase_s Resuena bien.
\phrase_n Tekomo:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is booming (e.g., a bass drum).
\phrase_s Estáresoñando fuertemente (p. ej., una tambora).
\sense_e (with te-) to send out (a tree top) ample branches and leaves in a wide circle
\sense_s (con te-) extender (la copa de unárbol) ramas llenas de hojas en un gran círculo
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (with te-) to have a slightly hoarse yet reverberating voice (a human [S])
\sense_s (con te-) tener la voz que es ligeramente ronca pero reverbera (un ser humano [S])
\sense_d Oa
\semfld sound
\root komo:
\nae Perhaps given the nature of this verb, it usually occurs with the intensifying prefix te. The durative ending -tok with this verb indicates a progressive, not
stative, aspect.
\semref komo:nteko
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref komo:ntasi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref komo:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlakomo:ni
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref kokomoka
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00605
\lxam ikxitetlanwia
\lxam_c kikxitetlanwia
\lxoa ixitlawia
\lxoa_f [ix i tla 'wi ya]
\lxoa_c kixitlawia
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\der V2-d-wia
\lexical Lex. te- (Am)
\infv class-2a
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e to trip and cause to fall by placing ones leg in front of those of another, or by hitting the other's legs with ones own
\sense_s hacer tropezar al poner el de uno pie frente a los del otro, o al usar las piernas para hacer tropezar;; dar una zancadilla a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (refl.) to trip or get tripped up (e.g., by getting ones feet tangled up, or by tripping, such as over a rock jutting out of the ground)
\sense_s (refl.) tropezar (p. ej., al enredarsele las piernas, o al tropezar sobre algo como una piedra empotrada que sale de la superficie de la tierra); darse una zancadilla
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nimokxitetlanwih, o:niwets.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got my feet tangled up, I fell.
\phrase_s Me tropecéal enredarme las piernas, me caí.
\phrase_n Ma:ka mokxitetlanwi:s moburroh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't have your donkey get tripped up and fall!
\phrase_s ¡Quéno se vaya a tropezar tu burro!
\semfld contact
\root kxi
\root_rel -tlan
\nae The Ameyaltepec version of this verb manifests the intensifying affix te- in a unique position: before the relational element -tlan and -wia, used to
form denominalized verbs. Likewise, the use of -wia itself after a relational noun formation seems slightly unusual, though this derivational process has still not been
completely studied. What appears to be the case in Ameyaltepec is that a denominal verb such as Classical icxitlanuia, which Molina glosses as 'çancadilla, dar a otro,'
(note that this is taken from the Spanish to Nahuatl side, fol. 33v; the Nahuatl to Spanish section has icxitlauia, without the /n/) as been reinterpreted by
Ameyaltepequeños so as to allow the inflixation of the intensifier te- before the relational noun -tlan. This is not the case in Oapan, nor Classical. Note also
that Ameyaltepec, unlike Oapan or Classical, has the additional form ma:tetlanwia which is used reflexively in reference to an imals th at t rip over their own front
legs.
\grm /te-/ intensifier; /-wia/ verbalization: Note Ameyaltepec /ikxitetlanwia/ and Oapan /ixitlawia/. According to RS this is derived from /ikxitlan + wia/. This seems a valid
observation that had escaped me given the presense of /te-/; yet there is no isolated verb */tetlanwia/. There are two points from this that need to be added to the grammar.
The first is that /te-/ can obviously be affixed between a verbalizing element for denominals and the nominal/locative stem. The second is that /-wia/ can be used after a
relational construction.
\qry Check etymology and grammatical categorization. Note that /nokxitetlanwia/ can refer to tripping over a rock or other object, because on catches ones sandal, tangles ones feet, etc.
In the active form it refers to the action of tripping someone by sticking ones leg out so that the other will fall. Cf. to /ma:tetlanwia/.
\semref ma:tetlanwia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00606
\lxam a:kapilo:hli
\lxam_c a:kapilo:hli
\lxoa a:kapilo:hli
\lxoa_c a:kapilo:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e light beams that form part of a house; these run from the caballete down to the kontrasole:rah Am / tlaxipacholo:ni
\sense_s ciertas vigas que forman parte de una casa; corren desde el caballete a la kontrasole:rah Am / tlaxipacholo:ni
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root a:ka
\root pil
\ency_note kahli
\ilus_note Make illustration of house frames; perhaps photograph
\nse The a:kapilo:hli, part of a thatched roof house (of grass, sakatl, or palm, so:ya:tl), are thin rods of wood that descend
vertically along the roof of the house from the caballete to the solera. They are distinct, however, from the cabezas. The
a:kapilo:hli along with the kwihlo:tlform the major part of the house frame.
\qry Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and words listed there, and also diagram under"casa"on the Spanish-Nahuatl filecards.
\ref 00607
\lxam a:wakatl
\lxam_c a:wakatl
\lxoa a:wakatl
\lxoa_c a:wakatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e avocado (the fruit)
\sense_s aguacate (la fruta)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e avocado tree (by extension)
\sense_s árbol de aguacate (por extensión)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld edible
\root a:waka
\ref 00608
\lxam mana
\lxam_c kimana
\lxoa mana
\lxoa_c kimana
\dt 24/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to lay down on a flat surface (e.g., placing tortillas on a comal)
\sense_s extender or acostar sobre una superficie plana (p. ej., tortillas sobre el comal)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:pe:w kimana tlaxkahli, ye titlakwa:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She's started to make tortillas, we're about to eat.
\phrase_s Empezóa echar tortillas, ya vamos a comer.
\phrase_n Wa:hki o:kimankeh itakatl, san wa:ltetei:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They put really dry dough on the griddle when they made the itakatl , (for this reason) they just wind up crumbling to pieces.
\phrase_s Echaron las gorditas (itakatl) con la masa muy seca, (por eso) vienen desmenuzándose.
\sense_e to transplant (a tree, taking it from the woods and placing it in ones house lot)
\sense_s transplantar (un árbol, tomándolo del bosque y plantándolo en el solar)
\phrase_n Wa:n tocha:n pues asta yo:t'mamankeh, te:h, o:me, pa:mpa kwa:k itlah tli:no:n se: , yo bueno asta tli:n manchi:tah
timotla:lilian.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00608_01_am
\src_p Inocencio Díaz : 0033_Am_ID_md04_tr26 / 1:34
\phrase_e And in our house, well, we even planted two (of the trees called teminixka:tsi:n), because when there is something, like some small spot (on the skin), we
put (its sap) on ourselves.
\phrase_s Y en nuestra casa, pues, hasta plantamos dos, pues, porque cuando hay algo, como una manchita (en la piel), nos lo ponemos (su savia).
\sense_e to wear or put on ones head (a hat, cap, etc.)
\sense_s ponerse en la cabeza (un sombrero, gorra, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xkaman kimana sombre:roh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He never wears a hat.
\phrase_s Nunce se pone un sombrero.
\sense_e (refl.) to sit or collect (as water in a puddle)
\sense_s (refl.) estancarse (como agua en el suelo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlapowili para ma: ki:sa ka:n o:nomanka a:tl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Open it up (in this case by digging a little drainage ditch) so that the water flows out from where it has collected on the ground!
\phrase_s Abréle (en este caso abriendo una zanja pequeña) para que salga el agua de donde se ha estancado sobre el suelo.
\sense_e (refl.) to gather together on the ground (as people who sit themselves down in a small gathering to talk, watch an event, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) juntarse sobre el suelo (como gente sentada para parlotear, para ver un evento, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmomanaka:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Gather around (sitting on the ground)!
\phrase_s ¡Júntense (sentados por el suelo)!
\sense_e (refl. + yewahli) for night to fall
\sense_s (refl. + yewahli) caerse la noche; anochecer
\sense_d Pending
\src_s CF Nakas 1:10
\phrase_n Wa:lnomana yewahli, pe:wa tlatsotsonan ika gita:rrah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Come night, they begin to play their guitars.
\phrase_s Viene la noche, empiezan a tocar sus guitarras.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to transplant (seedlings, particularly of chile)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) transplantar (plantas de semillero, particularmente chile)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kimamanato chi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He went to replant the chile seedlings.
\phrase_s Fue a transplantar las plantas de semillero del chile.
\phrase_n Tikxi:xi:ni:s, tiktepe:was chi:lyo:hli, noso sila:ntroh noso xonakatl, iwa:n tiktla:lte:mi:s ika tla:hli, dya tiktlapacho:s ika sakatl dya tika:te:ki:s para ixwas. Deke
o:ixwak tikekwani:s, tikmamanas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e (To make a tlapacho:hli) you sprinkle, you spread out chile seeds, or silantro, or onion on the ground and you scatter earth over them (the seeds), then you
cover them with grass and water it so that they sprout. When they have sprouted you move them (the seedlings), you transplant them.
\phrase_s (Para hacer un tlapacho:hli) echas, desparramas semillas de chile, o silantro o ceballo por el suelo y les cubres (las semillas) con una capa delgada de
tierra, después les echas encima zacate y después les rocías agua para que germinen. De que ya brotaron, las cambias de lugar (a las plantitas), las transplantas.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to pass from one hand to the other (tortillas as they are being made)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) pasar de una mano a la otra (tortillas al hacerlas)
\sense_d Pending
\root man
\nse In reference to seed gardens, mana describes an action performed in cultivating chile. First the seeds are sprinkled on the ground and lightly covered with earth.
Later, the sprouted chile is uprooted when small and transplanted in holes dug with a wi:tsoktli , where they grow to full size.
\qry On a file card from the original series I have /kimamanas itla:lpan/ 'lo va a transplantar a su terreno.' Check whether this is OK.
\xref mani:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref manilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlamana
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlá:maná;
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\ref 00609
\lxam tlasema:nke:tl
\lxam_c tlasema:nke:tl
\lxoa tlasema:nke:tl
\lxoa_c tlasema:nke:tl
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e storeowner; reseller; merchant
\sense_s tendero; rescatador; mercader; revendedor
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root sem
\root a:na
\qry In my original notes I had both /tlasema:nke:tl/ and /tlasema:nki/. However, I now think that the second entry or form might be incorrect, or at least very rare. Check and make the
necessary adjustments.
\mod Perhpas in the future change N-ag-ke:tl to mark whether derived from a V1, V2, or V3.
\ref 00610
\lxam techikilia
\lxam_c kitechikilia
\lxoa téchikília
\lxoa_pr techikilia
\lxoa_c kitéchikília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Lex. te-
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to scrape for; to rub (sth) hard for
\sense_s frotar (algo) para; restregar (algo) para
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ne:chipachowilia notlake:n, kite:techikilia ika pla:nchah para ma petsiwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She irons her clothes for me, she rubs an iron back and forth on them so that they get smooth.
\phrase_s Le plancha la ropa para mí, le frota (la ropa) de un lado a otro con una plancha para que se alise.
\root te-
\root hchiki
\nde The most common use of techikilia is with a reduplicated stem, as in Oapan kité:chikília. The same perhaps applies to Classical Nahuatl. Molina
has under chiqui. nitla. 'raspar, o rallar algo.' However, under chichiqui he has two entries chichiqui. nitla. 'extretexer agujero de manta, y raspar, o
rallar algo' and chichiqui. nino. 'estregarse, o rascarse a la pared, o a otra cosa.' Both nominalize, as tlachiquiliztli and tlachichiquiliztli, respectively.
\qry Determine the nature of this verb. In Am does one have /kitechichiki/ or /kitetechiki/. Also determine again for Oa. And discuss why one or the other might be more common.
\semref 'techíki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref techiki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 00611
\lxam ma:kukwa
\lxam_c kima:kukwa
\lxoa ma:kokowa
\lxoa_c kima:kokowa
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv Irregular; see kukwa
\infv_d Am
\infv class-2b
\infv_d Oa
\sense_e to hurt the arm (or, less commonly, the hand) of
\sense_s doler o herir ligeramente el brazo (o, menos comunmente, la mano) de
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to hurt the forelegs of (an animal)
\sense_s herir o lastimar las patas delanteras de (un animal)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ma:
\root kowa
\qry Check etymology in entry for /kukwa/ and standardize with the present entry. Check for transitive form with definite direct objects.
\ref 00612
\lxam tsi:nto:ne:wi
\lxam_c tsi:nto:ne:wi
\lxoa tsi:nto:ne:wi
\lxoa_c tsi:nto:ne:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to feel a burning pain or sensation in ones anus, rectum, or rear end
\sense_s sentir un arder en el ano, recto o nalgas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Titsi:nto:ne:wtos, we:i o:tkwah chi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your will feel a burning sensation in your anus, you ate a lot of chile.
\phrase_s Vas a sentir un arder en el ano, comiste mucho chile.
\phrase_n O:titsi:nxakwaliw, titsi:nto:ne:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You scraped your bottom (e.g., while riding on a beast of burden), your rear end is smarting.
\phrase_s Te raspaste las nalgas (p. ej., al andar en bestia), se te arden.
\root tsi:n
\root to:n
\nae Tsi:nto:ne:wi and its corresponding transitive form are most often employed to indicate the burning sensation that accompanies passing chile. However, this is not
always the case, as the illustrative sentence o:titsi:nxakwaliw, titsi:nto:ne:wtok indicates.
\ref 00613
\lxam nakaskwitlatl
\lxam_c nakaskwitlatl
\lxoa nakaskwitlatl
\lxoa_c nakaskwitlatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e ear wax
\sense_s cerilla
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root nakas
\root kwitla
\ref 00614
\lxam ikxipihli
\lxam_c ikxipihli
\lxoa ixipihli
\lxoa_c ixipihli
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\allomorph i-epen
\semfld body
\semfld human
\sense_e toe (any one)
\sense_s dedo de pie (cualquier)
\sense_d Pending
\root kxi
\root pil
\qry Check vowel length of final /i/; cf. to /mapihli/. Also, elicit the names of all the fingers and toes.
\ref 00615
\lxam ni-
\lxam_c nipa:ki
\lxoa ni-
\lxoa_c nipa:ki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Pref(sub)
\der Pre-sub
\sense_e see n-
\sense_s véase n-
\sense_d Pending
\ref 00616
\lxam xomiltlatlama
\lxam_c xomiltlatlama
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-1
\sense_e to catch jumiles(catching them in the rocky areas they inhabit and placing them in a"bottle"made of woven palm; see pi:tso:tl)
\sense_s juntar jumiles (agarrándolos con las manos y metiéndolos en un recipiente como botella, a menudo hecho de palma; véase pi:tso:tl)
\sense_d Am
\root xomil
\root ma
\ency_note tlama: different types of hunting and the way that hunting occurs
\semref tlama
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00617
\lxam a:yawtli
\lxam_c a:yawtli
\lxoa a:yahtli
\lxoa_alt a:yehtli
\lxoa_c a:yahtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e mist; fog; haze
\sense_s neblina; bruma
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld weather
\root a:yawi
\nde Classical Nahuatl has ayauitl, as expected given the generalized alternation between -wtli and -witl in Balsas and Classical Nahuatl, respectively.
\ref 00618
\lxam tlakoteki
\lxam_c kitlakoteki
\lxoa tlákotéki
\lxoa_pr tlakoteki
\lxoa_c kitlákotéki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp PM-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to cut in half (sth that can be cut such as cloth, paper, etc.);
\sense_s cortar en la mitad (algo que se puede cortar como tela, papel, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:kitlakotehkeh noa:mawa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They cut my paper in half.
\phrase_s Cortar mi papel por la mitad.
\sense_e to divide in half (e.g, an area)
\sense_s dividir en la mitad (p. ej., unaárea)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kitlakotekis un pa:tioh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will divide the patio in half.
\phrase_s Va a dividir el patio en mitades.
\semfld distort-break
\root tlahko
\root teki
\qry Remember to add /yeltsakwa/ to Oapan forms.
\ref 00619
\lxam tsonakaita
\lxam_c kitsonakaita
\lxoa tsonakaita
\lxoa_c kitsonakaita
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp PM-V2
\der V2-b
\infv Irregular; see ita
\sense_e to observe or look at out of the corner of ones eyes
\sense_s mirar o observar de soslayo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Mitsa:ltsonakaistokeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are looking over here at you out of the corner of their eyes.
\phrase_s Te están echando una mirada de soslayo hacia acá.
\root tsonaka
\root ita
\ref 00620
\lxam tlateki
\lxam_c tlateki
\lxoa tlateki
\lxoa_c tlateki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to be sharp (a knife, machete, etc.)
\sense_s tener filo; ser cortante (un cuchillo, machete, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xtlateki, xihkowas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It isn't sharp, I won't buy it.
\phrase_s No tiene filo, no me lo voy a comprar.
\sense_e to be corrosive; to burn (lime, fertilizer, salt, etc., e.g., sth that causes pain or bleeding when in contact with the cut)
\sense_s ser corrosivo; quemar (cal, fertilizante, sal, etc., esto es, algo que causa dolor o que salga sangre cuando en contacto con una cortada)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tlateki istatl, kiyeski:xtia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Salt is corrosive, it causes it to bleed (e.g., a wound).
\phrase_s La sal es corrosiva, lo hace sangrar (p. ej., una herida).
\root teki
\qry Check for inflection /tlatekis/ and /tlatekíya/ or /tlateki yes/ and /tlateki katka/.
\semref tlatekitia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlateki:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref teki
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00621
\lxam pai:kú:n
\lxam_c pai:kú:n
\lxoa payáon
\lxoa_pr payáon
\lxoa_alt pai:káon
\lxoa_c payáon
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-place
\der Adv-loc
\pitch yes
\sense_e over there; over that way (with a specific place in mind)
\sense_s allí; por allí(con un lugar específico en mente)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ma:ka tiá:s pai:kú:n, pakah wi:wih!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't go over there, there's a creepy-crawler (bug) over there!
\phrase_s ¡No te vayas allí, alláhay un animalito!
\root pa
\root -ka; on
\ency_note Or, in grammar, a whole section on adverbs, locatives, etc.
\nse The difference between adverbs such as nepai:ka , pai:ka , and pai:kún is unclear. The deictic demonstrative un
seems to indicate a more specific location. That is, whereas pai:ka and nepai:ka seem to indicate a general direction, pai:kún apparently
is more specific, perhaps more like 'right over there.'
\qry Determine the difference of /pa ika/ and /pa ikún/. Recheck if /pa ika/ exists. The etymology of /pa ikún/ is uncertain, as is whether it should be written as one or two words. Here it
would seem that the deictic /un/ is added, perhaps as an emphatic. Determine how these words should be written (as one or two) Check for this phonology of Am /na:ni:ka/.
\vl Check vowel length for all locatives/deictics ending in /-ika/ or /-i:ka/.
\ref 00622
\lxam sasa:lia
\lxam_c sasa:lia
\lxoa sasa:lia
\lxoa_c sasa:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to become sticky
\sense_s ponerse pegajoso
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root sa:l
\disamb sasa:liwi; sasa:lia
\nae Whereas sa:liwi refers to the event of 'getting stuck (as food on a griddle)' the secondary derivation sasa:lia refers to the acquisition by the subject of
a quality, 'stickiness.' It has thus been classified as within the paradigm of variation represented by such sequences as yema:nki , yema:nia , and
yema:nilia. It is not clear how common this variation between unaccusative verbs ending in -iwi and inchoative verbs ending in -ya are.
\grm Verbal contrasts: note that the root /sa:l/ enters into a verbal /iwi/ form and an inchoative form, /sasa:lia/. The distinction seems to be the following. /sasa:liwi/ means 'to
become stuck (to sth)' whereas /sasa:lia/ means 'to become sticky.' That it, the first verbal form refers to an event with subject as thematic patient whereas the second refers
to the acquisition of a characteristic, 'stickiness.' Other cases of this type of variation should be explored.
\ref 00623
\lxam se:me:sti
\lxam_c se:me:sti
\lxoa se:me:m
\lxoa_c se:me:sti
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Num-V1
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e see -me:sti
\sense_s véase -me:sti
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root se:
\root me:s
\ref 00624
\lxam a:wistli
\lxam_c a:wistli
\lxoa a:wistli
\lxoa_c a:wistli
\lxgen a:wistli
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e type of tree, identified by several consultants as chabuco
\sense_s tipo deárbol, identificado por varios asesores como 'chabuco'
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root a:
\root wits
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the chabuco as did one informant. Ramírez (1991) gives the same Spanish name, and identifies this of the family
Rubiaceae. The only trees of this family in Guizar and Sánchez (1991) are the Cephalanthus occidentalis, which they state to be atopol or
atepule in Spanish (see a:to:po:lin), as well as the Hintonia standleyana(in Spanish quina) and Randia
echinocarpa(in Spanish granjel). Schoenhals (1988) has nothing under Hintonia standleyanaor quina but does have a listing for
granjel:"(Randiaspp., e.g., R. echinocarpa, R. armata) 'randia,' 'thorn tree,' 'ink tree.' Branches come out at right angles to the stems. Yellow flowers, edible
fruit; tree is well supplied with thorns. The tree is a good source of firewood and is protected as a land stabilizing agent. Fruit juices are used as ink. Also called crucecito,
escambrón, maluco de montaña, p apache, tintero, torolillo."This description of the granjel seems to correspond to that of the chabuco in
Ramírez (1991).
\notes_func Although one consultant once said that this was good for morillos this is not the case. It is just used for firewood.
\qry Check homophony with /a:wistli/ meaning 'dew'.
\qry_fon Determine variation /a:wistli/ 'dew' and /a:wistli/ 'chabuco'.
\vl There are 4 more tokens at #4451. These will be tagged with 624. Note that the final link should include the tokens originally at 4451, which have a much better sound
quality.
\ref 00625
\lxam lo:lah
\lxam_c lo:lah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N0/1; Aln(0=2)
\sense_e (alienable possession) grandmother
\sense_s (posesión enajenable) abuela
\sense_d Am
\sense_e (vocative) grandmother!
\sense_s (vocativo)¡abuelita!
\sense_d Am
\root lo:lah
\nse This kin term is mostly used as an address term (e.g., ka:n tiáw lo:lah) or in possessed form. However, it can also be used with the absolutive and for this reason the
principal entry is under lo:latli.
\root lo:lah
\semref lo:latli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00626
\lxam tlatsotsonalistli
\lxam_c tlatsotsonalistli
\lxoa tla:tsonalistli
\lxoa_c tla:tsonalistli
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\lexical Reduced rdp-s*(prev-s)
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e music (from a radio, record player, or directly from musicians such as a violinist, música de viento, etc.)
\sense_s música (de un radio o tocadiscos, o directamente de músicos como un violinista, música de viento, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tsona
\ref 00627
\lxam tlami:na
\lxam_c tlami:na
\lxoa tlami:ni
\lxoa_c tlami:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to hunt with a bow and arrow
\sense_s cazar con arco y flecha
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tontlami:naskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We're going to go hunting with a bow and arrow.
\phrase_s Vamos a ir de caza con arco y flecha.
\root mi:na
\xref mi:na
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\xref mi:ni
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Oa
\ref 00628
\lxam a:xi:xmi:skitl
\lxam_c a:xi:xmi:skitl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound (N-N)-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e balls of partially dried up resin or sap; resin
\sense_s bolitas de resina o savia parcialmente secas; resina
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kipia ia:xi:xmi:skiyo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (a tree) has balls of dried resin on it.
\phrase_s Tiene (unárbol) sus bolitas de resina seca.
\phrase_n A:xi:xmi:skitl, mi:skitl ka:n ki:sa ikopahlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is resin, it is (on) a mesquite tree where its resin comes out.
\phrase_s Es resina, es (sobre) un mesquite donde sale su resina.
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\root a:
\root xi:x
\root mi:ski
\ency_note barro; kuhtli
\nse The trees that have i:mi:skiyo are, according to Luis Lucena: mi:skitl, tepe:mi:skitl, kopalkuhtli, tsina:kan
kuhtli, kopalchinoh, xo:chikopahli, kuhsa:watl, kuhxio:tl, and tlakwa:mpets. These
were the ones he gave, though there might perhaps be some others. A:xi:xmiskitl is often collected by children and sold to potters, who use it to make natural color
paints.
\mod Add onomasiological discussion under barro on how ceramics are made, and under /kuhtli/ on the parts of a tree.
\mod Add -w/yo inf under kopal and made sure -yo definition is given.
\semref mí:ska:xí:xtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00629
\lxam kochya:yatok
\lxam_c kochya:yatok
\lxoa kochya:yáyatók
\lxoa_pr kochya:yayatok
\lxoa_c kochya:yáyatók
\dt 27/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp S-V1-asp
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\pitch yes-rdp
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be on the verge of involuntarily falling asleep; to be nodding off
\sense_s estar a punto de quedarse dormido sin querer
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kochiya:yatok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is falling asleep (but trying to stay awake).
\phrase_s Está quedándose dormido (pero tratando de mantenerse o quedarse despierto).
\root kochi
\root yaw
\nse This verb is used to refer to a person who is falling asleep while trying to stay awake, e.g., a person who might be either sitting or standing and whose head periodically falls over to
one side as he is overcome by sleep but who every once in a while suddenly wakes up and jerks his head back.
\nae To date this verb has only been documented with the -tok aspectual marker, which may occur in other tenses.
\qry Check length of final vowel in the imperfect. The verb may be /kochiya:yaw/ but I have only heard this with the progressive aspect. Perhaps try to elicit /xkochiya:yaw/, etc. or with
other aspectual endings. Note that the long vowel reduplication seems to suggest the periodic repetition of the movement/action. Check for the positioning of the overt subject
prefixes to reconfirm. Check, for example, if it is /kochiya:yatiw/ or /kochiya:yatitiw/, etc. Check
\ref 00630
\lxam mekayo:tilia
\lxam_c kimekayo:tilia
\lxoa mekayo:tilia
\lxoa_c kimekayo:tilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to place a cord or string around (e.g., a gourd that will be carried as a canteen) for
\sense_s ponerle un mecate o cordón (a, p. ej., un tecomate que se va a llevar como cantimplora) para
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ma mitsmekayo:tili ma:tekon! Weli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let him weave cord around your canteen for you! He can do it.
\phrase_s ¡Deja que te ponga un mecate a tu bule! El lo puede hacer.
\flao mekayo:tia
\root me:ka
\xref mekayo:tia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 00631
\mod This was an entry for /kuwchaltik/ 'lesbian' which has been removed as offensive.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\ref 00632
\lxam a:kwitlayá:k
\lxam_c a:kwitlayá:k
\lxoa a:kwítlayá:k
\lxoa_c a:kwítlayá:k
\lxoa_pr a:kwitlaya:k
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound (N-N)-Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to smell, giving off an odor typified by nextamahli that has gone bad from sitting too long in water
\sense_s ser hediondo, emitiendo un olor comoél del nixtamal que se ha echado a perder
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n A:kwitlayá:k motlaxkal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your tortillas are foul-smelling and foul-tasting (because the nextamahli had spoiled from sitting too long in water, i.e., o:a:kwitlaya:yak).
\phrase_s Tus tortillas están mal de olor y saber (porque el nixtamal se había echado a perder en el agua, esto es, o:a:kwitlaya:yak).
\root a:
\root kwitla
\root hya:
\nse A:kwitlayá:k is apparently used only to refer to nextamahli, masa, or tortillas. A:molo:nki (and the verb form
a:molo:nia) can also be used to refer to the smell acquired by things that sit too long in water that then becomes rancid.
\qry Check for other possible subject of a:kwitlayá:k , such as clothes left too long sitting in water. Also check the difference between a:kwitlayá:k and
a:molo:nki.
\ref 00633
\lxam tsi:npo:ni
\lxam_c tsi:npo:ni
\lxoa tsi:npo:ni
\lxoa_c tsi:npo:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b-(ni/ltia)
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to be bent over (standing or kneeling) with ones rear end jutting up (at times used to refer to a sexual position in which the woman assumes such a posture)
\sense_s agacharse (parada o sostenida por las manos y rodillas) con las nalgas alzadas (a veces empleada para referirse a una posición sexual tomada por una mujer)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to be with the posterior part raised (e.g., a bucket or other type of container propped up in so its contents might flow out)
\sense_s estar con la parte posterior alzada (p. ej., una cubeta u otro tipo de recipiente apoyada asípara que salga un líquido que estaba adentro)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tsi:n
\root po:
\nse According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) tsi:npo:ni is used only in reference to people. For objects in this position notekestok is used; see also
tsi:ntepolkestok.
\qry Get bodily positions: sitting, standing, on all fours, lying down /ixakamantok/, hands on hips
\grm Phonology: the sequence /np/ is definite and should be referred to in the section on phonology. There is no assimilation here, and in many other cases, of the nasal to the
point of articulation of the following labial.
\xref tsi:npo:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00634
\lxam kwala:nka:miki
\lxam_c kwala:nka:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp Part-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to be or get boiling mad, really mad; to be or get in a foul mood
\sense_s ponerse o estar furioso, muy enojado; estar o ponerse de mal humor
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:tikwala:nka:mik pa:mpa o:toya:w ma:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You got really mad because your water spilled out.
\phrase_s Te pusiste furioso por que se tirótu agua.
\root kwala:
\root miki
\qry In one entry I note that /kwala:nka:miki/ refers to being annoyed, in a bad mood and snappy (literally, 'suffering from ire'), i.e. a person who is in a bad mood and snaps back to
anything said. However, in another note I recorded that /kwala:nka:miki/ apparently refers to a greater anger than /kwala:ni/. The precise meaning of the verb should be checked.
Check for causative.
\semref tlawe:lmiki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00635
\lxam a:sia:wi
\lxam_c a:sia:wi
\lxoa a:sia:wi
\lxoa_c a:sia:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to soak or be soaking in water (without soap)
\sense_s remojarse en agua (sin jabón)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xka:pacho! Ma a:sia:wi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Put it in water! Let it soak (e.g., palm that will be used for tying, clothes to wash, etc.)!
\phrase_s ¡Ponlo en agua!¡Que estéremojando (p. ej., palma que se va utilizar para atar, ropa para lavar, etc.).
\root a:
\root sia:
\nse According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) this is used only in reference to materials such as mud on which water is poured and which, as a result, softens up.
\semref a:sia:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00636
\lxam pi:ntoh kakapaxtli
\lxam_c pi:ntoh kakapaxtli
\lxoa pí:ntoh te:kapáxtli
\lxoa_pr pi:ntoh te:kapaxtli
\lxoa_c pí:ntoh te:kapáxtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) pinto
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 1(x)
\pitch yes
\sense_e type of pinto(a skin disease) that leaves one with rough skin that flakes away
\sense_s tipo de pinto que le deja a uno con la piel rasposa y pelándose
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld disease
\root kapax
\nae Even though {h} is lost in non-phrase final position, in the practical orthography used here it is written, along with the pitch-accent that it motivates to the left in Oapan Nahuatl. This
orthographic convention (of writing /h/ in these circumstances) might be changed in the future.
\nde Note that in Oapan the underlying form is {pi:ntoh te:kapaxtli} with the pitch-accent of the surface construction deriving from the final /h/ of pi:ntoh.
\qry Check for other types of pinto.
\ref 00637
\lxam tlaxkaltsoyok
\lxam_c tlaxkaltsoyok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e (woman) to have ones tortillas disappear so quickly that those eating have to wait (i.e., slow at making tortillas, unable to make them fast enough to keep a supply at the
table)
\sense_s (mujer) ser lenta en hacer tortillas con tal de que se le acaban las tortillas (porque es lenta para hacerlas, y por eso no puede mantener la mesa surtida)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Titlaxkaltsoyok pa:mpa tlami motlaxkal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are (called) tlaxkaltsoyok because your tortillas get finished up (i.e., people eat them faster than you can make them).
\phrase_s Eres una persona de las que se llaman tlaxkaltsoyok porque se te acaban las tortillas (antes de que termine la gente de comer).
\root xka
\root tsoyo
\nse This apocopated adjectival refers to a woman who cannot make tortillas fast enough, with the result that those eating have to wait for them to cook. Aurora Baeza (Am) linked this
word to the verb tsoyo:ni but did not elaborate on the connection between the verb and the adjectival form. Undoubtedly, however, it is based on the fact that like
something fried, (tsoyo:ni) the tortillas seem to shrivel up and disappear before ones eyes.
\ref 00638
\lxam poxaktik
\lxam_c poxaktik
\lxoa poxahtik
\lxoa_c poxahtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\lexical Op. te- : tepoxaktik
\sense_e to be crumbly; to be loose (particularly in regard to the consistency of certain stones)
\sense_s ser de una consistencia que se desmigaja, se desmenuza, o se desmorona fácilmente; estar muy suelto (algunas piedras)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to be loosely tied (e.g., a braided rope or hair, etc.)
\sense_s estar flojo; estar no apretado (p. ej., una soga, trenzas, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be easily tired or exhausted; to easily become sick or weakened (particularly from work)
\sense_s agotars y cansarse fácilmente; ser débil; ser enfermizo (particularmente a causa de un sobrecargo de trabajo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yema:nki itla:kayo, san a:chitsi:n tekichi:wa, niman kwalo:sneki, poxaktik suwa:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Her body is not resistant, she works just a little, right away she's on the verge of becoming ill, she's a weak-bodied woman.
\phrase_s Su cuerpo estáflojo, nada más hace un poquito de trabajo, luego luego quiere enfermarse, es una mujer débil.
\phrase_n Poxaktik tla:katl, san kukwalo:tinemi, xtepi:stik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's an easily weakened man, he goes around a little sick all the time, he's not strong.
\phrase_s Es un hombre débil, solamente anda enfermándose, no estáfuerte.
\root poxa:
\disamb xiti:nki; poxaktik; poxawa:k
\nse Certain consultants greatly favored an incorporated form (e.g., poxa:hka:tla:katl) to the unincorporated (e.g., poxaktik tla:katl). Nevertheless, both
have been documented in conversation. Apparently the former, incorporated form is used for new discourse topics whereas the unincorporated form is used to further specify an
already identified topic of discourse.
\qry Note that here I have the /te'/ as optional. This should be checked. Also, the difference between /poxaktik/ and /poxa:wak/ should be discussed. Obtain plural of /poxaktik tla:katl/
to fully ascertain if the form is a compound (one word) or two.
\ref 00639
\lxam kwa:pa:ya:tilia
\lxam_c kikwa:pa:ya:tilia
\lxoa kwa:pa:ya:tilia
\lxoa_c kikwa:pa:ya:tilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make woozy, dizzy, or light-headed; to fluster
\sense_s aturdir; dejar como mareado; aturullar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:kikwa:pa:ya:tilih tra:goh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The drink made him woozy.
\phrase_s El trago lo hizo marear.
\root kwa:
\root pa:ya:
\nde At first Florencia Marcelino (Oa) stated that situations that might cause this would be a beating, or perhaps many children that are always crying, making trouble, etc. However, in
reviewing this entry, FM stated that the word used in Oapan is pa:ya:kwi:tia, which is probably the more usual verb for this situation.
\qry Check meaning of this and whether it is used in Oapan; cf. to /pa:ya:kwi:tia/, etc.
\xref kwa:pa:ya:ti
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 00640
\lxam yeyekawi:lo
\lxam_c yeyekawi:lo
\lxoa yéye:kawí:lo
\lxoa_pr yeye:kawi:lo
\lxoa_c yéye:kawí:lo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-pas
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-4a(pass)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to get blown over by the wind (e.g., a field of maize, trees during a bad storm, etc.)
\sense_s arrastrarse por el viento (p. ej., la milpa,árboles durante una tempestad, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:yeyekawi:lo:k nomi:l, o:pe:w yeyeka chika:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My corn field got blown over in the wind, the winds started to blow hard.
\phrase_s Se arrastrómi milpa por el viento, el viento empezóa soplar fuerte.
\sense_e to be a victim of the yeyekameh (aires); to lose ones to:nal to the yeyekameh
\sense_s ser víctima de los aires; perder el to:nal a los aires
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:yeyekawi:lo:keh pa:mpa o:noma:muwtih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They lost their souls to the aires because they got frightened (i.e., the suffered from the condition known as susto)
\phrase_s Perdieron sus to:nal a los aires porque se asustaron (esto es, sufrieron por la condición conocida como susto).
\phrase_n O:yeyekawi:lo:k nokone:w. Kwalo. O:kasikeh yeyekameh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My child is a victim of the aires. He is sick. The aires got hold of him.
\phrase_s Mi niño es una víctima de los aires. Estáenfermo. Los aires lo agarraron.
\semfld weather
\root e:ka
\nse According to Florencia Marcelino yéye:kawí:lo is used only in reference to fields (e.g., corn fields). The term yéye:káyohis used to refer to a human
who has been affected by the aires.
\ref 00641
\lxam ikxitilia
\lxam_c kikxitilia
\lxoa ixitilia
\lxoa_c kixitilia
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap[ca]
\infv class-2a
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e to cook (food) for
\sense_s cocinar para
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to fire (ceramics) for
\sense_s cocer (cerámica) para
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xne:chtlakxitili:ti ika notepalkawa:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go fire my ceramics for me!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a cocer mi cerámica para mi!
\root ksi
\grm Antipassive: /Xne:chtlakxitili:ti ika notepalkawan!/ 'Go fire my ceramics for me!' Again, note the antipassive construction here with a secondary object cross-referenced by
/tla-/ and expressed obliquely.
\xref iksi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 00642
\lxam ple:n
\lxam_c ple:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N2
\sense_e blanket
\sense_s cobija
\sense_d Am
\root plen
\nae The etymology of plen is unclear, although it might be related to pilisa:l. No similar form has been documented in any other dialect.
\qry Check etymology and vowel length. Also check whether /e/ is simply nasalized, or whether there is a velarized nasal at the end.
\vl Check vowel length w/ recording.
\semref pilisa:l
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00643
\lxam xiti:ni
\lxam_c xiti:ni
\lxoa xiti:ni
\lxoa_c xiti:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\lexical Op. te- : texiti:ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to crumble down; to come apart and fall down (e.g., an old wall of a house, a cliff etc.)
\sense_s desmoronarse; derribarse; derrocarse (p. ej., una vieja pared de una casa, un risco etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tla:la:wa, san ise:lti xiti:ni, tla:lkaxa:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The earth comes sliding down the slope, it crumbles by itself, the area has a lot of loose earth.
\phrase_s La tierra se desliza por el pendiente, se desmorona por si solo, es unaárea de tierra es suelta.
\sense_e to come apart at the seams (e.g., clothes); to become undone (braids or objects similarly made); to come apart (e.g., meat that may be overcooked or boiled too long)
\sense_s descoserse por la costura (p. ej., la ropa); desatarse; deshacerse (trenzas o algo de hechura similar); deshacerse (p. ej., carne que ha sido cocido o hervido demasiado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:xiti:n ikwe.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Her skirt came apart at the seams.
\phrase_s Su falda se descosiópor las costuras.
\root xiti:
\disamb xi:ni; xiti:ni; uweliwi; itlakawi
\nse Although xiti:ni is most commonly heard in reference to cliffs and walls that fall down, it appears that its most core meaning involves"coming apart."Thus the
subject of the intransitive predicate may be clothes that come apart at the seam or braids that come apart and loose. Similarly when refering to a house that falls down
xiti:ni refers not only to walls that crumble but, in the case of a house with a wooden frame, for things to come apart (such as one beam detaching from another).
Thus when the transitive kixiti:ni:s i:kal is used, for example, it usually does not mean simply knocking a house down, but knocking down some parts and dismantling
others.
\semref xi:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref xixitika
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00644
\lxam kiawtli
\lxam_c kiawtli
\lxoa kiahtli
\lxoa_c kiahtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e rain
\sense_s lluvia
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Newa xnikoni:s pa:mpa san de kiawtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I won't drink it because it is just rainwater.
\phrase_s No lo voy a beber yo porque es sólo de la lluvia.
\root ki
\root yawi
\nae It might be possible to analyze this as a deverbalized noun, given the verb kiawi.
\semref kiaha:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref tlakiahlo:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00645
\lxam po:cho:ichkatl
\lxam_c po:cho:ichkatl
\lxoa po:cho:ichkatl
\lxoa_c po:cho:ichkatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e cotton fibers from the pods of the po:cho:tltree
\sense_s las fibras como algodón de las vainas del pochote (po:cho:tl)
\sense_d Pending
\root po:cho:
\root chka
\ency_note ceramics
\nse These fibers are added to clay to strengthen it for ceramics. For this reason, and given the fact that pochotes grow in the higher areas around Ahuehuepan and
Ahuelicán, villages without a strong ceramic tradition and that lack the necessary sources for clay, pochote cotton fibers are often sold in Oapan, in large gunnysacks and rather
expensively.
\qry Check possibility of possessed form.
\ref 00646
\lxam moji:nteh
\lxam_cpend *moji:nteh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan mojinete
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e gable, part of a house with a ceramic tile roof (this beam is located between the tira:ntehand the tsopi:lo:te:rah)
\sense_s mojinete, parte de una casa con techo de teja (esta viga se coloca entre el tira:ntehy la tsopi:lo:te:rah)
\sense_d Am
\semfld construct-part
\ency_note kahli
\qry Check precisely the location of this, also that it is a beam since the file card indicates only that it is"parte de una casa de teja."Check /tsopi:lo:te:rah/, at this point I have two different
spellings, one for Am and the other for Oa. Correct in the entry and then correct xrefs. Check for possessed form? Cristino Flores denied that this is a word from Ameyaltepec; he
gave the Spanish loan /mojinete/.
\ilus_note Illustrate, perhaps in a detailed study of a house.
\semref punta:l
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00647
\lxam takache:wi
\lxam_c takache:wi
\lxoa takache:wi
\lxoa_alt tekache:wi
\lxoa_c takache:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to chip or get chipped; to have part of the surface split off (e.g., a stone that easily flakes, ceramics, etc.)
\sense_s desportillar; desconchar; descascararse (p. ej., una piedra que se desportilla fácilmente, una cerámica, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:tatakache:w un tepalkatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The surface of that ceramic bowl got chipped off in places.
\phrase_s Se desconchóese plato de cerámica en varios lugares.
\root takach
\nse Although one consultant gave me the Spanish translation of desmoronarse, it appears from all examples that this refers to the chipping or flaking that affects certain hard
objects, particularly stone. To illustrate the meaning of this verb one speaker mentioned what happens to a stone when it is struck by a hammer or chisel. The absence of a
documented transitive form in the Nahuatl of both Ameyaltepec and Oapan seems to reflect the fact that this action is considered to occur accidentally, and that there is no
immediate context in which the consultants asked could conceive of a person deliberately undertaking an action that would lead to this 'flaking off' occurring. Nevertheless, I imagine
that in the future a transitive form will be documented.
\qry Note that as often the case, verbs that end in /e:wi/ refer to changes in teh surface of an object. This is the case here. Check whether /iwi/ is an alternate form.
\grm /-e:wi/ : Note that as often the case, verbs that end in /e:wi/ refer to changes in teh surface of an object. This is the case here. Check whether /iwi/ is an alternate form.
\semref takachwe:pe:wi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 00648
\lxam me:stli
\lxam_c me:stli
\lxoa me:stli
\lxoa_c me:stli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e moon
\sense_s luna
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e month
\sense_s mes
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (kwalo de ~) to menstruate; to have ones period
\sense_s (kwalo de ~) menstuar; bajarsele la regla a
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (nokwa ~ (Am); (tlami ~ (Oa)) for a lunar eclipse to occur (see tlami me:stli)
\sense_s (nokwa ~ (Am); (tlami ~ (Oa)) haber un eclipse lunar (véase tlami me:stli)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:nokwah me:stli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There was a lunar eclipse.
\phrase_s Hubo un eclipse lunar.
\root me:ts
\flao to:nahli
\ency_note eclipses
\nse In the reflexively marked passive construction (nokwa me:stli), the Ameyaltepec collocation to indicate a lunar eclipse, it is said that the stars are the ones that"eat"the
moon (or the sun, during a solar eclipse).
\semref te:nkwah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00649
\lxam a:tekomatl
\lxam_c a:tekomatl
\lxoa a:tekomatl
\lxoa_c a:tekomatl
\lxgen a:tekomatl
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\compound N-N
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of plant that bears gourds as fruit
\sense_s tipo de planta cuya fruta es un buleque se utiliza como cantimplora; tecomate
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e type of gourd used as a canteen; (by extension) canteen
\sense_s bule, guaje o tecomate para llevar agua al campo; (por extensión) cantimplora
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root a:
\root tekoma
\nse The gourd of the a:tekomatl is used as a canteen, a cord woven around it and a corncob used as a stopper. Now these are seldom used since they can crack, instead
plastic canteens or bottles are used (but still referred to by the term a:tekomatl); they don't break but heat up the water considerably.
\qry Determine whether the there is any difference between /a:tekomatl/ and /kuhtekomatl/, i.e.,, are they they same, is the /a:tekomatl/ indeed only the gourd when used as a canteen?
\root_notes Relate /tekoma/ to /ko:ntli/, and probable relation between {ko:m} and {koma}.
\ref 00650
\lxam muwi
\lxam_cpend *muwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to be frightened or scared
\sense_s sentir miedo o susto
\sense_d Am
\semfld emotions
\root mowi
\disamb mowi; momowi
\nse Although mowi has been documented in the corpus of material from Ameyaltepec, it is rarely used. Much more common is the reduplicated momowi.
However, one speaker mentioned that there was a difference between the two terms with the reduplicated form referring to a more specific cause and the unreduplicated form
indicating a general state or character trait of a person. In Oapan only the reduplicated form, mómowíis used.
\qry Check the difference between /mowi/ and /momowi/.
\semref mómowí
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00651
\lxam yekapitsiwi
\lxam_c yekapitsiwi
\lxoa yekapitsiwi
\lxoa_c yekapitsiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\trans Compl
\sense_e to get a sharp and pointed end; to become sharpened (a stake, pencil, etc.)
\sense_s quedar puntiagudo (una estaca, lapiz, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root yeka
\root pits
\nse Cristino Flores (Am) mentioned that this verb does not exist as an intransitive, since things that become pointed are always made so by someone. He only accepted the transitive
yekapitsowa.
\qry Although my entry for /pi:tsiwi/ has a long /i:/, those for /yekapitsiwi/, /yekapitsowa/ and /yekapistik/ have a short /i/. I have changed the vowel to short in all attesations of this
root/stem pending study. Note that I do, however, have /pitsa:wa/ with a short /i/ as it is in other dialects. It may be that there are two verb forms here, yekapitsiwi 'to
become pointed at the end' and yekapipi:tsiwi 'to get a stuffed-up nose.' My original notes indicate that yekapipi:tsiwi had a long vowel as indicated.
However, I also had an entry with a short vowel, with the gloss 'to become pointed at the end.' The first spelling, with a long /i:/, would be consistent with the meaning of
pi:tsowaas 'to narrow; to take in (a passageway, clothes too loose, etc.).'
\vl Check vowel length as indicated above; perhaps two words /yekapitsiwi/ and /yekapipi:tsiwi/!!
\ref 00652
\lxam sakapepextli
\lxam_c sakapepextli
\lxoa saká:pextlí
\lxoa_c saká:pextlí
\lxoa_pr saká:pextli
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-wi
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e type of grass not yet identified; used as a bedding in pots in which tamals are steam-cooked
\sense_s tipo de zacate todavía no identificado; utilizado como colcha en las ollas donde se cuecen tamales
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e grating-like bed of a particular type of grass placed on the bottom of pots to separate the food being steamed from the boiling water (particularly used in cooking tamals;
see tlá:pextlí
\sense_s rejilla de zacate colocada al fondo de una olla para separar lo que se estácociendo al vapor del agua hirviendo (empleada particularmente en cocinar tamales; véase
tlá:pextlí)
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root saka
\root pech
\ency_note cooking
\nse In both villages this word is used to refer to a type long, easily coiled up type of grass that is used in steam-cooking. However, whereas in Ameyaltepec this bedding for pots is
called by the same name as the grass (i.e., sakapepextli) in Oapan the bedding receives the name of tlá:pextlí, which in Ameyaltepec would be
tlapepextli).
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) simply gives this as a member of the Gramineaefamily, named in Spanish zacate acostado.
\mod Illustrate; see illustration on original file card. Originally I had this as an entry for Oapan (4394); however, in Oapan saká:pextlí refers only to the grass as it grows.
Thus I have removed the entry of Oapan for this word here and substituted a cross-reference to the term used:
\vl There are 4 additional tokens for this word at 4394. One of these latter words, which has less echo, should be linked to the lexicon.
\ref 00653
\lxam pa:kilia
\lxam_c kipa:kilia
\lxoa pa:kilia
\lxoa_c kipa:kilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to wash (particularly clothes) for
\sense_s lavar (ropa en particular) para
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ne:chtlapa:kilia, wan newa nihkokowilia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She washes clothes for me, and I chop firewood for her.
\phrase_s Ella lava para mí, y yo le corto leña.
\phrase_n Timitsonpa:kili:s motlake:n, ma:ka xkwala:ni!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to wash your clothes for you, don't get mad!
\phrase_s Voy a ir a lavarte la ropa,¡no te vayas a enojar!
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to wash off (dishes, metate, table tops) for
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) limpiar; lavar (platos, metates, mesas) para
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xwel ninotlá:pa:kília.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I can't wash (dishes) for myself.
\phrase_s No puedo lavar (platos) por mi mismo.
\root pa:ka
\qry Perhaps the /tla-/ forms of each of these verbs should be given a separate entry. Check for the form used in washing nixtamal. I can't remember if it is /papa:kilia/ or /pa:kilia/ (and
the respective non-applicative forms).
\xref pa:ka
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00654
\lxam mole:wa
\lxam_c kimole:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi[x]
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to spread or smooth out (sth that is piled up on a flat surface)
\sense_s dispersar o extender (algo que estáamontonado o apilado sobre una superficie plana)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xmole:wa un tla:hli ka:n xoto:ntok!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Spread that earth around where it is piled up (i.e., smoothing it down so that there is no mound left)!
\phrase_s ¡Esparce la tierra allídonde estáamontonada (esto es, aplanándola para que desaparezca el montículo)!
\phrase_n Xmo:mole:wa tekohli para titlatoto:ni:skeh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Spread the coals out flat so that we can heat our food (tortillas) up on them!
\phrase_s ¡Extienda las brasas para que podemos calentar la comida (tortillas) sobre ellas!
\phrase_n Xmo:mole:wa xa:hli! Ma:ka ihkón ma xoto:nto, ye wa:hlaw seme:ntoh para iwa:n tiknelo:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Spread the sand out! Don't leave it just piled up like that, the cement that we will mix with it (to make mortar) is on its way!
\phrase_s ¡Extienda la arena!¡No deje que estétodo amontonada, ya viene el cemento con que la vamos a mezclar (para hacer mezcla)!
\root mol
\root e:wa
\nde All entries in Molina refer to the action of working the earth: moleua. nitla. 'amollentar la tierra.' On the Spanish to Nahuatl side he has 'amollentada tierra'
tlamoleuhtli ; 'amollentadura de tierra' tlamoleualiztli ; and 'amollentador así' tlamoleuani. As RJC notes, the same root is found in
ixcamuleua 'pintar las cerezas o las ciruelas'; a list of lexemes with this root is found on p. 192. Zacapoaxtla has tamole:ua 'hocicar' (i.e., 'to push up things
with ones snout'). The Ameyaltepec signification of mole:wa is related, it seems, to the meaning of pushing or moving around, or softening up (land) by moving it
around.
\qry "FK changes the first vowel to a long /o:/, apparently based on an etymological interpretation that links the verb to the nominal stem mo:l, but there is no evidence for
this."This was originally in my /nde field. Check length. Check for other meanings and also for possible use/existence of intransitive.
\semref moya:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00655
\lxam te:ntsonpochik
\lxam_c te:ntsonpochik
\lxoa te:ntsonpochik
\lxoa_c te:ntsonpochik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound (N-N)-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to have a fuzzy beard
\sense_s tener la barba velosa
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Dia:bloh miktla:n te:ntsonpochik!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You fuzzy-beared slime!
\phrase_s ¡Al diablo contigo y tu barba velosa!
\root te:n
\root tson
\root pochi:
\vl Check here as elsewhere the length of /miktlan/. It should be long by historical data.
\ref 00656
\lxam kwaltia
\lxam_c kwaltia
\lxoa kwaltia
\lxoa_c kwaltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to get fixed (sth that was broken such as a machine and starts working); to get better (e.g., a prepared dish food that at one time had tasted bad and that had become better
tasting)
\sense_s componerse; ponerse bien; restaurarse (una maquina que se había descompuesto, una comida que en un momento sabía mal, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to recover (e.g., a field that had been affected by drought)
\sense_s recuperarse (p. ej., una milpa que había sido afectada por una sequía, peste, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwal
\qry Recheck to certify that this verb can have a human subject.
\qry For all class 4c and class 4b verbs, check for progressive /-itok/ or /-ixtok/?
\ref 00657
\lxam ikpatl
\lxam_c ikpatl
\lxoa ihpatl
\lxoa_c ihpatl
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e thread
\sense_s hilo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kpa
\nae In regard to vowel length, Lockhart (2001:219) notes:"Some evidence points to the ibeing long, but since it is seen elided in some sources, for at least some spaekers it
must have been short, which fits better with the structure of the word, for initial i:in a simple root was rare and before two consonants much rarer.' The documentation on
a long vowel, however, has apparently been misinterpreted. FK reports a long vowel on the basis of Tetelcingo evidence. However, in Tetelcingo, as a perusal of the entries from
pages 127 to 128, initial /i/ is almost always reported as long (in Tetelcingo an unmarked /i/ is the reflex of the long vowel, an underlined /i/ is the reflex of a short vowel), even before
the reflex of the 'saltillo' as in i:jcatica and i:jyöya.
\qry Check epenthetic quality of /i/ and that both possessive constructions exist.
\vl Check vowel length; FK has a long first vowel.
\ref 00658
\lxam ma:pasol
\lxam_c ma:pasol
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to be a kleptomaniac
\sense_s ser cleptómano
\sense_d Am
\root ma
\root pahsol
\nse The etymology of ma:pasol includes the root pahsol, which is used to indicate tangling and things tangled. Ma:pasol seems to refer to
someone who is always sticking his hands in something and getting them"tangled up"in material objects that are then removed.
\qry Check length of first /a:/ as this word is taken from a file card in the first series without vowel length.
\semref mátlayéhli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00659
\lxam kwitlanexowa
\lxam_c kikwitlanexowa
\lxoa kwitlanexowa
\lxoa_c kikwitlanexowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to remove the luster or sheen of; to make (sth) look faded
\sense_s hacer perder el lustro y vista; ajar; deslucir;
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:te:chkwitlanexoh tla:ltektli kwa:k o:te:chpanawih fle:chah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The dust made us (i.e., our clothes) look faded when (it swirled up as) the bus passed us.
\phrase_s El polvo hiciera que nosotros (esto es, nuestra ropa) perdieramos su lustro cuando (se levantócuando) nos rebasóel camión.
\root kwitla
\root nex
\flao kwitlanexiwi
\ref 00660
\lxam a:tsetselwia
\lxam_c ka:tsetselwia
\lxoa á:tsilwía
\lxoa_pr á:tsilwia
\lxoa_c ká:tsilwía
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-wia
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Am, Oa
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e to finely sprinkle water on (e.g., a plant to water it lightly; a floor to settle the dust; the action indicated by a:tsetselwia is often accomplished by pouring
water out of a bucket held in one arm while moving the other hand rapidly under the stream of water to make it sprinkle)
\sense_s rociarle agua muy fina a o sobre (una planta para regarle ligeramente, un piso para que no se levente polvo; la acción indicada por a:tsetselwia se realiza
al verter agua de una cubeta sostenida con un brazo, mientras que la otra mano se menea rápidamente dentro del chorro de agua para que se rocie)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xka:tsetselwi para tika:te:ki:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sprinkle water on it to water it (e.g., flowers, plants, etc.).
\phrase_s Rocíale agua para regarle (p. ej., flores, plantas, etc.).
\phrase_n Nika:tsetselwi:s para ma:ka nokwite:was tlaltekwtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to sprinkle water on it (a dirt floor) so that dust doesn't come up.
\phrase_s Voy a rociarle agua (al piso de tierra) para que no se levante el polvo.
\phrase_n Ka:tsetselwitiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He goes along sprinkling water on it.
\phrase_s Va rociándole agua.
\root a:
\root tsel
\disamb Check if any different from /a:ichwia/.
\nse In Ameyaltepec a:tsitsilwia is an alternative pronunciation of a:tsetselwia. For example, both Gabriel de la Cruz and his mother Aurora use
a:tsitsilwia although many others say, a:tsetselwia. It is not clear which pronunciation is more common. In Oapan I have only documented
á:tsilwíya, not * á:tselwíya.
\nae Apparently because of the type of action referred to a:tsetselwia occurs only in reduplicated form, with a reduplicated verbal stem, as occurs with other words such
as a:po:poxowa. However, the usual development with Oapan á:tsilwíya concerns the application of pitch-accent on the a:-, the nominal
stem for water. Usually in Oapan Nahuatl reduplication is not reduced onto a preceding syllable unless it is light. Thus one has naká:skayá:wa for what in other dialects
is nakaskahkaya:wa, or ní:kí:ski from"underlying"{ni + rdp-s + ki:sa + ki} where the 3rd-person form would be kíkí:ski. However,
vowel-initial stems often reduplicate by lengthening and stressing, or simply stressing (when the initial vowel is long) the initial vowel (e.g., a:polaki redupilcates as
á:poláki). From strictly internal evidence of Oapan, the form á:tsilwíya appears to be a vo wel-initial stem that, because of certain semantic consider
ations appears only in reduplicated form (much as, for example, the transitive verb kákayá:wa). Evidence from Ameyaltepec, however, suggests that it is not a
compound verbal stem ? a:tsilwiya that reduplicates (in the same paradigm as a:polaki and á:poláki) but rather from a verbal compound
involving an incorporated nominal stem where the verbal base reduplicates (i.e., {a: + rdp-s + tsil + wiya}). If this is the case, however, then a long vowel preceding a stem receives
pitch-accent as the sole reflex of reduplication. This is not unheard of as often certain body part incorporations (as well as a few others) may take pitch-accent (cf.
má:kwaló along with quite a few other examples) for the reduplicative"morpheme."On this local evidence, then, it would appear that Oapan Nahuatl
á:tsilwíya is one of those few words in which the reduplication of a verbal stem is reflected as pitch-accent on the long vowel of an inc orporated noun. However, a f
u rther complication arises when Classical Nahuatl is examined. Molina has several entries for atzelhuia, each with a different prefixation pattern: nin. 'rociarse
con agua'; nite. 'rociar a otro con agua'; and nitla. 'rociar o regar el suelo para barrer.' All entries have the nonreduplicated form of this verb and no
reduplicated entry with the incorporated nominal stem for 'water' (a:) exists. Nevertheless, in Molina the verbal root tzel with no incorporated noun is always
reduplicated (see fol. 152f) as are all nominalizations (see fol. 142v). This seems to reflect the fact that the lack of specificity as a concomitant to noun incorporation has some
reprecussions on reduplication. Returning to the question of the verb under consideration, it would seem that there are two patterns involved, derived in different ways from the basic
compound a:tselwia. In Ameyaltepec a:tselwia is treated as a nominal stem incorporated into a verbal stem, a s of te n occurs in such cases, reduplication is
applied to the verbal stem, leading to a:tsetselwia. However, in Oapan the compound a:tsilwiya is analyzed as a single verbal stem and the reduplication is
applied as pitch-accent to the long first vowel, resulting in á:tsilwíya. Note the similar situation with a:toto:nilwia.
\nde Whereas Ameyaltepec has both a:tsetselwia and a:tsitsilwia Oapan only has only been documented with the á:tsilwíya variant. Other
dialects such as Classical (see above) only have the form with /e/.
\grmx Oapan reduplication: Apparently because of the type of action referred to a:tsetselwia occurs only in reduplicated form, with a reduplicated verbal stem, as
occurs with other words such as a:po:poxowa. However, the usual development with Oapan á:tsilwíya concerns the application of
pitch-accent on the a:-, the nominal stem for water. Usually in Oapan Nahuatl reduplication is not reduced onto a preceding syllable unless it is light. Thus
one has naká:skayá:wa for what in other dialects is nakaskahkaya:wa, or ní:kí:ski from"underlying"{ni + rdp-s + ki:sa + ki}
where the 3rd-person form would be kíkí:ski. However, vowel-initial stems often reduplicate by lengthening and stressing, or simply stressing (when the initial
vowel is long) the initial vowel (e.g., a:polaki redupilcates as á:poláki). From strictly internal evidence of Oapan, the form
á:tsilwíya appears to be a vowel-initial stem tha t, because of cert ain semantic considerations appears only in reduplicated form (much as, for example, the
transitive verb kákayá:wa). Evidence from Ameyaltepec, however, suggests that it is not a compound verbal stem ? a:tsilwiya that reduplicates
(in the same paradigm as a:polaki and á:poláki) but rather from a verbal compound involving an incorporated nominal stem where the verbal
base reduplicates (i.e., {a: + rdp-s + tsil + wiya}). If this is the case, however, then a long vowel preceding a stem receives pitch-accent as the sole reflex of reduplication.
This is not unheard of as often certain body part incorporations (as well as a few others) may take pitch-accent (cf. má:kwaló along with quite a few other
examples) for the reduplicative"morpheme."On this local evidence, then, it would appear that Oapan Nahuatl á:tsilwíya is one of those few words in whic h
the reduplication of a verbal stem is reflected as pitch-accent on the long vowel of an incorpor a t ed noun. However, a further complication arises when Classical
Nahuatl is examined. Molina has several entries for atzelhuia, each with a different prefixation pattern: nin. 'rociarse con agua'; nite.
'rociar a otro con agua ; and nitla. 'rociar o regar el suelo para barrer.' All entries have the nonreduplicated form of this verb and no reduplicated
entry with the incorporated nominal stem for 'water' (a:) exists. Nevertheless, in Molina the verbal root tzel with no incorporated noun is always
reduplicated (see fol. 152f) as are all nominalizations (see fol. 142v). This seems to reflect the fact that the lack of specificity as a concomitant to noun incorporation has
some reprecussions on reduplication. Returning to the question of the verb under consideration, it would seem that there are two patterns involved, derived in different ways
from the bas ic compound a:tselwia. In Ameyaltepec a:tselwia is t reated as a nominal stem incor po ra te d into a verbal stem, as often occurs in
such cases, reduplication is applied to the verbal stem, leading to a:tsetselwia. However, in Oapan the compound a:tsilwiya is analyzed as a
single verbal stem and the reduplication is applied as pitch-accent to the long first vowel, resulting in á:tsilwíya.
\grmx Note that this is not a metathesized applicative. This can be determined by noting the valency. A word such as /popolwia/ is an applicative of the transitive /popolowa/. Thus
it is a ditransitive 'to erase sth to sb.' However, the primary object of /a:tsetselwia/ is the object onto which water is sprinkled, i.e. the"direct object"and hence the derivation
is from a noun (*a:tsetsehli) which, in this case might not exist in isolated form.
\grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note that in /á:tsilwíya/ for Oapan Nahuatl and the fact that the Am form is /a:tsetselwia/ indicates that the reduplication is of the verbal
stem. Note that the preceding vowel is long (from /a:/ 'water') but that nevertheless this takes pitch-accent.
\semref a:tsitsilwia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00661
\lxam eko
\lxam_c neko
\lxoa ékó
\lxoa_pr eko
\lxoa_c yékó
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to arrive (toward a deictic reference point)
\sense_s llegar (hacia un punto de referencia)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xnikmati kamanon yekos motah, xtlah o:ne:chihlite:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't know when your father will arrive here, he didn't say anything about it to me before he left.
\phrase_s No sécuando va a llegar aquítu papá, no me dijo nada al respeto antes de salir.
\phrase_n I yekotok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is now arriving here.
\phrase_s Ya estállegando aquí.
\sense_e (-pan ~) to arrive at the place where (sb [marked as the possessor of -pan] is at)
\sense_s (-pan ~) llegar a un lugar donde está(algn [señalado como el poseedor de -pan])
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nopan yekos noba:leh, nika:n nikchias.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My friend will arrive here where I am, I'll wait for him.
\phrase_s Mi amigo va a llegar aquídonde estoy, lo voy a esperar.
\phrase_n A:mantsi:n mopan yekos.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He'll arrive here where you are very soon.
\phrase_s Ahorita va a llegar aquídonde estás.
\sense_e (-pan ~) to suddenly affect (sb [marked as the possessor of -pan], particularly by mental illness)
\sense_s (-pan ~) de repente afectar (a algn [señalado como el poseedor de -pan], particularmente por una enfermedad mental)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:chitsi:n noteltia iwa:n oksepa ipan yeko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It dies down for a while and then once again it suddenly affects him (in this case a person who was suffering from an illness that at times makes him lose his wits).
\phrase_s Se detiene por un rato y después otra vez le llega a afectar (en este caso a una persona que sufría una enfermedad que le hacía perder el juicio de vez en cuando).
\phrase_n Sa: ipan yeko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It just hits him every once in a while (in this case a person who had occasional fits of madness).
\phrase_s De repente le llega a afectar (en este caso a una persona que periodicamente sufría por la demencia)
\phrase_n I:pan yo:yekok kokolistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He suddenly got ill.
\phrase_s De repente le llegóuna enfermedad.
\semfld motion
\nae The collocation of yeko (or yékó) with -pan shows interesting variations between Ameylatepec and Oapan, particularly in how
certain combinations of -pan with different person prefixes on yeko and yékó are realized. Ameyaltepec shows, for example,
i:pan neko , i:pan teko , and i:pan yeko. In Oapan one finds i:pánéko i:pá[n] tekó, and
i:páyekó
\root ehko
\qry Next elicitation get /nékó/ for Oapan Nahuatl.
\vl Link the additional tokens (one of each) from 3737, these have less echo than the ones recorded here, on tape 4. Thus the linked tokens, male and female, should be
above"b". Note also the best female token from 3737 is the second.
\semref asi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref asi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref yeko:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 00662
\lxam tlatsakwtok
\lxam_c tlatsakwtok
\lxoa tlatsahtok
\lxoa_c tlatsahtok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e closed (e.g., a business); closed up (a building such as a house, etc.)
\sense_s cerrado (un edificio como una casa, tienda, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tlatsakwtok. Mo:stla oksepa tiwa:hla:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's closed (in this case a store). Tomorrow we will come again.
\phrase_s Estácerrado (en este caso un una tienda). Mañana vamos a venir otra vez.
\phrase_n Nochiwiá:n tlatsatsakwtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Everywhere the buildings are closed up (p. ej., all the stores).
\phrase_s Por todos lados todo estácerrado (p. ej., todas las tiendas).
\root tsakwa
\qry Recheck if /tlatlatsakwtok/ is correct. Also check for /tla:tlatsakwtok/. It would seem (but check) that Oa /tlá:tsakwtók/ is the equivalent of Am /tlatsatsakwtok/. Check.
\grm Reduplication; indefinite null complements; lexicalization of /tla-/: Note the pattern of reduplication in /Nochiwiá:n tlatsatsakwtok/ 'Everywhere the buildings are closed up
(p. ej., all the stores).' The headword /tlatsakwtok/ has been analyzed as a manifestation, in a stative, of an indefinite null complement. However, when reduplicated note
that at least in this case it is the verbal root that is reduplicated, not the compound with /tla-/. This is not always the case (cf. /tla:tlakwa/, etc.), but it seems to be the most
common pattern. In general all cases of what I have indicated to be indefinite null complements should be checked for the possibility that the compound as a new stem can
be reduplicated. In the present this would be /tlatlatsakwtok/. Note that Oapan a store: /tlatsahktok/. A drawer /tsahtok/. A desk /tsa:tsahtok/, and a city with all the stores
closed, e.g., /no:wiya:n tlá:tsahktók/. One can also say no:wiya:n tlatsa:tsahtok but this seems to h ave the impli cation of many places being closed in a
single place, e.g., all the doors leading out of a house so that one cannot get out. If Oapan /tlá:tsahtók/ is the equivalent of Ameyaltepec /tlatsatsakwtok/ the this would
indicate that what is reduplicated is the verbal stem.
\xref tsakwtok
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\xref tsahtok
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Oa
\ref 00663
\lxam limo:nkuwtli
\lxam_c limo:nkuwtli
\lxoa limo:nkohtli
\lxoa_c limo:nkohtli
\lxgen limo:nkohtli
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 08/Feb/2006
\loan (part) limón
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e lemon tree
\sense_s árbol de limón
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia itekal nolimo:nkuwtsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My lemon tree has a small circle of stones around it.
\phrase_s Mi limón tiene un pequeño círculo de piedras a su alrededor.
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root kow
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the Citrus limon, of the family Rutaceae. It is a cultivated plant, not growing in the wild.
\ref 00664
\lxam monti
\lxam_c monti
\lxoa monti
\lxoa_c monti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to live at the house of one's wife's parents with the traditional work obligations of a son-in-law
\sense_s vivir en la casa de los parientes de la esposa con las tradicionales obligaciones de trabajo de un yerno
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Umpa montilo:tok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There are sons-in-law living there (with the implication that they are fulfilling the obligations of a sons-in-law).
\phrase_s Hay yernos alláviviendo (con la implicación que están cumpliendo con las obligaciones de un yerno).
\root mon
\nse The impersonal passive construction montilo:tok refers to a household situation where one or more daughters have brought their husbands to live with them. The verb
monti , often used with an extraverse directional, implies that the man went to live in his wife's family's household, giving service with his labor instead of paying
bridewealth.
\qry Note that the phrase /nika:n montilotok/ was added in a recheck of the database; it was mistakenly left out when the original filecard was entered in. Thus, the phrase should be
checked.
\ref 00665
\lxam tsi:ntsomo:ni
\lxam_c tsi:ntsomo:ni
\lxoa tsi:ntsomo:ni
\lxoa_c tsi:ntsomo:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to have its bottom rip (e.g., a box, plastic bucket, etc.)
\sense_s romperse por el fondo (p. ej., una caja, cubeta de plástico, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:tsi:ntsomo:n mokube:tah, yo:weka:w o:tko:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The bottom of your bucket has ripped open, you bought it a long time ago.
\phrase_s Se rompióel fondo de tu cubeta, ya tiene mucho que lo compraste.
\root tsi:n
\root tsomo:
\ref 00666
\lxam tlanchikohli
\lxam_c tlanchikohli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e see tlanchikohlo
\sense_s véase tlanchikohlo
\sense_d Am
\root tlan
\root chihkol
\qry Check the vowel length of the final /o/. It should perhaps be long. Check to see if /notlanchikol/ is correct; I don't think it is.
\qry_h tlachikohli
\semref chíkohlí
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00667
\mod Was /I:pan Lo:mah/, switched to Toponym database.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\ref 00668
\lxam da:nsah
\lxam_c da:nsah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan danza
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e religious dance
\sense_s danza religiosa
\sense_d Am
\ency_note da:nsah (give a list: and link to page with a description)
\nse The Spanish loan da:nsah is used specifically to refer to religious dances performed during town fiestas, such as da:nsah de bo:lah , da:nsah
de koro:nah , bake:ros , etc.
\qry Recheck if there is a Oapan word; note that originally nitó:tiké:tlwas here, but this seems to refer to the dancers themselves and not to the"dance."Check.
\ref 00669
\lxam petla:ni
\lxam_c petla:ni
\lxoa petla:ni
\lxoa_c petla:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b(ni/ltia)
\trans Compl; +Caus
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to shine; to glimmer; to sparkle; to gleam
\sense_s brillar; estar resplandeciente; relucir
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Petla:ntok a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The water is glimmering (e.g., after having innundated an area)
\phrase_s El agua estáresplandeciente (p. ej., después de haber anegado unaárea).
\phrase_n Tlapetla:ni un ba:rrah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That florescent light is flashing (in this case in reference to the tenuous flashing that is visible as the light starts up, just before the bulb gets fully lit).
\phrase_s Esa barra de luz florescente estácentelleando (en este caso en referencia a la luz tenua que se ve al arrancarse, inmediatamente antes de que el foco se prende
definitivamente).
\root petla:
\disamb petla:ni; pepetlaka
\nae The phrase tlapetla:ni un ba:rrah is interesting in that it has a specific subject with what seems to be an impersonal verb, i.e., one that would seem to negate the
possibility of such specificity. The phrase should be rechecked.
\qry Determine why /tlapetla:ni/ is used in /tlapetla:ni un ba:rrah/.
\qry Determine if there is any transitive form, either ?petla:nia or ?petla:naltia. Determine potential subjects of /petla:ni/, e.g., shined shoes? And the difference between this verb and
/pepetlaka/. Check for /petla:nia/.
\qry /tla-/; impersonal passive; subjectless: Although in previous notes I have analyzed /tla-/ and /-lo/ as manners of creating subjectless constructions in which subsequent reference or
anaphora is not possible, the present case of /Tlapetla:ni un ba:rrah/ 'That florescent light is flashing (in this case in reference to the tenuous flashing that is visible as the light starts up,
just before the bulb gets fully lit)' runs counter to this. Here there is an intransitive verb with a /tla-/ prefix that takes a specific and definite, known to both speaker and hearer,
referent ('that light'). This verb /tlapetla:ni/ used in this context can be compared to /tlachichipi:ni/ in the context of /nitlachichipi:ni/ 'I am sexually aroused.' In both cases the verb
/tlapetla:ni/ and /tlachichipi:ni/ the verbal predicate seems to indicate something that takes place 'on' the subject. But this interpretation does not seem entirely satisfactory and it will
be necessary to determine, for example, the differen ce between /tlapetla:niun ba:rrah/ and /petla:ni un ba:rrah/. Also, check for other occasions on which one can state /tlapetla:ni/.
\grm /tla-/; impersonal passive; subjectless: Although in previous notes I have analyzed /tla-/ and /-lo/ as manners of creating subjectless constructions in which subsequent
reference or anaphora is not possible, the present case of /Tlapetla:ni un ba:rrah/ 'That florescent light is flashing (in this case in reference to the tenuous flashing that is
visible as the light starts up, just before the bulb gets fully lit)' runs counter to this. Here there is an intransitive verb with a /tla-/ prefix that takes a specific and definite,
known to both speaker and hearer, referent ('that light'). This verb /tlapetla:ni/ used in this context can be compared to /tlachichipi:ni/ in the context of /nitlachichipi:ni/ 'I
am sexually aroused.' In both cases the verb /tlapetla:ni/ and /tlachichipi:ni/ the verbal predicate seems to indicate something that takes place 'on' the subject. But this
interpretation does not seem entirely satisfactory and it will be necessary to determine, for example, the differen ce between /tlapetla:niun ba:rrah/ and /petla:ni un
ba:rrah/. Also, check for other occasions on which one can state /tlapetla:ni/.
\xref petla:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00670
\lxam tlamachilispolowa
\lxam_c kitlamachilispolowa
\lxoa tlamachilispolowa
\lxoa_c kitlamachilispolowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl; +Caus (Am)
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to make (sb) lose his common sense or sense of good judgement; to keep or impede (sb) from thinking clearly and reflectively
\sense_s hacer perder el sentido común o juicio a; impedir a (algn) de pensar y reflexionar bien
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ne:xtlamachilispolowa serbe:sah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Beer makes me lose my ability to think clearly.
\phrase_s La cerveza me hace perder el sentido común.
\root mati
\root pol
\nae Whereas Oapan Nahuatl manifests a simple opposition between intransitive tlamachilispoliwa and transitive tlamachilispolowa, Ameyaltepec has an
additonal transitive form, tlamachilispolo:ltia that consultants stated was equivalent in meaning to transitive tlamachilispolowa. Nevertheless, this needs
to be confirmed since polo:ltia is normally a ditransitive verb. According to Cristino Flores tlamachilispolowa is incorrect; the correct form is
tlamachilispolowi:tia. However, the former has been documented in speech.
\qry Check to make sure that /tlamachilispolowa/ and /tlamachilispolo:ltia/ are equivalent. Cf. the discussion in the grammar notes for the lexical entry /tlapolo:ltia/.
\grm Transitivity; valency; causatives: Whereas Oapan Nahuatl manifests a simple opposition between intransitive tlamachilispoliwa and transitive
tlamachilispolowa, Ameyaltepec has an additonal transitive form, tlamachilispolo:ltia that consultants stated was equivalent in meaning to
transitive tlamachilispolowa. Nevertheless, this needs to be confirmed since polo:ltia is normally a ditransitive verb. If both /tlamachilispolowa/
and /tlamachilispolo:ltia/ are simple transitives, this would indicate that in /tlamachilispolowa/ the IN is not valency-reducing whereas with /tlamachilispolo:ltia/ it is. Check!
\vl There are 4 additional tokens from 4604; these should be tagged with 670; note that the two linked tokens (F and M) should be taken from the later (4604) speech tokens,
which have less echo.
\semref tlamachilispolo:ltia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tlamachilispoliwi:tia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00671
\lxam seknek
\lxam_c seknek
\lxoa sehnek
\lxoa_c sehnek
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-manner
\der Adv-man
\sense_e (san ~) together (yet separate from others)
\sense_s (san ~) juntos (pero apartados de otros)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:kikni:wtih pa:mpa san seknek o:kitla:lih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He made it one with the others (i.e., other similar objects) because he put it together (with them).
\phrase_s Lo juntócon los demás porque lo colocóen un solo lugar.
\phrase_n San seknek tia:skeh,¿xtikneki?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We will go together (perhaps separately from the rest), do you want to (join us)?
\phrase_s Vamos juntos (quizáaparte de los demás)¿Quieres (ir con nosotros)?
\phrase_n San seknek xtla:li!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Put them all together (in a single and separate place)!
\phrase_s ¡Pónlos juntos (juntos en un solo lugar aparte)!
\phrase_n San seknek ma ye!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let them all be together (in their own separate place)!
\phrase_s ¡Quétodos estén juntos (en un solo lugar aparte)!
\phrase_n San sehnek nincha:ntih.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e They live together in one place.
\phrase_s Viven juntos en un solo lugar.
\phrase_n Sa: tlatoka, xsan seknek yaweh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just trails behind (the others), they aren't all going together (in a single, separate group).
\phrase_s Nomás sigue a los demás, no van todos juntos (en un grupo aparte).
\root seknek
\nse Seknek apparently refers to something (an event, a group of objects, etc.) that is separate from others, i.e., in located or occurring in a separate or distinct place.' Yet
it appears that seknek (Am) / sehnek (Oa) can only be used to refer multiple objects that are both together and separate. With this meaning, in all
documented cases to date) by san. Note, however, that in Oapan (at least, perhaps also in Ameyaltepec), sehnek can be used to mean 'in
another place apart' or 'in a separate or distinct place.'
\nde Apparently seknek is cognate to Classical cecni, which Molina glosses as 'en otra parte o lugar, o en cierta parte, o por si aparte.' The motivation for the
variation in final segment is unclear but not unique. Oapan has ni:sik for Ameyaltepec ni:siw.
\qry Determine precise meaning. This is probably related to classical /cecni/, which is usually glossed as 'in a separate or distinct place.'
\ref 00672
\lxam sakapostektli
\lxam_cpend sakapostektli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e type of grass, still not identified
\sense_s tipo de zacate, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\root saka
\root posteki
\ency_note zacate
\nse Although sakapostekli was in my original notes from Ameyaltepec, Cristino Flores stated that he was not familiar with this type of grass; neither were three
consultants who worked on botanical identification in September 2001.
\mod If not confirmed this entry should be removed.
\ref 00673
\lxam te:nyekapistik
\lxam_c te:nyekapistik
\lxoa te:nyekapistik
\lxoa_c te:nyekapistik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-(N-Adj)
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to have a pointed end (e.g., a pencil)
\sense_s tener un punto agudo (p. ej., un lápiz)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to have a narrow, pointed beak (the majority of birds)
\sense_s tener el pico delgado y puntiagudo (la mayoría de los pájaros)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root te:n
\root yeka
\root pits
\nae Te:nyekapistik is derived from a verbal form yekapitsiwi, with a root analyzed as pits. This seems the same or closely related to
pitsa:, found in pitsa:wi'to become thin.'
\qry Recheck vowel length. There is /pi:stik/ meaning 'tight' (e.g., an opening or passageway) and /pitsa:wi/ 'to become thin.' I would have thought that this would have been
?/te:nyekapitsaktik/, but it isn't. Recheck all words with /pitsiwi/, /pitsa:wi/, etc.
\semref te:nweyak
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00674
\lxam yenkwia
\lxam_f ['yen kwia]
\lxam_c yenkwia
\lxoa yenkwia
\lxoa_f [yen 'kwi ya]
\lxoa_c yenkwia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to become new again
\sense_s renovarse
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:yenkwiak nokal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My house has gotten to be like new again (i.e., after certain repairs fixed what had gotten worn down and old).
\phrase_s Mi casa se volviócomo nuevo (p. ej., con ciertos cambios a las partes que se habían envejecidas).
\root yenkwi
\qry Check whether this is /yenkwia/ with the accent on /yen/ or /yenkwiya/ with the accent on /kwi/. If the latter change to /yenkwiya/ here and elsewhere.
\ref 00675
\lxam kwe:temonexe:wi
\lxam_c kwe:temonexe:wi
\lxoa kwe:témonexé:wi
\lxoa_pr kwe:temonexe:wi
\lxoa_c kwe:témonexé:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. te-
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have one's skirt to fade
\sense_s desteñirsele la falda a
\sense_d Pending
\root kwe:
\root te-
\root mohnex
\qry Apparently also correct is /kwe:monexe:wi/ but not /kwe:nexe:wi/. Check. Also, in general look into problems of etymological analysis of /(te)(mo)nex- /. If /kwe:monexe:wi/ is
correct, first determine if there is any difference with /kwe:temonexe:wi/; if there is not, change this entry to /kwe:monexe:wi/, with possibility of /te-/. Or, perhaps create two entries
with a link through /syn field.
\qry_h Check all words with /temonex/ etc. for /h/. Oa shows pitch-accent; Am gives no relevant information on this point.
\ref 00676
\lxam a:xi:xkokoyá:k
\lxam_c a:xi:xkokoyá:k
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound (N-N)-S-Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\sense_e to have a smell of urine
\sense_s tener un olor de o oler a orina
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n A:xi:xkokoyá:k mopantaló:n pa:mpa o:titla:wa:n wa:n mopan o:tima:xi:x.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your pants smell of urine because you got drunk and urinated on yourself.
\phrase_s Tus pantalones huelen a urina porque te emborrachaste y te orinaste.
\root a:
\root xi:xa
\root koko
\root hya:
\qry Check analysis of root /koko/, perhaps should be entered as /ko/. Note the use of /koko/ to indicate the abundance or proliferation of a smell, but check cognates. Check
pronunciation of /pantaló:n/.
\mod Add under /koko/, either in root section or dictionary section, idea of abundance of a smell. Check for other uses of this form with this meaning.
\semref a:xi:xtésokwiyá:k
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00677
\lxam -na:k
\lxam_c i:na:k
\lxoa -na:k
\lxoa_c i:na:k
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(rel)
\der N(rel)
\infn N2(rel)
\sense_e (~ [noun representing a human]) at the site (worksite, housesite, location, etc.) of; from
\sense_s (~ [sustantivo indicando un ser humano]) en el (sitio, lugar de trabajo, ubicación, etc.) de; en relación a
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n A: Ka:n tiaw? B: Niá:s te:tla:lpan. A: A:kinonina:k? B: I:na:k nomontah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A: Where are you going? B: To work in someone's field. A: Whose is it? B: It's my father-in-law's.
\phrase_s A:¿Dónde vas? B: A trabajar en una milpa ajena. A:¿De quién? B: Es de mi suego.
\phrase_n Kwa:k timikis tiá:sina:k tota:tah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When you die, you'll go to be with Our Father.
\phrase_s Cuando mueras, irás al lado de Nuestro Señor.
\phrase_n Niá:sina:k in na:nkah toba:leh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to work for this here friend of ours.
\phrase_s Voy a ir a trabajar por este amigo aquí.
\phrase_n Nikma:tla:nis mona:k bwe:yesteh. No: nito:kasneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will gain rights to use your oxen by working them in your fields. I also want to plant.
\phrase_s Voy a ganar el derecho de utilizar tus bueyes al trabajarlos en tu milpa. también quiero sembrar.
\phrase_n I niaw. Nimopepecho:s ina:k mú:sikah. Melá:k nitlai:sneki, so:lo tlapi:tskeh we:i kipia tra:goh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now I'm going. I will head off to where the musicians are playing. I really want to drink and the musicians are the only ones with a lot of alcohol.
\phrase_s Ya me voy. Voy a acercarme a donde tocan los músicos. De veras quiero beber, los músicos son losúnicos que tienen mucho trago.
\sense_e (~ [noun representing an animal]) in an activity (e.g., hunting, gathering) related to [animal]
\sense_s (~ [sustantivo indicando un animal]) en una actividad (p. ej., cazando o juntando) relacionada con [animal]
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:nyekaina:k masa:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I went deerhunting (but have now returned).
\phrase_s Fui a cazar venado (pero estoy de regreso).
\phrase_n Nontlatlamo:tlasina:k wi:lo:meh -= ika wi:lo:meh-.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to go hunting huilotas.
\phrase_s Voy a ir a cazar huilotas.
\sense_e (~ [noun representing a plant]) gathering [plant]
\sense_s (~ [sustantivo indicando un animal]) cortando, colectando [planta]
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Niá:sina:k wa:xin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to pick huajes.
\phrase_s Voy a ir a cortar huaje.
\root_rel -na:k
\nse The relational noun -na:k is rarely used in Oapan, apparently only by a limited number of elders. For example, in the first phrase above, instead of asking
Akinon i:nak? , someone from Oapan might ask ainoh i:tla:lpah, etc.
\nae In Ameyaltepec this relational noun often appears as simply na:k with the 3rd-person possessive prefix (i.e., for ina:k). In transcriptions this is
represented as 'na:k.
\qry It appears that there is a difference between -tech and -na:k , although the precise nature of this difference needs to be further determined. It seems
that -tech is used mostly to indicate physical proximity to things considered in their material aspect, whereas -na:k is used more in relation to activities
or activities in relation to a particular person. Syntactically -na:k is used to introduce subordinate adverbial clauses that further clarify the nature of the predicate,
which is often a verb indicating motion or activity. Thus note that in response to the question Ka:n tiyáw? one may respond Te:tla:lpan 'somebody's
field.' The person who first asked might then ask again," ¿Akinon ina:k? 'Whose field?' (lit. 'in regard to/next to whom?') and be answered with, for example,
ina:k Robe:rtoh 'Robert's (field).' In this context itech is unacceptable since it only communicates physical proximity to th e possessor. Note also the
use of ina:k in phrases such as ina:k masa:tl , which further clarifies the activity (in this case hunting) already mentioned in the predicate.
\qry Marcial Camilo gave me the phrase /i:na:k a:tl/. I don't quite know the meaning of this. Check.
\qry Note however, that the above phrase as /ina:k músikah/, cf. to the possible form (check) /itech músikos/. Finally, cf. /ina:k tota:tah/, vs. /itech tota:tah/? The full use of /-na:k/ needs
to be determined. Check final vowel of /so:lo/ for possible /h/.
\semref -na:wak
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00678
\lxam patlach
\lxam_c i:patlach
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e broad and flat side of (e.g., of a 2 x 4, the 4-inch. side, or of a bundles of maize leaves (iswatl) tied and left on the ground, the flat, pressed side that
had been lying face down)
\sense_s lado ancho y plano de (p. ej., de una table de 2 x 4 pulgadas, el lado de 4 pulgadas, o de un manojo de zacate, el lado que había estado pegado junto al suelo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xtla:li ika ipatlach, ma:ka tikteketsas!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place it down on its flat side (e.g., a 2 x 4), don't stand it up!
\phrase_s ¡Acuéstala por su lado ancho (p. ej., una tabla de madera), no vayas a ponerlo parado!
\phrase_n ipatlach iswatl
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e the wide side of a bundle of maize leaves (tied together)
\phrase_s el lado ancho y plano de un manojo de zacate
\root patlach
\qry Check for use as a vulgar term to refer to a woman's crotch. This is now in the censored part of the dictionary.
\ref 00679
\lxam suwa:tia
\lxam_c suwa:tia
\lxoa siwa:tia
\lxoa_c siwa:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to become a woman (e.g., by having at least one child)
\sense_s llegar a ser mujer (p. ej., al tener por lo menos un hijo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root sowa:
\qry In Oapan siwa:tia is used to refer to the process whereby a girl becomes a woman. In Ameyaltepec, however, it can apparently also be used to refer to men who turn
into women, or who are in danger of doing so, as when they grab a woman's clothing (a rebozo in particular).
\qry In Oapan it is used to refer to girls who become women; in Ameyaltepec it apparently can also refer to men who turn into women or who are threatened so, e.g., if they grab a
woman's clothing. Check to see if /sowa:kwepa/ is also a word and, if so, the difference between /sowa:tia/ and /sowa:kwepa/.
\ref 00680
\lxam tlatewitska:n
\lxam_c tlatewitska:n
\lxoa tlatewitska:n
\lxoa_cpend @tlatewitska:n
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-?
\infn N(loc)
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\sense_e see tlatetewitska:n
\sense_s véase tlatetewitska:n
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tewits
\nse Florencia Marcelino (Oa) accepted only tla:ltewitska:hand not * tlatewitska:h.
\qry Check to see if this is actually a proper entry for Am. If not, delete. Perhaps only the rdp form is accepted (and check vowel length). Or perhaps, like in Oapan, only the form with
/tla:l-/ is acceptable.
\semref tla:ltewitska:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00681
\lxam chi:hlo:tia
\lxam_c kichi:hlo:tia
\lxoa chi:hlo:tia
\lxoa_c kichi:hlo:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Adj
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to put chile in; to sprinke chile on (e.g., a food as a spice)
\sense_s echar o agregar chile a (p. ej., a un guisado para darle sabor)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xne:xchia san a:chitsi:n, ma nikchi:hlo:ti i:n yetl! Yo:iksik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Wait for me just a moment, let me sprinkle chile on these beans! They've already gotten cooked.
\phrase_s ¡Espérame un moment, déjame echarle chile a estos frijoles! Ya se cocieron.
\sense_e (often reduplicated with short vowel) to stain with chile
\sense_s (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) manchar con chile
\sense_d Pending
\root chi:l
\qry Check second definition. Probably the adjectival /chi:hloh/ exists, check and change codes as needed.
\ref 00682
\lxam wetskiswa:xkuwtsi:ntli
\lxam_c wetskiswa:xkuwtsi:ntli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound (N-N)-N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e see wetskiswa:xin
\sense_s véase wetskiswa:xin
\sense_d Am
\mod In the future all such words should be pointed to the botanical database.
\root wetska
\root wa:x
\root kow
\root tsi:n
\ref 00683
\lxam kukwalatsa
\lxam_c kikukwalatsa
\lxoa kwakwalatsa
\lxoa_c kikwakwalatsa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq]
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to make boil intensely (a liquid or, by extension, the container holding this liquid)
\sense_s hacer hervir fuertemente (un líquido o, por extensión, el recipiente que contiene el líquido)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xkukwalatsa monexko:n, mo:stla tihkwa:skeh ma:san o:ntetsi:n tamahli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Bring your pot of nextamahli to a rapid boil, tomorrow we're going to eat tamales, even if just a couple!
\phrase_s ¡Haz hervir bien tu olla de nixtamal, mañana vamos a comer tamales aunque sean nada más dos!
\root kwala:
\qry Recheck whether the Oa form can be reduced. Apparently it can't be, or I would have so mentioned in my notes from Summer 2001.
\xref kwala:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00684
\lxam me:dioh
\lxam_cpend me:dioh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan medio
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e monetary measure of 6 centavos
\sense_s medida monetaria de 6 centavos
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Nikpia san me:dioh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I only have six centavos.
\phrase_s Sólo tengo seis centavos.
\ency_note tomi:n and monetary measures
\nse This is an old way of counting money, apparently from the time of the Mexican Revolution. It is no longer used but referred to half a real, of 12 1/2 centavos.
\semref tomi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref rreá:l
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00685
\lxam tlankoxtisi
\lxam_c notlankoxtisi
\lxoa tlankoxtesi
\lxoa_alt tlankoxtisi
\lxoa_c notlankoxtesi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (refl.) to grind ones molars
\sense_s (refl.) rechinar o apretar las muelas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tlan
\root koch
\root tisi
\nse In Oapan it seems that tlankoxtisi is more common than tlankoxtesi, but this needs to be consulted with a larger number of speakers.
\ref 00686
\lxam eko:tia
\lxam_c keko:tia
\lxoa ékó:tia
\lxoa_pr eko:tia
\lxoa_c kékó:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to take to or help arrive at a destination
\sense_s hacer o ayudar llegar a un destino
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Sana:man ne:cheko:tia. Ke:n wel nenemi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (in this case a mule) gets me to my destination right away. It can really walk!
\phrase_s Rápido me hace llegar a mi destino (en este caso una mula).¡Cómo camina!
\phrase_n Yo:li:k o:ne:cheko:tih noburroh, ye siawtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My donkey got me slowly to my destination, it's getting tired.
\phrase_s Mi burro me hizo llegar a mi destino muy despacio, ya se estácansando.
\semfld motion
\root ehko
\qry Check /yo:lik/ to make sure final vowel /i:/ is not long.
\ref 00687
\lxam a:matla:lia
\lxam_c ka:matla:lia
\lxoa a:matla:lia
\lxoa_c ka:matla:lia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to write down on paper (e.g., a loan or other transaction)
\sense_s apuntar sobre un papel (p. ej., un préstamo u otra transacción)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to register (a person) on a written-down list
\sense_s registar a (una persona) en una lista apuntada
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:kima:matla:likeh ko:koneh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They registered the children (e.g., for school).
\phrase_s Registraron a los niños (p. ej., en la escuela).
\root a:ma
\root tla:l
\xref a:matla:lilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00688
\lxam ma:chih
\lxam_c ma:chih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N0/2; (0=2)
\sense_e (vocative) term of endearment for addressing close female relatives (mother, daughter, neice, grand-daughter and, occasionally, grandmother)
\sense_s (vocativo) vocativo cariñoso para la madre, hija, sobrina, nieta y, a veces, la abuela
\sense_d Am
\root ma:n
\nse Ma:chih is most often used as a vocative although apparently it may be used in possessed form, with the referents indicated; see the reference under
pa:n for a discussion.
\nae The etymology of ma:chih is uncertain but it appears to represent the common vocative for female relations ma:n followed by what may be considered
a suffix of endearment, -chih (perhaps a palatalization of -tsi:n). It appears that ma:chih and ma:n are identical in
meaning, though the former might be more a term of endearment. Note that occasionally ma:chih may be possessed as a term of reference.
\qry Check meaning of /ma:chih/ and /ma:n/ to see if they are the same. It is unclear whether this term can be used possessed as a reference term like /ma:n/. This should be checked. It is
the counterpart of /pa:chih/. Apparently the palatalization of the diminutive ending yields /-chih/. Check enter range of kinship relations for which this may be used. Etymology/roots
are uncertain (i.e., can it be used for ritual kinship terms), but obviously this is related to a general sequence of /ma:(n)/ for female kinwomen.
\semref ma:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref pa:chih
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ma:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref na:nah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00689
\lxam masa:kowatl
\lxam_c masa:kowatl
\lxoa masa:kowatl
\lxoa_c masa:kowatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e boa
\sense_s mazacuate; boa constrictor
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld sn
\root masa:
\root kowa
\ency_note snake
\notes_nature According to Luis Lucena, this snake is not deadly.
\ref 00690
\lxam xo:chiowa
\lxam_c xo:chiowa
\lxoa xo:chiowa
\lxoa_c xo:chiowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\trans Compl
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to come into flower (a plant)
\sense_s florear (una planta)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root xo:chi
\vl Check Oapan form and determine whether it should be written /xo:chiyowa/ or /xo:chyowa/.
\ref 00691
\lxam i:yeya
\lxam_c ni:yeya
\lxoa í:yeyá
\lxoa_pr i:yeya
\lxoa_c ní:yeyá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a(y)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl.) to fart; to break wind
\sense_s (refl.) echar un pedo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlatsoya:ya ika yewahli kwa:k ni:yeya tekolo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is a foul odor in the night when an owl farts.
\phrase_s Hay un mal olor en la noche cuando un tecolote echa un pedo.
\sense_e to fart on
\sense_s echar un pedo a o sobre
\sense_d Pending
\semfld functions
\root hye
\nae The pitch-accent of the Oapan form, ní:yeyá suggests that the elicitation form given was actually reduplicated: the reflex of the reduplicant with a long initial vowel is
simply pitch accent on the stem-initial vowel. Most other dialects researched (Classical, Tetelcingo, Northern Puebla, Mecayapan, Zacapoaxtla) either do not have cognate forms
or, when they do, do not manifest a 'saltillo' suggesting that Oapan pitch accent is not derived from underlying {h}, but rather reduplication. However Pipil (Campbell, 226) does
show /h/ in the nominal ihyal 'fart.' Undoubtedly cognate form from San Juan Tetelcingo or other villages in the in the Balsas region where the"saltillo"has been maintained
would clarify any uncertainty about the proper root form. Moreover, it might be that a singular form exists, ni:yeya, as occurs in Ameyaltepec.
\qry Determine causative form (?iyexi:tia); check to see that specific object is possible, e.g, /ne:chiyeya/. Check initial vowel in Am, noting that it is long in Oapan and FK has it long. I
would imagine a long initial /i:/ in Am /i:yeya/, but my original notes had a short vowel.
\vl Check initial vowel and for /h/ or p-a. Use second male token.
\xref i:yeltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00692
\lxam sokimatilowa
\lxam_cpend *kisokimatilowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to wrap coils of mud around (e.g., in making a kweskomatl de muñe:koh)
\sense_s poner tiras de lodo alrededor de (p. ej., en hacer un kweskomatl de muñe:koh)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kisokimatilowan, yo:li:k ke:kchi:wan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They wrap coils of mud around it, they make it slowly.
\phrase_s Le ponen tiras de lodo a su alrededor, despacio lo hacen.
\root soki
\root matil
\ref 00693
\lxam tla:katele:le:tik
\lxam_c tla:katele:le:tik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-tik
\sense_e to be a foolish man
\sense_s ser hombre sonso
\sense_d Am
\fla tele:le:tik
\root tla:ka
\root tele:le:
\qry The derivational process here is not clear; check. Make sure link to /tla:katele:le:tik/ is correct as vowel length might change.
\ref 00694
\lxam mania
\lxoa_pr ma nia
\lxam_c ma nia
\lxoa manya
\lxoa_pr ma nia
\lxoa_c ma nia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\sense_e maand the verb yawin first person; see ma
\sense_s may el verbo yawen primera persona; véase ma
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ma
\root yaw
\mod Clarify under /ma/ conventions for writing.
\ref 00695
\lxam ma:noh
\lxam_c ma:noh
\lxoa ma:noh
\lxoa_c ma:noh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan hermano
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N0/2; Aln(0=2)
\sense_e (vocative) term of address (male or female speaker) for adult and adolescent men; this is the standard term in Oapan and is used by Ameyaltepequeños when addressing a
man from this former village
\sense_s (vocativo) término (empleado por hombres y mujeres) para saludar a hombres adolescentes y adultos; es el término general en Oapan, pero también se utiliza por
Ameyaltepequeños cuando se dirigen a un oapaneco
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ka:n tiaw ma:noh?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where are you going brother Oapaneco?
\phrase_s ¿Dónde vas hermano oapaneco?
\sense_e (toma:noh) man from Oapan
\sense_s (toma:noh) hombre de Oapan
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Na:nkah se: toma:noh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here's a man from Oapan.
\phrase_s Aquíestáun hombre de Oapan.
\phrase_n O:ne:chihlih un toma:noh, xnikmatiya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That man from Oapan told me, I didn't know it.
\phrase_s Me lo dijo ese hombre de Oapan, no lo sabía.
\nse This term is used in Oapan to refer to elder men, apparently either married or not. In general it is common for villagers from one village to use address terms from another village in
referring to inhabitants from that village. Thus although this is a term used in Oapan, Ameyaltepequeños use it in greeting men from Oapan, or even at times in greeting (or referring
to) men from other villages, particularly those far east of Oapan, such as San Juan Totolcintla and San Francisco Ozomatlán. The possessed form is only found with a 1st-person
plural possessor.
\semref na:ni:tah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00696
\lxam sakati:yah
\lxam_c sakati:yah
\lxoa sakatsi:n
\lxoa_c sakatsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan zacatilla
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e a variety of wi:lo:tl , apparently the Zenaida macrouraor a related species
\sense_s tipo de pájaro del grupo llamado wi:lo:tl , aparentemente Zenaida macrourao una especie cercana
\sense_d Pending
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 20, p. 324
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\nse Apparently a borrowing from a Spanish term (itself perhaps derived from Nahuatl sakatl) that refers to a type of huilota or 'dove', although many of
the terms beginning with /zaca-/ in Schoenhals (1988) refer to 'sparrows.' According to my information there are three types of wi:lo:tl , one of which is the
sakati:yah. It seems that this is the same bird as the sakawin , although this should be checked.
\semref sakawin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 00697
\lxam kokostik xo:chitl
\lxam_cpend *kokostik xo:chitl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e see kostik xo:chitl
\sense_s véase kostik xo:chitl
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld fl
\root kos
\root xo:chi
\nse According to Cristino Flores the proper name of this flower (of which there are two types) is simply (and only) kostik xo:chitl.
\semref kostik xo:chitl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00698
\lxam kaxa:nilia
\lxam_c kikaxa:nilia
\lxoa kaxa:nilia
\lxoa_c kikaxa:nilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to loosen for (e.g., a rope, knot, saddle, etc.)
\sense_s aflojar para (p. ej., un laso, nudo, silla de una bestia, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ma timitskaxa:nili, ti:roh tili:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me loosen it for you (e.g., knot), it is really tight.
\phrase_s ¡Déjame aflojartelo (p. ej., un nudo), estámuy apretado.
\fla kaxa:ni
\root kaxa:
\mod Here as elsewhere determine for applicatives, causatives, etc. how to cross-reference them. I am not sure I have been consistent but probably the most useful mechanism is simply to
lower valency by one for the"xb"field and raise it by one for the"xap"field.
\xref kaxa:nia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 00699
\lxam -itik
\lxam_c i:tik
\lxoa -ítík
\lxoa_c í:tík
\lxoa_pr -itik
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm N(rel)
\der Rel-stem/poss-com
\infn N2(rel)
\allomorph i-epen
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e inside of
\sense_s dentro de
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tlaitik onkah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There are some inside.
\phrase_s Hay adentro.
\phrase_n O:noka:w itik kahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It got left inside the house.
\phrase_s Se dejóadentro de la casa.
\sense_e (i:tik mona:ntsi:n) (vulg.) Screw your mother!
\sense_s (i:tik mona:ntsi:n) (vulg.) Chinga a tu madre!
\sense_d Pending
\root hti
\root_rel -ko
\qry Check /nitik/ as a body part and, if it exists, cf. to /niti/.
\ref 00700
\lxam nepaniwi
\lxam_c nepaniwi
\lxoa nepaniwi
\lxoa_c nepaniwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to be on top of; to lay across or cross over the top of (p. ej., one piece of fabric that crosses over and on top of another)
\sense_s estar puesto sobre; cruzar sobre (e.g., un pedazo de tela que cruza y se coloca sobre otro)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to be piled one on top of another
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) estar apilado o amontonado, uno sobre el otro
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:tlane:nepaniw ka:n te:to:kalo, xok tlawe:i.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e People are now buried one on top of the other in the cemetery, there is no more free space.
\phrase_s Ya se sobreponen (los cuerpos) donde se entierra a la gente, ya no hay lugar.
\root nepan
\nse Both nepaniwi and nepane:wi, which apparently are identical in meaning, most often occur with long vowel reduplication although
nonreduplicated forms have been documented (see entry under nepane:wi).
\nde The intransitive nepaniui (or nepane:ui is not listed in Molina. However, RS gives for the former: 'Juntarse, unirse, concordar, confundirse, etc.; nepaniui
in tlatolli, los discursos concuerdan, los pareceres son los mismos; amo nepaniui in tlatolli 'no hay acuerdo en los sentimientos, los pareceres son distintos.'
\qry The possibility of other forms (nonreduplicated or with short vowel reduplication) should be checked. But note that under the entry for /nepane:wi/ I do have an example of an
unreduplicated form.
\semref nepane:wi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00701
\lxam kaltsontekomatl
\lxam_c kaltsontekomatl
\lxoa kaltsontekomatl
\lxoa_cpend kaltsontekomatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e part of a thatched roof house, of palm or grass, located where the kabe:sas are joined together with a neko:xtli , or rivet, forming a
pyramid-shaped structure at the roof. In a medium sized house there may be three or even four places where this occurs, i.e., three or four kaltsontekomatl
\sense_s parte de una casa de palma o sacate ubicada donde las kabe:sas se juntan con un neko:xtli , o remate, haciendo un tipo de pirámide en lo
alto, cerca del techo. En una casa mediana puede haber tres o hasta cuatro lugares llamados kaltsontekomatl.
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ke:ch kaltsontekomatl kipia mokal?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How many kaltsontekomatl does your house have?
\phrase_s ¿Cuántos kaltsontekomatl tiene tu casa?
\sense_e (tlako ~) half a kaltsontekomatl (i.e., with only two cabe:sas joined together at this point instead of the usual four, which
would make a complete kaltsontekomatl)
\sense_s (tlako ~) media kaltsontekomatl (esto es, con sólo dos cabezas juntadas en este punto, en lugar de cuatro, que lo haría completo
\sense_d Am
\root kal
\root tson
\root tekoma
\nse Since a kaltsontekomatl or kaltsonko comprises four cabe:sas , a house may have have a construction with two
kaltsontekomatl , one at each end, and a tlako kaltsontekomatl in the middle.
\qry Check possibility of possessed form.
\mod Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and words there listed.
\semref kaltsonko
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00702
\lxam tata:natik
\lxam_c tata:natik
\lxoa tátá:natík
\lxoa_pr tata:natik
\lxoa_c tátá:natík
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pre-s): ní:tá:natík
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be baggy (particularly pants)
\sense_s estar holgado (particularmente pantalones)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n San tata:natik -=tata:nah- nopantalón.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My pants are baggy.
\phrase_s Mis pantalones son holgados.
\root ta:nah
\disamb kokoxoktik
\qry After the Yale sessions I had /tatá:natík/. However, during the workshop in Oapan I corrected this to /tátá:natík/. Recheck.
\vl After the Yale sessions I had /tatá:natík/. However, during the workshop in Oapan I corrected this to /tátá:natík/. Recheck.
\qry_h Check /tata:natik/? Perhaps /tahta:nahtik/.
\ref 00703
\lxam chikipe:liwi
\lxam_c chikipe:liwi
\lxoa chikipe:liwi
\lxoa_c chikipe:liwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp PM-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to flare open; to severely split, rip, or burst apart (lengthwise: cloth, sacks, or even structures such as granaries that may burst and split apart)
\sense_s reventarse; abrirse profundamente a lo largo (cosas como telas, costales, o hasta estructuras como trojes que se revientan por no aguantar el peso de su contenido)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:tetsaya:n mokoto:n, yo:chikipe:liw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your shirt has gotten a big tear in it (e.g., the sleeve), it's flared wide open.
\phrase_s Se rasgótu camisa (p. ej., la manga), se abrióa lo largo.
\phrase_n O:chikipe:liw kwesko:matl. Mlá:k o:tili:n ika tlayo:hli a:sta o:chikipe:liw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The corn bin split apart. It got so stuffed with maize that it split open.
\phrase_s Se reventóla troje. Tanto se atestóde maíz hasta que se reventó.
\root chiki
\root pe:l
\qry Recheck length of first /i/ to make sure it is short, and compare to the particular /chi:-/, which is an intensifier as in /chi:patla:wi/. Also, I had first thought that the etymology might be
/chiko/ 'crooked', but I have discarded this; it should be reexamined. It might be that there are two forms: /chi:-/ and /chiki-/
\ref 00704
\lxam patla
\lxam_c kipatla
\lxoa patla
\lxoa_c kipatla
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\trans ~Trans; check for antipassive
\sense_e to change (i.e., replacing one thing or person with another); to relieve (of an obligation, by putting another person in charge)
\sense_s cambiar (esto es, remplazando una cosa o persona con otra); relevar (de una obligación al poner otra persona en su lugar)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:kipatlak isuwa:w, okse: suwa:tl yo:kwi:kak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He changed wives, he took another woman as his wife.
\phrase_s Cambióde esposas, tomóotra mujer como esposa.
\phrase_n O:kipatlak iko:chin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's changed cars (i.e., bought a new one).
\phrase_s Cambióde coches (esto es, se compróuno nuevo).
\phrase_n Xenopatla.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He still has not been relieved (or replaced, i.e., of a job, service in a cargo, etc.).
\phrase_s Todavía no se ha relevado (o remplazado, esto es, de un trabajo o cargo, etc.).
\phrase_n Titlapatlaskeh ika tosombre:ros.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We will exchange hats.
\phrase_s Vamos a trocar sombreros.
\phrase_n Yo:tikpatlak ka:n ticha:ntiya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You've changed addresses (i.e., changed where you live).
\phrase_s Cambiaste de dirección (esto es, donde vives).
\phrase_n A:man o:kipatlak ika:yeh, okse: la:doh nowitia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now has has changed his route (lit. 'his street'), he takes himself through another part (of town).
\phrase_s Ahora ha cambiado su ruta (lit., 'su calle'), pasa por otro lado.
\sense_e to take the place of (i.e., with one human agent [S] taking the place of another [O])
\sense_s tomar el lugar de; remplaza a (esto es, con un agente humano [S] tomando el lugar de otro [O])
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:kipatlak ikni:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He took his brother`s place (e.g., in a cargo position, in a job, etc.).
\phrase_s Tomóel lugar de su hermano (p. ej., en un cargo, en un trabajo, etc.).
\phrase_n Newa nikito:s para tite:patlas, newa ne:chkakin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll be the one to see to it that you take someone's place, they listen to me (what I say).
\phrase_s Voy a ser yo quien veráque vas a remplazar a alguien, a mi me hacen caso.
\phrase_n Na:nkah, yewa te:patlas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e This one here, he will take someone's place.
\phrase_s Este que estéacá, el tomaráel lugar de alguien.
\phrase_n Yo:nkak tewa timitspatlas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've heard that it is you who I will replace.
\phrase_s Oíque eres tu a quien voy a remplazar.
\phrase_n Te:patlalo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e New people will be selected as replacements (e.g., for cargo offices, dances, etc.).
\phrase_s Se va a cambiar la gente (p. ej., en sus cargos, en las danzas religiosas, etc.).
\root patla
\nse With a human subject and object patla may mean 'to take (someone's) place.' That is, in addition to relieving someone from a position, obligation, etc., it is the agent
that then takes the place of the person removed. Thus timitspatlas may mean both 'I will replace you (with someone else)' and 'I will replace you (with myself)' or 'I
will take your place.' With non-human objects, of course, the meaning is limited simply 'to replace' or 'to (ex)change.' The ambiguity is manifest with nonspecific objects.
Nite:patlas means both 'I will take someone's place' and 'I will change one person (or some people) for another (or others).' Nitlapatlas always simply
means 'I will exchange (things).'
\qry Check difference between /titlapatlaskeh i:ka sombre:ros/ and /tikpatlaskeh sombre:ros/.
\grm Headless relative clause: /Yo:tikpatlak ka:n ticha:ntiya/ 'You've changed addresses.' Here /ka:n ticha:tiya/ seems to function as a headless relative clause, a NP that is the
object of /tikpatla/. It is perhaps best interpreted as 'the place where you live.'
\grm Antipassive: /Titlapatlaskeh ika tosombre:ros/ 'We will exchange hats.'
\xref patilia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00705
\lxam pa:pankwia
\lxam_c kipa:pankwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-2a
\sense_e see pa:pankwi
\sense_s véase pa:pankwi
\sense_d Am
\root kwi
\root_rel -pan
\nse Pa:pankwia has been documented in Ameyaltepec. It is equivalent to, but much less common than, pa:pankwi. In fact it might be determined that this
is an error and that the record should be eliminated.
\qry This entry might be an error. Check!
\semref pa:pankwi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00706
\lxam eltsi:mia
\lxam_c neltsi:mia
\lxoa eltsi:mia
\lxoa_f [el tsi: 'mi a]
\lxoa_c keltsi:mia
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to choke on ones food or drink
\sense_s (refl.) ahogarse por la comida o bebida
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:neltsi:mih ika o:tlai:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He choked from drinking.
\phrase_s Se ahogópor beber.
\sense_e to cause to choke (certain foods or drink [S], but not animate agents)
\sense_s hacer ahogar (ciertas comidas o bebidas [S], pero no agentes animados)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:ne:cheltsi:mih ka:ldoh, chia:wak katka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The broth made me choke (by coming up my throat after I had swallowed it), it was greasy.
\phrase_s El caldo me hizo ahogar (al subir por mi garganta después de que lo había tragado), estaba grasoso.
\semfld functions
\root el
\root tsi:mi
\nse Eltsi:mia is documented most often in the reflexive as referring to what happens when food or drink does not stay down in ones stomach but comes up again, making
one choke by cutting off ones breath. This is usually not fatal, but it can be. In also is used to refer to death by drinking. Thus in Oapan when a man apparently died from too much
liquor, people said o:neltsi:mih.
\ref 00707
\lxam no:
\lxam_c no: kakisti
\lxoa no:
\lxoa_c no: ya:s
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm PM
\der Adv-b
\sense_e also; too; as well; likewise
\sense_s también
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n No: ya:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will go too.
\phrase_s También vaél.
\phrase_n A:man niaw oksehka:n, ka:n nito:kas no:.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Today I'm going to a different place, a place where I will also plant.
\phrase_s Hoy voy a otro lugar diferente, un lugar donde también voy a sembar.
\phrase_n No: ihkón niweli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I can also do it like that.
\phrase_s También lo puedo hacer así.
\phrase_n No: ihkón nikchi:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I also do it that way.
\phrase_s También lo hago así.
\phrase_n No:!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That too!
\phrase_s ¡Eso también!
\root no:
\qry Check here and everywhere /ihkón/ to determine whether it actually has a short vowel. Correct as necessary. Also check length of /o:ksehka:n/. Definitely decide whether to write
/no: ihki/ or /no:yhki/, or perhaps even /no:ihki/. Also, perhaps even this should be /no:hki/. Check in texts.
\qry To get minimal pair, check and compare /no: posteki/ 'it also breaks' to /noposteki/ 'it gets broken'.
\grm Word order: /a:man niaw o:ksehka:n, ka:n nito:kas no:/. 'Today I'm going to a different place, a place where I will also plant' Note the placement of /no:/ in phrase-final
position. My feeling is that placement could be /ka:n no: nito:kas/. However, this suggests that single word adverbs are more likely to be placed in post-verbal position in
subordinate rather than main clauses. Whether this observation will prove true through an examination of a corpus remains to be seen.
\semref no:hki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00708
\lxam toya:wi
\lxam_c toya:wi
\lxoa toya:wi
\lxoa_c toya:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to spill out; to leak out (a liquid from a container)
\sense_s tirarse; verterse (un líquido de un recipiente)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n A:man xte:ntsakwa! Ma:ka to:toya:wtia:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now put a cap (top, lid, etc.) on it! Don't let it go along spilling out (in this case water in a canteen)!
\phrase_s ¡Ahora pónle un tapón (o tapadera, etc.)!¡Qúe no se vaya tirando (en este caso agua en un cantimplora)!
\phrase_n Wa:ltoya:wtok ipan ta:nkeh. O:nomanka nika:n ipan kahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is coming pouring down into the water tank (i.e., rainwater from heavy rains), it (the water) had accumulated on top of the house.
\phrase_s Venía tirándose en el tanque (agua de una lluvia fuerte), se había acumulada sobre (la azotea de) la casa.
\root toya:
\grm Directionals; aspectuals: Note in the phrase /Wa:ltoya:wtok i:pan ta:nkeh. O:nomanka nika:n i:pan kahli./ 'It is coming pouring down into the water tank (i.e., rainwater
from heavy rains), it (the water) had accumulated on top of the house.' that the directional prefix is used because the water is descending (vertically) to the ground. The
progressive /-tok/ is used because there is no horizontal movement, i.e., the water is not going along. This would occur, for instance, with a leaky water jug on a donkey:
/wa:ltoya:wtiw/.
\ref 00709
\lxam a:kwilin
\lxam_c a:kwilin
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e type of water worm, still not positively identified
\sense_s tipo de gusano de agua todavía no identificado definitivamente
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\root a:
\root okwil
\notes_nature This is not classified as a michin.
\semref a:kwe:roh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref a:kwitlaxtli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00710
\lxam ya:wxo:chitl
\lxam_c ya:wxo:chitl
\lxoa ya:hxo:chitl
\lxoa_c ya:hxo:chitl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of yellowish flower not definitively identified, but perhaps the flor de pericón
\sense_s tipo de flor amarillenta todavía no identificado definitivamente, pero quizála que se conoce como 'flor de pericón'
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ya:wxo:chitl | Xo:pantlah ixwa ne: ipan tepe:tl. Nokwi kwa:k tlapo:kwi:lo, kitla:litiweh ipan iswayotsi:n un mi:hli. Ma:s ihkón kikwin San Juan, Ameyaltepec xma:s
nokwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Ya:wxo:chitl : During the summer it sprouts there, in the hills. It is used when incense is offered (in the fields, e.g., during Santa Cruz of September), they go
along placing it on the maize leaves. This is more the custom in San Juan Tetelcingo, in Ameyaltepec this plant is not used too often.
\phrase_s Ya:wxo:chitl : En el verano brota alláen el cerro. Se utiliza cuando queman incienso, lo van poniendo sobre las hojas del maíz. Emplearla asíes más la
costumbre en San Juan Tetelcingo, en Ameyaltepec no se usa mucho.
\root ya:w
\root xo:chi
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'flor del pericón.'
\ref 00711
\lxam tili:ntok
\lxam_c tili:ntok
\lxoa tili:ntok
\lxoa_c tili:ntok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be tight (a knot, clothes that are small for the wearer, etc.)
\sense_s estar apretado (un nudo, ropa que queda chica, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tili:ntok, xne:chasi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is tight (a hat, clothes, etc.),. it doesn't fit me.
\phrase_s Estáapretado (un sombrero, ropa, etc.), no me queda.
\phrase_n A:mantsi:n tili:ntok tla:hli, xkaman noto:ka. Newa nikyema:ni:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now the earth is hard, it's never been planted. I'm going to loosen it up (by plowing).
\phrase_s Ahora la tierra estádura, nunca se ha sembrado. Yo la voy a aflojar (con el arado).
\sense_e packed together (earth that has been pounded, a crowd in a small space, etc.)
\sense_s apisionado (tierra que ha sido golpeada para apretujarla); apiñado (gente en un lugar)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to be swollen (an infection or injured part of the body as the skin swells and stretches)
\sense_s estar hinchado (una infección o parte lastimada del cuerpo al hincharse y estirarse la piel)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tili:ntok ka:n ne:chkukwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is swollen where it hurts me.
\phrase_s Estáhinchado donde me duele.
\root tili:
\nse Although often tili:nki and tili:ntok are synonomous, only tili:ntok , and not tili:nki , is used with the sense to 'to be
swollen.'
\grm Stative; resultative: One important question is whether verbal participals ending in /-ki/ are the same as those ending in /-tok/ and, if they aren't, in what the difference lies.
Perhaps one way to determine the difference is to analyze in what semantic contexts one can be used and in what contexts others can be used.
\ref 00712
\lxam xama:ni
\lxam_c xama:ni
\lxoa xama:ni
\lxoa_c xama:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to get crushed (e.g., fruit)
\sense_s aplastarse; machucarse (p. ej., la fruta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:xaxama:n noma:ngos.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My mangos got crushed.
\phrase_s Se aplastaron mis mangos.
\sense_e to crumble; to break up into many pieces (e.g., sth brittle)
\sense_s desmoronar; despedazarse; romperse, quebrarse o hacerse añicos (a algo quebradizo)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to get completely exhausted so that ones very bones ache; to become weak and sore to the core
\sense_s agotarse tanto que duele hasta los huesos; estar débil y adolorido del cansacio
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nixaxama:n, nochi to:nahli o:nitekit.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm weak and sore to the core, I worked the entire day.
\phrase_s Estoy agotado y me duelen hasta los huesos, trabajétodo el día.
\root xama:
\ref 00713
\lxam xo:koyo:tl
\lxam_c xo:koyo:tl
\lxoa xo:koyo:tl
\lxoa_c xo:koyo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e last born (among human children or the offspring of an animal)
\sense_s último nacido (entre niños o la cría de un animal)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root xo:koyo:
\nse According to at least one consultant, Santiago Ramírez, xo:koyo:tl (which is often used in the diminutive xo:koyo:tsi:n) implies that the child is the last
that will be born; otherwise the word kimichkayo:tl would be used.
\qry According to at least one consultant, Santiago Ramírez, xo:koyo:tl (which is often used in the diminutive xo:koyo:tsi:n) implies that the child is the last
that will be born; otherwise the word kimichkayo:tl would be used. This should be checked. Check possessed form?
\semref kemechkayo:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00714
\lxam a:tlahko
\lxam_c a:tlahko
\lxoa a:tlahko
\lxoa_c a:tlahko
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-1-k(o)
\sense_e in the gorge
\sense_s en la barranca
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root a:tlaw
\root_rel -ko
\ref 00715
\lxam bwe:yeh
\lxam_c bwe:yeh
\lxoa bwe:yeh
\lxoa_c bwe:yeh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan buey
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) (pl. bwe:yesteh , bwe:yestih ; poss. nobwe:yeh ; nobwe:yeswan
\sense_e ox
\sense_s buey
\sense_d Pending
\ref 00716
\lxam uwa:na
\lxam_c kuwa:na
\lxoa wawa:na
\lxoa_c kiwawa:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to scratch (e.g., the skin of sb)
\sense_s rascar (p. ej., la piel de algn)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:nitso:tso:t. O:ne:chkwah tla:la:jeh; o:nikuwa:n wa:n o:notso:tso:kwep.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got sores on my skin. Ajes bit me; I scratched them and they (the bites) turned to sores.
\phrase_s Se me salieron granos en la piel. Me mordieron los ajes; los rasquéy (las mordidas) se volvieron llagas.
\phrase_n Melá:k nikekexkia, san nimouwa:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I really itch a lot, I'm just scratching myself (all the time).
\phrase_s De veras tengo comenzón, nada más me la paso rasgándome.
\phrase_n Deke tikekexkia, xmouwa:na!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If you itch, scratch yourself!
\phrase_s ¡Si tienes comezón, ráscate!
\root wa:na
\nae Given the active semantics of uwa:na and the absence of an intransitive, it has been classified as a basic verb, not one of nondirected alternation.
\qry Check for underlying {h} and for vowel length in penultimate /a:/. FK reports variation in these features across sources. Apparently a nonreduplicated form does not exist; also this
has been
\xref tlauwa:na
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\ref 00717
\mod This word, /kextotoponi/ was not acceptd by Cristino Flores. Rather one has the transitive /kextoponwia/ (to cause swelling) or /kextotonia/ 'to cause the neck to snap.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\qry Originally I had the definition here for 'for one's neck to swell up' and the example sentence /O:kechtotopo:n, o:kikechtotopo:nwih on kwa:teh./ 'His neck swelled up, one of a pair of
twins caused his neck to swell up (given the powers that twins are said to have).' However, C. Flores did not accept this as a valid word, accepting only on the transitive form.
\qry Check this statement:"There is a difference between kechtotoponyoh , etc., referring to swelling, and kechtotopo:ni referring to popping or cracking as
ones knuckles."
\qry Check possibility that root is /topo:ni/, or perhaps /tohpo:ni/. If I remember correctly there is a form in Oapan /tópontlí/, which has its S. Juan equivalent in /tohpontli/, meaning to
swell up or burst (e.g. a blister). Check this in the present word, in which case perhaps it should be /kechtotoponi/ related to a possible Tetelcingo form /kechtohtohponi/. For a
discussion of this word cf. Flk 1984-12-29.1. Although in one entry I had /kechtotopo:ni/ I have a later entry which states that this is incorrect and should be corrected to
/kextotopo:ni/; recheck for /ch/ or /x/.
\vl Recheck vowel length. Recheck nature of /ch/ or /x/ in headword pronunciation.
\ref 00718
\lxam ko:pi:liwi
\lxam_c ko:pi:liwi
\lxoa ko:pi:liwi
\lxoa_c ko:pi:liwi
\dt 27/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to hang down limply in a clump or clumps of strands (e.g., wet hair, an item of clothing that sticks together and hangs down when wet)
\sense_s colgarse como como en hebras pegadas, enmarradas y flojas (p. ej., cabello largo cuando estámojado, ropa mojada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ko:pi:liwi tlake:ntli kwa:k yo:nopa:tsoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When clothes (e.g., hanging on a line to dry) get wet, they hang down in clumps.
\phrase_s Cuando ropa (p. ej., tendida para secarse) se moja, se cuelga en hilos.
\phrase_n Yo:koko:pi:liw notson.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My hair (wet, e.g., from bathing or rain) got so that it is hanging down in clumpy strands.
\phrase_s Mi cabello (mojado, p. ej., de la lluvia a un baño) se quedócolgado en hilos algo pegados.
\sense_e to limply droop down (e.g., the leaves or branches of certain plants as they dry)
\sense_s colgarse hacia abajo flojamente (p. ej., las hojas o ramas de ciertas plantas al secarse)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Patla:wtoya, a:man o:ko:pi:liw moso:ya:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your palm (in this case palm that was going to be used) was well fanned out (when it was green on the tree), now (that it has been cut) it is limply hanging down in strands
(from having lost its moisture).
\phrase_s La palma (en este caso que se iba a utilizar) estaba bien abierta en forma de abanico (cuando estaba verde y sin cortar), ahora (después de cortarse y secarse) ya está
encogida y doblada (por haberse secado).
\phrase_n De Oapan noso un de San Juan, ontlatepachowan ne: pan tepe:tl. Kitepachowan un so:ya:tl. Kitekin wa:n hkon kine:nepanowan wa:n kitepachowan para ma:ka
ko:piliwis para ke:kchi:wan kahli.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00019_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 38:52
\phrase_e Those from Oapan or San Juan, they go there into the hills to press. They press down palm with a rock. They cut it, stack it up, and then put a rock on top of it to keep it
from curling up, so that they can (using it as thatch to) make houses.
\phrase_s Los de Oapan o de San Juan, van al cerro para prensar. Prensan la palma con piedras. La corta, la ponen una sobre otra, y la apachuran con piedras para (usarla como
el techo en) hacer casas.
\phrase_n Sana:man o:pe:w wa:ki, sa: ko:pi:liwtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It started to dry immediately (e.g., a tree), it's now just dropping down (its branches and leaves hanging down close to its side).
\phrase_s Luego luego se empezóa secar (p. ej., unárbol), ya estánomás con sus ramas y hojas aflojadas y colgadas.
\phrase_n O:ko:pi:liw mosombre:roh. Ipan o:kiaw. A:man xteteketsa, tla:mo sayhkó:n nomatis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your hat (i.e., its brim) has become drooped down. It got rained upon. Now push (the brim) up, if you don't it'll stay that way.
\phrase_s (Las alas de) tu sombrero cayeron hacia abajo. Le llovió(sobre el sombrero). Ahora empújalas hacia arriba, si no lo haces asíse va a quedar.
\sense_e to be huddled up or hunched over with ones arms close to ones side (a person, particularly when sick or cold)
\sense_s acurrucarse con los brazos pegados al cuerpo (una persona, particularmente cuando tiene frío o estáenferma)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San tiko:pi:liwtok, yo:tisehkalak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are just hunched over with your arms close to your body, you've gotten cold.
\phrase_s Estás nada más acurrucado, con los brazos pegados al cuerpo, te ha agarrado el frío.
\phrase_n Sa: ko:pi:liwtok un tla:katl. Kwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That man is just huddled up with his arms close to his side. He is sick.
\phrase_s Ese hombre estánomás acurrucado y encogido. Estáenfermo.
\sense_e (with the aspectual -tiw , at times with short vowel reduplication and the prefix te- : tekoko:pi:liwtiw) to go along slowly with ones
legs and arms drawn close to the side
\sense_s (with the aspectual -tiw , at times with short vowel reduplication and the prefix te- : tekoko:pi:liwtiw) to go along slowly with ones
legs and arms drawn close to the side
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tiko:pi:liwtiw. Timona:palotiw. Tisekwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are going along hunched over with your arms closed tightly to your side. You are going along with your arms wrapped tightly around your body. You are cold.
\phrase_s Vas caminando todo encogido, con los brazos pegados al cuerpo.. Vas agarrándote con los brazos. Tienes frio.
\phrase_n San tiko:pi:liwtiw, tle:ka xtimotlalowa?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You're just going along taking tiny steps, why don't you get a move on?
\phrase_s Vas caminando con pasos chiquitos,¿Por quéno andas más rápido?
\root ko:pi:l
\disamb compare pili:ni, ko:pi:liwi, pipi:ltia, nokolochowa and other words for drooping. Check difference between /ko:pi:liwi/ and /nokolochowa/.
\nse Cristino Flores (Am) explained the meaning of this word with the following phrase: Ko:pi:liwi pa:mpa noma:tsowa , i.e. 'one says ko:pi:liwi because it
folds back upon itself.' The example he repeatedly gave was of palm that when on the tree is spread out in a fan-like form, but after it is cut it folds and doubles in on itself. When
used in reference to a stationary person, ko:pi:liwi refers to an individual, hunched over at the shoulders, slightly curved over and drooping. When applied to someone
walking, ko:pi:liwtiw refers to a slow walk, with ones arms at ones side and taking small steps, perhaps somewhat hunched over.
\qry Check whether /sa:/ or /san/ is correct, or each in the particlar circumstances: /San tiko:pi:liwtok, yo:tisehkalak/ 'You are just hunched over with your arms close to your body,
you've gotten cold.' /Sa: ko:pi:liwtok un tla:katl, kwalo/ 'That man is just huddled up with his arms close to his side. He is sick.' In Aug. 1986 I rechecked the vowel length and it is
correct as recorded: /ko:pi:liwi/. Again, in June 1993, I have definitely checked the vowel length and it is correct as recorded (Karttunen has /ko:pil.../. In phrase /san
tiko:pi:liwtok.../ check possibility that first word should be /sa:/, as it is in the similar phrase I have recorded.
\root_notes Perhaps discuss the division of /ko:pi:l/ into /ko:/ and /pi:l/.
\semref ikxiko:pi:liwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ko:pi:lyaw
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00719
\lxam miki
\lxam_c miki
\lxoa miki
\lxoa_c miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\der V1-b
\trans +Caus
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\impers tla-
\impers_d Oa
\sense_e to die
\sense_s morir
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tiwa:hla:skeh se:xtli deke xtiwa:lmikin.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e We will come next year if we don't suddenly die.
\phrase_s Vamos a venir el año venidero si no nos murimos de repente.
\sense_e to shrivel and dry up (a fruit on a stalk)
\sense_s secarse y morirse (una fruta sobre la planta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kakamatsitsi:nteh, sampa itech xi:lo:tl mimikin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The small ears of maize known as kakamatsitsi:nteh , they just dry up at the side of the jilote.
\phrase_s Los pequeños elotes llamados kakamatsitsi:nteh , nada más se secan allíal lado del jilote.
\sense_e (wa:hmikitsi:n) to come to be lukewarm (water)
\sense_s (wa:hmikitsi:n) llegar a ser tibia (agua)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xcho:tlaltili:ti mohniw a:tl. Yéwáxwel koni a:tl yón sese:k, san ma wa:hmikitsi:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Heat up some water for your brother! He can't drink cold water (e.g., because he was just bitten by a scorpion); it should just become lukewarm.
\phrase_s ¡Caliéntale agua para tu hermano! No puede tomarlo frío (p. ej., porque apenas le picóun alacrán), debe ser nada más tibia.
\root miki
\nae The inflectional paradigm of miki is irregular in Ameyaltepec in that the final /i:/ is lengthened in the impersonal: miki:lo. However, in Oapan the
vowel in this form is short: mikilo. The same pattern and difference between villages is found with the verb kochi. In Ameyaltepec there is a place
name ka:n o:miki:wak located just outside the village on the way to Sokia:pan. It is so named because during the Revolution some poor peasants were caught stealing
a bag of maize from a granary. The comisario turned the theives over to the owner of the bin to do with them as he wished. He took them to the edge of town and shot them, at a
place that was so named. This suggests that in the early 20th century the impersonal form -wa was still in common use. Finally, note that in Oapan Roberto Mauricio
accepted the form tlamiki in reference to an epidemic that killed a lot of animals in the village. Other consultants did not accept this usage, which should be checked.
\grm Impersonal in /-wa/: The inflectional paradigm of miki is irregular in Ameyaltepec in that the final /i:/ is lengthened in the impersonal:
miki:lo. However, in Oapan the vowel in this form is short: mikilo. The same pattern and difference between villages is found with the verb
kochi. In Ameyaltepec there is a place name ka:n o:miki:wak located just outside the village on the way to Sokia:pan. It is so named
because during the Revolution some poor peasants were caught stealing a bag of maize from a granary. The comisario turned the theives over to the owner of the bin to do
with them as he wished. He took them to the edge of town and shot them, at a place that was so named. This suggests that in the early 20th century the impersonal form
-wa was still in common use.
\grm /tsi:n/ with verbs; directional: Note: /Xcho:tlaltili:ti mohniw a:tl. Yéwáxwel koni a:tl yún sese:k, san ma wa:hmikitsi:n./ 'Heat up some water for your brother! He can't drink
cold water (e.g., because he was just bitten by a scorpion); it should just become lukewarm. Note taht the question is whether /wa:-/ in these cases is /wa:h-/. I do not hear
an /h/, but in the literacy class several times we discussed this point and each time
\grm /wa:l/: Note the following phrase by Florencia Marcelino: /Tiwa:hla:skeh se:xtli deke xtiwa:lmikin/ 'We will come next year if we don't suddenly die.' The translation of
'suddenly' may not be the most accurate in this case; I just give it by intuition. In the future Florencia should be asked for the difference in /wa:lmiki/ and /miki/ in the phrase
given here.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note x>ch /x___ as in /Xcho:tlaltili:ti mohniw a:tl/. The first word is the imperative of /xo:tla/, but since it follows the imperative /x=/ the initial /x/ of the verb
surfaces as /ch/.
\qry Finally, note that in Oapan Roberto Mauricio accepted the form tlamiki in reference to an epidemic that killed a lot of animals in the village. Other consultants did not
accept this usage, which should be checked.
\xref miktia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref mihtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 00720
\lxam tlastekwtli
\lxam_c tlastekwtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e morsel (e.g., of meat, cheese, etc.)
\sense_s poquito (de algo comestible como carne, queso, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n San se: tlastekwtli o:tine:xtla:lilih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You just served me up (e.g., on a plate) a tiny morsel.
\phrase_s Me pusiste (p. ej., sobre un plato) solamente un poquito.
\root sti
\root kwi
\ref 00721
\lxam tlayenkwili:ltia
\lxam_c kitlayenkwili:ltia
\lxoa tlayenkwili:ltia
\lxoa_c kitlayenkwili:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give new clothes to
\sense_s dar ropa nueva a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chtlayenkwili:lti:skeh, ne:chtlasotlan
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They will get me new clothes, they love me.
\phrase_s Me van a dar ropa nueva, me quieren.
\root yenkwi
\qry Causatives: Up till this word, /yenkwili:ltia/ I have not documented any causatives of causatives. The present seems, however, to be such a case. /Yenkwilia/ is a causative using
the"applicative"ending /-lia/, which is common for inchoatives. Query is this is correct; check for other causatives of causatives.
\grm Causatives: Up till this word, /yenkwili:ltia/ I have not documented any causatives of causatives. The present seems, however, to be such a case. /Yenkwilia/ is a causative
using the"applicative"ending /-lia/, which is common for inchoatives.
\ref 00722
\lxam mo:hli
\lxam_c mo:hli
\lxoa mo:hli
\lxoa_c mo:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e mole sauce (of ground chile and other ingredients)
\sense_s mole (de chile molido y otros ingredientes)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root mo:l
\ency_note mo:hli (list recordings by Florencia Marcelino)
\nse The following types of mo:hli from Ameyaltepec were part of my original documentation: anjolîn mo:hli, a:yomo:hli, a:yowechmo:hli, chi:lmo:hli,
ichkayo:mo:hli, michmo:hli, piomo:hli, to:ntomo:hli, and tlimo:hli. Different types of mo:hli are found in Oapan, many of which have been
discussed in recording sessions with Florencia Marcelino.
\disamb mo:hli
\qry Check lenght of /o/ in /piomo:hli/. Recipes should be given under each entry. Check if possessed form can be used.
\ref 00723
\lxam kamana:lowa
\lxam_c kamana:lowa
\lxoa kamana:lowa
\lxoa_c kamana:lowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to joke around and tease (e.g., by saying"white lies"in order to provoke reactions)
\sense_s bromear; chancear (particularmente tomándole el pelo a algn); vacilar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kakamana:lowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He goes around making bad jokes.
\phrase_s Anda haciendo chistes ya cansados.
\phrase_n Kemech tikamana:lotoyan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A short time ago we were joking around.
\phrase_s Hace poco tiempo estabamos bromeando.
\sense_e (de ~) in jest; in play
\sense_s (de ~) de broma; de juego
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Hermelinda García isusuwa:w, xmelá:k isuwa:w, san de kamana:lowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hermelinda García is his lover, she's not really his wife, just in play.
\phrase_s Hermelinda García es su amante, no es su esposa de veras, solamente de vacilada.
\root kamana:l
\nse According to Gabriel de la Cruz the reduplicated form kakamana:lowa with a short vowel indicates the actions of a person who goes around saying things that aren't
true, but neither are they still funny. The person goes beyond simple jest and does not know when to stop.
\qry Check whether the reduplicated form has a short or long vowel.
\ref 00724
\lxam tsotsoltelowa
\lxam_c kitsotsoltelowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to take the clothes off of (a person)
\sense_s quitarle la ropa a (una persona)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xmotsotsoltelo! Ihkón tikochiskeh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take off your clothes! That's how we're going to sleep (in the nude)!
\phrase_s ¡Quítate la ropa!¡Asívamos a dormir (desnudos)!
\sense_e to husk
\sense_s quitarle la chala al maíz
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:pe:w niktsotsoltelowa nosin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've started to husk my dried cobs of maize.
\phrase_s Empecéa quitarle la chala a mi mazorca.
\root tsol
\root tel
\disamb tsotsolowa; tsotsoltelowa
\semref te:tsolowa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00725
\lxam tepi:nia
\lxam_c kitepi:nia
\lxoa tepi:nia
\lxoa_c kitepi:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to poke (a beast of burden by a rider with his heels)
\sense_s darle con algo puntiagudo (una bestia por un jinete, que le dan con los tobillos)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to rap on; to strike (particularly with ones knuckles, but also ones feet, fist, etc.)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) golpetear; golpear ligeramente (particularmente con los nudos de la mano, o con los pies, el puño, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xte:tepi:ni me:sah! Ma te:cha:lkwi:li:ka:n serbe:sah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Rap on the table (several times) so that they bring us some beer!
\phrase_s ¡Golpetée la mesa (varias veces)!¡Quénos traigan cerveza!
\phrase_n Tlatepi:nitok, u:nkah ka:n a:skatlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is stomping on the ground, he is there where there are a lot of ants.
\phrase_s Estágolpeando la tierra fuertemente, estáparado alládonde hay muchas hormigas.
\phrase_n Xte:tepini pwe:rtah, ma kitlapoka:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Knock on the door, let's hope they open it!
\phrase_s ¡Golpetée la puerta, quéla abran!
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to repeatedly poke at (e.g., in typing; see tlatetepi:nia (Am) / tlá:tepí:nia)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) golpetear repetidas veces (p. ej., al escribir a máquina; véase tlatetepi:nia (Am) / tlá:tepí:nia)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tepi:
\disamb tepi:nia; telowa
\nse It appears that the major difference between tepi:nia and telowa is that the latter indicates a much more forceful and violent action, 'to hit,' whereas
the former seems better translated as 'to knock on' or 'to rap on.' Thus in reference to knocking on a door, both verbs may be used. Telowa implies a strong
pounding motion, perhaps with the flat part of the fist (front or side); telowa suggests a rapping with the top or middle knuckles of ones hand.
\qry In the phrase /Tlatepi:nitok, unkah ka:n a:skatlan/ make sure that /unkah/ is correct. Perhaps /nemi/? In regard to poking with ones heels, check other possible contexts other than an
animal being ridden.
\xref tlatetepi:nia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tlá:tepí:nia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\ref 00726
\lxam yo:hlo
\lxam_c iyo:hlo
\lxoa yo:hlo
\lxoa_c i:yo:hlo
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e feelings
\sense_s sentimiento
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ne:chkukwa noyo:hlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My feelings are hurt.
\phrase_s Me duelen los sentimientos.
\sense_e (i:ka or ya ~) gladly; happily; readily; voluntarily; on purpose; in peace
\sense_s (i:ka or ya ~) de buena gana; con gusto; a propósito; en paz
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xika iyo:hlo te:pale:wia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He doesn't help people happily.
\phrase_s No ayuda de buena gana.
\phrase_n Xkimela:wa, xika iyo:hlo o:kichi:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is not appropriate (in this case anger was not an appropriate response), he didn't do it on purpose (and thus doesn't deserve such a harse treatment).
\phrase_s No le queda (en este caso en enojo no fue una respuesta apropriada), no lo hizo a propósito.
\phrase_n Nika:n nimotlakwa:nkestok, ika nochi noyo:hlo, ika nochi nopa:kilis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am kneeling here, with all my heart, with all my happiness.
\phrase_s Aquíestoy de rodillas, con toda mi corazón, con toda felicidad
\sense_e (kipia ~ para [future verb]) to have a strong desire to [verb]; to really want to [verb]
\sense_s (kipia ~ para [verbo en el futuro]) tener muchos deseos para [verbo]; tener muchas ganas de [verbo]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia iyo:hlo para ya:s mocha:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He really wants to go to your house.
\phrase_s Tiene muchas ganas de ir a tu casa.
\sense_e (o:nkah ika ~) to be at peace with oneself; to be calm
\sense_s (o:nkah ika ~) estar tranquilo; estar en paz con si mismo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlawe:leh. San kwala:ntok, xkaman u:nkah ika iyo:hloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is bad tempered. He's always angry, he's never at peace with himself.
\phrase_s Es de mal genio. Siempre estáenojado, nunca estáen paz.
\semfld emotions
\root yo:l
\nae Oapan often has ya for Ameyaltepec i:ka , although the latter is also at times used by Oapan speakers.
\qry Check whether Oapan has /unkah i:ka ~ / or rather /nemi ya ~/. Perhpas AM has both too.
\ref 00727
\lxam isiwi:tia
\lxoa ísiwí:tia
\lxoa_pr isiwi:tia
\lxoa_c ísiwí:tia
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\allomorph i-epen
\allomorph i-epen
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e see tlasiwi:tia
\sense_s véase tlasiwi:tia
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root hsi
\ref 00728
\lxam peya:siwi
\lxam_alt pia:siwi
\lxam_c peya:siwi
\lxoa peya:siwi
\lxoa_c peya:siwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become straight
\sense_s enderezarse; ponerse derecho
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld distort-break
\root peya:s
\ref 00729
\lxam masa:xokokuwtli
\lxam_c masa:xokokuwtli
\lxoa masa:xokokohtli
\lxoa_c masa:xokokohtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound (N-N)-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e see masa:xokotl
\sense_s véase masa:xokotl
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root m:sa:
\root xoko
\root kow
\notes_nature According to Inocencio Díaz and Silvestre Pantaleón there are two different types that differ in the color of their fruit. One has fruit that turns red, another has fruit that
turns yellow. However, the trees of both are identical in all other aspects and it is impossible to differentiate them except when they are bearing fruit. Inocencio Díaz also
mentioned a type of plum called mihka:xokotl that was used in food prepared when someone died. He thinks that this looks the same as the
masa:xokotl except in its fruit, which is small and purple. This was later confirmed by Honorio de la Rosa.
\semref masa:xokotl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00730
\lxam mekayo:tia
\lxam_c kimekayo:tia
\lxoa mekayo:tia
\lxoa_c kimekayo:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-yo:tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to weave a cord or string around (e.g., weaving it around a gourd so that it can be carried as a canteen)
\sense_s atarle o tejerle un mecate o cordón alrededor de (p. ej., un tecomate para que se pueda llevar como cantimplora)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ma:tekon xkipiaya imekayo, pero a:man o:kimekayo:tih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your water gourd didn't have a cord, but now he wove a cord around it (e.g. to carry).
\phrase_s Tu tecomate tenía su mecate, pero ahora ya le ataste uno (p. ej. a un tecomate que se iba a utlizar como cantimplora).
\sense_e to tie a carrying cord to
\sense_s atarle un mecate a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xetikmeyo:tia motso:tsokol.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You haven't yet put a rope on your water jug (to enable you to carry it).
\phrase_s Todavía no le has puesto un mecate a tu cántaro (para poderlo cargar).
\nse Generally the verb mekayo:tia refers not to the simple action of putting a cord on something to be carried (as in tying a rope through the ears of a water jug), but
to weaving a cord on a round object, such as a gourd canteen, so that it may be carried.
\root me:ka
\qry Check precise meaning: simply putting a cord on, or weaving one around sth like a gourd canteen. Check whether in tyring a rope around a donkey, /mekayo:tia/ can also be used.
\qry Check vowel length of /tso:tsokohli/ in phrase above. Check also if this refers only to tying or weaving a cord around objects, or also to placing a tether on an animal (or should sth
like /xtla:lili imekayo/ be used?) Is /mekayo:tl/ a word?
\grm Note how /mekatl/ can be nominalized with a possessed form in /mekawtli/ and how another possessed form, /mekayo/ can be verbalized as /mekayo:tia/. In general discuss
how possessed forms can be used as the basis of nominalization or verbalization.
\xref mekayo:tilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 00731
\lxam tetekwitsa
\lxam_c kitetekwitsa
\lxoa tetekwitsa
\lxoa_c kitetekwitsa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e (tlatetekwistiw) to go along stomping, making the ground shake with ones footsteps
\sense_s (tlatetekwistiw) ir pisando fuerte, haciendo la tierra temblar con las pisadas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:notlalote:w, a:sta o:tlatetekwistiah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He took off running, he even made the ground tremble (with his pounding his feet) as he ran along
\phrase_s Saliócorriendo, hasta hizo la tierra temblar al correr (con la fuerza de sus pisadas).
\root tekwi:
\nae I have only documented this verb with an aspectual marker, in the example sentence -tiw. It is unclear whether it is only used to refer to the stomping of feet that
causes the ground to tremble slightly, but this the only sense recorded so far in the corpus.
\xref tekwi:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00732
\lxam tlaxtekio:tl
\lxam_c tlaxtekio:tl
\lxoa tlaxtekihlo:tl
\lxoa_c tlaxtekihlo:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-d-yo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e something stolen or robbed
\sense_s algo robado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root xteki
\qry Ameyaltepec entry originally had /tlaxtekiyo:tl/, which might well be /tlaxtekihlo:tl/. Check.
\vl Check vowel lenght of /i/. Cf. to /tla:ki:hlo:tl/, which perhaps should be /tla:kihlo:tl/.
\semref tlaxtektli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00733
\lxam ka:
\lxam_c ka:
\lxoa ka:
\lxoa_c ka:
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Neg
\der Neg
\sense_e No! (in response to a question)
\sense_s ¡No! (en respuesta a una pregunta)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ka:, xkaman!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e No, never!
\phrase_s ¡No, nunca!
\root ka:
\nae Ka is used only as a one-word response to a question. The preclitic x- is used to negate predicative expressions. Ramírez and Dakin report
ka: , with a long vowel, but given that the pronunciation of this word seems always to be phrase final, it seems to always surface as [ka']. Nevertheless, the Oapan
cognate ka:yoweh has long vowel, and this fact (perhaps indicative of historical length) has been a factor in
\semref ka:yoweh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00734
\lxam ikwa:k
\lxam_c ikwa:k
\lxoa íkwá:k
\lxoa_c íkwá:k
\lxoa_pr ikwa:k
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm Subord
\der Subord-b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e see kwa:k (Am)
\sense_s véase kwa:k (Am)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root hkwa:k
\ref 00735
\lxam miahka:n
\lxam_c miahka:n
\lxoa miahka:n
\lxoa_c miahka:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-ka:n
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e in many places
\sense_s en muchos lugares
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Miahka:n o:kwe:kwepaliw un di:skoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The record got warped in many places.
\phrase_s Se deformóel disco (al quedar ondulado) en muchos lugares.
\phrase_n Miahka:n tinemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You live in a lot of places.
\phrase_s Vives en muchos lugares.
\root miak
\root_rel -ka:n
\ref 00736
\lxam te:nakaskokoh
\lxam_c te:nakaskokoh
\lxoa te:nakaskokoh
\lxoa_c te:nakaskokoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e to be bothersome to the ears (e.g., loud music, a vehicle with a bad muffler, a drunk running off at the mouth, etc.)
\sense_s ser lastimoso o molestoso a los oídos (p. ej., música fuerte, un vehículo con un mal silenciador, un borracho que habla sin cesar, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld sound
\root nakas
\root kowa
\ref 00737
\lxam -na:wak
\lxam_c mona:wak
\lxoa -na:wak
\lxoa_c nimona:wak
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(rel)
\der Rel-poss
\infn N2
\sense_e (ritual) in the house of; near to (a person; used only in we:we:tlato:hli)
\sense_s (ritual) en la casa de; junto a (una persona; empleado solamente en los we:we:tlato:hli)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n mona:wak mawistla:katl...
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e in your presence, honorable sir...
\phrase_s en su presencia, respetable señor...
\root_rel -na:wak
\nse Apparently -na:wak is equivalent in meaning to -na:k except that the former is found only in archaic and ritual speech. To date it has been documented
only in the recorded we:we:tlato:hli of don Plutarco Ramírez of Ameyaltepec. According to Luis Lucena (Am) -na:wak is used only as a greeting in
these ritual speeches. According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) in Oapan very few people use this form. One person she remembers hearing it from is Feliciano Domínguez, a former
schoolteacher from Oapan, who would enter town meetings saying, nimona:wak ma:nomeh. Others would occasionally use this same greeting in the same context.
\semref -na:k
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00738
\mod This used to be an entry for /i:kuwsa:wananakayo i:a:xi:x burroh/ but has been removed and the entry changed to /kuwsa:wananakatl de i:a:xi:x burroh/
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\ref 00739
\lxam a:molo:nia
\lxam_c a:molo:nia
\lxoa a:molo:nia
\lxoa_c a:molo:nia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to spoil and acquire a bad smell from being left in sitting water
\sense_s echarse a perder y adquirir un mal olor por haber sido dejado en agua estancada
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:a:molo:niak monextamal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your nextamahlibecame foul-smelling from sitting in water too long (e.g., 3 days or so).
\phrase_s Tu nixtamal se echóa perder por quedarse demasiado tiempo en el agua (tal vez tres días o más).
\root a:
\root molo:
\disamb a:kwitlayaya; a:molo:nia
\ref 00740
\lxam te:nkwatik
\lxam_c te:nkwatik
\lxoa té:nkwatík
\lxoa_c té:nkwatík
\lxoa_pr te:nkwatik
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-tik
\pitch yes
\sense_e to have a harelip
\sense_s tener el labio leporino
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to have a broken-off lip or edge, leaving a tooth-like gap (e.g., the top edge of a bucket, a bowl, a cliff whose edge has crumbled down, etc.)
\sense_s tener la borde u orilla desportillada, dejando un espacio en forma de diente faltante (p. ej., la orilla de una cubeta, un frutero, un risco o peñasco cuyo borde ha
derrumbado, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld physical
\root te:n
\root kwa
\mod See illustration on original filecard for /te:nkwi:tah/
\semref te:nkwah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref te:nkwi:tah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00741
\lxam chi:lwa:hki
\lxam_c chi:lwa:hki
\lxoa chi:lwa:hki
\lxoa_c chi:lwa:hki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\infn N1
\sense_e any type of dried chile (not simply the type in Spanish called huajillo)
\sense_s cualquier tipo de chile seco, no solamente el que se conoce como huajillo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld food
\root chi:l
\root wa:
\ency_note chile
\semref chi:lwa:ktli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref chi:hli de wa:ktli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00742
\lxam tlaxkalowa
\lxam_c tlaxkalowa
\lxoa tlaxkalowa
\lxoa_c tlaxkalowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-owa
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to make tortillas
\sense_s hacer o echar tortillas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld cook
\root xka
\disamb tisi; tlaxkalowa
\nse Tlaxkalowa refers not only to the specific act of making tortillas and placing them on the clay griddle, but also in general to the entire process beginning with the
grinding of the nextamahli.
\ref 00743
\lxam chikolo chi:chi:ltiktsi:n
\lxam_alt chikolo chila:doh
\lxam_c chikolo chi:chi:ltiktsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e bird of the rather red generic type called chikolo , perhaps one of the following: Speckled Mourner Laniocera rufescens, Rufous Mourner
Rhytipterna holerythra, or Rufous Piha Lipaugus unirufus. It is rarely seen in the area.
\sense_s pájaro del tipo genérico llamado chikolo , quizáuno de los siguientes:"Speckled Mourner" Laniocera rufescens,"Rufous Mourner" Rhytipterna
holerythra, o"Rufous Piha" Lipaugus unirufus. Es poco visto en la zona.
\sense_d Am
\src_s Inocencio Díaz, Ameyaltepec, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 43, pp. 519, 506, 523
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root chihkolo
\root chi:l
\ency_note chikolo; birds
\qry Check plural formation of /chikolo chi:chi:ltiktsi:n/.
\qry_h Check for /h/
\ref 00744
\lxam ikxinepaniwtok
\lxam_c ikxinepaniwtok
\lxoa ixinepanihtok
\lxoa_c ixinepanihtok
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\compound N-Stat
\der *V1-tok
\infv Durative
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e to be sitting with ones legs crossed (see mesnepanihtok)
\sense_s estar sentado con las piernas cruzadas (véase mesnepanihtok)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Asta ikxinepaniwtok. Tlatski!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's just sitting there with his legs crossed. He's lazy!
\phrase_s Hasta estásentada con las piernas cruzadas.¡Quéflojo!
\sense_e to be sitting with ones legs crossed near the ankles (see iximali:ntok)
\sense_s estar sentado con las piernas cruzadas cerca de los tobillos (véase iximali:ntok)
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root nepan
\ency_note body postures and positions; perhaps
\nse According to my original documentation in Ameyaltepec ikxinepaniwtok was used in reference to a man sitting with his legs crossed at the thighs, with one leg over
the other. However, Florencia Marcelino (Oa) stated that the Oapan word with the same meaning is metsnepanihtok. In Oapan, the formal equivalent to the
Ameyaltepec headword is ixinepanihtok, and a synonym of this is ixí:malí:ntok.
\qry Check etymology. Check to see if intranstive form exists as such, i.e. /ikxinepaniwi/. Note that in the original cross-reference from here I had this Oa word written as /ixí:malí:ntok/.
Check which form, the reduplicated one with reduction on /ixi-/ or the headword here /iximali:ntok/.
\grm Statives; Unrealized intransitive verbs: Balsas Nahuatl seems to manifest many cases of statives/resultatives that morphologically would derive from an intransitive verb
(e.g., kweptok) but for which the intransitive is not independently documented. In some cases it may perhaps be assumed that this is just a lack of full language
documentation. However, in some cases, like the present with /ikxinepaniwtok/ it is hard to imagine the semantics of an intransitive form, i.e., what would ?/ikxinepaniwi/
mean, since it is hard to imagine the process occurring without an agent. Thus the transitive /ikxinepanowa/ has been documented only as a reflexive.
\root_notes Note that a discussion in the root dictionary should be given for /nepan/.
\ref 00745
\lxam kalitik
\lxam_c kalitik
\lxoa kálitík
\lxoa_pr kalitik
\lxoa_c kálitík
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-1-k(o)[poss]
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e inside (of a house or building)
\sense_s adentro (de una casa o edificio)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e toward the inside (of a bowl or other type of container; the opposite is kia:wak)
\sense_s hacia adentro (de un recipiente u otro tipo de plato hondo; lo contrario es kia:wak)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e toward the inside (of a line dance or other types of rows, i.e., refers to the position between two parallel rows)
\sense_s hacia adentro o en medio (de una danza en línea, en general se refiere a la posición en medio de dos filas paralelas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nokwepo:nian para kalitik -=tlaitik-.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They (the front dancers in a line dance) make a turn toward the inside and then go back (to the end of the line).
\phrase_s Ellas (las danzantes de adelante en una danza de línea) se dan vuelta hacia afuera y van hacia atrás (a cabo de la línea).
\root kal
\root hti
\ilus_note Cf. drawing in original file card for above phrase about dancers.
\semref kali
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00746
\lxam a:xi:xkokoya:ya
\lxam_c a:xi:xkokoya:ya
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp [N-N]-S-V1
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to acquire or become covered with the smell of urine
\sense_s agarrar el olor a orina
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Mlá:k o:ta:xi:xkokoya:yak. Nochipa mitsa:xi:xtok mokone:tsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You've really gotten to smell of urine. Your little baby is always peeing on you.
\phrase_s De veras agarraste un olor a orina. tu hijito siempre te estámeando.
\root a:
\root xi:xa
\root koko
\root hya:
\semref a:xi:xtésokwiyá:ya
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00747
\mod This was the entry for /montoneri:tos/, removed as a duplicate.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\ref 00748
\lxam kiki:ske:tl
\lxam_c kiki:ske:tl
\lxoa kíki:ské:tl
\lxoa_c kíki:ské:tl
\lxoa_pr kiki:ske:tl
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Reduced rdp-s(pre): ní:ki:ské:tl
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e rambler; drifter; wanderer; vagabond
\sense_s parandero; vagabundo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa san kiki:ske:tl, xmelákineki cha:ntis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's just a tramp, he doesn't want to settle down (e.g., in this village as a resident).
\phrase_s El no es más que un vago, no quiere establecerse (p. ej., en este pueblo, como ciudadano).
\flao ki:sa
\root ki:sa
\qry Check for difference between /kiki:ski/ and /kiki:ske:tl/ as my glosses are distinct.
\semref kiki:ski
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00749
\lxam tele:le:tik
\lxam_c tele:le:tik
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-tik-?
\infa pl. tele:le:tikeh
\sense_e to be foolish
\sense_s ser sonso
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ma:ka xtele:le:tik!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't be a fool!
\phrase_s ¡No seas sonso!
\root tele:le:
\nse The etymology of tele:le:tik is highly uncertain, however the vowel length pattern has been repeatedly checked. It is said not only of"fools"but about a man who takes
no pleasure in anything, not even women (hence the applicability of the Spanish translation sonso). It is perhaps related to the root for tete:ltik 'agarroso'
(in reference to a taste that leaves ones mouth puckered).
\ref 00750
\lxam kuwtlatlapa:na
\lxam_c kuwtlatlapa:na
\lxoa kohtla:tlapa:na
\lxoa_c kohtla:tlapa:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-alt-ni
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to chop wood (particularly firewood)
\sense_s partir madera (particularmente leña)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kow
\root tlapa:
\nae Apparently because of the nature of the action involved, kuhtlapa:na is often found in reduplicated with a long vowel: kuhtla:tlapa:na. Note that in the
Am elicitation session with C. Flores he stated that in Ameyaltepec the form with short vowel reduplication is used.
\vl Check vowel length and document in grammar.
\grm Reduplication: If the entry for /kuhtla:tlapa:na/ is confirmed (check vowel length for both dialects and make sure that the unreduplicated form is either not used or not very
common) this would show how some words have been lexicalized with long vowel reduplication.
\ref 00751
\lxam umpa
\lxam_alt ompa
\lxam_alt 'mpa
\lxam_c umpa
\lxoa impa
\lxoa_alt ompa
\lxoa_alt 'mpa
\lxoa_alt impá
\lxoa_c impa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-pl
\sense_e right there
\sense_s allímero; allímismo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A: Nika:n ka:n o:ntla:lih? B: Ke:mah, umpa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A: Here where I placed it? B: Yes, right there!
\phrase_s A:¿Aquídonde lo puse? B:¡Si, allímismo!
\phrase_n A: O:mitsna:mik tlake:ntli? B: Ke:mah, yempa!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e A: Did the clothes fit you? B: Yes, just right!
\phrase_s ¿Te quedóla ropa? ---Si, asímero, me quedóbien.
\phrase_n Impániaw!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I'm going there!
\phrase_s ¡Allívoy!
\phrase_n Impa nemi.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He is over there.
\phrase_s Alláestá.
\sense_e just right (i.e., in vacilating between points on a continuum of any type; ompa is used to signal the correct and right point in questions as varied as the
loudness with which a loudspeaker should be set to the correct amount of salt to be added to a dish)
\sense_s justamente (esto es, en señalar un punto en un continuo que es lo más indicado; ompa puede emplearse para precisar lo adecuado en asuntos tan variados
como el nivel de sonido apropriado para un tocadiscos hasta la cantidad de sal que se debe agregar a un guisado)
\sense_d Pending
\root on
\root pa
\ency_note adverbs of location; complete study
\nse The precise meaning of Ameyaltepec ompa (often pronounced umpa) is hard to determine. It seems to indicate a precise location that the speaker has
in mind. The form yompa is very similar but suggests a previous movement that is to stop (or has stopped, depending on the tense/aspect of the associated verbal
predicate). That is, the speaker may point to a given location and say" Umpa xtla:li! 'Put it right there!' If, however, someone is moving something around and the
speaker wishes to indicate in response to a question if the right spot (or level of something being raised or lowered, etc.) has been reached, then apparently yompa
may be used. In Oapan the situation is somewhat different. Perhaps impa is the cognate of Ameyaltepec ompa and yempa the cognate of
Ameyaltepec yompa. This needs further study. However, there are also a series of forms that vary with person: nompa, tompa, and
yompa that are apparently combinations of the shortened emphatic pronouns (no, to, and yo) and pa.
The nasal /m/ seems to be epenthetic. This is indicated by the fact that the plural cognates are tó:méh pa [verb]; nó:méh pa [verb]; and yó:méh
pa [verb], as in tó:méh pa tikitaseh 'We will see it over there.' For a more detailed discussion, see pa.
\nae As noted above, in Oapan the adverbial ompa apparently occurs only, or most often, in combination with another preceding word. Indeed, it is perhaps best to
consider the base form pawith an epenthetic /m/ inserted between a preceding vowel and the following /p/ of pa. Hence the alternate form
mpa, which is also found in Ameyaltepec, particularly after words ending in a vowel.
\qry Cf. /mod notes: a general and careful study of deictics needs to be carried out.
\mod In general a careful study of deictics of place and their representations needs to be conducted. Words such as /ompa/, /ne:/, /ne:yhka/, /na:n/, etc. need to be fully documented. Note
that after talking to Florencia Marcelino, Roberto Mauricio and other members of the workshop, it seems clear that /impa/ means something different and should be given a new
entry. Apparently it means /ye ompa/ or 'ya allá.' The use is something like /impa nemi/ 'ya estáallá.' This can be contrasted to /yempa/ which has the sense of 'allímero' and is used
when something is correct.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note these two phrase: /Impániaw!/ and /Impa nemi/. In the first /niaw/ acts is extrametrical. This seems to commonly occur with /yaw/ and /ye/ and should
be thoroughly analyzed. However, note also that /niaw/ is monsyllabic whereas /nemi/ is disyllabic.
\semref yempa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00752
\lxam tla:kini
\lxam_c tla:kini
\lxoa tla:kine
\lxoa_alt tla:kini
\lxoa_c tla:kine
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e bearing fruit (a tree or other plant that has born fruit in the past and is expected to continue to do so)
\sense_s que produce o da frutos; que rinde (unárbol u otra planta que ha producido fruto en el pasado y al que se le espera que siga haciéndolo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tla:ki
\nse One documented use in Ameyaltepec is with a human reference, of a speaker stating nitla:kini meaning that he had fathered a lot of children, others have denied the
correctness of this usage. Nevertheless, note that the plant metaphor for human reproduction and family is generalized (e.g., xina:xtli , nelwatl , etc.)
and that for this reason the use of tla:ki in this same domain is not unexpected.
\ref 00753
\lxam peto:ni
\lxam_c peto:ni
\lxoa peto:ni
\lxoa_c peto:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to become detached; to become loose (e.g., a bandaid or sth stuck on a surface, a snap becoming unsnapped, etc.)
\sense_s desprenderse; aflojarse (p. ej., algo que estaba fijado, como algo pegado con pegamento)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to slip out (e.g., a button that slipping out out of a buttonhole)
\sense_s zafarse (p. ej., botones que salen de los ojales)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Peto:nin nobotonsi:tos, yo:i:xte:nkokoya:w notlake:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My buttons slip out (of the buttonholes), the buttonholes on my clothes have gotten stretched out.
\phrase_s Se desbotona mi ropa, sus ojales se han estirados.
\phrase_n Peto:ni nokoto:n pa:mpa we:i kipia i:xtew.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My shirt becomes unbottoned because its buttonholes are big.
\phrase_s Se desbotona mi camisa porque tiene los ojales grandes.
\root peto:
\qry Determine full range of possible subjects. Cf. to RS
\ref 00754
\lxam pepechowa
\lxam_c kipepechowa
\lxoa pepechowa
\lxoa_c kipepechowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to close an opening on; to patch up a hole of (a material object [O] with a hole or fissure)
\sense_s cerrar una hendedura o fisura de; parchar un agujero de (un objeto material [O] con un agujero o hendedura)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:kokoyo:n nopéro:l ipan itsi:ntew, kipepechowa tlapepechoke:tl ika soldadurah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My metal water jug has gotten several holes in its bottom, a welder is patching it up with soldering.
\phrase_s La base de mi perol se agujereóen varios lugares, un soldador lo estásoldando con soldadura.
\phrase_n Xpepecho mome:sah, yo:tlatlapo:w, ye nomama:ka:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Join (the boards of) your table together, it's started to open up, it's coming apart in places (e.g., the boards that make up its surface).
\phrase_s Junta (las tablas) de tu mesa, ya se estáabriendo en algunos lugares (esto es, las tablas se están separando), en algunos lugares ya se estáseparando.
\sense_e (~ -pan) to stick on (i.e., to place sth with a sticky surface on sth else, as a bandaid on a wound)
\sense_s (~ -pan) pegar sobre (p. ej., colocar algo con una superficie pegagosa sobre otra cosa, como una curita a una herida)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to bring or place close to (e.g., a person to a certain location or other individuals); to bring together (e.g., a group of people); to round up (e.g., a group of animals that
are already in the same vicinity)
\sense_s acercar; arrimar (p. ej., una persona a otros individuos o rodear; juntar (p. ej., un grupo de personas); reunir (p. ej., un grupo de animales sueltos pero en una solaárea)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:kito:tokaya isuwa:w pero a:man sepa yo:kipepechoh, yo:wa:hlah icha:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He had kicked his wife out of the house but now he has brought her back again, she's come back to his home.
\phrase_s Había corrido a su esposa de la casa, pero ya otra vez la trajo, ya vino (ella) a su casa.
\phrase_n Xkimpepecho un burros, ma tikintlama:malti:ka:n, ye tio:tlak!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Round up those donkeys, let's load them up, it's already late in the afternoon!
\phrase_s ¡Arrima estos burros, vamos a cargarlos, ya es tarde!
\phrase_n Tewa xtitlakwa:s? Yo:pe:w ye nopepecho:lo:tok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Aren't you going to eat? People have started to come together (i.e., at a table during a fiesta).
\phrase_s ¿No vas a comer tu? La gente ya empezóa arrimarse (p. ej., a una mesa durante una fiesta).
\sense_e (refl. with -tech or -na:k) to place or move oneself close to (subject is an animate, volitional agent)
\sense_s (refl. + -tech o -na:k ; a menudo refl.) acercarse a; arrimarse a; colocarse junto a (sujeto es un agente con volición propia)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Motech nimopepecho:s ti:yoh, nocha:n ne:xto:tokan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will come to live with you, uncle, they are kicking me out of my house.
\phrase_s Me voy a ir contigo, tio, me corren de la casa.
\phrase_n Xmopepecho notech, ke:n weka tonkah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Come closer to me, you are really far away!
\phrase_s ¡Acércate a mi, quélejos estás!
\phrase_n I niaw. Nimopepecho:s ina:k mú:sikah. Melá:k nitlai:sneki, so:lo tlapi:tskeh we:i kipia tra:goh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now I'm going. I will head off to where the musicians are playing. I really want to drink and the musicians are the only ones with a lot of alcohol.
\phrase_s Ya me voy. Voy a acercarme a donde tocan los músicos. De veras quiero beber, los músicos son losúnicos que tienen mucho trago.
\root pech
\nse In the sense of 'to close an opening on; to patch up a hole of' note that the syntactic object of pepechowa is the material object that has a hole or fissure in it, not
the material that is stuck on (e.g., as would be the case of soldering). However, pepechowa also has another sense in which it is the items that is placed on something
else that is the grammatical object whereas the item that has something stuck or placed on it is expressed obliquely with the relational noun -pan. With animates
the grammatical object is that which is moved close to another location; this may be understood from the discourse (as in Yo:kito:tokaya i:sowa:w pero a:man sepa
yo:kipepechoh, yo:wa:hlah i:cha:n) but is often expressed obliquely with -techor, less commonly, -na:k. With a plural animate object the
sense is often 'to place together.'
\nae Oapan does not have a reduced form: * ki:pechowa, given the fact that the reduplication is lexicalized and an unreduplicated root does not exist.
\qry I have only heard this reduplicated. This should be checked.
\grm Pluperfect; phonology: /Yo:kito:tokaya isowa:w pero a:man sepa yo:kipepechoh, yo:wa:hlah icha:n/ 'He had kicked his wife out of the house but now he has brought her
back again, she's come back to his home.' This phrase demonstrates both the semantics and phonology of the pluperfect. In the first place, it is used because the effects of
the action are no longer valid. That is, while the man had chased his wife out of the house, he had gone to fetch her and bring her back. Thus the effects of the first action
are no longer present (i.e., the separation of the wife). Also note the use of /-ya/ for the pluperfect after a verb ending in /ka/; this is also found with /to:ka/. Check to see if
it occurs with verbs such as /cho:ka/, i.e., does one find /o:cho:kaya/ or /o:cho:kaka/.
\grm Oapan reduplication; phonology; lexicalization: Oapan does not have a reduced form: * ki:pechowa, given the fact that the reduplication is lexicalized and
an unreduplicated root does not exist. Cf. /pepechowilia/.
\xref pepechowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 00755
\mod Was /Xo:chikwe:tlan/, switched to Toponym database.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\ref 00756
\lxam i:xkwa:tetepontilia
\lxam_c ki:xkwa:tetepontilia
\lxoa i:xkwa:tetepontilia
\lxoa_c ki:xkwa:tetepontilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp [N-N]-V2
\der V2-d-ca[x]
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cut the bangs off of
\sense_s cortarle los flecos a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwa:
\root tepon
\qry Check for other uses; cf. /kwa:tetepon/ for 'without branches on top (a plant or tree)'; check if /kwa:tetepon/ can take a human subject and whether /kwa:tetepontilia/ can take a tree
or plant as object. Check for /kwa:tetepontia/ as intransitive. If it exists, then remove [x]. Originally I had for Ameyaltepec kikwa:tetepontilia but Oapan has
/ki:xkwa:tetepontilia/. I have temporarily changed the Ameyaltepec form.
\grm Grammaticalization; causatives: /kwa:tetepontilia/. It might be that in some cases the causative /-lia/ follows a /-ti/ verbalizing element even when the intransitive form does
not exist. Here, check if ?/kwa:teteponti/ or ?/kwa:tetepontilia/ exist.
\grm Oapan reduplication: Note that lack of reduction in /ki:xkwa:tetepontilia/. Check other examples of /tetepon/, which does not seem to ever reduce.
\semref i:xkwa:teteki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00757
\lxam ka:xiwi
\lxam_c ka:xiwi
\lxoa teka:xiwi
\lxoa_c teka:xiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. prefix te- (Am); Lex. prefix te- (Oa)
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to bend or sag in the middle (particularly the back of a person or animal carrying a heavy load)
\sense_s pandear o doblarse en medio (particularmente la espalda de una persona o el lomo de un animal cargando algo pesado)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:nika:xiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My back gave in (curving to create a concave form).
\phrase_s Se me doblóla espalda.
\sense_e to sink or slightly cave in (e.g., soft ground after a heavy rain)
\sense_s sumirse o hundirse ligeramente (p. ej., la tierra después de un aguacero).
\sense_d Pending
\root ka:x
\nae Documentation to date suggests that whereas the intensifying te- element is optional in Ameyaltepec, it always occurs with this verb in Oapan. However, further study
may reveal that the te- is optional in Oapan. Note that a similar variation between dialects can be found with Ameyaltepec uweliwi (which only occurs in
the reduplicated form given) and Oapan té:welíwi.
\mod Perhaps modify this entry after determining whether the /te-/ is optional in Ameyaltepec or mandatory in Oapan. Perhaps a cross-reference should be created, but if the meanings are
so close, then a single entry should be used.
\qry It is unclear when the intransitive form is used and when the reflexive transitive is used. This should be check as I would expect that /noka:xowa/ would not occur but rather /ka:xiwi/.
However, my data does show /o:nika:xiw/ and not /o:nimoka:xoh/. Probably this is related to the involuntary nature of the action.
\qry For the intransitive I have the Oapan entry as /teka:xiwi/ with /te-/ apparently required. However, with the transitive it is optional. This should be checked to determine if there is
indeed a different in the necessity of /te-/ depending on transitivity.
\grm /te-/: Documentation to date suggests that whereas the intensifying te- element is optional in Ameyaltepec, it always occurs with this verb in Oapan. However,
further study may reveal that the te- is optional in Oapan. Note that a similar variation between dialects can be found with Ameyaltepec uweliwi
(which only occurs in the reduplicated form given) and Oapan té:welíwi.
\ref 00758
\lxam xi:ntok
\lxam_c xi:ntok
\lxoa xi:ntok
\lxoa_c xi:ntok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e scattered or strewn out on the ground (e.g., objects such as grain or coins that have fallen out of a sack, fruit that has fallen off a tree, etc.)
\sense_s regado o esparcido por el suelo (p. ej., objetos como granos o monedas que se cayeron de una bolsa o costal, fruta que se cayóde unárbol, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n San xi:ntok, xte:te:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is just scattered on the ground (in this case iswatl), it is not arranged neatly on the ground.
\phrase_s Están nada más regado por el suelo (en este caso hojas de maíz arrancadas del tallo), no están bien ordenadas sobre el suelo.
\phrase_n Asta o:nokwa:na:mihkeh, xi:ntokeh ipan tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Their heads are even resting up against each other (in this case two drunks), they are crashed out on the ground.
\phrase_s Hasta sus cabezas están recargando, una contra la otra (en este caso refiriéndose a dos borrachos), están regados sobre el suelo.
\sense_e (tlaxi:ntok or, in Oapan, also tlaxi:ntika) for things to be scattered on the ground; for the ground to be covered with things lying about
\sense_s (tlaxi:ntok o, en Oapan, también tlaxi:ntika) haber cosas regadas por todos lados; estar cubierto el suelo o piso por cosas regadas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlaxixi:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Things (not specified) are scattered all over (on the ground).
\phrase_s Hay una regadera de cosas (por el suelo).
\phrase_n Nocha:n tlaxi:ntok ika kwalo:lo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My house has people flat in bed, unable to get up because they are sick.
\phrase_s Mi casa tiene gente tirada en la cama por la enfermedad.
\root xi:
\mod Perhaps create a category for impersonal passives of stative: /tlakoto:ntok/, etc. NOTE: In reviewing the dictionary take all statives and check for impersonal forms.
\grm ** Impersonal passive; antipassive; /tla-/; /-lo/: Note the following phrase: /Nocha:n tlaxi:ntok ika kwalo:lo/ 'My house has people flat in bed, unable to get up because they
are sick.' The translation might be a little infelicitious, but it is difficult to find a better solution. There are two impersonal (or subjectless) verbal constructions in this
phrase: /tlaxi:ntok/ and /kwalo:lo/, the first of a stative/resultative and the second of an intransitive verb with a human subject. As documented in the entry for /xi:ntok/ and
/xi:ni/, this verbal root can refer to exhausted or sick humans and animals that are simply laid out on the ground (literally or figuratively). Like with other statives ending in
/-tok/, or adjectivals such as /wekatlan/, the use of /tla-/ indicates the lack of a specific referent. Indeed, this is the general use of /tla-/ with statives (except with certain
lexemes with with /tla-/ changes the semantics significantly (e.g., /tsakwtok/ and /tlatsakwtok/). Thus in t he phrase /nocha:n tlaxi:ntok ika kwalo:lo/, /tlaxi:ntok/ refers to
the fact that a certain state exists, but the subjects are nonreferential. The following verbal phrase continues this subjectless clause, but here the verb is"unergative"with a
human subject. Therefore it would seem that the /tla-/ and /-lo/ distinction with verbs is more closely related to +human and -human subjects, whereas with
statives/resultatives it is only based on the word class. That is, /-lo/ combines with /-tok/ (as /-lotok/) only with a progressive sense; and /tla-/ combines with /-tok/ (as /tla- V
-tok/) only in a stative sense. Occasionally, nevertheless, /tla-/ is used with a human subject. Launey (p. 137) gives the example of /tlacuecuechca/ 'se tiembla' indicating that
there is (one or more persons) shivering. The /tla-/ and not /te:-/ (he states this with an exclamation point) is used:"Notése el empleo de tla- (¡y no te:-) en los verbos que se
refieren a un sujeto humano, pero que indican que se recibe una influencia exterior, reaccionaa un evento independiente de us voluntad y no actúa por decisión propia.
Existen menos de diez verbos de este tipo. El más común es: /nicuecuechca/"tiemblo"; /tlacuecuechca/"se tiembla."
\ref 00759
\lxam tlasoka:mati
\lxam_c tlasoka:mati
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\compound Part-V2
\der Interj
\sense_e many thanks
\sense_s muchas gracias
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tlasoh
\root mati
\disamb tlaxtla:wi; tlasoka:mati
\nse In Oapan tlásokamátiexists only as a transitive verb and is not used to mean 'many thanks.' Nevertheless, given that this is a common form in other dialects (and is
often used by non-Nahuatl speakers who visit Oapan) many Oapanecos understand this nonverbal usage.
\qry Check how common this is as an interjection, compared to /tlaxtla:wi/.
\ref 00760
\lxam tetomaktik
\lxam_c tetomaktik
\lxoa tetomahtik
\lxoa_c tetomahtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\sense_e to be heavy-set; to be fat; to be hefty (a person or animal)
\sense_s ser o estar gordo; ser robusto (una persona o animal)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Melá:k tetomaktik mokaba:yoh, tlachi:xtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your horse is really hefty, it's looking good.
\phrase_s Tu caballo estámuy robusto, se estáviendo bien.
\sense_e to be thick and round (a beam, log, etc.)
\sense_s ser grueso y redondo (un morillo, tronco, viga, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root toma:
\disamb tetomaktik; toma:wak
\disamb tila:wak; toma:wak (e.g., beams)
\nse In regard to objects such as beams, logs, etc., the word toma:wak(or tetomaktik) is used as opposed to tila:wak(or
tetilaktik) given that the object has both depth and width. Tila:wak is used to express the thickness of flat things.
\grm Adjectivals; /te-/: When consulted both Florencia Marcelino and her husband Inocencio Jiménez did not accept either * tomaktik nor *
tetoma:wak. This appears to be the general case, that /te-/ is associated with the shortened adjectival /-ktik/. However, I do have in the corpus examples of
/-ktik/ without /te-/ (though, if I remember correctly) I do not have forms such as /pitsa:wak/ etc., with /te-/. ALL THESE SHOULD BE CHECKED.
\nde Oapan does not accept * tomaktik nor * tetoma:wak.
\ref 00761
\lxam tlake:ntsotsomok
\lxam_c tlake:ntsotsomok
\lxoa tlake:nté:tsomók
\lxoa_c tlake:nté:tsomók
\lxoa_pr tlake:nté:tsomok
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-te)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be raggedly clothed
\sense_s estar vestido con ropa arraposa
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ma:ka tli:mach xne:chiihlito, dia:bloh miktla:n tlake:ntsotsomok!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't just be saying any old thing to me, you god-damn tattered piece of rags!
\phrase_s ¡No me estés diciendo cualquiera cosa, pinche bola de arrapos!
\root ke:m
\root tsomo:
\ref 00762
\mod Here the word /kuhpitentsi:n/ has been removed from the dictionary.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\ref 00763
\lxam xi:kmatilowa
\lxam_c kixi:kmatilowa
\lxoa xi:hmatilowa
\lxoa_c kixi:hmatilowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to push and twist a piece of cloth with copal stuck on it into the navel of
\sense_s empujar y torcer en el ombligo de, un pedazo de ropa con copal pegado sobre ella
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma mitsxi:kmatiko:ka:n, tikpia para tlatsi:ntlah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let them twist a piece of cloth with copal on it into your navel, you have diarrhea!
\phrase_s ¡Deja que te empujan, torciéndolo, un pedazo de tela con copal en tu ombligo, tienes diarrea!
\semfld medicine
\root xi:k
\root matil
\semref xi:hkopalwia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref xi:hkopalwiya
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00764
\lxam kastiyokuwtli
\lxam_c kastiyokuwtli
\lxoa kastí:yokóhtli
\lxoa_c kastí:yokóhtli
\lxoa_pr kasti:yokohtli
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\loan (part) castillo
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\pitch yes
\sense_e tall, thick post buried deep in the ground to which the castillos(firework towers) are tied upright
\sense_s poste alto y grande que se empotra bien en el suelo y al que se atan los castillos (de cohetes)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kow
\ref 00765
\lxam tlikuwtli
\lxam_c motlikuw
\lxoa tlikohtli
\lxoa_c tlikohtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e firewood
\sense_s leña
\sense_d Pending
\root tli
\root kow
\nae The final /w/ in the underlying (or historical) form shows up. In Oapan those who have a voiceless palatal fricative manifest this alternation in final positon of i:tlikow.
\mod Obtain recording of possessed form for final dictionary.
\ref 00766
\lxam dia:bloh
\lxam_c dia:bloh
\lxoa dia:bloh
\lxoa_c dia:bloh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan diablo
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N0
\sense_e Devil
\sense_s el diablo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (~ miktlan) god-damn (etc., used with a following insulting adjective in insulting phrases)
\sense_s (~ miktlan) pinche (etc., utilizado antes de un adjetivo insultante en frases injuriosas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka tli:mach xne:chiihlito, dia:bloh miktla:n tlake:ntsotsomok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't just be saying any old thing to me, you god-damn tattered piece of rags.
\phrase_s No me estés diciendo cualquiera cosa, pinche bola de arrapos.
\phrase_n Dia:bloh miktla:n titlankoyak!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The hell with you, you toothless hag!
\phrase_s ¡Al diablo contigo, vieja sin dientes!
\nse According to L. Lucena only women say dia:bloh miktlan ~ because only they can shout such insults (can te:uwicaltia) without being ashamed. Men
either fight or use other words often, it seems, Spanish loans (pende:joh, pi:ncheh , etc.). Note that the phrase dia:bloh miktlan is used as a vocative
onl, that is, it is never accompanied by subject pronoun. For instance dia:bloh miktlan te:ntsonpochik translates as '(you) god- damn fuzzy bearded thing' or something
similar. Often the adjectives found in this collocation are not found in general speech as descriptive terms and are considered highly insulting (whether or not preceded by
dia:bloh miktlan). They often refer to a part of the body, clothes, etc.
\qry Check length of /miktlan/ and correct if necessary.
\semref miktla:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00767
\lxam kuwchi:chi:hli
\lxam_c kuwchi:chi:hli
\lxoa kohchi:chi:hli
\lxoa_c kohchi:chi:hli
\lxgen kohchi:chi:hli
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of tree as yet not fully identified
\sense_s tipo deárbol todavía no identificada definitivamente
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kuwchi:chi:hli | Bwe:noh para mori:yoh, siye:tas, para yugoh, tlapechbanki:toh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Kuwchi:chi:hli : It is good for main beams, for chairs, for yokes, for the sawhorses that support beds.
\phrase_s Kuwchi:chi:hli : Es bueno para morillos, para sillas, para yugos, para los banquitos sobre que se ponen las camas.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root kow
\root chi:l
\notes_nature The wood of this tree, which is reddish, is good for yokes, chairs, sawhorses and mori:yos , the heavy beams used in houses. Ramírez and Dakin (1979)
identify this as cuachichil. Ramírez (1991) does not list this. Schoenhals (1988) has cuachichil , although apparently this is a small plant or
flower, not the kuhchi:chi:lhli under examination. Schoenhals mentions:"(Loeselia mexicana) 'hummingbird flower' See espinosilla."
\ref 00768
\lxam tlatlaxispatli
\lxam_c tlatlaxispatli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infn Stem 1(h)
\sense_e type of vine still not identified
\sense_s tipo de bejucco todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tlatlaxixpatli | Para deke titlatlasi, tikpo:ki:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tlatlaxixpatli : It is for it you have a bad cough, you smoke it.
\phrase_s Tlatlaxixpatli : Es para si tienes tos, te lo fumas.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli(pend)
\root tlasi
\root pah
\notes_func Asunción Marcelo said he had heard this plant named but does not know it. Neither Silvestre Pantaleón nor Inocencio Díaz knew of this plant.
\qry Luis Lucena, who gave me the information re: the use of this plant as a remedy, was not sure how it was smoked, or what part of the plant was used.
\ref 00769
\lxam tsotsokatl
\lxam_c tsotsokatl
\lxoa tsotsokatl
\lxoa_c tsotsokatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e miserly; selfish; stingy; unsharing
\sense_s mezquino; egoista; envidioso (de sus bienes)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tsotsokatl, xkineki kite:tlayo:kili:s itlah tli:no:n. Ma:ski kipia, pero xkite:maka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is selfish, he doesn't want to give anything away. Even though he is rich, he doesn't give things away.
\phrase_s Es mezquino, no quiere darle nada a nadia. Aunque tiene, no quiere dárselo a la gente.
\phrase_n Ma:ka tiá:s, tsotsokatl!
\phrase_d Am
\src_p DT#7: 285
\phrase_e Don't go, he's stingy (e.g., he won't offer you any food, even though you might be hungry)!
\phrase_s ¡No te vayas, es mezquino (esto es, no te va a ofrecer de comer, aunque tengas hambre)!
\phrase_n Ma:ka xtsotsokatl, mejó:r tikwi:kas!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't be selfish, it would be better if you take him (or it) along!
\phrase_s ¡No sea egoísta, sería mejor que te lo lleves!
\root tsoka
\nse See FK for a brief discussion of the use of tsotsokatl to mean 'pimple' and 'miserly person' (and the fact that in Spanish the word mezquino refers to both.
In Oapan and Ameyaltepec tsotsokatl refers only to the person, although tsotsokatewistli, an obviously related term, is used to refer to a
type of pimply rash.
\vl There is one female token from 4880; this should be the female token linked to the lexicon since it is of better acoustical quality.
\grm Imperative; noun predication: Note that following imperative /Ma:ka xtsotsokatl, mejó:r tikwi:kas!/ 'Don't be selfish, it would be better if you take him (or it) along!' Here
there is a predicate noun, /tsotsokatl/, with a negative or vetative, i.e., 'Don't be N.' Note how no overt mark of predication is used. However, the negative is marked as a
negation of a predication, so /ma:ka x-/ implies that what follows is a predicate.
\ref 00770
\lxam tsatsapaltik
\lxam_c tsatsapaltik
\lxoa tetsatsapaltik
\lxoa_c tetsatsapaltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-d-tik
\lexical Lex. te- ; Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e to have a rough surface
\sense_s tener la superficie aspera
\sense_d Pending
\root tsapa
\nse Apparently tsatsapaltik is the fully adjectival equivalent of the apocopated tetsapa, even though the origin of the coda /l/ is not clear.
\qry It is unclear whether the /l/ has been correctly recorded in this headword, or whether the correct form is ? tsatsapatik, an adjectivalization of a noun?
\grm Adjective tense/aspect inflection: Note the use of the copula in future to inflect an adjectival predicate: /San tetsatsapaltik moi:joh, ti:roh xwe:i yes/ 'Your son is short, he
won't be big at all.'
\semref tetsapa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref tetsapa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00771
\lxam -kwa:tlan
\lxam_c ikwa:tlan
\lxoa -kwa:tlan
\lxoa_c i:kwa:tlah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(rel)
\der N-loc-poss-tlan
\infn N2(rel)
\sense_e higher up than (but on the same surface or plane as the deictic reference point [Poss])
\sense_s arriba de; al lado superior de (pero sobre la misma superficie que el punto de referencia deíctica [Pos])
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n ikwa:tlan kwentli
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e on the uphill side of the furrow
\phrase_s al lado cuesta arriba del surco
\phrase_n mokwa:tlan
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e up from where you are (e.g., uphill on a slope, higher up on the bed on which you are lying, etc.)
\phrase_s arriba de donde estás (e.g., ; cuesta arriba de donde estás parada, arriba de donde estás acostada en la cama, etc.)
\sense_e overhead; above
\sense_s arriba de (p. ej., colgado sobre)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mokwa:tlan pilkatok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is hanging above your head.
\phrase_s Estácolgado arriba de tu cabeza.
\root kwa:
\root_rel -tlan
\ency_note deixis
\nse The phrase mokwa:tlan referring to something being on the uphill side of a slope from where"you"(in this case) are standing, has its deictic opposite in
mokxitlan. Note that -kwa:tlan is not equivalent to -kwa:tipan, which cannot be used in the sense of a horizontal place
indicated by the phrase i:kwa:tlan kwentli. Often kwa:tipan refers to things that are overhead in relation to a specific point of reference, whereas
-kwa:tlan refers to things that are above but on the same basic plane (e.g., higher up on a hill, further up on a bed, etc.). Kwa:tipan is not used to
mean 'above (on the same plane).' Note that when used to mean 'overhead' -kwa:tlan refers to a more general or distant overhead (as in mokwa:tlan
pilkatok) whereas -kwa:tipan seems to refer to an overhead that is only a short distance above the possessor, which is a more specific, limited object or
point than tha t indicated in phra ses with -kwa:tlan.
\ref 00772
\lxam -yekapan
\lxam_c iyekapan
\lxoa -yekapan
\lxoa_f [ye 'ka pah]
\lxoa_c i:yekapan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N(rel)
\der N-loc-poss-pan
\infn N2(rel)
\sense_e in front of
\sense_s enfrente de
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xmoteketsa noyekapan!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Stand up in front of me!
\phrase_s ¡Párate frente de mí!
\phrase_n Xya iyekapan!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go along in front of it (e.g., a child walking in front of a team of oxen)!
\phrase_s ¡Ve yendo adelante deél (p. ej., un niño caminando frente a una yunta)!
\root yeka
\root_rel -pan
\disamb yekapan; i:xko
\qry I seem to remember that one term is used for material objects (I think /i:xko/) and /yekapan/ only for animates. Check.
\semref -i:xko
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00773
\lxam -pal
\lxam_c ipal
\lxoa -pal
\lxoa_c ipal
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(rel)
\der Rel-stem/poss-sim
\infn N2(rel)
\sense_e by the grace of; with the help of; depending on
\sense_s con la ayuda de; dependiendo de
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Te:pal nonkah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm dependent on other people.
\phrase_s Soy dependiente de otra gente.
\phrase_n San nopal pano:tok, nika:n tiktlakwaltitokeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is making do at my expense (i.e., sb poor, without money or maize, who is living off me), we are feeding him here.
\phrase_s Se la estápasando por mi cuenta (p. ej., algn pobre, sin dinero ni maíz, que vive con mi ayuda), le estamos dando de comer.
\phrase_n Nopal onkah, ke:n tlatski!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is living off me, what a lazy person!
\phrase_s Se estámanteniendo por mi cuenta,¡quéflojo es!
\sense_e (tlakwa:w ~) to hell with [Poss]
\sense_s (tlakwa:w ~) al diablo con [Pos]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlakwa:w mopal! Timistlake:waya, xo:tiknek. Xka:wa! newa milá:k niknekiya para tikchi:waskia un tekitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The hell with you! I wanted to hire you, you didn't accept. What a surprise! I really wanted you to do that job.
\phrase_s ¡Al diablo contigo! Estaba por alquilarte, no quisiste.¡Vaya! yo de veras quería que hicieras ese trabajo.
\root_rel -pal
\nae There are a few cases in which -pal is combined with a nominal stem to indicate what is essentially an abundance of the quality or object indicated by the stem.
Cases of this are a:xi:xpal and kochpal. Note also that the relational form te:pal can occur either verbalized, as
te:palwia or incorporated into a verbal matriz, as in te:palkochi. In the latter case incorporation is indicated by the fact that the subject prefix is to the
left of te:pal, as in nite:palkochi , although the non-incorporated form is also correct (te:pal nikochi).
\qry Disambiguate /koxtetl/ from /koxpal/ and, in the process, /-tetl/ from /-pal/.
\grm Relational nouns: See discussion under /te:palkochi/. There are a few cases in which -pal is combined with a nominal stem to indicate what is essentially
an abundance of the quality or object indicated by the stem. Cases of this are a:xi:xpal and kochpal. Note also that the relational form
te:pal can occur either verbalized, as te:palwia or incorporated into a verbal matriz, as in te:palkochi. In the latter
case incorporation is indicated by the fact that the subject prefix is to the left of te:pal, as in nite:palkochi , although the
non-incorporated form is also correct (te:pal nikochi).
\semref te:palwia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref te:palkochi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00774
\lxam tei:nilia
\lxam_c kitei:nilia
\lxoa tei:nilia
\lxoa_c kitei:nilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to break (sth) into pieces for; to make (sth) shatter for
\sense_s desmenuzarle (algo) a; hacerle añicos (de algo) a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to break (e.g., a monetary bill) for; to make change (of a certain denomination of money) for; to exchange (one type of money) for
\sense_s cambiar (p. ej., un billete) para; hacer cambio (de una moneda por otras más pequeñas) para; cambiar (un tipo de dinero por otro) para
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xne:xtei:nili notomi:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Change my money for me (e.g., a bill for coins)!
\phrase_s ¡Cambiáme mi dinero (p. ej., un billete por monedas)!
\root tei:
\mod Determine the best way to translate and give entry definitions for malefactives.
\xref tei:nia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00775
\lxam tlanketsowa
\lxam_c kitlanketsowa
\lxoa tlanketsowa
\lxoa_c kitlanketsowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to take a bite into
\sense_s mordisquear
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:ne:xtlanketsoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He took a bite out of me.
\phrase_s Me dio un mordisco.
\phrase_n San sepatsi:n o:kitlanketsoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just took one bite out of it.
\phrase_s Solamente le dio un solo mordisco.
\phrase_n San o:tiktlatlanketsoh wa:n xkwahli o:tkwah. O:tiki:xpoloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You just took some bites out of it and didn't eat it all (lit., 'properly'). You wasted it.
\phrase_s Solamente le mordisqueaste y no te lo comiste bien. Lo echaste a perder.
\root tlan
\root ketso
\nse Tlanketsowa refers to the action of taking a small piece out of something by biting into it, though not necessarily eating it.
\nde Apparently tlanketsowa is related to the Classical quetzoma or quetzuma, which Molina gives in its reduplicated form with a human,
nonspecific object prefix as meaning"adentellar, morder a otro, o dar bocados."
\qry Check for use of /te-/ intensifier. Check for presence of /h/.
\ref 00776
\lxam kuwxiwyoh
\lxam_c kuwxiwyoh
\lxoa kohxihyoh
\lxoa_c kohxihyoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to be filled with bushes or shrubs (an area)
\sense_s estar (unaárea) llena de matas y arbustos
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kow
\root xiw
\ref 00777
\lxam tsi:npaxia:lki:stinemi
\lxam_c tsi:npaxia:lki:stinemi
\lxoa tsi:npaxia:lki:stimi
\lxoa_c tsi:npaxia:lki:stimi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-asp
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to rove around; to act like a vagabond; to travel and visit a lot with no definite goal
\sense_s vagabundear; andar de vago o tratamundos; viajar o visitar mucho sin ningún fin definitivo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tsi:n
\root paxia:l
\nae This word has only been documented with the aspectual ending -tinemi. Whether or not it can occur without this aspectual endings is unclear.
\qry Check whether /tsi:npaxia:lki:stinemi/ is found without the aspectual ending /-tinemi/.
\ref 00778
\lxam tekakapaxio
\lxam_c i:tekakapaxio
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-yo
\lexical Lex. rdp-s; Lex. prefix te-
\infn N2
\sense_e dirty and dried sap that has dripped from a cut in a tree
\sense_s resina sucia y seca que ha salido de un corte en la cáscara de unárbol
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n itekakapaxio kuwtli
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e the dried sap of a tree
\phrase_s la resina seca de unárbol.
\sense_e rough skin of certain animals (e.g., kohketspalin , tepa:xin , and certain michin)
\sense_s pieláspera de algunos animales (p. ej., kohketspalin , tepa:xin , y algunos michin)
\sense_d Am
\root kapax
\nse The precise referents of -kakapaxio and -tekakapaxio have yet to be determined; it seems that they are different and that some surfaces may be
described by one term and others by the other. Perhaps the semantics will prove to be distinct enough, and nonpredictable, to motivate two entries. Note also that in many cognate
forms, Ameyaltepec kakapax- is equivalent to Oapan te:kapax- (e.g., Am. kakapaxioh and Oa. te:kapaxioh). This
suggests that Oapan might have an obligatorily possessed form te:kapaxio that needs to be added. This too should be checked.
\qry Check for other possible objects that have their /-(te)kakapaxio/, i.e. plants, animals, etc. Also check whether only /tekakapaxio/ can be used to refer to the skin of /kuhketspalin/
and /tepa:xin/ and correct as necessary. Xref answer to /kuhketspalin/ and /tepa:xin/, etc. What is the skin of fish called: with or without /te-/ or are both correct? Check vowel
length although all related words have all short vowels. Etymology uncertain. Also check relative use or non-use of /te/. In one notecard I have stated that I had always heard this
word with the prefixed /te-/, as /tekakapaxio/. Check to see if the word can be used without /te-/ and whether this changes its meaning or to what it may refer. Apparently this can
also refer to the rough bark of certain trees like the /po:cho:tl/. This should be checked. If so, perhaps this should be given as the primary definition. Check for verbal form
(?(ka)kapaxiwi).
\qry Query re: the following: The precise referents of -kakapaxio and -tekakapaxio have yet to be determined; it seems that they are different and that
some surfaces may be described by one term and others by the other. Perhaps the semantics will prove to be distinct enough, and nonpredictable, to motivate two entries. Note also
that in many cognate forms, Ameyaltepec kakapax- is equivalent to Oapan te:kapax- (e.g., Am. kakapaxioh and Oa.
te:kapaxioh). This suggests that Oapan might have an obligatorily possessed form te:kapaxio that needs to be added. This too should be checked.
\semref kakawayo
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref pi:ntoh kakapaxtli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00779
\lxam amanka:ita
\lxam_c kamanka:ita
\lxoa ámanka:íta
\lxoa_pr amanka:ita
\lxoa_c kámanka:íta
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Part-V2
\der V2-b
\infv Irregular; see ita
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to get angry or annoyed with; to find (sb [O]) bothering or annoying
\sense_s enojarse o enfadarse con
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:pe:w nikamanka:ita.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I began to find him annoying.
\phrase_s Empecéa enfadarme conél.
\root ahmana
\root ita
\nae In essence the grammatical subject of amanka:ita is the thematic experiencer, the person who experiences the annoyance that is caused by what is, in this
construction, the grammatical object.
\qry Perhaps find a better translation.
\ref 00780
\lxam ma:toka
\lxam_c kima:toka
\lxoa ma:toka
\lxoa_c kima:toka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to pet; to run ones hand over; to caress; to rub or massage (if the action is repeated, as it usually is, then reduplication with a long vowel is used)
\sense_s acariciar; correr la mano sobre en una manera cariñosa; sobar (si la acción se repite, como generalmente occure, se utiliza la forma reduplicada con vocal larga)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kima:tokas itskwin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will run his hand (once) over his dog.
\phrase_s Va a correr su mano (una vez) sobre su perro.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication of entire stem) to rub ones hands over repeatedly (e.g., as in spreading an ointment on sb)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga de la raíz entera) correr la mano repetidamente sobre (p. ej., al aplicar ungüento sobre algn)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Axtopa xma:ma:toka, ma ki:sa un tlasohli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e First run your hand over it (in this case a horse) so that the brush that has stuck to it comes off!
\phrase_s ¡Primero, corre tu mano sobre ello (en este caso un caballo) para que se le quite la mugre (p. ej. ramitas y pedazos de hojas) que le estápegada!
\phrase_n Tikma:ma:tokas un la:soh para ma ki:sa sokitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You should run your hand along that rope so that the mud falls off.
\phrase_s Debes correr la mano sobre ese laso para que se le caiga el lodo.
\phrase_n Xne:chma:ma:toka nokwitlapan!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Rub (carress) my back!
\phrase_s ¡Sóbame la espalda!
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to earnestly pursue; to pay close attention to; to show affection for (a person); to make an effort (to do sth)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) prestar atención a; proseguir (p. ej., en tramitar un asunto); mostrar cariño a (una persona); esforzarse (para hacer algo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Newa nikma:totoka, o:niktlasiwi:tih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I pursued the matter in earnest, I hurried it up.
\phrase_s Proseguíel asunto, lo apuré.
\phrase_n Xkima:totoka ikone:w. Ma:ski cho:katok xkichi:wilia kwe:ntah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She doesn't pay attention to her child. Even though he is crying, she doesn't pay attention.
\phrase_s Ella no le presta atención a su hijo. Aunque estállorando, no le hace caso.
\phrase_n Xkima:totoka para kipati:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He doesn't make much of an effort to cure him (a sick child, i.e., he doesn't bother to take him to a doctor).
\phrase_s No hace ningún esfuerzo para curarlo (en este caso para curar su niño, no se molesta en llevarlo a un doctor).
\phrase_n Xkima:totoka para kichi:chi:ti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She doesn't hurry up to breast feed him (even though he is crying).
\phrase_s No se apura para darle pecho (aunque estállorando).
\phrase_n Xma:totoka kech ika mistlayo:kilian!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Accept it quickly while they are offering it to you!
\phrase_s ¡Acéptalo rápidamente mientras que te lo ofrezcan!
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to spread ones arms out in order to catch or hold (e.g., sb coming down from a high place, a child that is about to fall, etc.)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) abrir los brazos para agarrar o sostener (p. ej., a una persona que estábajando de un lugar alto, o a un niño que estáa punto de
caerse)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xma:totoka! Ma:ka wetsis chika:wak!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Spread your arms out to catch him (in this case to catch a child who is falling)! Don't let him fall down hard!
\phrase_s ¡Abre los brazos para agarrarlo, (en este caso a un niño que estácayendo)!¡No lo dejes caer fuerte!
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication and tie:mpoh) to hurry up
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta y tie:mpoh) apurarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kima:totoka tie:mpoh para kito:kas, yo:pe:w tlapupwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is hurrying up to plant it (a particular field), he has already started clearing the field.
\phrase_s Se apura para sembrarlo (un terreno en particular), ya empezóa limpiar el campo.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to touch or grab repeatedly at; to feel around for (sth) with ones hands
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) tocar o agarrar repetidamente (algo, o a algn); tantear
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xo:mitsna:nkilih para tikma:to:tokatinemis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She didn't consent to you going around grabbing her by the arm.
\phrase_s No consintióque la anduvieras agarrando por el brazo.
\phrase_n Tikma:to:tokatiw wi:lo:tl, yo:wetsiko, yo:tihkokoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are reaching your arm out (e.g., feeling into the underbrush) feeling for the huilota. It fell to the ground, you wounded it.
\phrase_s Estás estirando el brazo tanteando (p. ej., para buscar en la maleza) por la huilota. se cayóa la tierra, la heriste.
\root ma:
\root toka
\nae The verb ma:toka is unusual in that reduplication may be of the entire lexicalized form, with the incorporated noun stem (e.g., ma:ma:toka) or, as
is perhaps more often the case, of the verbal root (e.g., ma:totoka or ma:to:toka). Apparently ma:ma:toka indicates 'to caress'
(repeating the action as one runs ones hand over a surface) whereas ma:to:toka , with long vowel reduplication of the verbal stem, signifies 'to feel around with ones
hands.' The verbal stem can also be reduplicated with a short vowel, ma:totoka ; to mean 'to do something rapidly', or 'to pay attention to.' In this case it seems that
the reduplicated verb acquires the meaning that it has independently of 'to follow after.' All meanings and reduplication patterns need to be rechecked; and perhaps two separate
entries should be created.
\qry All meanings and the vowel reduplication pattern should be checked: /ma:ma:toka/ 'caress'; /ma:to:toka/ 'to feel around with ones hands'; and /ma:totoka/ 'to pay attention to'; 'to
catch in ones arms.' Finally, note that a grammatical record should be made of these differences and compared to other words which should different types of reduplication of root
and prefix. Perhaps with the noun is reduplicated a separate entry should be given, since usually the IN is not reduplicated.
\qry The verb ma:toka is unusual in that reduplication may be of the entire lexicalized form, with the incorporated noun stem (e.g., ma:ma:toka) or, as
is perhaps more often the case, of the verbal root (e.g., ma:totoka or ma:to:toka). Apparently ma:ma:toka indicates 'to caress'
(repeating the action as one runs ones hand over a surface) whereas ma:to:toka , with long vowel reduplication of the verbal stem, signifies 'to feel around with ones
hands.' The verbal stem can also be reduplicated with a short vowel, ma:totoka ; to mean 'to do something rapidly', or 'to pay attention to.' In this case it seems that
the reduplicated verb acquires the meaning that it has independently of 'to follow after.' All meanings and reduplication patterns need to be rechecked; and perhaps two separate
entries should be created.
\qry Check this phrase: /Xma:totoka kech ika mistlayo:kilian!/ This is what I originally had.
\grm /Xne:chma:ma:toka nokwitlapan!/ Rub my back. Note that /nokwitlapan/ is syntactically as if it were an object (e.g., one might expect an applicative ?xne:chma:ma:tokili
nokwitlapa, or an oblique: ?xne:chma:ma:toka ipan nokwitlapan. Perhpas this is avoided (cf. Launey) because that /-pan/ is already in the body part. But what would be
the case with /nokxi/, ?xne:chma:ma:toka nokxi or ?xne:chma:ma:toka ipan nokxi. Check.
\grm /Kima:totoka tie:mpoh para kito:kas, yo:pe:w tlapupwa/. ' He is hurrying up in order to plant the field, he has already started clearing..'Note here how reference shifts. We
have /kito:kas/, which seems to refer to a specific field (discuss or explore the use of /ki-/ with /to:ka/ (and the use of specific objects with verbs for which the nonspecific
object is not acceptable *tlato:ka. Then the following phrase does not have /yo:pe:w kipupwa/, which would maintain the reference/focus, but the detransitivized /tlapupwa/.
This too should be discussed.
\grm Reduplication: note that /ma:toka/ can be reduplicated in various ways: /kima:ma:toka/ 'to caress'; /kima:to:toka/ 'he feels around for'; and /kima:totoka/ 'he pursues it; he
spreads his arms to catch it,' etc. These all should be checked as /ma:toka/ is one of the few verbs with IN that can take reduplication of either the nominal or verbal stem.
Later I added: The verb ma:toka is unusual in that reduplication may be of the entire lexicalized form, with the incorporated noun stem (e.g.,
ma:ma:toka) or, as is perhaps more often the case, of the verbal root (e.g., ma:totoka or ma:to:toka). Apparently
ma:ma:toka indicates 'to caress' (repeating the action as one runs ones hand over a surface) whereas ma:to:toka , with long vowel
reduplication of the verbal stem, signifies 'to feel around with ones hands.' The verbal stem can also be reduplicated with a short vowel, ma:totoka ; to mean
'to do something rapidly', or 'to pay at tention t o.' In this case it seems that the reduplicated verb acquires the meaning that it has independently of 'to follow after.' All
meanings and reduplication patterns need to be rechecked; and perhaps two separate entries should be created.
\xref ma:tokilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 00781
\lxam patlachowa
\lxam_c kipatlachowa
\lxoa patlachowa
\lxoa_c kipatlachowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to flatten and widen (e.g., a piece of wood planed and shaved, for a sawhorse, an ax or other handle, tixtli in making an itakatl , etc.)
\sense_s aplanar y ensanchar (e.g., un pedazo de madera cepillada y aplanada, para una burra, la manga de una hacha u otra cosa, masa para hacer un itakatl ,
etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tewa! Xkwa:lpa:patlacho notakatsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You! Reach over here and flatten out my itakatl (by lightly pressing down on it once and again in even and determined motions).
\phrase_s ¡Tu! Estírate la mano hacia acápara aplanar mi itakatl (al golpearlo ligeramente, una y otra vez, en movimientos despacios y determinados)!
\sense_e to squash (e.g., an animal under a stone)
\sense_s aplaster (p. ej., un animal bajo una piedra)
\sense_d Pending
\root patlach
\nse Patlachowa refers to various ways of flattening things. They can be made flat with a tool as in wood, or with ones hands as in making an itakatl. They
can also be flattened, or squashed, with a stone, as in crushing an animal.
\ref 00782
\lxam kamotli de un kokostik
\lxam_alt kamotli de un kostik
\lxam_c kamotli de un kokostik
\lxoa kámokóstik
\lxoa_pr kamokostik
\lxoa_alt kámotlíkóstik
\lxoa_c kámokóstik
\lxgen kostik kamohtli
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of sweet potato, so called for its color (yellow)
\sense_s tipo de camote, asi llamado por su color (amarillo)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld tuber
\semfld domesticated
\root kamoh
\root kos
\ency_note kamotli
\qry Note that in one entry I have simply /kamotli de (un) kostik/. Check to see which form is correct (or more common), /kamotli de (un) kokostik/ or /kamotli de (un) kostik/, i.e., with
or without the reduplication. Also, for this and other similar cases, in certain entries I have a form without the /un/. Check to see if this is necessary or whether the name can occur
without /un/. This type of camote was collected in fieldwork (#129).
\ref 00783
\lxam mi:skiyo
\lxam_c i:mi:skiyo
\lxoa mi:skiyo
\lxoa_c i:mi:skiyo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-yo
\infn N2
\sense_e fruit of certain trees, the range of which has not yet been determined
\sense_s fruta de ciertosárboles, cuya extensión todavía no ha sido determinada
\sense_d Pending
\root mi:ski
\nae This noun has been documented only in possessed form with the expected possessed suffix -yo. The relationship between mi:skitl and
mi:skiyo is perhaps similar to that between wa:xin and wa:xio in the first term refers to a tree with a very notable or
marked type of fruit and the second term to this fruit as it is born by the same tree as well as others. Thus, perhaps as wa:xin refers to the fruit of a tree that can
also be called wa:xkuhtli (or wa:xkohtli) so too does mi:skitl most directly refer to the fruit of the mezquite (or
mi:skikuhtli , mi:skikohtli). And, just as the maple tree has i:wa:xio so too to many other trees (for example, wicha:chin
and witspatlaxtli) have i:mi:skiyo, i.e., fruit of the type born by the mezquite tree.
\qry Check for other trees that have their /miskio/.
\ref 00784
\lxam moxtli
\lxam_c moxtli
\lxoa moxtli
\lxoa_c moxtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(x)
\sense_e cloud(s)
\sense_s nube(s)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye:watok un moxtli ipan tepe:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The clouds are gathered around (lit., 'seated on') the top of the hill.
\phrase_s Las nubes están descansando (lit., 'sentados') sobre la cima del cerro.
\semfld weather
\root mox
\qry Check for possible metaphoric meanings. I have never heard this used in plural.
\ref 00785
\lxam pipiyá:k
\lxam_c pipiyá:k
\lxoa pípiyá:k
\lxoa_c pípiyá:k
\lxoa_pr pipiya:k
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): ní:piyá:k
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be foul-smelling 'to be foul-smelling (said to be typified by the smell of animals such as live goats, as well as that of dogs and cows; unbathed humans are also said to
acquire this smell as are, when they rot, plums)
\sense_s ser apestoso; tener un mal olor (olor tipificado por el de chivos, como también lo de perros y vacas; seres humanos que no se bañan también adquieren este olor asícomo
ciruelas, xokotl, cuando se pudren)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld smell
\root pipi
\root hya:
\nae Given the lack of evidence for a root pi, the root entered for this and related words is pipi.
\qry Determine what other things have this smell. Apparently many barnyard animals have this smell, though this should be checked.
\mod Create a function for smells/adjectives. Note that smells in the semantic field includes verbs of smell, not only adjectives.
\vl There is an extra female token at 5887. It should be the one that is linked.
\ref 00786
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was the entry for /tila:nilia/; it has been eliminated as a duplicate.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\vl This entry has been eliminated as a duplicate of 5301. Tag the 786 tokens with 5301, but at 5301, use the 5301 tokens and not those originally 786 for the links.
\ref 00787
\lxam a:te:kilia
\lxam_c ka:te:kilia
\lxoa a:te:kilia
\lxoa_c ka:te:kilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to water (particularly plants and seedlings) for
\sense_s regar (particularmente plantas y plantas de semillero) para
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ma ne:cha:te:kilitiw noxo:chiw, ma:ka wa:kis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let him be watering my flowers for me so that they don't dry up!
\phrase_s ¡Quévaya dándole agua a mis flores, para que no se sequen!
\sense_e to give water to (certain animals such as pigs and chickens, who are given water that is poured into a bowl or container) for
\sense_s dar de beber (a animales tales como marranos y gallinas, que toman agua de un recipiente al que se vierte agua) para
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to give water to (certain animals such as pigs, i.e., for which one pours water)
\sense_s dar de beber a (a algunos animales tales como marranos, a que se les da agua en piletas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma kima:te:kili:ki nopitsowa:n -nopiowa:n-! Newa niá:s fériah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let him come and give water to my pigs (or chickens) for me! I'm going to the festival.
\phrase_s ¡Quévenga a darles agua a mis marranos (o gallinas)! Yo voy a ir a la feria.
\fla te:kilia; a:te:kia
\root a:
\root te:k
\grm Make sure to discuss the question of valency with this word in part of the grammar.
\xref a:te:kia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref a:te:kiya
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 00788
\lxam ikuchi:yoh wa:ktsi:n
\lxam_c ikuchi:yoh wa:ktsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1(N2-NP)
\sense_e blade of obsidian or flint found scattered on the ground
\sense_s cuchillo de obsidiana o pedernal encontrado tirado por el suelo
\sense_d Am
\root wa:k-2-
\nse Apparently the meaning of i:kuchi:yoh wa:ktsi:n derives from the identity of the wa:ktsi:n as an avatar of Tezcatlipoca, a deity related to war in the
Mexica pantheon. In Oapan it is said that the wa:htsi:n kipiya i:neba:jah, although this is not applied to obsidian blades. In Oapan one may say o:mitsixipiltek
wa:htsi:n. This is said when one finds a cut on the bottom of ones foot, near the toes. It is said in Oapan that the wa:htsi:n has i:neba:jah ; cf. to
the Ameyaltepec term i:kuchi:yoh wa:ktsi:n in reference to obsidian blades.
\ref 00789
\lxam pitentsi:n
\lxam_c pitentsi:n
\lxoa pitentsi:n
\lxoa_c pitentsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-tsi:n
\infa tsi:n>tsitsi:nteh/tih
\sense_e to be small (in bulk size)
\sense_s ser pequeño (en tamaño)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to be young (in age)
\sense_s ser joven (de edad)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (kemech ~) to be just rising (the sun or moon)
\sense_s (kemech ~) estar apenas saliendo (el sol o la luna)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kemech pitentsi:n to:nahli, kemech o:wa:lki:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sun is just rising (still low on the horizon), it just emerged.
\phrase_s El sol apenas estásaliendo (estácerca del horizonte), apenas salió.
\sense_e (sa: ~) to be setting (the sun or moon)
\sense_s (sa: ~) estar por ponerse (el sol o la luna)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwa:k sa: pitentsi:n to:nahli o:titlankeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We finished when the sun was just about to set.
\phrase_s Terminamos cuando el sol estaba por ponerse.
\phrase_n Sa: pitentsi:n to:nahli, i kalakis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sun is near the horizon, it is about to set.
\phrase_s El sol estánomás poco arriba del horizonte, ya se va a poner.
\semfld size
\root piten
\semref pi:pitik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00790
\lxam ihkí:n
\lxam_alt hkí:n
\lxam_c ihkí:n
\lxoa hkíi:n
\lxoa_c hkíi:n
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm Pr(demon)
\der Pr-dem
\sense_e in this very manner
\sense_s así, de esta misma manera
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ihkí:n tikchi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e This is the way you will do it (e.g., a particular task or job).
\phrase_s Esta es la manera en que la vas a hacer (p. ej., un trabajo o tarea en específico).
\fl sayhkó:n
\root iw
\root i:n
\qry Check vowel length. Also problematical is the difference between /ihki/ and /ihkí:n/. In the phrase above I checked the possibility of substituting /ihki/ for /ihkí:n/, but it was not
accepted in Ameyaltepec. Note that for the Oapan sound I had first recorded /kíí:n/ in my notes based on the Yale recording session. However, later in Oapan with Tom
Smith-Stark and the pronunciation was definitely [kíi:n] althought the final sound was a velarized or nasalized vowel and not an /n/.
\semref no: ihkí:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref no: kíi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00791
\lxam yumpa
\lxam_alt yompa
\lxam_c yumpa
\lxoa yempa
\lxoa_c yempa
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adv
\der Adv-pl
\sense_e right there (in regard to space)
\sense_s allímismo (en cuanto al espacio)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yumpa ka:n onkah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Right there where it is!
\phrase_s ¡Allímismo donde está!
\sense_e just right
\sense_s justamente como está
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmati deke yumpa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Taste it (in this case a dish of prepared food) to see it is is just right!
\phrase_s ¡Pruébala (en este caso un guisado) para saber si estájustamente bien!
\phrase_n Xkokolocho un kwe:tli para yumpa noka:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take in that skirt (by placing pleats in it) so that it gets to fit just right.
\phrase_s Achica esa falda (poniéndole pleigues o tablas) para que quede justamente bien.
\phrase_n Timimiltik. San yumpa, xtitoma:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You have a solid, stout body. It's just right (the way you are), you aren't fat.
\phrase_s Tienes un cuerpo sólido y macizo. Estájustamente bien, no estás gordo.
\phrase_n Yumpa ke:n o:tike:kchi:w!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You made it just right (e.g., a food prepared, a job done, etc.)!
\phrase_s ¡Lo hiciste justamente bien (p. ej., una comida preparada, un trabajo hecho, etc.)!
\root ye
\root on
\root_rel -pa
\semref umpa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00792
\lxam kechkoxtitlan
\lxam_c ikechkoxtitlan
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound (N-S)-N(rel)
\der N-loc-tlan
\infn N2
\sense_e nape of the neck
\sense_s nuca
\sense_d Am
\semfld body
\root kech
\root koch
\root_rel -titlan
\nde Kechkoxtitlan is not documented in Oapan Nahuatl. And neither Inocencio Jiménez nor Florencia Marcelino knew the Nahuatl word for nape of the neck.
\semref kechkoxtlan
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref kechkoxtlan
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00793
\lxam a:tli:ya:n
\lxam_c noa:tli:ya:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-dvb-ya:n
\infn N2
\sense_e natural and customary source of drinking water for (sb or some animal [Poss])
\sense_s fuente natural y regular de agua de beber para (algn o algún animal [Pos])
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Toa:tli:ya:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is the place from where we get customarily draw water (in Ameyaltepec, the toponym of place is called simply A:pan).
\phrase_s Es el lugar de donde tenemos la costumbre de traer agua (en Ameyaltepec, este lugar simplemente se llama A:pan).
\root a:
\root i:
\root_rel -ya:n
\nse No cognate term has been documented in Oapan, but there is a similar construction tlakwa:ya:n referring to a customary place of eating (or, if an animal, grazing).
\ref 00794
\lxam ma:teyo:ti
\lxam_c ma:teyo:ti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to have a good hand (i.e., one that causes good things to happen, e.g., beans to become many when tossed into a pot, etc.)
\sense_s tener buena mano (para que buenas cosas resulten de lo que se hace con la mano; p. ej., frijoles echados a una olla se multiplican y rinden una buena comida)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tewa xkonxi:ni yetl, tewa tima:teyo:ti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You be the one to throw the beans into the pot, you're the one with a splendid hand!
\phrase_s ¡Echa túlos frijoles, tienes buena mano!
\phrase_n Ma:teyo:ti pa:mpa kwa:k konxi:nia yetl ipan ko:ntli, miakia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She has a good hand because when he tosses beans into a pot, they become many.
\phrase_s Tiene buena mano porque cuando echa frijoles a la olla, se multiplican.
\sense_e to have a green thumb (e.g., so that what one plants bears a lot of fruit)
\sense_s tener un dedo verde (p. ej., para que lo que uno siembre rinda bien)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Newa nima:teyo:ti, kwa:k nito:ka, tla:ki, kwaltsi:n ki:sa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have a green thumb, when I plant, it bears fruit, it turns out well.
\phrase_s Tengo dedo verde, cuando siembro, rinde, sale bien.
\root ma:
\root te
\nse The etymology and basis for the meaning of ma:teyo:ti is unclear. Obviously the stem for 'hand' is present in ma:-. Vowel length should be rechecked,
but the Ameyaltepec word might be related to the Classical noun teyotl and the transitive verb teyotia. nite., glossed by Molina as 'fama, o honra,' and 'afamar
a otro,' respectively. These are alternate pronunciations of tenyotl and tenyotia, both of which involve the stem te:n-, 'lip,' with a long vowel.
Vowel length in Ameyaltepec ma:teyo:ti , an intransitive verb, should therefore be rechecked, but the reference might be to someone whose 'hand' is famed (for
its"productivity"). If ma:teyo:ti has a short /e/ and the root te- 'stone,' then the etymology is less clear.
\qry Check vowel length.
\semref ma:tlakwa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref teyo:ti
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ma:tla:ki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00795
\lxam te:lpokawah
\lxam_c te:lpokawah
\lxoa te:lpakawah
\lxoa_c te:lpakawah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N1/2: Irregular: note:lpo:ch ; pl. te:lpokameh , te:lpokameh
\sense_e young boy of marriagable age, about 14 to 20 or 25 years old
\sense_s joven de una edad apropriada para casarse, como de 14 a 20 o 25 años de edad
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye te:lpokawah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's now a young man (of marriageable age).
\phrase_s Ya es muchacho (de una edad en que se puede casar).
\semfld age
\root te:lpo:ch
\ency_note te:lpo:xtli
\nae For a discussion of the presence of final /h/, see ichpokawah.
\qry Check difference between /te:lpo:xtli/ and /te:lpokawa/. The following words would seem to exist (or at least some of them) given that I have them with the beginning /ichpo:ch/.
Check to see if the"male"version is found: /te:lpo:chka:wahli/, and /te:lpo:chwia/. Check final /h/.
\semref te:lpo:xtli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00796
\lxam tlamachilispoliwi
\lxam_c tlamachilispoliwi
\lxoa tlamachilispoliwi
\lxoa_c tlamachilispoliwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to loose ones common sense; to loose ones sense of good judgement, or ability to think and reflect clearly
\sense_s perder el juicio; perder el sentido común o habilidad para pensar y reflexionar con claridad
\sense_d Pending
\root mati
\root pol
\ref 00797
\lxam kukwa
\lxam_c kikukwa
\lxoa kokowa
\lxoa_c kikokowa
\allomorph 'okowa
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv Irregular: Stems: kukwa; koko:; kokoh
\infv_d Am
\infv class-2b
\infv_d Oa
\allomorph 'okowa
\allomorph_d Oa
\sense_e to hurt; to lightly wound (as opposed to kill)
\sense_s doler; lastimar; herir ligeramente (y no matar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chkukwa, xok niki:yowia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It hurts me, I can't stand it anymore.
\phrase_s Me duele, ya no lo aguanto.
\phrase_n San o:kikokokeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They just wounded him lightly (i.e., not killing him, nor wounding him seriously).
\phrase_s Solamente lo lastimaron (no lo mataron, ni lo hirierion gravemente).
\phrase_n Tikma:to:tokatiw wi:lo:tl, yo:wetsiko, yo:tihkokoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are reaching your arm out (e.g., into the underbrush) feeling for a huilota. It fell out of the sky, you wounded it.
\phrase_s Estás estirando el brazo buscando (p. ej., en la maleza) una huilota. se cayó, la heriste.
\root kowa
\nae The Ameyaltepec and Oapan inflectional forms are nearly equivalent, the main difference between the two dialects is based on the fact that the lexical stem for Ameyaltepec Nahuatl
manifests the change to kukwa (note that the imperfective is kikukwa:ya) from kokowa (cf. Oapan). However, other tenses and aspects
are formed as if the Ameyaltepec base were kokowa Oapan manifests a lexically specific allomorph, 'okowa, which appears after the first- and
second-person object prefixes only, for example, ne:ch'okowa. Note that this is not an optional form. That is, in Oapan one always finds 'okowa in
these contexts, and never kokowa, e.g., *ne:ckkokowa.
\nde In other dialects the form of this verb is kokoa. Note that the morphology of the perfective and irrealis in Ameyaltepec suggests an underlying form {kokowa}.
Apparently the short /o/ has been lost.
\qry Check meaning of /ma:to:tokatiw/ is phrase example.
\semref pupwa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref kokowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 00798
\lxam tlikonextli
\lxam_c tlikonextli
\lxoa tlikonextli
\lxoa_c tlikonextli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(x)
\sense_e ashes (from the hearth)
\sense_s ceniza (del hogar)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tli
\root nex
\root_rel -ko
\nae Note that the nominal compound tlikonextli involves a locative construction, tliko combining with another nominal root. There are other
examples of such use of the nominal, as in Classical tlecoaquia. nite., which Molina glosses as 'entregar a otro en manos de sus enemigos, llevándolo co cautela a donde
le puedan hazer mal y vengarse del.' Here tleco is figuratively used.
\ref 00799
\lxam tena
\lxam_c tena
\lxoa tena
\lxoa_c tena
\dt 03/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers -lo
\der V1-b
\trans +Caus
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to grunt; to groan; to make sounds of pain and discomfort (e.g., under a heavy weight, because of an illness or pain, etc.)
\sense_s gemir; hacer un sonido de dolor o de un gran esfuerzo físico (p. ej., bajo la presión de un gran un peso, o a causa de una enfermedad o dolor, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tetena pa:mpa kwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He groans a lot because he is sick.
\phrase_s Gime mucho porque estáenfermo.
\phrase_n Deke ipan yo:titleko:k, ipan tiatiw, pe:wa tena.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If you get on it (in this case said to heavy person about to mount a donkey), if you go along riding it, it will begin to groan.
\phrase_s Si te lo subes (en este caso dicho a una persona pesada a punto de subir a un burro), si vas montado, va (el burro) a empezar a gemir.
\root te:na
\nse Apparently tena refers to sounds of complaint or discomfort such as groans and grunts, but not to actual words.
\xref te:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00800
\lxam a:kawtia
\lxam_c a:kawtia
\lxoa ákahtiá
\lxoa_pr akahtia
\lxoa_c ákahtiá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to become light (particularly items that lose water and, concommitantly, weight)
\sense_s ponerse liviano, de poco peso, o ligero (particularmente cosas que pierden agua y por estárazón, peso)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:toto:nalwa:hkeh a:yuteh. Xniman o:nosentla:lih. O:wawa:hkeh; yo:aa:kawtiakeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The squash has dried up in the sun. They didn't get harvested right away. They dried up; they got light (from loss of water; as a result they are no longer good to eat and
are valued only for their seeds).
\phrase_s Las calabazas se han secado en el sol. No se cosecharon luego. Se secaron; se quedaron ligeros (por haberse perdido su jugo; como resultado ya no sirven para comer
sino solamente para semillas).
\root ahkaw
\mod Under /piska/ etc. note that the common reference to harvest for squash is /sentla:lia/. The length of the first /a:/ needs to be carefully checked here and for all words containing this
root. The pitch-accent in Oapan Nahuatl would suggest an initial sequence of /ah-/, but the long vowel in Ameyaltepec suggests otherwise. Check the San Juan form. Oapan
speakers during the workshop suggested that the initial vowel was short.
\vl Check vowel length; check for initial /h/ in San Juan.
\qry_h a:kawtia.
\ref 00801
\lxam osto:wia
\lxam_c noosto:wia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to fall off of a cliff or precipice (and, by extension, to fall off anything from very high up)
\sense_s (refl.) despeñarse (y, por extensión, caerse desde cualquier lugar muy alto)
\sense_d Am
\root osto:
\disamb tepe:xiwia; osto:wia
\nse The use of this Ameyaltepec word is close to that of tepexiwia (note that in Oapan only has tepe:xiwiya, and not osto:wiya, are used.
However, whereas osto:wia , when reflexive, refers to the action of falling off something such as a cliff and hitting the ground upon landing, in Ameyaltepec
tepexiwia is used to refer to the action of falling down a hill or mountain and rolling, rather than falling off something, such as a cliff, and hitting the ground.
Nevertheless, note that Molina gives for tepexiuia. nite. 'despeñar a otro.' Oapan only has tepe:xiwiya, not osto:wiya.
\qry Note the use of a derivation with /-wia/ that is not, strictly speaking, an instrumental. Check Launey for his treatment of these forms. The full extension of /-wia/ derivations should be
explored. One speaker, Rey de la Cruz (Am) understood this to mean that a person, standing under a cliff, is hit or covered by parts that come loose. However, he said that perhaps
others use this word to refer to a person who falls off a cliff along with a piece of the edge that comes loose.
\semref tepexiwiya
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00802
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was the entry for /tlakokopi:nilia/ and entry for Ameyaltepec meant to refer to the act of making a man ejaculate. Test whether this is correctly used.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\ref 00803
\lxam kalse:wahlo:tl
\lxam_c nokalse:wahlo:w
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e (ritual) shade of the house of ([Poss], honorifically speaking)
\sense_s (ritual) sombra de la casa de ([Pos] hablando respetuosamente)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Timose:witokeh ipan mokalse:wahlo:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We are resting in the shade of your venerable house.
\phrase_s Estamos descansando en la sombra de la venerable casa de usted.
\semfld ritual
\root kal
\root se:
\nse Pronunciation of this word varied among speakers, probably a reflection of its restricted use in ritual bride-asking speech. Some included the final possessed marker -w
while others did not (e.g., mokalse:wahlo). If it is indeed an abstract noun ending in -yo:tl, the -w possessed marked should not be
present.
\nae In the recording of this word Cristino Flores pronounced the possessed form with a clear final /w/: nokalse:wahlo:w.
\qry Check for presence of -w , as well as for the possibility of an unpossessed /kalse:wahlo:tl/.
\ref 00804
\lxam to:naya:n
\lxam_c to:naya:n
\lxoa to:naya:n
\lxoa_c i:to:naya:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-dvb-ya:n[imp]
\infn N1; in Oapan obligatorily possessed with 3rd-person possessor.
\sense_e place where it is very hot
\sense_s lugar donde pega el sol
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Notla:lian ka:n to:naya:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They place themselves where it is very hot.
\phrase_s Se colocan donde hace mucho calor.
\phrase_n Ne: San Agustín, mila:k i:to:naya:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e There San Agustín it is a place where it is very hot.
\phrase_s Alláen San Agustín es un lugar donde hace mucho calor.
\root to:na
\nae Note the use of the adverbial ka:n along with nominal to:naya:n , which ostensibly should not occur with a locative adverb given that the suffix
-ya:n already signifies location (in Launey's term, it is an 'autolocative.') Note that the use of -ya:n with a verb and as unpossessed signifies that the verb is
an impersonal (see Launey thesis: 814).
\semref kiawia:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00805
\lxam a:waxokotl
\lxam_c a:waxokotl
\lxoa á:waxókotl
\lxoa_c á:waxókotl
\lxoa_pr a:waxokotl
\lxgen ahwaxokotl
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e plum, fruit of the tree known as a:waxokotl
\sense_s circuela, fruta delárbol conocido como a:waxokotl
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e type of wild plum tree
\sense_s tipo deárbol de ciruelo silvestre
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\semfld medicine (pending)
\root ahwa
\root xoko
\nae As with many lexemes that at point had an initial /ah/ sequence, Ameyaltepec and Oapan seem to manifest lengthening here. This should, however, be checked. The native speakers'
etymological understanding of this word, and its relation to aguates suggests that they connect it with what in other dialects is ahwatl 'thorn.'
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this simply as the aguajocote with no further identification. There is no immediately apparent cognate term in either Schoenhals
(1988), who gives under ciruelo Spondiasspp. and Prunus mexicana. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) list for Spondiasonly Spondias purpurea,
of the family Anacardiaceae, which might be either the masa:xokotl or kopaxokotl ; they give the Spanish name as ciruelita
de cerro or simply ciruelo. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the ahuajocote. According to some consultants
a:waxokotl is a remedy: deke mitskukwa mitik 'if your belly hurts you.'
\qry Cf. folklore notes. In one entry I have a short initial vowel, /awaxokotl/, recheck. Cf. entry under /awatl/. When Roberto Mauricio of Oapan mentioned this tree to me he also
seemed to pronounce it with a long initial /a/ and no pitch accent. This should be rechecked. Felix Pantaleón also seemed to give a:waxo:tl as a variant name of this
plant (this would be the result of loss of /k/ between two identical vowels).
\vl Check vowel length of initial /a/! Roberto Mauricio of Oapan seemed to pronounce this without vowel length distinctiveness; this should be checked.
\grm Phonology: after a full study of vowel-initial stems and the relative contrast in vowel length, determine whether initial vowel length is neutralized.
\ref 00806
\lxam kwa:tlapo:wi
\lxam_c kwa:tlapo:wi
\lxoa kwa:tlapo:wi
\lxoa_c kwa:tlapo:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans +Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become opened up at the top (a box, a sack or back, a chest, etc.)
\sense_s abrirse por la parte de arriba o por la tapadera (una caja o baúl, un costal o bolsa, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwa:
\root tlapo:
\qry I added this definition based on the occurrence of /kwa:tlapo:wtok/ as a Stative. The intransitive verb should be confirmed; check also for a transitive cognate.
\ref 00807
\lxam tlayo:lwe:wekatik
\lxam_c tlayo:lwe:wekatik
\lxoa tlayo:lwá:wakátik
\lxoa_pr tlayo:lwa:wakatik
\lxoa_c tlayo:lwá:wakátik
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-tik-adj
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e maize cob with kernels spaced far apart
\sense_s mazorca con los granos muy abiertos uno del otro
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n San tlayo:lwe:wekatik, xtepa:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is a cob of corn with its kernels spaced far apart, they are not close together.
\phrase_s Esa una mazorca con los granos muy abiertos, no están encimados.
\root o:ya
\root wehka
\qry There might well be a mistake in this entry of an illustrative phrase, although it is from the second set of corrected file cards. Nevertheless, the possiblity that the form should be
/tekpa:ntok/ should be checked. Also, recheck vowel length.
\vl Vowel length of /we:wekatik/. Check
\ref 00808
\lxam tekioh
\lxam_c tekioh
\lxoa tekiyoh
\lxoa_c tekiyoh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to be bothersome; to be troublesome, causing a lot of work (e.g, in reference to sb who keeps others busy, who makes a lot of work for people, e.g., by always requesting
sth, asking others to do one thing or another, etc.)
\sense_s ser latoso o trabajoso (p. ej., en referencia a algn que hace o da mucho trabajo a los demás, p. ej., a uno que siempre estar pidiendo algo, pidiendo a otros hacer
cualquier cosa)
\sense_d Pending
\root teki
\qry Get normal pronunciation.
\ref 00809
\lxam kwe:tetepon
\lxam_c kwe:tetepon
\lxoa kwe:tetepon
\lxoa_alt kwe:tetepoh
\lxoa_c kwe:tetepon
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to be short-skirted; to have on a short skirt
\sense_s tener puesta una falda corta
\sense_d Am, Oa
\flao tetepon
\root kwe:
\root tepon
\nse This is often found in the diminutive, kwe:tetepontsi:n. In reference to dresses tetepontsi:n is shorter than tetepon. According to
Luis Lucena the latter refers to a dress that ends shortly below the knees whereas the former is used for knee length.
\disamb tsi:ntetepon; kwe:tetepon
\qry Check as to whether the diminutive refers to a shorter skirt than /kwe:tetepon/.
\ref 00810
\lxam tlanxokopetsiwi
\lxam_c tlanxokopetsiwi
\lxoa tlahxokopetsiwi
\lxoa_c tlahxokopetsiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans No documented transitive
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for ones teeth to acquire a smooth feel (from eating things such as wild plum, xokotl, lime, lemon, grapefruit, etc., thus making it hard to eat tortillas)
\sense_s quedarsecon la sensación de tener los dientes lisos (por comer cosas como circuela silvestre, xokotl, lima, limón, toronja, etc., y asíse le dificulta a
algn comer tortillas)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to become dull at the edge (e.g., a sword, machete, axe, etc.)
\sense_s quedarse embotado por la orilla o filo (p. ej., una espada, machete, hacha, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:tlanxokopetsiw nomache:teh, xok tlateki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My machete has gotten a dull edge, it is no longer sharp.
\phrase_s Se quedóembotado mi machete, ya no corta.
\root tlan
\root xoko
\root pets
\nse In reference to the sensation in ones mouth, tlanxokopetsiwi refers to what happens to someone after eating something sour (agrio) such as green plums,
lemons, limes, etc. Ones mouth begins to hurt and ones teeth become, or at least feel, somewhat slippery, making it difficult to chew, particularly foods such as tortillas.
\nae Note in tlanxokopetsiwi the incorporation of two nominal roots, each with a different semantic relation to the verbal predicate.
\mod Obtain description of this word in Nahuatl. Add a"monolingual Nahuatl"section to the certain entries.
\grm Incorporation: Note in tlanxokopetsiwi the incorporation of two nominal roots, each with a different semantic relation to the verbal predicate.
\ref 00811
\lxam ye:lchikiwtli
\lxam_c ye:lchikiwtli
\lxoa ye:lchikihtli
\lxoa_c ye:lchikihtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e ribcage
\sense_s caja torácica
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld body
\root e:l
\root chikiw
\nae The possessed forms I have documented maintain the initial"epenthetic"/y/. For other forms containing the root (y)e:l the /y/ would sometimes be retained and
sometimes not. For purposes of cross-dialect comparison, the /y/ has been considered epenthetic.
\ref 00812
\lxam koxtlatlatowa
\lxam_c koxtlatlatowa
\lxoa koxtlátlatówa
\lxoa_pr koxtlatlatowa
\lxoa_c koxtlátlatówa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp S-V1
\der tla-V2
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to talk in ones sleep
\sense_s hablar dormido
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Koxtlatlatowa, san ikochipan pe:wa tlatlatowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He talks in his sleep, it is just while he is sleeping that he begins to babble.
\phrase_s Habla dormido, solamente en su sueño empieza a parlotear.
\root kochi
\root hto
\qry Check why the Oapan form does not manifest reduction of the reduplication to /kó:xtlatówa/ or even the leftward movement of p-a to /kóxtlatlatówa/.
\ref 00813
\lxam te:sotla:wani
\lxam_c te:sotla:wani
\lxoa te:sotla:wani
\lxoa_alt te:sotla:wane
\lxoa_pr te:sotla:wani
\lxoa_c te:sotla:wane
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e sth that causes people to faint
\sense_s algo que hace desmayar a la gente
\sense_d Pending
\ncol chi:lpa:n
\root sotla:wa
\qry Check; in the verb entry I have /sotla:wa/ as an intransitive. Perhpas it should be /sotla:wi/ and /sotla:wa/. Check what also could be the subject of /te:sotlawani/ as a predicate.
\ref 00814
\lxam kechye:kchi:wa
\lxam_c nokechye:kchi:wa
\lxoa kechye:kchi:wa
\lxoa_c nokechye:kchi:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans Only reflexive has been documented
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (refl.) to clear one's throat
\sense_s (refl.) despejarse la garganta
\sense_d Am
\sense_e (refl.) to twist and turn ones neck when it is stiff or hurting
\sense_s (refl.) voltear y torcer el cuelo cuando esta tieso o adolorido
\sense_d Oa
\root kech
\root ye:k
\root chi:wa
\semref a:kókoye:hchí:wa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00815
\lxam yeski:xtia
\lxam_c kiyeski:xtia
\lxoa yeski:xtia
\lxoa_c kiyeski:xtia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make bleed
\sense_s hacer sangrar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ma:ka tihkwis tenextli! Yewa xkwahli, oksepa pe:wa kiyeski:xtia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't use lime (in this case to cure an animal's wound of worms)! It's no good, it begins to make it bleed again.
\phrase_s ¡No vayas a emplear cal (en este caso a curar la herida agusanada de un animal)! No estábien, otra vez empieza a hacerlo sangrar.
\root es
\root ki:sa
\nde RS has for ezquixtia. nite. 'herir a alguien a golpes, sacarle sangre al golpearlo.'
\xref yeski:sa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00816
\lxam chi:kwatsi:n
\lxam_c chi:kwatsi:n
\lxoa chí:kwatsí:n
\lxoa_c chí:kwatsí:n
\lxoa_pr chi:kwatsi:n
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of Nightjar, family Caprimulgidae, probably of the genera Chordeilesor Caprimulgus. This is called poxacuate in local Spanish. Sale en
la noche y vuela cerca el río Balsas.
\sense_s tipo de"Nightjar,"family Caprimulgidae, probablemente de los genera Chordeileso Caprimulgus. Llamado poxacuate en el español local. Sale
en la noche y vuela cerca del río Balsas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 27, various
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root chi:kwah
\nse L. Lucena translated chi:kwatsi:n as Spanish tlacuacuanah. C. Flores stated that this is the same as kopa:ktekolo:tl and
metlapiltetso:tsontsi:n.
\nde In Oapan chí:kwatsí:h is a small bird that is said to be a te:tsa:htlithat comes at night. In Ameyaltepec this same word is said to be a small, biting insect.
\qry Recheck length of /a/.
\qry Compare Oapan and Am forms for this word and make sure they are not both referring to an insect, or bird, as the case may be.
\semref po:xakwatl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00817
\lxam tewa:tsa
\lxam_c kitewa:tsa
\lxoa tewa:tsa
\lxoa_c kitewa:tsa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ki/tsa
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to make (sb) lose weight; to cause to become thin (an animate being)
\sense_s adelgazar; hacer quedar flaco o enflaquecer (un ser animado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Newa milá:k o:nitewa:k, ne:xtewa:tsa kapi:res. Tlaka xkwahli, nitik o:sa:liw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've really gotten thin, the fruit of the capires tree has made me lose a lot of weight. Really, it's not any good (contrary to what I thought), it got stuck in my
belly.
\phrase_s De veras he perdido mucho peso, la fruta del capires me ha hecho adelgazar. De veras no estábien (contrariamente de lo que pensaba), se atoróen mi estómago.
\root tewa:
\disamb tewa:ki; kana:wi
\ref 00818
\lxam ikxikuwso
\lxam_c nokxikuwso
\lxoa ixikohso
\lxoa_c noxikohso
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e (refl.) to get a splinter or thorn in ones foot
\sense_s (refl.) enterarsele en el pie una astilla o espina
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nimokxkuwsok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got a splinter (or thorn) in my foot.
\phrase_s Se me enteróuna astilla (o espina) por el pie.
\root kxi
\root kow
\root so
\nae Usually this is found in the reflexive, since the action is involuntary. But perhaps grammatically the fully transitive form would also be correct.
\qry Check to see if only reflexive is used, i.e. possibility of ??ne:chikxikuhso.
\ref 00819
\lxam tepepextli
\lxam_c tepepextli
\lxoa té:pextlí
\lxoa_c té:pextlí
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-wi
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e flagstones; cobblestones; stones laid down on the ground
\sense_s losa; adoquín; piedras puestas sobre la tierra
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nika:n yo:kitepepechyo:tikeh, ne: poliwi tepepextli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here they have already laid down flagstones on it, there flagstones (or cobblestones) are still lacking.
\phrase_s Aquíya le pusieron losa (o adoquín), allátodavía falta (la losa o adoquín).
\root te
\root pech
\qry Check for occurrence of /tepepechyotl/ and for the nature of possessed forms, e.g., /itepepechyo/?
\ref 00820
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod Here the word /kuhchi:maltik/ has been removed from the dictionary.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 00821
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlatsili:nika:tsi:n
\lxoa_alt tlatsilí:niká:tsi:n
\lxoa_c tlatsili:nka:tsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-dvb-ka:n
\infn N1(N2-tla)
\sense_e type of small bird, probably a Towhee or Brushfinch; it is called this name because during the night every hour it sings (tsátsí). It might be the Orange-billed
Sparrow, Arremon aurantiirostris, the Rufous-sided Towhee, Pipilo erythrophthalmus, or a related species.
\sense_s tipo de pájaro pequeño, probablemente un Towhee o Brushfinch; asíllamado porque durante la noche cada hora grita (tsátsí). Quizáes el"Orange-billed
Sparrow," Arremon aurantiirostris, el"Rufous-sided Towhee," Pipilo erythrophthalmus, o una especie cercana.
\sense_d Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 61, pp. 693, 698
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root tsili:
\root_rel -ka:n
\nae The derivational process producing this noun is unclear. The Ameyaltepec cognate suggests that the final /ka:/ sequence might reflect -ka:n, given that in Ameyaltepec the
cognate has -ya:n and the frequency with which Oapan Nahuatl loses /n/. However, the /ka:/ sequence might also represent a participial form of tlatsili:nia.
Given that Oapan Nahuatl varies a lot speaker to speaker, more fieldwork might resolve this question.
\qry Check vowel length, particularly of first /tla-/ as Am has reduplication and Oapan might have reduced this with lengthening. Check p-a as Roberto Mauricio definitely pronounced it
with pitch accent as indicated in the alternate pronunciation.
\semref tlatsitsili:nya:ntsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00822
\lxam a:kia
\lxam_c ka:kia
\lxoa a:kia
\lxoa_alt na:kia
\lxoa_c ka:kia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to wear or put on oneself (clothes, shoes, etc.)
\sense_s vestirse o ponerse (ropa, zapatos, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xka:ki mowera:ch.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Put your sandals on!
\phrase_s ¡Ponte tus sandalias!
\phrase_n Xka:ki mokoto:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Put your shirt on!
\phrase_s ¡Ponte tu camisa!
\phrase_n Momo:stla nika:kia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I put it on every day (e.g., a particular shirt, shoes, etc.).
\phrase_s Me lo pongo todos los días (p. ej., una camisa en particular, zapatos, etc.).
\root a:k
\nse The object of the transitive verb a:kia is the item of clothing, shoe, etc., that one puts on. This contrasts, at least in Oapan, with tlá:kiyá, which
apparently is the same verbal stem with no increased valency, i.e., despite the prefixation of tla- the valency of a:kiya (now reduplicated) is still two: subject
and object. However, the object of tlá:kiyá is not the item of clothing but the person (reflexive object) who puts the clothes on. Apparently, although this needs
confirmation, Oapan tlá:kiyá only accepts a reflexive object. The fully transitive, causative form, is Oapan tlá:kí:ltiawhich is perhaps best considered a
causative of the reflexive verb tlá:kiyá. Finally, note that in Oapan the alternative form na:kia exists, apparently with a lexicalized incorporation of the
reflexive prefix n-.
\qry Note that previously I had a definition:"to place in a housing (where the object belongs (cf. notes)."I'm not sure to what this refers. Check. Check also potential objects of this form.
Check length in Am and Oapan forms. Check for ca and ap in each.
\semref tlá:kiá; tlá:kí:ltia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref a:ki:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref a:kilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 00823
\lxam kwempilowa
\lxam_c kikwempilowa
\lxoa kwempilowa
\lxoa_c kikwempilowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans No intransitive documented
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to"lap"someone in plowing (i.e., to finish and start a new furrow before another worker has finished a previous one)
\sense_s sacarle una vuelta (surco) de ventaja a (esto es, en trabajar un campo sembrado, adelantar por un surco completo a otro que estátrabajando la yunta)
\sense_d Pending
\root kwem
\root pil
\nse The event described with kwempilowa refers to one in which two people are plowing side by side and one passes the other completely (i.e., going ahead by two
furrows so that they again are parallel, but separated by an additional furrow).
\qry The precise definition should be checked, and illustrated with a diagram. Apparently, if two people are plowing and one passes another completely (i.e. going ahead by two surcos),
then this verb is used. Check. Also check whether it can be used for other types of labor: the zacateo, etc.
\ref 00824
\lxam to:naltsatsilia
\lxam_c kito:naltsatsilia
\lxoa to:naltsátsiliá
\lxoa_pr to:naltsatsilia
\lxoa_c kito:naltsátsiliá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to call or pray (lit. 'shout') to the soul (to:nahli) of
\sense_s llamar o suplicar (lit. 'gritar') a la alma (to:nahli) de
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:kito:naltsatsilih ikoko:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He called (prayed) to the soul of his grandfather (i.e., during All Saints Day he called to God, prayed to God, to have the spirit of his grandfather return to consume the
offering that had been placed for him).
\phrase_s Llamó(hizo una súplica) al alma de su abuelo (esto es, durante Todos Santos le llamóa Diós, rezóa Diós, para que el espíritu de su abuelo regresara a consumir la
ofrenda que le había sido tendido).
\phrase_n Xto:naltsatsili nokoko:l tlai:xpan! Ma kalaki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Call to the soul of your grandfather from before the altar! Have him come eat (i.e., during the All Saints festivities)!
\phrase_s ¡Lláma a la alma de tu abuelo desde el altar!¡Quévenga a comer (durante las ofrendas de Todos Santos)!
\phrase_n Kito:naltsátsiliái:na:n para ma ka:naki.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e She calls out to the to:nal of her mother so that she will come get her.
\phrase_s Le grita a la alma de su mamápara que la venga a recoger.
\root to:na
\root tsahtsi
\ref 00825
\lxam a:kopilkatinemi
\lxam_c a:kopilkatinemi
\lxoa ákopilkatími
\lxoa_pr akopilkatimi
\lxoa_c ákopilkatími
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Stat-Asp
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(m)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to go around looking up in the air
\sense_s andar mirando hacia arriba
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nopióye a:kopilkatinemi. Ye tlatlakalis. Notlaye:kchiwili:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My chicken is going around looking up (to see where it will roost). It is about to lay its eggs. It will arrange a nest for itself.
\phrase_s Mi gallina anda mirando hacia arriba (para ver donde hacer su nido). Estáa punto de poner. Va a arreglarse su nido.
\root ahko
\root pilka
\root nemi
\disamb akotlachia; akopilkatinemi
\qry Check to determine whether /a:kopilkatok/ is an actual verb. I seem to remember it, but it is not in the lexicon. If it is, add it and mention why /a:kopilkatinemi/ and /a:kopilkatok/ are
given separate entries (i.e., because of the rarity that a word would have these alternations).
\vl Check here the vowel length. Am perhaps has a long vowel (there are numerous cases where I have written this down) whereas Oa has pitch-accent. However, many
Oapanecos and Oapanecas seem to pronounce /ákopilatinémi/ with a long initial vowel that also receives how pitch.
\root_notes Discuss relation between /pilka/ and /pil/.
\ref 00826
\lxam xewa
\lxam_alt xowa
\lxam_c xewa
\lxoa xáwá
\lxoa_alt xéwá
\lxoa_pr xawa
\lxoa_c xéwá
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(ind)
\der Pr-ind
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e not he, she, or it
\sense_s noél o ella
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e not him, her, it
\sense_s no aél o a ella
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root yehwa
\nae This entry comprises the negative clitic x=and the emphatic pronoun yewa.
\ref 00827
\lxam kwa:istal
\lxam_c i:kwa:istal
\lxoa kwa:istal
\lxoa_c i:kwa:istal
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb
\infn N2
\sense_e white or grey hairs
\sense_s canos
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root sta
\qry Check to see if a form such as /kwa:istaleh/ or /kwa:istahloh/ exists. Also determine codes for nouns forms by this process /istaya/, /istalia/ and /istahli/. Check the vowel length,
perhaps it should be /kwa:ista:l/. Determine whether a non-possessed form exists, /kwa:ista:hli/.
\vl check length of final /a/.
\grm The derivation process for /kwa:istal/ is not clear. It is clearly related to the metaphoric use of /istatl/ as 'white', which is the meaning in the sequence /istá:k/, /ista:ya/ and
/ista:lia/. Thus it would seem that the derivation is from the causative /ista:lia/. Here then a comparison should be made between basic nouns and re-nominalizations, /istatl/
and /ista:hli/ or /istahli/.
\ref 00828
\lxam mihka:tia
\lxam_c nomihka:tia
\lxoa mihka:tia
\lxoa_c nomihka:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\trans Only reflexive
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to have a relative die on one
\sense_s (refl.) morirsele un pariente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nomihka:tih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He had a relative die.
\phrase_s Se le murióun pariente.
\root miki
\nse This verb is derived from the nominal form * mihka:tl , which in Ameyaltepec is found only in the diminutive mihka:tsi:ntli. It refers to the death of a
close relative; in all recorded cases it refers to the death of a parent, sibling, or child.
\qry Check to see if transitive form is acceptable. Apparently, however, there are many verbs that use a reflexive and /-tia/ to indicate 'to N for one' or similar concepts.
\ref 00829
\lxam se:poxiwtli
\lxam_c se:poxiwtli
\lxoa xé:poxíhtli
\lxoa_c xé:poxíhtli
\lxgen se:boxiwtli
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\pitch yes
\sense_e type of plant used as a remedy for pa:smoh
\sense_s tipo de planta que se utiliza como remedio para pa:smoh
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Deke se: tla:katl noso suwa:tl o:kelo:n, notla:lili:s para ma:ka kasis pa:smoh, ma:ka pa:smayowas
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If a man or a woman severely sprains a bone, it (se:poxiwtli) is placed on it so that it doesn't get heavily infected, so that it pa:smoh doesn't
develop.
\phrase_s Si a un hombre o una mujer se le hace un esguince, se le pone (el se:poxiwtli) para que no se infecte, para que no le salga pa:smoh.
\semfld plant
\semfld medicine
\root xiw
\nae The etymology of this plant name is not certain. Cognates in Hernández have not been located, nor are they apparent in any of the Classical sources. Any relationship to the verb
sepowi 'to become numb,' seems negated by the discrepancy in vowel length. The palatalization in Oapan Nahuatl seems to be a subsequent development; it is not
shared by the other villages or dialects. The first nominal stem might even be a borrowing from Spanish sebo.
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) gives this as xepoxiwtli , for which she gives the Spanish name of higuerilla. She states it to be of the
Euphorbiaceaefamily and the genus/species Ricinus communisL. Schoenhals (1988) under higuerilla states:"(Ricinus communis) 'castor bean.' The
soruce of castor oil; related to cassava and tapioca plants; seeds are poisonous. Also called ricino, tlapate."
\qry Determine whether there is an {h} before /xiwtli/. Determine the meaning of /pa:smoh/, which I have in the dictionary with a temporary definition. Check spelling of /pa:smayowa/
perhaps should be /pa:smoyowa/. Make sure the Oapan and Ameyaltepec entries are equivalent. Determine length of /e/ in Oapan Nahuatl as when Silvestre Pantaleón pronounced
it, it seemed to be with a long /e:/.
\ref 00830
\lxam abió:n tarabi:yah
\lxam_c abió:n tarabi:yah
\lxoa abion tarabi:yah
\lxoa_c abion tarabi:yah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan avión; tavarvía
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e helicopter
\sense_s helicóptero
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nse This word is derived from the spinning action of a tarabilla, which is likened to the action of the blades on a helicopter.
\semref kohpa:pa:lakaxtli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00831
\lxam a:yewahli
\lxam_c a:yewahli
\lxoa a:yewahli
\lxoa_c a:yewahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e deep place in a river where the water slowly circles around (rather than running straight through)
\sense_s lugar algo profundo en un río donde el agua gira despacio (en lugar de fluir recto y rápidamente)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e whirlpool
\sense_s remolino de agua
\sense_d Pending
\root a:
\root yewal
\qry In this and other examples it is difficult to distinguish a basic noun form a derived one. Cf. /-yewalowa/, /yewaltik/, etc. Check also meaning: a whirlpool, a calm of circling water, or
both.
\ref 00832
\lxam maxakawia
\lxam_c kimaxakawia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to straddle; to place oneself astride of
\sense_s ponerse a horcajadas sobre
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Nitlamaxakawitia:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to go along with my legs in a straddling position (e.g., on an animal being ridden)
\phrase_s Voy a ir a horcajadas (p. ej., sobre un animal como mula o burro).
\phrase_n O:kimaxakawih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He straddled it.
\phrase_s Se sentóa horcajadas sobre ello.
\root maxa
\root_rel -ko
\disamb maxakape:lowa; maxakawia
\qry Originally I had listed here a Oapan cognate of /maxaka:na/. But I now (Dec. 2001) discover that this lexeme is not listed in the /lxo field, so I have removed it from the /cogo field.
It should be checked, as well as the difference between /maxakawia/ and /maxakape:lowa/.
\semref tlamaxakape:lowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tlamaxikipe:lowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00833
\lxam ima:tl tokatl
\lxam_c ima:tl tokatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e spiderweb (with a live spider)
\sense_s telaraña (con una araña viva)
\sense_d Am
\root ma:tla
\root toka
\ency_note nest (animal and insect nests)
\disamb ima:tl tokatl; tokatsa:wahli
\nse There are two Ameyaltepec words for spiderweb: i:ma:tl tokatl and tokatsa:wahli. The difference between the two is not entirely clear but it may be
that the former refers to the web of a live spider (with the spider in it) and the second to cobwebs. However, this interpretation will need further confirmation with speakers.
\qry Check the difference between /tokatsa:wahli/ and /ima:tl tokatl/. Provisionally, it might be that /ima:tl tokatl/ refers to a spiderweb that is active, and /tokatsa:wahli/ to cobwebs. But
this should be checked. Cf. entry under /tokatsa:wahli/.
\mod Develop an ono section of animals 'homes' (nests, burrows, etc.)
\semref takatsa:wahli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00834
\lxam cho:kistlatowa
\lxam_c cho:kistlatowa
\lxoa cho:kistlátowá
\lxoa_pr cho:kistlatowa
\lxoa_c cho:kistlátowá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der tla-V2
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to speak while crying or about to cry; to speak while on the verge of tears
\sense_s hablar al punto de llorar; hablar entre llanto
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root cho:ka
\root hto
\nae The incorporation of cho:kis is to the lexicalized intransitive verb tlatowa , itself derived from the transitive form to which the nonspecific object
prefix has been added. For this reason the compounding has been considered N-V1, which could also be represented N-(tla-V2).
\grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent; noun incorporation; boundaries: Note that in /cho:kistlátowá/ the pitch accent does not cross the boundary of the incorporated noun. This
is the case even though the"location"of the p-a mark is as here indicated: /cho:kistla'towa/.
\ref 00835
\lxam tekipano:ltia
\lxam_c kitekipano:ltia
\lxoa tekipano:ltia
\lxoa_c kitekipano:ltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make (sb) work; to give work to (sb, particularly the task of plowing a field)
\sense_s hacer trabajar a; dar trabajo a (algn, particularmente la tarea de trabajar la tierra con una yunta)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kitekipano:ltia ikone:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He makes his child work (e.g., with a team of oxen).
\phrase_s Hace trabajar a su niño (p. ej., con una yunta).
\sense_e to use, or to make use of (e.g., a tool or machine); to work (e.g., a team of oxen in the field)
\sense_s hacer funcionar; emplear o utilizar (p. ej., una herramienta o máquina); trabajar (p. ej., una yunta en el campo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Wel kitekipano:ltia ira:dioh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He can make his radio work (i.e., he knows how to run it).
\phrase_s Puede hacer funcionar a su radio (esto es, tiene el conocimiento para hacerlo funcionar)..
\root teki
\root pan
\qry Get example with /kitekipano:ltia i:yuntah/.
\xref tekipanowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00836
\lxam tlai:xmomoyoka
\lxam_c tlai:xmomoyoka
\lxoa tlai:xmomoyoka
\lxoa_c tlai:xmomoyoka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp tla-V1
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to be dark at dusk (so that one can barely recognize others, just past vespers)
\sense_s estar obscuro (al atardecer, como por el tiempo de las oraciones vespertinas, cuando se estáponiendo difícil ver y reconocer a las personas)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tlai:xmomoyoka, ma tiá:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is dusk, let's go!
\phrase_s Ya es el atardecer,¡vamonos!
\root moyo:
\nse In Ameyaltepec I have only documented this impersonal verb in reference to the evening sky although Florencia Marcelino (Oa) stated that this term can refer to the appearance of
the sky either just before dawn or just after dusk, when one is barely able to recognize people.
\xref i:xmomoyoka
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 00837
\lxam tekpinyowa
\lxam_c tekpinyowa
\lxoa tekpinyowa
\lxoa_c tekpinyowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to get covered or full of fleas
\sense_s llenarse o cubrirse de pulgas
\sense_d Pending
\root tekp
\ref 00838
\lxam i:xtlamati
\lxam_c i:xtlamati
\lxoa i:xtlamati
\lxoa_c i:xtlamati
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv Irregular; see mati
\sense_e to know a terrain or the lay of the land; to be familiar with a a place
\sense_s conocer a un terreno; estar familiarizado con un lugar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ka:n o:nowitih i:xtlamati, xkaman ki:xelka:wa ka:n o:nowitih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He knows lay of the land that he has passed through, he never forgets the appearance of places where he has been.
\phrase_s Conoce el terreno por donde ha pasado, nunca olvida la apariencia de donde ha ido.
\root i:x
\root mati
\nse In Oapan the reduplicated form í:xtlamáti refers to a wide-ranging knowledge of the terrain all over. To date, I have not documented a reduplicated form ?
ii:xtlamati in Ameyaltepec.
\nae The tla element in i:xtlamati is apparently the absolutive suffix that is fused to some the incorporation of some nouns with monosyllabic stems.
Similar structures occur with a:tlakwi and o:tlatoka , both common across many dialects. The verb i:xtlamati would seem to
manifest the same retention of a nominal stem.
\qry Check precise meaning of /i:xtlamati/, i.e., whether it only refers to terrain and places. The meaning of /-tla-/ is extremely unclear, though it might be an archaic absolutive (which is
how I have it analyzed here).
\grm Noun incorporation; tla-: The tla element in i:xtlamati is apparently the absolutive suffix that is fused to some the incorporation of
some nouns with monosyllabic stems. Similar structures occur with a:tlakwi and o:tlatoka , both common across many dialects. The verb
i:xtlamati would seem to manifest the same retention of a nominal stem.
\semref tlai:xmati
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00839
\lxam te:nto:ne:wa
\lxam_c kite:nto:ne:wa
\lxoa te:nto:ne:wa
\lxoa_c kite:nto:ne:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to cause a burning sensation in the mouth of (from contact with sth spicy such as chile)
\sense_s hqcer sentir un dolor ardiente en la boca a (por contacto con algo picoso como el chile)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root to:n
\ref 00840
\lxam xaki
\lxam_c xaki
\lxoa xaki
\lxoa_c xaki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\der Interj
\sense_e Oh my! Listen!
\sense_s ¡Vaya!¡Oye!
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kaki
\nse Xaki functions both as an interjection, indicating disbelief or surprise at something said, and as an imperative form of the verb kakiwith the
loss of both the object prefix and the initial consonant of the verb stem. Often the two senses are hard to distinguish. Thus in saying Xaki! a speaker might be
asking the addressee to listen carefully to something, or he might be commenting on something he had just heard. Note that in a phrase such as Xaki tli:n kitowa!
'Listen to what he says!' xaki is simply a reduced imperative construction (missing the root-initial /k/).
\ref 00841
\lxam ma:kokoxka:tia
\lxam_c ma:kokoxka:tia
\lxoa ma:kokoxka:tia
\lxoa_c ma:kokoxka:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-tia
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e for ones arms (or hands) to be hurting
\sense_s tener los brazos (o manos) adoloridos
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to get sick from being cuddled too much in sb's arms (e.g., a young pup)
\sense_s enfermarse por estar apapachado demasiado tiempo (p. ej., un cachorro)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Ma:kokoxka:tia chichikone:tl, xpa tlaka:htli para nona:pálotós.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e The young pup is getting sick (from being cuddled too much), it's not meant to be held so.
\phrase_s El cachorrito se estáenfermando (por haber estado apapachado demasiado), no estáhecho para estar abrazado.
\root ma:
\root koya
\disamb makokoxkatia; makuhtia
\nse The question of etymology and whether the reference is to pain or sickness is well illustrated here. The Ameyaltepec lexeme refers to pain, perhaps from sickness (this is still not
clear). The Oapan lexeme clearly refers to sickness. The signification of 'pain' seems to come from the verbal root kowa, as in the Ameyaltepec transitive verb
kukwa and Oapan's kokowa. The signification of illness seems to relate to the stem koya, which has a"combinatory"form
kokoxka:.
\qry Check carefully this entry. First it is important to check the meaning as to whether this refers to pain from an illness or from overwork. Also, I have changed this entry. My original
file card had /timomacocoxcatiac/ and /nimomacocoxcatitok/. This would almost certainly be an error, since the perfective /-tiak/ and the relationship to the intransitive /kokoka:tia/
suggest that /ma:kokoxka:tia/ is intransitive. Thus it should not have a reflexively marked subject. Nevertheless this should be checked. Check what other body parts might be
incorporated. Further research words with /kokoya/ and /kokowa/.
\ref 00842
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod Was /Jodi:yah We:roh/, switched to Toponym database.
\dt 09/Dec/2001
\ref 00843
\lxam a:tlapa:ntsi:n
\lxam_c a:tlapa:ntsi:n
\lxoa á:tlapántsi:n
\lxoa_pr a:tlapantsi:n
\lxoa_c á:tlapántsi:n
\lxgen ahtlapantsi:n
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-tsi:n
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of edible plant of which there are two types
\sense_s tipo de planta comestible de que hay dos tipos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:tlapa:ntsi:n | Awiá:k. No: we:lik para ika titlakwa:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A:tlapa:ntsi:n : It is fragrant. It is also a tasty for you to have it with a meal.
\phrase_s A:tlapa:ntsi:n : Es fragante. También sabe bien para acompañar una comida.
\semfld plant
\semfld edible
\root ah
\root tlapa:
\nse A:tlapa:ntsi:n is often eaten raw with tortillas.
\nae The duration of the final /a/ in Oapan speech seems to have a short duration. Ameyaltepec forms need to be rechecked.
\notes_nature Identified by Ramírez and Dakin (1979) as pipicha. Ramírez (1991) gives both pápalo and pipicha. Schoenhals (1988) has no
plant listed under pipicha. Schoenhals (1988) has pápaloquelite as follows:"(Propphyllumspp., e.g., P. coloratum'odora.' Aromatic and edible
herb which is also used medicinally for rheumatism and other ailments. Also called hierba del venado."According to Inocencio Díaz there are two of these one
tlatla:katl that is more purplish and with a stronger taste and one susowa:tl which is also eaten; it has round leaves.
\grm Antipassive; obliques: Note /A:tlapa:ntsi:n | Awiá:k. No: we:lik para i:ka titlakwa:s./ ' A:tlapa:ntsi:n | It is fragrant. It is also a tasty for you to have it with a
meal.' Note the use of an obliquely marked subordinate.
\vl Four additonal tokens of this follow 02937
\ref 00844
\lxam ma:nakayo
\lxam_c i:ma:nakayo
\lxoa ma:nakayo
\lxoa_c i:ma:nakayo
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-yo
\infn N2
\sense_e flesh on the arm of (sb, [Poss])
\sense_s carne del brazo de (algn, [Pos])
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld body
\root ma:
\root naka
\qry Determine whether other body parts are commonly used with /-nakayo/.
\ref 00845
\lxam te:nka:yo:tl
\lxam_cpend *i:te:nka:yo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf-yo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e leftovers (food)
\sense_s sobras (de una comida)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Deke tihkwa:s ma:ski san note:nka:yo:w. Xok itlah un tli:n tihkwa:skian okseki, saka nochi katka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Maybe you can eat it even though it's just my leftovers. There is no longer anything else that we might eat, that was all there is.
\phrase_s Tal vez podrías comer de lo que me sobró. Ya no hay nada más que podemos comer, esto fue todo lo que había.
\root te:n
\disamb te:nka:wihli; te:nka:yo:tl
\nae The etymology of this
\qry Check to determine whether this can in fact occur in the unpossesed /te:nka:yo:tl/. Also recheck length of /a:/ in /ka:/. the etymology and derivational process that leads to this is not
entirely clear. Finally, note that although I originally had /te:nka:yo:tl/ as having the possessed form /-te:nka:yo:w/, this might be in error. Check! abd correct in example sentence and
/inf field.
\qry Check length of penultimate /i/ in /te:nka:wihli/. In one entry I had /te:nka:wi:hli/. Check for possessed form.
\semref te:nka:wihli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00846
\lxam tixi:ltia
\lxam_c kitixi:ltia
\lxoa tixi:ltia
\lxoa_c kitixi:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make (sb) grind nextamahlion a metate
\sense_s hacer (a algn) moler nixtamal sobre un metate
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitixi:ltia isuwa:mon.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She makes her daughter-in-law grind nextamahli on a metate.
\phrase_s Hace a su nuera moler nixtamal sobre un metate.
\root tisi
\grm Causative: There are not many causatives of transitive verbs. These are coded as V3-d-ca in the /cat field. One is /na:maka/ and /na:makiltia/ although the morphological
causative here does not have causative semantics. Another is /tlato:ltia/ although in this case given that */ito:ltia/ is not found, it is probably better to consider this as a
causative of the intransitive /tlatowa/. One of the few clear ditransitive causatives is /kwaltia/, but in this case the causative has a lexicalized meaning of 'to feed' or 'to give
to eat' and the primary object has lost his or her agentive qualities. With /tixi:ltia/ although the verb /tisi/ is morphosyntactically intransitive, it is semantically transitive, with
a null object complement not expressed. The primary object of the causative retains an agentive quality, unlike that which occurs in most other ditransitive causatives.
\xref tisi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00847
\lxam tejo:n
\lxam_c tejo:n
\lxoa tejo:n
\lxoa_c tejo:n
\dt 24/Feb/2006
\loan tejón
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1; pl. tejo:meh
\gloss_e coati
\gloss_s tejón
\sense_e coati, small mammal called tejón in Spanish (Nasua nasuasyn. Nasua narica)
\sense_s tejón, una pequeña mamífero (Nasua nasuasin. Nasua narica)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semref tejo:ntsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld mammal
\nse In Ameyaltepec tejo:meh may be refer as either tejo:meh de montone:rosor solita:rioh. The former is used to refer to this animal
when it is found in large groups; the latter is used for a large (male) tejó:n that is found alone. Leopold (1959:432ff.) notes this distinction in his discussion of the
Nasua naricaor coati for which he gives an alternate name of"solitario"for old males. He then remarks that"Female coatis and their young are highly sociable. It is not
uncomon to find groups of 15 or 20, and aggregations of as many as 200 are mentioned in the literature. Some old males, on the other hand, are solitary in habit. This differential
behavior is well known to the rural people of Mexico; in many localities the lone males are designated as solitarios and the mixed bands of young males, females, and
young are called simply tejones or cholugas. There is even confusion over whether these animals are all of the sae sp ecies"(pp. 433--35).
\qry Check pronunciation for stress and length.
\ref 00848
\lxam toktia
\lxam_c notoktia
\lxoa tohtia
\lxoa_c notohtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\trans Only documented in reflexive
\sense_e (refl. + -na:k) to hide behind; to place oneself behind
\sense_s (refl. + -na:k) esconderse atrás de; colocarse atrás de
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:notoktih ina:k Juan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He placed himself behind Juan (perhaps, but not necessarily, to hide)
\phrase_s Se colocóinmediatamente atrás de Juan (quizá, pero no necesariamente, para esconderse).
\sense_e to lean against; to place (sth) to lean against
\sense_s recargarse contra; colocar (algo) para recargarse contra o sobre (ello)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Notohtia ya:n tlake:ntli.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He leans himself up against the cloth (in this case that he has placed as a rest).
\phrase_s Se recarga contra la tela (en este caso un bulto de tela colocado como un apoyo).
\root toka
\nae Only the reflexive use of toktia has so far been documented in the corpus. Molina has several occurrences of toctia among which is toctia.
nicno. 'esconderse, o ampararse detras de algo' RS gives the phrase tlayoalli nicno-toctia 'esconderse en la oscuridad.' In Classical Nahuatl toktia is a
causative formation of the transitive toka , which would make it ditransitive. Often in Ameyaltepec the specific object of ditransitives used reflexively is not marked
on the verb (even though it would be in Oapan, in Classical, and in perhaps other dialects). Thus Classical nicnocouilia 'I buy it for myself' is nimokowilia
in Ameyaltepec, with the object marker k- deleted even though it could be expressed as a core argument with no oblique. However, in the phrase above,
O:notoktih i:na:k Juan the object (here a person) hidden behind is obliquely expressed and thus not a core argument. This suggests that in Ameyaltep ec
toktia i s simply transitive (at least in the example given). Whether it is ditransitive in Oapan remains to be seen.
\qry Check for non-reflexive use of /toktia/.
\grm Causative; valency: Only the reflexive use of toktia has so far been documented in the corpus. Molina has several occurrences of toctia
among which is toctia. nicno. 'esconderse, o ampararse detras de algo' RS gives the phrase tlayoalli nicno-toctia 'esconderse en la oscuridad.' In
Classical Nahuatl toktia is a causative formation of the transitive toka , which would make it ditransitive. Often in Ameyaltepec the specific
object of ditransitives used reflexively is not marked on the verb (even though it would be in Oapan, in Classical, and in perhaps other dialects). Thus Classical
nicnocouilia 'I buy it for myself' is nimokowilia in Ameyaltepec, with the object marker k- deleted even though it could be
expressed as a core argument with no oblique. However, in the phrase above, O:notoktih i:na:k Juan the object (here a person) hidden behind is obliquely
expressed and thus not a core argument. This sugges ts that in Ameyalt epec toktia is simply transitive (at least in the example given). Whether it is
ditransitive in Oapan remains to be seen.
\ref 00849
\lxam ma:namaka
\lxam_alt ma:nemaka
\lxam_c kima:namaka
\lxoa ma:namaka
\lxoa_alt ma:nemaka
\lxoa_c kima:nemaka
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv Irregular; see maka
\sense_e to sell itinerantly, by walking around and holding merchandise in ones hands (as opposed to selling in a fixed location; i:e., in a stand = or store)
\sense_s vender como ambulante, llevando mercancía en las manos (y no en un lugar fijo, como un puesto o tienda)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kima:namaka, se:sentetl kinamakatinemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He sells it itinerantly, he goes around selling (the merchandise) one by one.
\phrase_s La vende como ambulante, la anda vendiendo (su mercancía), uno por uno.
\root ma:
\root namaka
\root_notes Cf. etymology of all verbs beginning in /na:/.
\ref 00850
\lxam tlane:spantia
\lxam_c tlane:spantia
\lxoa tlane:spantia
\lxoa_c tlane:spantia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp tla-V1
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to dawn
\sense_s amanecer; alborecer
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ye wa:ltlane:spantitiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is getting light with the coming dawn.
\phrase_s Viene haciendo claridad con el amanecer.
\sense_e for there to be visibility as light appears
\sense_s llegar a haber visibilidad con una luz entrante
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlapo un korti:nas para ma tlane:spantia!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Open the curtains so that it becomes light (in here)!
\phrase_s ¡Abre las cortinas para que haya claridad (aquíadentro)!
\root ne:si
\disamb tlane:si; tlane:spantia
\nse Although in general tlane:spantia refers to the dawn itself, it can also refer to the increased visibility that might occur, for instance inside a house, as dawn breaks.
Thus, inside a house one might say nika:n o:tlane:spantiak , and never ? nika:n o:tlane:s.
\qry Check progressive form. Check comments made in /nte field.
\ref 00851
\lxam inakas chichi
\lxam_c inakas chichi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1(N2-NP)
\sense_e type of food made by tearing apart tortillas and tossing them into chi:lmante:kah; the result is similar to chilaquiles
\sense_s tipo de comida hecha al echar tortillas despedazadas en chi:lmante:kah , el resultado es como sopes o chilaquiles
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n I:nakas chichi | Tlaxkahli. Ke:kchi:wan chi:lmante:kah pero san a:tki dya umpa kiko:koto:nan tlaxkahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I:nakas chichi : It is a (food made of) tortillas. They make a boiled red chile sauce and then they rip up pieces of tortilla into it.
\phrase_s I:nakas chichi : Es una (comida hecha de) tortilla. Hacen una salsa de chile verde hervido con manteca y allále despedazan tortillas.
\semfld food-maize
\root nakas
\root chichi
\ref 00852
\lxam tlatlaxi:ltia
\lxam_c kitlatlaxi:ltia
\lxoa tlatlaxi:ltia
\lxoa_c kitlatlaxi:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\lexical Lex rdp-s*
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make cough (e.g., a cigarrette, sth eaten, etc. [S])
\sense_s hacer toser (p. ej., un cigarro, algo comido, etc. [S]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mistlatlatlaxi:lti:s, ma:ka xkoni!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It will make you repeatedly cough, don't drink it!
\phrase_s Te va a hacer toser seguido,¡no lo vayas a beber!
\root tlasi
\nae Given the lexicalization of tlatlasi, the reduced reduplicative form * ki:tlaxi:ltia is not accepted in Oapan.
\qry Check correctness of /mistlatlatlaxi:lti:s/, i.e., reduplication. FK has the causative as /tlatlaxi:tia/; check this and the form given here, including for vowel length of the stem-final /i:/
since in one entry/filecard I had a short /i/ here.
\grm Oapan reduplication: Given the lexicalization of tlatlasi, the reduced reduplicative form * ki:tlaxi:ltia is not accepted in Oapan.
\xref tlatlasi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00853
\lxam ompeti
\lxam_c ompeti
\lxoa ompeti
\lxoa_c ompeti
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Dir-V1
\der V1-b
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e see peti
\sense_s véase peti
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nae In tense/aspect inflection ompeti manifests an alternation between directional prefixes and suffixes: ompetis for the future, for example, and
o:petito for the perfective.
\ref 00854
\lxam ye:lo:tl
\lxam_c ye:lo:tl
\lxoa ye:lo:tl
\lxoa_c ye:lo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e green ear of corn, still moist on the stem but at the stage when it can be eaten
\sense_s elote, maíz todavía tierno pero ya en una etapa cuando se puede comer
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld food
\root e:lo:
\ency_note mi:hli (all stages and parts)
\nse Traditionally elotes are eaten during the fiesta of San Miguel, on September 29. Shortly afterward they begin to dry on the maize stalk.
\nae Although plant parts, apparently both xi:lo:tl and ye:lo:tlare only alienably possessed, either by a human possessor or by the whole plant of
which it is a part.
\mod In the /ono field give all the stages and parts of the mi:hli plant.
\ref 00855
\lxam kekextlami
\lxam_c kekextlami
\lxoa kekextlami
\lxoa_c kekextlami
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp S-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to see an end to ones party days; for ones days for fun to be over
\sense_s acabarsele los dias de paranda, acabarsele a uno los dias alegres
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kex
\root tlami
\nse Throughout various compounded forms, the metaphor of"itch"(kekex) is used to indicate a type of party-like attitude, of a person likes to dance, to have a good time,
etc.; cf. kekechpo:ni.
\ref 00856
\lxam to:puwatl
\lxam_c to:puwatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e dried stalk of corn (below where the picked mazorca had been)
\sense_s tallo de maíz secado; huasol (hacia abajo de donde estaba la mazorca ya cosechada)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\nse Other Ameyaltepec consultants, if my notes are correct, gave the form to:kowatl. However, Cristino Flores stated that he has always used to:powatl.
\mod See diagram under /mi:hli/.
\semref mi:lowatl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref omi:lkohtli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00857
\lxam poyé:k
\lxam_c poyé:k
\lxoa poye:k
\lxoa_c poye:k
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\sense_e to be salty (a food or beverage)
\sense_s estar salado (una comida o bebida)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Poyé:k motlakwal, o:pano:k de istatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your food is salty, it has too much salt in it.
\phrase_s Tu comida estásalada, pasóde sal.
\root poye
\grm Adjective predication /Poyé:k motlakwal/ 'Your food is salty.' This illustrates clearly the position of predication in Nahuatl. Thus rather than simply VS, perhaps one could
consider this as Pred-S with predicates preceding subjects.
\ref 00858
\lxam tlaxitia
\lxam_c tlaxitia
\lxoa tláxitiá
\lxoa_pr tlaxitia
\lxoa_c tláxitiá
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to get an erection; to get a hard-on
\sense_s pararsele el pene a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:nitlaxitih, nisowakochisneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got a hard-on, I want to sleep with a woman.
\phrase_s Se me paróel pene, quiero acostarme con una mujer.
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w tlaxitia moburroh. Xikpia kwida:doh, ma:ka ipan tsikwinis burrah, tla:mo mitsa:ltlakalis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your donkey has started to get an erection. Take care that it doesn't try to mount a female donkey, for if it does it will throw you to the ground!
\phrase_s Ya empezóa pararsele a tu burro.¡Ten cuidado que no vaya a montarle a una burra porque si lo hace, te va a aventar al suelo.
\root hsa
\xref ixitia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 00859
\lxam ye:ime:sti
\lxam_c ye:ime:sti
\lxoa ye:ime:sti
\lxoa_c ye:ime:sti
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Num-V1
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4a
\sense_e see -me:sti
\sense_s véase -me:sti
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ye:i
\root me:s
\ref 00860
\lxam komanda:nteh
\lxam_c komanda:nteh
\lxoa komanda:ndeh
\lxoa_c komanda:ndeh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan comandante
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e village police office
\sense_s policía del pueblo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nse In Ameyaltepec, during the time of my fieldwork, a person would be chosen for this office and hold it for 2 years working in what is called a komisió:n.
\nae Note the voicing of the alveolar stop in Oapan Nahuatl.
\ref 00861
\lxam selia
\lxam_c selia
\lxoa selia
\lxoa_c selia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to reach a tender, green, or unripe stage of growth (a growing fruit or plant)
\sense_s llegar a ser tierna, verde y todavía no madura (una fruta o planta que estácreciendo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to become sensitive or tender (skin, a part of the body)
\sense_s ponerse sensible (la piel, parte del cuerpo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:seseliak nokxopal. Ne:chkukwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The bottom of my feet have become tender (e.g., from using shoes). They hurt.
\phrase_s Las plantas de mis pies se han puesto sensibles (p. ej., al usar zapatos por la primera vez). Me duelen.
\phrase_n Xok selias mokxopal, yo:pipichiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The bottom of your foot won't get tender, it's already gotten toughened.
\phrase_s La planta de tu pie no se va a poner tierno, ya quedóduro y resistente.
\root sel
\qry The meaning and use of /seliya/ as 'to become tender, green, or unripe is still not clear and should be clarified. Does this, for example, refer to a plants that have just sprouted, can
one say ?xeseliya. Perhaps it is mostly used in the negative. Also check to make sure that /i/ is accented as would be indicated by the spelling with /y/. P
\ref 00862
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be /ye:wa/ xref'd to /e:wa/. It has been deleted.
\dt 07/Jun/2002
\ref 00863
\lxam xkanah
\lxam_c xkanah
\lxoa xkanah
\lxoa_c xkanah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Pronoun
\der Pr-indef
\sense_e see kanah
\sense_s véase kanah
\sense_d Am, Oa
\ref 00864
\lxam kwilowa
\lxam_c kikwilowa
\lxoa íkwilówa
\lxoa_pr ikwilowa
\lxoa_c kíkwilówa
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2b
\allomorph i-epen
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to write (a letter, a symbol, etc.)
\sense_s escribir (una carta, una letra, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to scribble (e.g., a message)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) garrapaear (p. ej., un mensaje)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kikwi:kwiloh un kone:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That child scribbled it.
\phrase_s Ese niño lo garrapateó.
\root hkwil
\nse Although in Classical and other dialects this verb is found as (i)hkwiloa , with an initial epenthetic /i/, this epenthesis seems to have entirely disappeared from
Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, as evidenced in the applicative ne:chkwilowilia , for example. Since the basic verb always takes either the 3rd person specific object or the
nonspecific tla-, it is impossible to tell whether there is an epenthetic /i/. However, the applicative, which can take ne:ch and mits , for
example, as benefactives, clearly demonstrates the absence of epenthetic /i/ in Ameyaltepec. The question of initial /h/, however, is more complicated, since this has been lost
morpheme internally in Ameyaltepec. In Oapan this word has a pitch-accent mark. But since the /i/ appears in the applicative in Oapan, i.e., ne:chikwilowilia , the
basic verb probably has an initial /i/ as well, although it would be hard to tell since the object has only been documented with the 3rd person singu lar ki-.
\qry The question of initial /h/, however, is more complicated, since this has been lost morpheme internally in Ameyaltepec. In Oapan this word has a pitch-accent mark. Still unclear is
whether the /i/ appears in the applicative in Oapan, i.e., is it ne:chkwilowilia or ne:chikwilowilia. Check in Oapan and San Juan for presence of /h/ and
/i/. Note that the phrase /Okikwi:kwiloh un kone:tl/ is taken from an original file card without recorded vowel length. However, since I would expect /kukwilowa/ for short vowel
reduplication I have tentatively entered this phrase with long vowel reduplication. This should be checked.
\grm Reduplication with long vowel: Note the following use/meaning: 'to scribble (e.g., a message)' /O:kikwi:kwiloh un kone:tl/ 'That child scribbled it.'
\xref kwilowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref íkwilowília
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 00865
\lxam tsotsolowa
\lxam_c kitsotsolowa
\lxoa tsotsolowa
\lxoa_c kitsotsolowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to uncover and leave exposed (e.g, my removing a blanket)
\sense_s descubrir y dejar expuesto (p. ej., al quitarle a algn su cobija)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to remove (some or all) the clothes of (Oapan synonym: see tlá:kopí:nia)
\sense_s quitarle (todo o alguna parte de) la ropa a (Oapan sinónimo: véase tlá:kopí:nia)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xmotsotsolo!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take off your clothes!
\phrase_s ¡Quítate la ropa!
\sense_e to skin (e.g., a pig that has been slaughtered)
\sense_s despellejar (p. ej., un marrano sacrificado)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsol
\disamb tsotsolowa; tsotsoltelowa
\ref 00866
\lxam yeye:i
\lxam_cpend *toyeye:i
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der Num
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N2
\sense_e (toyeye:i) threesies (in a game of jacks)
\sense_s (toyeye:i) treses (en un juego de matatena)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n A:man -i:pan- toyeye:i.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p DT#8: 811
\phrase_e Now (let's go for) threesies (i.e., in a game of jacks)
\phrase_s Ahora (vamos a jugar) treses (p. ej., en matatena).
\root ye:i
\fl nana:wi
\nse When reduplicated and obligatorily possessed, yeye:i is used to refer to"threesies"in the game of jacks. Apparently it is more common or correct to use the form
i:pan toyeye:i for 'threesies.' Note that the numeral ye:i may also be reduplicated in another, distributive sense, as in 'three by three,' 'every three,' etc.
For this usage, see ye:i.
\mod Make sure all numbers used (e.g., yeye:i), etc. is in the lexicon.
\semref ye:i
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00867
\lxam tlachichi:hki
\lxam_c tlachichi:hki
\lxoa tlá:chí:hke:tl
\lxoa_c tlá:chí:hke:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ki
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e stud animal (e.g., horse, bull, etc.)
\sense_s semental (p. ej., caballo, toro, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tlachichi:hki, kitlachichi:wilia ba:kah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (a bull in this case) is used for stud, it impregnates cows.
\phrase_s Es un toro semental, empreña a las vacas.
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\sense_e producer; person who makes things
\sense_s fabricante; persona que fabrica cosas
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tlachichi:hki ika tepalkatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is a ceramicist.
\phrase_s Ella es alfarera.
\sense_e (fig.) gigolo; man who has sexual relations with many women
\sense_s (fig.) gigoló; hombre que mantiene relaciones sexuales con muchas mujeres
\sense_d Am
\root chi:wa
\nse In Oapan this term is used only for an animal used as stud. Manufacturers are referred to by terms such as tla:lchi:hke:tl, in which the material worked is represented as
an incorporated noun. The Ameyaltepec antipassive-like construction tlachichi:hki i:ka tepalkatl is not acceptable in Oapan. Cf. the form with long-vowel
reduplication tlachi:chi:hkiwhich is used for someone who doesn't like anything, who is very particular.
\qry Determine whether re: /tlachichi:hki ika tepalkatl/ the form /tepalkachichi:hke:tl/ or sth similar is also correct and equivalent. Check if /tlachichi:hki/ can refer to an animal used for
stud. In one entry I have this definition, but in another I specifically mention it as not acceptable. But in two note cards I mention this as acceptable. Check whether a possessed form
is possible.
\grm Oblique; antipassive; agentive: Note the following: /Tlachichi:hki ika tepalkatl/. It seems that there are two options to express an agentive construction: NI+Agentivized verb
and tla+Agentivized verb + oblique NP. The phrase here is an example of the latter; unfortunately the corpus has little documentation on these forms. Yet such agentive
constructions parallel what has been called the antipassive construction (e.g., /nontlate:mo:s ika wa:kax/). Perhaps in a literal translation /tlachichi:hki ika tepalkatl/
signifies more 'she is a maker of ceramics' than 'she is a ceramicist' (/tepalkachichi:hke:tl/?).
\ref 00868
\lxam sakamowa
\lxam_c sakamowa
\lxoa sakamowa
\lxoa_c sakamowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\trans Specific (i.e., only accepts specific objects)
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to plow land after the rainy season, breaking up the earth in preparation for the coming year
\sense_s arar un terreno después de terminar la temporada de lluvias, asíabriéndolo y preparándolo para la temporada siguiente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sakamotok, tlayema:nilitok para se:xtli kito:kas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is breaking up the ground, he is softening it up so that the coming year he will plant it.
\phrase_s Estáabriendo la tierra con el arado, lo estásuavizando para que el año próximo lo pueda sembrar.
\root sakam
\nse Sakamowa refers to the action of plowing land at the end of the rainy season, over half a year before it will actually be planted. In this way the ground will have been
softened when it is plowed for planting in late May or early June, after some nine months of dryness.
\nde Molina has çacamoa. ni. an intransitive verb glossed as 'abriar, o labrar de nuevo la tierra, o roçar la yerva.' Apparently, as RS indicates, the verb is related to the
nominal sakatl, but the etymological connection is not clear.
\qry Determine whether this refers to land that has been previously planted, or to land that has been recently cleared and that will be planted for the first time.
\mod Note that this as well as several other verbs are transitive and end in /-owa/ but clearly do not have intransitive froms. The question for coding is whether to consider these
nondirected alternations or simply classify them as basic verbs. This should be determined later. Also, the verb would seem to be related to /sakatl/ although there is no clear
motivation for the /m/. Hence the root is listed as /sakam/.
\root_notes The root sakam is found only in sakamowa. It would seem to be related to saka of the noun sakatl , but no
clear derivational process has been found.
\semref teki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00869
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod Here the word /kuhyekapi:stik/ has been removed from the dictionary.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 00870
\lxam te:ntsontli
\lxam_c te:ntsontli
\lxoa te:ntsontli
\lxoa_c te:ntsontli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e beard or moustache (of men)
\sense_s barba o bigote (de hombres)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e whiskers or"beard"(of cats, dogs, catfish, donkeys, oxen)
\sense_s bigotes (de gatos, perros, bagres, burros, bueyes, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e facial hair (of men and some women);
\sense_s pelo facial (de hombres y algunas mujeres)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root tson
\ref 00871
\lxam a:ntok
\lxam_c a:ntok
\lxoa a:ntok
\lxoa_c a:ntok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be adjoined or adjacent to; to be one continuous unit
\sense_s estar contigua a; ser una sola unidad continua
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:wa:n a:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is one (e.g. piece of property) unit with the other.
\phrase_s Es uno solo (p. ej., parte de una sola propiedad) con el otro.
\phrase_n Tlama:kwilo:hli, san se: a:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Written script is just one continuous thing (line).
\phrase_s La letra cursiva es una cosa continua.
\root a:na
\nse Note that i:wa:n a:ntok might be said of a field that now has one owner but comprises lands that used to be separate. Since they are now together under one
owner it is said of one parcel that, with the other, i:wa:n a:ntok.
\qry Make sure of difference between iwa:n a:ntok and ia:nahlo.
\semref a:nahlo
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref a:nka
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00872
\lxam ikxitlapowa
\lxam_c kikxitlapowa
\lxoa ixitlapowa
\lxoa_c kixitlapowa
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e to open the legs of (sb or, figuratively speaking, sth)
\sense_s abrir las piernas de (algn o, figurativamente, algo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xmokxitlapoto, motlampa ma nipano!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Keep your legs open, let me pass (e.g., crawl) underneath you!
\phrase_s ¡Manténte con las piernas abiertas, déjame pasar abajo de tí!!
\root kxi
\root tlapo:
\nse Cf. note with /ikxitlapowi/.
\ref 00873
\lxam teposko:ntli
\lxam_c teposko:ntli
\lxoa teposko:ntli
\lxoa_c teposko:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(m)
\sense_e metal pot
\sense_s olla de metal
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tepos
\root ko:m
\semref ko:ntli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00874
\lxam ikximonexe:wi
\lxam_c ikximonexe:wi
\lxoa iximónexé:wi
\lxoa_pr iximonexe:wi
\lxoa_c iximónexé:wi
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Op. infix te- : ikxitemonexe:wi (Am)
\infv class-3a(w)
\allomorph i-epen
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have ones feet (or legs) to get grayish white (e.g., from not having bathed for several days after which time salt from dried sweat, or dried powder from walking in lime or
dusty white earth, covers ones legs)
\sense_s ponersele gris o grisceo las piernas o los pies a (p. ej., por no haberse bañado por much tiempo, secándose sal que se dejópor el sudor, o por secarsele polvo blanco que
acumulópor haber uno caminado en cal o tierra blanca y polvosa)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kxi
\root mohnex
\qry Question is semantic difference and basis for alternation. Cf. /chi:chi:le:wi/: is there a /ikximonexiwi/? This alternation is significant for discussions of vowel length stability. Finally, note
here problem of etymology. Obviously related to root /nex/ 'ashes'. However, Ameyaltepec more commonly uses forms such as /monextik/ and /temonextik/, as in the present
compound word. Perhaps related to reflexive /mo-/ and intensifier /te-/. Check these problems.
\qry_h ikximonexe:wi; check for reason for Oapan p-a.
\ref 00875
\lxam i:xmahki
\lxam_c i:xmahki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to be untamed; to be wild and easily startled or frightened (an animal)
\sense_s ser cerrero y asustadizo (un animal)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Na:kopanketsas moburroh pa:mpa i:xmahki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your burro will rear up because it is untamed and easily startled.
\phrase_s Se va a recabritar tu burro por cerrero.
\phrase_n I:xmahki, ma:s san tli:n konta, nomuwtia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's easily startled, whatever it sees out there, it gets frightened.
\phrase_s Es asustadizo, cualquier cosa que ve por ahí, se espanta.
\root i:x
\root maw
\nse I:xmahki is used to refer to animals such as machos, burros, oxen, etc. that startle easily, simply by catching sight of something such as a small lizard or animal that
moves in the grass.
\qry Check final /h/ on /burroh/. Check long /a:/ in /a:kopanketsa/. Check difference of /i:xmahki/ to /mahki/ and of both to /mahka:tsi:n/. Check /ma:s san tli:n/. Probably this should be
/ma:s san tli:non/.
\mod Under /mahki/ I have noted that FM makes a distinction between /mahki/ and /i:xmahki/. However, I have /i:xmahki/ here with no Oapan form. Recheck that it does exist, and if so
enter. Also, recheck difference between /mahki/ and /i:xmahki/.
\semref mahka:tsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref mahki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref mahkitik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00876
\lxam tlayo:hli
\lxam_c tlayo:hli
\lxoa tlayo:hli
\lxoa_c tlayo:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e shelled maize
\sense_s maíz desgranado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e maize in general
\sense_s el maíz en general
\sense_d Pending
\root o:ya
\ency_note tlayo:hli
\qry Check for possession with /-yo/.
\notes_nature There are several types of tlayo:hli so far documented. Some are categorized by color, others by name. Of the colors, note: istá:k tlayo:hli ,
ya:wtli , xo:koyo:lin or chi:chi:ltik tlayo:hli , and kostik tlayo:hli. Of those that are named they are all
white maize (istá:k tlayo:hli : tlayo:hli de un chi:noh or simply chi:noh , tlayo:hli de arrosi:yoh (see below),
tlayo:lkimichin , tlayo:lyewahli , and tlayo:hli de kaba:yoh have been documented to date. Some consultants also
described tlayo:hli de kaba:yoh as a:kawtik , 'light (in weight)' while others mentioned tlayo:hli de un chi:noh as 'light.' Note
finally, that whereas some Ameyaltepec consultants mentioned that tlayo:hli de un chi:noh is the same as the maize called arrocillo in local
Spanish, others suggested that the two were different.
\semref pa:pa:lo:tl de tlayo:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00877
\lxam tlaksaltia
\lxam_c kitlaksaltia
\lxoa tlasaltia
\lxoa_c kitlasaltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to place weight on (an arm or leg)
\sense_s cargarse sobre (un brazo o pierna)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tiktlaksaltitiá:s moma wa:n mokxi, tima:nenemis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will go along placing your weight on your arms and legs, you will crawl.
\phrase_s Vas a ir cargando tu peso sobre los brazos y piernas, vas a andar a gatas.
\sense_e (~ -pan) to set or place upright on (so that a heavy weight is being born, as occurs when a supporting pole [O] is placed on top of sth)
\sense_s (~ -pan) parar o colocar en posición vertical sobre (para que un peso se carga, por ejemplo como ocurre cuando un poste o soporte [O] se coloca sobre
una base)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sole:rah, ipan kitlaksaltian kabe:sas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e In regard to the sole:rah , it is on them that the kabe:sas (which bear the weight of a thatched roof) are stood upright.
\phrase_s En cuanto a las soleras, es sobre ellas que se paran las cabesas (que soportan el peso de un techo de palma o zacate).
\root tlaksa
\ilus_note See illustration on original 3x5 card.
\xref tlaksa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref tlasa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 00878
\lxam koto:ni
\lxam_c koto:ni
\lxoa koto:ni
\lxoa_c koto:ni
\dt 20/Feb/2006
\lx_te tekoto:ni
\lx_te_d Am, Oa
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to snap or break (sth long that can be streched or pulled, such as a strap or rubber band)
\sense_s reventarse o romperse (algo largo que se puede estirar, como un tirante o liga de hule)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ye koto:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is about to snap in two (e.g., a belt, a sandal strap partially torn and on the verge of ripping, etc.).
\phrase_s Está por reventar (p. ej., un cinturón, un tirante de un huarache parcialmente roto y al punto de reventar, etc.).
\phrase_n O:tekoto:n la:soh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The lasso suddenly snapped.
\phrase_s De repente se reventóla riata.
\phrase_n Xok kixi:ko:s. Kokoto:nis. Xtla:lili mejó:r se: yewan ye:nkwik!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It won't stand up anymore. It will snap apart in pieces. Better place a new one (e.g., a strap or lasso) on it.
\phrase_s Ya no va a aguantar más. Se va a reventar en pedazos. Mejor ponle uno que sea nuevo (p. ej., un tirante o laso).
\sense_e to fragment; to break apart in isolated portions (e.g., a brook that during the dry season dries up, leaving strings of poorly connected ponds; or clouds that become
scattered and broken up by the wind)
\sense_s fragmentarse; quebrantarse en secciones aisladas (p. ej., un arroyo que se seca durante la temporada de secas, dejando una serie de pocitos poco profundos; o nubes que
se dispersan por el viento)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tsi:tsikiliw moxtli. Yo:kokoto:n, kas yeyekakiawis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The cloud cover come apart here and there. It has torn open, perhaps there will be rain accompanied by a driving wind.
\phrase_s Se han despejado las nubes en partes. Se han rasgado, quizáva a llegar un aguacero con fuerte viento.
\sense_e to cease to occur (p. ej., a pattern of behavior, events, or actions that have continued for a long time, such as customs, traditions, litigation, etc.)
\sense_s cesar; dejar de occurir (un patrón de comportamiento, o eventos y acciones, que han perdurado por mucho tiempo, como costumbres, tradiciones, litigios, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to come to an end (a lineaje or family)
\sense_s acabarse (un linaje o familia)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to break loose (in snapping bonds, e.g., an animal that snaps its teather)
\sense_s soltarse (al reventar algo, como un animal al reventar su
\sense_d Pending
\root koto:
\qry /O:tsi:tsikiliw moxtli. Yo:kokoto:n, kas yeyekakiawis/ = 'The cloud cover come apart here and there. It has torn open, perhaps there will be rain and a driving wind.'/ Note how each
verb is recorded with a different type of reduplication. This should be checked, perhaps I wrote the lengths down wrong. But it suggests the possibility that the type of reduplication
is directly linked to the nature and significance of the verb.
\grm Reduplication: /O:tsi:tsikiliw moxtli. Yo:kokoto:n, kas yeyekakiawis/ = 'The cloud cover come apart here and there. It has torn open, perhaps there will be rain and a
driving wind.'/ Note how each verb is recorded with a different type of reduplication. This should be checked, perhaps I wrote the lengths down wrong. But it suggests the
possibility that the type of reduplication is directly linked to the nature and significance of the verb.
\ref 00879
\lxam te:milia
\lxam_c kite:milia
\lxoa te:milia
\lxoa_c kite:milia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to fill (some sort of container) for
\sense_s llenar (cualquier tipo de recipiente) para
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xne:xte:mili na:ko:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Fill my water cistern for me!
\phrase_s ¡Lléname mi tinaja!
\phrase_n Xne:xte:te:mili notlayo:l, ma niktlapo nokostal!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Fill my sacks with maize for me (one by one), I'll open them!
\phrase_s ¡Lléname mis costales con maíz (uno por uno), yo los voy a abrir!
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication, but plural object only) to place in order or line for; to stack or pile up for
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta, pero solamente con objeto plural) colocar o enfilar para; apilar para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:xtete:mili noswaw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Stack my iswatl up for me!
\phrase_s ¡Hazme un montón con mi zacate!
\flao te:ma
\root te:m
\nse As in other cases (e.g., te:ma) it is not clear whether there are two homophonous verbs te:ma one referring to filling things (which has an intransitive
in te:mi and an alternative transitive in te:mi:tia) and the other to laying things down (on the ground) in order. However, it might be that this second sense is
only found with a plural object and usually with long vowel reduplication.
\qry Check for other acceptations. Note that it is not clear whether two verbs are being referred to. One would be /te:mi/ and /te:mi:tia/ 'to fill' and the other /te:ma/ 'to lay down flat.'
Check.
\xref tlate:milia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref te:ma
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00880
\lxam siawistli
\lxam_c siawistli
\lxoa siawistli
\lxoa_c siawistli
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-is
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e tiredness; fatigue
\sense_s cansancio; fatiga
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tikpia siawistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are tired.
\phrase_s Estás cansado.
\root siawi
\grm Pro-verb: In Nahuatl note how verbs such as /pia/ and /asi/ (intransitive and transitive respectively) act as proverbs with nouns (cf. English 'to get tired' for 'to tire'). Thus in
Nahuatl, /tikpia siawistli/ for /tisiawi/ and /ne:chasi a:pistli/ for /na:pismiki/.
\ref 00881
\lxam kwa:tepasoltik
\lxam_c kwa:tepasoltik
\lxoa kwa:tépasóltik
\lxoa_c kwa:tépasóltik
\lxoa_pr kwa:tepasoltik
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. te-
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have disheveled, entangled, uncombed, or messy hair
\sense_s tener el pelo desarreglado, despeinado, desgreñado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\fla kwa:pasoliwi
\root kwa:
\root pahsol
\qry Check as in associated words, whether the form without /te/ is correct, or whether this should be /kwa:tepasoltik./.
\vl I have added the p-a to the Oapan form even though after recording I did not have it. But comparative evidence from other entries suggest it should be there. Remove if this
is in error.
\ref 00882
\lxam tlayehli
\lxam_c tlayehli
\lxoa tláyehlí
\lxoa_pr tlayehli
\lxoa_c tláyehlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\pss Adj(pred)
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e playful; mischievous; bothersome or a bother (because of overexuberant playfulness)
\sense_s juguetón; latoso; travieso
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Mlá:k tlayelteh motskwinwa:n, ne:chontlai:xpolowilian nocha:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your dogs are really mischievous, they go mess things up in my house.
\phrase_s Tus perros son muy latosos, van a maltratarme las cosas en mi casa.
\phrase_n Mi:te:ka, nemi ipan tla:hli. No: tlayehli. I:pan chi:hli kwa:k selik, pe:wa kikwa, pe:wa kiteteki. Me:dioh chi:chi:ltiktsitsi:nteh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The (insect known as) mi:te:ka lives on the ground. It is also mischievous. When chile is tender, it begins to eat it, it begins to nibble at it (its leaves). They
(these insects) are somewhat reddish.
\phrase_s El (insecto conocido como) mi:te:ka vive sobre la tierra. También es latoso. Cuando el chile es tierno, empieza a comérselo, a cortarle las hojas. Son
(estos insectos) algo rojizos.
\root tlahyel
\qry Check vowel length as in one entry I had a long /e:/. Check etymology.
\ref 00883
\lxam nexi:ko:listli
\lxam_c nexi:ko:listli
\lxoa nexi:ko:listli
\lxoa_c nexi:ko:listli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e selfishness; self-centeredness; enviousness
\sense_s egoísmo; envidia
\sense_d Am, Oa
\flao nexi:ko:leh
\root xi:ko
\qry Check for possessed form.
\ref 00884
\lxam a:wi:teki
\lxam_c ka:wi:tekin
\lxoa a:wi:teki
\lxoa_c ka:wi:teki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans Irregular
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to be struck by lightening (person struck is [O] of 3rd-person plural transitive; Oapan synonym: tsontewi:teki)
\sense_s pegarsele un rayo a (persona pegada es [O] de un verbo transitivo en 3a persona; sinónimo en Oapan: tsontewi:teki)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ne:cha:wi:tekiskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will be struck by lightening.
\phrase_s Me va a pegar un rayo.
\phrase_n O:kitsaya:nih pa:mpa o:ka:wi:tehkeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It got split lengthwise because it got hit by lightning.
\phrase_s Se partióa lo largo porque se le pegóun rayo.
\sense_e to thrash (e.g., an animal with its tail) in the water
\sense_s dar látigos (p. ej., un animal con su cola) en el agua
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to thrash around in the water (e.g., clothes in order to remove soap)
\sense_s sacudir en el agua (p. ej., ropa para quitarle el jabón)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to waste (money) on a liquido (particularly beer)
\sense_s malgastar (dinero) en bebida (p. ej., un cartón de cerveza u otro líquido parecido)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n O:ka:wi:tek nowe:wentsi:n i:tomi:ntsi:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Mi husband wasted his money on drink.
\phrase_s Mi esposo malgastósu dinero en bebida.
\semfld weather
\root a:
\root wi:teki
\nae In Ameyaltepec this verb is always found in transitive form with the object being the person or thing struck by lightening. The subject is always third person plural, suggesting that the
lightening was caused by some volitional plural agent, although an"impersonal"interpretation is also valid. This is related to causitivity which people feel related to being struck by
lightening, i.e. that others, plural, do it to the victim. In Oapan 'to be struck by lightening' is manifested in the verb tsontewi:teki; the verb a:wi:teki is
used to indicate the act of rapidly drinking a large quantity of beer.
\qry Check why the 3rd person plural, i.e., who does the striking. Check this phrase, note difference in number of subject/agent: /O:kitsaya:nih pampa o:ka:wi:tehkeh./ Check, perhaps
simply /o:tsaya:n/ or /o:notsaya:nih/.
\ref 00885
\lxam kwa:ki:tskia
\lxam_c kikwa:ki:tskia
\lxoa kwa:ki:tsia
\lxoa_c kikwa:ki:tsia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to place ones hands behind the head of
\sense_s poner las manos atrás de la cabeza de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nihkwa:ki:tskia nokone:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I place my hand behind my child's head (e.g., to guide him along).
\phrase_s Pon mi mano atrás de la cabeza de mi niño (p. ej., para guiarlo).
\phrase_n Nokwa:ki:tskitok ika o:me ima.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has placed both his hands behind his head (e.g., while relaxing).
\phrase_s Tiene las dos manos puestas atrás de la cabeza (p. ej., al relajarse).
\root kwa:
\root ki:tski
\ref 00886
\lxam wa:wah
\lxam_c wa:wah
\lxoa wa:wah
\lxoa_c wa:wah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan agua (?)
\psm Baby
\der N-bb
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e water
\sense_s agua
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root a:
\nae Wa:wah is a word used in speaking to babies. Although it follows the pattern for baby-talk words, with a long vowel in the first syllable and a final /h/, the etymology
is unclear. It might be derived from Spanish agua or it might be derived from Nahuatl a:tl.
\qry See Gram 1984-10-16.1
\ref 00887
\lxam istachichi:ya
\lxam_c istachichi:ya
\lxoa istachichi:ya
\lxoa_c istachichi:ya
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e to become overly salty
\sense_s pasarse de sal
\sense_d Pending
\root sta
\root chichi:
\qry Check to see if /istamolo:nia/ exists, and whether it has the same meaning. Also, check for transitive form of this verb.
\vl Check Oapan vl. I originally had a short final /i/ here in my entry (after the recording session but before analysis). However, for the simple /chichi:ya/ I did have a long
vowel recorded (and this present entry would undoubtedly have the same vowel.
\ref 00888
\lxam tekakapaxioh
\lxam_c tekakapaxioh
\lxoa te:kapaxioh
\lxoa_c te:kapaxioh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-d-yoh
\semfld Reduced rdp-s*(prev-te)
\sense_e to be rough-surfaced (e.g., trees with particularly rough bark such as the koxio:tland po:cho:tl)
\sense_s tener una superficieáspera (p. ej., ciertosárboles tener cáscara particularmenteáspera como el kuxio:tly po:cho:tl)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kuwxio:tl no: tekakapaxioh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The cuajiote tree tree is also rough surfaced.
\phrase_s El cuajiote también tiene la cáscaraáspera.
\sense_e to have rough skin (a person with a disease; certain animals from their skin or scales)
\sense_s tener la piel dura yáspera (una persona tener una enfermedad de la piel; algunos animales)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tekakapaxioh, kipia pi:ntoh de kakapaxtik, xi:ni ipolokayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is rough-skinned, he has pinto of the type that leaves a rough skin, flakes of his skin fall off.
\phrase_s Tiene la pieláspera, tiene pinto del tipo que deja la pieláspera, se le cayen hojuelitas de piel.
\root kapax
\qry As with all entries in which I have Am /kakapaxioh/ or similar forms, with the possibility of /te-/ (i.e., /tekakapaxioh/), and Oa cognates that all have /te-/ and reduplication reduction,
determine the potential subjects. First, what is the difference between Am /kakapaxioh/ etc. and Am /tekakapaxioh/. Then, what Oa cognates are applied to the subjects of the Am
words.
\ref 00889
\lxam wi:tsapo:hloh
\lxam_c wi:tsapo:hloh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to be covered (an area) with many plants of the type called witsapo:lin
\sense_s estar cubierta (unaárea) con muchas plantas de la que se llama witsapo:lin
\sense_d Am
\fla wi:tsapo:lin
\ref 00890
\lxam po:yoh
\lxam_c po:yoh
\lxoa po:yoh
\lxoa_c po:yoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan pollo
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e rooster
\sense_s gallo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (fig.) stud; man who sleeps around with a lot of women
\sense_s (fig.) hombre caliente, que se acuesta con muchas mujeres
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld domes
\ref 00891
\lxam kwa:xo:tlaltia
\lxam_c kikwa:xo:tlaltia
\lxoa kwa:xo:tlaltia
\lxoa_c kikwa:xo:tlaltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to anger and exasperate; to frustrate or to cause frustration to (e.g., a problem or situation that is difficult to resolve, a person who is bothersome [S]); to cause (sb) to rack
their brains out
\sense_s fastidiar; exasperar (p. ej., un problema o situación de resolución difícil, una persona latosa [S])
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:ne:chkwa:xo:tlaltih mokone:w. San tli:mach yo:ne:chiihlih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your child has exasperated me (perhaps I'm on the verge hitting him). He's said to me just about anything that occurs to him.
\phrase_s Tu hijo me ha fastidiado (quizáestoy a punto de pegarle). Ya me ha dicho cualquier cosa (que se le occura).
\sense_e (refl.) to rack ones brains (trying to figure sth out or find a solution to a particular problem or situation)
\sense_s (refl.) devanarse los sesos (en buscar una solución a un problema o situación)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nokwa:xo:tlaltia, kitete:mowilitiw ke:n ke:kchi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is racking his brains out, he's going along looking for a way to do it.
\phrase_s Se estádevanando los sesos, le va buscando como lo va a hacer.
\root kwa:
\root xo:tla
\qry Check other meanings and usages besides to exasperate and to cause someome to rack his brains.
\ref 00892
\lxam tlakpaikni:wtli
\lxam_c tlakpaikni:wtli
\lxoa tlahpaihni:htli
\lxoa_c tlahpaihni:htli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound Adj-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e stepsibling
\sense_s hermanastro(a)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld kin
\root tlakpa
\root kni:w
\nse This refers to the relationship between the children of two adults who get married, each having born these children in a previous marriage.
\ref 00893
\lxam tla:lto:ntsi:n
\lxam_c tla:lto:ntsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e Dalembertia populifoliaBaill., a plant with edible root of the Euphorbiaceae family
\sense_s Dalembertia populifoliaBaill., una planta con raíz comestible de la familia Euphorbiaceae
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tla:lto:ntsi:n kipia inelwayo ke:n po:cho:ko:niah, ito:ka: tla:ltepo:so:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tla:lto:ntsi:n has a root like a po:cho:ko:niah , it is called tla:lteposo:hli.
\phrase_s El tla:lto:ntsi:n tiene sus raices como un po:cho:ko:niah , se llama tla:lteposo:hli.
\phrase_n Tla:lto:ntsi:n | Xtlah kihlian. Kipia itla:kihlo itik tla:hli, ito:ka: tla:ltepo:so:lin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tla:lto:ntsi:n : Its not used for anything. It has its fruit inside the earth, it is called tla:lteposo:lin.
\phrase_s Tla:lto:ntsi:n : No se usa para nada. Tiene su fruta dentro de la tierra, se llama tla:lteposo:lin.
\semfld plant
\root tla:l
\root -to:n
\nse The etymology of this plant name is unclear. Probably the element -to:n is the modifying suffix -to:n found in Classical Nahuatl as suggested by the long
vowel. However, among villages studied in so far Ameyaltepequeños are alone in referring to Dalembertia populifoliaBaill. as tla:lto:ntsi:n. Oapan uses
tla:ltepiso:linand San Juan Tetelcingo tla:ltekso:lin. The Ameyaltepec cognate, tla:ltepo:so:lin is in this village used to refer to the edible bulb
or tuber of this plant. It is possible, therefore, that Ameyaltepec tla:lto:ntsi:n is an innovation and that the term tla:ltepo:so:lin (and its cognates) originally
referred to both the edible root and, by extension, to the plant itself.
\notes_nature There is no documentation of this plant in any of the sources for the area. Consultants mentioned that it was a tlako:tl , suggesting that it is a bush-like plant
with long, straight branches that can be used for switches. Others mentioned that it was a type of vine (komekatl). On another note I have recorded that this
plant is also called tla:ltepo:so:lin. Listen to tape for more information.
\qry Check vowel length in /tla:lteposo:hli/ and correct if necessary; occasionally I had this as /tla:ltepo:sohli/ and sometimes as /tla:ltepo:so:hli/. Recheck and correct in all entries. Also
check and correct Oapan Nahuatl /tla:ltepiso:lin/, which might also be in error. I have checked by measuring the speech of Chen Diaz and both /o:/'s are long.
\semref tla:ltepiso:lin
\semref_t natural
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00894
\lxam ko:pi:lowa
\lxam_c kiko:pi:lowa
\lxoa ko:pi:lowa
\lxoa_c kiko:pi:lowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-w
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to fold or push up the sides of (sth more of less flat, e.g., a hat with the brim pushed upward in order to make a cupped-like object)
\sense_s doblar las orillas (de algo plano) hace arriba (p. ej., un sombrero con las alas empujadas hacia arriba, para hacer algo como un recipiente o cono)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xko:pi:lo -=xikxo:pi:lo- mosombre:roh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Push up the brim of your hat!
\phrase_s ¡Dóbla las alas de tu sombrero hacia arriba!
\sense_e (refl.) to hunch over and pull ones arms close to the body (e.g., a person who is sick or cold); to shrink up and pull in ones arms (as a person trying to make himself or
herself thin to fit through a small space); to shrink or pull back, to withdraw into a shell (e.g., a timid girl in withdrawing from the advances of a suitor)
\sense_s (refl.) acurrucarse y jalar los brazos pegándolos al cuerpo (p. ej., una persona que estáenferma o que tiene frío); encogerse y pegar los brazos al cuerpo (p. ej., una
persona que se hace delgada para poder caber por un espacio apretado); encogerse y ir para atrás (p. ej., una joven tímida al evitar los avances de un pretendiente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tle:ka san timoko:pi:lotok? Tikwalo?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Why are you all huddled up with your arms tight to your side? Are you sick?
\phrase_s ¿Por quéestás todo acurrucado con los brazos pegados al cuerpo?¿Estás enfermo?
\phrase_n Noko:pi:lowa, kwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is huddling up with his arms close to his side, he is sick.
\phrase_s Estáencogiéndose con sus brazos pegados al cuerpo, estáenfermo.
\phrase_n Xmoko:pi:loka:n para wel tipano:skeh! Ma:ka xpatla:wtokan!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hug your arms close to your side so that we can fit through that space! Don't be all loose with your arms hanging out!
\phrase_s ¡Pégense con los brazos al cuerpo para que podamos caber por ese espacio!¡No estén con los brazos todos desplegados!
\phrase_n Timoko:pi:lowa, tipipina:wi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You shrink back, you are ashamed.
\phrase_s Te encoges hacia atrás, te da pena.
\sense_e (refl., often with -tiw) to go along slowly, taking baby steps (e.g., sb ill or just recovering)
\sense_s (refl., a menudo con -tiw) ir despacio, con pasos pequeños (p. ej., algn que estáenfermo o que apenas se estárecuperando)
\sense_d Oa
\root ko:pi:l
\disamb ko:pi:lowa; xo:pi:lowa (e.g., in reference to a sombrero)
\ilus_note Cf. drawing with original 3x5 filecard.
\ref 00895
\lxam ikxikwepaltik
\lxam_c ikxikwepaltik
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e to have a crooked foot (particularly in reference to humans)
\sense_s con el pie chueco (particularmente en referencia a los humanos)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Sahkó:n itekiw, ikxikwepaltik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That's his condition, he has a crooked foot.
\phrase_s Asíes de por si, tiene chueco el pie.
\root kxi
\root kwepal
\nse The plural ikxikukwepaltik , which manifests the usual pattern of reduplication of the predicaate stem, refers to someone with both legs so formed. Likewise,
ikxikwepaltikeh refers to several people, each with one foot so formed.
\grm Plural of adjectives: The plural ikxikukwepaltik , which manifests the usual pattern of reduplication of the predicaate stem, refers to someone with both legs
so formed. Likewise, ikxikwepaltikeh refers to several people, each with one foot so formed. Note, therefore, that when reduplication occurs in reference to
an action or state, it refers to several points at which one entity is affected. This should be further explored, e.g., /totoma:wak/ vs. /toma:hkeh/ or /totoma:hkeh/. Etc.
\ref 00896
\lxam tsapotl
\lxam_c tsapotl
\lxoa tsapotl
\lxoa_c tsapotl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e fruit of the zapote tree
\sense_s fruta delárbol llamado zapote
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e generic name for the zapote tree; see tsapokuwtli
\sense_s nombre genérico para elárbol llamado zapote; véase tsapokuwtli
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root tsapo
\ency_note tsapotl
\qry Check for possessed; is this vulgar?
\notes_nature According to Luis Lucena there are three types of tsapotl : xo:chi:tsapotl , tli:ltsapotl , and ila:mah. Other
consultants gave two other types: tsatsapotsi:n and a:no:nah. According to the three consultants of the first botany session there are three
types of zapote: tli:ltsapotl, called the same in all three villages; kochitsapotl or kohtsapotl, with smaller fruit (note that Inocencio
Díaz was not familiar with this tree); xo:chitsapotl (also called by the same name in Tetelcingo), which is the mamey bought in Cuetzala (note that although I
have heard this used in Ameyaltepec, Inocencio Díaz referred to this simply as tsapotl). There is also another called i:la:makuhtli in
Ameyaltepec. Both Inocencio Díaz and Asunción Marcelo stated that this is not a tsapotl and that the fruit is called simply i:la:mah. However,
Silvestre Pantaleón stated that the frui t is c alled tsapotl de i:la:mah and the tree simply i:la:mah. He also stated that this is a type of
tsapotl, which differs from what the others stated.
\ref 00897
\lxam popolwia
\lxoa pópolwía
\lxoa_pr popolwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): see tlá:polwíya
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e see tlapopolwia
\sense_s véase tlapopolwia
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root pol
\nse To date, the only documented occurrence of this trivalent verb in the corpus is with the nonspecific object tla- as an indefinite null complement.
\qry Determine whether this word occurs only with the object prefix /tla-/ or whether such forms as /ne:chpopolwia/ also exist. If only with /tla-/, then change entry to /tlapopolwia/ and
give a xref from /popolwia/.
\ref 00898
\lxam tsi:nilpikatl
\lxam_c tsi:nilpikatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e cloth cord used to tie a diaper around a child (made from the same material as the diaper)
\sense_s cordón de tela que se emplea para amarrarle el pañal a un niño (y que se hace del mismo material que el pañal)
\sense_d Am
\qry Check possessive form; whether possible and morphology.
\root tsi:n
\root lpi
\semref ma:ilpikatl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00899
\lxam yo:lamana
\lxam_c kiyo:lamana
\lxoa yó:lamána
\lxoa_pr yo:lamana
\lxoa_c kiyó:lamána
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to make (sb) feel slightly ill to the stomach; to make (sb) feel slightly nauseous (e.g., things such as bad food, a car ride, etc.)
\sense_s causarle algo de nausea a; causar algo de molestias al estómago de (p. ej., algo como comida mala, una excursión en coche, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w ne:chyo:lamana, o:nikwe:lilih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's started to make me ill to my stomach, I liked it a lot (and thus ate to much, harming my system).
\phrase_s Ya empezóa hacerme sentir mal del estómago, me gustóF3 mucho (y por esta razon comídemasiado, haciéndome daño).
\phrase_n O:pe:w kiyo:lamana ika kinekwtiw un ka:rroh. Me:dioh tsoyá:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He got nauseous from smelling the car (fumes). They have a somewhat burnt odor.
\phrase_s El olor del coche ya empezóa hacerle sentir nausea. Huele (el vapor que le sale al coche) algo como quemado.e, etc.
\root yo:l
\root ahmana
\disamb yo:lamana; yelmoya:wi
\fl yelmoya:wi
\ref 00900
\lxam tsi:kanekwteh
\lxam_cpend *tsi:kanekwteh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\sense_e type of honey-producing flying insect that lives in the ground and are said to bite; tsi:kanekwteh are slightly smaller than koko:smeh
\sense_s tipo de insecto que vuela pero que vive en la tierra; produce miel y se dice que muerde; los tsi:kanekwteh son un poquito más pequeños que los
koko:smeh
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root tsi:ka
\root nekw
\ency_note nekwtli
\nse Tsi:kanekwteh has only been documented in the plural. Apparently the Oapan cognate is tsómanéhtih, but until a definite identification is made, this
concordance remains slightly uncertain.
\grm Compound nouns: note the semantic relationship between the two nouns of the compount /tsi:kanekwtli/, which seem to be types of flying insects that produce honey
(/nekwtli/).
\semref tsómanéhtih
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00901
\lxam pa:ti
\lxam_c pa:ti
\lxoa pa:ti
\lxoa_c pa:ti
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to melt (ice, lead heated up, chocolate left in the sun, etc.)
\sense_s derritirse (hielo, chocolate dejado en el sol, etc.); fundirse (p. ej., plomo al calentarse, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to erode or partially wash away (from water, e.g., adobe with a heavy rain)
\sense_s erosionarse (a causa de agua, p. ej., adobe después de una fuerte lluvia)
\sense_d Pending
\src_s CF Am 901/00:38
\phrase_n Deke pa:tsiwi, tikito:s, "O:pa:t noxa:n!"pa:mpa un, o:pa:tsiw. Ya pa:ti ke:itlah kwe:chiwi teh.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00901_02_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav
\phrase_e If it (adobe) gets wet you'd say,"My adobe has eroded!"because, it, it got wet. And it erodes, like it sort of crumbles, y' know.
\phrase_s Si se moja (el adobe) dirás,"¡Se derritiómi adobe!"porque ese, se mojó. Ya se derrite pues, como que se desmorona.
\sense_e to rot and fall apart from being very wet and soggy
\sense_s pudrirse y deshacerse por estar muy mojado y empapado
\sense_d Pending
\src_s CF Am 901/00:09
\phrase_n Ke a:man un sila:ntroh kwa:k kite:man, ya ka:te:kian, niman deke xkonwi:teki to:nahli sa: xkita yo:pe:w pa:ti. Papala:ni seki ya sa: wewekatsitsi:n noka:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00901_01_am
\phrase_e Now corriander, when they put seeds on the ground, and they water them, if the sun doesn't beat down on them right away, just look and they´ve started to fall apart. Some
rot and the rest are just left there spaced far apart from each other.
\phrase_s Ahora cilantro, cuando ponen sus semillas en la tierra, y le echan agua, si no le pega el sol luego luego, ve nada más, ya empezóa derritirse. Pudren algunos y los demás
se quedan nada más esparcidos lejos, unos de otros.
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w kwitlati notlapacho:l, yo:pe:w pa:ti ika xi:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My seed garden has started to rot; it's started to get wet and putrid because its seedlings have fallen over (i.e. the seedlings got a blight and fell over onto the ground,
starting to rot).
\phrase_s Ya se empezóa pudrirse mi huertita, ya comenzóa disolverse y pudrirse porque se cayeron las plantas del semillero (esto es, se doblaron al suelo al enfermarse).
\sense_e to lose skin tone (e.g., in getting old)
\sense_s perderse el tono de la piel (p. ej., al envejecerse)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tlan pa:ti noma:xi:lo:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My biceps have started to loose their skin tone.
\phrase_s Mi bicéps ya empezaron a perder su forma.
\nse The primary meaning of pa:ti seems to refer to things that melt in the heat, such as ice, chocolate, etc. However, it is quite often to refer to things that turn to sludge
from contact with water, such as adobe in heavy rains or a seed garden that becomes soggy and putrid, as might occur with rotting hay or straw in a seedbed garden called
tlapacho:hli.
\qry Check for precise meaning of /xi:ni/ in /yo:pe:w pa:ti ika xi:ni/; also check for other things that might be the subject of /pa:ti/.
\ref 00902
\lxam ma:chika:wa
\lxam_c noma:chika:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans +Refl/-Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (refl.) to tighten or tense ones arm or hand (e.g, in making a strong effort to hold onto sth, or in pullling hard on sth, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) apretar o tensar el brazo o la mano (p. ej., en hacer un esfuerzo para que algo no se vaya de las manos, o en jalar fuerte a algo, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Dya mi:tsihli:skeh,"Xmoma:chika:wa!"noso"xmoma:kuwtili!"deke yetí:k. Pos, xtepi:tso moma para tikakukwis. Xmoma:chika:wa!
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00902_01_am
\src_p CF 901/01:05
\phrase_e And then they'll say to you,"Make your arm hard!"or"Tense your arm!"if it is heavy. Well then, tighten up your arm so that you can lift it up. Make your arm hard!
\phrase_s Y entonces te dirán,"¡Hazte fuerte el brazo! o"¡Haz el brazo duro!"si estápesado. Pues, aprétale el brazo para que lo puedas alzar.¡Hazte fuerte el brazo!
\root ma:
\root chika:
\disamb ma:chika:wa; ma:kuhtilia
\qry Check to see if /ma:tepitsowa/ or a similar form exists. Recheck meaning and check for transitive as opposed to reflexive. If meaning holds, cf. Oapan semantic equivalent
/ma:kuhtilia/. Check for difference in Am between /ma:chi:wa/ and /ma:kuhtilia/.
\semref ma:kuwtilia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ma:kohtilia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00903
\lxam ko:kotetsi:n
\lxam_c ko:kotetsi:n
\lxoa ko:kotetsi:n
\lxoa_c ko:kotetsi:n
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn N1
\sense_e type of small greyish bird called tortolita in Spanish, apparently the Inca Dove, Columbina inca, or a related species
\sense_s tipo de pájaro pequeño y algo gris llamado tortolita en español, aparentemente el Columbina incao una especie cercana
\sense_d Am, Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 19, p. 325
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root ko:koh
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identity this as the 'tórtola.'
\qry_h Check where /h/ is present
\vl Check for p-a; I would expect it if this is a diminutive on /ko:koh/.
\ref 00904
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /a:wichwia/ but it has been removed and placed as an alternate pronunciation of /a:ichwia/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 00905
\lxam nakatlatliwa:tsahli
\lxam_c nakatlatliwa:tsahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e roasted meat, that is roasted directly on coals, or even on a clay griddle
\sense_s carne asada, sobre las brazas o hasta sobre un comal
\sense_d Am
\src_s CF Am 901/03
\semfld food
\semfld meat
\root naka
\root tli
\root wa:
\nse In Oapan nakatliwa:hki refers to meat that is fried in a pan; in Ameyaltepec nakatlatliwa:tsahli apparently refers to meat (beef, venison, chicken, etc.)
that is cooked directly on coals or in a coal pit.
\qry The /nse notes should be checked. Check for documentation of possessed form.
\semref nakatliwa:hki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00906
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was for /kekerehwia/ but has been removed as vulgar.
\dt 07/Jun/2002
\ref 00907
\lxam kwepaliwi
\lxam_c kwepaliwi
\lxoa kopaliwi
\lxoa_c kopaliwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans No transitive documented to date in either this form or with the same verb and incorporated nouns.
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become warped
\sense_s alabearse; combarse
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:kwepaliw motimó:n, xok peya:stik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The beam of your plow has warped, it is no longer straight.
\phrase_s El timón de tu arado ya se combó, ya no estáderecho.
\phrase_n O:kwepaliw mome:sah, o:teketse:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your table (i.e., the boards across the top) got warped, it rose up (in a few places).
\phrase_s Se combótu mesa (esto es, las tablas de su superficie), se levantó(en algunos lugares).
\phrase_n O:kwepaliw mosombre:roh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The brim of your hat warped (e.g., because you slept on it).
\phrase_s Las alas de tu sombrero se combaron (p. ej., porque dormiste sobre ello).
\phrase_n Miahka:n o:kwe:kwepaliw un di:skoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That record has become warped in many places.
\phrase_s Ese disco se combóen muchos lugares.
\sense_e to become stuck together (e.g., pork rinds as they are fried, sticking together so that they cannot be separated)
\sense_s pegarse (p. ej., chicharron al freirse, pegándose hasta que no se pueden separar)
\sense_d Oa
\root kwepal
\nse The word kwepaliwi refers to things that warp, such as a ceramic bowl that has been poorly fired, the edges and side twisting, and other items such as records left in
the sun, a wooden tray (kwexomatl) that is poorly cured or dried, etc.
\nde No cognate of this verb has been found in other reported Nahuatl dialects, including Classical.
\qry Check for all objects that can be so altered. Check for transitive.
\grm Phonology: The alternation of /kwe/ Am to /ko/ Oapan is a fairly standard alternation.
\root_notes Check etymology. Note again the presence of the (micro)morpheme /kwe/ in words that indicate a bending. Make a comment in root dictionary.
\ref 00908
\lxam kuwmi:naltia
\lxam_c kikuwmi:naltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to prop up with a stick
\sense_s apuntalar con un palo
\sense_d Am
\root kow
\root mina
\disamb kuhmi:naltia; telkechilia
\nae The Ameyaltepec Nahuatl form of this verb comprises a ditransitive causative verb, with"saturating"(valency reducing) noun incorporation. Note that the Oapan cognate apparently
has a transitive verb (mi:ni) with a"modifying"(non-valency reducing) noun incorporation.
\qry Check transitivity difference in Am and Oa form and make sure the objects of each are the same, i.e., the thing being propped up.
\grm Causative: An important question here is the nature of valency change with the causative of /mi:na/. Historically the base verb is a transitive, meaning 'to shoot with an
arrow.' In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl the verb /mi:na/ is now used to signify 'to 'shoot' with a type of sorcery' that The object is the thing shot. The possible meaning that a
causative of 'to shoot' might have is not immediately clear. It appears that the incorporated noun here is an instrumental, thus it would be unusual (typologically speaking).
One might, however, understand how an applicative would be appropriate in this context, an applicative that has the meaning of 'at' (e.g., 'hit X' vs. 'hit at X'), and in this
case the change would be 'shoot X with wood' to 'shoot at X with wood.' The applicative would also be understandable give that in propping something up with a stick that
is"shot into"the object. In other words, when one props up at falling object with a stick one is more 'shooting at' it than 'shooting it ' directly. But if an applicative meaning
is understandable, a causative is more difficult to understand.
\semref kohmi:ni
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00909
\lxam pa:wia
\lxam_c kipa:wia
\lxoa pa:wia
\lxoa_f [pa: 'wi ya]
\lxoa_c kipa:wia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to masticate and thereby soften food for (sb, particularly a baby, though also occasionally old people with no teeth, before giving it to the person to eat)
\sense_s masticar y ablandar comida para (algn, particularmente un bebéantes de darsele a comer, pero también a gente de mayor edad sin dientes)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nikpa:wia nopo:tsi:n, xe wel tlakwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I chew my baby daughter's food for her before giving it to her to eat, she still cannot eat.
\phrase_s Le mastico la comida a mi hijita antes de darsela a comer, todavía no puede comer.
\root pa:
\nse Semantically pa:wia is similar to an applicative, since the object (the child, for example) benefits from the action.
\nae Note that while pa:wia might well be derived from the archaic root pa: 'water,' the wia ending is not precisely the same 'instrumental'
ending found with some other denominal verbs (e.g., a:mo:lwia , teposwia , etc.) However, it is similar to perhaps other denominal verbs of this form
(e.g., kochwia , cha:nwia). Thus given the wide range of meaning of the -wia verbalizing suffix, it might well be that pa:wia
is from this verbalizing suffix on the archaic noun stem pa:.
\ref 00910
\lxam tila:wa
\lxam_c kitila:wa
\lxoa tila:wa
\lxoa_c kitila:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~ND
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to make thick (in terms of reducing"thinness"of a object such as cloth)
\sense_s hacer grueso (en cuanto a hacer menos delgado un objeto como tela)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to make dense; to thicken (e.g., the amount of brush in a brush and thorn fence)
\sense_s engruesar; hacer más denso o grueso (p. ej., al agregarle ramas de púas a una cerca)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w tiktila:wa mokorrá:l para ma:ka pano:s yo:lki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You've started to increase the thickness of your fence (of thorns, by adding more branches) so that animals don't pass through.
\phrase_s Has empezado a hacer tu corral (de púas) más denso (al echarle más ramas) para que no pasen los animales.
\root tila:
\nse Both this transitive form and the intransitive tila:wioften refer to the denseness of brush and to areas becoming overgrown with weeds or plants. In the phrase
Yo:pe:w tiktila:wa mokorrá:l the reference is to an artificially produced density to plant growth as thorn fencing is made thicker by adding branches. Note that the
adjectival tila:wakcan refer to thickness such as that of cloth.
\grm Plural: Note the use of the singular in the following phrase to indicate a generic group: /Yo:pe:w tiktila:wa mokorrá:l para ma:ka pano:s yo:lki/ 'You've started to increase
the thickness of your fence (of thorns, by adding more branches) so that animals don't pass through.' In this phrase /yo:lki/ is used to indicate animals in general.
\ref 00911
\lxam chi:lkuwtli
\lxam_c chi:lkuwtli
\lxoa chi:lkohtli
\lxoa_c chi:lkohtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e generic name for chile-bearing plants or bushes (kohtsi:ntli)
\sense_s nombre genérico para los arbustos (kohtsi:ntli) que dan el chile
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Chi:lkuwtli, wel nokwa ixiwio, ke:n chi:pi:lin yeskia, kikwan Wa:pan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The chile plant, its leaves are edible, just like chi:pi:lin, they eat it in Oapan.
\phrase_s La planta del chile, se puede comer sus hojas como si fuera chi:pi:lin , la comen en Oapan.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root chi:l
\root kow
\qry Used to refer to may types of chile; check types. Check possibility of possessed form. Recheck lenght of /chi:pi:lin/.
\ref 00912
\lxam te:tla:kaitani
\lxam_c te:tla:kaitani
\lxoa te:tla:kaitane
\lxoa_alt te:tla:kaitani
\lxoa_c te:tla:kaitane
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e person who is respectful of others
\sense_s persona respetuosa de los demás
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Te:tla:kaitani. Xsan ke:n ihki mitsihli:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is a respectful person. He won't tell it to you just in any sort of way (i.e., without proper respect).
\phrase_s Es una persona respetuosa. No te lo va a decir comoquiera (esto es, sin respeto).
\root tla:ka
\root ita
\ref 00913
\lxam i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi
\lxam_c i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi
\lxoa i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi
\lxoa_c i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp [N-N]-[N-V1]
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for the ones eye to get covered with a thin white film (of the disease in Spanish called carnosidad)
\sense_s sufrir de carnosidad en un ojo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root kwitla
\root nex
\nse The verb i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi refers to an eye condition called carnosidad , in which a thin white translucent film forms over the eye, often from the
effects of sun and dust.
\qry Check for altenate form possible: /i:xte:nkwitlanexiwi/. Etymology is uncertain, or at least morphology. Note forms such as /kwitlanextik/, /temonextik/, /monextik/, etc. Definitely
/nex/ can be considered a root, which is here joined to /kwitla/. However, the role of /mo-?/ and /temo-?/ is unclear. Also important to check is the meaning of words such as
/kwitlanextik/, /temonextik/ and /monextik/, etc. Check for difference between /i:xte:ntenexe:wi/ and /i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi/.
\semref i:xte:ntenexe:wi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00914
\lxam kamachaleh
\lxam_c kamachaleh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-posr-eh
\infn N1
\sense_e big-mouth; one who talks a lot
\sense_s bocón; hablador
\sense_d Am
\root kama
\root cha:l
\nse The sense of kamachaleh is not simply of one who is garrulous, but of someone who is something of a braggart or overly opinionated.
\nae In other derivatives involving chalthe /a:/ is long, including in a word such as kamacha:lowa. However, I have consistently recorded short /a/ in
kamachaleh.
\root_notes For /kamachaleh/ I have consistently recorded a short vowel, although in the verbal forms such as /kamacha:lowa/ there is a long /a:/. Vowel length should be rechecked.
However, the root is obviously the same.
\grm Note that with /kamachaleh/ the /-eh/ is suffixed but there does not seem to be any independent nominal form, i.e. *kamachahli. But, cf. /kamachalko/, which is also formed
on the"nominal"stem. This would seem to indicate quite clearly that derivations can take place on"covert"or"phantom"forms. Another point to make is that vowel length can
obviously change with no obviously phonological conditioning environment.
\vl Check!
\ref 00915
\lxam itiyo:ltsi:n
\lxam_c itiyo:ltsi:n
\lxoa í:tiyó:ltsi:n
\lxoa_c í:tiyó:ltsi:n
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N2
\allomorph i-epen
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e the pistil and stamen of a flower, the part that turns into seed
\sense_s el pistilo y"estamen"de la flor, la parte que se convierte en semilla
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kitsi:npa:chichi:na ipan itiyo:ltsi:n mi:hli kwilin noso kwe:tlah, wa:n wa:ki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Worms or kwe:tlan suck liquid from the bottom of the maize flower's stamen, and the plant then dries up.
\phrase_s Gusanos o kwe:tlan chupan el líquido de la parte inferior del estambre de la flor del maíz, que después se seca.
\root hti
\root yo:l
\disamb xiwtli
\nse In Oapan ítiyó:ltsi:n refers to the part of corn plant that is in the center as it grows up.
\qry Check actual translation, i.e. whether this refers to the pistil and stamen, or perhaps only to the ovary of the flower. Cf. to /itiyo:l/, probably the same and the entries should be
combined.
\mod Determine meaning of /xiwtli/, whether meaning is plant or weed.
\ref 00916
\lxam tsotsomi:ntik
\lxam_c tsotsomi:ntik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to be leafless (plants, trees, etc.)
\sense_s estar sin hojas (plantas,árboles, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tsotsomi:ntik nomi:l, xwel nowapa:wa, xkwahli tla:hli, ma:s o:tesiwilo:k. O:kitlamilih un tesiwtli iswayotsi:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The maize plants in my field are baren of leaves, they can't grow, the earth is no good and moreover, they got hailed upon. The hailstones finished off their leaves.
\phrase_s Las plantas de maíz en mi milpa quedaron peladas, no pueden crecer, el suelo no estábien y además les cayóun granizo encima. Las piedras de granizo terminaron con
sus hojas.
\phrase_n Yo:kikwah kwilin un kohteh, ne:n kateh o:kitlamilih itlake:n, ixiwio. O:noka:hkeh sa: tsotsomi:ntikeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Worms have eaten those trees, they've finished off the covering, the leaves, on those over there. They (the trees) have been left bare and leafless.
\phrase_s Gusanos han comido esosárboles, a los que alláestán, les acabaron su follaje, sus hojas. Se quedaron (losárboles) sin foliaje.
\sense_e to be hairless (an animal with fur)
\sense_s estar pelón (un animal)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tsotsomi:ntik un to:roh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That bull is hairless.
\phrase_s Ese toro es pelón.
\root tsomi:n
\semref té:mí:ntik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00917
\lxam tetepontik
\lxam_c tetepontik
\lxoa tetepontik
\lxoa_alt tetepontsi:n
\lxoa_c tetepontik
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-deadj-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to be short; to be cut off or shortened
\sense_s ser corto; estar cortado o truncado
\sense_d Oa
\fla tetepon
\root tepon
\mod Add list of words that have this element.
\ref 00918
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be the entry for /techachahli/ but it has been deleted since it appears that this noun root only occurs with /-yoh/. See /techachahloh/.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\ref 00919
\lxam tsopi:lo:kuwtli
\lxam_c tsopi:lo:kuwtli
\lxoa tsopi:lo:kohtli
\lxoa_c tsopi:lo:kohtli
\lxgen tsopi:lo:kohtle
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e Swietenia humilisZucc.; type of tree of the Meliaceae family; see tsopilo:tl
\sense_s Swietenia humilisZucc.; tipo deárbol de la familia Meliaceae; véase tsopilo:tl
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tsopi:lo:tl | Bwe:noh para komaxahli, tlapechbanki:tos. Seki kiteki para yugoh pa:mpa ke:n yetí:k. Bwe:noh kitekin para sa:ntah krus.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tsopi:lo:tl : It is good for forked supports, for the legs of beds. Some cut it for yokes because it is so heavy. It is also good to cut for holy crosses.
\phrase_s Tsopi:lo:tl : Es bueno para horcones, para las patas de las camas. Algunos lo cortan para yugos porque es tan pesado. Es bueno para cortar para las
santas cruces.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root tsopi:lo:
\nae The isolated Oapan form tsó:pí:lo:tlmanifests pitch-accent, which is not present in tsopi:lo:kohtli. The reason for this is not clear but it may be related to
the fact that whereas tsopi:lo:kohtliis a common term for this tree, the buzzard is often called tsómáand tsópí:lo:tlis rarely used (and it
might have acquired pitch-accent through analogy to tsómá. The phonology of both words should be checked with more than one speaker.
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the zopilote of the family Meliaceae. Schoenhals (1988) lists zopilote, under which she states:"(Swietenia
macrophylla) 'mahogany', 'Honduras mahogany'. See caoba."Under caoba:"(Swietenia macrophylla) 'mahogany', 'Honduras mahogany' An evergreen with
hard wood used for furniture, ships, etc. 'Buzzard head' name comes from shape of the fruit. Also called cedro montés, cóbano, zopilocahuite, zopilote."Guizar and Sánchez
(1991:144) list of the family Meliaceaethe genus/species Swietenia humilis, which they identify as zopilote or caobilla. They
mention the hard, heavy, and extremely strong red wood.
\mod Note that I originally had this recorded as /tsopi:lo:tl/ for Oapan. This should be changed to /tsopi:lo:kohtli/.
\grm Oapan phonology; phonetics: In the four tokens that were originally on 14_1 at 30 min. 30 secs. (record 3584) there is an interesting pattern. It seems that for both FM and
IJ the length of the vowels and the liquid /l/ have an interesting interaction. For Florencia the vowels have a long duration, as expected. For Inocencio, it appears that the
liquid is longer and, as a result, the vowels are shortened. This should be checked with a phonologist.
\vl The speech tokens for this tree are at word 3584, which has been deleted as a duplicate. Thus, when you get to 3584, tag all the words as 919. And here, for /tsopi:lo:tl/, tag
these four words as 4210.
\ref 00920
\lxam yo:li:tia
\lxam_c kiyo:li:tia
\lxoa yo:li:tia
\lxoa_c kiyo:li:tia
\dt 03/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\trans Intransitive /yo:li/ has not been documented.
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to resuscitate (an animate being)
\sense_s resuscitar (un ser animado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kemech no: kone:wah, kemech noyo:li:titok ikone:tsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She too has just become pregnant, her child (fetus) is just coming to life.
\phrase_s También apenas quedóencinta, su niño (fetu) apenas estállegando a tener vida.
\sense_e to start up (e.g., a fire that seemed to have gone out)
\sense_s resuscitar (p. ej., un fuego que aparentemente se había apagado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Oksepa o:noyo:li:tih tlitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The fire started up again.
\phrase_s Se resucitó el fuego.
\phrase_n I:pan o:noyo:li:tih tlitl.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e The fire flared up on it (e.g., on some dry plants).
\phrase_s El fuego se creciósobre ello (p. ej., algunas plantas secas).
\sense_e to make or build up from scratch
\sense_s hacer o construir desde cero
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tikyo:li:tian tepalkatl pa:mpa tihki:xtian tla:hli iwa:n xa:hli iwa:n ichkatl iwa:n kima:xakwalowan. Noka:wa ya i sokitl, de un sokitl kiki:xtian itlah tli:no:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We make ceramics from scratch because we get earth, sand, and cotton and we knead them together. It winds up like clay, and from this clay anything might be made.
\phrase_s Hacemos cerámica desde cero porque sacamos la tierra y la arena y el algodón y todo lo amasamos. Se queda ya barro y de ese barro se hace lo que sea.
\sense_e (refl+) to come to life; to form and grow
\sense_s (refl+) llegar a vivir; formarse y crecer;
\phrase_n Kitowan noyo:li:ti:s nepa pan tokwitlaxkol, se: yo:lka:tsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00920_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 49:34
\phrase_e They say that a little animal will come to life there, in our intestines.
\phrase_s Dicen que un animalito se formará allí en nuestros intestinos.
\root yo:l
\disamb yo:li:tia; yo:ltilia and the reflexive forms of both with /yo:ltia/.
\nse The intransitive yo:li is found in Classical sources but has not yet been documented in the Balsas region. Rather, the reflexive is used as a sort of anti-causative.
\qry Check for non-reflexive use of /yo:li:tia/ with the senses re: resuscitate, etc. given above in the first two senses.
\ref 00921
\lxam tlatekpa:ntli
\lxam_c tlatekpa:ntli
\lxoa tlatehpa:ntli
\lxoa_c tlatehpa:ntli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e row (of things that have been set in line)
\sense_s fila (de cosas que han sido puesto en línea)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xiktla:li se: tlatekpa:ntli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Set up one row!
\phrase_s ¡Colócalos una sola fila!
\phrase_n San se: tlatekpa:ntli o:ntla:lih noxo:chiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I planted my flowers in only one row.
\phrase_s Sembrémis flores en una sola fila.
\phrase_n Onkah o:me tlatekpa:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There are two rows (in this case lines of dancers in a religious line dance).
\phrase_s Hay dos filas (en este caso de danzantes en una danza religiosa).
\phrase_n Yo:nikitak yo:htla:lih na:wi tlatekpa:ntli de anjolí:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I saw that you set up four rows of sesame (i.e., to dry after being set in an anjolí:n burroh).
\phrase_s Ya vi que pusiste cuatro hileras de anjojolí(esto es, para secar en un anjolí:n burroh).
\phrase_n San se: tlatekpa:ntli xmotla:li:kan!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Line yourselves up in just one row (e.g., dancers in a religious dance)!
\phrase_s ¡Colóquense en una sola fila (p. ej., danzantes en una danza religiosa)!
\root tekpa:
\ref 00922
\lxam a:sta:tl
\lxam_c a:sta:tl
\lxoa a:sta:tl*
\lxoa_c a:sta:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1/2; Aln
\sense_e type of bird, apparently a heron (no illustration of this bird has been found in Howell and Webb, 1995)
\sense_s tipo de ave, aparentemente una garza (ninguna ilustración de este ave ha sido encontrado en Howell y Webb, 1995)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root a:sta:
\nse The a:sta:tl is a large white bird, about the size of a chicken. Apparently it is a garza.
\qry Check to see if the /a:sta:tl/ is the same as the loan /a:rsah/.
\ref 00923
\lxam machio:tia
\lxam_c nomachio:tia
\lxoa machio:tia
\lxoa_c nomachio:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to cross oneself
\sense_s (refl.) persignarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmomacho:ti, ye tikalakis tio:pan!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Cross yourself! you are about to enter the church
\phrase_s ¡Persígnate! ya vas a entrar a la iglesia.
\root mati
\nae Machio:tia is a transitive verb that has only been documented in the reflexive. In the sense of 'to decorate' (as in painting on ceramics) it is also preceded by the
nonspecific object prefix tla-, which does not reduce the verbal valency, tlamachio:tia remaining transitive; cf. tlamachio:tia.
\qry Check etymology. This might be related to the paradigmatic sequence N-Adj-Inchoative-Transitive, which in this case would be machio:tl/machioh/machiowa/machio:tia. The
question is whether all these forms exist, particularly the adjectival and the inchoative. Here the derivation seems to be /-tia/ meaning 'to provide with' i.e., 'to provide oneself with a
sign (machio:tl) I believe that in Oapan /machio:tia/ is 'to decorate' cf. if the same meaning occurs in Ameyaltepec.
\semref tlamachio:tia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00924
\lxam kwa:texi:tlats
\lxam_c kwa:texi:tlats
\lxoa kwa:texi:tlats
\lxoa_c kwa:texi:tlats
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\sense_e to be bald
\sense_s estar calvo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwa
\root xi:
\root tlats
\qry Check vowel length since this entry was found only on the original file cards with no vowel length recorded. Also, determine whether the /te-/ is optional. Finally, get speakers
interpretation of the etymology and any other possible similar forms.
\ref 00925
\lxam tlatlako:ltia
\lxam_c notlatlako:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ca
\trans Only documented in reflexive
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to make a strong effort (to accomplish a task or reach a goal, learn sth, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) esforzarse (para cumplir con una tarea, alcanzar una meta, aprender algo, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:nikte:itilih, a:man ke:n newa, yo:pe:w nimotlatlako:ltia, kipia para niwelis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've seen it with others (in this case a certain ability or way of doing sth). Now it's my turn, I've started to make a strong effort, I'm bound to learn.
\phrase_s Lo he visto (en este caso una cierta habilidad) en otros. Ahora me toca a mí, he empezado a esforzarme, lo he de aprender.
\root yeko
\nae The verb tlako:ltia is apparently based on the causative formation of the transitive verb iyekowa with the nonspecific object tla-
incorporated and reducing the valency again to a transitive verb. The form without tla- is also found in the corpus; see yeko:ltia.
\qry Check; entered under itilia. Reconsider etymology; check for /kiyeko:ltia/.
\semref iyekowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref táreachiya
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref yeko:ltia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 00926
\lxam tlato:lweyak
\lxam_c tlato:lweyak
\lxoa tláto:lwíyak
\lxoa_pr tlato:lwiyak
\lxoa_c tláto:lwíyak
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be long-winded; to be talkative; to have a propensity to speak a long time
\sense_s ser prolija en hablar; tener la característica de hablar por tiempos muy extendidos
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tlato:lweyak, xkimati tlami itlato:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is long-winded, he never runs out of words.
\phrase_s Habla por periodos muy extendidos, sus palabras no conocen su fin.
\root hto
\root weya
\disamb tlatowa:ni; tlatole:roh; tlato:lwe:yak; tlato:lchi:kwepok
\qry Recheck as in all cases, the length of /weyak/ and the Oa equivalent.
\ref 00927
\lxam kwala:nka:no:tsa
\lxam_c kikwala:nka:no:tsa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Part-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to speak in an angry voice to
\sense_s hablar o llamar con una voz de enojado
\sense_d Am
\root kwala:
\root no:tsa
\semref tlawe:lno:tsa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00928
\lxam chichi:kamotli
\lxam_c chichi:kamotli
\lxoa chichi:h kámotlí
\lxoa_pr chichi:h kamotli
\lxoa_c chichi:h kámotlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Adj-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(h)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of wild sweet potato still not identified
\sense_s tipo de camote silvestre todavía no identificado
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld tuber
\semfld edible (pend)
\root chichi:
\root kamoh
\ency_note kamotli
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) has this as chichikamotli , in Spanish camote amargo. She identifies it as of the family Convolvulaceae. Schoenhals
(1988) lists a plant called chichicamole:"(Microsechiumspp. e.g., M. helleri) '[family] squash.' Fruit resembles a big squash. Also called amole
amargo, camote de cerro, chayotillo, sanacoche."This does not seem to correspond to the Nahuatl chich:kamotli. Under camote, Schoenhals (1988) lists the
genus/species identification as Ipomoea batatasas a"sweet potato"also stating, however, that camote is used as a general term for any root of tuber
shape.
\qry In my original notes I had /chichihkamotli/, which this appears to be an error. Nevertheless, check this form on the tape for all dialects.
\ref 00929
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This word was for /xi:tetl/ and has been removed for now.
\dt 28/Jun/2002
\ref 00930
\lxam mapil we:i
\lxam_c i:mapil we:i
\lxoa mápil wé:i
\lxoa_pr mapil we:i
\lxoa_c mápil wé:i
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e thumb
\sense_s dedo pulgar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Toma:wak momapil we:i.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your thumb is fat.
\phrase_s Tu pulgar estágrueso.
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root mah
\root pil
\root we:i
\qry In one entry I had /momapil we:i/ as 'the middle finger' equal to /momapil nepantlah/. This should be rechecked.
\vl Check Oapan citation form; in my original notes I did not have a possessed form for /lxoc field but only /mápil wéi/, which seems to be in error.
\semref mapil bie:joh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00931
\lxam te:no:tsalo:ni
\lxam_c te:no:tsalo:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-instr-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e (ritual) sth used to accompany and enable formal conversation (word used in we:wetlato:hli in reference to the cigarrattes and alcohol that are brought
along to facilitate the conversation that takes place between the father of the potential bride and the representatives of the potential bridegroom)
\sense_s (ritual) algo empleado para acompañar y promover la pláctica formal (palabra utilizada en los we:wetlato:hli en referencia a los cigarros y alcohol que
trae el representante del novio para facilitar y estimular la pláctica con el padre de la novia)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:nikonwa:hkik te:no:tsalo:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have brought that which will accompany our conversation (i.e., cigarrettes and alcohol).
\phrase_s He traido lo que nos va a acompañar en la pláctica (esto es, cigarros y alcohol).
\root no:tsa
\nse This instrumental noun is documented only in a ritual bride-asking speech by don Plutarco Ramírez. It refers to those material objects that enable the conversation between the two
parties to commence. Once face to face (which itself might not occur until several visits have been made), the representative of the bridegroom offers the bride's father cigarrettes
and alcohol, acceptance of which means that the formal conversation about the petition can begin.
\semref té:tlapalowá:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00932
\lxam kechkwa
\lxam_c kikechkwa
\lxoa kechkwa
\lxoa_c kikechkwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to bite on the neck (e.g., one animal fighting another)
\sense_s morderle el cuello a (p. ej., un animal peleándose con otro)
\sense_d Pending
\root kech
\root kwa
\ref 00933
\lxam a:kawtik
\lxam_c a:kawtik
\lxoa ákahtík
\lxoa_pr akahtik
\lxoa_c ákahtík
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be light, of little weight
\sense_s ser ligero, ser de poco peso
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to be springy; to be fleet or light-footed; to be able to jump high
\sense_s ser ligero o liviano; ser capaz de brincar lejos o alto
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Na:kawtik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am springy.
\phrase_s Soy ligero.
\phrase_n On ne:nkah, ma ya toba:leh. Mlá:k a:kawtik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That one there, let's have him go (as a messenger). He's really swift on his feet.
\phrase_s Aquella que estáallá, quévaya el (como mensajero). Es muy ligero y rápido.
\root ahkaw
\vl Check vowel length of Oapan data; and Am when available. Note that in general there seems to be a tendency either for Vh to go to V: or for length distinctions to be hard
to hear in initial position. Check.
\ref 00934
\lxam tla:kaita
\lxam_c kitla:kaita
\lxoa tla:kaita
\lxoa_c kitla:kaita
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv Irregular; see ita
\sense_e to respect; to have respect for
\sense_s respetar; tener respeto a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n San kito:ka:yo:tia, xkitla:kaita.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just calls her by name (in this case in addressing a mother-in-law, calling her by name instead of properly using the address term na:nah), he doesn't
respect her.
\phrase_s Solamente le llama por nombre (en este caso al dirigirse a una suegra, en lugar de utilizar, como indicado, el término na:nah), no le tiene respeto.
\root tla:ka
\root ita
\ref 00935
\lxam tlatska:ita
\lxam_c kitlatska:ita
\lxoa tlatska:ita
\lxoa_c kitlatska:ita
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Part-V2
\der V2-b
\infv Irregular; see ita
\sense_e to find or feel (sth) tiresome; to have little inclination to do (i.e., sth boring or fastidious);
\sense_s sentir tedioso; tener aversión a; sentir desagradable; tener pocas ganas de hacer; ver con desgana (p. ej., una tarea o trabajo aburrido o fastidioso)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Niktlatska:ita, xnikintlapahlo:tis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I find it tiresome, I'm not going to paint them.
\phrase_s Lo siento tedioso, no los voy a pintar.
\root tlats
\root ita
\grm Compounding; /-iwi/ verbs: Ameyaltepec Nahuatl is charaterized by two basic treatments of /-iwi/ verbs. The first is that they for adjectivals without the /-iwi/ endings. Thus
one finds /mimiltik/, /tli:ltik/, /tlatski/, etc. A similar derivational process held in Classical Nahuatl. Thus one finds /tli:ltik/, /mimiltik/, etc. However, there is also a process
whereby /-iwi/ becomes /-iwki/ or in composition /-iwka:/. Thus Classical in addition to /tli:ltik/ has /tli:liwki/. Ameyaltepec doesn't have the latter although Oapan Nahuatl
does (here /tli:lihki/, with a semantic difference from /tli:ltik/). Note, moreover, that in composition Ameyaltepec Nahuatl has /tlatska:-/. This represents, apparently, the same
loss of /-iwi/ after roots that occurs with words such as /tli:ltik/. Here Classical Nahuatl only has the /-iuhca-/ compound form but does not have (at least at first glance) the
shortened forms found in Ameyaltepec. Thus in Classical one finds /tlatziuhcachiua/ and /tlatziuhcanequi / along with forms suchas /tlatziuhmaua/ and /tlatziuhcaua/ in
which there is no participial /-ka:/. However, the shortened form /tlatska:-/ is not found with compounded root /tlats-/.
\ref 00936
\lxam patla:wi
\lxam_c patla:wi
\lxoa patla:wi
\lxoa_c patla:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans +ND
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become wide; to widen out
\sense_s ensancharse
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ye patla:wtiw otli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The road is getting wider as it goes.
\phrase_s El camino se va ensanchando.
\root patla:
\ref 00937
\lxam texa:hli
\lxam_c texa:hli
\lxoa texa:hli
\lxoa_c texa:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e pebble or pebbly sand
\sense_s guijarros; arena con piedrecitas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nika:n xki:sa nomi:ltsi:n pa:mpa texa:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here (in this location) my cornfield doesn't give a good yield because the land is composed of rough and pebbly sand (note that on the other hand, fine-grained sand would
be good to plant in).
\phrase_s Aquí(en este lugar) no rinde mi milpa porque el suelo es de arenaáspera con piedrecitas (nótese que la arena fina es buena para sembrar).
\root te
\root xa:l
\ref 00938
\lxam totopo
\lxam_c totopo
\lxoa to:topo
\lxoa_c to:topo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(ap)
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn N1
\sense_e type of edible grasshopper as yet unidentified
\sense_s tipo de chapolín comestible hasta ahora no identificado
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root topo:
\ency_note chapolin
\nse According to Roberto Mauricio there are two types of this grasshopper, one female and the other male. The male does not have a tail, tsi:nkoli:tahas does the female.
The female is simply called to:topo whereas the male is called kwékwetlaxahtsi:n.
\vl Check for final sound: glottal stop or /h/. Check for plural. Recheck Ameyaltepec data; this might be a long vowel there too, mistakenly written down on my filecards.
\ref 00939
\lxam posteki
\lxam_c posteki
\lxoa posteki
\lxoa_c posteki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\lexical Op. te- : teposteki
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to snap or break (sth hard and long such as a stick, a bar, a bone, a handle, etc.)
\sense_s romperse o quebrarse (algo largo y duro, como una vara, una barra, un hueso, una manga de alguna herramienta, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to break a bone (a person or animal, of his own body)
\sense_s quebrarse o romperse un hueso a (una persona o animal, de su propio cuerpo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ma:ka tipostekis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't go breaking a bone!
\phrase_s ¡No te vayas a romper un hueso!
\phrase_n O:nitepostek.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I broke a bone (e.g., an arm, leg, etc.).
\phrase_s Se me rompióun hueso (p. ej., el brazo, la pierna, etc.).
\root posteki
\qry Check re: /o:nitepostek/ for 'I broke a bone' whether /o:nimo(te)postek/ is also acceptable. Note that the form /o:ni(te)postek/ is used for 'I broke a bone' and not
?/o:nimo(te)postek. Whether this latter form is possible should be checked.
\vl Additional token with 3491.
\ref 00940
\lxam pitsa:wa
\lxam_c kipitsa:wa
\lxoa pitsa:wa
\lxoa_c kipitsa:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\trans Compl
\sense_e to make thin (sth long such as a strap of leather, a wooden handle or stick, etc.)
\sense_s hacer más delgado (algo largo como una manga o palo, un tirante de cuero, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xpitsa:wa pa:mpa ke:n toma:wak un kohtli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make it thinner (e.g., a handle, by shaving it down) because that piece of wood is quite thick!
\phrase_s ¡Hazle más delgado (p. ej., una manga de un herramienta al cepillarla), porque ese pedazo de madera estámuy gorda!
\sense_e to narrow (an open space, such as that between rows, or furrows in a plowed field)
\sense_s hacer más angosto (un espacio, como el que estáentre filas, o entre los surcos de un campo sembrado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xpitsa:wa un kwentli, ti:roh patla:wak!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make that furrow narrower, it's really wide!
\phrase_s ¡Haz más angosto a ese surco, estámuy ancho!
\root pitsa:
\disamb pitsa:wa; tewaki
\qry Determine the meaning of a reflexive use of this term. Check for use of intensifier. Check to determine whether this can refer to sounds also.
\ref 00941
\lxam tsakawa:stli
\lxam_c tsakawa:stli
\lxoa tsakawa:stli
\lxoa_c tsakawa:stli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-was
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e comb used for delousing, with finely spaced teeth on both sides, but one side spaced slightly further apart than the other
\sense_s peine para despiojar, con dientes muy cerrados por los dos lados, pero con un lado un poquito más abierto que el otro
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld tool-house
\root tsaka
\nde The etymology of tsakawa:stli is uncertain, and the form varies among dialects. Molina has both tzicauaztli and tziquauaztli glossed simply
as 'peyne.' Zacapoaxtla has both tzicahua:s and a shortened tzicua:s ; the length of the middle /a/ in the first form varies, but is often long, particularly in
verbalizations (i.e., tzica:hua:s). Neither source identifies this comb as one used especially for removing lice. Northern Puebla has tzecahuastli (this dictionary
doesn't mark vowel length). Thus the first vowel varies among dialects between /i/, /a/, and /e/, always short.
\ilus_note Create illustration.
\ref 00942
\lxam wiyo:ni
\lxam_c wiyo:ni
\lxoa wiyo:ni
\lxoa_c wiyo:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to wobble (a table, chair, etc.); to move slightly; to shake
\sense_s tambalearse (una mesa, silla, etc., que no estábien parado sobre el piso); bailar (un objeto no estable que se mueve ligeramente de lado a lado); moverse ligeramente
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Wiwiyo:ni, xkwahli o:ke:kchi:hkeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It wobbles (in this case a table with uneven legs), they didn't make it well.
\phrase_s Tambalea (en este caso una mesa con las patas disparejas), no la fabricaron bien.
\root wiyo:
\qry Check as to whether it is /wiwiyo:ni/ as on the file card, or ?/uwiyo:ni/. Perhaps it should be a long vowel, ?/wi:wiyo:ni/. Cf. Gram 1985 06-10.1. Cf. query with /wiyo:nia/.
\xref uwiyoka
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Am
\xref wiwiyoka
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Oa
\ref 00943
\lxam yenkwika:n
\lxam_c yenkwika:n
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N
\infn N1
\der N-loc-1-ka:n
\sense_e place that is new; place that has returned to its original state or a new state
\sense_s lugar que es nuevo; lugar que ha regresado a su estado original o uno nuevo
\sense_d Am
\sense_e (~ suwa:tl) first wife (said of a divorced or deceased wife)
\sense_s (~ suwa:tl) primera esposa (dicho de una esposa divorciada o fallecida)
\sense_d Am
\root yenkwi
\qry Check whether /tlayenkwika:n/ is also acceptable. Get examples and further define this word.
\ref 00944
\lxam tenextli
\lxam_c tenextli
\lxoa tenextli
\lxoa_c tenextli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(x)
\sense_e lime
\sense_s cal
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld stone
\root te
\root nex
\qry Check other possible meanings. Get example sentence. See if /-yo/ possessive form is OK.
\ref 00945
\lxam a:pi:si:hli
\lxam_c a:pi:si:hli
\lxoa a:pi:si:hli
\lxoa_c a:pi:si:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e mist or spray; misty rain
\sense_s neblina o brizna
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xok mlá:h kiawis, sa: puroh a:pi:si:hli xi:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It won't really rain anymore, just a fine misty spray is coming down.
\phrase_s Ya no va a llover de veras, ya nada más está cayendo una brizna fina.
\sense_e vapor or spray that comes in a window during a heavy rain
\sense_s neblina o brizna que entra por la ventana durante una fuerte lluvia
\root a:
\root pi:si:l
\nse Although a:pi:si:hli has been documented from Oapan, several speakers have indicated that this word is not used here. Rather, the term employed in Oapan is
a:kwe:xtli.
\nae Whether or not pi:si:hli, the second element of a:pi:si:hli and xa:lpi:si:hli , should be considered a nominal root is unclear. For
a list of words containing pi:si:lsee RJC (p. 250).
\semref a:kwe:xtli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00946
\lxam kochxi:xa
\lxam_c nokochxi:xa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp S-V2
\der V2-b
\trans Only reflexive documented
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (refl.) to defecate while sleeping
\sense_s (refl.) defecar mientras uno duerme
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to defecate on (sb) in ones sleep
\sense_s defecar sobre (algn) al estar dormido
\sense_d Am
\root kochi
\root xi:xa
\nse Defecating in ones sleep is considered a te:tsa:wtli , bad omen; see te:tsa:wtli.
\qry Note that the classification of the root /koch/ is unclear, perhaps it should be considered a noun (check for /koxtli/) and the morphology considered N+V.
\ref 00947
\lxam ikxitepachowa
\lxam_c kikxitepachowa
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-[N-V2]
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans No intransitive documented
\infv class-2b
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e to drop a rock on the foot of
\sense_s dejar caer una piedra sobre el pie de
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:nimokxitepachoh, noma:k o:ki:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I crushed my foot with a rock, it slipped from my hand.
\phrase_s Me apachuréel pie con una piedra, se me fue de la mano.
\root kxi
\root te
\root pach
\ref 00948
\lxam i:xte:mpa:chaka:tik
\lxam_c i:xte:mpa:chaka:tik
\lxoa i:xte:mpa:chika:tik
\lxoa_c i:xte:mpa:chika:tik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound (N-N)-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e to be completely blind in an eye that from disease or injury has shriveled up and become physically deformed, leaving an empty or near-empty eye socket
\sense_s estar totalmente ciego en un ojo que por enfermedad o por una herida se quedómarchitado y físicamente deformado, dejando la cuenca del ojo vacío o casi vacío
\sense_d Am, Oa
\fla pa:chaka:tl
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root pa:chaka:
\ref 00949
\lxam te:nka:wi:hli
\lxam_c te:nka:wi:hli
\lxoa te:nka:wihli
\lxoa_c te:nka:wihli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e leftovers (food)
\sense_s sobras (de una comida)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root te:n
\root ka:wa
\disamb te:nka:wihli; te:nka:yo:tl
\qry Determine any other meaning. Check length of final vowel.
\qry_fon Recheck vowel length. I had the /i/ of /kwi/ short but during the elicitation session with C. Flores heard it long. I had previously thought that the Oa cognate had a short
vowel here. This should be rechecked.
\semref te:nka:yo:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00950
\lxam popoloxtla:katl
\lxam_cpend popoloxtla:katl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Adj-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e man who mumbles and doesn't speak clearly
\sense_s hombre que habla mal, no pronunciando bien sus palabras, murmullando y balbaceando
\sense_d Am
\fla popoloxtik
\root polo:
\root tla:ka
\qry Check for /popoloxsowa:tl/.
\grm Compounding: Note that the combination of an adjective ending in /-tik/ with a noun is achieved through the elimation of the adjectival ending /-tik/ and direct
compounding to the nominal stem.
\semref tla:kanenepoch
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00951
\lxam tsi:npeto
\lxam_c tsi:npeto
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) peto
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e piece of leather and small twig that is tied to a belt and placed at the small of ones back and from which a machete is hung
\sense_s pedazo de cuero y una pequeña ramita que se ata al cinturón y se coloca en la región baja de la espalda para que sobreél se cuelge un machete
\sense_d Am
\root tsi:n
\nse The device is used in Oapan, but neither of my consultants at this time, Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez, could remember what it is called.
\ilus_note Illustrate. See illustration on original 3x5 filecard.
\ref 00952
\lxam u:nkah
\lxam_c u:nkah
\lxoa o:nkah
\lxoa_alt u:nkah
\lxoa_c o:nkah
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv Irregular; see kah
\gloss_e to.be
\gloss_s ser
\sense_e to be
\sense_s ser
\phrase_n Tu:nkah san ke:itlah se: kone:tsi:ntli.
\snd_am 00952_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 46:18
\phrase_e You're just like a little kid.
\phrase_s Eres nada más como un niñito.
\nae As a general rule, the verb kah/ye (with suppletive stems) can be used as a copula or to indicate location/existence. Thus one finds o:nkah (Oa)
meaning 'there are' (pronounced u:nkah in Ameyaltepec). This is the general form to indicate existence and the marker is overt in all tenses and aspects, and always
preceded by o:n. There is a related use in a locational sense, 'to be at [place],' usually preceded by an adverb of location. Thus one finds nika:n
kateh 'they are here' (referring to presence in a given location, but not existence per se). The adverb precedes the verb (here with the sense of Spanish estar)
as in na:nkah or na:n kateh. By convention kah is treated as a clitic and always written joined to the preceding adverb;
this is not the case with the future form yes (as in na:n yes). In addition to the use of the verb set kah/ye to indicate
existence and presence, it can also be used to indicate equivalence, as in the copula use. Generally the present form is the zero copula. However, in the above example sentence
taken from a conversation with Cristino Flores one finds the overt expression of what appears to be a copula: Tu:nkah san ke:itlah se: kone:tsi:ntli.. It is unclear
whether this is different in meaning (or how much so) from simply Ke:itlah tikone:tsi:ntli. It is also unclear if there is an equivalent Oapan form such as Tinemi
san ke:itlah se: kone:tsi:ntli..
\root kah
\ref 00953
\lxam itipo:xatia
\lxam_c itipo:xatia
\lxoa ítipó:xatiá
\lxoa_pr itipo:xatia
\lxoa_c ítipó:xatiá
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\loan (part) bolsa(?)
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\allomorph i-epen
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to get a swollen belly (from any of a variety of causes: eating, illness, etc.)
\sense_s quedar panzón; hincharsele la barriga a (por cualquier de una variedad de causas: comer demasiado, enfermedad, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root hti
\qry Investigate etymology. Determine whether this entry should be separated into two. If not, xreference.
\semref itipoti:xatia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00954
\lxam sa:kah
\lxam_c sa:kah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e petate that has been rolled and tied into a tube with one end (the bottom) closed and that is used to transport grains
\sense_s petate enrollado y atado como tubo y cerrado a un lado (el fondo) y que se utiliza para transportar granos
\sense_d Am
\semfld tool
\root sa:kah
\nae Sa:kah might be derived from the verb saka , meaning 'to transport,' although the long vowel would seem to negate this.
\qry Recheck the vowel in /sa:kah/ and determine etymology if possible. Check for possible possessed form.
\semref petlasa:kah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref petlako:xtal
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00955
\lxam ti-
\lxam_c tikalaki
\lxoa ti-
\lxoa_c tikalaki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Pref(sub)
\der Pref-sub
\sense_e see t-
\sense_s véase t-
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (before -mits) 1st-person subject prefix ('I')
\sense_s (antes de -mits) prefijo de sujeto de 1a. persona ('yo')
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Timitscho:kili:s kwa:k timikis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will cry for you when you die.
\phrase_s Voy a llorar por ti cuando te mueras.
\nse In Ameyaltepec it is very common for the underlying subject-object sequence {n-mits} to surface as timits although one does also hear nimits-.
\qry Check on frequency of /nimits-/.
\ref 00956
\lxam kocha:xi:xa
\lxam_c nokocha:xi:xa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/dif)
\incorp S-[N-V2]
\der V2-b
\trans Reflexive; different sense with specific object
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (refl.) to urinate while sleeping; to wet ones bed while sleeping
\sense_s (refl.) orinar dormido en la cama
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:nimokocha:xi:x, xe nisaya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I urinated in my sleep. I hadn't woken up yet.
\phrase_s Orinémientras que dormía. Todavía no me había despertado.
\sense_e to urinate on (sb) in ones sleep
\sense_s orinar sobre (algn) al estar dormido
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:ne:chkocha:xi:x nokone:w, ok pitentsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My child urinated on me in his sleep, he's still little.
\phrase_s Mi niño me orinómientras que estaba durmiendo, todavía es pequeño.
\root koch
\root a:
\root xi:xa
\nse Urinating in ones sleep is considered a te:tsa:wtli , a bad omen.
\qry Note that the classification of the root /koch/ is unclear, perhaps it should be considered a noun (check for /koxtli/) and the morphology considered N+V.
\semref koxtlapia:sowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00957
\lxam xo:chio:tia
\lxam_c kixo:chio:tia
\lxoa xo:chio:tia
\lxoa_c kixo:chio:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-para-h/wa/tia
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to embroider
\sense_s bordar (una tela con hilo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kixo:chio:ti:s isuwa:tlake:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She will embroider her clothes.
\phrase_s Va a bordar su ropa de mujer.
\ncol a:matl
\ncol tepalkatl
\ncol la:soh
\root xo:chi
\ref 00958
\lxam popoloka
\lxam_c popoloka
\lxoa popoloka
\lxoa_c popoloka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[x][freq.]
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to babble; to mumble, to jumble ones words; to utter things that cannot be understood
\sense_s balbucear; murmullar; no hablar o pronunciar claro
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n San xma:s tihkakis tli:n kitowa, popoloka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You won't be able to understand much of what he says, he babbles.
\phrase_s No vas a poder entender bien lo que dice, no pronuncia bien.
\phrase_n Xwel kipanki:xtia tlato:hli, san popoloka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He can't pronounce words well, he just makes babbling sounds.
\phrase_s No puede pronunciar bien las palabras, solamente balbucea.
\semfld sound-human
\root polo:
\nse Although not documented in Ameyaltepec or Oapan (as yet), the verb polo:ni which would be expected from popoloka is given in Carochi (fol. 477);
Molina gives only popoloni ; for further discussion, see popoloxtik.
\qry Determine entry for different ways of speaking, 'to speak in a high voice,' 'low voice,' etc.: /pi:tskatlatowa/, etc. Make sure all sounds are properly coded as
sound-human/animal/material.
\ref 00959
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was a repeated entry for /yo:hlo/ and has been removed, with the information going to entry 726.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 00960
\lxam kuwyoh
\lxam_c kuwyoh
\lxoa kowyoh
\lxoa_c kowyoh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-d-yoh
\sense_e (i:tik ~) woods; forest (lit., 'in an area full or covered with trees)
\sense_s (i:tik ~) bosque; selva (lit., 'en unaárea cubierta deárboles)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:tik kowyoh nemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It lives in the woods (i.e., in the wild).
\phrase_s Vive en el bosque (esto es, es silvestre).
\phrase_n I:tik kowyoh cha:ntilo, ipan tepe:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e People live in the woods, in the hills (or mountains).
\phrase_s Gente vive en el bosque, en los cerros (o montañas).
\root kow
\qry Check the correctness of /mlá:k kowyoh/ 'there are a real lot of trees' or /kuhioh/ as an adjective describing a location.
\ref 00961
\lxam tla:ni
\lxam_c kitla:ni
\lxoa tla:ni
\lxoa_c kitla:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to defeat; to better or best (e.g., another person [O] in a game, a race, etc. [Obl], e.g., i:pan + [Noun])
\sense_s ganar a; vencer a (p. ej., a algn [O] en una carrera, un juego, etc. [Obl]; p. ej., i:pan + [Sustantivo])
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:timistla:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I beat you (e.g., in a race)!
\phrase_s ¡Te gané(p. ej., en una carrera)!
\phrase_n O:mistla:tla:n ipan iswatl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got ahead of you each lap in stripping corn leaves off the stalks (i.e., getting ahead each time we reached the edge of the field having finished a group of three furrows)!
\phrase_s ¡Te ganéuna vuelta tras otra en el zacateo (esto es, iba adelante cada vez que salíamos a la orilla de la milpa después de haber zacateado un grupo de tres surcos)!
\phrase_n Noma:xiw. Xtimotla:nin, san pare:jos tiaweh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's my equal with what he can do with his hands (or arms). We don't compete, we just go (working along) at the same pace.
\phrase_s Es mi igual con lo que puede hacer con las manos (o los brazos). No hacemos competencia, vamos trabajando al mismo ritmo.
\sense_e to earn (a wage or other sort of remuneration)
\sense_s ganar (un sueldo o pago, u otro tipo de remuneración)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n We:i tiktla:ni pa:mpa tite:maxtia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You earn a lot because you teach.
\phrase_s Ganas mucho porque enseñas.
\phrase_n Notla:ni a:chitsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The pay is poor.
\phrase_s Se gana poco (de sueldo).
\sense_e (recipr.; or refl. + -wa:n) to compete with (each other); or bet against (each other); to compete with; to bet against
\sense_s (recipr.; or refl. + -wa:n) hacer competencia o apostar (entre si); hacer competencia o apostar con
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Mitskwenti:s deke iwa:n timotla:nis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will beat you if you compete (have a contest) with him.
\phrase_s Te va a ganar si haces competencia conél.
\phrase_n Iwa:n xmotla:ni ipan pare:jah. Tihkwenti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Have a contest with him racing. You'll beat him.
\phrase_s échate una carrera conél. Le vas a ganar.
\phrase_n Ma timotla:nika:n kamanon wa:hla:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let's bet over when he will come.
\phrase_s Vamos a apostar sobre cuando va a venir.
\sense_e (recipr. with long vowel reduplication) to contest back and forth; to litigate over the long term; to dispute or argue back and forth (e.g., two people insulting each other,
first one and then the other)
\sense_s (recipr. con reduplicación de vocal larga) contestar, litigar, primero ganando uno y después otro; discutir uno contra otro (p. ej., dos personas insultándose, primero uno y
despúes otro)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timotla:tla:ntokeh, xwel timokwaltla:lian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We are arguing back and forth, we can't settle it (come to an agreement).
\phrase_s Estamos discutiendo, alegando uno y después otro, no nos podemos arreglar.
\phrase_n Notla:tla:ntoyan ika tla:hli Oapan iwa:n San Miguel.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Oapan and San Miguel were in dispute over land for a long time.
\phrase_s Oapan y San Miguel litigaban sobre terreno por un largo tiempo.
\phrase_n Notla:tla:ntokeh ika tlato:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are arguing back and forth.
\phrase_s Están discutiendo, primero uno y después otro.
\phrase_n Notla:tla:ntokeh, itlah tli:no:n nokwi:kwi:lian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are fighting back and forth, over something that they are struggling over (i.e., taking one from the other, time after time).
\phrase_s Están discutiendo uno contra otro, sobre algo que toman una y otra vez, primero uno y después el otro.
\sense_e (recipr. with long vowel reduplication) to seesaw back and forth (e.g., loads placed on each side of a beast of burden)
\sense_s (recipr. con reduplicación de vocal larga) oscilar de un lado a otro, o arriba y abajo (p. ej., cargas colocadas por cada lado de una bestia)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Notla:tla:ntokeh tlikohtli, sehka:n ma:s yetí:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The firewood (loaded on both side of a donkey) seesaws back and forth, one side is heavier.
\phrase_s La leña (cargada por los dos lados de un burro) sube y baja, un lado estámás pesado.
\sense_e to get the best of (e.g., a task or chore [S] of a person [O])
\sense_s vencer; ganar (p. ej., una tarea o trabajo [S] a una persona [O])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwaltili noara:doh in re:jas. Newa xniweli, yo:ne:xtla:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Fit this plowshare into my plow (so that it is tightly fitted in place, without the use of screws)! I can't do it, it's got the better of me.
\phrase_s ¡Métele estas rejas a mi arado (para que se agarren, sin la necesidad de tornillos)! Yo no puedo, ya me ganó.
\phrase_n O:te:mo:motsi:n notepalkaw, o:ne:xtla:n, o:te:nwa:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The edge of my ceramic bowl has cracked here and there over its surface, it's gotten the better of me, its edge dried.
\phrase_s La superficie de la orilla de mi plato hondo de cerámica se agreitóen varios lugares, me ganó, se le secósu orilla.
\phrase_n Nomi:l sa: chi:chi:le:wtok, yo:ne:chtla:n, yo:wa:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My cornfield is just turning reddish, it's gotten the better of me, it's dried up.
\phrase_s Mi milpa se estáquedando rojizo, me ganó, se secó.
\root tla:ni
\nae In many cases the type of activity in which one person did better than another, or in which two people raced, etc. is indicated by an oblique nominal phrase: Nite:tla:ni i:pan
iswatekilistli 'I beat people (I am better than others) in the zacateo, or Notla:tla:ntoyan i:ka tla:hli Oapan i:wa:n San Marcos ' The verb
tla:ni has not been documented with the nonspecific object tla- but only with te:-, the reflexive markers, and the specific object markers.
\qry In the phrase /Notla:tla:ntokeh tlikuhtli, sehka:n ma:s yetí:k/ I originally had /se:ka:n/. This should be checked. Check whether /tla-/ can be used in any circumstances. /te:-/; /tla-/:
Note that the verb /tla:ni/ has only been documented with specific and reflexive prefixes and with the nonspecific marker /te:-/, but not with /tla-/. This needs to be rechecked, and
may relate to the fact that the object is usually +human. But what about a horse that is faster than all the rest: /te:tla:ni/ or /tlatla:ni/? check.
\grm /te:-/; /tla-/: Note that the verb /tla:ni/ has only been documented with specific and reflexive prefixes and with the nonspecific marker /te:-/, but not with /tla-/. This needs to
be rechecked, and may relate to the fact that the object is usually +human. But what about a horse that is faster than all the rest: /te:tla:ni/ or /tlatla:ni/? check.
\semref kwentia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\xref tla:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00962
\lxam tekwi:ntlakali
\lxam_c kitekwi:ntlakali
\lxoa tekwí:ntlakáli
\lxoa_pr tekwi:ntlakali
\lxoa_c kitekwí:ntlakáli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp S-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to throw down hard to the ground (e.g., as a child might do to himself in a temper tantrum)
\sense_s aventar con fuerza a la tierra (p. ej., como un niño podría hacerse durante un ataque de berrinche)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Notetekwi:ntlakali un burroh, o:pe:w kwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That donkey has started throwing himself down hard to the ground (once and once again), he's started to get sick.
\phrase_s Ese burro ya empezóa aventarse al suelo, empezóa enfermarse.
\root tekwi:
\root tlahkali
\grm Compounding. Reduplication. In this case note the compound form /tekwi:n + tlakali/. The second element is a verb, so there is not much difficulty here. However, the first
element, /tekwi:n/, is quite clearly the shortened form of /tekwi:ni/. It is much the same in this compound as /koch-/ is in certain other compounds. Yet the precise reason,
basis, or semantic implications of this compounding is unclear.
\ref 00963
\lxam xa:yakatsotson
\lxam_c xa:yakatsotson
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-N(ap)
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to have facial hair; to be bearded
\sense_s tener pelo sobre la cara; ser barbudo
\sense_d Am
\ncol xa:yakatsotsoneh
\root xa:yaka
\root tson
\grm Apocopated adjectives: Note that in general it is difficult to determine whether certain apocopated forms are nouns or adjectives. This is the case with /xa:yakatsotson/. It is
apparently the shortened form of /xa:yakatsotsoneh/, which is clearly a noun given that /-eh/ forms can be possessed, at least theoretically although in the case of
/xa:yakatsotsoneh/ there is no possessed form (but cf. /noto:pi:leka:w/). Consult with Launey about this question.
\semref xa:yaká:tsonéh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00964
\lxam tlakpatatli
\lxam_c tlakpatatli
\lxoa tlahpátatlí
\lxoa_pr tlahpatatli
\lxoa_c tlahpátatlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Adj-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(h)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e stepfather
\sense_s padrastro
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld kin
\root tlakpa
\root tah
\nse The Spanish version of RS mistakenly has 'suegro' (father-in-law) for tlakpatatli ; Molina has 'padrastro' for this same word. In general the significations of
Ameyaltepec Nahuatl words beginning with tlakpa- are in accord with the definitions given by Molina.
\ref 00965
\lxam tekwisitli
\lxam_c tekwisitli
\lxoa tekwísitlí
\lxoa_c tekwísitlí
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(h)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e crab
\sense_s cangrejo del río
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\root tekwisih
\semref tekwisiri
\semref_t natural
\semref_d Am
\ref 00966
\lxam ye:skatl
\lxam_c i:ye:skayo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan yesca
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e rotten and powdery interior of a trunk, log, or branch of wood that is hard on the outside
\sense_s parte interior pudrido y polvorizado de un tronco o rama de madera cuyo exterior es duro
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xoh kipia iyo:l chika:wak, san puro iye:skah, iye:skayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It no longer has hard heartwood, it has only its rotten interior, its interior of powdery wood.
\phrase_s Ya no tiene su madera del corazón duro, solamente tiene un interior pudrido, un interior hecho polvo.
\phrase_n Xkwahli pa:mpa mama:yoh. Kipias ye:skatl, pala:nki yes itik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's no good (a branch cut from a tree) because it has a lot of knots. It surely has powdery wood inside, it's bound to be rotten inside.
\phrase_s No estábien (una rama cortada de unárbol) porque tiene muchos nudos. Tendrámadera pulvorizada adentro, ha de estar podrido por adentro.
\root ye:ska
\nse Ye:skatl is formed in wooden branches and trunks when water gets into the interior and starts rotting the wood out on the inside, leaving a narrow ring of hard and
good wood on the exterior.
\nae Both ye:skah and ye:skatl have been documented in the corpus as the unpossessed form. Likewise, consultants have given the possessed as
iye:skah , iye:skaw , and iye:skayo (Am; Oa would have a long initial i:-). It is not clear whether one is more correct than
the other. The reason for these irregularities is undoubtedly the origin of this word as a Spanish loan.
\semref ye:skah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00967
\lxam tekomo:ntok
\lxam_c tekomo:ntok
\lxoa tekomo:ntok
\lxoa_c tekomo:ntok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\lexical Lex. prefix te-
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be puffed up; to be flared out
\sense_s estar inflado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tekomo:ntok mokoto:n ipan ima:kechtlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sleeves of your shirt are puffed-up around the cuff.
\phrase_s Las mangas de tu camisa están infladas por los puños.
\sense_e to be fully branched with a large, leafy and luxurious crown (a tree)
\sense_s estar con muchas ramas y la copa frondosa (unárbol)
\sense_d Oa
\ncol tlake:ntli kwa:k nosowa
\ncol terra:yah kwa:k htlakalis
\root te-
\root komo:
\qry Again, determine whether /komo:ntok/ is correct in the above instance. Also, make a determination whether /komo:ntok/, /komo:ni/, /komo:nia/, etc. should be distinguished by a
different entry from /tekomo:ntok/, /tekomo:ni/, /tekomo:nia/, etc.
\root_notes Note the use of /komo:ni/ and related words to deal with things that are large and puffed out, e.g., dresses, turkeys, trees, etc. Check full range.
\ref 00968
\lxam -tsitsi:nteh
\lxam_alt -tsitsi:nteh
\lxam_c kwaltsitsi:nteh
\lxoa -te:tsi:ntih
\lxoa_alt tsitsi:ntih
\lxoa_c kwalte:tsi:ntih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Suf(adj)
\der Suf-adjval
\lexical Reduced rdp-s*(prev-s)
\sense_e plural of the diminutive adjectival suffix -tsi:n
\sense_s plural del sufijo adjectival diminutivo -tsi:n
\sense_d Am, Oa
\flao -tsi:n
\root -tsi:n
\nae Apparently in Oapan the reduced reduplicative form te:tsi:ntih is more common than tsitsi:ntih, particularly among the more recent generations, but this
will need to be further researched before any definitive statement can be made. The form te:tsi:ntih manifests vowel lengthening on the"dummy morpheme"
te-, which lengthens in assuming the function of a reduplicant based on the stem.
\ref 00969
\lxam i:xmon to:nahli
\lxam_c i:xmon to:nahli
\lxoa i:xmon to:nahli
\lxoa_c i:xmon to:nahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e rays of the sun that sometimes appear filtering through the clouds
\sense_s rayos del sol que a veces aparecen filtrándose a través de las nubes
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w notla:lia i:xmon to:nahli
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The rays of the sun (filtering through the clouds) have started to appear.
\phrase_s Los rayos del sol (filtrándose a través de las nubes) han empezado a aparecer.
\phrase_n Kwa:k tlamoxte:mi, ki:sa i:xmon to:nahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When there is a cloud cover, the rays of the sun can be seen filtering through.
\phrase_s Cuando el cielo estátapado de nubes, se ven filtrándose los rayos del sol.
\phrase_n Wa:lpilkatok i:xmon to:nahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sun's rays are hanging down (through the clouds).
\phrase_s Los rayos del sol están filtrándose hacia abajo (a través de las nubes).
\semfld weather
\root i:x
\root mon
\root to:na
\nse This lexical item refers to the rays that are visible either above or below the sun, depending on the position of the clouds, when the sun is partially behind them. Most often, however,
they point toward the ground.
\vl Check p-a of all Oapan words with /í:xmotlí/.
\ref 00970
\lxam tlama:tsowahli
\lxam_c tlama:tsowahli
\lxoa tlama:tsowahli
\lxoa_c tlama:tsowahli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e taco; tortilla that has been folded over in half while hot, (often with chile, beans, or some other item sprinkled inside
\sense_s taco; tortilla doblada cuando caliente (que a menudo tiene algo como chile, frijoles, u otra cosa echada adentro)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ni:n se: tlama:tsowahli o:ne:chmak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He didn't give me even one taco.
\phrase_s Ni un taco me dió.
\root ma:ts
\qry Make sure that possessed form is acceptable as I have indicated in the /infn field.
\ref 00971
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be /chi:hli de wa:ktli/ but has been eliminated for /chi:lwa:ktli/
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 00972
\lxam xali:toh
\lxam_c xali:toh
\lxoa xali:toh
\lxoa_c xali:toh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan xales
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e small pieces of fried pork rinds
\sense_s xales, pedazos de piel de marrano frita
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nse This should be distinguished from chicharrón , which refers to large pieces of fried pork rinds.
\ref 00973
\lxam ikxitlake:ntli
\lxam_c ikxitlake:ntli
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(m)
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e (rare) sock
\sense_s (raro) calcetín
\sense_d Am
\sense_e stockings
\sense_s medias (de mujer)
\sense_d Pending
\root kxi
\root ke:m
\qry Check meaning as 'sock.' The first meaning above, however, was checked.
\semref ixitlaké:sohlóh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00974
\lxam weka:wi:tia
\lxam_c kweka:wi:tia
\lxoa 'wika:wí:tia
\lxoa_c kíwika:wí:tia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to delay; to make (sb) take a long time, to occupy for a long time (sb, e.g., a task o chore [S])
\sense_s demorar; entretener (a algn); ocupar por un buen rato (a algn, p. ej., un trabajo o tarea [S])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pipi:nki un kohtli. Xwel niktlapa:na, ne:chweka:wi:ti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That wood (in this case firewood being chopped) is tough. I can't split it, it will keep me occupied for a long time.
\phrase_s Esa madera (en este caso leña para partir) es resistente. No lo puedo partir, me va a entretener mucho tiempo.
\root weka:
\nae Cristino Flores accepted both kweka:witia and kiweka:wi:tia.
\vl Check p-a pattern of Oa form
\xref weka:wi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 00975
\lxam tete:mowilia
\lxam_c kitete:mowilia
\lxoa téte:mowília
\lxoa_pr tete:mowilia
\lxoa_c kí:te:mowília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e to look for or search for (sth) for
\sense_s buscar (algo) para
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Niktete:mowili:s, xnikelna:miki ka:no:n o:ntla:lih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to look for it for him, I don't remember where I put it down.
\phrase_s Se lo voy a buscar, no me acuerdo donde lo puse.
\sense_e to divine for (with cards, maize and copal, etc., particularly in reference to divining to find the location of lost animal that had been let out to graze)
\sense_s adivinar para; echar suertes para (con maíz y copal, con cartas, etc.; particularmente para determinar la ubicación de un animal perdido que había sido dejado en el
campo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xne:xtete:mowili -=xne:xtete:moli- noyo:lka:w!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Divine (the location of) my animal for me!
\phrase_s ¡Adivina (donde está) mi animal para mí!
\phrase_n Tlatete:moke:tl, wel tlaxi:nia para mistete:mowili:s mokokoxka:w, ke:no:n u:nkah ika kwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is a diviner, he knows how to read fortunes from things tossed down (e.g., maize and copal into a bowl of water) so that he can find out about a sick member of your
family, about the source of his illness.
\phrase_s Es un adivinador, sabe echar suertes (p. ej., echando maíz y copal en un plato de agua) para buscarle a un pariente tuyo la razón con que estáenfermo.
\sense_e (usually with an extraverse directional) to look for (an animal) in the hills or plains for (see tlate:mowilia)
\sense_s (generalmente con una direccional extraversa) sabanear para; buscar (un animal, en las montañas o llanos) para (véase tlate:mowilia)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:xtete:mowili:ti -=xne:xtete:moli:ti- noyo:lka:w!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go look for my animal (left grazing or lost) for me!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a sabanear por mi animal para mí!
\root te:m-2-
\nse In the sense of 'to divine' (tla)tete:mowilia is the same as (tla)tete:molia. A phrase with tete:mowilia and a specific object (the
benefactive) will often have the meaning of 'to divine for' if there is no directional, but with a directional it takes on the sense of 'sabanear,' i.e., 'to (go) look (in the mountains or
plains) for an animal (or animals) of someone.' This is a good example of how the primary interpretation of a predication may change with a directional. For further explanation, see
tlate:mowilia. When the nonspecific object tla- is used the unreduplicated base applicative verb is used to mean 'sabanear para' whereas the reduplicated
form (tlatete:mowilia) is used for the general act of divination.
\mod Get both forms in the entry for digital sound: /kite:mowa/ 'he misses him' and /kitete:mowa/ 'he looks for him.'
\grm Directionals: In the sense of 'to divine' (tla)tete:mowilia is the same as (tla)tete:molia. A phrase with tete:mowilia and a specific
object (the benefactive) will often have the meaning of 'to divine for' if there is no directional, but with a directional it takes on the sense of 'sabanear,' i.e., 'to (go) look (in
the mountains or plains) for an animal (or animals) of someone.' This is a good example of how the primary interpretation of a predication may change with a directional.
\root_notes Distinguish te:m from another te:m related to lips, borders, filling, etc.
\xref tlate:mowilia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlatete:mowilia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tlá:te:mowília
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\xref te:mowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\semref tete:molia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 00976
\lxam a:pe:to
\lxam_c i:a:pe:to
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan apetito
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N2
\sense_e stomach
\sense_s estómago
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:te:n ia:pe:to.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's had his fill
\phrase_s Ya se llenó(de comer).
\semfld body
\semfld human
\nse According to Gabriel de la Cruz, from whom I did not hear this word, this is a derivation from the Sp. apetito. It is a recent introduction and is used jokingly (as in the
illustrative phrase) to mean 'stomach.'
\qry Check for final /-h/.
\ref 00977
\lxam te:teh
\lxam_c te:teh
\lxoa te:teh
\lxoa_c i:te:teh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Baby
\der N-bb
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e beddy-bye!
\sense_s ¡camita!
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Mote:teh nia:mah!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Beddy-bye mi child!
\phrase_s ¡Acuéstate mi hijo(a)!
\root te:ka
\nae This word can be used in various forms. In Oapan To no: mote:teh! '¡Tútambién acuéstate!'. In Ameyaltepec one can use an imperative: Xmote:teh
ne:neh! 'Go lie down little sibling!'.
\nse Te:teh follows the form of words used in speaking to babies and young children: long vowel reduplication of a CVCV root, the deletion of the root-final syllable, and
a final /h/. As with other command-like words used with children, there are several equivalent alternate forms. Here te:teh , mote:teh , and
xmote:teh are all equivalent. It is often said to a young child who is starting to sit up, for example in a hammock or bed. It is probably derived from
te:ka although it may be related to te:ma.
\qry Cf. Gram 1984-10-16.1. Note that the Oapan elicited form /i:te:teh/ is probably a very infelicitous choice of possessive prefixes. Change this in the future.
\ref 00978
\lxam tli:lkuwatl
\lxam_c tli:lkuwatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of snake, as yet unidentified; lit. 'black snake'
\sense_s tipo de culebra, todavía no identificada; lit. 'culebra negra'
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kanah u:nkah kowatl mitsyesa:tli:s. Kihlian tli:lkowatl, kikalakti:s iko:lah itik moyekatso:l. Kwa:kon kiki:xti:s yestli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e In some places there is a snake that drinks your blood. It is called a tli:lkowatl. It puts its tail into your nose, then it takes out blood.
\phrase_s En algunos lugares hay una culebra que te bebe la sangre. Lo llaman tli:lkowatl.' Mete su cola por la nariz, entonces te chupa la sangre.
\ency_note snakes
\root tli:l
\root kowa
\qry It is unclear whether this is a real type of snalke or one that is just imagined.
\ref 00979
\lxam nexi:ko:leh
\lxam_c nexi:ko:leh
\lxoa nexi:ko:leh
\lxoa_c nexi:ko:leh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-posr-eh
\lexical Nom. ne-
\infn N1
\sense_e person who is selfish, self-centered o egotistic
\sense_s persona que es egoísta
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nexi:ko:leh, tli:n kipia xkite:tlane:wtia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is selfish, what he has he doesn't lend out (i.e., he wants to be the only one who has it).
\phrase_s Es egoísta, lo que tiene no lo quiere prestar (esto es, quiere ser elúnico quien lo tenga).
\phrase_n Nexi:ko:leh, xkineki ma tlanamakalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is selfish, he doesn't want any selling to take place (e.g., in a market place where he has rights, he wants to be the only one selling).
\phrase_s Es egoísta, no quiere que haya venta (p. ej., en un mercado donde tiene derecho a vender,él quiere ser elúnico vendiendo).
\sense_e person who is envious or jealous (e.g., of the success, wealth, good fortune, etc., of others)
\sense_s persona envidiosa o celeosa (p. ej., deléxito, dinero, suerte, etc., de otros)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld emotions
\root xi:ko
\nse Nexi:ko:leh refers to a person who is selfish, particularly one who refuses to let others share a certain materal object or right (such as a permit to sell in a given
location). Thus a person who refuses to lend out something that another person needs, or who uses his influence to prevent others from obtaining permits to sell is called
nexi:ko:leh. It might refer to someone who has a nice house and doesn't want others to build equally nice homes. Or it can be used to refer to someone who
begrudges the success of others, who sees others who have made money, have a lot of friends, etc. and is jealous. The derivation of nexi:ko:l is clearly related to the
verb xi:kowa plus the reflexive prefix ne-, used here to refer to changes that affect the emotions or physical state of a person.
\grm Possessor with -wah and -eh: Note that care should be taken to mention that the forms ending in /-wah/ and /-eh/ often function as"adjectives."
\ref 00980
\lxam sasa:lik xiwtli
\lxam_c sasa:lik xiwtli
\lxoa sasa:lih xihtli
\lxoa_c sasa:lih xihtli
\lxgen sasa:lik xiwtle
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e any of several types of weeds with burrs that stick to ones clothes
\sense_s cualquier de varias plantas, malezas con púas que se pega a la ropa
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Sasa:lik xiwtli | San para ma kasi mopantaló:n, noso ikwe suwa:tl ka:n nowi:tian, ka:n pixkan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sasa:lik xiwtli : It's only good for getting on pants, or on women's skirts where they pass through (a field), where they harvest.
\phrase_s Sasa:lik xiwtli : Solamente sirve para pegarse a los pantalones, a las faldas de las mujeres por donde pasan (en el campo), donde cosechan.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root sa:l
\root xiw
\ref 00981
\lxam e:kchi:wilia
\lxam_c ke:kchi:wilia
\lxoa e:hchi:wilia
\lxoa_c ke:hchi:wilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e see ye:kchi:wilia
\sense_s véase ye:kchi:wilia
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root e:k
\root chi:wa
\nae Given that the historically epenthetic /y/ is maintained after the nonspecific object prefix tla- (and in the nominal form ye:ktli) this verb is found under
ye:kchi:wilia.
\xref e:kchi:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref e:hchi:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 00982
\lxam sehka:n
\lxam_c sehka:n
\lxoa séhneká:n
\lxoa_c séhneká:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-ka:n
\infn N(loc)
\pitch yes
\sense_e (in or at) one place
\sense_s (en) un solo lugar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n San sehka:n u:nkah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is some in only one place.
\phrase_s Solamente un lugar hay.
\sense_e (san ~) in one place (together)
\sense_s (san ~) en un lugar (juntos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San sehka:n ticha:nti, ni:n se: nokone:w noxelowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We live (together) in one place, not even one of my children has separated.
\phrase_s Vivimos (juntos) en un solo lugar, ni uno de mis hijos se ha apartado.
\root sem
\root_rel -ka:n
\ref 00983
\lxam tlako:lo:hli
\lxam_c tlako:lo:hli
\lxoa tlako:lo:hli
\lxoa_c tlako:lo:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e hillside field that is cleared, planted, and worked by hand (i.e., with a witso:ktli and not with a plow)
\sense_s terreno sobre una cuesta que se limpia, se siembra, y se trabajo a mano (esto es, con un witso:ktli y no con arado y yunta)
\sense_d Pending
\root tlako:l
\ency_note tla:hli; agriculture
\vl Check vowel length.
\ref 00984
\lxam ikxiweyakilia
\lxam_c nokxiweyakilia
\lxoa ixiwiyakilia
\lxoa_c noxiwiyakilia
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-para-ki/ya/lia
\lexical Only documented in reflexive; no intransitive documented *ikxiweyakia
\infv class-2a
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e (refl.) to straighten or stretch out ones leg
\sense_s (refl.) enderezar o estirar la pierna
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xmokxiweyakili, ma:ka tikxikohtias!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Stretch out your leg, don't let it get stiff!
\phrase_s !Enderézate la pierna; quéno se te vaya a agarrotear!
\root kxi
\root weya
\qry Determine whether intransitive and adjectival exist: /ikxiweyakia/ and /ikxiweyak/. Check for reduplication.
\root_notes With this and other words with the root /we:ya/ reanalize to determine whether root should be /we:ya/, /we:i/, /we:iya/, etc.
\semref iximela:wa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 00985
\lxam itilia
\lxam_c kitilia
\lxoa itilia
\lxoa_c kitilia
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e to see (sth) on or in the possession of (e.g., a missing object seen on or in the possession of sb); to notice about (a person, e.g., that a certain person has particular skills or
has done a specific task)
\sense_s verle (algo) a (p. ej., verle o descubirle un objeto perdido o robado en la posesión de otra persona); fijarse en (algo) sobre (una persona, p. ej., que tiene una cierta
habilidad o que ha hecho algo en particular)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:nikte:itilih, a:man ke:n newa, yo:pe:w nimotlatlako:ltia, kipia para niwelis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've noticed it (in this case a certain ability) with others. Now it's my turn, I've started to make a strong effort, I'm bound to learn.
\phrase_s Lo he visto (en este caso una cierta habilidad) en otros. Ahora me toca a mí, he empezado a esforzarme, he de aprender.
\phrase_n O:nikitilih noperó:l. O:mpoloka, o:niki:xmat.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I saw him with my metal water container. I had lost it, I recognized it.
\phrase_s Le vi mi perol. Lo había perdido, lo reconocí.
\phrase_n San tikchi:wa ihkón pa:mpa o:tine:chitilih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You just do it that way because you saw it (being done that way) by me.
\phrase_s Solamente asílo haces porque me lo viste así.
\phrase_n O:timitsitilih wa:n o:nikwelitak tli:n o:tike:kchi:w. ihkón nikchi:wili:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I saw it about you (in this case sth you made) and I liked what you made. I will do it the same way.
\phrase_s Te lo vi (en este caso algo que fabricaste) y me gustólo que hiciste. Asímero le voy a hacer.
\sense_e to see or take a look at (sth) for (i.e., the benefit of sb)
\sense_s verle (algo) a (algn y en su beneficio)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kite:tlato:ltia ka:no:n kitilian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He asks people where they saw it (sth of his, like an animal, personal property such as a tool, etc., that he is looking for).
\phrase_s Pregunta a la gente donde se lo vieron (algo que le pertenece, como un animal perdido, una herramienta, etc., que estábuscando).
\sense_e to look at (sth) for (sb; with a directional: to go/come take a look at sth for sb)
\sense_s examinar o echar una mirada a (algo) para (algn; con una direccional: ir/venir a ver algo para algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmotili:ti tla: tikneki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go take a look at it for yourself if you want!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a verlo para ti mismo si quieres!
\phrase_n Newa xnikaxilia. Tewa xn:echonitili!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't have time. You go take a look at it for me!
\phrase_s A míno me alcanza el tiempo,¡Tu ve a verlo para mí!
\sense_e to figure out (sth about sth); to solve a problem in regard to
\sense_s descifrar (algo sobre algo); solucionarle (algo en referencia a algo o algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xekitilia. Xki:sa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He hasn't figured it out yet (i.e., the proper way to make something, to paint, etc.). It (what he does) doesn't turn out right.
\phrase_s Todavía no le ve la manera (p. ej., cómo pintar, hacer algo, etc.). No sale.
\root ta
\mod Check and change all occurrences of /wa:n/ to /wan/ if a short vowel is definitely determine to exist here.
\xref ita
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 00986
\lxam wa:xka:tl
\lxam_alt a:xka:tl
\lxam_c i:wa:xka
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e see a:xka
\sense_s véase a:xka
\sense_d Am
\root a:xka
\ref 00987
\lxam tlakachikas
\lxam_c tlakachikas
\lxoa tlákachíkas
\lxoa_pr tlakachikas
\lxoa_alt tlákachékas
\lxoa_c tlákachékas
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\der Modal-evid
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e see tlakah; chika
\sense_s véase tlakah; chika
\sense_d Am, Oa
\flao tlakah
\root tlakah
\root chika
\nae The pitch-accent in the Oapan form tlákachékas is a reflex of the underlying final {h} in tlakah.
\ref 00988
\lxam yo:lkaxa:ni
\lxam_c yo:lkaxa:ni
\lxoa yo:lkaxa:ni
\lxoa_c yo:lkaxa:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans Determine transitive form
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to easily break down; to be weak of heart or spirit; to be overly sensitive (and easily intimidated into a change of heart)
\sense_s perder luego luego elánimo; ser débil del espíritu; ser sensitivo (al grado de que fácilmente cambia de idea)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:lkaxa:ni. Niman yo:lkaxa:ni kwa:k kawan, niman noyo:lkukwa noso cho:ka, noso tlayo:koya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is sensitive. He breaks down right away when scolded, right away he feels hurt, or he cries, or he gets sad.
\phrase_s Es sensible. Luego luego pierde elánimo cuando lo regañan, luego luego le duele el corazón, o llora, o se pone triste.
\root yo:l
\root kaxa:
\ref 00989
\lxam tlasotla
\lxam_c kitlasotla
\lxoa 'tlasótla
\lxoa_pr tlasotla
\lxoa_c kítlasótla
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tla
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to cherish
\sense_s apreciar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yewa nikpia de xina:xtli. Niktlasotla.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That one (e.g., a pig, goat, donkey, cow, etc.) I keep to produce offspring. I cherish it.
\phrase_s Ese (p. ej., una marrana, chiva, burra, vaca, etc.) tengo para cria. Lo aprecio mucho.
\sense_e to be careful not to waste (e.g., sth that is scarce, such as water during the dry season)
\sense_s cuidar mucho para no desperdiciar (p. ej., algo que escasea, como agua durante la temporada de secas)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kitlasotla a:tl, xoh kiawi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is careful not to waste water, it doesn't rain anymore.
\phrase_s Tiene cuidado de no desperdiciar agua, ya no llueve.
\sense_e to love (e.g., a child, spouse, boyfriend or girlfriend, etc.)
\sense_s amar; querer (p. ej., un niño, esposo o esposa, novio o novia, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nae In Oapan pitch accent can fall on either the prefix or first syllable of the verb stem (i.e., either kítlasótla or kitlásotlá , although on shift of high
pitch-accent to prefix is apparently more common. The intransitive cognate to this verb ends in -ti : tlasoti.
\root tlasoh
\grmx In Oapan pitch accent can fall on either the prefix or first syllable of the verb stem (i.e., either kítlasótla or kitlásotlá , although on shift of
high pitch-accent to prefix is apparently more common. The intransitive cognate to this verb ends in -ti : tlasoti.
\ref 00990
\lxam iyo:te:mi
\lxam_c iyo:te:mi
\lxoa íyo:té:mi
\lxoa_pr iyo:te:mi
\lxoa_c íyo:té:mi
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-mi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(m)
\allomorph i-epen
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to fill with air
\sense_s llenarse con aire
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (vulg.) for ones belly to swell up (e.g., a pregant woman)
\sense_s (vulg.) hincharsele la barriga a (p. ej., a una mujer embarazada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:man xkita! Melá:h kwahli yo:iyo:te:n! Xka:wa, saka ye o:stli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take a look at her! Her belly is swollen up! You wouldn't have thought it, but it's just because she's pregnant.
\phrase_s ¡Véla!¡Su barriga estábien hinchanda! No lo hubieras pensado, pero es simplemente por estar embarazada.
\root hyo:
\root te:m
\qry Remove reference to pregnancy which is a"burla."
\ref 00991
\lxam mihka:siwi
\lxam_c mihka:siwi
\lxoa míhkasíwi
\lxoa_pr mihkasiwi
\lxoa_c míhkasíwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Part-V1
\der V1-b
\trans ~Caus
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have an alergic reaction characterized by red itchy spots on ones skin
\sense_s tener alergias caracterizado por un sarpullido o mal de la piel con ronchas rojas que escocen; hervor de sangre; alergia
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Mihkasiwi. Kekexkia. Nakokwi itla:kayo. Poso:ni itlaka:yo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has a skin rash called mihkasiwi. He itches. His skin puffs up. His skin pops up.
\phrase_s Tiene un sarpullido llamado mihkasiwi. Tiene comezón. Se alza su piel. Se le salen bolitas.
\semfld disease
\root miki
\root hsi
\nse The type of skin disease is like a rash from an allergy, the rash appears as large raised patches on ones skin. Some Ameyaltepec speakers will pronounce this word as
mehkasiwi. The Nahuatl-speaking nurse in the Oapan clinic translated this word as 'alergia.'
\nae Apparently mihkasiwi derives from the participial form of miki compounded with ihsiwi, as suggested by the pitch-accent in Oapan
míhkasíwi. The initial {h} of the final root {hsiwi} would account for the short /a/ in a participial form that usually has a long /a:/ in this position.
\qry Check for {h} in cognate dialects (e.g., ?mihkahsiwi). In one note I have recorded that the /a/ is definitely short and should be recorded as such in all entries. Note that this might be
the result of underlying {-hsiwi} with vowel shortening before the reflex of the glottal stop. Cf. Gram 1986-06-06.1. Recheck vowel length. Check for absence of
causative/transitive. Word seems to have long /a:/ in Am and short in Oapan. Check.
\mod For the cure of this, see Flk 1984- 03-12.1.
\vl Check /a/
\qry_h Check for /h/.
\ref 00992
\lxam tlampapatiltik
\lxam_c tlampapatiltik
\lxoa tlá:mpatíltik
\lxoa_c tlá:mpatíltik
\lxoa_pr tlá:mpatiltik
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\pitch yes-rdp
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\sense_e to have crooked teeth
\sense_s tener los dientes chuecos
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to have the teeth crooked (as in a wood saw)
\sense_s tener los dientes chuecos (p. ej., una sierra para madera)
\sense_d Pending
\root tlan
\root patil
\nae Given the semantics of this compound, i.e., that crookedness of teeth implies more than one tooth, it has only been documented with a reduplicated verbal root.
\qry Make sure that the nasal is actually an /m/ and not an /n/, since the sequence /np/ does seem to occur in other cases.
\ref 00993
\lxam ikxikelo:ni
\lxam_c ikxikelo:ni
\lxoa ixikelo:ni
\lxoa_c ixikelo:ni
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans Apparently no transitive from
\allomorph i-epen
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to severely strain (but not dislocate) ones leg or foot
\sense_s torcersele duro o fuertemente la pierna o pie (pero no hasta luxarse)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xne:xtewila:nili nokxi, o:nikxikelo:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Pull on my leg for me, I sprained it badyly it.
\phrase_s Jálame la pierna, se me torciófuertemente.
\flao kelo:ni
\root kxi
\root kelo:
\nse Although at one point some consultants from Ameyaltepec gave the meaning of kelo:ni as 'to dislocate' (a bone, that gets out of socket), Florencia Marcelino
mentioned that kelo:ni refers to a severe strain but not dislocation. Many speakers would illustrate the meaning of ikxikelo:ni by illustrating the
movement of a donkeys foot as it gets doubled back upon landing on an uneven surface, getting severely sprained but not dislocated or broken.
\qry Check to see if the intensifier /te-/ can be use, ?ikxitekelo:ni, etc.
\ref 00994
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod Here the word /to:chia:yotl/ or /to:cha:yo:tl/ (Oapan) has been removed from the dictionary.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 00995
\lxam -ki
\lxam_c xtlakwa:ki
\lxoa -ki
\lxoa_c xtlakwa:ki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Suf
\der Dir
\sense_e inverse directional used in the imperative and optative modes
\sense_s direccional inverso utilizado en los modos imperativo y optativo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nae This suffix, which has a plural -kin in Ameyaltepec and -kih in Oapan, is in paradigmatic relation with -koand
-ko:ya.
\ref 00996
\lxam te:nmotsi:ni
\lxam_c te:nmotsi:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans No transitive form documented
\lexical Op. te- : te:ntemotsi:ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) for ones lips to crack (e.g., from the cold)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) agrietarsele los labios a (p. ej., del frío)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:nite:mo:motsi:n, ke:n se:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My lips have cracked, how cold it is!
\phrase_s Se me agrietaron los labios,¡quéfrío hace!
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) for the edge of to show light cracks on its surface (e.g., a ceramic bowl)
\sense_s (con reduplicacion de vocal larga) agrietarse por la orilla (p. ej., un plato de cerámica)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:te:mo:motsi:n notepalkaw, o:ne:xtla:n, o:te:nwa:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The edge of my ceramic bowl has cracked here and there over its surface, it's gotten the better of me, its edge dried.
\phrase_s La superficie de la orilla de mi plato hondo de cerámica se agreitóen varios lugares, me ganó, se le secósu orilla.
\root te:n
\root motsi:
\nae As with most verbs containing the element motsi:ni the usual manifestation in discourse is with some form of reduplication (with short or long vowel) depending on the
circumstances. Note that in Ameyaltepec the double nasal reduces in rapid speech.
\qry Check form with /te-/: /te:ntemotsi:ni/. Check the two types of reduplication and different circumstances; also check the potential subjects of each type of reduplication.
\qry_h Check both types of reduplication and potential subjects; complete study.
\ref 00997
\lxam te:ntsonwe:weyak
\lxam_c te:ntsonwe:weyak
\lxoa te:ntsonwe:weyak
\lxoa_alt te:ntsonwe:wiyak
\lxoa_c te:ntsonwe:weyak
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound (N-N)-Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e to be long-bearded
\sense_s tener la barba larga
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root te:n
\root tson
\root weya
\qry Check the length of the reduplicated syllable here and in all other words with /weweyak/. Check in Oapan/Ameyaltepec re the possibility of using /te-/.
\semref te:ntsonkukwa:ch
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 00998
\lxam nakastekopi:na
\lxam_c kinakastekopi:na
\lxoa nakastekopi:na
\lxoa_c kinakastekopi:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\trans No intransitive form documented.
\lexical Lex. te-
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to pull the handles off of (a jug or other objects that have"ears")
\sense_s quitarle las"orejas"de (un jarro, jarra, cántaro, etc., objetos que tienen"orejas")
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (fig.) to pull strongly on the ear of
\sense_s (fig) arrancarle un oreja a
\sense_d Pending
\root nakas
\root kopi:
\qry Determine whether form without intensifier can occur; also whether an intransitive exists (and what it would mean). Determine all material objects that have"ears"which can be pulled
off.
\ref 00999
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod I originally had /kexsasawati/ meaning 'ponerse ronco'; however, during the recording it was apparently established that this is an error and it should be /kexsasawak noka:wa/ or
some similar phrase.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 01000
\lxam kwitlapepenke:tl
\lxam_c kwitlapepenke:tl
\lxoa kwitlá:penké:tl
\lxoa_c kwitlá:penké:tl
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\sense_e person who gathers up dried 'cow pies' for use in firing ceramics
\sense_s persona que pepena estiercol de ganado para cocer cerámica
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwitla
\root pena
\ref 01001
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for /a:uska:n/ as an alternative pronunciation of /a:wiska:n/, but it is apparently incorrect and has been deleted.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 01002
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kohchichi
\lxoa_c kohchichi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e stud; hot to trot (a man); horney (a man); having many lovers (a man)
\sense_s cogelón; con muchos amantes (un hombre)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kuwchichi katka, miák ikone:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He used to be a real stud, he has a lot of children.
\phrase_s Era un cogelón, tiene muchos hijos.
\sense_e child who is nimble in climbing trees, even those with few branches
\sense_s niño que es adepto a subir losárboles, aun ellos sin muchas ramas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kow
\root chichi
\nse In Ameyaltepec kuwchichi has a sexual connotation; it refers to a man who, like a dog, is always looking to have sexual intercourse. No such sense is present in the
Oapan use of this word.
\qry Note that on one file card I have recorded that this word can be applied to both men and women; however, this should be checked. I have removed /kuwchichi/ the Am word from
the lexicon given its sexual connotations. The Oapan word has been kept for now.
\grm Noun incorporation: /kuhchichi/. Note here one explanation might be from /ikuh chichi/ that has been nominalized. However, it might be that it is the second noun that
performs a modifying function: /nikuhchichi/ would, therefore, be an example of possessor raising (subject = possessor) and the second noun functions to modify, i.e.
the"type"of penis (dog-like).
\ref 01003
\lxam tlaxkahli
\lxam_c tlaxkahli
\lxoa tlaxkahli
\lxoa_c tlaxkahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e tortilla
\sense_s tortilla
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xwel kikwa tlaxkahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He can't eat (doesn't like to eat) tortillas.
\phrase_s No puede comer (no le gusta comer) tortillas.
\sense_e (kokoyo:nki ~) type of tortilla in which the surface is pinched and the top sprinked with salt and, sometimes, chile sauce (called picada in
Spanish)
\sense_s (kokoyo:nki ~) picada, tipo de tortilla con la superficie picada (pellizcada) y cubierto con sal y, a menudo, salsa de chile
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food-maize
\root ixka
\grm Reduplication; metaphor: note the reduplicated form of /tlaxkahli/ to signify the fungus that grows on trees. Check whether this is used to refer to the leaves of certain nopal
cacti.
\semref tlatlaxkahli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01004
\lxam iwiá:n
\lxam_c iwiá:n
\lxoa iwiá:n
\lxoa_c iwiá:n
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-ap
\infa pl. iwia:meh
\sense_e sharp, clever, or intelligent
\sense_s listo, abusado o inteligente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtiwia:meh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We're not sharp.
\phrase_s No somos listos.
\phrase_n Xiwiá:n nokone:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My kid's dumb.
\phrase_s Mi hijo es menso.
\phrase_n Meláiwiá:n, sana:man weli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is really sharp, he learns right away.
\phrase_s De veras es muy listo (dotado), aprende luego luego.
\sense_e to be well advanced (a cornfield that is growing)
\sense_s estar avanzado (una milpa al crecer)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye iwia:ntsi:n nomi:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My cornfield is taking off (i.e. its grown up, its pretty high).
\phrase_s Va bien mi milpa (ya creció, ya estáalta).
\phrase_n Xe iwia:ntsi:n nomi:l, selik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My cornfield is not yet advanced, it is still young.
\phrase_s Todavía no estáavanzada mi milpa, estáverde.
\root iwia:n
\qry Etymology uncertain; check. Also check length of initial vowel and categorization.
\ref 01005
\lxam xokochi:hli
\lxam_c xokochi:hli
\lxoa xokochi:hli
\lxoa_c xokochi:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of chile sauce made with wild plums
\sense_s tipo de salsa de chile hecho con ciruelas silvestres
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld food
\root xoko
\root chi:l
\nse Xokochi:hli is prepared by toasting the chile on a griddle and then grinding it up. Wild plums that have been cooked in boiling water are then added to the chile
sauce. Any type of chile will do.
\qry Check whether /xokochi:lmo:hli/ is also used in Ameyaltepec. Check for posssessed form.
\semref xokochi:lmo:hli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01006
\lxam tambori:stoh
\lxam_c tambori:stoh
\lxoa tambole:roh
\lxoa_c tambole:roh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan tamborista; tambor
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e drummer who plays the big round (bass) drum (the tambora)
\sense_s tamborista, persona que toca la tambora
\sense_d Pending
\ref 01007
\lxam te:tete:moke:tl
\lxam_c te:tete:moke:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who looks for people who are willing and able to perform a particularly activity (e.g., to form the members of a religious dance, etc.)
\sense_s persona que busca a gente dispuesta y capaz de componer un grupo o llevar a cabo una actividad en particular (p. ej., participar como miembros de un grupo de
danzantes religiosos)
\sense_d Am
\root te:m-2-
\nse When asked, Florencia Marcelino (Oa) mentioned that this headword form was not used in Oapan, where only the fully verbal form té:tete:mowa is used.
\qry I have coded this as N1/2 possession. Make sure that the possessed form can be used as indicated in the /infn field.
\ref 01008
\lxam kakayo:tl
\lxam_c kakayo:tl
\lxoa kakayo:tl
\lxoa_c kakayo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of small, cicada-like insect
\sense_s tipo de pequeño insecto, como cigarra
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kakayo:tl | Tsatsi ok kware:smatsi:n, kima:maltian ika ye ki:sas yepakihli, ye kiawis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Kakayo:tl : It makes noise when it is still the dry season (though near the end), they consider this (fact that it makes noise then) to indicate that
yepakihliwill soon appear, that it will soon rain.
\phrase_s Kakayo:tl : Grita cuando todavía es la temporada de secas (aunque ya por terminar), le cargan (al hecho de que grita) que ya va a salir el
yepakihli, que ya va a llover.
\phrase_n Kakayo:tl | Kwa:k ye pe:was tie:mpo, tsatsi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Kakayo:tl : When the rainy season is about to being, it makes noise.
\phrase_s Kakayo:tl : Cuando la temporada de lluvias estápor comenzar, grita.
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root kayo:
\notes_nature There is another named insect, the teposkakayo:tl that seems to have many of the characteristics of the kakayo:tl. They might be
variants of the same species, or even different names for the same animal.
\qry Check final vowel/h of /tie:mpo/.
\semref teposkakayo:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01009
\lxam a:kwitlaya:ya
\lxam_c a:kwitlaya:ya
\lxoa a:kwítlayá:ya
\lxoa_pr a:kwitlaya:ya
\lxoa_c a:kwítlayá:ya
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp [N-N]-V1
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to acquire a foul smell from sitting in water (e.g., nextamahli)
\sense_s adquirir un mal olor por quedarse en agua estancado (p. ej., nixtamal)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:a:kwitlaya:yak monextamal. Asta ye wi:kplakayo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your nextamahli has become foul-smelling (from sitting too long in water). It's already from the day before yesterday.
\phrase_s Tu nixtamal ha agarrado un mal olor por haberse estancado en el agua. Ya es de antier.
\root a:
\root kwitla
\root hya:
\disamb a:molo:nia
\mod Add entry under /wikplakayo:tl/.
\vl Check p-a as my original notes/entry/orthography for the Oapan word did not have p-a and I have added it based on the morphology.
\ref 01010
\lxam ye:ilia
\lxam_c kiye:ilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-lia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to do (sth) a third time (particularly passing over a field with a plow a third time before planting)
\sense_s hacer (algo) por una tercera vez (particularmente pasar con el arado sobre un terreno por la tercera vez antes de sembrar)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Mo:stla pe:was nikye:ili:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tomorrow I'll begin to go over (my field) with a plow for the third time.
\phrase_s Mañana voy a empezar a arar mi terreno por la tercera vez.
\root ye:i
\ency_note tla:hli
\nse The potential objects of the transitive verb o:melia have been found to include both cornfields (as they are plowed for planting) and clothes (e.g., apparently as they
are resewn). However, for ye:ilia I have only documented this verb for the action of plowing over a field for the third time before planting. For a full discussion, see
entry under teki.
\nae In Oapan ye:tetilia is reduplicated. With a specific 3rd-person object this yields kí:ye:tetília ; with the nonspecific object marker this yields
tlá:ye:tetília. The fact that the only documented form of ó:meliáis the reduplicated form (note that with long-vowel initial stems"reduplication"simply
results in this is reflected simply in pitch-accent on the initial vowel) it is quite possible that ye:tetilia is found mostly in the reduplicated form as well. Unlike
o:melia , which is basically the same word for Ameyaltepec and for Oapan (the latter having the pitch accent associated with reduplication), the headword for this
entry is slightly distinct for the two dialects, with the Oapan lexeme having the added morpheme te, apparently related to an archaic numerical classifier derived from
tetl 'stone,' and an additional verbalizing suffix. Nevertheless, given their common semantics, both forms have been given a single entry.
\qry Note that fields and clothes have been documented as objects of the transitive verb o:melia. For /ye:ilia/ I have only fields; check for other possible objects. Check
possibilities of
\mod For a diagram of the different ways in which one goes over a field the second time, depending on whether one will plant on the third pass (/ipan ye:i to:ka/) or on the fourth pass
(/i:pan na:wi to:ka/), see the illustration with /o:melia/). Note that the Oa Nahuatl elicitation form /kiye:tetilia/ is now under entry 7502. It should be linked there.
\semref ye:itilia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref yéye:tetília
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref o:melia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ó:meliá
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01011
\lxam nakaskaki
\lxam_c kinakaskaki
\lxoa nakaskaki
\lxoa_c kinakaskaki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to hear of; to get wind of
\sense_s escuchar por casualidad
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root nakas
\root kaki
\disamb kaki
\qry Check and inquire about difference between /kaki/ and /nakaskaki/.
\ref 01012
\lxam kwitlapan
\lxam_c ikwitlapan
\lxoa kwitlapan
\lxoa_alt kwitlapan
\lxoa_c i:kwitlapan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-poss-pan
\infn N2(rel)
\sense_e back (of humans and animals)
\sense_s espalda (de humanos); lomo (de animales)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ne:chkukwa nokwitlapan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My back aches.
\phrase_s Me duele la espalda.
\semfld body
\root kwitla
\root_rel -pan
\nse Kwitlapan is one of the few words (see also i:xpan) that functions without alteration as both a relational noun (which takes only possessor
prefixes) and a body part in the most literal sense (cf. ikxitl , which is the body part, and ikxitlan , which is the relational noun). However, it is only
used as a body part in Ameyaltepec; in Oapan the synonymous form is tla:kapan.
\qry Note that /tlakwitlapan/ is a common toponym. Unlike other locative formations such as /i:xpan/ or /-ikpak/ which may accept /tla-/ in an adverbial sense, /-kwitlapan/ does not and
must always have a direct referent /no-/, /mo-/, /i-/, etc. The preceding was a note I wrote, however, it does seem that /tlakwitlapan/ might be correct, and not as a toponym.
Check.
\grm Obligatory possession: In the grammar or the introduction to the lexicon it will be important to explain why obligatorily possessed nouns are not given with a hyphen. The
reason is that obligatory possession is similar to obligatory predication: i.e., all verbs have a person marking, though this is zero. However, transitive verbs are also
obligatorily headmarked with an object. Nevertheless, no hyphen is used. Hyphens are reserved for affixes and for relational nouns. This is done to distinguish relational
nouns from other entries, although in the future maybe I'll change this. Ask Thom!
\ref 01013
\lxam -to:n
\lxoa -to:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Suf(adj)
\der Suf-adjval
\sense_e archaic nominal"adjectival"suffix now rare but found in such lexicalized forms as misto:n
\sense_s sufijo nominal"adjectival"raro pero que se encuentra en formas lexicalizadas como misto:n
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nde For Classical Nahuatl, Sullivan (1988:21) states:"This form denotes disdain and smallness. It is equivalent to Spanish form in -illo and -huelo."Carochi
(fol. 7v) mentions that"las partículas to:ntli, y to:n significan diminución con menosprecio de la cosa que significa el nombre, como ichcato:ntli,
ovejuela: chiìchìto:n perillo."
\qry Check for use in non-lexicalized forms, i.e., besides /misto:n/.
\ref 01014
\lxam tsotsoyoka
\lxam_c tsotsoyoka
\lxoa tsotsoyoka
\lxoa_c tsotsoyoka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq]
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to make a sizzling sound (e.g., heated oil, a radio with static, etc.)
\sense_s hacer un sonido como de chispotear o crepitar (p. ej., aceite muy caliente, un radio con estático, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld sound
\root tsoyo:
\qry Check for transitive frequentative.
\xref tsoyo:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01015
\lxam tlitl
\lxam_c tlitl
\lxoa tlitl
\lxoa_c tlitl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e fire
\sense_s fuego
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ma:ka xmopepecho itech tlitl, tla:mo titlatlas!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't move close to the fire, if you do you'll get burned!
\phrase_s ¡No te vayas a acercar al fuego, si lo haces, te vas a quemar!
\sense_e (poss. with -yo) flame of (sth such as a coal or piece of firewood)
\sense_s (poss. con -yo) flama de (algo como una brasa o pedazo de leña)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tlixo:xtli san xo:tlatok, xtekwi:ntok, xtetekwikatok, xwekapan ki:stok itliyo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The coals are just burning bright, the flames are not rising, they are not crackling, their flames are not rising very high.
\phrase_s Las brasas solamente están encendidas, no están llameando, no están crepitando, sus llamas no salen muy altas.
\sense_e light (from any number of sources that involve fire or artificial sources)
\sense_s luz (de cualquier de muchas fuentes que involucran fuego o fuentes artificiales)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne: o:nikontak tlitl. Tla:wi:lowa masa:te:roh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I saw a light over there. A deerhunter is shining a light.
\phrase_s Vi una luz allí. Un cazador de venado estáechando una luz.
\sense_e electricity
\sense_s luz eléctrica
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkipia tlitl ka:n cha:nti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He doesn't have electricity where he lives.
\phrase_s No tiene luz eléctrica donde vive.
\root tli
\nde In many other dialects the root is tle and the absolutive form is tletl.
\grm /-yo/; possession: Note the use of the intrinsic possession marker: /Tlixo:xtli san xo:tlatok, xtekwi:ntok, xtetekwikatok, xwekapan ki:stok i:tliyo./ 'The coals are just burning
bright, the flames are not rising, they are not crackling, their flames are not rising very high.' Here it is because the flames are part of the fire.
\ref 01016
\lxam kwi:tsiwi
\lxam_c kwi:tsiwi
\lxoa kwi:tsiwi
\lxoa_c kwi:tsiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to be listless (e.g., an animal, such as a recently acquired mule, that is not at home in its new place); to be under the weather or feeling slightly ill
\sense_s estar lánguido y sin ganas (p. ej., un animal recién comprado que no se halla en su nuevo hogar); sentirse mal y desganado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nopio:tsi:n, tli:no:n kipia? San kukwi:tsiwi, san tlachi:xtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My little chick, what's wrong with it? It's just listless (showing no interest in moving about), it's just staring blankly.
\phrase_s Mi pollito,¿quétiene? No se halla, solamente estácon una mirada de perdido.
\sense_e to be bored and without energy, apathetic
\sense_s estar aburrido y sin energía; sentirse apático o desganado; enfadarse; fastidiarse
\sense_d Pending
\root kwi:ts
\nse Kwi:tsiwi is hard to translate. When applied to animals it often indicates that an animal is taken someplace (e.g.. bought and brought home) and does not
accustom itself. It does not eat or move around; it is not lively: kwi:tsiwi. With people, it refers to someone who is bored and uncomfortable (e.g., listening to a
long speech, studying, or doing something tedious). It may also refer to a person who is unlively, under the weather, perhaps because of parasites, and who slouches around with
little energy, etc. The reduplicated form seems to indicate that the person is always, at every moment like this. Thus the translation san kukwi:tsiwi 'he goes around
always listless, without energy.' In Spanish, consultants in Ameyaltepec often gave as a translation"estar desgañada, sin ganas."This refers to a feeling when one is in a place where
one doesn't wish to be, e.g. one goes to school without"ganas"of studying.
\nae In Oapan, particularly, this verb is often found reduplicated, with apparently little change in meaning: ní:kwi:tsíwi.
\ref 01017
\lxam tlapachoke:tl
\lxam_c tlapachoke:tl
\lxoa tlapáchoké:tl
\lxoa_pr tlapachoke:tl
\lxoa_c tlapáchoké:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e hen (or other bird) that is incubating its eggs
\sense_s gallina echada (u otro pájaro que estáempollando)
\sense_d Pending
\root pach
\qry Note that this was an original file card that was not checked in a second round. It should be checked. Also check whether /tlapachoki/ is correct (though my impression is that it is
not correct). Check for possible possessed form.
\ref 01018
\lxam temowia
\lxam_c kitemowia
\lxoa temowia
\lxoa_cpend tlatemowia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi(a)[ca]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to take down; to lower (a physical object, such as sth hanging); to unload (e.g., sacks and other similar items off a beast of burden, the back of a truck, etc.)
\sense_s bajar (un objeto material, como algo colgado); descargar (p. ej., bultos de una bestia, una camioneta, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to lower (a price)
\sense_s reducir (un precio)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Niktemowi:s, xok a:sta hkó:n patioh nikte:makas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will lower its price, I won't be giving it to people that expensively any more.
\phrase_s Voy a bajarle el precio, ya no se lo voy a estar dando a la gente asíde caro.
\semfld motion
\root temo:
\nse Temowia is documented in the oral sources for this dictionary but is apparently rarely used; much more common is temo:ltia. When
temowia is used it is most often found with the nonspecific object prefix tla-.
\xref temowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\semref temo:ltia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref temo:ltia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01019
\lxam rreso:rteh
\lxam_c rreso:rteh
\lxoa rreso:rteh
\lxoa_c rreso:rteh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan resorte(ra)
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e slingshot
\sense_s resortera; honda
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld tool
\nse Certain trees, given the forms of their branches, are particularly suitable for making slingshots. One such tree is the yo:yotli.
\qry Check which trees are good for making slingshots, and recheck that the /yo:yotli/ is used for this purpose.
\ref 01020
\lxam tlatlaxistli
\lxam_c tlatlaxistli
\lxoa tlatlaxistli
\lxoa_c tlatlaxistli
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-is
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e mucous or phlegm that is coughed up from the throat
\sense_s flema que sale de la garganta al toser
\sense_d Pending
\root tlasi
\qry Make sure that this refers to the actual phlegm coughed up and not to the cough (disease) itself.
\ref 01021
\lxam pa:lakachiwi
\lxam_c pa:lakachiwi
\lxoa pa:lakachiwi
\lxoa_c pa:lakachiwi
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to whirl around; to spin around on an axis (e.g., like propellers of a plane)
\sense_s darse vueltas en círculo; girar (p. ej., como las astas de un avión)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tarabi:yah, so:lo yewa wel pa:lakachiwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tarabi:yah , it is the only thing that spins around (by itself).
\phrase_s La tarabilla, es laúnica cosa que da vueltas (solo).
\root pa:lakach
\nde Also, in Oapan, 'to turn to the side (as a monitor of a computer so that others can see).
\ref 01022
\lxam po:ktlan
\lxam_c po:ktlan
\lxoa po:htlah
\lxoa_alt po:htlan
\lxoa_c po:htlah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-tlan
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e place or area with a lot of smoke
\sense_s lugar oárea con mucho humo, o lleno de humo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nika:n po:ktlan, ne:chamana.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is a lot of smoke here, it bothers me.
\phrase_s Hay mucho humo aquí, me molesta.
\root po:k
\root_rel -tlan
\disamb po:kioh; po:ktlan
\ref 01023
\lxam i:xpoliwi
\lxam_c i:xpoliwi
\lxoa i:xpoliwi
\lxoa_c i:xpoliwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get ruined or destroyed (sth material being made, como adobe or ceramics, land, and other things that have been prepared)
\sense_s echarse a perder o destruirse (algo hecho como adobe, cerámica; o algo preparado como un terreno para sembrar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:i:xpoliw itabi:keh, o:pa:tsiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His bricks got ruined, they got wet (i.e., before firing).
\phrase_s Se echaron a perder sus tabiques, se mojaron (esto es, antes de cocerse).
\phrase_n O:i:xpoliw motla:l. We:i o:kitek a:tl, we:i o:xi:kopi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your land has been ruined. Water has eroded a lot of it away, a lot of the surface soil has been swept away.
\phrase_s Se echóa perder tu terreno. Lo erosionómucho el agua, se deslavómucho la capa superior del suelo.
\sense_e to spoil or become spoiled (a food); to be wasted and become spoiled (a food served in excess)
\sense_s echarase a perder (una comida); desperdiciarse y echarse a perder (un exceso de comida)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tlan pala:ni nofrutah. Xo:tlan niknamaka, o:i:xpoliw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My fruit has wound up completely rotted. I didn't finish selling it, it got spoiled.
\phrase_s Mi fruta acabópor podrirse. No terminéde venderla, se echóa perder.
\phrase_n Ma:ka ma:s miák tikontla:li:s! Kichi:was san i:xpoliwis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't put anymore up to cook (in this case beans in a pot)! There's a good chance it will just get wasted and go bad.
\phrase_s ¡No pongas más a cocinar (en este caso frijoles)! A lo mejor solamente se va a desperdiciar y echarse a perder (al no comerse luego).
\sense_e to get messed up (e.g., a person after a bad beating)
\sense_s desfigurarse; lastimarse y quedar golpeado (p. ej., una persona después de una golpiza)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kwisohkeh, o:i:xpoliw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They beat up on him, he was a mess (disfigured and hurt from being beaten).
\phrase_s Lo golpearon, quedótodo golpeado.
\sense_e to become ruined (financially); to become impoverished
\sense_s arruinarse (económicamente); empobrecerse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ni:xpoliw. O:ntla:lih ye:i yuntas, o:nikintlane:w, xo:tla:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got ruined. I plowed with three yuntas, I borrowed them [and] there was no yield (leaving me stuck with the rental payment)
\phrase_s Me arruiné. Puse tres yuntas, las pedíprestado [y] no rindióla milpa (dejándome sin recursos para pagar la cuenta)
\phrase_n Yo:i:xpoliw. Yo:kitlamih, miák kipiaya tomi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's ruined. He's finished it up (perhaps his money or cattle), he had a lot of money.
\phrase_s Quedóen la ruina, lo terminó(quizásu dinero o ganado), tenía mucho dinero.
\sense_e to follow an erroneous path in life; to go a bad way (particularly, for a girl to become sexually promiscuous); to lose ones virginity out of wedlock (a young girl)
\sense_s ir por un mal camino (en la vida, particularmente una joven que empieza a andar con hombres); perderse la virginidad (una muchacha)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:i:xpoliw, a:man xok wel kikaka:wa itra:goh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's messed up his life, now he can't stop drinking anymore.
\phrase_s Fue por un mal camino, ahora ya no puede dejar de tomar.
\phrase_n San i:xpoliwis. Xok nona:mikti:s, yo:pe:w a:wilnemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She will wind up in a bad way. She won't get married anymore, she has started to fool around.
\phrase_s Terminarámal. Ya no se va a casar, ya empezóa andar con chavos.
\root i:x
\root pol
\qry Note that this is an extremely versatile word; check out further uses.
\grm Note the word order of the quantifier: /Yo:i:xpoliw. yo:kitlamih, miák kipiaya tomin/ 'He's ruined, he finished it up (perhaps his money or cattle), he had a lot of money'. This
(miak kipiaya tomin) seems more natural that ?kipiaya miak tomin, although this might be worth checking.
\grm Note use of the auxiliary: /O:tlan pala:ni nofrutah. Xo:tlan niknamaka, o:i:xpoliw/ 'My fruit has wound up completely rotted. I didn't finish selling it, it got spoiled.' The
second use of /tlami/ is prototypical, no marking of person. Use in the grammar.
\ref 01024
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be /tekwi:nteyoh/ 'to be stoney; to be rocky (a field with many stones or embedded rocks that cause a plow to bounce along as the earth is tilled) as in
/Tekwi:nteyoh, pampa tetekwi:ntiw ara:doh, onye:ye:wi./ 'It (a field) is said to be tekwi:nteyoh because the plow goes bouncing along (when one plows), it repeatedly
runs up against something (a barrier, in this case the rocks inside the ground).' I had these notes:"The term tekwi:nteyoh is most likely an idiosyncratic form that should
later be removed from the main dictionary. It has been documented only in the speech of don Luis Lucena. Whereas others denied that this term was correct, don Luis insisted that it
was proper. The embedded verbal root tekwi:n either refers to what the rocks cause the plow to do or to how the rocks scatter when hit by a plow."Cristino Flores
stated that the word doesn't exist and it has been removed.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 01025
\lxam ma:chi:wa
\lxam_c kima:chi:wa
\lxoa ma:chi:wa
\lxoa_c kima:chi:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to take good care of (e.g., an animal in nourishing it well, grooming it, etc.)
\sense_s cuidar bien (p. ej., un animal, alimentándolo bien, cepillándolo, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kimima:chi:wan noyo:lka:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He takes good care of my animals.
\phrase_s Cuida bien a mis animales.
\sense_e (refl.) to take good care of oneself (eating well, taking regular bathes, putting cream on ones skin (a woman), etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) cuidarse bien (en la dieta, en bañarse regularmente, en cuidarse la cutis con crema (una mujer), etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root chi:wa
\disamb malwia; machi:wa
\nse Apparently malwia refers to delicate and careful treatment of something that is fragile or can be destroyed or lost (e.g., money). Ma:chi:wa , on the
other hand, refers to an active effort to keep an animate being healthy and properly cared for. In essence, then, malwia is an effort to preserve a positive original
condition, often of an inanimate that could be harmed, whereas ma:chi:wa is an effort to improve the physical condition of a live being.
\nde In Classical machiua is documented solely in the reflexive form as 'to masturbate.' Thus Molina has machiua. nino. 'hazerlo en las manos.'
\qry Check for applicative. Check for 'classical' meaning.
\vl Check first element and whether it should be /ma:/ or /mah/. This word was taken from the original set of file cards with no vowel length marked. The difference with
/malwia/ is not clear.
\ref 01026
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was originally and entry for stative/resultative /tetsa:wtok/, but subsequent research indicates that this is used only as a progressive. Instead, the form /tetsa:hki/ is used as a
resultative/stative. For this reason this entry has been removed.
\grm Stative; progressive; durative: Although I have documented tetsa:wtok in Ameyaltepec as a stative/resultative, this appears to be In Oapan
tetsa:htok is used only in the progressive sense. In Ameyaltepec it is apparently usually used in this progressive sense as well, although it has been
documented as a stative.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 01027
\lxam wetska
\lxam_c wetska
\lxoa wetska
\lxoa_c wetska
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to laugh
\sense_s reirse
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to laugh repeatedly and without sense (e.g., sb who is mentally deficient)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) reirse repetidamente pero sin mucho sentido (p. ej., algn que estámentalmente deficiente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San uwetska, pa:ya:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just laughs repeatedly, he's a little crazy.
\phrase_s Se ríe continuamente, es loquito.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to smile lightly; to grin;
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) reirse ligeramente; tener una sonrisa dibujándose por los labios
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San cho we:wetskatok, kwahli suwa:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is always smiling, she's a good woman.
\phrase_s Siempre estárisueña, es una buena mujer.
\sense_e (-ka ~) to laugh at; to make fun of (particularly at someones misfortune, such as having lost a boyfriend or girlfriend to a rival)
\sense_s (-ka ~) reirse de; burlarse de (p. ej., de algo desafortunado que le pasa a algn, como cuando se le baja el novio o novia)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Noka tiwetska.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You laugh at my expense.
\phrase_s Te ríes de mídesgracia.
\semfld communicate
\root wetska
\nse The difference between an oblique expression such as noka wetska and an applicative with the same participants, such as ne:chwetskilia, is
often difficult to determine. In this case it appears that the former indicates a more general situation that is not immediately visible, whereas the latter indicates a more direct reaction
to a witnessed event. Thus if one hears about someone's misfortune and then laughs, the oblique construction with -ka is used. But if one is in sight of someone, such as
someone who falls down, then one would use the applicative. In regard to reduplication, uwetska indicates a laughing without sense, as in the case of a person who is
mentally ill. The long vowel reduplication (we:wetska), however, indicates a continual smile. It refers to someone who is good-natured and always smiling or on the
verge of smiling ('risueño').
\qry Check this:"The difference between an oblique expression such as noka wetska and an applicative with the same participants, such as ne:chwetskilia ,
is often difficult to determine. In this case it appears that the former indicates a more general situation that is not immediately visible, whereas the latter indicates a more direct
reaction. Thus is one hears about someone's misfortune and then laughs, the oblique construction with -ka is used. But if one is in sight of someone, such as someone
who falls down, then one would use the applicative.' Check difference between /wetska/ and /uwetska/.
\qry Check this sentence: /San uwetska, pa:ya:tl/ that is given above. My original file card had /San uwetska, pa:yo:tl/, but I did not have /pa:yo:tl/ in the database (only /pa:ya:tl/ and
/papayoh/, etc.). Check whether /pa:yo:tl/ is a word, whether it is different than /pa:ya:tl/, the vowel length of the former (and, e.g., why /papayoh/ has also short vowels if /pa:yo:tl/
has long ones, etc. ALSO: check /papa:yah/ or equivalent, as in /kwa:papayoh/, etc.
\xref wetskilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01028
\lxam ikxiwelati
\lxam_c ikxiwelati
\lxoa ixiwelati
\lxoa_c ixiwelati
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-ti
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am)
\infv class-3d(ti)
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e to get exhausted and sore legs (from overexertion, a long walk or run, etc.)
\sense_s tener las piernas agotadas y adoloridas (de gran esfuerzo, mucho caminar, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikxiuwelat, mlá:h o:nimotlaloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My legs got sore and exhausted, I really ran hard.
\phrase_s Mis piernas quedaron agotadas y adoloridas, corríduro de a de veras.
\root kxi
\root wila:
\nae The reason for the reduplication in Ameyaltepec and not in Oapan is unclear. Probably in the former reduplication of the verbal stem results from a reference to the two legs
together. Yet it is not clear why the Oapan Nahuatl form does not manifest reduplication. Note that the lexical form welati is probably derived from the verb
wila:na; note that Molina gives uilantli 'tollido que anda a gatas.'
\qry Cf. notes under /ikxi(te)uwelaxtik/. Not clear whether /ikxiuwelati/ also may take incorporated intensifier. This should be checked.
\grm Cf. /ikxiuwelaxtik/. Note that in the present derivation there seems to be a type of verbalization on a stem, using /-ti/. This suggests the varied use of /-ti/ verbalizer, not only
limited to nouns.
\semref ikxiuwelaxtik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01029
\lxam kokomotsa
\lxam_c nokokomotsa
\lxoa kokomotsa
\lxoa_c kikokomotsa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e (refl.) to speak in a loud, booming, and angry voice
\sense_s (refl.) hablar en una voz alta, resonante e iracunda
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timokokomotsa pa:mpa xmitstla:kaita mosuwa:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You speak in a loud, angry voice because your wife does not respect you.
\phrase_s Hablas en una voz alta e iracunda porque tu esposa no te respeta.
\semfld sound
\root komo:
\mod Orthography; syllables: Check the actual pronuncation of /koh a:yo:tl/. Apparently it would be OK to write an /h/ here and then specify a further rule in Oapan Nahuatl (or Balsas
Nahuatl in general) that /h/ is always in coda position. Thus the only possible division and pronunciation would be [koh 'a: yo:tl]. This would not be the case with a /w/ as there are
clear cases of onset, e.g., /kowaskeh/. At times I have thought of changing /hi/ to /hy/ to force a coda reading pronunciation, but this is not even possible in the Oapan term
/koha:yo:tl/. Also, a word division does not seem heuristic ?/kow a:yo:tl/ or /koh a:yo:tl/. Hence the rule for coda interpretation, which seems to hold.
\qry Recheck semantics of reflexive form. Also, of course, other uses of this word.
\xref komo:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01030
\lxam we:i tepostli
\lxam_c we:i tepostli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e see tepostli
\sense_s véase tepostli
\sense_d Am
\root we:i
\root tepos
\ref 01031
\lxam kwa:tetesontilia
\lxam_c kikwa:tetesontilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\trans No intransitive
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give a crewcut or very short haircut to
\sense_s cortar el pelo muy corto, casi al ras, a
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kwahli o:kikwa:tetesonokeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They cut his hair real short.
\phrase_s Le cortaron el pelo muy corto.
\sense_e to give a rough and uneven short haircut to
\sense_s cortarle el pelo corto y muy disparejo a
\sense_d Am
\root kwa:
\root teson
\nse The basic verbal stem of kwa:tetesontilia is denominal, derived from tesontli, which in Classical (Molina) is defined as 'piedra tosca, llena de agujericos y
liviana.' In Ameyaltepec and Oapan the adjectival tesontik refers to a particular type of roughness of surface. The verb kwa:tetesontilia refers to
cutting someones hair short, so that it sticks up, like a crewcut, leaving a surface rough to the touch.
\nae A nonreduplicated form (kwa:tesontilia) is correct though apparently less common. There is no clear difference in meaning the two.
\qry Note that I have at present only one code, *rdp-s for incorporated reduplication. Perhaps another code should be used for possible incorporated reduplication. As I now have it all
incorporated reduplication is possible, much like initial reduplication, although in many cases the incorporated reduplication is almost mandatory or is the more usual form. Check to
see if intransitive occurs, whether there is any other potential meaning, and whether simple /tesonowa/ exists.
\qry Note that in one entry I have /kwa:tetesonowa/ meaning 'to give a crewcut or very short haircut to' and in another entry Ihave 'to give a bad or ugly haircut to, with the hair cut very
unevenly.' Make sure that both significations are correct.
\semref kwa:tetesontla:lia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kwa:tetesonowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kwa:tesmero:ntilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref kwa:tesi:gritilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01032
\lxam we:ia
\lxam_c we:ia
\lxoa we:ia
\lxoa_c we:ia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to increase in size; to get bigger
\sense_s hacerse grande; crecer
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:note:kak a:tentli. Ye we:ixtiw, yo:we:iyak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The river has overflowed its banks and inundated the adjoining land. It's swelling, it's gotten big.
\phrase_s El río ha rebasado su cauce e inundado el terreno colindante. Va creciendo, ya se hizo grande.
\root we:i
\ref 01033
\lxam teki:xtia
\lxam_c kiteki:xtia
\lxoa teki:xtia
\lxoa_c kiteki:xtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to clear of stones and rocks (e.g., a field)
\sense_s limpiar de piedras (p. ej., un terreno)
\sense_d Pending
\root te
\root ki:sa
\nae Although the incorporated noun te- 'stones' is an inanimate that is themtically the patient (directly affected by the verbal action), the valency of the verb
ki:xtia is not"saturated"by the incorporation. Rather, ki:xtiaremains a transitive. In Classical Nahuatl (Molina) tequixtia is both
intransitive and transitive:" tequixtia. ni. '... sacar piedra de la cantera' and tequixtia. nitla 'desempedrar algo.' Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl have only been
documented with the transitive form, in which the transitive object is the place from which stones are removed.
\qry Check in Ameyaltepec whether /teki:xtia/ can be both transitive and intransitive. Also check whether it can accept /tla-/, or whether it is like /to:ka/, /ye:kpowa/, etc. in only taking a
specific object. That is, for the activity itself (with no location/field specified). Check difference between /kisaka tetl/ and /kiteki:xtia/.
\grm Indefinite deletion: in the entry for /teki:xtia/ in RS the word appears both with no object (e.g., tequixtia ni-) and with the /tla-/ (e.g., tequixtia nitla-). The question arises,
however, whether the entry /nitla-/ is simply the coditification of a signification (in which the object is the place from which stones are removed) or whether the word can
actually occur with /tla-/. Note that with certain verbs (e.g., /to:ka/, /ye:kpowa/, etc.) only a specific object marker can be used. In these cases what can be called"indefinite
deletion"is maked both syntactically and morphologically (on the verb itself). Thus one says /to:ka/ 'he plants' and /kito:ka/ 'he plants it' but not */tlato:ka/ 'he plants.'
Compare this to other cases (the majority) of indefinite deletion in which the deletion is marked on the verb: /tlakwa/ 'he eats' There are also cases of indefinite deletion
(perhaps from Spanish calques) in which the deleted indefinite (a canonical object) is marked on the verb with a sp e cific marker, but not mentioned in discourse: /kipia/
'he is rich' (lit., 'he has it') or /kite:tlane:wtia/ 'she is an easy woman' (lit., 'she lends it out'). Or, cf. the case of /kite:maka/ 'she is an easy woman' (the interpretation is no
object is recoverable from context). In this case /te:tlamaka/ would indicate the giving of food, since /tlamaka/ has a canonical indefinite object as 'fodder.' Check the
thematic role of the object in /teki:xtia/.
\ref 01034
\lxam tlapa:na
\lxam_c kitlapa:na
\lxoa tlapa:na
\lxoa_c kitlapa:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\lexical Op. te- : tetlapa:na
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to break (sth brittle such as ceramics, glass, etc., breaking off a piece or simply causing a fissure)
\sense_s romper (algo duro y quebradizo como la cerámica, vidrio, etc., rompiéndole un pedazo o haciéndole una fisura)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to split; to split open (e.g., firewood, seeds, nuts, beans and bean pods, etc.)
\sense_s partir (p. ej., leña, semillas, nueces, frijoles y sus vainas, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitlatlapa:na a:yowextli para kikwa:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He splits open the squash seeds (with his teeth) to eat them (discarding the shell).
\phrase_s Parte las pepitas (con los dientes) para comérselas (tirando la cáscara).
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to intercalate; to place in an alternating pattern (e.g., different beads being strung, color applied to a drawing such as an amate frame, etc.)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) intercalar; alternar (p. ej., distintas cuentas ensartadas, colores aplicados a algo como el marco pintado de un amate, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtla:tlapa:ntiw moko:skaw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e String different colored beads along your necklace, alternating one color with another!
\phrase_s ¡Ensarta tu collar con cuentas de colores distintos, alternando un color con otro!
\root tlapa:
\nse The reduplicated form with a long vowel (e.g., Xtla:tlapa:ntiw moko:skaw!) refers most often to the action of alternating different items (in this case colored beads on
a necklace) one after another. Many consultants suggested that the verb refers to the action of using a set pattern (for example: green, red, blue, white, green, red, blue, white...). Yet
Luis Lucena mentioned that the reduplicated verb form refers simply to the breaking up of a pattern in any type of alternating sequence, with no constant order. Rather, the objective
is to break up a constant field of color, such as is done in painting the border around an amate. Here every two or three units are filled with a given color, then the next bunch is filled
in with another color, etc.
\mod See 3x5 filecard illustration.
\vl There is a token of this word with the intensifier /te-/ at 5276 (kitetlapa:na). It should be tagged as 1034 but not linked since it contains the intensifier/
\grm Reduplication: Short vowel reduplication can be used with /tlapa:na/ to indicate splitting firewood. Long vowel reduplication can be used to signify alternating the colors of
a pattern, with the long vowel reduplication being used because of the evenness and continuity of the action.
\xref tlapa:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01035
\lxam kopi:ni
\lxam_c kopi:ni
\lxoa kopi:ni
\lxoa_c kopi:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni
\lexical Op. te- : tekopi:ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to become detached (e.g., sth stuck on sth else)
\sense_s desprenderse (p. ej., una cosa pegada a otra)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to fall out (e.g., of a socket or niche, or similar place in which the object is embedded, inserted, or stuck)
\sense_s salirse (un objeto que se sale de un lugar donde estaba empotrado o inserto)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:kopi:n. Xpia kwida:doh! Ma:ka mopan wa:lwetsis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It came loose (e.g., a stone from a wall). Be careful! Don't let if fall down on you!
\phrase_s Se desprendió(p. ej., una piedra de una cerca).¡Ten cuidado!¡Quéno se te caiga encima!
\root kopi:
\ref 01036
\lxam tlakpak
\lxam_c tlakpak
\lxoa tlahpak
\lxoa_c tlahpak
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-place
\der N-loc-3
\sense_e high up (e.g., sth that is hung high above the ground or flying high overhead)
\sense_s en una parte alta (p. ej., un cerro, edificio, etc., o algo que estácolgado arriba del suelo o volando arriba)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tlakpak, xwel tikontila:nas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is high up, you won't be able to reach it.
\phrase_s Estáalto (algo colgado), no lo vas a poder alcanzar.
\sense_e high (e.g., a hill, building, or other material object)
\sense_s alto (p. ej., un cerro, edificio, u otro objeto material)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (ye ~) late (in the planting season or, apparently, any other temporal period)
\sense_s (ye ~) tarde (en la temporada de siembra o, aparentemente, cualquier otro periodo temporal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye tlakpak o:to:kak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He planted late in the season (either because of the lack of early rains, or other reasons).
\phrase_s Sembróya avanzada la temporada (o porque las lluvias llegaron tarde, o por otras razones).
\phrase_n Ye tlakpak tekipanolo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e People will be working the land until late in the season.
\phrase_s La gente va a estar trabajando la tierra ya avanzada la temporada.
\disamb tlakpak; wekapan
\nae Note that tlakpak can be used to modify a verbal predicate or as a predicate itself. Thus one may say tlakpak cha:nti 'It lives (e.g., a certain type of
animal) in high places.' However, it may also be a predicate itself. Thus one can simply say, at least in Ameyaltepec, Tlakpak 'It is high up.' In this usage it is similar to
'tall' (cf. wekapan) though slightly different. The word wekapan refers most directly to height, in the sense of 'tall,' particularly in reference to
constructions and natural objects. However, tlakpak is used more to signify that the highest point of a building, tree, etc., is high up. Thus, for example, if one is
looking down off a cliff at a tall tree one could refer to it as wekapan , 'tall,' but not tlakpak , 'high,' since in relationship to the speaker it is not high.
\vl There are four additional tokens at 04853. The linked files (1 female and 1 male) should be taken from the first two tokens (female and male) of the 4853 tokens.
\root_rel -kpak
\ref 01037
\lxam yo:ltemi:miki
\lxam_c yo:ltemi:miki
\lxoa yo:ltemi:miki
\lxoa_c yo:ltemi:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers Am, Oa
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. te- ; Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to stutter
\sense_s tartamudear
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to be forgetful
\sense_s ser olvidadizo
\sense_d Oa
\root yo:l
\root miki
\nse For this (and mutatis mutandi all derivations) Classical Nahuatl has elmimiqui, which Molina glosses as 'ser tartamudo, o tartamudear.'
\ref 01038
\lxam tlatlikwi:ltilia
\lxam_c kitlatlikwi:ltilia
\lxoa tlatlikwi:ltilia
\lxoa_c kitlatlikwi:ltilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap[ca]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to light candles for (in an offering)
\sense_s prender velas o veladoras a (una ofrenda)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nikwentia notlayo:l. Nochi nosemi:yah nikontlatlikwi:ltilia ipan se: ilwitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I give an offering to my maize. During a fiesta I light a candle in offering to all my seed.
\phrase_s Le hago una ofrenda a mi maíz. Durante una fiesta le prendo una vela como ofrenda a toda mi semilla.
\phrase_n Mosa:ntoh xkipia itla:wi:l. Tle:ka xtiktlatlikwi:ltilia?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your saint (on a household altar) doesn't have a votive candle. Why don't you light one for it?
\phrase_s Tu santo (en un altar casero particular) no tiene su veladora.¿Por quéno le prendas una?
\root tli
\root kwi
\vl Check to make sure /l/ does not preceded /-tilia/.
\xref tlikwi:ltilia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01039
\lxam to:tolopoxtik
\lxam_c to:tolopoxtik
\lxoa to:tolopoxtik
\lxoa_c tolopoxtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-iwi-tik
\sense_e see tolopoxtik
\sense_s véase tolopoxtik
\sense_d Am, Oa
\mod Note that this entry was originally /tolopoxtik/ with a note:"see /to:tolopoxtik/."However, this latter form did not have an entry, but rather /tolopoxtik/ was repeated. Hence, this entry
was switched to /to:tolopoxtik/ with a note:"see tolopoxtik. However, the recorded Oapan word here for this entry is apparenty (I need to listen again)
/tolopoxtik/. In the future this entry should be corrected. Perhaps have /to:tolopoxtik/ as the main entry if there is no evidence of unreduplicated forms (/tolopoxtik/) or forms with
short vowel reduplication (to(h)tolopoxtik). Check.
\ref 01040
\lxam ikximatiliwi
\lxam_c ikximatiliwi
\lxoa iximatiliwi
\lxoa_c iximatiliwi
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e to get ones legs tangled up
\sense_s enredarse las piernas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Sa: chika ikximatiliwi moburroh. Xkwahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your burro is always getting its feet tangled up (crossed) when walking. It's no good.
\phrase_s En seguida se cruzan las piernas de tu burro al caminar. No es bueno.
\root kxi
\root matil
\qry Check meaning of /sa: chika/ and offer better translation. Note that the phrase /sa: chika ikximatiliwi.../ has been entered under /chika/ as headword. Recheck whether /sa: chika/
should be written as one or two words (to date I have it as two). Check for transitive form of /ikximatiliwi/ and use.
\ref 01041
\lxam kekextsi:n
\lxam_c kekextsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\sense_e live wire; person who is a party-goer; person who is a barrel of fun and full of energy
\sense_s persona alegre o llena de energía; persona que festeja mucho; persona alivianada
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kekextsi:n katkah, a:man xok!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He used to be a live wire, no longer!
\phrase_s Antes era aliviando,¡ya no!
\root kex
\nse Kekextsi:n is said of someone who is alegre, who likes to dance, or who goes to parties and has a good time. The root or stem kekex is
used in many derivations to indicate this type of lively person, though its original acceptation has to do with"itching."
\qry In Nahuatl /kekextli/ is often explained as /ale:greh katkah/. Check to see if /kekextli/ is used to describe a person who used to be like this... or whether it can also apply to someone
who is currently like this.
\semref kekextik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01042
\lxam pika:doh
\lxam_c pika:doh
\lxoa pika:doh
\lxoa_c pika:doh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan picado
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e alcoholic beverage prepared with a sweet drink (e.g., a cola or a fruit drink such as that of tamarind) and pure alcohol
\sense_s bebida alcohólica preparada con un una bebida dulce (p. ej., un refresco de cola o un agua fresca como de tamarindo) y alcohol puro
\sense_d Pending
\nse In general pure alcohol is mixed with drinks such as Pepsi or Coca-Cola or, less often, with prepared drinks such as that of tamarind. Mezcal, on the other hand, is added to Squirt.
\qry Check to determine if the beverage of mezcal and Squirt is also called pika:doh.
\ref 01043
\lxam sa:yo:lin
\lxam_c sa:yo:lin
\lxoa sa:yo:lin
\lxoa_alt sa:yo:lin
\lxoa_c sa:yo:lih
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e mosquito, still not fully identified
\sense_s mosco (no igual al zancudo), todavía no identificado plenamente
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root sa:yo:l
\ency_note insects
\nse The precise range of insects to which sa:yo:lin refers is still not clear, although probably more than one species is involved.
\semref mo:yo:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref xiwsa:yo:lin
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01044
\lxam koltotsowa
\lxam_c kikoltotsowa
\lxoa koltotsowa
\lxoa_c kikoltotsowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi[e]
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to curl upward
\sense_s enrizar
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to shrink and shrivel (as occurs with meat when it is placed on a griddle, with plastic left in the sun, etc.)
\sense_s achicar y hacer encoger (como sucede a carne puesta sobre un comal, a plástico dejado en el sol, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w nokwetla:tsowa, yo:pe:w nokoltotsowa un nakatl ipan tekohli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That meat on the coals has started to twist up, it has started to shrink and shrivel up.
\phrase_s Esa carne que estásobre las brazas ha empezado torcerse, ha empezado a achicarse.
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w nokoltotsowa un nakatl. Yo:kontlakalkeh ipan ko:mahli, i yaw para iksis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That meat has started to shrivel and shrink up. They've tossed it on the griddle, it's on its way to getting cooked.
\phrase_s Esa carne ya empezóa achicarse. Ya la echaron sobre el comal, ya estápor cocerse.
\sense_e (refl.) to twist and turn (e.g., a person from pain)
\sense_s (refl.) retorcerse y doblarse (p. ej., una persona del dolor)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pe:was timoko:koltotso:s, pe:was tikwalo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will begin to twist and turn (in pain), you will begin to get ill.
\phrase_s Vas a retorcerse (del dolor), te vas a empezar a enfermar.
\root koltots
\nse When asked to describe the meaning of koltotsowa, almost all speakers turn their hand upside-down, palm up, and then close it slowly, curling up their fingers.
\root_notes Note the possible relation to /ko:l/, although vowel length is different. In one of my notes for /koltotsiwi/ I have recorded that the vowel /o/ is short as recorded and should
be written as such in all entries. Note short vowel in /kolochiwi/.
\grm Note the following two phrases: /Yo:pe:w nokwetla:tsowa, yo:pe:w nokoltotsowa un nakatl ipan tekohli/ 'That meat placed on the coals has started to get all curved, it has
started to shrink and shrivel up.' And /Yo:pe:w nokoltotsowa un nakatl, yo:kontlakalkeh ipan ko:mahli, i yaw para iksis/ 'That meat has started to shrivel and shrink up.
They've tossed it on the griddle, it's on its way to getting cooked.' It is interesting to compare this to the phrase with an intransitive: /O:pe:w koltotsiwi ika to:na/ 'It has
started to shrink and shrivel up from the sun.' This is an extremely interesting example since it quite well demonstrates the nature of transitivity and agentivity. In the first the
reflexive is used much like a 'get' passive in English. The implication is that there was an agent, i.e., the people who placed the meat on the coals or griddle. Cf. the use of
the reflexive for a passive as in /nochi:was mokal/. In the second example note the use of the intransitive. Here a true t ransitive is not felicitous because the sun's agency is
involuntary. The sun is not a full agent. At the same time, the reflexive is probably avoided because of the fact that there is no human agency involved. I would imagine that
in some case the sun could be an agent, or in some people's speech, etc. But the general tendency seems to be to not use transitive constructions with inanimate agents, but
rather an oblique as in /ika to:nahli/.
\ref 01045
\lxam chi:waltia
\lxam_c kichi:waltia
\lxoa chi:waltia
\lxoa_c kichi:waltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to obligate or force to do (e.g., a task or chore, etc.); to boss around
\sense_s obligar o forzar a hacer (p. ej., una tarea u otra obligación, etc.); mandar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n On suwa:montli, ke:n kichi:waltia imona:n. Kina:watia tli:no:n ma kichi:wa se: tekitl. Ma:ski kihlia xweli, kichi:waltia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That daughter-in-law is really bossed around by her mother-in-law. She orders her to perform a certain task, even though she says that she can't (do it), her mother-in-law
obligates her.
\phrase_s A aquella mujer¡cómo la hace trabajar su suegra! Le manda hacer una cosa (y) aunque ella diga que no puede, a fuerza la obliga (a hacerlo).
\phrase_n Ne:xchi:walti:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They will force me to do a lot of work (e.g. housework).
\phrase_s Me van a obligar a trabajar mucho (p. ej., en los quehaceres de la casa).
\phrase_n Xonite:chi:waltih para afwe:rsah ma titlami:ka:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I didn't force people so that we would finish.
\phrase_s No obliguéa nadie para que termináramos.
\sense_e (with 3rd-person specific object ki-) to eat or drink with relish
\sense_s (con objeto específico de 3a persona, ki-) comer o beber con gusto
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:ndaleh, xikchi:walti:kan! Xtlakwa:kan! Newa kemech o:nikwa:lchi:waltite:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Come on, go for it (food)! Eat! I just had something to eat before coming this way.
\phrase_s ¡órale!¡Lléguenle a la comida!¡Coman! Yo apenas comíalgo antes de venirme.
\sense_e (with 3rd-person specific object ki-) to go all out (e.g., in throwing a party)
\sense_s (con objeto específico de 3a persona, ki-) hacer con todo entusiasmo (e.g., una fiesta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kichi:waltikeh, ye wi:kpla ipan domi:ngoh. Mlá:k o:tlai:lo:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They threw a party, the day before yesterday, on a Sunday. People really got drunk.
\phrase_s Hicieron una fiesta, fue antier, domingo. Fue una verdadera borrachera.
\root chi:wa
\nae Although chi:waltia is apparently a ditransitive verb with two objects, it seems that in many cases the secondary object is not directly expressed. This is
particularly true in regard to the two idiomatic meanings, 'to eat or drink with relish' and 'to go all out (in doing sth).'
\qry Note that the meaning of /chiwa:ltia/ is unclear and should be checked. Apparently it is a ditransitive with the primary object being human. Thus the sense of /ne:xchi:walti:skeh/.
Apparently this can stand alone. But there is a question as to how the second object is expressed. That is, does one have /ne:xchi:walti:skeh tekitl/ or is there a complement:
/ne:xchi:walti:skeh ma nitlachpa:na/. Or are all correct. Also, with /o:kichi:waltikeh/ determine what the object refers to. Can was say: /xikchi:walti mokone:w/? etc.
\xref chi:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01046
\lxam totomioh
\lxam_c totomioh
\lxoa tómióh
\lxoa_c tómiyóh
\lxoa_pr tomioh
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be hairy (e.g., an animal, person, etc.)
\sense_s ser peludo (p. ej., un animal, persona, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be prickly; to have small prickles or spines (certain plants such as the a:kawtomitl)
\sense_s ser velloso; tener púas pequeñitas (ciertas plantas como el a:kawtomitl)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tohmi
\nse The term uwitsyoh is used to refer to plants such as a:chikalin.
\ref 01047
\lxam a:to:lko:ntli
\lxam_c a:to:lko:ntli
\lxoa a:to:lko:ntli
\lxoa_c a:to:lko:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(m)
\sense_e pot used for making atole
\sense_s olla utilizada para hacer atole
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:ma:yaw itik na:to:lko:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He stuck his hand into the pot I use for making atole.
\phrase_s Metióla mano en la olla que utilizo para hacer atole.
\root a:to:l
\root ko:m
\ref 01048
\lxam wa:lkwi:lia
\lxam_c kwa:lkwi:lia
\lxoa wa:hkwi:lia
\lxoa_c kwa:hkwi:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to bring (sth) for; to bring (sth) back for (see kwi:lia)
\sense_s traer (algo) para (véase kwi:lia)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwi
\qry Check to make sure /wa:hkilia/ is acceptable as the applicative of /wa:hki/, or whether the /w/ reappears in this applicative. If so, add entry for /wa:hkilia/ and xref at /kwi:lia/.
Originally I had this as having a synonym as /wa:hkilia/ but don't have this entry. Check.
\ref 01049
\lxam mihka:tlatlasi
\lxam_c mihka:tlatlasi
\lxoa mihka:tlatlasi
\lxoa_c mihka:tlatlasi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Part-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to have whooping cough
\sense_s tener tosferina
\sense_d Pending
\semfld functions
\root miki
\root tlasi
\qry In one entry I had recorded /mihka:tlatlaxi/. This should be checked; it is probably in error.
\ref 01050
\lxam kaltelo:ni
\lxam_c kaltelo:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-inst-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e thick piece of wood, flat on one side, used to flatten the sakatlof a thatched hut after it has been thatched
\sense_s grueso pedazo de madera, plano por un lado, utilizado para aplanar zacate después de que ha sido colocado sobre el techo de una casa rústica
\sense_d Am
\semfld tool
\root kal
\root tel
\nse The kaltelo:ni that I saw was a round piece of wood, about 1.5 feet long, that had been split in half in order to give it a flat surface. Apparently this is one of the few
lexicalized words for instruments that is still used in Ameyaltepec.
\ency_note kahli
\mod Cf. Fld-1984-04-29.1 and words listed there.
\grm Morphology; instrumentals: Note that /kaltelo:ni/ does not seem to manifest the derivational process of impersonal + /ni/ that I expected.
\ref 01051
\lxam ma:pochwia
\lxam_c kima:pochwia
\lxoa ma:pochwia
\lxoa_f [ma: poch 'wi ya]
\lxoa_c kima:pochwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to perform or carry out (e.g., a task, the throwing of a ball, playing an instrument, chopping wood, writing, etc.) with ones left hand
\sense_s hacer (p. ej., una tarea, aventar una pelota, tocar un instrumento, escribir, leñar, etc.) con la mano izquierda
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xma:pochwi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Do it with your left hand!
\phrase_s ¡Hazlo con la mano izquierda!
\sense_e to hit lightly with ones left hand thrown out to ones side (e.g., sb who makes one mad)
\sense_s golpear ligeramente con la mano izquierda (p. ej., a uno que le hace enojar)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root poch
\nse Here the difference between Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl is that in Ameyaltepec ma:pochwia indicates a determined and controlled action with ones left hand,
whereas in Oapan the left hand is simply an object with which someone is accidentally struck. The difference is mirrored in the word ye:kma:wia.
\qry Note that in my notes I had the following (the original filecard should be checked): /O:pe:w ma:pochwia/ 'He started to go at it with his left hand (e.g. writing, etc.)' I would imagine
an error for /o:pe:w kima:pochwia/, but this should be checked.
\semref ye:kma:wia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01052
\lxam momoloka
\lxam_c momoloka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to become fluffed up (cotton in particular)
\sense_s esponjarse (el algodón en particular)
\sense_d Am
\qry Obtain a better definition and an example sentence. Disambiguate from /molo:ni/ and /molo:nia/.
\xref momolo:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\semref momolo:ni
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref mómoló:ni
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01053
\lxam ia:xi:x tenextli
\lxam_c ia:xi:x tenextli
\lxoa tenextli i:a:xi:x
\lxoa_c tenextli i:a:xi:x
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 1(x)
\sense_e drippings of honey-like consistency that trickle down a lime oven as rocks are fired and baked and the cooking process is nearly finished
\sense_s líquido de la consistencia de la miel que se escurre de un horno de cal cuando estápor terminar el proceso de cocer las piedras que están adentro
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w wa:ltemo:tiw ia:xi:x tenextli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The drippings from the lime (i.e., from rocks cooked in a lime oven) has started to run down.
\phrase_s El líquido que se escurre de la cal (esto es, de las rocas que se cuecen en un horno de cal) ha empezado a bajar.
\root a:
\root xi:xa
\root te
\root nex
\ref 01054
\lxam xonakamatlapahli
\lxam_c xonakamatlapahli
\lxoa xonakamátlapáhli
\lxoa_pr xonakamatlapahli
\lxoa_c xonakamátlapáhli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e stem of the onion plant (i.e., the part located above ground)
\sense_s tallo de la cebolla (esto es, la parte arriba de la tierra)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\root xonaka
\root mah
\root tlapal
\nae For a discussion of the etymology of matlapahli , see the entry under this word.
\qry My original file card had /xonakamatlatlahli/, but I have assumed this to be an error for /matlapahli/. Nevertheless, it needs to be checked.
\grmx Oapan pitch-accent; noun compounding: Note that Oa /xonakamátlapáhli/ is underlyingly {xonaka - mah - tlapal - li}. In this case the p-a is on the syllable with the {h}
coda. One analysis would see this as the result of coda loss and subsequent high pitch on the syllable nucleus. This is perhaps the original motivation for the p-a system.
However, p-a does often shift off the stem/root onto a penultimate syllable before the lost {h}. Another consideration is L-S Identity which would promote the preservation of
underlying forms (e.g., of incorporated nouns, of stems such as /mátlapáhli/, etc.).
\ref 01055
\lxam tio:pankalaktia
\lxam_c kitio:pankalaktia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to take into the church (particularly a violinist [S] who takes in the members of the religious dance he is leading)
\sense_s meter en o conducir a la iglesia (particularmente un violinsta [S] a la danza que conduce)
\sense_d Am
\root tio:
\root kalak
\root_rel -pan
\nse To express a similar concept Oapan speakers will use an unincorporated form: kikalahtia tiopah.
\qry Check entire range of subjects/objects for this Am compound.
\ref 01056
\lxam patla:wak
\lxam_c patla:wak
\lxoa patla:wak
\lxoa_c patla:wak
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-k
\sense_e to be wide (e.g., a road or path, piece of cloth, wooden board, table, tortilla, etc.)
\sense_s estar ancho (p. ej., un camino o senda, una corte de tela, una tabla, una mesa, etc.); ser amplio (en cuanto a anchura)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Patla:wak itlaxkal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Her tortillas (the ones she makes) are wide.
\phrase_s Sus tortillas (las que hacen) son anchas.
\phrase_n Papatla:wak -=kokoya:wak- kwentli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The furrows are wide (i.e., wide and spaced far apart).
\phrase_s Los surcos están anchos (esto es, anchos y muy separados entre si).
\root patla:
\nse The phrase papatla:wak kwentli , which is synonymous to kokoya:wak kwentli , indicates that the furrows were plowed far apart, i.e., that the space
between the furrows is wide. The antonym of both these expressions is pipi:stik kwentli.
\ref 01057
\lxam istlakawia
\lxam_c kistlakawia
\lxoa í:stlakawía
\lxoa_pr í:stlakawia
\lxoa_c kí:stlakawía
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(vowel-s) (Oa)
\infv class-2a
\allomorph i-epen
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to lie to
\sense_s mentirle a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root stlaka
\nae Apparently the Oapan elicitation form reflects reduplication on a vowel-initial stem (hence the lengthening and pitch-accent). During the recording session Florencia Marcelino gave
the reduplicated form; it is not clear whether ? kistlakawiya is also acceptable.
\qry Etymology and cat uncertain.
\vl Check p-a and length in Oapan form.
\grm It appears that /istlaka-/ is a stem that appears in many compounds and that has been verbalized with /istlakawia/, even though the absolutive nominal form is nonexistent.
Check /iztlakati/ (as in RS). Check RS meaning of 'calumniar, acusar falsamente, engañar', etc.
\ref 01058
\lxam ikxiko:pi:liwi
\lxam_c ikxiko:pi:liwi
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\allomorph i-epen
\trans No transitive form documented, perhaps given the semantics involved
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to walk like a slow-poke; to move along slowly (with small-sized steps)
\sense_s andar muy lentamente (con pasos muy pequeños)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ikxikoko:pi:liwtiw. San yo:li:k notetekestiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He goes walking along at a snail's pace. He goes along slowly, stopping a lot as he walks.
\phrase_s Anda lentamente. Va yendo despacio, parándose cada rato.
\root kxi
\root ko:pi:l
\qry Check possible transitive form. Recheck etymology and other occurrences of /ko:/. Note that this word /ikxiko:pi:liwi/ is the virtual equivalent of /ko:pi:liwi/ in some of the latters
uses. Check.
\semref ikxikoko:pi:l
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ko:pi:lyaw
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01059
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be the entry for Am /tewa/ and Oa /táwá/. It has been deleted as a duplicate.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Assign the four tokens here to 5355. However, note taht it is the later tokens, from 5355, that should be linked to the lexicon.
\ref 01060
\lxam a:kaxtetl
\lxam_c a:kaxtetl
\lxoa a:kaxtetl
\lxoa_c a:kaxtetl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e stone trough or bowl for giving water to animals
\sense_s pileta de piedra para darles de beber a los animales
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root a:
\root kax
\root te
\nse An a:kaxtetl is usually a large, flat, and probably volcanic stone in which a central depression has been created to hold water that is usually given to pigs,
although also to dogs and chicks.
\ilus_note Illustrate
\ref 01061
\lxam to:to:tla:wi:lowa
\lxam_c to:to:tla:wi:lowa
\lxoa to:to:tla:wi:lowa
\lxoa_c to:to:tla:wi:lowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-b
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to illuminate (in hunting at night) sleeping birds with light from a torch made of teono:xtli
\sense_s iluminar (en cazar durante la noche) pájaros con la luz de una antorcha hecha de teono:xtli
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwiti teono:xtli para tito:to:tla:wi:lo:skeh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go get some of the inner dried sticks of the ó:rganohcactus so that we can (use them as torches to) illuminate sleeping birds!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a tomar unos palos secos del interior de un ó:rganohpara (que los podamos usar como antorchas para) iluminar pájaros mientras que estén
durmiendo.
\semfld hunting
\root to:to:
\root tla:wi:l
\nse To:to:tla:wi:lowa indicates the action of making a torch of sticks taken from the inside of the ó:rganoh cactus (or, by extension, using any other
type of lighting) and holding this up to the branches of a tree in which birds are sleeping. Another person can thus see the birds and shoot them with a slingshot or other hunting
instrument.
\qry It is not clear whether /tla:wi:lowa/ is a transitive or intransitive, since /tla:wi:lwia/ exists as 'to illuminate.' When completed my entries for words having to do with lighting should be
checked and this entry corrected/adjusted as needed.
\vl Check vowel length; Am filecards originally had a short vowel, changed to long on the basic of Oapan elicited form.
\ilus_note Illustrate general scene.
\ref 01062
\lxam ichpo:chkihli
\lxam_cpend ichpo:chkihli
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e type of plant or small bush still unidentified
\sense_s tipo de planta o abusto todavía no identificada
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli(pending)
\root chpo:ch
\root -kil
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this as hierba muchacha. Luis Lucena stated that he had heard the name of this plant but could not identify it.
\ref 01063
\lxam tlai:xwia:ni
\lxam_c tlai:xwia:ni
\lxoa te:i:xwia:ne
\lxoa_alt te:i:xwia:ni
\lxoa_pr te:i:xwia:ni
\lxoa_c te:i:xwia:ne
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e person who gives the evil eye (affecting children, animals, etc.)
\sense_s persona que echa mal de ojo (afectando a niños, animales, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root i:x
\nae The potential for variation between the nonspecific object markers te:- and tla- is well illustrated by these cognate forms from Ameyaltepec and Oapan, with
each village using a different prefix although the patient is in both cases human.
\grm /te:-/ vs. /tla-/: With Am /tlai:xwia:ni/ and Oapan /te:i:xwia:ne/ 'person who gives the evil eye (affecting children, animals, etc.): The potential for variation between the
nonspecific object markers te:- and tla- is well illustrated by these cognate forms from Ameyaltepec and Oapan, with each village using a different
prefix although the patient is in both cases human.
\ref 01064
\lxam te:kwa:ntsi:katl
\lxam_c te:kwa:ntsi:katl
\lxoa te:kwa:ntsi:katl
\lxoa_c te:kwa:ntsi:katl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e ant that bites, of the type known as tsi:katl
\sense_s hormiga que muerde, del tipo conocido como tsi:katl
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root kwa
\root tsi:ka
\ency_note tsi:katl
\ref 01065
\lxam xa:yakapapa:ka
\lxam_c kixa:yakapapa:ka
\lxoa xa:yaká:pá:ka
\lxoa_c kixa:yaká:pá:ka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to wash the face of
\sense_s lavarle la cara a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Noxa:yakapapa:ka, kemech yo:isak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He washes his face, he just woke up.
\phrase_s Se lava la cara, apenas se despertó.
\root xa:yaka
\root pa:ka
\qry Check to make sure /kimich yo:isak/ is OK, and that it should not be /kimich o:isak/.
\ref 01066
\lxam ko:pi:liwtok
\lxam_c ko:pi:liwtok
\lxoa ko:pi:lihtok
\lxoa_c ko:pi:lihtok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be drooping down in clumped strands (e.g., wet hair, clothes hanging on a line, cut and dried palm)
\sense_s estar colgado y pegado en tiras enmarranadas (p. ej., cabello o ropa mojada, palma secada)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be hunched over with ones arms at the side (e.g., a person who is sick or cold)
\sense_s estar acurrucado con los brazos pegados al cuerpo (p. ej., una persona enferma o con frío)
\sense_d Pending
\flao ko:pi:liwi
\root ko:pi:l
\qry Check precise meaning of this term and the potential subjects of the predication.
\ref 01067
\lxam i:to:ni:lwia
\lxam_c ki:to:ni:lwia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cover with sweat; to sweat on
\sense_s empapar con sudor; sudor sobre
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Yo:tiki:to:ni:lwih motlake:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You've gotten your clothes sweaty (i.e., from working hard, from wearing them a long time, etc.).
\phrase_s Empapaste tu ropa con sudor (por trabajar mucho, por tenerla puesta mucho tiempo, etc.).
\root i:to:ni
\qry Check difference between /ki:to:ni:lwia/ and /ki:to:nia/. Perhaps the latter is in error.
\vl Check length of /i:/. In my original notes I have it recorded long in the nominal form /i:to:ni:hli/ but short in the verbal form /i:to:nilwia/. Probably one of the two is in error.
\semref i:to:nia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01068
\lxam tlakaka:wihli
\lxam_c tlakaka:wihli
\lxoa tlá:ká:wahli
\lxoa_c tlá:ká:wahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e offering left at the sight where the yeyekameh are appealed to
\sense_s ofrenda dejada en un lugar donde se les suplica a los yeyekameh
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ka:wa
\nae Although the derivational process for these two terms is slightly different, Ameyaltepec tlakaka:wihli and Oapan tlá:ká:wahli have been joined in a single
entry. The Oapan form shows reduction of a reduplicant through lengthening of a prefix vowel, in this case the /a/ of tla-.
\nde Classical Nahuatl (Molina) has both tlacaualli 'sobras de algo, o el que es dexado y desamparado de otros' and tlacauilli 'sobras.' Balsas Nahuatl has
te:nka:wihli for 'sobras' (leftovers) in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan.
\qry Check meaning again and correctness of the term, particularly Oapan ending in /-ahli/. Check for the possibility of a possessed form.
\vl Check vowel length. The Am term is /tlakaka:wihli/, as expected (i.e., with reduplication of verbal stem). After the recording sessions
\ref 01069
\lxam sekwi
\lxam_c sekwi
\lxoa sekwi
\lxoa_c sekwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(kw)
\sense_e to get or feel cold
\sense_s sentirse el frío
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ye:wa melá:k nisekwtoya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just a while ago I was really feeling the cold.
\phrase_s Hace rato estaba sintiendo el frío mucho.
\phrase_n O:pe:w nise:sekwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've started to feel a little chilly.
\phrase_s Empecéa sentir algo de frío.
\root se
\root kwi
\disamb sehkalaki; sekmiki
\nae Although the isolated form * setl has not been documented so far for Balsas Nahuatl, the form sekwi has been considered a compound with an
incorporated nominal root. In reference to setl, FK notes:"In compounds the element CEC is generally found instead of CE, but the free form CEC-TLI is attested only
in Z[acapoaxtla], which lacks CE-TL."Then, uncer cectli she notes:"This is found as a free form only in Z, where once out of four times it is given with a long vowel. Z
also gives it in some compounds with a long vowel. CEC is abundantly attested in the other sources as an element of compounds, always with a short vowel."
\qry Check for difference in meaning between /o:pe:w nisekwi/ and /o:pe:w nise:sekwi/. Add this difference to the grammar.
\grm Cf. Gram 1986-08-01.1
\grm Reduplication with long vowel: /O:pe:w nise:sekwi/ 'Just a while ago I was really feeling the cold.' Note that the long vowel reduplication here seems to indicate a mitigated
or interrupted process.
\root_notes Both seand sekindicate 'cold' and are found in various lexemes with this meaning.
\ref 01070
\lxam kalte:ntli
\lxam_c kalte:ntli
\lxoa kalte:ntli
\lxoa_c kalte:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e eave, the small overhang at the edge of a house
\sense_s alero pequeño de una casa
\sense_d Pending
\semfld construct-part
\root kal
\root te:n
\ency_note kahli
\ref 01071
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kopalpo:tsahli
\lxoa_cpend kopalpo:tsahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn N1
\sense_e resin from the copal tree that produces the resin known locally as sa:ntokopahli
\sense_s savia o resina delárbol de copal que produce la resina conocida como sa:ntokopahli
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root kopal
\root kow
\notes_nature According to Silvestre Pantaleleón this is the product of a tree named kopalpo:tsahli. Silvestre mentioned that this tree is found near Asesecan, north of
Ahuelicán and about 5-6 hours by mule from Oapan. Note that one of these trees was actually found near Zapotitlan (land of Ameyaltepec), to the surprise of the native
language consultants. If I remember correctly the minidisk recording of this tree offers a good source of the terms for the tree, resin, etc. The term /kopalpo:tsahli/ is used in
Oapan and San Juan Tetelcingo, but is not found in Ameyaltepec. This should be rechecked.
\ref 01072
\lxam tsi:ntepolkechilia
\lxam_c kitsi:ntepolkechilia
\lxoa tsí:ntepolkechília
\lxoa_pr tsi:ntepolkechilia
\lxoa_c kitsí:ntepolkechília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp N-[PM-V3]
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to turn or place upside-down for or on (e.g., a water jug, bottle, canteen, etc., often in order to empty it of a liquid onto sb [PO])
\sense_s voltear o poner cabeza abajo para o a (p. ej., un cántaro, botella, cantimplora, etc., a menudo para verter el líquido que tiene adentro sobre algn [OP])adentro)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:timotsi:ntepolkechilih a:tl ika kube:tah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You poured water on yourself by turning a bucket upside-down.
\phrase_s Te echaste agua al voltearte una cubeta de agua encima.
\root tsi:n
\root tehpol
\root ketsa
\disamb tsi:ntepolketsa; tsi:nketsa; tsonketsa; i:xakamana
\qry_h For all words /tsi:ntepolketsa/, etc. check SJ for /h/. Although there is no evidence from here or other dialects, it would seem that the /h/ would have to be the coda of the
syllable {h}.
\xref tsi:ntepolketsa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref tsí:ntepolkétsa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 01073
\lxam xa:lpachiwi
\lxam_c xa:lpachiwi
\lxoa xa:lpachiwi
\lxoa_c xa:lpachiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become or get covered by sand (e.g., a garden that gets covered in sand from a rising river)
\sense_s cubrirse o taparse con arena (p. ej., una huerta que se cubre por arena de un río creciente)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root xa:l
\root pach
\semref xa:lpopoliwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01074
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be /tsontekonamana/ but has since been combined with /tsontekonyamana/, entry 137, and deleted here.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 01075
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod Was /I:pan Tla:lchi:chi:hloh/, switched to Toponym database.
\dt 27/Jan/2005
\ref 01076
\lxam tsi:nkwe:tia
\lxam_c kitsi:nkwe:tia
\lxoa tsi:nkwe:tia
\lxoa_c kitsi:nkwe:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to place or tie diapers on
\sense_s atar pañales a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia ilpikaw ika kitsi:nkwe:tian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has a band of cloth cord with which they tie his (child's) diapers on.
\phrase_s Tiene una tira de tela con que le atan sus pañales (a su hijo).
\root tsi:n
\root kwe:
\nse Although apparently tsi:nkwe:tia is a word in Oapan, it is rarely used. Much more common are tsi:ntlaké:sohlo:tiaand a:ma:xtlatia.
\qry Recheck whether /kitsi:nkwe:tia/ is a word in Oapan. During the first check Florencia said it was not, but in the elicitation session she said it when it appeared on the screen by
mistake. Thus it might be correct. However, it seems that both tsi:ntlaké:sohlo:tiaand a:ma:xtlatiaare the more common forms.
\semref tsi:ntlaké:sohló:tia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref a:ma:xtlatia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01077
\lxam chi:kwepo:nia
\lxam_c kichi:kwepo:nia
\lxoa chi:kopo:nia
\lxoa_c kichi:kopo:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp PM-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans No trans. form documented
\lexical Op. te- : techi:kwepo:nia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to rip or cut open so that the sides of the opening flare out and fold or double back (e.g., skin cut so deeply so as to open up in a wide swatch and fold back on itself)
\sense_s rasgar o abrir a tal grado que los lados de la apertura salen para un lado y se doblan (p. ej., piel cortada a lo largo con un cuchillo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to turn or fold back upon itself, or inside-out (e.g., ones eyelid)
\sense_s voltear y poner al revés (p. ej., el párpado superior)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xchi:kwepo:ni mi:xtew!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Turn your eyelid inside-out!
\phrase_s ¡Pon tu párpadeo superior al revés!
\root chi:
\root kwepo:
\disamb teki
\qry I seem to have lost my original definition for this word and have reconstructed it from memory. It should be checked, as well as possible objects/patients. Recheck whether one may
say /Xchi:kwepo:ni mi:xtew/; also check if it is also correct to say /Xkwepo:ni mi:xtew/. If so, add entry.
\mod Under /teki/ in /ono, discuss /teki/, /tsonteki/, and various /chi:-/ words: /chi:patla:wa/, /chi:koya:wa/, /chi:koyo:nia/, etc. Add entry if needed under /kwepo:nia/. Distinguish if possible
from /chi:kwepo:nia/.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note shift /kwe/ to /ko/ in /kwepo:nia/ to /kopo:nia/.
\ref 01078
\lxam itekiw
\lxam_c itekiw
\lxoa i:tekiw
\lxoa_c i:tekiw
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm Modal
\der Modal
\sense_e it is certain that; in the end (indicate that the following predication is more or less inevitable, almost certain to occur)
\sense_s es cierto de; seguro; a fin de cuentas (indica que es muy probable, casi un hecho, que la predicación que sigue va a suceder)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Itekiw newa nikchi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm bound to be the one to do it.
\phrase_s Es casi un hecho que yo seréquien lo va a hacer.
\phrase_n Itekiw wi:ts!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's sure to come!
\phrase_s ¡Seguro va a venir!
\phrase_n Sa: itekiw xtlah tikpia, titetsotsol!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When all is said and done you don't have anything, you're in dire poverty (in other words, Don't brag about anything!)!
\phrase_s ¡A fin de cuentas no tienes nada, estás en la ruina (en pocas palabras,¡No te jactes!)!
\root teki
\disamb kipia para
\qry In /Sa: itekiw xtlah tikpia, titetsotsol!/ check to make sure that first element is /sa:/, not /san/. I believe the /sa:/ is correct. Check vowel length since often final /n/ will delete internal to
phrase when followed by V.
\semref tekitl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01079
\lxam nakayoh
\lxam_c nakayoh
\lxoa nakayoh
\lxoa_c nakayoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to be fatty; to be chubby (a person)
\sense_s estar o ser gordo (una persona)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to be meaty; to be fleshy (an animal)
\sense_s ser carnoso (un animal)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root naka
\ref 01080
\lxam yo:ltemi:mihki
\lxam_c yo:ltemi:mihki
\lxoa yo:ltemi:mihki
\lxoa_c yo:ltemi:mihki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ki
\lexical Lex. infix te- ; Lex. rdp-l
\infn N1
\sense_e person who stutters
\sense_s tartamudo
\sense_d Am
\sense_e forgetful; absent-minded
\sense_s olivdadizo
\sense_d Oa
\root yo:l
\root miki
\semref yo:ltemi:mikini
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01081
\lxam se:xkayo:tl
\lxam_c se:xkayo:tl
\lxoa se:xkayo:tl
\lxoa_c se:xkayo:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-kayo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e see -xkayo:tl
\sense_s véase -xkayo:tl
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root se:
\root xiw
\root kayo:
\qry Check vowel length of the final /o:/. Perhaps it should be short.
\semref pochawistli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01082
\lxam tlakwiste:wilia
\lxam_c kitlakwiste:wilia
\lxoa tlakoste:wilia
\lxoa_c kitlakoste:wilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to clear the dirt off and stand upright cultivated plants for (the benefactive [O] is the person doing the plowing, behind whom another person [S] uprights the plants that
have been covered with earth and stones)
\sense_s limpiar o sacudir de tierra y colocar de pie plantas cultivadas para (el benefactivo [O] es el que trabaja la yunta, atrás de quien otra person [S] endereza las plantas que
han sido cubiertas por tierra y piedras)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tine:chontlakwiste:wili:s, nokone:w xwel ne:chpale:wia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will go upright plants behind the plow that I will drive, my child can't help me.
\phrase_s Vas a ir a enderezar plantas atrás del arado que estarétrabajando, mi niño no me puede ayudar.
\root kwi
\root e:wa
\grm Oapan phonology: Note the historic sound shift here from /kwi/ in Ameyaltepec (which appears to be the archaic form) to /ko/ in Oapan.
\xref kwiste:wilia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 01083
\lxam tlapepenke:tl
\lxam_c tlapepenke:tl
\lxoa tlá:penké:tl
\lxoa_c tlá:penké:tl
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\sense_e gleamers; gatherers (individuals who pick things up off the ground, such as corn cobs, fish, and other objects that others have harvested or caught)
\sense_s recogedores; pepenadores (gente que recoge cosas como olotes, pescados u otras cosas que han quedado sobre el suelo, dejado atrás durante la cosecha, la pesca, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root pena
\qry Check whether a possessed form is correct, as I have indicated in the coding for the /infn field.
\ref 01084
\lxam ko:lo:kokoxki
\lxam_c ko:lo:kokoxki
\lxoa ko:lo:koxki
\lxoa_c ko:lo:koxki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ki
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am)
\infn N1/2; Aln(ag)
\sense_e one (a person or animal) ill from a scorpion's bit
\sense_s uno (una persona o animal) enfermo por los efectos de una mordida de alacrán
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Koxtok noko:lo:kokoxka:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The member of my household who is ill from a scorpion bite is sleeping.
\phrase_s Estádurmiendo la persona de mi hogar que estáenferma por una mordida de alacrán
\root ko:lo:
\root koya
\nse The animal to which ko:lo:kokoxki most often refers is a hen.
\nae The reason for the absence of a reduplicated sequence in Oapan ko:lo:koxki is not clear (it may even reflect an error at some point and should be checked).
\qry Check /ko:lo:koxki/ from Oapan, perhaps /ko:lo:kokoxki/?! Make sure that a possessed form is acceptable. I have coded this into the /infn field assuming that this noun can be
possessed, but there is no documentation of this.
\grm Noun incorporation: This word is an interesting example of NI: /ko:lo:kokoxki/ one ill from a scorpion's bite.
\ref 01085
\lxam te:lpo:tsi:n
\lxam_c te:lpo:tsi:n
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e very young boy, between some 8 and 13 years of age
\sense_s muy joven muchacho o niño entre algo como 8 y 13 años de edad
\sense_d Am
\semfld age
\root te:lpo:ch
\ency_note age
\qry Check difference between /te:lpo:tsi:n/ and /te:lpokatsi:n/, i.e., whether there is indeed no difference. Also, indeed, recheck whether /te:lpo:tsi:n/ is a correct word, whether it can be
possessed, etc. For now I have coded this as possessable, but this should be checked.
\semref te:lpokatsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref te:lpakatsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01086
\lxam kel
\lxam_c kel ke:n tikmati
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Subord
\der Particle
\sense_e as if
\sense_s como si
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Moka o:nimokopi:n, kel tewa mowa:xka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I used you as an excuse (e.g., in not lending sth out), as if it were yours.
\phrase_s Te utilicécomo pretexto (p. ej., en no prestar algo), como si fuera tuyo.
\phrase_n On ne:nkah, ye tlatsopi:ni:hloh. O:nikitak! Xka:wa, kel ichpokawah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That one there, she's been deflowered. I saw it (know it for sure)! You wouldn't think it, (she acts) as if she's a virgin (though she isn't).
\phrase_s Aquella, ya le han desflorado. Yo lo vi (esto es, estoy seguro de esto). No lo pensarías, (actua) como si fuera una virgen (pero no es).
\sense_e as they say that (that the following predication were true, with the implication that the speaker does not believe it)
\sense_s dizque o dicen que (la predicación que sigue es verdad, con la implicación que el que habla no lo cree)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kel ichpokawah. Xmilá:k! Tla:kawi:katinemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They say that she is a maiden (i.e., virgin). It's not true! She goes around with a lot of men.
\phrase_s Dicen que es doncella (esto es, virgen).¡No es verdad! Anda con muchos hombres.
\phrase_n O:tito:nalka:w kel te:wa mistewi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You got scared out of your wits as if it was you it was about to gore.
\phrase_s Te asustaste de a deveras como si fuiste túél que iba a cornear.
\root kel
\nse The word kel may be used modally, in which case it communicates speakers doubt of the truth of a certain proposition, which is thus relegated to hearsay status. The
implication is that while others may believe a certain statement, the speaker is doubtful. Note that kel may also be used to subordinate an 'if' condition to a main
predicate. The English 'as if' captures the sense very well.
\nde In Classical one finds kil , which Carochi (fol. 123) glosses as 'dizque,òdizen que.' Lockhart (2001: 451, n 8) states in regard to quilmach :"
Quilmay be related to the ilin ilhuia, to tell someone, and the qu-may be the third prson singular object prefix. Machis
dubitative."Indeed, the use of the similar forms in Balsas Nahuatl is quite common. Thus kitowa is used (with 3rd-person singular subject and object) to indicate 'it is
said that.'
\mod In the Oapan tape, eliminate /ké:tláh/ from this entry as it has its own.
\qry Check vowel length. Etymology is unclear as this word is not found in other dialects; recheck pronunciation and cognates in surrounding dialects to Ameyaltepec. Perhaps the most
important think to check is the meaning. Carochi states that it means that"lo que se dice en este momento no es una ficción."It will be necessary to determine whether that is the case,
or whether, as"dizque"etc., it suggests that the speakers distances himself from claiming the veracity of what is to follow, i.e., 'it is said that... but I don't have strong, firsthand
evidence.' The other use of /kel/ that should be checked into is that glossed as 'as if', an adverbial that modifies to some degree the action, and subordinates the following clause.
\qry Check further the meaning of /kel/ and get more example sentences/.
\semref ké:tlá
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01087
\lxam temo:tok
\lxam_c temo:tok
\lxoa temo:tok
\lxoa_c temo:tok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e inexpensive; cheap (the price of an object)
\sense_s barato; económico (el precio de algo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Temo:tok, xihkowa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's inexpensive, buy it!
\phrase_s Es barato,¡cómpratelo!
\root temo:
\qry Check for other meanings.
\ref 01088
\mod Removed as a duplicate entry.
\dt 29/Dec/2004
\ref 01089
\lxam kakapatsa
\lxam_c kikakapatsa
\lxoa kakapatsa
\lxoa_c kikakapatsa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to cause (sth) to make a clattering sound
\sense_s hacer (que algo) emita un sonido de traqueteo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\flao kakapaka
\root kapa:
\xref tlakakapatsa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref kapa:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01090
\lxam i:xtlalowa
\lxam_c ki:xtlalowa
\lxoa i:xtlalowa
\lxoa_c ki:xtlalowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to run ones eyes over; to look over; to check out (by looking over)
\sense_s relojear; ojear detalladamente; revisar (al correr la vista sobre)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:ki:xtlaloh. Kwelita.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He ran his eyes over her. He likes the way she looks.
\phrase_s La relojeó. Le gusta.
\phrase_n Axtopa ki:xtlaowa deke kwahli yes.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e First he looks it over up and down to see if it will be good (e.g., an animal to buy, etc.).
\phrase_s Primero lo ve todo de arriba abajo para ver si sería una buena compra (p. ej., an animal, etc.).
\root i:x
\root tlalo
\grm Note how this is a reflexive verb, /notlalowa/ and doesn't seem to accept a transitive form. However, a transitive 'to make run' can be formed with a causative. Thus it is
interesting that with an incorporated noun, in this case /i:x-/, the verb acts transitively.
\semref ma:tlalowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01091
\lxam kechpapatlats
\lxam_c i:kechpapatlats
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(ap)
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N2
\sense_e wide, flapping collar of (a blouse or shirt, but particularly that which goes around the neck of an adult woman's outside blouse or sa:koh)
\sense_s cuello ancho de (una blusa o camisa, pero particularmente el cuello de la blusa, sa:koh, de una mujer adulta)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kipia ikechpapatlats nokoto:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My shirt has a wide collar.
\phrase_s Mi camisa tiene un cuello ancho.
\root kech
\root patla:
\nae Apparently the etymology of kechpapatlats involves derivation from a transitive derivation of papatlaka, which refers to the sound made by
flapping wings, and not to the root for wide, patlach.
\ency_note clothes parts
\qry It is quite possible that the correct form is kechpapatlach. Check for /kechpapatlastik/ o /kechpapatlaxtik/. Also check for /patlatsiwi/, although probably it should be
/patlachiwi/.. /kechpapatlats/ refers in particular to the wide collar around the neck of a woman's outside blouse, /sa:koh/. Check
\ref 01092
\lxam kechmiktia
\lxam_c kikechmiktia
\lxoa kechmihtia
\lxoa_c kikechmihtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\trans No intransitive documented so far
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to strangle (with ones hands, or a rope or similar object)
\sense_s estrangular (con las manos, o con una soga u otro objeto parecido)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kech
\root miki
\qry Check for existence of intransitive form. Compare to other ways of strangling.
\grm Causatives: Note that it is uncertain whether /kechmiktia/ is found in an intransitive form. If not it shows that causatives are not derived from intransitive equivalents, but
can be constructed on the basis of lexicalized causatives, particularly when this involves noun incorporation. I.e., many intrans/trans. pairs that exist with no IN do not exist
with an incorporated form.
\semref kechpatska
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref kechpitsi:nia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01093
\lxam i:tia
\lxoa i:tia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e see oni:tiaand tlai:tia
\sense_s véase oni:tiay tlai:tia
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nae Like the intransitive verb i: from which the causative i:tia is derived, only forms with the"directional"marker on- or the nonspecific object marker
tla- are documented.
\ref 01094
\lxam a:te:ntli
\lxam_c a:te:ntli
\lxoa a:te:ntli
\lxoa_c a:te:ntli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e river; stream
\sense_s río; arroyo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nochi a:te:ntli xya!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go all along the river!
\phrase_s ¡Ve por toda la orilla del río!
\root a:
\root te:n
\nse A:te:ntli is never pluralized, even after numerical modifiers, viz. o:me a:te:ntli.
\qry Check difference in use of /a:te:nko/ and /a:te:ntli/.
\semref tlate:ntli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01095
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod Was /So:la:pan/, switched to Toponym database.
\dt 09/Dec/2001
\ref 01096
\lxam ni:siw
\lxam_c ni:siw
\lxoa ni:sik
\lxoa_c ni:sik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-place
\der Adv-pl
\sense_e nearby; close by
\sense_s cerca
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ni:siw onkah, xkwiti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is close by, go get it!
\phrase_s Estácerca,¡ve por ello!
\phrase_n Ni:siw niá:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going nearby.
\phrase_s Voy cerca.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) close together (in reference to the ordered placement of various objects)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) cercano; juntos (en referencia a la colocación de varios objetos puestos en orden)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ni:ni:siw tlapexteh, xwe:weka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The cactus rods are close together (e.g., as part of the roofing of a house), they are not far apart.
\phrase_s Las varas deórgano están colocadas cercas unas a otras (p. ej., en el techo de una casa), no están distantes.
\phrase_n Ni:ni:siw cha:ntin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They live (i.e., their houses are) close together.
\phrase_s Viven cerca (esto es, sus casas están cerca, una a otra).
\root ni:siw
\nae The etymology of ni:siw is uncertain although it seems to be clearly related to Classical forms such as ici and iz. Molina gives in the Spanish to
Nahuatl section 'cerca, preposición' çaniz.çan nican. amo ueca ; the çaniz form (from çan + iz) suggests a possible basis for Balsas
Nahuatl ni:siw , although vowel length differs.
\qry Check to see if /nini:siw/ is correct and, if so, what the difference between /ni:ni:siw/ and /nini:siw/ is.
\grm Word order: adverbs. In the phrases under ni:siw note the word order, with the one-word adverb preverbal. This is a general pattern in Nahuatl.
\grm Reduplication: long vowel. Note the following phrases: /Ni:ni:siw tlapexteh, xwe:weka/ 'The cactus rods are close together (e.g., as part of the roofing of a house), they are
not far apart.' and /Ni:ni:siw cha:ntin/ 'They live (i.e., their houses are) close together.' In general note how with adverbs indicating location long vowel reduplication is
used to indicate the repetition of the spatial pattern over various examples of the same object. Thus in house contruction, if one places the rods that run the length of the
house close together, with row after row showing this pattern, then the long vowel reduplication is used: /ni:ni:siw/ Note how with /weka/ the same is found: /xwe:weka/.
Query if /nini:siw/ is also correct and, if so, in what circumstances.
\ref 01097
\lxam a:chia
\lxam_c a:chia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-b
\infv class-3c(chia)
\sense_e (for plants) to be"thirsting for water"and start drying up for lack of rain during the rainy season
\sense_s estar a la espera de agua (plantas) durante la temporada de lluvias cuando ha dejado de llover por algún tiempo
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:nosiahka:w nomi:l, a:chi:xtoya. Xo:tla:k, kwa:k me:roh kinektoya a:tl, xo:kiaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My cornfield got tired of waiting, it was waiting for rain. It didn't yield abundant fruit, when it was really in need of water, it didn't rain.
\phrase_s Mi milpa se cansóde esperar, estaba esperando el agua. No rindiófruta, cuando mero necesitaba agua, no llovió.
\sense_e to wait for water (a person, such as one waiting for rain to fall before beginning to plow a field, or waiting as a well slowly fills up before drawing water)
\sense_s esperar el agua (una persona, p. ej., que espera la lluvia para poder empezar a zurcar su milpa, o que espera mientras un pozo se llena lentamente)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Sa: na:chia, yo:nike:kchi:w ka:n nito:kas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm just waiting for rain, I've finished plowing where I'm going to plant (i.e., I am waiting for it to rain in order to plow over the tilled land for the final time, planting the
seed).
\phrase_s Solamente estoy esperando el agua (de la lluvia), ya he terminado de surcar donde voy a sembrar (en otras palabras, estoy esperando la lluvia para volver porúltima vez
a arar la tierra ya labrada, para entonces sembrar la semilla).
\root a:
\root chia
\nae During an elicitation session I asked Gabriel de la Cruz whether the form a:chialtia existed, as a causative of a:chia. He pondered the question for a
while and then answered that one could say this, for example, if a person was watching over a well and made others wait to fill up their jugs until the well filled up.
\ref 01098
\lxam kamakekexkilia
\lxam_c kikamakekexkilia
\lxoa kamaké:kexília
\lxoa_pr kamaké:kexilia
\lxoa_c kikamake:kexilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to make the mouth of (sb) itch
\sense_s causar que se le escoza la boca a (algn)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ne:chkamakekexkilia to:tolo:ktsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The fruit of the to:tolo:ktsi:nmakes my mouth itch.
\phrase_s La fruta del to:toloktsi:nme hace escocer la boca.
\root kama
\root kex
\vl Check vowel length in Oapan form.
\xref kamakekexkia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 01099
\lxam kuwayoh
\lxam_c kuwayoh
\lxoa kowayoh
\lxoa_c kowayoh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to have (a woman) hair on her back in the form of a snake that"eats"her children as they are born so that they die within a month or two at most
\sense_s tener (una mujer) pelos en la forma de una culebra por la espalda; esta culebra"come"a sus niños a poco tiempo de que nazcan, un mes o dos cuando mucho
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kuwayoh nosuwa:w, nochipa miki ikone:tsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My wife has a"snake,"her child always dies.
\phrase_s Mi esposa tiene"una serpiente", siempre se le muere el niño.
\phrase_n Xkwahli un siwa:tl, kowayoh.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e That woman is no good, she has hair in the form of a snake on her back.
\phrase_s Esa mujer estámal, tiene su pelo en forma de culebra por la espalda.
\sense_e to have worms (more accurately, tsonkowayoh)
\sense_s tener lombrices (más precisamente, tsonkowayoh)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kowayoh, xwel kikwa chi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has worms, he can't eat chile.
\phrase_s Tiene lombrices, no puede comer chile.
\root kowa
\nse The cure for a woman who is kowayoh is to place a newborn baby on top of the"snake"(or"snakes") so that the baby kills it (or them) and lives.
Kowayoh in the sense of having worms is apparently an elipsis for tsonkowayoh, which is the proper word for 'lombrices'.
\mod For a fuller description of a kowayoh woman cf. DT #7 207ff. and Flk note on this subject. ADD TEXT.
\qry Check to determine if /kipia i:kowayo/ is correct.
\vl Check vowel length of /kowatl/, final /a/ has been problematical.
\ref 01100
\lxam ima:kti
\lxam_c ima:kti
\lxoa i:ma:hti
\lxoa_c i:ma:hti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to get legal possession of (land, an animal, a housesite, etc.)
\sense_s lograr posesión legal de (un terreno, animal o solar, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:i:ma:ktik para nochipa yewa ia:xka -iwa:xka- yes.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has obtained official (legal) possession so that it will always be his.
\phrase_s Ha conseguido posesión legal para que siempre sea suyo.
\root ma:
\root_rel -ko
\nae The 1st person singular is noma:kti , the 2nd person singular is moma:kti , the 1st person plural toma:kti , 2nd person plural
amoma:kti , and the 3rd person plural i:nma:kti (according to Cristino Flores, he also accepted i:mima:kti. This final form should be
checked with other consultants.
\qry Check to determine how the object is expressed. I.e., how can one say 'he gained possession of his house'. I would suspect that there is a form /imaktia/, but I'm not sure if this is
used reflexively, etc. Check.
\vl Originally for the Am entry I had /ima:kti/, with a short initial /i/. However, given the Oapan data and the probable etymology, I have provisionally changed this. It should
be checked.
\grm Unusual etymology which seems to have a possessed locative construction that is verbalized. This clearly illustrates the very productive use of /-ti/. Cf. Launey's discussion
of words like /i:masewalti/? or similar forms.
\ref 01101
\lxam kwa:pano:hli
\lxam_c kwa:pano:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e (arch.) door lintel; top cross-beam above a doorway (formerly of wood, now mostly made of cement)
\sense_s (arc.) lintel (antiguamente de madera ahora ya a menudo de cemento)
\sense_d Am
\semfld construct-part
\root kwa:
\root pano:
\nae The irregular stress pattern of kwa:panó:l is perhaps related to the loss of the absolutive ending.
\qry Recheck to make sure that this is not used in the possessive form ever; or perhaps the headword is a possessed stem.
\ref 01102
\lxam kwa:petsowa
\lxam_c kikwa:petsowa
\lxoa kwa:petsowa
\lxoa_c kikwa:petsowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans No intransitive documented to date
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to comb the hair of
\sense_s peinar a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwa:
\root pets
\qry Check for existence and meaning of intransitive form.
\semref kwa:peya:sowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01103
\lxam xoyá:k
\lxam_c xoyá:k
\lxoa xóyá:k
\lxoa_pr xoya:k
\lxoa_c xóyá:k
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans; ~Intrans (Oa)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be foul-smelling (particularly referring to the smell of ista:kyetl and pi:pitik yetl when they are ground up)
\sense_s ser apestoso (particularmente para referirse al olor de ista:kyetl y de pi:pitik yetl molido)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nikpa:pa:xoh noyew, xoyá:k pa:mpa xo:nikpapa:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I crushed my beans (on a metate), they are foul-smelling because I didn't wash them.
\phrase_s Triturémis frijoles (sobre un metate), huelen mal porque no los lavé.
\semfld smell
\root xo
\root hya:
\ency_note smells
\mod Check other bases for other smells: /pipiyâk/ etc. Perhaps construct a page in the ono section on different words referring to types of smells. Check possible subjects. ista:kyetl Cf.
note under ex entry for 3806.
\ref 01104
\lxam limo:n a:tl
\lxam_c limo:n a:tl
\lxoa limo:a:tl
\lxoa_c limo:a:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) limón
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e lemonade
\sense_s limonada
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root a:
\nae The documented possessed form of Ameyaltepec limo:na:tl is unusual in that it manifests the retention of the absolutive; see pa:tla. The
Ameyaltepec form is written as two words given that the accent falls on the final syllable a:tl.
\qry Note that in the example sentence under /-pa:tla/ I have recorded the possessed form of /limo:na:tl/; this should be checked.
\grm Oapan phonology: n>0 is common, as in /limo:a:tl/. The fact that n>0 often occurs in the environment #V suggests that this perhaps should be written as two words although
the stress pattern suggests a single word; check for velarization in Am form.
\ref 01105
\lxam ichkakukwintsi:n
\lxam_c ichkakukwintsi:n
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e type of very small grey and spotted bird, still not identified
\sense_s tipo de pájaro pequeño, salpicado de gris, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root chka
\root kwi
\notes_nature Type of very small bird that makes its nest out of light things such as cotton, hence its name. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'tentelito.'
\semref che:che:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref chiáchiá:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01106
\lxam mulah
\lxam_c mulah
\lxoa mulah
\lxoa_c mulah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan mula
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2); pl. mulas
\sense_e female mule
\sense_s mula
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld domes
\ref 01107
\lxam tlato:ktli
\lxam_c tlato:ktli
\lxoa tlato:htli
\lxoa_c tlato:htli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e plants that have have been sown by human hands (and that will later be harvested)
\sense_s plantas que han sido sembradas por manos humanas (y que van a ser cosechada después)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlapo un tlato:ktli, ma:ka mopan tlatila:wis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Open up a space around the planted plants, don't let it (the field) get overgrown on you!
\phrase_s ¡Abrele un espacio alrededor de las plantas sembradas, quéno se te vaya a cubrir de maleza!
\phrase_n O:toto:nka:wi:lo:k tlato:ktli, o:panwets toto:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The planted crops got damaged by the heat, the heat came up (out of the ground).
\phrase_s La siembra se dañópor el calor, el calor salióa la superficie de la tierra (saliendo del suelo).
\sense_e planted field
\sense_s sembradío
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Milá:h we:i tlato:ktli kipia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He really has a large planted field (i.e., he has planted a lot of seed).
\phrase_s De veras tiene un sembradío muy grande (esto es, sembrómucha semilla).
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n motlato:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You planted field looks good.
\phrase_s Se ve bien tu sembradío.
\fla tla:lto:ka
\root to:ka
\qry Check as to whether /tlato:ktli/ refers to a planted field in its entirety, or simply a planted plant (one by one). Check if any planted plant can be called /tlato:ktli/ (e.g., flowering trees
as adornments) or simply plants that have edible fruits). Check if /motlato:k/"your planted field"is correct.
\ref 01108
\lxam peto:nia
\lxam_c kipeto:nia
\lxoa peto:nia
\lxoa_c kipeto:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to unsnag (sth caught on an object)
\sense_s desprender (algo enganchado sobre algo, p. ej., algo punzante)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to unbutton
\sense_s desabrochar
\sense_d Pending
\root peto:
\xref peto:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01109
\lxam tlaichpo:chwia
\lxam_c tlaichpo:chwia
\lxoa tlaichpo:chwia
\lxoa_f [tla ich po:ch 'wi ya]
\lxoa_c tlaichpo:chwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to marry a maiden (a widowed or divorced man [S], or one who has already had a child, even if illigitimate)
\sense_s casarse con una doncella (un hombre viudo o divorciado [S], o uno que ha tenido un niño, aunque sea ilegítimo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ski plo:weh, o:tlaichpo:chwih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Even though he is poor, he (a widow, etc.) married a maiden.
\phrase_s Aunque es pobre (un viudo, etc.), se casócon una doncella.
\root chpo:ch
\nse The term tlaichpo:chwia refers to a 'publically confirmed' non-virgen man who marries a virgen woman. Although it is grammatically correct to use this as a transitive
verb with a specific object, this would not be done, since it would be rare for someone to name or directly refer to the girl who had so married. According to Florencia Marcelino
one would not use this with a specific object since most often it is used to refer to a situation or event and is considered rude to refer to a specific girl who has been so affected.
Hence for semantic reasons there is no entry in this dictionary for the transitive ? ichpo:chwia. Again, although ? te:lpo:chwiya is"understandable"as a
transitive verb (or as the intransitivized tlate:lpo:chwiya) it is also not used, given that elder widowed or divorced women do not marry young unmarried men.
\qry Check to see if only used with indefinite prefix /tla-/. If so, eliminate this entry and the x-ref. Check whether /tlate:lpo:chwia/ is a verb. If so, create entry.
\qry Check to see if only used with indefinite prefix /tla-/. If so, eliminate entry under /ichpo:chwia/ and eliminate /xrb field in this present entry.
\vl Additional tokens of this word are at ref. 3948. They should be tagged as 1109 also since 3948 has been eliminated for reference.
\ref 01110
\lxam a:ki:ltia
\lxam_c ka:ki:ltia
\lxoa a:ki:ltia
\lxoa_c ka:ki:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to put (clothes, shoes, etc.) on (sb)
\sense_s poner o vestir a (algn, con algo como zapatos, ropa, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:cha:kilti nokoto:n! Nimokukwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Put my shirt on me for me! I hurt.
\phrase_s ¡Ponme la camisa! Estoy adolorido.
\phrase_n Timitsa:kilti:s mowera:ch.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will put your sandal on for you.
\phrase_s Te voy a poner tu huarache.
\root a:k
\nae Like namakiltia , this causative verb seems to have an applicative sense. Thus na:maka : na:makiltia :: a:kia :
a:kiltia. For both verbs the secondary object of the transitive is the object that is sold (in the case of namakiltia) or worn (in the case of
a:kiltia) and the primary object (that directly marked on the verb) is the beneficiary (the person who is sold to, or the person who has something put on). For the
applicative the primary object is the benefactive, the person sold to or for, or the person dressed or who has something placed on him or her. Despite the"applicative"semantics of
these two verbs, they have both been considered causatives.
\vl Check vowel length of penultimate /i/.
\grm Causatives: Add this word to that of /na:makiltia/ which has a causative form with applicative sense; cf. Launey on this. Like namakiltia , this causative verb
seems to have an applicative sense. Thus na:maka : na:makiltia :: a:kia : a:kiltia. For both verbs the
secondary object of the transitive is the object that is sold (in the case of namakiltia) or worn (in the case of a:kiltia) and the primary object
(that directly marked on the verb) is the beneficiary (the person who is sold to, or the person who has something put on). For the applicative the primary object is the
benefactive, the person sold to or for, or the person dressed or who has something placed on him or her. Despite the"applicative"semantics of these two verbs, they have
both been considered causatives.
\xref a:kia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlaa:ki:ltia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tlá:kí:ltia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\ref 01111
\lxam ikxitla:hlo
\lxam_c i:kxitla:hlo
\lxoa ikxitla:hlo
\lxoa_c i:xitla:hlo
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-poss-yo
\infn N2
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e the dirt on ones leg or foot
\sense_s la mugre o tierra sobre la pierna o pie de uno
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:a:pochi:n mokxitla:hlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The dirt on your feet has gotten soft from being in water (e.g., from bathing, after it had hardened from a continued lack of bathing).
\phrase_s La tierra sobre tu pie se ablandópor el agua (p. ej., al bañarse después de mucho tiempo de no haberse bañado).
\root kxi
\root tla:l
\ref 01112
\lxam i:xpan
\lxam_c i:xpan
\lxoa i:xpan
\lxoa_alt i:xpan
\lxoa_c i:xpah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N(rel)
\der N-loc-poss-pan
\infn N2(rel)
\sense_e in front of
\sense_s enfrente de
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n I:xpan tlakwatoya wa:n ni: xtlakwalno:tsa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He was eating in front of him and he didn't even invite him to eat.
\phrase_s Estaba comiendo frente aél y ni lo invitaba a comer.
\root i:x
\root_rel -pan
\ref 01113
\lxam ma:pachin
\lxam_c ma:pachin
\lxoa ma:pachih
\lxoa_alt ma:pachin
\lxoa_c ma:pachih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e raccoon, known in Spanish as mapache, a borrowing from Nahuatl; according to Schoenhals (1988:587) and Leopold (1959:428) this is the species known
as Procyon lotor
\sense_s mapache; según Schoenhals (1988:587) y Leopold (1959:428) esta es la especie conocida como Procyon lotor
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld mammal
\root ma:pach
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1988:587) notes under mapache:"(Procyon lotor) 'raccoon' Has a masked face and a ringed tail. Well known for its compulsive washing of
clean food. Also called culú[Yucatán], chico, lavador, mapachín, maxtlatón, osito lavador, oso lavandero, ratón lavandero, tejón [Tabasco, Chihuahua], tejón solitario,
tlamatón."
\qry Check etymology, perhaps related to /pacho:ntik/?
\ref 01114
\lxam chachayaka
\lxam_c chachayaka
\lxoa te:chayaka
\lxoa_c te:chayaka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\trans No transitive form documented
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) (Oa)
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to make a rattling noise (documented only to describe the sound made by a rattlesnake)
\sense_s hacer un sonido como de sonaja (documentado solamente para describir el sonido de una serpiente de cascabel)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Chachayakatok ikwech te:kwa:nkowatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The rattlesnake's rattle is making a rattling sound.
\phrase_s La cascabel de una serpiente de cascabel estáhaciendo un sonido como de sonaja.
\root chaya:
\nse To date chachayaka has been noted only in reference to the sound emitted by a snake's rattle. However, given the difference in meaning from the Classical form, this
meaning should be confirmed.
\nae Although one might expect a derivation of chachayaka from a verb such as * chaya:ni, such a form has not been found. However, in Classical from the
meaning of chachayaca it is clear that it derives from chaya:wi. Thus Molina has chachayaca 'derrararse por el suelo trigo, mayz, o cosa
semejante, o caerse poco a poco la pintura de la ymagen.' And for cacayacatimani, 'estar ralas las cañas en el cañaveral, o cosa semejante.' The relationship to
chayaui is clear 'esparzirse assi trigo, o caer nieve.' The motivation for the Balsas Nahuatl meaning is unclear, therefore, and should be checked. It does, however, follow
the general tendency of frecuentatives in referring to a sound, though here one that is not transparently connected to the action of scattering (as, for example, tzotzomoca
is connected to the sound of tearing, tzomoni). Finally, note the use of the"dummy morpheme" te- in the Oapan form.
\qry Check meaning of /chachayaka/, perhpas it should be ?/chachalaka/.
\grm Frecuentatives: If /chachayaka/ proves to be correct, discuss re: Although one might expect a derivation of chachayaka from a verb such as *
chaya:ni, such a form has not been found. However, in Classical from the meaning of chachayaca it is clear that it derives from
chaya:wi. Thus Molina has chachayaca 'derrararse por el suelo trigo, mayz, o cosa semejante, o caerse poco a poco la pintura de la ymagen.'
And for cacayacatimani, 'estar ralas las cañas en el cañaveral, o cosa semejante.' The relationship to chayaui is clear 'esparzirse assi trigo, o caer
nieve.' The motivation for the Balsas Nahuatl meaning is unclear, therefore, and should be checked. It does, however, follow the general tendency of frequentatives in
referring to a sound, though here one that is not transparently connected to the action of scattering (as, for example, tzotzomoca is connected to the sound of
tearing, tzomoni).
\ref 01115
\lxam yema:nia
\lxam_c kiyema:nia
\lxoa yema:nia
\lxoa_c kiyema:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to soften (cloth, dough, clay, etc.)
\sense_s ablandar (tela, masa, barro, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikyema:ni:s notix ipan metlatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to soften up my corn dough on the metate (by grinding it again after having first taken it to a motorized grill).
\phrase_s Voy a ablandar mi masa sobre el metate (moliéndola otra vez después de haberla llevado a un molino eléctrico).
\sense_e to loosen up (e.g., earth or similar substances tightly packed together)
\sense_s aflojar (p. ej., la tierra u otras substancias parecidas, apretadas y duras)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:mantsi:n tili:ntok tla:hli, xkaman noto:ka. Newa nikyema:ni:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now the earth is hard, it's never been planted. I'm going to loosen it up (by plowing).
\phrase_s Ahora la tierra estádura, nunca se ha sembrado. Yo la voy a aflojar (con el arado).
\root yema:n
\nae The transitive yema:nia has an underlying final {ha} rather than the {ya} found in the intransitive form. Note that the documented form
yema:niliais not the transitive element of the paradigmatic series of adjectival, inchoative, causative but rather an applicative formed on the transitive
yema:nia of this present entry. Thus the transitive yema:nia in a sense functions as the equivalent to the expected but as yet undocumented
causative * yema:nilia. In a discussion several consultants from Oapan accepted both kiyema:nia tla:hli and kiyema:nilia tla:hli. For
Jeremías Cabrera the form kiyema:nia tla:hli sounded slightly strange, but acceptable, probably given that the form yema:nia is the intransitive. See entry
under yema:nilia as a V3.
\xref yema:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\semref yema:nilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01116
\lxam tepano:hli
\lxam_c tepano:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e stepping-stones (e.g., those placed in a shallow part of a stream so that people can cross)
\sense_s piedras colocadas en las partes poco profundas de un arroyo para que la gente lo cruze
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Onkah tepano:hli, wel tipano:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There are stepping-stones, you'll be able to cross.
\phrase_s Hay piedras colocadas para cruzar el arroyo, vas a poder atravesar.
\root te
\root pano:
\semref tepano:ltetl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 01117
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /tlatla:lwa:xtsi:n/ but it has been deleted as a duplicate.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 01118
\lxam no:ntilia
\lxam_c kino:ntilia
\lxoa no:ntilia
\lxoa_c kino:ntilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to leave mute, unable to speak; to leave dumbstruck (and unable to speak)
\sense_s dejar mudo; asombrar tanto que se quede mudo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:kino:ntilih, xo:wel o:tlatoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It left him dumbstruck, he was unable to speak.
\phrase_s Lo dejómudo de asombro, no podía hablar.
\root no:n
\qry With this verb and others containing the root /no:n/, determine the nature of the muteness... how long, what caused by, etc.
\ref 01119
\lxam itlah
\lxam_alt tlah
\lxam_c itlah
\lxoa itlah
\lxoa_c itlah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(indef)
\der Pr-indef
\sense_e (or itlah tli:non) something
\sense_s (o itlah tli:non) algo; una cosa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Itlah mitsihlia?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Is he saying something to you?
\phrase_s ¿Te ha dicho algo?
\phrase_n Xok itlah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is none left anymore.
\phrase_s Ya no hay.
\phrase_n Xok itlah katkah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There wasn't any more.
\phrase_s Ya no había nada.
\phrase_n Itlah tli:no:n mitsamana?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Is something bothering you?
\phrase_s ¿Te molesta una cosa (algo)?
\phrase_n O:kimiktikeh para ma:ka tlah kito:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They killed him so that he wouldn't say anything.
\phrase_s Lo mataron para que no dijera nada.
\phrase_n Ma:ka itlah tikihli:s, kipia iokich.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't say anything to her (i.e., in trying to court her), she has a husband.
\phrase_s No le digas nada (para cortejarla), tiene esposo.
\phrase_n San timokwe:kwepa, nochipa itlah tikelka:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You just go back and forth time and time again (i.e., leaving the house and then returning several times), there is always something that you have forgotten.
\phrase_s Nada más sales y regresas una y otra vez (esto es, dejando y después regresando a casa), siempre hay algo que se te olvida.
\sense_e (Neg.: xtlah or xitlah) nothing
\sense_s (Neg.: xtlah o xitlah) nada
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xtlah noka:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There's nothing left.
\phrase_s No queda nada.
\phrase_n A:mantsi:n xitlah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Right now there isn't any.
\phrase_s Ahorita, no hay nada.
\phrase_n Yo:nikwa:pa:ya:t, melá:h yo:nitoto:niak, xok itlah niknemilia nikchi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've gotten woozy, I've really gotten a fever, I no longer think of doing anything.
\phrase_s Ya me puse atarantado, me dio mucha fiebre, ya no pienso en hacer nada.
\sense_e (xtlah para) to be no used for (not good for) anything
\sense_s (xtlah para) no servir para nada
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wetskiswa:xin, tla:ki kware:smah, febre:roh. Wel nokwa. Pipitsa:wak ikowyo, xtlah para.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The wetskiswa:xin , it bears fruit during the dry season, in February. It (the fruit) is edible. It's wood (trunk and branches) is thin, it's not used for anything.
\phrase_s El wetskiswa:xin , rinde su fruta en la temporada de secas, en febrero. Es (su fruta) comestible. Su madera es muy delgada, no sirve para nada.
\sense_e (xtlah tli:non) see itlah tli:non
\sense_s (xtlah tli:non) véase itlah tli:non
\sense_d Pending
\root itlah
\nse A times the simple use of itlah has a"negative"implication or sense, as in itlah mitsihlia? 'has he said something to you?' in the sense of something
said which might well have been unpleasant. Similar use is found in both English and Spanish"Did he say anything to you?"or"Te dijo algo?"Finally, note that the difference (if there is
one) between xtlah and xitlah is unclear and needs further investigation; the former is much more common
\nae In one phrase noted above tlah was definitely uttered. This was clear in the speech of Honorio de la Rosa although his father, Juan de la Rosa, did not drop the initial
/i/. It did not seem that Don Juan's utterance was careful speech but, rather, that it was the age difference that may have been significant in the distinct speech pattern.
\qry Determine difference between /xtlah/ and /xitlah/ as in /xtlah noka:wa/ and /xitlah noka:wa/. Perhaps /xok itlah/ is a single word; cf. syllable division: xo.kí.tlah. Note that although
/xitlah/ is occassionally used much, much more common is /xtlah/; the former might be emphatic; check.
\semref ke:tla
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref xokitlah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref xokwitlah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01120
\lxam a:ti:satl
\lxam_cpend *a:ti:satl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e water mixed with ti:satl , used as a remedy
\sense_s agua mezclada con ti:satl , empleada como remedio
\sense_d Am
\fla ti:satl
\root a:
\root ti:sa
\qry Determine what type of remedy. Make sure possession is acceptable, as indicated.
\ref 01121
\lxam a:toto:ni:lwia
\lxam_c ka:toto:ni:lwia
\lxoa a:to:ni:lwia
\lxoa_f [a: to: ni:l 'wi a]
\lxoa_c ka:to:ni:lwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V-d-wia
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to throw hot water on (particularly an animal to scare it away);
\sense_s echar agua caliente sobre (particularmente un animal para espantar y ahuyentarlo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to put or bathe in scalding water; to pour scalding water over (e.g., a chicken before plucking it)
\sense_s meter o bañar en agua hirviendo; vertir agua muy caliente sobre (p. ej., un pollo antes de desplumarla)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xka:toto:ni:lwi un pio para tikuwitlas iwiyo!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pour scalding water on that chicken so that you can pluck its feathers!
\phrase_s ¡échale agua caliente a ese pollo para que puedas desplumarlo!
\phrase_n Oksepa katoto:nilwi:skeh un nakatl de pio pa:mpa okwihloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Again they're going to pour scalding water over that piece of chicken because it has gotten worms.
\phrase_s Otra vez van a echarle agua hirviendo a este pedazo de pollo porque tiene gusanos.
\root a:
\root to:na
\nae The absence of stem reduplication in the Oapan word a:to:nilwia is not expected, although the same absence is noted in the nominal form a:to:nihli. There
is no apparent reflex of any type of reduced reduplication in the verbal compound given that the preceding syllable (of an incorporated noun) has a long vowel and no pitch accent
was noted (as would be expected given that in no dialects does the sequence toto:n- manifest a coda {h} in the first syllable). A similar situation was noted in
Ameyaltepec a:tsetselwia and Oapan á:tselwia.
\grmx Reduplication; Oapan The absence of stem reduplication in the Oapan word a:to:nilwia is not expected, although the same absence is noted in the nominal
form a:to:nihli. There is no apparent reflex of any type of reduced reduplication in the verbal compound given that the preceding syllable (of an incorporated
noun) has a long vowel and no pitch accent was noted (as would be expected given that in no dialects does the sequence toto:n- manifest a coda {h} in the first
syllable). A similar situation was noted in Ameyaltepec a:tsetselwia and Oapan á:tselwiya. See full discussion under
a:tsetselwia.
\ref 01122
\lxam kamana:leh
\lxam_c kamana:leh
\lxoa kamana:leh
\lxoa_c kamana:leh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-posr-eh
\infn N1
\sense_e jokester (particularly sb who is always teasing and joking around with words, saying what is not true in order to see peoples reactions); person who fools around, playing
practical jokes
\sense_s vacilón; vacilador (particularmente algn quien siempre vacila y juega con palabras, diciendo lo que no es verdad para ver reacciones); persona que siempre
estábromeando y vacilando
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yewa xmasto xkipia tlawe:hli, ke:n kamana:leh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Be well aware of the fact that he doesn't easily get angered, he's a joker.
\phrase_s Sepa bien que no es muy bravo, es un bromista de a de veras.
\root kamana:l
\qry Check for noun form /kamana:hli/.
\ref 01123
\lxam tsonakatik
\lxam_c tsonakatik
\lxoa tsonakatik
\lxoa_c tsonakatik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-der-tik
\sense_e to be off to the side or leaning; to not be upright; to be crooked
\sense_s estar chueco; no estar parado derecho; estar al lado o por el lado
\sense_d Oa
\fla tsonaka
\root tsonaka
\ref 01124
\lxam ye:hka:tlato:hli
\lxam_c ye:hka:tlato:hli
\lxoa ye:hká:tlató:hli
\lxoa_c ye:hká:tlató:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound S-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e correct speech; pleasing words
\sense_s habla o discurso correcto; palabras placenteras
\sense_d Pending
\root ye:k;
\nae The ambiguous status of ye:ktli is reflected in ye:hka:tlato:hli , which suggests the incorporation of a deverbal adjectival ? ye:hki or
some other participial form. However, the basic form is nominal ye:ktli and indeed most other incorporations are of the nominal stem ye:k. This is clear
from the many incorporated forms found in Classical, e.g, Molina has yecchichiua, yecnemilice, yecnequi, yecnonotza, yecquetza, and yecteneua, among
others. The only case of yecca is yeccacuica. ni 'cantar bien y suavamente.' RS has yeccacuicatl 'canto agradable, armonioso.' These are the only
examples found so far of incorporated yecca-. Note, also, that Molina has yectlatoltoca. nino. 'presumir que acierta en quanto dize' and RS has
yectlatolli 'palabra recta, suave, cuatelosa' and yectlatoltica '(Olm.). con palabras dulzonas, fingidas.' Given the absence of a clear derivational process for
ye:hka:tlato:hli t he compound has simply been coded as Stem + Noun.
\ref 01125
\lxam ko:tsi:ltik
\lxam_c ko:tsi:ltik
\lxoa ko:tsi:ltik
\lxoa_c ko:tsi:ltik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be twisted so that tight coils form (in a rope, thread, etc.)
\sense_s estar enroscado (un lazo, hilo, etc.) tanto que se forman algo como nudos o roscas apretadas)
\sense_d Pending
\root ko:tsi:l
\qry Check etymology and possible relation to /tetsi:liwi/ meaning also twisted. Finally, check semantic difference between /tetsi:ltik/ and /ko:tsiltik/.
\ref 01126
\lxam tlawa:hka:n
\lxam_c tlawa:hka:n
\lxoa tlawa:hka:n
\lxoa_alt tlawa:hka:h
\lxoa_c tlawa:hka:h
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla-ka:n
\infn N1(N2-tla)
\sense_e ground or area that is dry or has gotten dry (e.g., land that after a heavy rain has been exposed to a strong sun)
\sense_s área o lugar seco, o que se ha secado (p. ej., un terreno que despues de una lluvia quedóexpuesto a un fuerte sol)
\sense_d Pending
\root wa:k
\root_rel -ka:n
\nse Tlawa:hka:n refers to an area of the ground, and not to a dry or dried material object. It is not clear at this point whether the reference is particularly to an area
that has recently become dry after having been wet, or whether it can reference an area (such as a desert) that is habitually and continually dry.
\qry Check whether this can refer to a dry place or only a place that has become dry/dried.
\semref tlapa:stika:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01127
\lxam kekeltik
\lxam_c kekeltik
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to be ticklish
\sense_s ser cosquilloso o cosquilludo
\sense_d Am
\root kel
\semref kekeleh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref kekeleh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01128
\lxam kamacha:lowa
\lxam_c kamacha:lowa
\lxoa kamacha:lowa
\lxoa_c kamacha:lowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to open ones mouth wide
\sense_s abrir la boca bien grande
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xwel nikamacha:lowa pa:mpa ne:chkukwa nokamak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I can't open my mouth wide because my mouth hurts.
\phrase_s No puede abrir bien la boca porque me duele.
\sense_e to split open (a hard surface, such as a cliff); to come open or split apart (e.g., the front of ones sandals that are tacked or sewn together, or other things glued together,
often in such a way that a part that can be metaphorically considered a"mouth"opens up)
\sense_s abrirse (una superficie dura, como un risco); separarse dejando (algo que se descose o se despega, como la punta de la suela de huaraches, a menduo de tal manera que
se abre una parte que metaforicamente se puede considerar una"boca")
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:kamacha:loh un ne:nkah osto:tl. Xihkón katka, pero a:man kwa:k chika:wak o:tla:loli:n, o:tlapo:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The surface of that cliff split open. It wasn't that way, but now after a strong earthquake, it opened up.
\phrase_s La superficie de este risco se agr ietó. No era así, pero ahora que temblófuerte se abrió.
\phrase_n Nokal o:kamacha:loh, o:kitsaya:nih tla:loli:nalistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The wall of my house split open, an earthquake caused it to fissure.
\phrase_s La pared de mi casa se abriódejando un hueco, la hendióun terremoto.
\phrase_n Yo:kamacha:loh nowera:ch, xohkipia iklabi:tos.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The end of my sandal opened up, it doesn't have its tacks anymore.
\phrase_s La punta de mi huarache se abrió, ya no tiene sus grapitas.
\root kama
\root cha:l
\nae Tentatively I have found that the /a:/ of the third syllable is long and it has been so marked in this verbal entry and all related forms. However, in the nominal
kamachalko and kamachaleh the same vowel appears short in most forms that I have elicited. This needs further research with sound sampling
equipment that might resolve this paradox.
\vl Check vowel length: The /a:/ of the third syllabe is definitely long. Nevertheless, it appears that in clear related forms, kamachalko and
kamachaleh , the /a/ in the third syllabel is definitely short.
\xref kamacha:lo:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01129
\lxam ma:sasa:l
\lxam_c ma:sasa:l
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s; Op. te- : ma:tesasa:l
\infa pl. masasa:lmeh
\sense_e to be clumsy, slow and not very good with ones hands
\sense_s ser torpe, lenta y no muy bueno con las manos
\sense_d Am
\root ma:
\root sa:l
\qry I have recorded this twice, one as /ma:sasa:l/ and once as /ma:sasal/, each time stating that the second vowel has been checked. The vowel length should therefore be checked. Note
that if derived from /sa:liwi/, one would expect a long vowel. Check other body parts that might be followed by /sasa:l/.
\vl Vowel length of Am form.
\ref 01130
\lxam -pa:mpa
\lxam_c nopa:mpa
\lxoa -pa:mpa
\lxoa_cpend nopa:mpa
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\psm N(rel)
\der Rel-poss-sim
\infn N2(rel)
\sense_e in the stead of; for
\sense_s de parte de; por
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tla:k pa:mpa ipa:mpa yo:tlato:lo:k.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 01130_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 2002_08_06_CF1.wav | 7:47
\phrase_n Nopa:mpa tekiti pa:mpa xna:k, tla:mo ne:chtsakwaskian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He works in my stead because I'm not around, if he hadn't (done this), they would have locked me up.
\phrase_s Trabaja de mi parte porque no estoy, si no (lo hubiera hecho), me hubieran encarcelado.
\phrase_n Nopa:mpa nemi te:tla:lpan pa:mpa nikte:wi:kilia:ya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He (e.g., a family member, a close friend, etc.) is working in my stead in other people's fields because I owed it (in this case labor) to people.
\phrase_s Estátrabajando (p. ej., un miembro de la familia, un amigo cercano, etc.) de mi parte en terrenos ajenos porque debía (en este caso trabajo) a la gente.
\root pa:mpa
\nae Several acoustic measurements have strongly suggested that the initial /a:/ is long. In my original notes I stated that in the speech of Luis Lucena (Am) the /a:/ of
pa:mpa is definitely long. However, it appears that in San Francisco Ozomatlán the given the comparative evidence from all other dialects (which manifest a short /a/)
this needs to be carefully checked. If the vowel is indeed found to be long, the word should be corrected in all transcriptions and example sentences. I
\vl Check vowel length and standardize in all entries, as vl varies in my transcriptions/notes.
\ref 01131
\lxam -pih
\lxam_c topi:pih; nopih
\lxoa -pih
\lxoa_c topi:pih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N0/1/2; Aln(0=2)
\sense_e (topih + [personal name]) señora [personal name of an elder woman]
\sense_s (topih + [nombre personal]) señora [nombre personal de una mujer mayor de edad]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikmakas topih Juana.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will give it to doña Juana.
\phrase_s Se lo voy a dar a doña Juana.
\sense_e (topi:pih) reference term for an adult village woman of advanced age (who is referred to but not addressed directly with this term)
\sense_s (topi:pih) término para referencia mujeres adultas del pueblo, de una edad avanzada
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:mik se: topi:pih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e An elder woman from our village died.
\phrase_s Se murióuna mujer adulta de nuestro pueblo.
\sense_e (pi:pih or nopih) vocative for adult women of relatively advanced age
\sense_s (pi:pih o nopih) vocativo para mujeres adultas de una edad relativamente avanzada
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ka:n tiaw pi:pih?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where are you going doña?
\phrase_s ¿Dónde vas doña?
\phrase_n Nopih, xtlah chi:hli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Señora, there's no chile!
\phrase_s ¡Señora, no hay chile!
\root pih
\nse Topih is most commonly placed as a type of title before the names of certain older women of the pueblo, and is more or less equivalent to Spanish"doña."Apparently
it can be used as an address term, though is rarely so employed. In Oapan the free-standing use of topih was ruled not acceptable by various speakers; in
Ameyaltepec speakers accepted it, but it is rarely so used. Rather, pi:pih and nopih are so used. Thus it varies from we:weh , which
may be used before names (e.g., We:weh Juan) or as a greeting (e.g., Ka:n tiaw we:weh?. In its use as an address term it we:weh
therefore differs from topih , which is almost exclusively used before proper names. In Ameyaltepec topih can apparently also be used by either men
or women as an address term for older women, as in Ka:n tiaw topih? 'Where are you going doña? In this sense it is equivalent to either nopih or
pi:pih , thoug h much les s common. When the long vowel reduplicated form is possessed with to (it cannot be possessed by any other element), the
result is a reference term: se: topi:pih ya:s 'A lady from our village will go.'
\nae The root -pih unreduplicated is found only in two possessed forms: nopih as an address term, and topih as a title
preceding a first name. The reduplicated form pi:pih is also used as an address term that is virtually equivalent to nopih. Finally,
topi:pih is used as a reference (much like towe:weh in Ameyaltepec and toma:noh in Oapan) to refer to an elder person in the
village, here a woman.
\grm Reduplication with long vowels: Note that terms of address and titles utilize long vowel reduplication. Thus from /-pih/ one obtains the vocative /pi:pih/, and the reference
term /topi:pih/. Note also that /we:weh/ can be used as a title (though rarely) and more often as a reference: /towe:weh/.
\qry Recheck whether this /topih/ is correct for Oapan. During the workshops all speakers denied the correctness of /topih/ as a free-standing form, giving instead /topi:pih/. However, I
forget to ask whether /topih/ is correct before a woman's name.
\ref 01132
\lxam chi:ltekpin
\lxam_c chi:ltekpin
\lxoa chi:ltehpin
\lxoa_c chi:ltehpin
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e type of very small, spicy chile
\sense_s tipo de chile pequeño y muy picoso
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e bush that bears the chile of this name
\sense_s arbusto que da el chile de este nombre
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root chi:l
\root tekp
\ency_note chi:hli
\qry Check type of chile: translation.
\ref 01133
\lxam i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal
\lxam_c i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound (N-N)-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to have a balding forehead wtih a high or receding hairline
\sense_s tener la frente calvo por tener las entradas pronunciadas
\sense_d Am
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\root petla:
\ency_note balding
\semref i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:tsotsoltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:tetsolak
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref i:xkwa:pets
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01134
\lxam suwa:koto:ntli
\lxam_c suwa:koto:ntli
\lxoa siwa:koto:ntli
\lxoa_c siwa:koto:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) algodón
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e short-sleeved woman's blouse; older women often wear a sa:kohover it, though younger women might use a besti:dohinstead of a
sowa:koto:ntli and skirt (kwe:tli)
\sense_s blusa de manga corta para mujeres; a veces las mujeres de edad avanzada se visten un sa:koharriba del suwa:koto:ntli aunque las
más jóvenes a menudo se ponen un besti:dohen lugar de un suwa:koto:ntli y falda (kwe:tli)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld clothing
\root sowa:
\ency_note women's wear
\ref 01135
\lxam ikxipil weyak
\lxam_c i:kxipil weyak
\lxoa ixipil weyak
\lxoa_alt ixipil wiyak
\lxoa_c i:xipil wiyak, i:xipil wiyak
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N2
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e second toe (next to the big toe)
\sense_s dedo largo del pie (junto al dedo gordo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root kxi
\root pil
\root weya
\nse My original data had ikxipil weyak as the obligatorily possessed term for big toe. This is essentially a possessed noun (nokxipil) followed by a modifier
(weyak). However, here there appears to be another form with an incorporated noun, an example of possessor raising. An example of this use was given by
Florencia Marcelino, who gave nixipil wiyak for the first person. This is apparently best analyzed as possessor raising incorporation, i.e., the incorporated form of
wiyak noxipil in which the possessor is"raised"to subject and the possessed noun is incorporated into an adjectival predicate. Thus another entry has been created:
ixipilwiyakas an adjectival predicate.
\vl There are 4 additional tokens from 04602. These should be tagged as 1135 and the two links (F and M) should be chosen from the tokens recorded at 4602. The female link
should be the first from 4602, the male should be the second.
\ref 01136
\lxam tekole:wi
\lxam_c tekole:wi
\lxoa tekole:wi
\lxoa_c tekole:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\trans No transitive form documented
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become red-hot (particularly metals such as iron; see Oapan synonym tekoltia)
\sense_s calentarse hasta estar al rojo vivo (particularmente metales como el fierro; véase sinónimo en Oapan tekoltia)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Yo:xo:tlak, o:tekole:w un tepostli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's gotten real hot, that piece of metal has turned red-hot.
\phrase_s Se calentómucho, ese metal se puso al rojo vivo.
\sense_e to turn bright red (e.g., a fruit such as a wild plum when overripe)
\sense_s volverse rojo vivo (p. ej., una fruta como ciruela al estar pasada de madura)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:pe:w tetekole:wi, yo:chi:chi:liw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's started to turn bright red, it's already reddened (a ripening fruit).
\phrase_s Ya empezóa quedar color de rojo vivo, ya enrojeció(una fruta madurándose).
\sense_e to get burned (e.g., meat cooked directly on coals)
\sense_s quemarse (p. ej., carne cocida directamente sobre las brasas)
\sense_d Oa
\root tekol
\nse An important question concerns the possible subjects of the intransitive verb tekole:wi , particularly when it refers to glowing red-hot. According to Luis Lucena metal
can be the subject of this verb, but wood cannot. The sense of tekole:wi is quite distinct in Oapan, where it is used only to indicate the burning of things cooked
directly on fires. For things becoming red hot the verb tekoltiais used.
\grm Alt verbs with /-e:wi/: All verbs that end in /e:wi/ should be analyzed. My memory suggests that many such verbs deal with questions of color, and becoming of a certain
color. Thus one has /chi:chi:le:wi/ (also /chi:chi:liwi/), /tli:le:wi/ (also /tli:liwi/), and now in this entry /tekole:wi/ (I have no information as to whether /tekoliwi/ is a
\ref 01137
\lxam Juan Die:goh*
\lxam_c Juan Die:goh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan Juan Diego
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e type of bird still not identified
\sense_s tipo de pájaro todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\ref 01138
\lxam sahkón
\lxam_alt saihkón
\lxam_c sahkón
\lxoa sahkón
\lxoa_alt sahkión
\lxoa_c sahkión
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm Adv-manner
\der Adv-man
\sense_e just in that way; just like that
\sense_s así; asínada más o nomás
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Sahkón kihlian, teh!
\phrase_d Am
\src_p DT1:004
\phrase_e Well, that's just the way they call it!
\phrase_s ¡Asínomás le dicen, pues!
\phrase_n Sahkón!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just that way, nothing else (i.e., that's the end of the discussion)!
\phrase_s ¡Asíde esa manera nomás (esto es, ya no vamos a discutir)!
\root sa
\root hki
\root on
\nse The adverbial ihkón is used to reference a particular way, such as a particular way that something should be done. Thus in watching someone, such as a student,
perform a certain task, the teacher might say: ihkón indicating that the task had been correctly carried out. However, the use of sa presents a
slightly different perspective. Sahkón seems to suggest that the actor or performer would continue in a certain way, and the person who utters" sahkón
"would be warning that person not to continue. It is thus used often to end a discussion or argument. Thus whereas ihkón might be translated as 'Like that!' the form
sahkón would be more akin to 'Just like that (don't go any further)!' and carries the weight of a slight warning to the addressee that no further steps should be taken. It
can also be used when a person wants to end a conversation in general: Sahkón ma timokaka:waka:n, ma tikochika:n 'Let's leave it at that, let's go to sleep.' The
form sahkón can also be used to indicate that something is done for no good reason: Sahkón kihlian ma:ski xkon i:to:ka 'That's what they call him even
though that is not his name (and the name has stuck).' However, the form sa:hkón also exists. Thus Sa:hkón wa:hlaw, yo:li:k, yo:siaw 'He's just
coming like that, slowly, he's tired.' As with sa:hkiit indicates a reduced state. Thus Sa:hkón o:timoka:w, xtlah tikpia 'You just wound up like
that, you don't have anything.' Note that one can also say, as an example of the difference between the two forms: Sahkón xkihli, itekiw sa:hkón kino:tsan 'Just call
him like that, indeed that's what they call him.' The first form, sahkón is used to indicate something like the Spanish equivalent of 'nomás así' (i.e., simply, in no other
way); the second term, sa:hkón is used to ind icate that the person's name has been reduced to that, i.e., a nickname, etc. In other w o r ds, sa:hkón
kihlian or sa:hkón kino:tsan indicates that he is no longer called by his name, but only by his nickname. Another example of a minimal contrast could be with
sahkón tinemi and sa:hkón tinemi. In the first one could add, sa:hkón tinemi, tipaxia:lotinemi 'That's just the way you live, you go around
visiting (i.e., you don't do anything else but)! In the second case, one could add sa:hkón tinemi, xokitlah tikpia tomi:n , 'You've been reduced to living like that, you
don't have any money anymore!' In this case the usage of sa:hkón indicates a reduced state, that the subject has wound up in a certain position or situation.
\qry Check vowel length of /sayhkó:n/ as well as whether it is different from /sa: ihkó:n/ and /sahkón/, if any. I had some entries as /sayhkó:n/; check. Note that the difference with
/sahkón/, if any, is unclear. If there is, then this should not be considered a synonym.
\qry Check vowel length of /sahkó:n/ as well as whether it is different from /sa: ihkó:n/. I had some entries as /sa:hkón/ and others as /sa:hkó:n/. Note that the difference with /sayhkón/, if
any, is unclear. If there is, then this should not be considered a synonym.
\qry_fon Check Oapan pitch-accent and vowel length. I have heard several pronunciations in general. Note that some seem to usean /i/, as in /sayhkon/.
\mod Make sure that if there is a sound file for entry 3281, this should be linked here.
\vl There are tokens for this form at 3821, an entry that has had its Oapan form deleted. The tokens from 3821 will be given ref. numbers of 1138.
\semref sahkí:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref sahkíi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01139
\lxam mihka:petlatl
\lxam_c mihka:petlatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Part-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e woven straw mat used to wrap up the dead for burial (for those too poor to have a coffin)
\sense_s petate utilizado para envolver a los muertos por el entierro (para los que no tienen los recursos para un ataúd)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e (wetsi ke:n ~) to fall with a thud; to fall down hard
\sense_s (wetsi ke:n ~) caer a la tierra con fuerza, con estrépito
\sense_d Am
\root miki
\root petla
\ref 01140
\lxam chikitoliwi
\lxam_c chikitoliwi
\lxoa chikowitoliwi
\lxoa_c chikowitoliwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp PM-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become crooked or bent (particularly long, straight objects such as rods, sticks, thin beams)
\sense_s enchuecarse, torcerse o doblarse (particularmente objetos largos y derechos, como varas y vigas delgadas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:chikitoliw mochikol. Xpilowili tetl para ma mela:wi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your chicol has gotten crooked. Hang rocks from the bottom of it (after hanging the chikol by one end to a tall tree) so that it straightens out!
\phrase_s Tu chicol se enchuecó.¡Cuélgale piedras por un extremo (después de haber colgado el chicol al atar un extremo en lo alto de unárbol) para que se enderece!
\root chiki
\root tol
\ency_note pachowa
\nae The Ameyaltepec and Oapan forms are clearly cognate although the basis for the initial chikowi- sequence in Oapan is unclear. Whether or not this is standard across all
speakers is also not certain and needs to be checked. However, the use of chiki- is not uncommon: chikipe:ltik ; chikino:liwi and
derivatives. Note that although Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez spontaneously gave chikowitoliwi as equivalent to Ameyaltepec chikitoliwi
they often denied the acceptability of forms such as Ameyaltepec chikitoltik (giving instead chikino:ltik) and chikitolowa (giving instead
chikino:lowa). Thus the possibility that this entry, chikowitoliwi is in error should be considered.
\semref tolowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01141
\lxam o:ya
\lxam_c ko:ya
\lxoa o:ya
\lxoa_c ko:ya
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(y)
\sense_e to shell maize
\sense_s desgranar maíz
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nitlao:xtok ika pio:nes.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am shelling maize with some hired helpers.
\phrase_s Estoy desgranando maíz con unos peones.
\phrase_n O:niko:x nosin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I shelled my maize.
\phrase_s Desgranémi maíz.
\root o:ya
\nse The verb o:ya is most often used with the nonspecific object tla-. The way in which the maize is shelled is signified by reduplication. If a
shelling"stone"made of corn cobs (o:lo:tetl in Ameyaltepec and teo:lo:tl) is used then the unreduplicated form is used, in both villages. However, if
shelling is done by hands, a reduplicated form is used. In Oapan the verb root is reduplicated, causing it to acquire high pitch given that it is a word-initial long vowel (i.e.,
tlaó:yá 'he shells maize with his hands'). In Ameyaltepec reduplication occurs on the tla- prefix (i.e., tlatlao:ya 'he shells maize with his hands').
The reduplication is apparently used to reflect the fact that the action with ones hands is repeated many times.
\qry Check to see if the same meaning associated with reduplication occurs in Ameyaltepec; in this case one would have /tlaoo:ya/ 'to shell maize with ones hands.' Recheck that Am has
/tlatlao:ya./ NB.
\grmx Reduplication: The verb o:ya is most often used with the nonspecific object tla-. The way in which the maize is shelled is signified by
reduplication. If a shelling"stone"made of corn cobs (o:lo:tetl in Ameyaltepec and teo:lo:tl) is used then the unreduplicated form is used, in
both villages. However, if shelling is done by hands, a reduplicated form is used. In Oapan the verb root is reduplicated, causing it to acquire high pitch given that it is a
word-initial long vowel (i.e., tlaó:yá 'he shells maize with his hands'). In Ameyaltepec reduplication occurs on the tla- prefix (i.e.,
tlatlao:ya 'he shells maize with his hands'). The reduplication is apparently used to reflect the fact that the action with ones hands is repeated many times.
\semref tsi:ntla:tlaka:lowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref o:ilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01142
\lxam pitsa:hka:nkaxa:nia
\lxam_c kipitsa:hka:nkaxa:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-2a
\trans No intransitive has been documented.
\sense_e to give a backache to (at the lower back, e.g., by aggressively tossing sb person around)
\sense_s lastimar o hacer doler la espalda a (particularmente por la parte inferior, por la cintura, p. ej., al agitar a algn violentemente)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:ne:chkwetla:nih chika:wak un ma:choh, lige:roh o:nokwetla:tsoh. O:ne:chpitsa:hka:nkaxa:nih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That mule gave me a hard jerk, it suddenly turned and twisted. It gave me backache.
\phrase_s Ese macho me sacudióbruscamente, de repente se brincóy se sacudió. Me lastimóla cintura.
\root pitsa:
\root kaxa:
\root_rel -ka:n
\semref tlakotia:nkaxa:nia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01143
\lxam tsokwile:wi
\lxam_c tsokwile:wi
\lxoa tsókwilé:wi
\lxoa_pr tsokwile:wi
\lxoa_c tsókwilé:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to become filthy; to become really dirty and disgusting
\sense_s estar o quedar mugriento; quedar asqueroso
\sense_d Pending
\root tsohkwil
\qry Get more precise definition.
\vl Check for p-a in Oapan dialect. If there is a pitch accent it should be written in the headword; if not, remove /pa yes field.
\semref tsokwiliwi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tsókwilíwi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01144
\lxam a:kotoka
\lxam_c ka:kotoka
\lxoa ákotokówa
\lxoa_pr akotokowa
\lxoa_c kákotokówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-PM-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to go upriver against the current, walking, swimming, or in a small boat
\sense_s ir río arriba, caminando, nadando, o en una lancha
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nika:kotokak ipan la:nchah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I went upstream in a small boat.
\phrase_s Fuírío arriba en una lancha.
\phrase_n Xka:kotoka!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go upstream!
\phrase_s ¡Ve río arriba!
\semfld motion
\root a:
\root ahko
\root toka
\nae The etymology of a:kotoka or a:kotokowa is uncertain and needs to be carefully considered. One would expect a derivation including
a:-(the root for 'water'). Or, considering that in Ameyaltepec underlying or historical {ah} sequences seem to yield a long vowel, one might expect simply the
element ahko meaning 'high up' (as in a:kotlachia 'to look upward'). The final element, toka'to follow,' seems considerably more
transparent. The Ameyaltepec word could, therefore, be either {a: + ahko + toka} or simply {ahko + toka}, with ahko signifying 'upriver.' However, if the element
ahko is part of the compound, one would expect pitch-accent in the Oapan version, which according to my initial notes is not present. This word should be rechecked
for pitch accent and the cognates in other dialects (e.g., San Juan Tetelcingo) should be elicited. Also problematical is the -owa ending for the Oapan term. Often this
ending is found with int ransitive verbs that were originally o-final and intransitive (e.g., Classical pano and Balsas panowa). But
a:kotokowa is transitive. Note, finally, that a:kotoka has been documented only with the 3rd-person singular object marker k-.
\qry The first vowel, it is definitely long and may be used in elicitation to compare with other derivatives using /ahko/, probably result from /a:/ of /a:tl/ plus /ahko/. Cf. note with
/akopilowa/. In Oapan the form /-akotokowa/ is used (check pitch pattern). This verb might be used only with third person singular object, this should be checked. Also to be
checked is the referent of this object. It might just well be that the etymology is simply {ahko + toka} and that the object is the river, with the meaning being 'to follow (toka) upward
(ahko)' with the implied object. Cf. here also the /kakoistok iti/ and the question of the referent of the object marker /k-/.
\vl Check for p-a in Oapan form. If it is there, add /pa yes field.
\qry_h a:kotoka
\ref 01145
\lxam temetsakia
\lxam_c kitemetsakia
\lxoa temetsakia
\lxoa_c kitemetsakia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to pound with ones fist on (if on a person, usually on the thigh or upper arm, although other places are possible as well)
\sense_s golpear con el puño (si a una persona, generalmente los golpes son sobre el muslo o brazo superior, aunque puede ser también en otros lugares)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:xte:temetsakih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He repeatedly pounded on me with his fist.
\phrase_s Me golpeócon el puño repetidas veces.
\phrase_n O:kitetemetsakih, ma kintlapo ikxiwa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He pounded her thighs repeatedly with his fist (in this case during a rape) so that she would open her legs.
\phrase_s Le golpeócon su puño repetidas veces sobre el muslo (en este caso durante una violación) para que abriera sus piernas.
\root temets
\root ak
\nse The difference between long and short vowel reduplication seems to be the nature of the sequence of pounding: deliberate and repetitive with long vowel reduplication, hurridly and
repeatedly with short vowel reduplication.
\nse The etymology of temetsakia is obscure. The sequence temets might refer to the root for 'lead' (in Molina given as temetztli), in which
case te might be part of the stem. Much less likely is that the stem would be metsak. An additional possibility is that mets represents the root for
thigh and akia is the verbal stem that Molina glosses as 'trasponerárboles, hincar estacas, o meter algo en agujero.' In this case te- might well be the intensifier
or the root for stone. This interpretation has been used for the root analysis. This etymology would be in accord with one definition, from the original sentence I had noted, of 'to
pound (with a fist) on the thigh' (see the example sentence above). Later, consultants mentioned that this action (of hitting with a fist) could be applied to other parts of the body,
particularly the upper arm. It might be that the core definition involves the thigh, root: mets , and the extende d definiti on i ncludes reference to other similar (fleshy
limbs) parts of the body. However, the fact that a repeated action employs the reduplicated form o:kitetemetsakih in which it is the te- that is reduplicated,
confirms suggests that it is part of the stem and not an intensifier, although it might still represent the stem for 'stone.'
\qry Check difference between long and short vowel reduplication.
\ref 01146
\lxam kwa:tepasolowa
\lxam_c kikwa:tepasolowa
\lxoa kwa:tépasolówa
\lxoa_pr kwa:tepasolowa
\lxoa_c kikwa:tépasolówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi[e]
\lexical Op. te-
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to dishevel or entangle the hair of
\sense_s despeinar, desarreglar o desgreñar el cabello de
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ma:ka xne:chkwa:tepasolo. San tine:chkwa:titila:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't mess up my hair (in this case said by a female who had her hair nicely braided)! You're just pulling down hard on my hair.
\phrase_s ¡No me despeines! (en este caso dicho por una mujer que tenía su pelo bien arreglado con trenzas)! Nomás me estás jalando el pelo.
\phrase_n O:kikwa:pasoloh yeyekatl, xtsonchichi:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The wind messed up her hair, her hair wasn't done up (in braids, which would have protected it).
\phrase_s El viento le desarreglóel cabello, no estaba arreglada (en trenzas, que lo hubiera protejido del viento).
\sense_e (refl.) to curl ones hair
\sense_s (refl.) enchinarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nokwa:tepasolo:to. Kwa:k o:one:w xihkón, o:yah pestik katka itsontekon.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He went to have his hair curled. When he headed out it wasn't like that, he left with straight hair.
\phrase_s Fue a enchinarse el pelo. Cuando salióno estaba así, se fue con el cabello liso.
\root kwa:
\root pahsol
\disamb kwa:pochi:naltia
\nse Although the te- element is not obligatory and, as one sentence above illustrates, forms without te- are possible, this is quite rare. In fact, it seems that in the
apocopated adjectival form kwa:tepasol the te- element is obligatory. Similar observations were made in regard to other forms. Thus the sentence
O:kikwa:pasoloh yeyekatl, xtsonchichi:wtok may be considered somewhat idiosyncratic and perhaps borderline. It is for this reason that the main headword entry is
kwa:tepasolowa , with the intensifier as it is for all cognate forms.
\qry Also check if the version without /te-/ is correct. I believe, for example, that in the nominal form /kwa:tepasol/ the /te-/ must be present. /nochi:notilia/ means 'to have ones hair
curled'. Check for difference between /kwa:pasolowa/ and /kwa:pochi:naltia/
\vl Check the pitch-accent in the Oapan variant given that in my entry for the /lxo and /lxoc fields I noticed that there were no accents. This is probably an error and I have
corrected it, but the original recordings should be consulted.
\ref 01147
\lxam nexe:wi
\lxam_c nexe:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[x]
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get dusty
\sense_s empolvorearse
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to fade or become faded (e.g., cloth or other dyed items)
\sense_s desteñirse (p. ej. ropa u otros materiales teñidos)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e (with tla-) see tlane:si
\sense_s (con tla-) véase tlane:si
\sense_d Am
\root nex
\nse One consultant, don Luis Lucena, did not accept the form * nexiwi. Apparently monexe:wi and nexe:wi are synonyms, although my
sense at this time is that monexe:wi is much more usual.
\qry Check whether /monexe:wi/ and /nexe:wi/ are synonyms. Also try to determine what the /mo/ element is. Check to determine whether /te-/ can be used ?tenexe:wi and if the meaning
is equivalent. Also check for occurrence of /-iwi/ form and of transitive /nexowa/. The who nature of /mohnexe:wi/ needs to be investigated.
\semref mónexé:wi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01148
\lxam osto:xiwtli
\lxam_cpend *osto:xiwtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e weeds that grow on cliffs
\sense_s hierbas o maleza que crecen sobre los precipicios
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli(gen)
\root osto:
\root xiw
\nse This word was heard as a general descriptive comment on certain types of cliff-inhabiting plants. How common such a reference is still needs to be determined.
\qry It is not completely certain taht this refers weeds that grow on cliffs in general, or to a particular type of weed that grows on cliffs, i.e., whether it refers to simply the location where
weeds grow. If this is the case, determine other possible words involving /xiwtli/ and a 'locative' (such as /tepe:xiwtli/, etc.)
\ref 01149
\lxam ta:takaltik
\lxam_c ta:takaltik
\lxoa ta:takaltik
\lxoa_c ta:takaltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-l; Op. te- : teta:takaltik
\sense_e to be uneven; to have a lot of bumps; to be bumpy (surfaces of objects that have small shallow despressions even though they were worked and smoothed)
\sense_s estar desigual; no estar plano (la superficie de objetos tener pequeñas depresiones aunque se estaba trabajado para dejarla plana y lisa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwaltla:li noyugoh. Newa xwel nihkwaltla:lia, san tetsatsapaltik, san ta:takaltik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Fix my yoke (in this case by making sure it is straight and evenly planed). I can't fix it, its just bumpy and uneven.
\phrase_s Arregla mi yujo (en este caso trabajándolo para que vaya derechito y estébien cepillado). No lo puedo componer yo, estádisparejo y no muy plano.
\sense_e to be bumpy (an excavation such as a long ditch, with some parts deeper than others)
\sense_s estar desnivelado; estar lleno de o tener muchos baches (una excavación, como una zanja, tener algunas partes más profundas que otras)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ta:takaltik isurkoh, san kanah o:kasitiki:s, kanah ka, o:kipa:pankwitiah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His furrow is bumpy, in some places he got it good (with the plow), in some places he didn't, he just bounced along (without sinking the plowshare well into the ground).
\phrase_s Su surco quedócomo lleno de baches, en algunos lugares atinóbien, en otros no, solamente iba atinándole por aquíy por acá(sin lograr meter la reja del arado en la
tierra bien).
\sense_e to be ragged (e.g., hair that is unevenly and poorly cut)
\sense_s estar trasquilado (p. ej., el cabello mal cortado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ta:takaltik itson.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His hair is unevenly cut.
\phrase_s Estátrasquilado su cabello.
\phrase_n Ta:takaltik, xpestik o:kixi:nkeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His hair is ragged, they didn't give him a smooth haircut.
\phrase_s Estátrasquilado su cabello, no le cortaron el pelo bien (plano).
\semfld texture
\root takal
\disamb chakayoltik; ta:takaltik; tewistik; to:tolopoxtik
\qry Check observation in notes as to the possible subjects of /ta:takaltik/, hair or the person with the ragged haircut.
\ref 01150
\lxam techipaktik
\lxam_c techipaktik
\lxoa techipahtik
\lxoa_c techipahtik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\lexical Lex. te-
\sense_e to be light-colored (e.g., a cloth)
\sense_s tener un color claro (p. ej., una tela)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to be light-skinned (a person)
\sense_s ser de piel clara; ser güero (de complexión)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be transparent or translucent
\sense_s ser transparente o translucente
\sense_d Pending
\root chipa:
\ncol me:skal; michin; ichpakawah
\qry Check for acceptability of /chipaktik/.
\ref 01151
\lxam te:nki:xtia
\lxam_c kite:nki:xtia
\lxoa te:nki:xtia
\lxoa_c kite:nki:xtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make known; to announce
\sense_s hacer público; anunciar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:kite:nki:xtih un tlato:hli, tli:no:n kichi:wili:s Luís.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He made known what he was going to do to Luis.
\phrase_s Anuncióque le iba a hacer a Luís.
\sense_e to extend the edge of (e.g., an overhang of a roof)
\sense_s extenderle la borde o orilla de (p. ej., la parte sobresaliente de un techo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root te:n
\root ki:sa
\qry Check if /te:nki:sa/ exists. Also check whether /pampa/ is correct in the phrase. /O:kite:nki:xtih un tlato:hli, pampa tli:non kichi:wili:s Luís./ 'He made known what he was going to do
to Luis.' The original phrase on my cards had /pampa/, but I removed it since it sounded so strange. Check!! The placement of /pampa/ does not seem to make sense. Get other
examples of /te:nki:xtia/.
\grm Causatives; transitivity. It would appear that there is a more general tendency for transitive verbs to exist with incorporation and remain transitive, than for intransitives to
show parallel incorporation and remain intransitive. Thus one can see /te:nki:xtia/ but not /te:nki:sa/. Check though.
\ref 01152
\lxam meka:nia
\lxam_c nomeka:nia
\lxoa meka:nia
\lxoa_c nomeka:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\trans To date only documented in reflexive
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to get tangled up in a tether, rope or lasso and fall down (particularly used to refer to animals left tied up)
\sense_s (refl.) enredarse en un laso o riata y caerse (en particular en referencia a animales dejados atados a unárbol o poste)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:nomeka:nih noburroh ka:n o:nsa:lo:to. O:nomeka:nih, o:kine:xti:ton o:mik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My burro got tangled up in its tether there where I went to tie it up. It got tangled up, they went and found it dead.
\phrase_s Mi burro en enredóen su laso donde lo fui a amarrar. Se enredó, lo fueron a encontrar muerto.
\root meka
\nse To date this verb has only been documented in the reflexive; it seems to refer to an involuntary action or event that cannot be instigated. It most often refers to an animal that is left
tied in a field and that gets tangled up in its tether. The verb implies that the animal fell down, though not necessarily that it died.
\qry Recheck the first /a:/ of the verb. Another point that should be checked is whether the verb occurs only in the reflexive, or whether it can take an A-P scheme.
\grm In general the derivation of /meka:nia/ is not altogether clear. Obviously, it contains the root /meka/ for 'mecate'. And the meaning is somewhat related to the verbalizations
formed with /-wia/. Care should be taken to note whether there are other similarly denominalized verbs.
\grm Complex predicates: /O:nomeka:nih noburroh ka:n o:nsa:lo:to. O:nomeka:nih, o:kine:xti:ton o:mik/ 'My burro got tangled up in its tether there where I went to tie it up. It
got tangled up, they went and found it dead' This seems to be a complex predicate. Note that the pluperfect is not used here, even though the action of dying is anterior to
that of finding the animal. However, it does seem that there are two predicates: the finding and the dying, the dying being said of the object of the first predication. Note,
however, that a noun or adjective is not used here. An effort should be made to study complex predication in Nahuatl. It appears, however, that the nature of the second
predicate depends on the type of verb and whether it accepts a stative use of /-tok/. Thus, for example, the translation of something to the effect of 'they went to find it loose'
could be /o:kine:xti:ton kaxa:ntoya/ or /o:kine:xti:ton o:kaxa:n/. However, since /miki/ is an unergative verb in Nahuatl (i.e., ha s the principal diagnostic of an unergative
verb in that the -tok endings is a progressive not stative) it cannot occur as /miktok/ or /miktoya/, which would mean 'it was dying.' However, one question remains, and this
might be based on inaccurate transcriptoin. Can one say both /o:kine:xti:ton o:mik/ and /o:kine:xti:ton yo:mik/. Determine if both are correct and, if they are, the
difference. It seems that the second is more of a perfect: 'they went and find that it had died' vs. the former 'they went and found it dead'. Note that the purposive
interpretation of /-to/ is probably not applicable here.
\grm Phonology: Vowel lengthening. Note that it would seem certain that /meka:nia/ is related to /mekatl/. Yet note the vowel loss difference. This is probably due to phonological
context, perhaps lengthening before a nasal verbal ending, or shortening (cf. /xokotl/) before the absolutive.
\ref 01153
\lxam koo:lo:tl
\lxam_c koo:lo:tl
\lxoa koo:lo:tl
\lxoa_c koo:lo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound S-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e generic name for a type of tree that contains two types: koo:lo:tland koo:lo:tesontli
\sense_s nombre genérico por un tipo deárbol que contiene dos tipos: koo:lo:tly koo:lo:tesontli
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Koo:lo:tl | Ye weka:wi kitekian para a:roh de tambo:rah.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Koo:lo:tl : A long time ago they would cut it to make the ring of a base drum.
\phrase_s Koo:lo:tl : Hace mucho tiempo lo cortaban para el aro de una tambora.
\sense_e tree still not definitively identified, one of the two types of koo:lo:tl
\sense_s árbol todavía no identificada definitivamente, uno de los dos tipos de koo:lo:tl
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root ko
\root o:lo:
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the cuahuilote. Of this, Schoenhals (1988) states:"1. (Bombax spp., e.g., B. ellipticum, B.
palmeri) 'bombax,' 'shaving brush tree,' 'silk cotton tree' See clavellina. 2. (Parmentiera aculeata '[family] bignonia' See guajilote."Of the guajilote,
Schoenhals has a more extensive commentary:"(Parmentiera aculeata) '[family] bignonia' Small or medium-sized trees often grouped in thickets. In drier
areas they may be planted around houses. Related to gourd vines, the tree has white flowers and small, yellowish-green fruit. Northern limit of range is the Isthmus. Also
called cuajilote, espiga, pepino deárbol, pepino de la ardilla."According to Roberto Mauricio (28-08-01) there are two types of koo:lotl, both called by the
same name, though different. One, apparently simply named koo:lo:tl, is found in the area of Oapan, indeed there are many along the edge of the river where
Robert o has a small irrigated field. It was flowering at the end of August; the flowers are small and white, with six white pointed petals. Its fruit is round, about the size of
a small cherry with a thin green skin that turns red when it ripens and the fruit becomes sweet. The wood of this tree is hard and the trunk grows straight; thus it can be used
for house beams (e.g., on which to place tejamanil). The second type of koo:lo:tl, named koo:lo:tesontik, is found north of
Oapan, for example in a place called Mototlan. Its fruit is not edible. It is so named because of the rough surface of its skin. The koo:lo:tl with sweet fruit is
only found in the area around Oapan.
\semref koo:la:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref koo:la:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01154
\lxam na:wahli
\lxam_c na:wahli
\lxoa na:wahli
\lxoa_c na:wahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e nahual; witch
\sense_s nahual; brujo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tlakah ye tina:wahli. Xka:wa, saka ye tio:stli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e By goodness you're a nahual ! No, it's not what I believed, it's just that you're pregnant (said in joke to a woman who was just showing her pregnancy).
\phrase_s ¡A poco eres un nahual! No, no es lo que creía, es solamente que estás embarazada (dicho en broma a una mujer a quien apenas se le estaba notando su embarazo).
\root na:wa
\nse Some people understand a na:wahli to be a person who can transform themself into something, usually an animal but also things such as a
tla:lme:stli. However, others say that it refers to people who have an animal alterego, or companion animal. It seems that both are properties of
na:na:walteh.
\qry Note that the first recorded /a:/ is definitely long and should be recorded and written as such in all entries. Add texts on /na:na:walteh/. Check second vowel.
\ref 01155
\lxam meló:n
\lxam_alt melo:n
\lxam_c melo:n
\lxoa me:loh
\lxoa_alt me:lon
\lxoa_c me:loh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan melón
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e melon (all types including those planted locally in cornfields and irrigated winter gardens, and those bought in the regional market)
\sense_s melón (todos tipos incluyendo los que se siembran localmente en las milpas y en las huertas de invierno, y los que se venden en los mercados regionales)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\qry Determine different types of melons.
\ref 01156
\lxam topo:naltia
\lxam_c kitopo:naltia
\lxoa tótopo:náltia
\lxoa_pr totopo:naltia
\lxoa_c kí:topo:náltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca[ni]
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): kí:topo:náltia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to burst (e.g., a blister, a ball, or other inflated objects)
\sense_s reventar (p. ej., una ampolla, pelota, u otros objetos inflados)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xtopo:nalti, ma ki:sa yesa:tl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pop it (a blister) open so that the watery blood comes out!
\phrase_s ¡Reviéntala (una ampolla) para que salga el líquido con sangre!
\sense_e to crack (ones knuckles or similar joints)
\sense_s hacer crujir (los nudillos de las manos, u otras coyunturas parecidas)
\sense_d Pending
\src_s DT#8: 029
\phrase_n O:niktotopo:naltih nomapilwa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I cracked my knuckles.
\phrase_s Hice crujir los nudillos de las manos.
\root topo:
\nse The morphological causative topo:naltia is more common, both in the sense of burst something such as a blister or ball filled with air, or in the sense of exploding
fireworks or similar objects, than the nondirected alternation form topo:nia. Although I had some documentation of topo:naltia being used to refer to
the setting off of or exploding of fireworks, it seems that topo:nia is much more common in this sense. Also, in regard to cracking of ones knuckles again,
topo:nia is much more common.
\ref 01157
\lxam o:kpa
\lxam_c o:kpa
\lxoa o:hpa
\lxoa_c o:hpa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e twice
\sense_s dos veces
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (ika ~) second time
\sense_s (ika ~) segunda vez
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:man ika o:kpa nochi:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Today it is done for the second time.
\phrase_s Hoy se hace por segunda vez.
\sense_e (i:ka o:kpa + [possessed lineal kinterm]) great [possessed kinterm]
\sense_s (i:ka o:kpa + [poseído término de parentesco lineal]) bis [término de parentesco]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n ika o:kpa nokoko:l -nolo:lah, noxwiw-
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e my great-grandfather (great-grandmother, great-grandchild)
\phrase_s mi bisabuelo (bisabuela, bisnieto)
\sense_e (ika o:kpa + possessed term for spouse) half [possessed kinterm]
\sense_s (ika o:kpa + poseído término para esposo o esposa) segundo [término poseído]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n ika o:kpa nosuwa:w
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e my second wife
\phrase_s mi segunda esposa
\sense_e (i:ka o:kpa + [possessed term for sibling]) half [possessed kinterm]
\sense_s (i:ka o:kpa + [poseído término para hermano o hermana]) medio [término poseído]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikpia ika o:kpa nokni:w, nokseina:n, newa nokse nona:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have a half-sibling, s/he has one mother and I have another.
\phrase_s Tengo un medio hermano(a), el(la) tiene una mamáy yo tengo otra.
\sense_e (~ [numeral]) twice times [numeral] (a method of counting higher numbers used when Nahuatl-speaking sellers wish to avoid using Spanish numerals in front of a potential
customer; otherwise the Spanish loan is used)
\sense_s (~ [numeral]) dos veces [numeral] (un método para contar números mayores cuando hablantes de náhuatl quieren evitar un cliente potencial se de cuenta de los números,
en otras situaciones los préstamos del español se emplean)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n o:kpa ma:tlaktli
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e twenty
\phrase_s viente
\root o:k
\root_rel -pa
\nse In reference to the use of o:kpa with kinships terms note that ye:xpa may also be used, as could also other higher numbers, although a situation that
would require their use is undoubtedly rare. Note also that there is a relatively free variation between forms such as i:ka o:kpa nokoko:l and
noo:kpakoko:l ; i:ka o:kpa nokniw and noo:kpaikniw ; and i:ka o:kpa nosowa:w and noo:kpasowa:w ,
although the first in each of these pairs seems much more common. Finally, in regard to counting, multipliers such as o:kpa or ye:xpa may occasionally
be used in front of non-Nahuatl speaking clients so that they do not understand numbers that otherwise would be expressed in Spanish. Thus 'fifteen' might be ye:xpa
makwihli , etc.
\qry This applies across forms: /o:kpakoko:hli/, /o:kpalolatli/, /o:kpaixwiwtli/, etc. With siblings (/ikniwtli/) the use of /ika o:kpa/ apparently refers to children who have one parent in
common; this should be checked, as should the possibility of saying /noo:kpaikniw/.
\qry Vowel length needs to be checked. Under one entry for /oksepa/ I have written"This [long] vowel length is definite and all such entries should be recorded as such."This would
suggest that I had checked /oksepa/ and found the first /o:/ to be definitely long. This would seem to apply to /o:kpa/ as well. Thus for now I have written all manifestations of /o:kpa/
with a long initial vowel, with the understanding that this should be checked. However, the first vowel in /ok/ and /xok/ I have consistently recorded as short. These two should also
be rechecked.
\ref 01158
\lxam kwa:xtle:rah
\lxam_alt kwa:xtle:roh
\lxam_c kwa:xtle:rah
\lxoa kwa:xte:roh
\lxoa_c kwa:xte:roh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (Sp) kwa:xtli
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e type of shotgun so named because it uses kwa:xsosohli in loading
\sense_s tipo de escopeta asíllamado porque utiliza kwa:xsosohli para cargarse
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tool
\root kwa:ch
\nse Kwa:xklerah is an alternate pronunciation of kwa:xtlerah , perhaps because of a reborrowing from the Spanish loan cuaxcle. However,
the form with /tl/ is by far more common.
\qry Check to determine
\mod Check how the /kwa:xsosohli/ is used. Get a recording? Also determine the precise nature of the possessed construction.
\vl Additional tokens of this word are at 3602 and should be added/tagged as 1158.
\semref kwa:xtli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01159
\lxam tlakaka:walistli
\lxam_c tlakaka:walistli
\lxoa tlá:ka:walístli
\lxoa_c tlá:ka:walístli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn Stem 1(s)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e ceremony (called in Spanish levantamiento de sombra) that involves prayers and an offering of appeasement to the yeyekameh in exchange
for a soul lost through susto
\sense_s levantamiento de sombra, una ceremonia que involucra unas oraciones y una ofrenda para inducir a los yeyekameh a soltar y regresar una alma perdida
por el susto
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ka:wa
\ency_note tlakaka:walistli
\mod Obtain many tapes of this, etc.
\ref 01160
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ta:tamale:wi
\lxoa_c ta:tamale:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi(a)
\lexical rdp-s
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get red, weal-like bumps on ones skin
\sense_s salirsele ronchas rojas a la piel como de verdugones
\sense_d Oa
\flo ta:tapale:wi
\root tamal
\nse According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa), in Oapan ta:tapale:wi is only used when one is bitten by a scorpion. A more common term in Oapan for similar swelling is
ta:tamale:wi and the transitive ta:tamalowa. The lexeme tamale:wi is used because the swelling occurs in only one spot; however usually
the reduplicated form with long vowel is used, since the swelling and redness is not limited to one spot. Victórico Jiménez used the form ta:tamaliwiand did not seem
to accept ta:tamale:wi. He used this term when referring to what happened to his skin when he gets bit by a scorpion. His wife mentioned that it refers to many small
red bumps that surface, as if one had been bitten by many mosquitos.
\qry Make sure the unreduplicated form does not exist. The /lxo field here should should be changed to /ta:tapale:wi/ for Oapan and another entry set for /ta:tamale:wi/. Also, the
recordings should be adjusted.
\root_notes The root tapal seems clearly related to tlapal , which has to do with dye, paint, or ink and the color red.
\semref tatapale:wi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01161
\lxam kokoxka:tia
\lxam_c kokoxka:tia
\lxoa kokoxka:tia
\lxoa_c kokoxka:tia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to become sickly or weak from illness
\sense_s ponerse enfermizo o débil de una enfermedad
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kokoxka:tia noburroh, xok tlaye:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My burro is sickly, it is not longer able to carry anything.
\phrase_s Mi burro estáenfermo, ya no aguanta ningún peso.
\root koya
\disamb kwalo
\nde Classical does not show a similar form, although the participial cocoxqui is common. Zacapoaxtla has a verbal form cocoxca:cui 'enfermarse.'
\qry Check difference between /kokoxka:ti/ and /kokoxka:tia/. Note that for /makokoxkatia/ I have this as a transitive. Check.
\grm Perhaps use example of /kokoxka:ti/ and /kokoxka:tia/ as agentive being verbalized.
\semref kokoxka:ti
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref kokoxka:tilia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01162
\lxam pochi:ni
\lxam_c pochi:ni
\lxoa pochi:ni
\lxoa_c pochi:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to become frayed or fuzzy (e.g., bark paper that has gotten worn or wet, cloth that has become worn and fuzzy or that has its edges slightly unravelled and frayed, etc.)
\sense_s ponerse o quedarse velloso (papel de amate desgastado o mojado, tela que se luyóy quedóvelloso o que tiene las orillas deshilachadas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pochi:n moa:maw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your piece of bark paper has become fuzzy (e.g., from being rubbed, because it is of poor quality, etc.).
\phrase_s Se quedóvelloso tu papel de amate (p. ej., porque se restregómucho la superficie, es de mala calidad, etc.)
\root pochi:
\nse Whereas the intransitive form of this verb indicates that something is becoming fuzzy or frayed, the transitive refers to the action of carding material such as cotton.
\nae The intransitive/transitive alternation for this verb is pochi:ni and pochi:na. However, with incorporated nominal stems the transitive becomes
-altia, e.g., a:pochi:naltiaand kwa:pochi:naltia.
\qry Determine other possible subjects of /pochi:ni/.
\grm Transitivity alternation: Note the difference: The intransitive/transitive alternation for this verb is pochi:ni and pochi:na. However,
with incorporated nominal stems the transitive becomes -altia, e.g., a:pochi:naltiaand kwa:pochi:naltia.
\ref 01163
\lxam mo:stla
\lxam_c mo:stla
\lxoa mo:stla
\lxoa_c mo:stla
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e tomorrow
\sense_s mañana
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Mo:stla niá:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will leave tomorrow!
\phrase_s ¡Mañana me voy!
\sense_e (with rdp-s/h) every day; daily
\sense_s (con rdp-s/h) cada día; diariamente
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Momo:stla nitekiti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I work every day.
\phrase_s Trabajo cada día.
\sense_e (se: [rdp-s/h] ~) every day; daily
\sense_s (se: [rdp-s/h] ~) cada día; diariamente; todos los días
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Se: momo:stla niaw mocha:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Every day I go to your house.
\phrase_s Todos los días voy a tu casa.
\sense_e (used as a greeting) (see you) tomorrow
\sense_s (como saludo) mañana (nos vemos)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root mo:stla
\nse In Oapan one finds the phrase sé: momó:stla with apparently the same sense as mómó:stla, i.e., 'every day.' Ameyaltepec does not have the equivalent
phrase, but one does find ka:da momo:stla with the same sense.
\nae In Oapan, like Ameyaltepec, mo:stla is used as a greeting when taking leave of someone that one will see the next day. However, whereas in Ameyaltepec such
a term may be used when taking leave of any number of people, in Oapan a plural form, mo:stlaka:n is used. This appears to reflect the use of the imperative plural
marker on an adverb. Note that many greetings are verbal derivatives. However, they utilize the -keh marker for the plural as in Ameyaltepec tlane:xtilih
'Good morning (sg)' and tlane:xtilikeh 'Good morning (pl).'
\qry Check reduplication with short vowel, FK has a long vowel here with the same meaning: every day. Check the possibility that both /mo:mo:stla/ and /momo:stla/ are correct, but with
different meaning.
\grm Reduplication: Note that in Balsas Nahuatl reduplication of /mo:stla/ with a short vowel is used for indicating 'every day' /Momo:stla nitekiti/ 'I work every day.' Check and
recheck whether this is correctly used. FK has long vowel reduplication for this sense: /mo:mo:ztla/.
\grm Greetings; imperative; plural: In Oapan, like Ameyaltepec, mo:stla is used as a greeting when taking leave of someone that one will see the next day.
However, whereas in Ameyaltepec such a term may be used when taking leave of any number of people, in Oapan a plural form, mo:stlaka:n is used. This
appears to reflect the use of the imperative plural marker on an adverb.
\ref 01164
\lxam a:pantlakalilia
\lxam_c ka:pantlakalilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to construct irrigation ditches for (a crop)
\sense_s poner zanjas para regar (un cultivo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:ka:pantlakalilikeh mi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They put in irrigation ditches for the corn.
\phrase_s Ellos pusieron zanjas (apancles) para regar el maíz.
\root a:
\root -pan; tlahkali
\qry Check existence of /a:pantli/ and decide on validity of secondary root /a:pan/. Also determine whether one can say /ka:pantlakalilia mihli/ or /... notla:lchi:wal/, etc. i.e., whether the
object is simply the crop. Finally, this word might be a good candidate for a double applicative, check for /o:ne:cha:pantlakalililih nomi:l/. If correct, enter in grammar. Check
correctness of Oapan /sá:nkatlákalí/ and remove from /cogo if not correct.
\semref sá:nkatlákalí
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01165
\lxam te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:ntia
\lxam_c te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:ntia
\lxoa te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:ntia
\lxoa_c te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:ntia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp [N-N]
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to grow old as a old bachelor by passing the common or proper age for marriage
\sense_s llegar a ser grande como soltero por pasar la edad más apropriada para casarse
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:ntiak, xo:nona:miktih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's become an elder bachelor, he didn't get married.
\phrase_s Se convirtióen soltero viejo, no se casó.
\semfld age
\root te:lpo:ch
\root we:we:
\nae Although the compound field analyzes this as 'noun + intransitive verb,' i.e., a noun incorporated into an intransitive verb, it is better to treat this as a verbalization of a compound
noun te:lpo:chwe:we:ntsi:n. The code used for this in the compound field (/com) is (N-N) indicating that a compound noun is part of a further derivational
process (as opposed to N-N, which simply indicates a nominal compound).
\qry Determine best root analysis for /we:wentsi:n/. Recheck vowel length.
\qry Check length of final /a/ in this and all forms ending in /-tia/ intransitive verbalizer for the imperfect. Also, make sure to determine progressive forms. I have recorded this as inflecting
like /yema:nia/: check therefore whether this is indeed the case, i.e., whether the prog. is /we:we:ntsi:ntixtok/. Code accordingly.
\vl NOTE TO SELF: check length of /e/ in /wen/ syllable.
\ref 01166
\lxam te:mpi:tswetska
\lxam_c te:mpi:tswetska
\lxoa te:mpi:tswetska
\lxoa_c te:mpi:tswetska
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-S-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to grin (keeping ones lips closed or almost closed)
\sense_s sonreir (manteniendo los labios cerrados o casi cerrados)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:mpi:tswetskatok, kwelkaki tli:n kihlitokeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is grinning, he likes what they are telling him.
\phrase_s Estásonriendo (con los labios cerrados), le gusta lo que le están diciendo.
\root te:n
\root pi:ts
\root wetska
\disamb wetska; i:xwetska; tlankwi:tsowa; te:mpi:tswetska
\nse Te:mpi:tswetska is formed from the elements te:m 'lip' and pi:ts (cf. pi:tsiwi) indicating narrowness or narrowing.
Literally it seems to mean 'to smile with narrow(ed) lips.' With te:mpi:tswetska ones teeth are not showing; a wide open smile with a full display of teeth would be
expressed by tlankwi:tsowa. On the other hand, i:x(we:)wetska is used to mean that the person is just about to smile, to be just barely smiling, perhaps
because he or she is too embarrassed to fully smile.
\ref 01167
\lxam keh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\sense_e see ke:tla ; kea:man
\sense_s véase ke:tla ; kea:man
\sense_d Am
\nae The precise spelling of this form is not clear, as {h} is lost in Ameyaltepec in all but phrase-final position. Moreover, given that keh is always found in compounds
such as ke itlah , ke:tla or kea:man it is difficult to determine the etymology or origin, i.e., whether keh or
ke.
\qry Recheck all forms with /ke:/ or /keh/, particularly /ke itlah/ and /ke a:man/.
\ref 01168
\lxam i:xmachilia
\lxam_c ki:xmachilia
\lxoa i:xmachilia
\lxoa_c ki:xmachilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to see or recognize (sth) in the possession of (that is, to see sth [SO], perhaps missing or robbed, in the possession of another [PO])
\sense_s reconocer o ver (algo) en la posesión de (algn, p. ej., reconocer una cosa robada o perdida [OS] en la posesión de otra persona [OP], en su casa, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chixtekilih na:tekontsi:n. Mlá:k o:kwelitak. A:man o:niki:xmachilih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He robbed my water jug. He really liked it. Now I've recognized it with him (i.e., seen him with it, at his house, on the paths around the village, etc.).
\phrase_s Me robóuna tinaja. De veras le gustó. Ahora ya se la ví(esto es, lo vi en posesión de la tinaja, que reconocí).
\phrase_n O:ki:xmachilikeh te:wa:xka -=te:a:xka-.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They recognized what he had as belonging to someone else.
\phrase_s Se lo reconocieron como algo de alguien ajeno.
\phrase_n O:niki:xmachilih motlake:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I recognized your clothes on him (i.e., that he had your clothes, either being worn or in his house, that you had lost, or that had been stolen).
\phrase_s Le reconocítu ropa (esto es,él tenía tu ropa puesta, o en su casa, ropa que habías perdido o que se había robado).
\root i:x
\root mati
\grm External possession: Note the meaning of /i:xmachilia/ and its relationship to possession (but not ownership). In general the applicative often has this implication (of
possession not ownership). Such a distinction does not seem to be made in the literature too often.
\xref i:xmati
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 01169
\lxam kwa:ta:takalowa
\lxam_c kikwa:ta:takalowa
\lxoa kwa:ta:takalowa
\lxoa_c kikwa:ta:takalowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans No intransitive form has been documented.
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to give a bad and uneven haircut to
\sense_s dejar con un corte de pelo disparejo; dejar tuzado a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwa:
\root takal
\nse A haircut that results has some places cut close to the scalp and others with much longer hair left in place.
\ref 01170
\lxam kwa:istaya
\lxam_c kwa:istaya
\lxoa kwa:istaya
\lxoa_c kwa:istaya
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia[k][v]
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to get a white head of hair; for ones hair to turn grey
\sense_s ponerse canoso
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwa:
\root sta
\qry Check for transitive form, as well as for adjectival ? /kwa:istak/. Or perhaps /kwa:istaleh/ is correct (I do recall having heard it). Check for progressive, with /x/ or /s/? Is /kwa:istá:k/
also correct.
\semref kwa:chipa:wi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01171
\lxam tlakoyo:nka:n
\lxam_c tlakoyo:nka:n
\lxoa tlakoyo:nka:n
\lxoa_alt tlakoyo:nka:h
\lxoa_c tlakoyo:nka:h
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla-ka:n
\infn N1(N2-tla)
\sense_e place where there is a hole or deep depression (often small) in the ground
\sense_s lugar donde hay una depresión (a menudo pequeño) en la tierra
\sense_d Pending
\root koyo:
\qry Determine precise meaning of /tlakoyo:nka:n/. My original file card reads"(lugar donde hay) un agujero en la tierra (pequeño)."Obviously this cannot refer to a"hole"since there is no
other side for the hole to penetrate to. It would thus seem that what is being referred to is a deep depression, perhaps with steep walls. Determine whether this refers to a sunken in
area, a pothole like formation, etc. Check whether /tla:lkoyo:nka:n/ is also correct.... or feasible.
\ref 01172
\lxam tlayo:koya
\lxam_c tlayo:koya
\dt 23/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(y)
\sense_e to feel sad; to feel melancholic (e.g., when a friend departs)
\sense_s sentirse triste; sentirse melancólico; tener sentimiento (p. ej., por la ida de un amigo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n None:neltia, me:dioh tlayo:koya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He sighs, he's feeing somewhat melancholic.
\phrase_s Suspira, se siente algo melancólico.
\phrase_n Nitlayo:koya pa:mpa nitlayo:wia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I feel sad because I suffer from poverty.
\phrase_s Siento triste porque sufro de la pobreza.
\sense_e to not take or not grow well (a plant)
\sense_s no agarrarse o crecer bien (una planta)
\phrase_n Xma:s tikwelitas, te:h, seki (kupaxokotl) pa:mpa te:h me:dioh kukwalo dya: ma:ski yewa te:h no:hkón, kas tlayo:koya te:h, como xka iyo:hlo u:nkah.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 01172_01_am
\src_p Inocencio Díaz 0030_Am_ID_md04_tr24.wav / 0:39
\phrase_e You don't much like the looks of some of them (kupaxokotl), you know, because some are partially blighted, and perhaps for this reason they are not
growing healthy because they are not comfortable where they are.
\phrase_s No te gusta mucho, pues, algunos (kupaxokotl) porque, pues, son algo comido por insects y también por eso, quizás no se hallan, como no están bien
donde están.
\root yo:koya
\nse In Oapan the reflexive of amanais used to say 'to be sad.'
\qry Check for /yokoya/ as verb.
\nae The semantics and etymology of tlayo:koya is uncertain although it seems to be related to the verb yo:koya, as found in Classical Nahuatl. Molina has
many related words, among which are tlaocoya. ni. 'estar triste'; tlaocoyaliztli 'triste'; tlaocolchiua. nic. 'hacer algo con tristeza';
tlaocolnantli madre de tristeza y aflición.' There are also a series of words related to yocoxqui as in yocoxka 'mansa o pacificamente.' FK notes
that this is derived from yocoya with 'considerable extension of meaning'; yocoya. nitla. is glossed as 'fabricar o componer algo de su motivo.' It may be,
however, that there are two homophonous words and that one is yo:koya refers to sadness, melancholy, etc. This is the analysis at least temporarily adopted here is that
Ameyaltepec tlayo:koya (as Classical tlaocoya) is a lexicalized meaning from the transitive verb yo:koya, perhaps no long used as a verb, but
which has a parti cipia l form in yocoxka 'mansa o pacificamente.'
\qry Check entry under /ne:neltia/ for comments on this verb. Check to determine whether /yo:koya/ exists in Ameyaltepec or the Balsas region as a transitive verb. Check the entry and
/cat field as necessary. Check length of /tlayo:koltia/, final /o/ is perhaps long. Check whether /yo:koya/ exists. If so, add to /xtbl field
\xref tlayo:koltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 01173
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /tlako:pepena/ which was eliminated as a duplicate.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 01174
\lxam tla:listá:k
\lxam_c tla:listá:k
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\infn N1
\sense_e type of whitish-colored rocky and dusty land, poor to plant on
\sense_s tipo de tierra blanquiza, algo pedregosa y polvorosa, y pobre para las siembras
\sense_d Am
\semfld soil
\root tla:l
\root sta
\ref 01175
\lxam besti:doh
\lxam_c besti:doh
\lxoa besti:doh
\lxoa_c besti:doh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan vestido
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e dress that has a top piece joined to a bottom skirt, with two seams, one going down each side of the dress (i.e., not a skirt, kwe:tli)
\sense_s vestido con una blusa y falda parte de una sola pieza, y con dos costuras, una a cada lado del cuerpo (no es una faldas, cf. kwe:tli)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\ency_note tlake:ntli
\mod Add onomasiological entry on all types of clothes
\semref kwe:tli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01176
\lxam chachalka
\lxam_c chachalka
\lxoa chachalka
\lxoa_c chachalka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[stem-final vowel loss][freq.]
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to make or produce a hollow sound (such as a broken or fissured ceramic pot or plate when struck hard)
\sense_s sonar hueco (como una vasija o un plato de cerámica roto cuando se golpea)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Chachalka un tepalkatl, tlapa:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That bowl has a hollow ring (when struck), it is broken.
\phrase_s Ese plato hondo suena hueco (cuando se golpea), estároto.
\semfld sound
\root chala:
\fl chachalaka
\qry Apparently /chachalaka/ and /chachalka/ are equal or near equal in meaning, although this should be checked. It might be that /chachalka/ is only used to refer to the sound made by
broken ceramics, whereas /chachalaka/ to things that jingle or clatter. Also, the difference of both to /chala:ni/ should also be checked. In some notes I state that /chachalka/ is the
virtual equivalent of /chala:ni/ and both are used to refer to the sound made when a broken bowl, or other ceramic which is fissured or split, is struck to make it ring.
\xref chala:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01177
\lxam tlakwa:ni
\lxam_c tlakwa:ni
\lxoa tlakwa:ni
\lxoa_c tlakwa:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e type of small bug, still not positively identified, that gets in stored corn and eats away at it
\sense_s tipo de insecto pequeño, todavía no identificado definitivamente, que pica maíz almacenado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlakwa:ni, nemi ipan tlayo:hli, kikwa tlayo:hli, kikukwalo:tla.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The insect called tlakwa:ni is found on shelled maize, it eats it, it gnaws away at it (causing them to become bug-eaten).
\phrase_s El insecto llamado tlakwa:ni se encuentra en el maíz desgranado, come el maíz, lo pica.
\sense_e generic term for insects that eat grains
\sense_s término genérico para insectos que comen granos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nochi semi:yah kipia itlakwa:nyo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e All types of seeds have a bug that eats them.
\phrase_s Todo tipo de semilla tiene un insecto que se lo come.
\sense_e big-eater; person who eats a lot; glutton
\sense_s comilón; persona que come mucho
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root kwa
\qry Check whether Oapan has /tlakwa:ne/, since often final /-ni/ is found as /-ne/.
\grm -yo possession; agentive in -ni Note the following word, /tlakwa:nyo/: /Nochi semi:yah kipia itlakwa:nyo/ 'All types of seeds have a bug that eats them.' The first point to
make is that here, as in other cases, the agentive nominalization of verbs with /-ni/ enters into further derivations by losing the final /i/. This is clear in the many cases of the
diminutive: /a:tlakwintsi:n/. However, what is interesting here is that an animate noun is intrinsically possessed (cf. to /kowayoh/). The reason is that the bug is in effect an
intrinsic part of the ecology of grains; or it may well be related to the fact that both elements, the grain and the insect, are considered nonvolitional and that the use of /-yo/
suggests this relation, that a grain-eating bug is as integral to the grain as a chip of metal is to the metal post it splits off of (e.g., /tepostli/). Yet in the end, this use of /-yo/
(in /itlakwa:nyo/) deserves additional comment.
\ref 01178
\lxam kamaxoxopo:naltia
\lxam_c kikamaxoxopo:naltia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca[ni]
\trans No intransitive documented
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cause pimples in the mouth of
\sense_s hacerle salir (a algn) granitos en la boca
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Seki wel kikwa to:tolo:ktsi:n deke yo:iksik, pero me:dioh mitskamaxoxopo:nalti:s, mitskamatso:tso:tili:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Some people can eat the to:tolo:ktsi:nif it's ripe, but it will cause some pimples in your mouth, it will cause some sores in your mouth.
\phrase_s Algunos pueden comer el to:toloktsi:nsi ya se puso a sazón, pero te hace salir algunos granitos en la boca, te da algo deúlceras en la boca.
\root kama
\root xopo:
\semref kamaá:xopo:nia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01179
\lxam koto:ntok
\lxam_c koto:ntok
\lxoa koto:ntok
\lxoa_c koto:ntok
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be snapped or broken in half or pieces (sth long that can be streched or pulled, such as a strap or rubber band)
\sense_s estar reventado o roto en la mitad o en pedazos (algo largo que se puede estirar, como un tirante o liga de hule)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to be interrupted, broken off, or ended (a tradition)
\sense_s ser interrumpido, terminado o acabado (una tradición)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) discontinuous or broken up (a stream or brook during the dry season); fragmented or broken (e.g., terrain that has been cut by gullies)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) discontinuo o con partes aisladas (un arroyo o riochuelo durante la temporada de secas); fragmentado o cortado (la tierra que has sido
cortado por barrancas hechas por aguas torrenciales)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ko:koto:ntok a:te:ntli. O:pe:w ko:koto:ni a:tl, ye wa:ktok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The river is dry in places. The water has started to break up here and there (i.e., stopping the continuous flow), it's already drying up.
\phrase_s El río estás eco en algunos lugares. Ya empezóa quedarse agua solamente en charcos aislados (ya no fluye sin interrupciones), ya se estásecando.
\phrase_n Ko:koto:ntok un tla:hli. Miák a:tlawtsitsi:ntli, kwa:k kiawi o:kiko:koto:n a:tepe:ya:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The land is broken up. There are a lot of little gullies, when it rains, the torrential waters have cut the earth.
\phrase_s Estáfragmentada la tierra. Hay muchas barranquitas, cuando llueve, las aguas cortaron la tierra en pedazos.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to be parceled out or divided (land, e.g., what was one piece, among heirs)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) dividido en parcelas (un terreno, p. ej., entre herederos)
\sense_d Pending
\ncol kwe:tli de koto:ntok
\root koto:
\nse The difference between stative forms ending in -tok and participles ending in -ki is often hard to determine. In the case of koto:ni(i.e.,
koto:nki vs. koto:ntok) it appears that the former refers to more permanent states that are not the result of any agentive action. Thus
koto:nki is used to refer to physical objects, such as straps, that are permanently snapped or broken. On the other hand, koto:ntok is used
to refer to things such as streams that are dried up in the winter, a custom that is broken, land that has been divided or parceled out, etc. These differences (or what seem to be
differences) should be further explored, not only in regards to koto:nki and koto:ntok, but in regards to other such pairs. However, it would
seem that the adjectival is used to refer to more permanent states that affect the subject through no purposive or transitive action. The stative seems to indicate a sem i-permanent
sta te that is the result of some outside force affecting the object.
\qry For all Stative of adjectivals in /-ki/, check the existence of the contrary form, and inquire as to possible subject and other indications of spearate meanng.
\grm Statives: /-tok/ vs. /-ki/: The difference between stative forms ending in -tok and participles ending in -ki is often hard to determine. In the case of
koto:ni(i.e., koto:nki vs. koto:ntok) it appears that the former refers to more permanent states that are not the
result of any agentive action. Thus koto:nki is used to refer to physical objects, such as straps, that are permanently snapped or broken. On the other
hand, koto:ntok is used to refer to things such as streams that are dried up in the winter, a custom that is broken, land that has been divided or parceled
out, etc. These differences (or what seem to be differences) should be further explored, not only in regards to koto:nki and
koto:ntok, but in regards to other such pairs. However, it would seem that the adjectival is used to refer to more permanent states that affect the subject
through no purposive or transitive action. The sta tive seems to i ndicate a semi-permanent state that is the result of some outside force affecting the object.
\ref 01180
\lxam a:matla:lilia
\lxam_c ka:matla:lilia
\lxoa a:matla:lilia
\lxoa_c ka:matla:lilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to write down on paper for (sb)
\sense_s apuntar sobre un papel para (sb)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to register (a person) on a written-down list for (another person)
\sense_s registrar (una persona) en una lista apuntada para (otra persona)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root a:ma
\root tla:l
\xref a:matla:lia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01181
\lxam kechpa:tska
\lxam_c kikechpa:tska
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to choke, squeeze, or wring the neck of (but not to strangle and kill)
\sense_s apretar el cuello de (pero no estrangular y matar)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kech
\root pa:tska
\qry Check for other acceptations of this word (remember that /kikechpa:tska i:kuh/ was in the original dictionary as 'to masturbate'.
\semref kechmiktia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref kechmihtia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref kechpitsi:nia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01182
\lxam tli:mpara
\lxam_c tli:mpara
\lxoa tli:mpara
\lxoa_c tli:mpara
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) para
\psm Pr(int)
\der Pr-int
\sense_e what (is it) for?
\sense_s ¿para qué(es)?
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tli:mpara tikihli:s?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e What are you going to use it for?
\phrase_s ¿Para quélo vas a usar?
\root tli:n
\nse I have chosen to write tli:mpara as one word, given its lexicalized status, the fact that with this sense no intervening words can occur, and the labialization of the
nasal (which does not necessarily occur across word boundaries). It is used to ask the purpose of a given tool or material object.
\qry Check other potential uses>/tli:mpara tiá:s?/. Is this correct?
\ref 01183
\lxam tlayo:kolia
\lxam_c kitlayo:kolia
\lxoa tlayo:kilia
\lxoa_c kitlayo:kilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give (sth [SO]as a gift) to
\sense_s regalar (algo [OS]) a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chtlayo:kolikeh, xo:nko:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I was given it as a gift, I didn't buy it.
\phrase_s Se me regaló, no lo compré.
\phrase_n Xma:totoka kechi:ka mistlayo:kolian!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Accept it quickly while they are offering it to you!
\phrase_s ¡Acéptalo rapidamente mientras que te lo ofrezcan!
\sense_e (with te:-) to give away (sth, to people); to be given up in adoption (a child)
\sense_s (with te:-) regalar (algo, a la gente); dar (a un niño) para que se adopte
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tsotsokatl, xkineki kite:tlayo:koli:s itlah tli:no:n. Ma:ski kipia, pero xkite:maka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is selfish, he doesn't want to give anything away. Even though he is rich, he doesn't give things away.
\phrase_s Es mezquino, no quiere darle nada a nadia. Aunque tiene, no quiere darselo a la gente.
\phrase_n O:note:tlayo:kilih un kichkone:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That little boy was given up in adoption.
\phrase_s Ese niño fue dado en adopción.
\root yo:co
\qry I had this note:"Note that whereas the Ameyaltepec Nahuatl verb form is tlayo:kilia , the nominalization is te:tlayo:koli:hli. In Oapan the expected
verbal form tlayo:kolia occurs."But my entry here shows /tlayo:ko:lia/ for Oapan. Check; I can't remember which is which. Check /lxo and /lxoc fields. NOTE:
RECHECK WITH /yo:kolia/ or /yo:kilia/.
\qry In one file card I record /kite:tlayo:koli:s/; this may be an error for Ameyaltepec Nahuatl and should be checked. The other phrases apparently all had /tlayo:kilia/.
\xref yo:kolia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\xref yo:kilia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Oa
\ref 01184
\lxam kwa:peya:sowa
\lxam_c kikwa:peya:sowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to comb the hair of
\sense_s peinar a
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xne:chkwa:peya:so!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Comb my hair!
\phrase_s ¡Piéname el cabello!
\root kwa:
\root peya:s
\nde In Oapan the kwa: element is not used in the word meaning 'to comb the hair of.' Rather, one finds an periphrastic expression such as kipeya:sowa i:tson.
\qry Check for existence and meaning of intransitive form. Also, recheck for presence of glide /y/. Ask if there is any difference between /kwa:peya:sowa/ and /kwa:petsowa/.
\semref kwa:petsowa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref peya:sowa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01185
\lxam i:xpa:ki
\lxam_c i:xpa:ki
\lxoa i:xpa:ki
\lxoa_c i:xpa:ki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to be very happy from having many items to choose from; overjoyed from being confronted with an abundance of choices; to be filled with glee from what ones sees
\sense_s estar muy feliz por tener enfrente mucho de que escoger; regocijar por lo que estáa la vista
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San i:xpa:ki, xkimati katlewa wel mlá:k ka:nas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is delighted with his possibilities (in this case four girlfriends), he doesn't know which one he will marry.
\phrase_s Estáabrumado y feliz por las opciones que tiene (en este caso de tener 4 novias), no sabe con cual se va a casar.
\phrase_n San tii:xpa:ki. Xe tikita katlewa milá:k tihkowas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You're like a kid in a candy store (liking the looks of everything). You still can't decide which one you're really going to buy.
\phrase_s Estás feliz de la vida con todo lo que ves. Todavía no has decido cual vas a comprar.
\phrase_n San i:xpa:ki ika miák yo:kitak tlake:ntli, nochi kukwaltsitsi:ntih. Tomi:n kwa:ki pero ni:n se: xkikowa. San i:xpa:ki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is filled with glee from seeing the clothes, they are all really beautiful. He has brought money but won't buy even one. He's just happy from looking (and can't make a
decision).
\phrase_s Estáfeliz por ver la ropa, todo estámuy bonita. Trajo dinero pero no va a compar ni uno. Solamente estáde regocijo (sin poder decidir).
\root i:x
\root pa:ki
\nse I:xpa:ki refers to the state of a person who sees many inviting and nice things, such as one who enters a store and sees a lot of nice clothes and not knowing
immediately which is best or which he will buy, happily looks everything over.
\qry Check the difference between /ii:xpa:ki/ and simply /i:xpa:ki/. Note that the reduplication in the above example is of the noun, not the verbal base. Determine the difference between
/ii:xpa:ki/ and /i:xpapa:ki/, if both are correct.
\grm Note that the reduplication in /ii:xpa:ki/ is of the incorporated noun, not the verbal base. Determine the difference between /ii:xpa:ki/ and /i:xpapa:ki/, if both are correct.
\ref 01186
\lxam tsi:nwekaltik
\lxam_c tsi:nwekaltik
\lxoa tsí:nwakáltik
\lxoa_pr tsi:nwakaltik
\lxoa_c tsí:nwakáltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have a hollow formed at the bottom (e.g., a ridge or ledge whose bottom has either been naturally eroded or dug out by hand, leaving in both cases a hollow or small
cave at the bottom)
\sense_s tener un hueco formado en la parte inferior (p. ej., un saliente o risco cuyo parte inferior ha sido erosionado o excavado a mano, dejando un huequito o pequeña cuevita
al fondo)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to have a depression in ones hind quarters (an animal that is starving)
\sense_s tener una depresión por la parte posterior (un animal que estámuriéndose de hambre)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:n
\root wehkal
\qry Check to make sure sense difference is correct, i.e., that Am and Oa differ so much in senses
\ilus_note Illustrate... both meanings?
\ref 01187
\lxam te:tlayeyekano:chilike:tl
\lxam_c te:tlayeyekano:chilike:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who invokes the yeyekameh (e.g., so that another person gets ill, so that a girl acts a boy's advances, etc.)
\sense_s persona quien invoca a los yeyekameh (p. ej., para que algn se enferme, para que una muchacha quede enamorada de un pretendiente, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\fla te:yekanono:chilike:tl
\root e:ka
\root no:tsa
\ency_note yeyekameh
\nse Although the corpus reveals only the headword form, Luis Lucena stated that te:tlayekano:chilike:tl , without the reduplication in yeyekatl , is also
correct.
\qry Recheck all these forms, since there seems to be a lot of variation and perhaps some can be removed as headwords and relegated to"note"status under a headword entry.
\semref te:yéye:kano:chíliké:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01188
\lxam tio:panki:xtia
\lxam_c kitio:panki:xtia
\lxoa tio:panki:xtia
\lxoa_c kitio:panki:xtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to accompany as part of the entourage in a church marriage (lit. 'to remove from the church', the potential subjects of this verb are the godparents, padrinos
and madrinas, the musicians, and other similar participants; the objects of this verb are the bride and bridegroom)
\sense_s acompañar y participar en una boda religiosa (de la iglesia; lit. 'sacar de la iglesia', los sujetos potenciales de este verbo son los padrinos y madrinas, los músicos, y otros
participantes similares; los objetos de este verbo son los novios)
\sense_d Pending
\root tio:
\root ki:sa
\root_rel -pan
\qry Check potential subjects, i.e., can priest be among them?
\vl Check vowel length here; under /tiopanki:sa/ I mention that I definitely head a short vowel in Oapan Nahuatl.
\semref tio:pankalaktia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref tio:panki:sa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 01189
\lxam tomaxokó:k
\lxam_c tomaxokó:k
\lxoa tomaxoko:k
\lxoa_c tomaxoko:k
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans
\sense_e to have too much tomato (a salsa)
\sense_s estar pasado de tomate; tener demasiado tomate (una salsa)
\sense_d Pending
\root toma
\root xoko
\nse The most common use of tomaxokó:k is to refer to sauces that have too much tepe:tomatl; it is not clear whether this term can be used in
regard to any type of tomate although I believe it can be.
\qry Check what sauces can become /tomaxokó:k/.
\vl A token of this word also occurs at 3717.
\ref 01190
\lxam tepi:tsmiki
\lxam_c tepi:tsmiki
\lxoa tepi:tsmiki
\lxoa_c tepi:tsmiki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp PM-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to suffer from being packed in or pressed together (e.g., a person in a crowded or tight place, such as a bus or subway)
\sense_s sufrir por estar apretujado (p. ej., una persona entre la muchedumbre, o en un lugar pequeño, como un camión o el metro, con demasiado gente)
\sense_d Pending
\root tepi:ts
\root miki
\qry Make sure this is not /tepi:tska:miki/.
\mod Review all cases of verbal compounds that are not N-V or Part-V to make sure a standardized terminology is used with S and PM.
\xref tepi:tsmiktia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 01191
\lxam ompu:nkah
\lxam_c ompu:nkah
\lxoa ompo:nkah
\lxoa_c yóo:mpónkah
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Adv=V1
\der V1-b
\infv Irregular; see kah
\sense_e to be right over there (within the sight of speaker); the one that is right over there
\sense_s él que estáallímero (a la vista del hablante);él que estáallímismo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ompu:nkah! Xtlapo! Pakah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is right over there! Open it! There it is!
\phrase_s ¡Estáallímismo!¡ábrelo!¡Allíestá!
\phrase_n Ompu:nkah, ma:ka tihkwis! Tlatio:chi:wahli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The one that is right over there, (in this case some palm), don't use it! It is blessed!
\phrase_s ¡Ese que estáallá(en este caso algo de palma), no lo vayas a usar!¡Estábendicho!
\root on
\root -pa; on; ka
\disamb Adverbs
\nae It is not clear whether Ameyaltepec ompunkah can function both verbally, indicating existence in a certain location, and as a headless relative clause, indicating 'the
one that is right over there.' It may need a relativizer for this latter function and the correct pronunciation might be yo ompunkah , as in Oapan. If it can be used as a
headless relative, then it would differ from constructions such as nika:nkah and na:nkah , which consist of an adverbial modifier and the verb of
existence kah. Note that in the Oapan version the use as a relative clause requires a preceding relativizer, yó as in yóompúnkah 'that one
over there!'
\qry Check following statement:"However, note that whereas other subjects are possible with these latter two modified predicates (e.g., nika:n tunkah) with
ompunkah no such possibility exists (i.e., ? ompun tunkah ; rather one finds pun tunkah)."Check whether ?/ompun tunkah/ is correct,
etc.
\mod Compare /ompún/ and /ompa/ as well as /sampa/, /nepa/, etc. Compare all with forms having the copula: /ompunkah/, /ompakah/, /na:nkah/, /nika:nkah/, /pakah/, etc. Get a
complete list.
\ref 01192
\lxam a:te:ma
\lxam_c ka:te:ma
\lxoa a:te:ma
\lxoa_c ka:te:ma
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-mi
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to fill with water
\sense_s llenar de agua
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xka:te:ma ma:tekon para ma pala:ni itikwitl. Tikpapa:kas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Fill your gourd with water so that the inside rots (and you can use it as a canteen)! You will then clean and rinse it out.
\phrase_s ¡Llena tu bule con agua para que se pudra lo de adentro (y asílo puedes utilizar como cantimplora)! Lo vas a limpiar y enjuagar.
\root a:
\root te:m
\fl a:te:mi
\mod Note the possible meanings of /te:ma/.
\ref 01193
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /towameh/ and it has been removed.
\dt 02/Apr/2003
\ref 01194
\lxam kas
\lxam_c kas ke:mah
\lxoa kas
\lxoa_c kas ke:mah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\der Modal-evid
\sense_e perhaps; maybe
\sense_s quizá; acaso; tal vez; a lo mejor
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xnikmati, kas yo:yah?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't know, perhaps he has already left?
\phrase_s ¿No lo sé, tal vez ya se fue?
\phrase_n Kas ke:mah?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Perhaps that's the case?
\phrase_s ¿Puede ser que si?
\root kas
\nse This modal element indicates that the speaker is unsure of the truth value of the predication to follow, but is more inclined to believe it true than false.
\nde This element might well be related to Classical cuix 'acaso' (or 'perhaps').
\ref 01195
\lxam chi:lposo:nki
\lxam_c chi:lposo:nki
\lxoa chi:lposo:nki
\lxoa_c chi:lposo:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\infn N1
\sense_e type of chile sauce, boiled and without pork fat
\sense_s tipo de salsa de chile hervida, y sin manteca
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld food
\root chi:l
\root poso:
\ency_note mo:hli
\qry Again, determine whether this, like /chi:lmante:kah/ is a /mo:hli/.
\nse Chile sauce made with chile, water, garlic, onions, corriander, and eggs, all heated together to a boil.
\vl Use second male token, first one is tinny.
\ref 01196
\lxam se:botia
\lxam_c se:botia
\lxoa xé:potiá
\lxoa_pr xe:potia
\lxoa_c xé:potiá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (Nah) sebo
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\pitch yes
\sense_e to congeal (fat, lard, or grease)
\sense_s cuajar (el sebo o grasa)
\sense_d Pending
\qry Check vowel length. This was originally recorded in the Oapan tape as /sé:botiá/. The spelling was later corrected. This will be rerecorded at the end of the summer session.
\mod Note reference to re-recording in Oapan session; apparently first elicitation of /sé:botiá/ was erroneous.
\vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 7176. These should be tagged as 1196 and the llinked files should be taken from them, since they are recorded later and thus
of better sound.
\semref se:boti
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref xé:potí
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01197
\lxam tlatli:lwi:tektli
\lxam_c tlatli:lwi:tektli
\lxoa tlatli:lwi:tehtli
\lxoa_c tlatli:lwi:tehtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e amate or other image painted solely in black outline (in regard to amates this may refer to those that either are only line drawings or have had their images painted in black
outline but not yet filled in)
\sense_s amate u otro imagen pintado solamente con líneas negras (en cuanto a amates se refiere o a los que o se van a quedar en blanco y negro o los de blanco y negro que
todavía no se rellenan)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tli:l
\root wi:teki
\ency_note amate (document entire process).
\nae Apparently a possessive relation is indicated by a phrase such as noa:maw san de tlatli:lwi:tektli or something equivalent.
\ilus_note Illustrate perhaps with an amate in parts.... I believe I have one
\semref tlatsatsaktli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlá:tsahtlí
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01198
\lxam pare:joh
\lxam_c pare:joh
\lxoa pare:joh
\lxoa_c pare:joh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan parejo
\loan_t Spn
\psm Adj
\der Adj-loan
\sense_e to be equal (in length or height)
\sense_s ser iguales (en lo largo o lo alto)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikpapatili:s in o:lo:tetl, xok pare:jos, seki pi:pitik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will replace parts (taking out old, worn-out cobs and putting new ones in) of this o:lo:tetl , they (the cobs) are no longer even, some are small.
\phrase_s Voy a remplazar parte de este o:lo:tetl (poniendo olotes nuevos por unos que están desgastados), ya no están parejos (los olotes, en tamaño), algunos
son cortitos.
\sense_e (~ + yaw in plural) to be even; to be neck and neck; to be going at the same pace; to be of the same size
\sense_s (~ + yaw en plural) ser parejas; ser iguales; tener el mismo paso (al estar en movimiento); ser del mismo tamaño
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Noma:xiw. Xtimotla:nin, san pare:jos tiaweh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's my equal with what he can do with his hands (or arms). We don't compete, we just go (working along) at the same pace.
\phrase_s Es mi igual con lo que puede hacer con las manos (o los brazos). No hacemos competencia, vamos trabajando al mismo ritmo.
\nse Apparently as a predicate modifier with the sense of 'even; neck and neck; at the same pace; of the same size' pare:joh can be used with various verbs of
motion, e.g. notlalowah.
\ref 01199
\lxam kochipan
\lxam_c i:kochipan
\lxoa kochipan
\lxoa_alt kochipah
\lxoa_pr kochipan
\lxoa_c i:kochipah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound V1-N(rel)
\der Rel-poss-com
\infn N2
\sense_e in the sleep of (person marked as possessor)
\sense_s entre el sueño de o mientras que duerme (persona marcada como poseedor)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San ikochipan o:one:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He left while still half asleep (not fully awake).
\phrase_s Saliócuando todavía estaba medio dormido.
\phrase_n Koxtlatlatowa, san ikochipan pe:wa tlatlatowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He talks while sleeping, he just starts talking in his sleep.
\phrase_s Habla entre sueño, es cuando estádormido que empieza a hablar.
\root kochi
\root_rel -pan
\nae The etymology of kochipan is not entirely clear. Generally -pan is employed with nouns; in this case there is no clear corresponding noun. Note in
general that the verb kochi at times appears in compounds where one would not expect a verb to occur.
\vl Check vowel length of /i/.
\ref 01200
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be /umpakah/ but has been deleted with standardization of the orthography. See /ompakah/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 01201
\lxam ayuxiwtli
\lxam_c ayuxiwtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e the vine and leaves of the squash plant, of any type of squash
\sense_s el tallo rastrero y hojas de la calabaza, de cualquier tipo
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli(pend)
\root ayoh
\root xiw
\semref ayukihli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref áyukíhli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01202
\lxam tlato:lpo:ni
\lxam_c tlato:lpo:ni
\lxoa tláto:lpó:ni
\lxoa_pr tlato:lpo:ni
\lxoa_c tláto:lpó:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)[ca]
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to run off at the mouth; to start up and talk a lot
\sense_s hablar mucho repetinamente
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:tlato:lpo:nkeh, san miák tlato:hli o:kelna:mihkeh para kito:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They suddenly started to run off at the mouth. They remembered a lot of things (words) to say.
\phrase_s De repente empezaron a hablar mucho. Se acordaron de muchas cosas (palabras) para decir.
\root hto
\root po:
\qry Check for transitive form in /-po:nia/ or /-po:naltia/.
\semref tlato:lchi:kwepo:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01203
\lxam tsi:ntopo:ni
\lxam_c tsi:ntopo:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)[ca]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to backfire (a motor vehicle)
\sense_s producir detonaciones por el escape; petardear (un vehículo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tsi:nto:topo:ntiw fle:chah, chika:wak kakisti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The bus is going along backfiring every now and then, it sounds very loud.
\phrase_s El camión va produciendo detonaciones ocasionales por el escape, se oye fuerte.
\semfld sound
\root tsi:n
\root topo:
\qry Determine whether both /tsi:ntopo:nia/ and /tsi:ntopo:naltia/ exist. If both do, then determine the difference in meaning between them, if any.
\grm Reduplication with long vowel: /Tsi:nto:topo:ntiw fle:chah, chika:wak kakisti./ 'The bus is going along backfiring every now and then, it sounds very loud.' Note that this is
a classical example of long vowel reduplication indicating repeated actions spaced out over time; also typical is the reduplication of the verbal stem and not the IN.
\xref tsi:ntotopoka
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Am
\semref tsi:ntototopoka
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01204
\lxam so:ya:wia
\lxam_c kiso:ya:wia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to whip with palm; to wave palm in front of (e.g., chickens to frighten them away);
\sense_s azotar con palma; asustar al menear palma en frente de (p. ej., gallinas para ahuyentarlas, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Nikinso:ya:wi:s nopio:tsitsi:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to wave palm in front of my little chicks to scare them.
\phrase_s Voy a asustar a mis pollitos con el sonido y movimiento de palma.
\root so:ya:
\qry Recheck precise meaning.
\semref so:ya:wi:teki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01205
\lxam x=
\lxam_c xteki
\lxoa x=
\lxoa_c xteki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Clit
\der Clit-b
\sense_e imperative clitic
\sense_s clítico imperativo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\qry As imperative, check syllabification. A good way to do this is with vowel initial intransitives. Thus check if there is a difference in pronunciation between /xa:tli/ (perhaps x a:tli) 'he
doesn't drink water' and /xa:tli/ (imperative) 'drink water.' IF there is a difference and the first is syllabified, then all negatives should be rewritten as two words: x a:tli, etc., or at least
with vowel initial stems. With consonant initial stems there seems to be no problem.
\ref 01206
\lxam xo:chite:ma
\lxam_c kixo:chite:ma
\lxoa xo:chite:ma
\lxoa_c kixo:chite:ma
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-mi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to toss flowers at (e.g. a saint in a procession; syn. Oa xo:chitepe:wa)
\sense_s aventar flores a (p. ej., un santo en una procesión; sin. Oa xo:chitepe:wa)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e (in Am. xo:chitete:ma) to spread flowers over (a grave, an altar, etc., as part of an offering)
\sense_s (in Am. xo:chitete:ma) extender flores sobre (un sepulcro, un altar, etc. como parte de una ofrenda)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:kixo:chite:nkeh ka:n to:ktok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They placed flowers over the grave.
\phrase_s Le colocaron flores donde estáenterrado.
\phrase_n I:pan ma:yoh tlaxo:chite:malo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e In May they place flowers around the altar.
\phrase_s En mayo colocan flores sobre el altar.
\root xo:chi
\root te:m-2-
\ref 01207
\lxam koltotsiwi
\lxam_c koltotsiwi
\lxoa koltotsiwi
\lxoa_c koltotsiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to shrink and shrivel up (e.g., thin slices of meat on a grill; or things, such as cardboard, left long in the sun)
\sense_s achicarse (p. ej., rebanadas de carne sobre un comal; o algunas cosas, como cartón, dejadas en el sol)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:koltotsiw nakatl ipan koma:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The meat has shrunk and shrivled up on the griddle.
\phrase_s La carne ha empezado a achicarse sobre el comal.
\phrase_n O:pe:w koltotsiwi ika to:na.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has started to shrink and shrivel up from the sun.
\phrase_s Ya empezóa achicarse y encogerse por el sol
\sense_e to twist and turn in pain (e.g., sb from sharp pain)
\sense_s retorcerse de dolor (p. ej., algn con un dolor punzante)
\sense_d Pending
\root koltots
\nse The sense of koltotsiwi is well reflected by compounds such as ma:koltotsiwi, which refers to a person with arthritic and twisted hands, and
itikoltotsiwi , which refers to stomach cramps.
\nde According to Florencia Marcelino Oapan lacks the alternate /e:/ form * koltotse:wi ; this has been documented in Ameyaltepec, at least in the stative form
koltotse:wtok. Nevertheless, given the absence of this form in Oapan, it may be that the Ameyaltepec form is idiosyncratic and perhaps erroneous.
\grm Note that the following is a good example of the use of directionals meaning to break a surface or come up, and of reduplication, and of the aspectual /-tiw/.
/Wa:lkokoltotsiwtiw motson/ 'Your hair comes up curly (as it grows back)'
\semref koltotse:wi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01208
\lxam ke:mechih tlakwa:w
\lxam_c ke:mechih tlakwa:w
\lxoa ke:mechih tlakwa:w
\lxoa_alt ke:michih
\lxoa_c ke:mechih tlakwa:w
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\der Mod-complex
\sense_e how can it be that?
\sense_s ¿cómo puede ser?¿quétanto?
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:mechih tlakwa:w o:yah wa:n xkaman ka:nah yaw?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How can it be that he went and he never goes anywhere?
\phrase_s ¿Cómo puede ser que se fue y nunca va a ningún lado?
\phrase_n Ke:mechih tlakwa:w o:kikwiloh iwa:n xweli?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How can it be that he wrote it and he can't write?
\phrase_s ¿Cómo puede ser que lo escribióy no lo puede hacer?
\phrase_n Ke:mechih tlakwa:w xtiweli, miahpa yo:nimitsihlih!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e How can it be that you can't do it, I've told you many times (how to do it)!
\phrase_s ¡Quétanto que no lo puedes hacer, ya muchas veces te lo dije (como hacerlo)!
\phrase_n ¡Ke:mechih taya:hkón xtitlakaki!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e How can it be that difficult for you to understand?
\phrase_s ¡Quétanto asíno entiendes!
\root tlakwa:
\nse One Oapan consultant suggested a Spanish translation of ¡Qué tanto!.
\nae The Oapan pronunciation is [ki:míchitlakwa:y] (final /w/ becomes a palatal fricative). Given that this is written as two words the final /h/ of ke:michih is written.
However, when in non-phrase final position the reflex of {h} is pitch accent (much as it is for the plural marker /h/). Both they etymology and meaning of ki:michih or
ke:michih are unclear. In all documented accounts the sequence of utterence is ki:michih tlakwa:w. At first I had written this kimich
i:tlakwa:w , but this seems to be an error. The final element is clearly tlakwa:w , a lexeme that from other contexts (e.g., sa: tlakwa:w) begins
with /tl/ and not /i/. Thus it would seem that the /i/ is the final syllable of the first word in this sequence, or perhaps a separate element. However, in the literacy workshop of
September 2001 on a recording of Leopoldo Mauricio, the word ke:michih appeared, which was written this way by his son Roberto. Later, speake rs di d give
ke:michih as a word, pronouncing it as such. Since tlakwa:w is already documented, this suggests a division ke:michih tlakwa:w. Finally,
note that in Classical Nahuatl quemmach is found. Molina, for example, has quemmach? 'como es posible? uel. es posible?' He also has quemmach in
tiyolquimil? que rudo que eres? Note also the refrain ki:michih tlakwa:w ma:s tihombre? in the Carnival song To:naltsi:ntli. Note that the final /h/
is written given that when pronounced alone by Oapan consultants, there was a final /h/ in ke:michih.
\qry Check to see if this can be used without /kimich/ and check distinction /kimich/ vs. /kemech/. This might simply be /tlakwa:w/ as recorded in classical documents. Cf. and determine
the difference or relationship among /tlakwa:w/, /itlakwa:w/ and /itlakwahli/. Check vowel length on all. Work still has to be done on the meaning of this phrase, but FM always
translated it as, for instance /kemich itlakwaw xtihkaki, miakpa yo:nimitsihlih/"quétanto no escuchas, ya muchas veces te lo he dicho."Note that in a tape of Leopoldo Mauricio the
word /ke:michih/ appeared, which was written as such by Roberto, his son. Later, speakers did give /ke:michih/ as a word; this is in accord with other information, such as that
accorded by the phrase /sa: tlakwa:w/, which suggests that /tlakwa:w/ is a separate word.
\vl Cf. if /a:/ is long as recorded or not.
\semref tlakwa:w
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01209
\lxam derroblante:roh
\lxam_c derroblante:roh
\lxoa rroblante:roh
\lxoa_c rroblante:roh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan derrobar (?)
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e percussionist of a small drum
\sense_s baterista de tambor chiquito
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nse The drum is like that used by village músicos or that which is used in the comisaría.
\ref 01210
\lxam sa:sa:ne:lwia
\lxam_c kisa:sa:ne:lwia
\lxoa sa:sa:ni:lwia
\lxoa_f [sa: sa: ni:l 'wi ya]
\lxoa_c kisa:sa:ni:lwia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to tell a riddle to; to challenge with riddles
\sense_s relatar o decir adivinanzas a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Timitssa:sa:ne:lwi:s, xtikne:xti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to tell you a riddle, you won't guess it (the answer).
\phrase_s Te voy a relatar una adivinanza, no lo vas a solucionar.
\sense_e to rope (the legs of a beast of burden or cattle) by placing a lasso on a path (and then scaring the animal to walk through it)
\sense_s lanzar (las piernas de una bestia) al dejar una riata con lazada por el suelo (y espantar el animal para que pase por ahí)
\sense_d Pending
\root sa:ne:l
\ref 01211
\lxam mikia:n
\lxam_c i:mikia:n
\lxoa mikia:n
\lxoa_alt mikia:h
\lxoa_pr mikia:n
\lxoa_c i:mikia:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-dvb-ya:n
\infn N2
\sense_e lethal spot on the body of (person marked as possessor)
\sense_s un punto de muerto en el cuerpo de (el que se marca como poseedor)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa tomikia:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That is a deadly point on the human body.
\phrase_s Es un punto fatal en el cuerpo humano.
\phrase_n O:tiktla:lilih me:roh ipanimikia:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You landed it right on a deadly point of its body (e.g., in stabbing an ox, in punching sb).
\phrase_s Le diste en el mero punto para matarlo (p. ej., en meter un cuchillo a un buey, en golpear a algn).
\root miki
\root_rel -ya:n
\nse The term mikia:n refers to a spot that, when hit, results in death: solar plexus, head, genitals, etc. Note that in Ameyaltepec it is the first syllable that is stressed in this
disyllabic word: ['mi kya:n].
\qry Check to make sure this is /mikia:n/ and not /mikia/.
\ref 01212
\lxam melo:nyo:hli
\lxam_c melo:nyo:hli
\lxoa melo:yo:hli
\lxoa_c melo:yo:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) melón
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e melon seeds
\sense_s semillas de melón
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\root yo:l
\grm Oapan phonology: Note n>0 in this word-internal context.
\ref 01213
\lxam e:waltia
\lxam_c ke:waltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to begin (a job, chore, etc.)
\sense_s comenzar (un trabajo, tarea, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Saniman ke:waltia, pe:wa tekiti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He begins it right away, he starts to work.
\phrase_s Luego lo empieza, comienza a trabajar.
\root e:wa
\disamb pe:waltia; e:waltia; e:wi:tia
\nse The difference between e:waltia and pe:waltia is not altogether clear, and they might well be virtually synonymous. My impression, however, is that
the latter is more common, though this will have to be checked for specifically.
\qry The difference between /pe:waltia/ and /e:waltia/ needs to be determined. These two seem synonymous to me; /e:wi:tia/ might be slightly distinct, though one of the senses seems also
equivalent to the former two.
\xref e:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\semref pe:waltia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref pe:waltia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01214
\lxam po:cho:tl
\lxam_c po:cho:tl
\lxoa po:cho:tl
\lxoa_c po:cho:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e generic name of group of trees that includes both the po:cho:tl and the xo:pan po:cho:tl
\sense_s nombre genérico de un grupo deárboles que incluye el po:cho:tl mismo y el xo:pan po:cho:tl
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e Ceiba sp.Mill., tree of the Bombacaceae family known in Spanish as pochote
\sense_s Ceiba sp.Mill.,árbol de la familia Bombacaceae conocida como pochote
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Po:cho:tl | Kitekin para ichkatl. Bwe:noh para yugoh, no: weli para mori:yoh, timó:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Po:cho:tl : They pick cotton from it. It (i.e., its wood) is good for a yoke, it can also be used for beams, and for the beam of a plow.
\phrase_s Po:cho:tl : Lo cortan (su fruta) para algodón. Es (su madera) bueno para yugos, también puede usarse para morillos, para timón (de un arado).
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root po:cho:
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this as of the family Bombacaceaeand the genus/species Ceiba pentondra. Schoenhals (1988) has an extended discussion of the
pochote:"1. Various trees of the Fam. Bombaceae. 2. (Pachira aquatica) 'pachira', 'water sapote', 'guiaana chestnut'. See apompo. 3. (Ceibaspp., e.g.,
C. pentandra) 'ceiba', 'kapok tree', See ceiba. 4. (Bombaxspp. e.g., B. ellipticum, B. palmeri) 'clavellina', 'bombax', 'shaving brush tree', 'silk cotton
tree' See clavellina. 5. (Cochlospermum vitifolium) 'buttercup tree', 'wild cotton', 'cotton tree' See pongolote."Under the additional entries referred to:"Apompo 1.
(Cochlospermum vitifolium) 'cotton tree,' 'buttercup tree,' wild cotton.' See pongolote. 2. (Pachira aquatica) 'pachira,' 'water sapote,' 'guiana chestnut.'
Grows long rivers. When ripe, fruit splits with a noise like a thunderclap. Also called pachira, pochote, zapote bobo, zapote de agua, zapote rev entador, zapotón."And
under ceiba:"1. (Ceibaspp., e.g., C. pentandra) 'ceiba,' kapok tree.' Fluffy white cotton comes from the pods. This is the national tree of Guatemala and was
sacred to the ancient Maya. Also called cabellito deángel, pochote."Under clavellina:"1. (Bombaxspp. e.g., B. ellipticum, B. palmeri) 'bombax,' shaving
brush tree,' silk cotton tree.' The tree bears its flowers, giant pink or white masses of brush-like stamens, on naked branches. Also called altayata, amapola, amapola
colorada, cabellos deángel, coquito, cuajilote, jilosúchil, lele, pochote, pongolote, sospó, titilamate."Finally, under pongolote:"1. (Cochlospermum vitifolium)
'cotton tree,' buttercup tree,' 'wild cotton.' Produces fiber valued by the ancient Mexicans. A 30' tree with large, poppy-like yello flowers in spring. Branches will root and
are used for hedges. Also called algodón silvestre, apompo, madera de pasta, palo amarillo, panuco, pochote, pom posúchitl, pum p u nsuchi, tecomasúchil. 2.
(Bombaxspp., e.g., B. ellpiticum, B. palmeri) 'bombax,' 'shaving brush tree,' 'silk cotton tree.' See clavellina."Guizar and Sánchez (1991:162-63) mention two
types of pochotes, both of the Bombacaceaefamily. One (p. 162) is the pochote de aguas or tepesenpocho and of the genus/species
Ceiba aesculifolia; the other is the pochote de secas and of the genus/species Ceiba parvifoia. It is probably this second one that is the one
matching the po:cho:tl of the Balsas region.
\semref po:cho:kohtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01215
\lxam yesa:tl
\lxam_c yesa:tl
\lxoa yesa:tl
\lxoa_c yesa:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e liquidy blood (such as that which forms inside of blisters, but not blood mixed with pus)
\sense_s sangre con líquido (como el que se forma dentro de ampollas, pero no sangre mezclada con pus)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n San yesa:tl, xchi:chi:ltik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's just liquidy blood, it isn't red.
\phrase_s Solamente es sangre con líquido, no es rojo.
\root yes
\root a:
\ref 01216
\lxam wekapanilia
\lxam_c kwekapanilia
\lxoa wákapanília
\lxoa_pr wakapanilia
\lxoa_c kiwákapanília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to make higher (e.g., a wall or fence)
\sense_s hacer más alto (p. ej., una pared o cerca)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xkwepanili, ti:roh tla:ltech motepa:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make it higher, your wall is really low!
\phrase_s ¡Hazlo más alto, tu pared estámuy bajo!
\root wehka
\root_rel -pan
\qry Check Am form: is it really /kwepanilia/ or does one find /kiwekapanilia/.
\vl Check pitch-accent contour here. It would be unusual if the accent did not go onto the prefix.
\grmx The fact that pitch accent does not shift left in /kiwákapanília/ provides additional support to the thesis that the primary locus of high pitch is the nucleus of the syllable with
coda {h}. Although research should be continued, it seems that both 4- and 5-syllable pitch-accented transitive verbs maintain pitch on the nucleus before {h}. Thus the main
context for reassignment concerns cases of 4-syllable words or smaller words that form an intonational phrase such as /i:páyekó/. Compound words are also somewhat
problematical, as evidenced in the discussion of words like /kwitlátlayéhli/ and /tamaláyotlí/. Also problematical are multi-pitch-accented words. Problematic cases are
/tlakwátasí/ and similar forms. Also problematic are cases in which no clear motive for pitch accent is present, such as occurs with the bird names /tsí:ntlaxkál/ and /té:ntétl/.
In at least one case, the latter, there was variation in the pro nunciation of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez, with one con sultant pronouncing this word with
no pitch accent.
\ref 01217
\lxam tekpa:na
\lxam_c kitekpa:na
\lxoa tehpa:na
\lxoa_c kitehpa:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to place in a row or line
\sense_s poner en fila; alinear
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xtekpa:na tetl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place the stones in a row (or, less commonly, to place them one on top of another in a stack)!
\phrase_s ¡Coloca las piedras en fila (o, menos común, colocarlas una sobre otra)!
\phrase_n Xtekpa:na moalumnos!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make your students get in line!
\phrase_s ¡Pon a tus alumnos en fila!
\phrase_n Xmotekpa:naka:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Get in line!
\phrase_s ¡Pónganse en fila!
\phrase_n Notekpa:ntiweh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are going along in a line (e.g., people, or animals such as goats, chickens, etc.).
\phrase_s Van yendo en fila (p. ej., gente, o animales como chivos, gallinas, etc.).
\phrase_n Na:nika xkintekpa:na un nito:tikeh! Ye pe:was nito:ti:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place those dancers in a line that comes over this way! They are about to start dancing.
\phrase_s ¡Coloca a los danzantes en una línea que viene hacia acá! Van a empezar a bailar.
\sense_e to stack (e.g., dishes placed one on top of the other)
\sense_s apilar (p. ej., platos puestos uno sobre el otro)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (pl. recipr.) to alight on the ground (birds such as huilotas)
\sense_s (pl. refl.) posar sobre la tierra (pájaros como huilotas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:notekpa:nkeh puroh wi:lo:meh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just huilotas have alighted on the ground (i.e., as they eat).
\phrase_s Puras huilotas se posaron sobre la tierra (p. ej., al comer).
\root tekpa:
\disamb wi:pa:na; tekpa:na; tekpa:ntla:lia
\nse The reflexive use of this word has been documented only in the plural, as it refers to several individuals (or birds, as in one illustrative sentence) lining up or going along in a line. Note
also that tekpa:na generally refers to the placement of things in a horizontal row, in line. However, it may also signify (but is more rarely so employed) to indicate a
vertical stacking of objects.
\qry For /tekpa:ntok/ I have the definition of 'set in a stack' (as dishes). Check to see if /tekpa:na/ can refer to placing things one on top of the other, of piling things up in a stack. Note
that there is no intransitive; apparently the reflexive might have an anticausative sense
\qry The meaning of /notekpa:na/ is the defintion '(refl.) to alight on the ground (birds such as huilotas)' is unclear. My notes state taht thy are not really lined up in a line, but
just scattered on the ground eating. Check this use and possible other cases in which /notekpa:na/ is used to refer to birds eating on the ground. Why /tekpa:na/ and not another verb
that doesn't imply 'line.'
\root_notes The root tekpa:n seems to have the element te- 'stone' in it, perhpas added to a root pa:na. There are other words ending in
pa:na that also seem to refer to actions of setting something in place (e.g., wi:pa:na).
\ref 01218
\lxam te:mowa
\lxam_c kitete:mowa
\lxoa te:mowa
\lxoa_c kí:te:mówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to look for; to search for
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) buscar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nitlakwe:xtilih, wa:n xa:k tli:n niktete:mowa:ya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I looked all over and what I was searching for wasn't there.
\phrase_s Mirépor todos lados y lo que yo estaba buscando no se encontraba.
\phrase_n O:kitete:mo:to iwa:kax.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He went to look for his cow (or bull, steer, etc.; see tlate:mowa)
\phrase_s Fue a buscar a su vaca (o toro, becerro, etc.; véase tlate:mowa)
\phrase_n Ke:n o:timistete:moh! Xtimitsne:xtia:ya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How I looked for you! I couldn't find you.
\phrase_s ¡Quétanto te busqué! No te podía encontrar.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to miss
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) extrañar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitete:mowa isuwa:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He misses his wife.
\phrase_s Extraña a su esposa.
\root te:m-2-
\nse The form tlate:mowa is interesting in that it is virtually the only occurrence of this verb in non-reduplicated form. Given the nature of the action of 'looking for,'
te:mowa almost always occurs reduplicated with a short vowel. However, when the non-specific object prefix tla- is used in the sense of 'to look for
animals' it is extremely common for the verb stem to occur without reduplication (often an extraverse directional is used, particularly if it is the speaker who is going out somewhere
to look for his animals).
\qry Check whether /kitete:mowa i:sowa:w/ is correct with this meaning, or whether it should be ?/kite:mowa i:sowa:w/.
\mod For a discussion of the meaning of 'sabanear,' see Gram 1984-07-08.1.
\grm Reduplication and transitivity: The form tlate:mowa is interesting in that it is virtually the only occurrence of this verb in non-reduplicated form. Given the
nature of the action of 'looking for,' te:mowa almost always occurs in redupicated form. However, when the non-specific object prefix tla- is used
in the sense of 'to look for animals' it is extremely common for the verb stem to not be reduplicated (often an extraverse directional is used, particularly if it is the speaker
who is going out somewhere to look for his animals).
\xref tlate:mowa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01219
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /kochyoyoma/ that has been removed because of its offensive nature.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 01220
\lxam tsonawatl
\lxam_c tsonawatl
\lxoa tsónawátl
\lxoa_pr tsonawatl
\lxoa_c tsónawátl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e ringworm
\sense_s tiña
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:kasik tsonawatl, kwa:tsotsoliwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has gotten ringworm, his head is getting a bald spot on it.
\phrase_s Le dio tiña, se va quedando calvo.
\sense_e small pieces of recently cut hair that remain stuck on ones skin
\sense_s pelitos de cabello recién cortado que se quedan encajados en la piel
\sense_d Pending
\root tson
\root ahwa
\nse One consultant mentioned that tsonawatl refers to ringworm and not to the little hairs that might remain after a haircut. However, it is said that if a person has a haircut
and doesn't wash away the little hairs that stay behind, they will infect the scalp with tsonawatl.
\nae Ameyaltepec Nahuatl looses underlying {h} in word-internal position. Thus the presence of absence of {h} closing the first syllable of awatl cannot be determined by
information from Ameyaltepec Nahuatl alone, although the comparative data from Oapan suggests an underlying {h} that is reflected in pitch accent. Also, two Ameyaltepec
speakers seemed to vary in regard to the length of the first /a/ of awatl. Gabriel de la Cruz pronounced the word in question as tsona:watl , whereas
Luis Lucena definately had a short /a/. There are a few other words in which such a difference in vowel length has been noted.
\qry Check both meanings of /tsonawatl/.
\grm Vowel length: /ah/>/a:/: Ameyaltepec Nahuatl looses underlying {h} in word-internal position. Thus the presence of absence of {h} closing the first syllable of
awatl cannot be determined by information from Ameyaltepec Nahuatl alone, although the comparative data from Oapan suggests an underlying {h} that is
reflected in pitch accent. Also, two Ameyaltepec speakers seemed to vary in regard to the length of the first /a/ of awatl. Gabriel de la Cruz pronounced the
word in question as tsona:watl , whereas Luis Lucena definately had a short /a/. There are a few other words in which such a difference in vowel length has
been noted.
\ref 01221
\lxam xo:kiyá:k
\lxam_alt xo:kwiyá:k
\lxam_c xo:kiyá:k
\lxoa xó:kwiyá:k
\lxoa_c xó:kwiyá:k
\lxoa_pr xo:kwiya:k
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have a certain strong smell (most often used to refer to fish, as well as blood and, less often, meat; it can also be used to refer to the smell of milk, either human or bovine)
\sense_s tener un cierto olor fuerte (a menudo utilizado para describir el olor de pescado y también de sangre y, menos común, de carne; también se refiere a leche, sea bovina o
humana)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be unbaptized (young babies, apparently in reference to the smell of a woman who has recently given birth and not yet bathed)
\sense_s no estar bautizado (bebés, aparentemente por el olor de una mujer que recientemente dio a luz y todavía no se baña después del parto)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld smell
\root xok
\root hya:
\nse The use of xokiá:k to refer to unbaptized children apparently derives from the fact that the smell of women who have given birth but not yet bathed for the first time
after birth (which usually occurs two weeks later) is described with the word xokiá:k. It would seem that young babies retain this smell, which is said to be cleansed
at the time of baptism.
\nae The etymology of xokiá:k is not completely clear. Several file cards had xo:kyá:k with the notation that this refers to the smells of meat, fish, eggs
(even when not spoiled), blood, and a child with evil eye (deke ki:xwian, tlai:xwi:hli). It would seem that xo:kya:k is a variant pronunciation of
xo:kiá:k but this needs to be checked.
\nde Molina gives xoquializtli 'olor de piedraçufre, o de cosa assí.' For the same word RS gives 'fétido, desagradable, hedor.' In xoquiyayaliztli, with virtually the
same definition, he gives the etymology as xotl ('pie, pierna') and iyayaliztli. This suggests that the labialization to /kw/ in Oapan is a recent development.
\qry Check whether /xo:kiá:k/ and /xo:kyá:k/ are the same. Also check whether there is a separate word ?/xo:kwiá:k/.
\mod Check other bases for other smells: /pipiyá:k/ etc. Perhaps construct a page in the ono section on different words referring to types of smells. Note that one file card records that
/xo:kiá:k/ definitely has a long first vowel. I also mention that there is no glide in this and similar words.
\ref 01222
\lxam ko:pi:lnenemi
\lxam_c ko:pi:lnenemi
\lxoa ko:pí:lnenémi
\lxoa_pr ko:pi:lnenemi
\lxoa_c ko:pí:lnenémi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp S-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a(m)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to walk slowly and with small steps
\sense_s caminar despacio y con pasos pequeños
\sense_d Pending
\root ko:pi:l
\root nemi
\nae The absence of reduplication reduction in Oapan ko:pí:lnenémi is due to the lexicalization of nénemí with an unpredictable meaning 'to walk' (cf.
nemi'to live').
\grm Stem; incorporation; /iwi/: As in other cases (e.g., incorporated /koch/) here we seem to have a verbal stem fused to another, without the participial formation. Ask Michel
about this. Cf. other coded S-V in the dictionary. Perhaps /iwi/ verbs do not have the /ka:/ participial marker. This seems to be the case in Balsas Nahuatl.
\ref 01223
\lxam po:ktia
\lxam_c po:ktia
\lxoa po:htia
\lxoa_c po:htia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to become sooty or blackened with soot
\sense_s cubrirse o ennegrecerse de hollín
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xok chipa:wak, yo:po:ktiak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It isn't clean anymore (in this case the bottom of a pot), it got covered with soot.
\phrase_s Ya no estálimpia (en este caso la parte inferior de una olla), ya se ennegreciócon hollín.
\root po:k
\nse Both a kuwi:xin and ko:lo:tl when old can po:ktia : Pa yaw se: ko:lo:tl, xkita asta yo:po:ktiak.
\disamb po:kiowa; po:che:wi, etc.
\qry Check for transitive form ?/po:ktilia/
\ref 01224
\lxam kochkamacha:lowa
\lxam_c kochkamacha:lowa
\lxoa kochkamacha:lowa
\lxoa_c kochkamacha:lowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp S-N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to yawn
\sense_s bostezar
\sense_d Pending
\root kochi
\root kama
\root cha:l
\nae The valency of cha:lowa is not entirely certain given that it has only been documented with an incorporated noun. However, RS gives chaloa as
transitive, and this information has been taken into consideration in glossing the basic verb of kochkamacha:lowa as transitive.
\qry Check possible 'to make yawn' which should be /kochkamacha:lo:ltia:/.
\vl Check vowel length of /a:/.
\ref 01225
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was for /ano:nah/, which has been removed given that although used, it is the Spanish for /i:la:mah/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 01226
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xa:ltsapotl
\lxoa_cpend @xa:ltsapotl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of zapote tree still not identified
\sense_s tipo deárbol de zapote todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root xa:l
\root tsapo
\nse According to Florencia Marcelino, this is identical to the a:no:na(Nahuatl i:la:mah), the Spanish borrowing often used in Ameyaltepec. Nevertheless,
Silvestre Pantaleón did not know of this plant.
\qry Check with other consultants and remove if not confirmed.
\ref 01227
\lxam tlatsi:nkweptli
\lxam_c tlatsi:nkweptli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(p)
\sense_e type of cotton pants (calzón) previously worn, along with other types of calzones, in Ameyaltepec, Oapan, Ahuelicán, and San Juan Tetelcingo;
the name of which refers to how it is cut, with pleats along the seat (as opposed to being smooth as in regular calzones)
\sense_s tipo de calzón (pantalón de manta) antes utilizado en Ameyaltepec, Oapan, Ahuelicán, and San Juan Tetelcingo, cuyo nombre hace referencia al las tablas o pliegues que
tiene por la parte en medio (a diferencia de los calzones normales, que son lisos)
\sense_d Am
\root tsi:n
\root kwepa
\ency_note clothes (get all words referring to styles of calzones, and then also of dresses)
\nse One consultant, Gabriel de la Cruz, stated that tlatsi:nkweptli referred to objects, such as certain pencils, that could be used at both ends. However, he was the only
person who offered this definition.
\ref 01228
\lxam nelwatl
\lxam_c i:nelwayo
\lxoa nelwatl
\lxoa_c nelwatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e root (of a plant)
\sense_s raíz (de una planta)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n inelwayo mi:hli
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e the root of a maize plant
\phrase_s la raíz de una planta de maíz
\phrase_n Yewainelwayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is its root.
\phrase_s Es su raíz.
\sense_e lineage (of); ancestors (of); roots (of one's family); offspring (of)
\sense_s lineaje de; ancestros de; abolengo o raíz de (la familia de uno); descendientes de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne: San Juan, pa wa:le:wtok nonelwayo -=pa wa:le:wtok nelwatl-. Umpa nikomekatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My roots come from there in San Juan. I am an offshoot (descendant) from there.
\phrase_s Alláen San Juan, de alláviene mis raíces (mis ancestros). De allásoy descendiente.
\phrase_n Yewa nonelwayo, yewa nokomekayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is part of my family, he is my lineage (lit., 'he is my root, he is my vine'; said of a child who has gone to another pueblo to live).
\phrase_s Es parte de mi familia, es mi linaje (lit., 'es mi raíz, es mi enredadera'; se dice de un hijo que ha ido a otro pueblo para vivir).
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\root nelwa
\disamb kinship
\disamb nelwatl; kuhnelwatl
\nse Note that nelwatl can mean both ones ancestors and ones descendents, with the key factor being that the persons referred to are in a direct line.
\qry Determine the difference in use of /komekatl/ and /nelwatl/ in reference to kinship relations. Check to see if /nelwayo:tl/ is a word.
\mod For /inelwayo mi:hli/, see diagram with /mi:hli/.
\grm Possession /-yo/: Note /Yewa nonelwayo, yewa nokomekayo/ 'He is part of my family, he is my lineage (lit., 'he is my root, he is my vine'; said of a child who has gone to
another pueblo to live).' In general note that terms referring to plant parts are possessed with /-yo/ (e.g., /i:xo:chio/, /i:nelwayo/, /i:xiwyo/, etc.). Also note that when such
plant parts are verbalized, the /-yo/ is maintained: /xiwyoxi:ni/ 'to have leaves fall off (of tree [S])'. Note also that there seems to be a pattern that when plant parts are used
to express human relations the /-yo/ is maintained; when human body parts are used to expressed relations of a plant to its part the /-yo/ is not used. Thus /-ma/ seems to be
basically interpretable as primarily referring to 'hand' and is extended to trees to mean 'branches.' In reference to trees it is used in various verbalizations with related
meanings: /mayowa/ 'to become 'branchy', etc. Also discuss here how 'yo:tia' is used as a verbalization pattern meaning 'to place NOUN as partofOBJECT' (ki:xteyo:ti:s
me:stli)
\ref 01229
\lxam solo:naltia
\lxam_c kisolo:naltia
\lxoa solo:naltia
\lxoa_c kisolo:naltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca[ni]
\trans from nondirected alternation
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to rev an engine (of a motor vehicle; see kokomotsa)
\sense_s accelerar el motor (de un vehículo; véase kokomotsa)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kisolona:ltia iko:cheh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He revs up (or quickly accelarates) his car.
\phrase_s Accelera rápidamente su coche.
\sense_e (~ a:tl) to cause rapids to form in the water (e.g., by placing a rock in running water)
\sense_s (~ a:tl) causar la formación de rápidos en agua (p. ej., al colocar una piedra en agua corriente)
\sense_d Oa
\root solo:
\nse In regard to the use of solo:naltia in Oapan to indicate the action of placing a rock in running water to create rapids, note that a:solo:nka:nis used in
Oapan to indicate rapids.
\qry Check to see to what else this word can refer; in general it seems to indicate causing a certain rushing sound to be made by something.
\xref solo:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 01230
\lxam mi:te:ka
\lxam_alt mi:te:ka
\lxam_c mi:te:ka
\lxoa mi:te:ka
\lxoa_alt mi:te:katl
\lxoa_c mi:te:katl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\sense_e type of insect, still not identified, that eats plant leaves and flowers such as squash, chile, etc.; it is particularly fond of the flowers of the vine known in Oapan as
xino:lah komekatl
\sense_s tipo de insecto, todavía no identificado, que se come las hojas y flores de plantas como calabaza, chile, etc., y que en particular gusta de la flor de la enredadera conocida
en Oapan como xino:lah komekatl
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mi:te:ka | Nemi ipan tla:hli. No: tlayehli. I:pan chi:hli kwa:k selik, pe:wa kikwa, pe:wa kiteteki. Me:dioh chi:chi:ltiktsitsi:nteh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Mi:te:ka : It lives on the ground. It is also mischievous. When chile is tender, it begins to eat it, it begins to nibble at it (its leaves). They (these insects) are
somewhat reddish.
\phrase_s Mi:te:ka : Vive sobre la tierra. También es latoso. Cuando el chile es tierno, empieza a comérselo, a cortarle las hojas. Son (estos insectos) algo rojizos.
\root mi:te:
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\nae The etymology of mi:te:ka is unclear, and for this reason the root has been left unanalyzed.
\nse It is found on sakapahliand on me:me:ya.
\ilus_note There is a photo of this insect eating the inside of the /xinolakomekatl/ flower. Put this link in.
\qry Check etymology; perhaps consultants have an idea. Also recheck for final /h/.
\vl Check length of final /a/, perhaps long as in /yo:lka:tl/.
\ref 01231
\lxam suwa:miki
\lxam_c suwa:miki
\lxoa siwa:miki
\lxoa_c siwa:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\trans Check for transitive; none documented to date
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to lose a wife through death
\sense_s perder una esposa por su muerte
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root sowa:
\root miki
\grm Possessor raising: Note the case of /sowa:miki/.
\ref 01232
\lxam te:maxtike:tl
\lxam_c te:maxtike:tl
\lxoa te:máxtiké:tl
\lxoa_pr te:maxtike:tl
\lxoa_c te:máxtiké:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e teacher; schoolmaster
\sense_s maestro (de escuela)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root mati
\nae As with many agentives the -ki form, * te:maxtiki , is not acceptable.
\ref 01233
\lxam koyo:na:wahli
\lxam_c koyo:na:wahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e to have a coyote as a nahual
\sense_s tener un coyote como nahual
\sense_d Am
\root koyo:
\root na:wa
\qry Check other compounds of N+na:wahli.
\root_notes Probably /na:wahli/ is derived from the verb root /na:wa-ti/ 'to make a sound'. However, this should be checked as should the general words with this base.
\ref 01234
\lxam chi:lsolo:tl
\lxam_c chi:lsolo:tl
\lxoa chi:lsolo:tl
\lxoa_c chi:lsolo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-d-yo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e chile that dries before becoming fully ripe and red
\sense_s chile que se seca antes de que madure bien y antes de que se quede rojo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xo:chika:w kwahli kwa:k o:kitehkeh, kipia istá:k, chi:lsolo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It hadn't gotten fully ripe when they picked it, it has white on it, it is chi:lsolo:tl.
\phrase_s No había madurado bien cuando lo cortaron, tiene algo de blanco, es chi:lsolo:tl.
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root chi:l
\root solo:
\nae The etymology or derivation of chi:lsolo:tl is uncertain. Note the -o:tl ending, which also occurs in other"green"produce of primary necessity:
yelo:tl , xilo:tl , and yexo:tl. Among men chi:lsolo:tl may be used in a possessed form as a sexual reference to the
penis.
\qry Recheck term and elicit other types of chiles at different stages of growth.
\ref 01235
\lxam tli:ltik
\lxam_c tli:ltik
\lxoa tli:ltik
\lxoa_c tli:ltik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e to be black
\sense_s ser negro
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tli:ltik tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The earth is black.
\phrase_s La tierra es negra.
\sense_e to be dark (e.g., healthy dark-green corn plants toward the end of the rainy season)
\sense_s ser oscuro (p. ej., la milpa que estácreciendo bien a finales de la temporada de lluvia)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:na:kwep moxtli, tli:ltik tlachia. Kiawis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The cloud has gotten dark, it looks black. It's going to rain.
\phrase_s La nube se ennegreció, se ve negro. Va a llover.
\sense_e to be dark-skinned
\sense_s tener la piel oscura
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nimoka:wtok tli:ltik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm becoming dark-skinned (e.g., from too much time in the sun).
\phrase_s Me estoy quedando prieto (p. ej., al pasar demasiado tiempo en el sol).
\semfld color
\root tli:l
\nse The diminutive is used more in the sense of 'blackish,' or 'somewhat black.' Tli:ltik can be used for colors that are very dark, but may still be bright. Thus it has been
documented in reference to the very dark green of corn plants at the end of a bountiful rainy season. In Oapan both tli:ltik and tli:lihki are used; the
precise difference still needs to be determined.
\ref 01236
\lxam we:lia
\lxam_c we:lia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to become tasty; to become flavorful
\sense_s agarrar sabor; quedar sabroso
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xtla:li iwí:n na:nkah ye:rbah bwe:nah para we:lias tlakwahli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Put this here mint in so that the food gets more tasty!
\phrase_s ¡échale esta yerba buena para que la comida agarre sabor!
\root we:li
\ref 01237
\lxam se:xihpolowa
\lxam_c nose:xihpolowa
\lxoa se:xihpolowa
\lxoa_c nose:xihpolowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp [Num-N]-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Documented to date only in the reflexive
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) to loose or miss an anniversary (i.e., sth that occurs once a year, such as the fiesta of a patron saint)
\sense_s (refl.) perder un aniversario (esto es, algo que sucede cada año, como una fiesta patronal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka nose:xihpolo:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't let him miss a year (e.g., one year of an annual fiesta, etc.)!
\phrase_s ¡Quéno pierda un año (esto es, un año de una fiesta anual, etc.)!
\root se:
\root xiw
\root pol
\qry Determine whether other numerals can be used with this form, e.g., ?o:mesixpolowa. Also determine the precise meaning of /se:xiwpolowa/. It is not clear from the above example
what exactly is"lost."Apparently there is a separate subject that"looses"the anniversary. Thus the form /nimose:xiwpolowa/ seems also correct, though the precise meaning is not
clear. That is, it is not clear if the person missed the anniversary, or if the anniversary was not celebrated for one reason or another. This should be checked.
\ref 01238
\lxam garaba:nsoh
\lxam_alt araba:nsoh
\lxam_c araba:nsoh
\lxoa garaba:nsoh
\lxoa_c garaba:nsoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan garbanzo
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e chick-pea; garbanzo
\sense_s garbanzo
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\ref 01239
\lxam po:ki
\lxam_c po:ki
\lxoa po:ki
\lxoa_c po:ki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-b
\trans Specific object only
\infv class-4a(oni)
\sense_e to smoke (e.g., a cigarrette, cigar, pipe, etc.)
\sense_s fumar (p. ej., un cigarro, puro, pipa, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tipo:ki:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You smoke a lot (or, 'You have smoked').
\phrase_s Fumas (o, 'Has fumado').
\phrase_n Kipo:ki:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will smoke it (e.g., particular cigarrette or item).
\phrase_s Lo va a fumar (esto es, un cigarro en particular, u otra cosa específica).
\root po:k
\root i:
\qry Note that like other such verbs, this one can only take a specific object. I would imagine, this should be checked, that such a form would be /kipo:ki:ni mariwa:nah/. Check.
\xref po:ki:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 01240
\lxam xoloche:wi
\lxam_c xoloche:wi
\lxoa xoloche:wi
\lxoa_c xoloche:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become bunched up (e.g., pants too big that are pulled tight by a belt)
\sense_s fruncirse; arrugarse (p. ej., pantalones que quedan grandes al apretarse con un cinturón)
\sense_d Pending
\root xoloch
\qry Recheck that both /xolochiwi/ and /xoloche:wi/ are correct. Check for any possible difference. Also, determine all possible subjects and objects of this/these verbs.
\semref xolochiwi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01241
\lxam tsi:nki:sa
\lxam_c tsi:nki:sa
\lxoa tsi:nki:sa
\lxoa_c tsi:nki:sa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to move backward
\sense_s mover hacia o hacerse para atrás
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Bwe:noh, wel tsi:nki:sa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is good (in this case a horse), it can move backward.
\phrase_s Es bueno (en este caso un caballo), puede hacerse para atrás.
\sense_e to back off (e.g, from a task or chore, from an obligation); to go back or renege on an obligation or promise
\sense_s hacerse para atrás (en cuanto a una tarea u obligación); renegar de un compromiso o promesa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Saniman tsi:nki:sa, xkaman kichi:wa tli:n kitowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He backs off right away (e.g., from an obligation), he never does what he says.
\phrase_s Luego luego se echa atrás (p. ej., de una obligación), nunca hace lo que dice.
\sense_e to become backlogged; to fall behind (e.g., ones work)
\sense_s atrasarse (p. ej., en el trabajo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tsi:nki:s notekiw, xok o:niah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My work got backlogged, I no longer went.
\phrase_s Me atraséen mi trabajo, ya no fui.
\sense_e (with the directional prefix wa:l-) to come close
\sense_s (con prefijo direccional wa:l-) arrimarse
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n ¡Na:nika xwa:htsi:nki:sa!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e ¡Come over here!
\phrase_s ¡Arrímate para acá!
\root tsi:n
\root ki:sa
\nse In Oapan the terms tsi:nki:sa is used with an intraverse directional prefix to indicate movement of the subject toward a point of reference. During fiestas or parties the
form xtsi:nki:sa is also occasionally used to indicate 'Come close (i.e., to the table to eat)!'
\qry Check correctness of definition 'to become backlogged; to fall behind (e.g., ones work)' and phrase 'O:tsi:nki:s notekiw, xok o:niah.'
\xref tsi:nki:xtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01242
\lxam welita
\lxam_c kwelita
\lxoa welita
\lxoa_c kwelita
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp PM-V2
\der V2-b
\infv Irregular; see ita
\sense_e to like (the looks of [O])
\sense_s gustarle a (la apariencia de algo [O])
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:ne:chihlih, tle:ka ne:chkwaltsi:ntili:s? Tla:mo mitswelitas momekaw?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He (in this case a husband) asked me why he should make me look good (e.g., by buying me a nice dress)?"If I don't will your lover like the way you look?"
\phrase_s él (en este caso el esposo) me preguntópor quéme iba a embellecer (p. ej., al comprarme ropa nueva)?"¿Si no (lo hago) le gustarías a tu amante?"
\phrase_n Ke:san timitswelita! Timanaskeh pa:mpa ke:san tikwaltsi:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Oh how I like your looks! We are going to get married because you are a real knock-out!
\phrase_s ¡Quétanto me gustas!¡Nos vamos a casar porque eres una belleza!
\sense_e to find enjoyable (e.g., a given task)
\sense_s disfrutar de (p. ej., un trabajo o tarea)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwelita tekitl, tlatski.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He doesn't like work, he is lazy.
\phrase_s No le gusta el trabajo, es flojo.
\root wel
\root ita
\xref welitilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlawelita
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01243
\lxam yekastiw
\lxam_c yekastiw
\lxoa yekastiw
\lxoa_c yekastiw
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp V1-asp
\der V1-b
\infv Irregular; see -tiw
\sense_e to go along leading the way (either in a physical plane or metaphorically)
\sense_s ir yendo primero, en la punta (o en el aspecto físico o metáforicamente)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tiaweh! Timistokas, xyekastiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let's go! I'll follow you, go along in the lead!
\phrase_s ¡Vámonos! Yo te sigo,¡vete como puntero!
\phrase_n Newa yo:niyekastiah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I started out first.
\phrase_s Yo empecé primero.
\root yeka
\mod Perhaps change 'asp' in /aff field and encode this information in the /com field.
\ref 01244
\lxam ye:kma:wia
\lxam_c kiye:kma:wia
\lxoa ye:hma:wia
\lxoa_f [ye:h ma: 'wi ya]
\lxoa_c kiye:hma:wia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to perform or carry out (e.g., a task, the throwing of a ball, playing an instrument, chopping wood, writing, etc.) with ones right hand
\sense_s hacer (p. ej., una tarea, aventar una pelota, tocar un instrumento, escribir, leñar, etc.) con la mano derecha
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xikye:kma:wi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Do it with your right hand!
\phrase_s ¡Hazlo con la mano derecha!
\sense_e to hit lightly with ones right hand thrown out to ones side (e.g., sb who makes one mad)
\sense_s golpear ligeramente con la mano derecha (p. ej., a uno que le hace enojar)
\sense_d Oa
\root ye:k
\root ma:
\semref ma:pochwia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01245
\lxam kakisti
\lxam_c kakisti
\lxoa kakisti
\lxoa_c kakisti
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to be audible; to be able to be heard; to make a sound
\sense_s ser audible; poderse oir; escucharse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwahli kakisti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It doesn't sound good (e.g., a radio, sound over a loudspeaker, etc.)
\phrase_s No se oye bien (p. ej., un radio, sonido transmitido por una altavoz, etc.)
\phrase_n Tla: xkakisti, xmopepecho!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If it isn't audible, come closer!
\phrase_s ¡Si no se oye, acércate!
\sense_e to become known (a rumor, fact, situation)
\sense_s llegar a saberse (un rumor, un hecho o situación)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pe:w kakisti tite:kakaya:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's started to become known that you trick people.
\phrase_s Empezóa saberse que engañas a la gente.
\root kaki
\qry Check existence of nominal form /kakistli/, since the verb form suggests denominalization. Determine the meanings of /kakisti/ with various directionals.
\grm Make sure to include these types of derivations in the grammar: /machisti/, /kakisti/... check to see if any others exist.
\xref kakistilia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 01246
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This word has been deleted as a duplicate of 6532, /kexi:l/.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\vl This record has been deleted as a duplicate of 6532; tag words here as 6532 but use the words recorded at 6532 (not those from 1246) as linked to the headword.
\ref 01247
\lxam kwelpachiwi
\lxam_c kwelpachiwi
\lxoa kwelpachiwi
\lxoa_c kwelpachiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp S-V1
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become bent or doubled over; to sag (e.g., a plant that is either laden with fruit or drying up and wilting); to buckle (e.g., a pole under a great weight)
\sense_s encorvarse; doblarse; combarse (p. ej., una planta cargada con fruta, o sufriendo por falta de agua); combarse (p. ej., un poste bajo un peso grande)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Meláyo:yetí:yak ika itla:kihlo, yo:kwelpachiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has really gotten overladen with fruit (a tree), it's branches have sagged down.
\phrase_s De veras estásobrecargada con su fruta (unárbol), ya se combó(del peso de la fruta).
\phrase_n O:niwa:lpano:k, yo:kwelpachiw momi:l. Ye wa:ktok, ye weka:wtok xkiawi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I passed by on my way here, the plants in your cornfield have doubled over. They are already drying up, it's been a long time since it's rained.
\phrase_s Pasépor allíal venir, ya se doblótu milpa. Ya se estásecando, ya hace mucho tiempo que no llueve.
\phrase_n Yo:kwelpachiw un kabe:sah. Xchika:wak, yema:nka:kohtli, yo:no:liw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That housebeam buckled. It wasn't strong, it was soft wood, it became bent (under the weight it had to support).
\phrase_s Esa viga (cabesa) se combó. No era fuerte, era madera blanda, se dobló(bajo el peso que sostenía).
\root kwel
\root pach
\nae One also has the forms, in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan, kwelpache:wi.
\grm Note directional: /O:niwa:lpano:k, yo:kwelpachiw momi:l. Ye wa:ktok, ye weka:wtok xkiawi/ 'I passed by on my way here, the plants in your cornfield have doubled over.
They are drying up, it's been a long time since it's rained.'
\ref 01248
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was simply the letter /d/ in the /lxa field, with no other information or data. It might be an error, or perhaps the entry was mistakenly erased. Check the DAT for this entry.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\ref 01249
\lxam xi:hla:nkana:hka:n
\lxam_c i:xi:hla:nkana:hka:n
\lxoa xi:hla:nkana:hka:n
\lxoa_alt xi:hla:nkana:hka:h
\lxoa_c i:xi:hla:nkana:hka:h
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-dvb-ka:n
\infn N2
\sense_e flank where it goes in slightly above the waist (the side of an animal's body just below the lowest ribs where the torso goes in slightly)
\sense_s parte del costado o flanco justamente arriba de la cintura (la parte del torso inmediatamente abajo de las costillas, donde naturalmente el cuerpo se sume un poco)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld body
\root xi:lla:n
\root kana:
\root_rel -ka:n
\vl See note under /xi:hlan/.
\ref 01250
\lxam nekwilowa
\lxam_c kinekwilowa
\lxoa nekwilowa
\lxoa_c kinekwilowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to pull to one side to make crooked (e.g., the neck of a head of cattle to be slaughtered)
\sense_s jalar a un lado dejándolo chueco (p. ej., el cuello de un buey a ser matado)
\sense_d Pending
\root nekwil
\disamb patilowa; no:lowa; tolowa; etc.
\semref kechnekwilowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01251
\lxam itowa
\lxam_c kitowa
\lxoa ítowá
\lxoa_pr itowa
\lxoa_alt ito'
\lxoa_c kítowá; n'ítowá
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\allomorph object deletion
\allomorph_d Oa
\der V2-b
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to say (a particular word)
\sense_s decir (una palabra en particular)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kitoh"a:man"ma:ka"a:xkan"!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He said" a:man not" a:xkan !"
\phrase_s Dijo" a:man not" a:xkan !"
\phrase_n Xtlah o:nikitoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I didn't say anything.
\phrase_s No dije nada.
\sense_e (~ + [sentential complement]) to say that [sentential complement]
\sense_s (~ + [complemento sentencial]) decir que [complemento sentencial]
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:kitoh mo:stla wa:hla:s ikone:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He said that his child would come tomorrow.
\phrase_s Dijo que su hijo iba a venir mañana.
\sense_e to decide or arrange (e.g., that sth should be done); to give the word that
\sense_s decidir o arreglar (p. ej., que algo se debe hacer); dar la palabra para que
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Newa nikito:s para tite:patlas. Newa ne:chkakin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will arrange it so that you take someone's place. They listen to me.
\phrase_s Yo me las arreglarépara que remplaces a alguien. A míme escuchan.
\sense_e (refl.) to talk about oneself (e.g., of sth one has done)
\sense_s (refl.) hablar de si mismo (p. ej., de algo que ha hecho)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with directional prefix) to send word
\sense_s (con prefijo direccional) mandar decir
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ihkón, ke:n otikonitoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e In that way, just like you had sent word.
\phrase_s De esa manera, como lo mandaste decir.
\phrase_n O:nikonitoh se: tlato:hli, o:me tlato:hli. O:nikonitoh ipan ka:rtah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I sent a word or two. I sent word about it in a letter.
\phrase_s Mandédecir una o dos palabras. Lo mandédecir en una carta.
\semfld communicate
\root hto
\nae In Oapan with 1st- and 2nd-person subject prefixes the overt manifestation of a 3rd-person object pronoun is lost: n'itowá, t'itowá, etc. Note that the
reflexive is nótó:s. If there is a lengthening of the /i/ in forms such as nítowá, this is probably because of the pitch accent and lengthening to compensate
for a drop at the end of the first syllable. Orthographically these forms are written as n'ítowá. For a discussion, see the entry under ilka:wa. Note also
that sometimes a reduplicated form is used. But apparently, this reduplication, which lengthens the first vowel, does not permit the deletion of /k/. Thus one has
nikí:towá 'I say it (many times).' Note also that the elision of the 3rd-person object blocks the reduction of the reduplicant. Thus one final n'itowa but if
the reduplicant occurs, then one has nikí:towá.
\vl Note that in the next recording session record as minimal pair: /ní:towá/ 'I say it' and /nítowá/ 'it is said.'
\grm In /itowa/ one can find /tlatlatowa/ and /tla:tlatowa/. It will be important to determine how many words allow this type of reduplication. Also, it will be important to determine
whether in such cases the /tla-/ for should be considered and thus be given a separate entry. Note also how certain verbs of saying/hearing seem to use the long vowel
reduplication in a negative sense: /ka:kaki:tia/, /tla:tlatowa/, etc. Make sure that the negative implication is part of the meaning of these reduplicative forms. It seems,
moreover, that with /itowa/ and /kaki/ the long vowel reduplication takes place on the stem when there is a specific object (/ki:itowa/) but on the prefix /tla-/ when that is
used: /tla:tlatowa/. This may, however, be related to the fact that the /i/ is lost. Cf. /kwa/ where one has, apparently, /tla:tlakwa/ and /tlakwa:kwa/. Check the difference
among these.
\grmx Oapan phonology: In Oapan with 1st and 2nd person subjects the overt manifestation of the object is lost and the resulting double vowel /ii/ is usually realized as a single
lengthened vowel (with high pitch given the presence of {h} at the beginning of the verb stem. Thus one finds ní:towá, tí:towá, etc. Consultants
in Oapan agreed that there is a difference between forms such as ní:tó:s 'I will say it' and nító:s 'it will be said (e.g., during a village meeting).'
The first vowel seemed short in the second form and the final stress much more pronounced.
\semref kitowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref tlatowa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tlátowá
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\ref 01252
\lxam ga:rsah
\lxam_alt a:rsah
\lxam_c ga:rsah
\lxoa a:rsah
\lxoa_c a:rsah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan garza
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1; pl. arsa:meh , ársá:meh
\sense_e type of grey-colored heron, with a long neck extended as it flies; of the family Ardeidae (apparently not illustrated in Howell and Webb)
\sense_s tipo de garza gris, con un cuello largo que se extiende al volar; de la familia Ardeidae (aparentemente no ilustrado en Howell y Webb)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: cf. Pl. 1
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\nse The a:rsah is not classified as a to:to:tl. It is about the size of a chicken, and of a tekwitlanextik color. It is apparently the same as
Oapan a:sta:tl.
\qry Check to see if the /a:rsah/ is the same as the /a:sta:tl/. Check plural form in Oapan; is p-a OK.
\semref áxoké:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01253
\lxam tli:lwi:teki
\lxam_c kitli:lwi:teki
\lxoa tli:lwi:teki
\lxoa_c kitli:lwi:teki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to paint an outline in black on (e.g, on an amate, ceramics, etc.)
\sense_s trazar figuras de un diseño en negro (p. ej., sobre un amate, cerámica, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tli:l
\root wi:teki
\disamb amate
\semref tsakwa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01254
\lxam tsi:kate:ntli
\lxam_c tsi:kate:ntli
\lxoa tsi:yate:ntli
\lxoa_c tsi:yate:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e hole in the ground through which the ants known as tsi:katl emerge
\sense_s agujero en la tierra de donde salen las hormigas conocidas como tsi:katl
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tsi:ka
\root te:n
\nae According to some consultants this refers only to the hole in the ground where the ants pass in and out. However, other speakers mentioned that tsi:kate:ntli refers as
well to the area around the hole where all the small plants have been eaten and destroyed.
\qry Check whether /a:skate:ntli/ and /ma:kokote:ntli/ are also correct; cf. /te:ntli/. Get a list of all animal homes.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note k>y /V___ a This can be found here, and in other words as such. Note also forms such as /yéye:ka tómatl/ (p-a correct) and /í:yatómatl/.
\semref te:ntli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref i:te:n tsi:katl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:te:nko tsi:katl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref tsi:yate:nko
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01255
\lxam koto:nchikipe:l
\lxam_c koto:nchikipe:l
\lxoa koto:nchikipe:l
\lxoa_c koto:nchikipe:l
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e person with his shirt open at (or along) the chest (either unbottoned or ripped)
\sense_s persona con la camisa abierta por (o hasta) el pecho (por estar desbrochada o rota)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root chiki
\root pe:l
\ref 01256
\lxam a:wakateyo:hli
\lxam_c a:wakateyo:hli
\lxoa a:wakateyo:hli
\lxoa_c a:wakateyo:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e avocado pit
\sense_s hueso del aguacate
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\root a:waka
\root te
\root yo:l
\ref 01257
\lxam Si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl
\lxam_cpend *Si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e the Milky Way
\sense_s la Vía Láctea
\sense_d Am
\semfld heavens
\root si:tlal
\root ko:sama:lo:
\ency_note si:tlalin
\disamb si:tlalkwe:yoh; si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl, etc.
\nse One consultant, Pánfilo Lorenzo, a curandero, stated that si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl was distinct from si:tlalkwe:yoh , they being two branches
of what in English receive one name, the Milky Way. According to him si:tlalkwe:yoh is the branch of the Milky Way that belongs to God, whereas
si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl belongs to the Devil. Other speakers, however, indicated that they considered the two words to be synonyms.
\qry Check vowel length from recording. Make sure that /si:tlalkwe:yoh/ and /si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl/ are equivalent. If so, leave in /syn field for both entries. If not, create a /dis link. Check
for final /h/.
\root_notes The derivation of /ko:sama:lo:tl/ is unclear. Perhaps it contains the stem for weasel, /ko:samahtli/.
\semref Si:tlalkwe:yoh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref Si:tlálotlí
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref Si:tlalkwe:yoh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01258
\lxam tekipanoke:tl
\lxam_c tekipanoke:tl
\lxoa tekipánoké:tl
\lxoa_pr tekipanoke:tl
\lxoa_c tekipánoké:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e worker (particularly one who works the team of oxen)
\sense_s trabajador (particularmente uno que trabaja la yunta)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:yekok tekipanoke:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The worker has arrived here (e.g., from his field).
\phrase_s Ya llegóel trabajador (p. ej., de su campo).
\root teki
\root pano:
\nae Since word-internal {h} is lost in Ameyaltepec the presence or absence of this phoneme cannot be determined from the Ameyaltepec data alone. However, the pitch accent in the
Oapan cognate indicates that the underlying form is {tekipanohke:tl}.
\qry Check for vowel length in /tekipanoke:tl/, i.e., should the /o/ be long? It probably shouldn't be, but this should be checked. Check for correctness of /-ki/ agentive.
\ref 01259
\lxam xi:kole:wi
\lxam_c xi:kole:wi
\lxoa xi:kole:wi
\lxoa_cpend xi:kole:wi
\dt 20/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\lx_te texi:kole:wi
\lx_te_d Am, Oa
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to scrape oneself (e.g., in falling hard)
\sense_s rasparse (p. ej., al caer fuerte)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Timoma:tlakechia wa:n xo:timoteltih, o:notlaloh momakpal, no: xi:kole:wi moma:kpal.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 01259_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 8:39
\phrase_e You place your hand down flat on something and you didn't detain yourself, your palm slid forward, you also badly scraped your palm.
\phrase_s Pones la mano sobre alguna superficie y no te detienes, la palma se resbala y también te raspas fuertemente.
\root xi:
\root kol
\disamb 01259_disambig-xikolewi-alawi-am_cf
\src_dis 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav at 8:35
\disamb xi:kole:wi, a:la:wi| According to Cristino Flores, the difference between xi:kole:wi and
a:la:wi is that the former indicates a deeper and lengthier abrasion and that latter more of a surface injury. Note that the verb stem kole:w
is often used to indicate getting ruined, as in o:timokole:w 'you got yourself screwed over.'
\nae This verb is often combined found with incorporated body parts, e.g., ma:xi:kole:wi.
\nde No cognates of xi:kole:wi have been found in other Nahuatl dialects although this word, and forms with incorporated nouns, seem to be quite common in Balsas
Nahuatl.
\mod Add or make sure ma:tlakechia is in the dictionary and well definied. Check use in the sentence above.
\semref xi:kole:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01260
\lxam techichikil
\lxam_c techichikil
\lxoa té:chikíl
\lxoa_pr té:chikil
\lxoa_c té:chikíl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e haggard and drawn; skin and bones; puny (a person or animal, generally from a lack of food and nutrition, though perhaps from not having grown to full size)
\sense_s demacrado; raquítico; enclenque (una persona o animal, generalmente por falta de comida y nutrición)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Dia:bloh miktla:n techichikil!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The hell with you, you bag of bones!
\phrase_s ¡Al diablo contigo, pinche demacrado!
\phrase_n Techichikil, kito:sneki tiktlawe:lita.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e (When you call someone) techichikil , it means that you despise them.
\phrase_s (Cuando le llamas a alguien) techichikil , quiere decir que lo desprecias mucho.
\sense_e puny; tiny (a fruit that is poorly formed and not filled out)
\sense_s chiquita (una fruta muy mal formada y seca)
\sense_d Pending
\root te-
\root chikil
\disamb tewa:hki; chichikiltik
\nse Techichikil is semantically very close to Classical cicicuil, which Molina glosses as 'cosa flaca y seca.' If this is the Classical cognate for Balsas
techichikil , which in Ahuelicán is techihchikil Thus perhaps the root for comparative purposes should perhaps be cicuil, though for now and
pending further information from other dialects the root analysis has been left at chikil. Note that although a few consultants accepted as correct the form
chichikil many would not. Thus the intensifier would seem to be required; and indeed I have no documented case from conversation of the form without the
intensifier te-. Techichikil , and its virtual equivalent techichikiltik , has a quite negative sense and is considered somewhat offensive.
Tewa:hki is the more acceptable way of saying simply 'skinny' and would be used in normal circumstances. In regard to the difference between
techichikil and techichi kilt ik , one consultant, Gabriel de la Cruz, mentioned that the former refers more to an enduring state of the subject whereas
the second refers more to a condition that is the temporary result of something such as a protracted illness. Note that in general this semantic difference between apocopated
adjectivals and the base adjectivals ending in -tik would seem to hold across other pairs of lexemes that manifest this contrast.
\nde Oapan also uses the nonreduced form téchichíkil.
\qry Make sure use in reference to a fruit is correct.
\vl Check p-a in Oapan for all words with /techichikil-/.
\grm Apocopated adjectives: In regard to the difference between techichikil and techichikiltik , one consultant, Gabriel de la Cruz, mentioned that
the former refers more to an enduring state of the subject whereas the second refers more to a condition that is the temporary result of something such as a protracted
illness. Note that in general this semantic difference between apocopated adjectivals and the base adjectivals ending in -tik would seem to hold across other
pairs of lexemes that manifest this contrast.
\ref 01261
\lxam to:ma:ya:tl
\lxam_c to:ma:ya:tl
\lxoa tó:má:ya:tl
\lxoa_c tó:má:ya:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of insect, apparently called mayate in Spanish
\sense_s tipo de insecto, aparentemente llamado mayate en español
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n To:ma:ya:tl iwa:n xi:koti, san se: tlachialistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The to:ma:ya:tl and the xi:kotli have the same (have one) appearance (i.e., both are black).
\phrase_s El to:ma:ya:tl y el xi:kotli tiene la misma (una sola) apariencia (los dos son negros).
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root to:ma:ya:
\nse This large flying insect is often caught by children, tied on a string, and allowed to fly around in circles
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1988) states under mayate:"(Fam: Scarabaeidae; Subfam: Melolonthinae, e.g., Phyllophagaspp. [larva] 'June beetle', 'potato bug.' See gallina ciega."
\qry Vowels were checked and determined to be all long in 1986.
\vl Check p-a in Oapan; no reason for it exists. If all vowels are long as I have noted, then no syllable could be h-final. After vowel length and pitch-accent has been checked,
\qry_h to:ma:ya:tl? Check for reason for Oa p-a.
\ref 01262
\lxam tepe:wa:xkuwtli
\lxam_c tepe:wa:xkuwtli
\lxoa tepe:wa:xkohtli
\lxoa_c tepe:wa:xkohtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-(N-N)
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e see tepe:wa:xin
\sense_s véase tepe:wa:xin
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tepe:
\root wa:x
\root kow
\ref 01263
\lxam awia:lia
\lxam_c kawia:lia
\lxoa áwiá:lia
\lxoa_pr awia:lia
\lxoa_c káwiá:lia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-para-ki/ya/lia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to perfume; to make fragrant or sweet-smelling
\sense_s perfumar o hacer oler bien y aromático
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xne:xchia! Ma nimoawia:li!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Wait for me! Let me put on some perfume (or, Let me freshen up so that I smell good)!
\phrase_s ¡Espérame!¡Déjame poner perfume (o,¡Deja que me refresque para que huela bien)!
\sense_e to spice or add flavor to (a food)
\sense_s agregar especias (a una comida)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xawiá:k! Xkawia:li!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's bland! Spice it up (to give it flavor)!
\phrase_s ¡Es desabrido!¡Agrégale especias (para que agarre sabor)!
\root ahwi
\root hya:
\semref a:wiá:k
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref áwiá:k
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01264
\lxam tsi:ntsetselowa
\lxam_c kitsi:ntsetselowa
\lxoa tsí:ntsetselówa
\lxoa_pr tsi:ntsetselowa
\lxoa_c kitsí:ntsetselówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans No transitive has been documented
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to shake the roots of (a plant that has been uprooted so that the earth falls off and it cannot survive)
\sense_s sacudirle las raices a (una planta que ha sido arrancada para que se le caiga la tierra y no pueda sobrevivir)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtsi:ntsetselotiw un sakaomitl, ma:ka sa: notla:li:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go along shaking out the roots of the sakaomitl (e.g., when weeding a milpa) so that it doesn't take root again (as the plants are tossed back onto the
ground)!
\phrase_s ¡Ve sacudiendo las raices del sakaomitl (p. ej., al desherbar una milpa) para que no arraiguen otra vez (después de que se tiren al suelo).
\phrase_n Xtsi:ntsetselo un anjolí:n, ma:ka kipias tla:hli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Shake off the base of those sesame stalks (in this case already cut) so that they no longer have soil on them!
\phrase_s ¡Sacude las bases de los tallos de anjolí:n (en este caso ya cortado) para que ya no tengan tierra!
\sense_e (refl.) to dust off the seat of ones trousers or dress
\sense_s (refl.) sacudirse las parte trasera de los pantalones o falda
\sense_d Pending
\root tsi:n
\root tsel
\nse In regard to sesame, the action is performed on sesame stalks that have been cut and are being left to dry. The bottom part that was on the ground is shaken off to prevent earth
from falling in with the sesame seed as it is threshed and separated.
\ref 01265
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ne:xtilih
\lxoa_c ne:xtilih
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\der Interj
\allomorph Plural: ne:xtílikéh
\sense_e Good morning (from waking to midmorning, about 7:30 to 8:00 a.m.)!
\sense_s ¡Buenos días (desde la hora de despertar hasta como las 7:30 o 8:00 a.m. de la mañana)!
\sense_d Oa
\root ne:si
\nae Unlike other greetings which may end in either /lih/ or /leh/, I have only recorded ne:xtilih for this morning greeting.
\qry Check for final /h/ in this and other terms. Check for plural form and add to database under /lxoc field; record!
\semref poya:wilih
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref tlane:xtilih
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01266
\lxam teyoh
\lxam_c teyoh
\lxoa teyoh
\lxoa_c teyoh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to have stones (e.g., beans bought in the market)
\sense_s tener piedras (p. ej., frijoles comprados en el mercado)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (usually reduplicated with short vowel: teteyoh o téteyóh) to be rocky (land); to have (an area) large amounts of stones or rocks
\sense_s (usualmente reduplicado tener vocal corta: teteyoh o téteyóh) ser pedregoso (un terreno)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Teteyoh, tila:wak tetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is rocky, it is thick with stones.
\phrase_s Es pedregoso, estáapretado de piedras.
\semfld soil
\flao texkahloh
\root te
\disamb teyoh; texkahloh; tepachakahloh
\nse Teyoh is almost always documented in a reduplicated form, teteyoh , though with the prefix tla- it does often occur in a nonreduplicated
form, tlateyoh.
\ref 01267
\lxam tla:katekolo:tl
\lxam_c tla:katekolo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e man who is in league with the Devil
\sense_s hombre que estáasociado con el Diablo
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e Devil; demon
\sense_s el Diablo; demonio
\sense_d Am
\root tla:ka
\root tekolo:
\nse It is still not clear whether tla:kateko:tl refers to the Devil as understood in Christian theology, to men who are demonial or associated with the Devil, or both. It might
well be a word that was heard in contact with other regions given that two Oapan consultants, Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez, were unfamiliar with this term.
\qry Check precise meaning of /tla:katekolo:tl/ and whether it refers to the Devil, demons, men who are demonial, etc.
\ref 01268
\lxam xi:teyo:hli
\lxam_c i:xi:teyo:l kampa:nah
\lxoa xi:teyo:hli
\lxoa_c xi:teyo:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e (i:xi:teyo:l kampa:nah) clapper of a bell
\sense_s (i:xi:teyo:l kampa:nah) badajo de una campana
\sense_d Am
\sense_e (poss.) frutescence (of certain plants such as the chi:pi:lin)
\sense_s (pos.) frutescencia (de ciertas plantas como el chi:pi:lin)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (vulg.) testicles; balls
\sense_s (vulg.) testículos; huevos (de la genitalia masculina)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root xi:
\root te
\root yo:l
\nse Most informants stated that xi:teyo:hli was the equivalent of kala:ntetl. They also stated that xi:teyo:hli referred specifically to the balls
inside the scrotum; see xi:tekwetlaxio. It is considered vulgar and used mostly by men. The term xi:tetlis more neutral and refers to the genitals
in general, In reference to a bell clapper, Oapan uses i:xi:tew given the vulgar sense of xi:teyo:hli is considered vulgar. In reference to the use of
xi:teyo:hli in reference to plant structures, Cristino Flores mentioned that he refers to this part of the chi:pi:lin as i:xixi:tew chi:pi:lin.
\vl Make sure that the sound is not linked to this entry.
\ref 01269
\lxam kuwtitlantsi:n
\lxam_cpend kuwtitlantsi:n
\lxoa kókotitlántsi:n
\lxoa_c kókotitlántsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e type of small tree, that is like a rod
\sense_s tipo de arbusto que parece como vara
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kuwtitlantsi:n | Kohtsi:ntli, ke:n tlako:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The kuwtitlantsi:n : It is a small bush, like a rod.
\phrase_s El kuwtitlantsi:n : Es un arbusto, como una vara.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli(pend)
\root kow
\root tlan
\nse The identity of this plant is uncertain. During the September field session none of the consultants (from Oapan, Tetelcingo, and Ameyaltepec) knew of this plant, although there is an
agave of similar name. Roberto Mauricio mentioned later that this is like á:tlapántsi:nonly with rounder leaves and a green (rather than purple) stem. In the
pronunciation of Roberto Mauricio there is no /h/ and there is a pitch accent. Thus the recording needs to be checked.
\nae The etymology of this plant is uncertain. Nevertheless, the final element titlantsi:n has been categorized as nominal based on the common process whereby verbal
stems are nominalized with -tsi:n.
\qry None of the three consultants during the first session of September 2001 knew of this plant.
\qry Vowel length has been recheced and all are as recorded here. I have also noted this as /kukuhtitlantsi:n/, so a check should be made as to whether the reduplicated or
unreduplicated form is correct. Note that there is a type of maguey called /kukuhtitlantsi:n/. Make list of other types of /tlako:tl/ and perhaps add /tlako:tl/ to /ono section.
\ref 01270
\lxam chi:chi:ltik
\lxam_c chi:chi:ltik
\lxoa chi:chi:ltik
\lxoa_c chi:chi:ltik
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e to be red
\sense_s ser rojo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root chi:l
\ref 01271
\lxam a:tlakwi
\lxam_c a:tlakwi
\lxoa á:tlakwí
\lxoa_pr á:tlakwi
\lxoa_c á:tlakwí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l)
\infv class-3a(kw)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to draw water and carry it to where it will be used (generally from a well or a:me:hli)
\sense_s traer agua; aguar; llevar el agua a donde se va a utilizar (generalmente de un pozo o a:me:hli)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:tlakwtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is drawing water.
\phrase_s Estátrayendo agua.
\phrase_n Xa:k, o:a:tlakwito.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's not around, he went to draw water.
\phrase_s No está, fue a traer agua.
\root a:
\root kwi
\nse Note that like kwiwhen used with a directional affix, a:tlakwi implies the action of drawing water, that is going and returning.
\nae The reason for pitch accent in Oapan á:tlakwí is apparently due to reduplication, reduced on a long-vowel-initial stem. If this is the reason, the reduplication probably
reflects the nature of the action of drawing water, which involves repeatedly taking water from a well or water hole. I remember not being able to elicit a form without the pitch
accent.
\qry Check again for Oapan Nahuatl with no pitch-accent.
\ref 01272
\lxam tlanxi:ni
\lxoa tlanxi:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-3a
\sense_e see tlanxixi:ni
\sense_s véase tlanxixi:ni
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nse In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan only the plural (through reduplication) of this verb is used. If one tooth falls out in Oapan the word tlankope:wi or
tlanwetsi is used. Thus the semantics of the verb itself mandate a reduplicative form, with multiple"objects,"here expressed through an incorporated noun.
\grm Plurality; reduplication: Note the following comment re: /tlanxi:ni/: In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan only the plural (through reduplication) of this verb is used. If one tooth
falls out in Oapan the word tlankope:wi or tlanwetsi is used. Thus the semantics of the verb itself mandate a reduplicative form, with
multiple"objects,"here expressed through an incorporated noun. Note that although /xi:ni/ does occur in unreduplicated form, in this case it doesn't. The reason is that teeth
fall out over time, but in no set or stable order. Hence only /tlanxixi:ni/ (Am) or /tlá:nxí:ni/ (Oa) is acceptable.
\ref 01273
\lxam ma:se:kapochik
\lxam_c ma:se:kapochik
\lxoa ma:sia:pochik
\lxoa_alt ma:se:kapochik
\lxoa_c ma:sia:pochik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N(ap)
\der N-ap-ni-k
\infn N1
\sense_e type of insect similar to daddy longlegs (also called crane fly and harvestman (not considered a tokatl)
\sense_s tipo de insecto parecido al segador o araña zancuda (no considerado un tokatl)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:se:kapochik | Notla:lia itlampa tetl, tikontas melá:k ke:n toma:se:katson, xtokatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The ma:se:kapochik : They make their home underneath rocks, they look just like armpit hair. They are not considered a tokatl.
\phrase_s Los ma:se:kapochik : Viven abajo de las piedras, los ves como pelo de axilas. No se consideran como un tokatl.
\semfld -in-o-med
\root ma:
\root se:ka
\root pochi:
\nse Ma:se:kapochik are used as a remedy for whooping cough (tosferina). They are collected and boiled in water and then the water is drunk.
\grm Note that the plural in Am is /ma:se:kapochikmeh/, at least according to Cristino Flores.
\vl NOTE TO SELF: Check vowel length in this form and all related forms, part. Oapan.
\grm Phonetics, compensatory lengthening: Note that in this word, in /ya:/ from /ika/, in the form /tsi:ya:-/ as in /tsi:ya:pakohtli/ from /tsi:kapakohti/, etc. there is compensatory
lengthening of a vowel with the loss of a syllable onset. This is unusual.
\semref se:kapochik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref sia:pochik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref ma:pochik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01274
\lxam tlakwahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\sense_e modal particle that indicates disbelief on the part of speaker
\sense_s partícula modal que indica que el que habla no cree algo aseverado o previamente dicho por cierto
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Newa wel nikukuwi. --Tlakwahli, tewa xtiweli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Puedo leñar.---¡No lo creo, tu no puedes!
\phrase_s I can chop wood. ---You've got to be kidding, you don't know how!
\root kwa
\nae It might be that this word originally derives from itlakwahli.
\root_notes Perhaps relate /kwal/ to /kwa/.
\nse This transcription might well be erroneous. See itlakwahli
\qry Originally under this entry I had a note that Oapan /xtlakwahli/ should be consulted. But I have no entry under this word. Check for /psm and other field items.
\ref 01275
\lxam a:ixwi:tia
\lxam_c ka:ixwi:tia
\lxoa a:ixwi:tia
\lxoa_c ka:ixwi:tia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca-ni
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give a lot of water to and satiate (either a human or an animal)
\sense_s dar de beber mucha agua a (una persona o a un animal) hasta que se llene y se satisfaga
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:ixwi:ti:s un pitso.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to give that pig its fill of water.
\phrase_s Voy a darle a aquel marrano su ración de agua hasta que se llene.
\phrase_n Ne:cha:ixwi:tia un a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That water fills me up (is satisfying).
\phrase_s Esa agua me llena (me satisface).
\sense_e (~ i:ka tlato:hli) to give a lot of lip to; to overwhelm or berate with words
\sense_s (~ i:ka tlato:hli) contestar y discutir
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:cha:ixwi:tikeh ika tlato:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They gave me a lot of lip.
\phrase_s Me (lo) discutieron hasta el cansancio.
\root a:
\root xwi
\nse Residents of Ameyaltepec assert that that their water is heavy and filling, not so the water from the river, as in San Juan, Oapan, and other riverside villages.
\qry Check to determine what other things, besides words, one can be"filled with."
\ref 01276
\lxam tepi:tsmiktia
\lxam_c kitepi:tsmiktia
\lxoa tepi:tsmihtia
\lxoa_c kitepi:tsmihtia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp PM-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to crush; to make feel crowded or crowded in (e.g., sb surrounded by a crowd, or by many people in a small space)
\sense_s apretujar; hacer sentir muy apretado (p. ej., a algn rodeado por una multitud, o por mucha gente en un lugar pequeño)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mitstepi:tsmikti:skeh, ke:n to:hla:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are going to get crushed, there is a big crowd of people.
\phrase_s Te vas a quedar muy apretujado, hay mucha gente.
\phrase_n Nane:xtepi:tsmiktian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You all are making me feel uncomfortably crowded.
\phrase_s Ustedes me hacen sentir muy apretujado (y no muy a gusto).
\root tepi:ts
\root miki
\qry Make sure this is not /tepi:tska:miktia/. Cf. /tepi:tska:tla:katl/sowa:tl/.
\xref tepi:tsmiktia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 01277
\lxam eko:ltia
\lxam_c keko:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to induce to or make (sb) come (a particular place toward a deictic reference point)
\sense_s convencer o inducir a llegar (a un punto particular hacia un punto de referencia deíctica)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Yo:tine:cheko:ltih nika:n mocha:n iwa:n newa xniknekia niwi:ts.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You brought me here to your house and I didn't want to come.
\phrase_s Me trajiste aquía tu casa y no quería venir.
\root ehko
\disamb axi:tia; yeko:ltia
\nse According to several speakers, yeko:ltia implies that the person was brought somewhat unwillingly, or at least not enthusiastically. In a discussion with Florencia
Marcelino (Oa), she stated that the term she used was ékó:tiaand although she does not use ékó:ltia, it might also be correct. This should be checked.
\qry In a discussion with Florencia Marcelino (Oa), she stated that the term she used was ékó:tiaand although she does not use ékó:ltia, it might also be
correct. This should be checked.
\semref ékó:tia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01278
\lxam to:nalkaxa:nki
\lxam_c to:nalkaxa:nki
\lxoa to:nalkaxa:nki
\lxoa_c to:nalkaxa:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to have a weak soul (a person who becomes easily sick)
\sense_s tener el alma débil (una persona que facilmente se enferma)
\sense_d Pending
\root to:na
\root kaxa:
\qry Check for antonym: ?/to:naltepistik?
\mod See notes at Flk 1984-06-07.2
\ref 01279
\lxam xo:chitl de cha:molin
\lxam_c xo:chitl de cha:molin
\lxoa cha:molxo:chitl
\lxoa_alt cha:molin xo:chitl
\lxoa_c cha:molxo:chitl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e small, bunched red flowers of the cha:molkohtli
\sense_s pequeñas florecitas rojas en racimas del cha:molkohtli
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e by extension, the tree or bush with these flowers
\sense_s por extensión, el arbusto que tiene estas florecitas rojas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Cha:molin | Bwe:noh para xo:chitl. Chi:chi:ltik, tikwi:kas tio:pan. A:man xma:s nokwi, xma:s noteki. A:man nochi Iguala wa:le:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Cha:molin : It is good for flowers. They are red, you take them to the church (to place them there as an offering). Now they are no longer used much, they
are not cut much. Now all (flowers) come from Iguala.
\phrase_s Cha:molin : Es bueno para flores. Son rojas, te las llevas a la iglesia (como ofrenda). Ahora ya no se emplean mucho, ya no se cortan mucho. Ahora
todo (todas las flores) viene de Iguala.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root cha:mol
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this as chamol in Spanish, of the family Leguminosaeand genus/species Caesalpina pulcherrima. Guizar and
Sánchez (1991:111) have a tree named in Spanish chamol, camaroncillo, pericón,or surungana. They identify this as of the family and subfamily
Leguminosae; caesalpinioideaeand the genus/species Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as chamol.
\semfld flower
\qry Check to see if considered a /kuhtli/ or /kuhtsi:ntli/.
\mod According to Silvestre Pantaleón this flower is called cha:molin xo:chitl.
\ref 01280
\lxam tlatlani
\lxam_c kitlatlani
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to request (objects that are lent or given, a plow animal or beast of burden, alms or gifts, etc..)
\sense_s pedir (objetos que se prestan o se regalan, un animal para trabajar la tierra o de carga, donaciones como las que se le dan a la iglesia, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kitlatlani totla:l para kito:kas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He asks for our land in loan so that he might plant it.
\phrase_s Pide nuestro terreno en préstamo para que lo pueda sembrar.
\sense_e to request (a girl [O]) in marriage; to request that hand of
\sense_s pedir (a una muchacha [O]) en matrimonio
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kitlatlanis nochpo:ch.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will ask for my daughter's hand.
\phrase_s Va a pedir a mi hija en matrimonio.
\sense_e ([with sent. compl.] to request (information); to inquire about
\sense_s ([con claus. compl.] pedir (información); inquirir sobre
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kitlatlani ke:ch a:nyos kipia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He requests information about how old he is.
\phrase_s Pide información acerca de cuántos años tiene.
\sense_e (refl) to ask oneself; to inquire
\sense_s (refl) averiguar
\phrase_n Siempre ma nimotlatlani deke milá:k ite:nkopa i:n nokone:w, noso deke ka:.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 03441_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 42:09
\phrase_e Let me inquiry if it is really my child's will (in this case a daughter being asked in marriage), or if that's not the case.
\phrase_s Siempre déjame averiguar si de veras es el deseo de mi hija (en este caso, siendo pedida en matrimonio), o si no.
\semref tlaitlani
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref tlatlanilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\semref ítlaní
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\root htlani
\disamb tlato:ltia; tlatlani
\qry Determine the correctness of Flores ma nimotlatlani and the precise meaning in Span. Is it, let me averiguar?
\nae The relationship between tlatlani as a transitive verb and tlatlani as an intransitive with an indefinite null complement seems to be that whereas the
transitive verb involves reduplication of the verb root (i.e., is represented by {rdp-s + htlani}>/tla+htlani/) the intransitive form is derived from the nonnreduplicated verbal stem with
the nonspecific object tla- (i.e., is represented by {tla + htlani}>/tla+htlani/). Thus both are derived from a base verb ihtlani (the internal {h} is lost in
Ameyaltepec) but the reduplicated form retains its transitivity while the intransitive form is has tla- as its nonspecific object. What is clear, here as elsewhere, is that verbs
that begin with underying {hC} reduplicated without the {h}, that is, they reduplicated as CV+hCV where the two CV sequences are identical. Finally, note that with intransitive
{tlahtlani} like other cases of nonspecific tla- before a verbal stem or root that almost alwa ys reduplicated (cf. tete:mowa) there is no
reduplication when the tla- prefix is used. Note, however, that one additional caveat pertains to the verb ihtlani. When the specific meaning of 'to request a
bride in marriage' is sought, the epenthetic /i/ is retained after the nonspecific object prefix. Thus one finds tlaitlani 'to request a young woman in marriage (for ones
son).'
\grm The relationship between tlatlani as a transitive verb and tlatlani as an intransitive with an indefinite null complement seems to be that
whereas the transitive verb involves reduplication of the verb root (i.e., is represented by {rdp-s + htlani}>/tla+htlani/) the intransitive form is derived from the
nonnreduplicated verbal stem with the nonspecific object tla- (i.e., is represented by {tla + htlani}>/tla+htlani/). Thus both are derived from a base verb
ihtlani (the internal {h} is lost in Ameyaltepec) but the reduplicated form retains its transitivity while the intransitive form is has tla- as its
nonspecific object. What is clear, here as elsewhere, is that verbs that begin with underying {hC} reduplicated without the {h}, that is, they reduplicated as CV+hCV where
the two CV sequences are identical. Finally, note that with intransitive {tlahtlani} like other cases of nonspecific tla- before a verbal stem or root that almost
alwa ys reduplicated (cf. tete:mowa) there is no reduplication when the tla- prefix is used. Note, however, that one additional caveat
pertains to the verb ihtlani. When the specific meaning of 'to request a bride in marriage' is sought, the epenthetic /i/ is retained after the nonspecific object
prefix. Thus one finds tlaitlani 'to request a young woman in marriage (for ones son).'
\grm Note that this verb is not used with the nonspecific /tla-/.
\vl Please consult me for this entry. The Oapan words uttered here, /kí:tlaní/, should be coded as 3418, c and d. The entry here is apparently different from /kítlaní/, which is
the original elicitation form for 3418. See the /vl notes for 3418 for further explanation.
\ref 01281
\lxam alaxtik
\lxam_c alaxtik
\lxoa a:laxtik
\lxoa_c a:laxtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-iwi-tik
\sense_e to be slimy, slippery, or viscous (like nopales, fruit such as pineapple that has gone bad, beans that are starting to spoil); soapy
\sense_s ser baboso, resbaloso o viscoso (tal como nopales, fruta como la piña o también frijoles que se han empezado a echarse a perder); lleno de jabón
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mela:k xikxakwalo, san ke:nkah a:laxtik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Really scrub them (e.g., clothes full of soap), they're still as soapy as ever.
\phrase_s Restriégala bien (p. ej., ropa), tiene tanto jabón como antes.
\phrase_n Xpapa:ka un michin ika límo:n, ma ki:sa a:laxtik!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Wash that fish with lemon to get out the slimy and slippery texture (chicken meat that is old is washed with lemon for the same reason)!
\phrase_s ¡Lava ese pescado con limón para que se le quite lo grasoso (por la misma razón se le frota con limón carne de pollo ya algo vieja)!
\root a:lach
\nae According to Inocencio Díaz the initial /a/ is short in Ameyaltepec. It is clearly long in Oapan.
\qry Although all my Ameyaltepec examples were originally written down with a short vowel, this should be checked as per the documentation from Oapan along with that reported in
FK.
\mod Add example of /san ke:nkah/ to the dictionary.
\grm Note how /kah/ is added to certain adjectives: /ke:nka/, na:nkah/, etc.
\ref 01282
\lxam ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl istá:k
\lxam_c ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl istá:k
\lxoa ka:ká:lexó:chitl ista:k
\lxoa_c ka:ká:lexó:chitl ista:k
\lxgen ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl ista:k
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e variety of the species Plumeria rubraL., a tree of the Apocynaceae family; the white variety is the only one found growing wild in the area of Ameyaltepec and
Oapan; in Spanish cacalosúchil
\sense_s variedad o forma de la especie Plumeria rubraL., unárbol de la familia Apocynaceae; la con flores blancas es laúnica que es silvestre en la región del Balsas, en
español se llama cacalosúchil
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ka:lo:
\root xo:ch
\root sta
\ency_note ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\semfld medicine (pend)
\notes_nature The other two varieties found in this area, that with yellow and that with red flowers are found only planted in households.
\semfld flower
\notes_nature According to Asención Marcelo of San Juan Tetelcingo stated that there is a male and female variety of this tree. The other consultants were not familiar with this gender
difference.
\mod For the application of /ka:ka:lo:xo:chtli/, cf. folklore notes.
\ref 01283
\lxam a:toma
\lxam_c na:toma
\lxoa a:toma
\lxoa_c na:toma
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-mi
\trans +Refl/-trans; ~Intrans
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e (refl.) to fill out (a baby who gains weight)
\sense_s (refl.) crecer y llegar a ser más llenito (un niño)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n On suwa:tl tewa:hki katkah, a:man yo:pe:w na:toma.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That woman used to be skinny, now she's started to fill out.
\phrase_s Esa mujer estaba flaca, ahora ya ha empezado a estar más llenita.
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w na:toma yetl, yo:pe:w uwe:iya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The beans have started to expand (while cooking), they're starting to get big.
\phrase_s Ya empezaron a abultarse los frijoles (por estar cocinándose en agua herviendo), se están haciendo grandes.
\sense_e to become erect (a penis)
\sense_s pararse (el pene)
\sense_d Pending
\root a:
\root tom
\nse Although the sense of 'to uncoil (a snake)' for a:toma was documented in Ameyaltepec, this might have been in error for simply toma used reflexively.
This should be checked.
\qry Check length of final vowel by eliciting the future or imperfect tense. Also check if only the reflexive is used. Apparently the reference to a snake uncoiling might be in error and the
word is /notoma/.
\root_notes The possibility of a relationship between /toma/ 'untie' and /toma:wi/ 'to get fat' should be considered. Cf. /a:tonkwilin/.
\ref 01284
\lxam tomio
\lxam_c itomio
\lxoa 'tomío
\lxoa_pr tomio
\lxoa_c í:tomío
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-yo
\infn N2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e body hair
\sense_s pelo (del cuerpo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e fur
\sense_s pelo (de un animal)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tohmi
\disamb tomio; tsontli
\semref tsontli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01285
\lxam wekalowa
\lxam_c kwekalowa
\lxoa wákalówa
\lxoa_pr wakalowa
\lxoa_c kiwákalówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to dig or scoop out (particularly, but not necessarily, with a gourd bowl or similar tool)
\sense_s excavar (particularlmente con jícara o otra herramienta parecida)
\sense_d Pending
\root wahkal
\qry This verbal form has only been documented in the compound /tsi:nwekalowa/ but has been added here by analogy and to make sure that it is included in elicitation. If found to not
exist in Ameyaltepec (I seeem to remember it from conversation) then it should be deleted (unless found for Oapan, etc.).
\vl Check this pitch accent and compare to /kitsí:nwakalówa/, /tsí:nwakáltik/. Use in article re: shift.
\grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent; shift: /kitsí:nwakalówa/, /tsí:nwakáltik/ vs. /kiwákalówa/. Note how with the incorporated noun the p-a shifts leftward, onto the IN. This
does not occur with the specific 3rd-person object prefix /ki-/. One of the reasons for this might be the relative weight of the preceding syllables (left from the p-a marked
syllable). In this analysis a light syllable to the left of the verbal (reduplicated) stem does not attract pitch accent whereas a heavy syllable does. If this were to be the
reason, then the reason would be simply phonetic and not morphological. However, it might be that the attraction of p-a is based on the fact that an IN is more likely to
attract p-a than a prefix. All this should be checked. Indeed, shift seems to be the most pressing problem for an analysis of Oapan p-a.
\ref 01286
\lxam pai:hli
\lxam_c pai:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e medicinal brew made of a ground-up plant (different according to the medicinal remedy) steeped in water
\sense_s brebaje medicinal hecho una planta (diferente según el remedio y enfermedad) que se muele y se deja remojar en agua
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kite:maka pai:hli, te:pai:tia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He gives medicinal brews to people, he gives herbal medicine to people.
\phrase_s Le da brebajes medicinales a la gente, da brebajes a la gente.
\root pah
\root i:
\nse In preparing a pai:hli , the powerdered plant is placed in a glass of water to be drunk by the person who is ill. It appears that the difference between
pai:hli and tlanechiko:hli is that in the former apparently only one plant is used while in the latter a concoction is elaborated from various plants.
\semref tlanechiko:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref pai:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 01287
\lxam yexo:tl
\lxam_c yexo:tl
\lxoa yexo:tl
\lxoa_c yexo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) young green pod (of a bean plant [Poss])
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) vaina verde y joven (de una planta de frijol [Poss])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ista:kyetl no: kipia iyexo:yotsi:n, o:pe:w tla:ki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The white beans also have their green pods, they've begun to come to fruit.
\phrase_s Los frijoles blancos también tienen sus vainas verdes, ya empezaron a rendir.
\phrase_n Yexo:tl | Nochi yetl kipia iyexo:yo. Nokwa san de mi:lyetl wa:n de kaxtiltsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Yexo:tl : All beans have their pods. But the only ones that are eaten are those of the mi:lyetl and the kaxtiltsi:n
\phrase_s Yexo:tl : Todos los frijoles tienen su vaina. Pero losúnicos que se comen son del mi:lyetl y el kaxtiltsi:n
\sense_e green bean (in Spanish ejote) eaten steamed (the bean inside this plant is the kaxtiltsi:n)
\sense_s ejote (ya secado el frijol adentro del ejote que se come en el Balsas se conoce como kaxtiltsi:n)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root ye
\root xo:
\qry Check to determine whether this is a specific type of bean, or whether it refers to any bean when green. My recollection seems to be that /yexo:tl/ refers to the /kaxtiltsi:n/; but I have
a note that the /mi:lyetl/ is also eaten. The meaning of /kipia iyexo:yotsi:n/ should be checked. I have it recorded as referring to the shell, but this needs to be confirmed. Check what
plants have /i:yexo:yo/, just as what plants have their /wa:xyo/. In the plant section of the cultural encyclopedia, have a section on plant parts. Make sure to do an index.
\qry Check whether /i:yexow/ or /i:yexo:yo/ is correct. I imagine the latter. However, cf. this to /xi:lo:tl/, /yelo:tl/, etc., all of which do not seem to have /-yo/ forms. In general check all
fruits.
\ref 01288
\lxam oni:tia
\lxam_c koni:tia
\lxoa oni:tia
\lxoa_c koni:tia
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp Dir-V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give to drink to
\sense_s dar a beber a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Te:choni:ti:s refre:skoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will give us a soda to drink.
\phrase_s Nos va a dar un refresco para beber.
\phrase_n ¡Ma nimitsihli a:man tli:no:n ka xnimokon..., xnimoni:tia refresco!
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 01288_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 45:53
\phrase_e Let me tell you now the reason that I don't, that I don't take a soda to drink!
\phrase_s ¡Déjame decirte ahora la razón por la cual no, no me tomo un refresco!
\phrase_n Te:xtlaoni:ti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will give us something to drink (agua fresca, soda, occasionally a beer, but not usually water, for which a:tli:tia is more often used;
tlai:tia is used for alcoholic beverages where there is a chance of getting drunk).
\phrase_s Nos va a dar algo para beber (agua fresca, un refresco, de vez en cuando una cerveza, pero generalmente no agua, en cuyo caso es más común utilizar
a:tli:tia ; tlai:tia se emplea para bebidas alcóholicas cuando hay una posibilidad de emborracharse).
\root on-
\root i:
\qry Check use of /tlai:tia/, /tlaoni:tia/ and /a:tli:tia/.
\vl There are added tokens for this word at 3631. Note that the latter words have less echo, so perhaps these are better for linking.
\semref oni:ltia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref oni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01289
\lxam ikxikwepaliwi
\lxam_c ikxikwepaliwi
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e to twist ones foot (e.g., as one is walking and turns ones ankle to the outside so that the outside of the foot turns in and goes against the ground)
\sense_s torcérsele a uno el pie (p. ej., mientras uno camine y se le voltea el tobillo para que la parte hacia afuera del tobillo da vuelta y queda contra el suelo)
\sense_d Am
\root kxi
\root kwepal
\nae As with many verbs that indicate accidental harm to parts of the body, ikxikwepaliwi does not have a transitive form. Undoubtedly, given the proper circumstances
(including aggressive elicitation) one could be formed or uttered. However, none was found in the corpus.
\qry Check to see if there is a transitive form.
\grm Transitivity alternation: As with many verbs that indicate accidental harm to parts of the body, ikxikwepaliwi does not have a transitive form. Undoubtedly,
given the proper circumstances (including aggressive elicitation) one could be formed or uttered. However, none was found in the corpus.
\semref ikxinekwiliwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ixikwelpachiwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01290
\lxam tlakwilwia
\lxam_c kitlakwilwia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to write to (sb)
\sense_s escribir a (algn)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Mistlakwilia para xiya!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He writes to you (sends a note to you) so that you will go!
\phrase_s ¡Te escribe para que vayas!
\semref 'ikwilowília
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\root hkwil
\nae This word is only documented with the initial tla- prefix. Cf. kwilowilia.
\qry Check the difference, if there is any, between /mistlakwilwia/ and /mistlakwilowilia/. Do both exist? In Oapan only the latter is found.
\ref 01291
\lxam pe:liwi
\lxam_c pe:liwi
\lxoa pe:liwi
\lxoa_c pe:liwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become split open lengthwise (e.g., an overripe watermelon, cantaloupe, etc.)
\sense_s abrirse a lo largo (p. ej., una sandía, melón, etc. que ha pasado de sazón)
\sense_d Pending
\root pe:l
\nse To date pe:liwi has only been documented in reference to certain large, overripe fruits that at times split open lengthwise by themselves.
\ref 01292
\lxam kwa:tetesontik
\lxam_c kwa:tetesontik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to have a crewcut or short hair
\sense_s tener el pelo muy corto como resultado de una corte de pela casi raso
\sense_d Am
\root kwa:
\root teson
\semref kwa:teson
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref kwa:tesonek
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01293
\lxam iksik
\lxam_cpend iksik
\lxoa isik
\lxoa_c isik
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-k
\sense_e to be cooked (a food)
\sense_s estar cocinado (un manjar)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be ripe (a fruit or vegetable)
\sense_s estar maduro (una fruta o vegetal)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be fired (ceramics)
\sense_s estar cocido (barro o cerámica)
\sense_d Pending
\root ksi
\qry Check if this form is actually used, or if the verbal form /yo:iksik/ is more common. In general there seems to be a tendency for the perfective in /yo-/ to be used as stative/resultative
for unergative verbs. Probably this word should be taken out.
\ref 01294
\lxam tokilia
\lxam_cpend kitokilia
\lxoa tokilia
\lxoa_c kitokilia
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to stoke or to increase the level of the flame underneath (sth such as a pot)
\sense_s atizar o incrementar el fuego abajo de (algo como una olla)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtokili ika un tlikohtli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Stoke it (e.g, a pot or koma:hli) with that piece of firewood!
\phrase_s Atízale el fuego (p. ej., a un comal) con ese pedazo de leña.
\phrase_n Xtokili un ko:ntli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Stoke that pot!
\phrase_s ¡Atízale el fuego a esa olla!
\sense_e (with tla-) to stoke a fire underneath of
\sense_s (con tla-) atizar un fuego abajo de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:kitlatokilih ikoma:l para tlaxkalo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She's already stoked the fire under her comal so that she can make tortillas.
\phrase_s Ya atizó el fuego abajo de su comal para poder hacer tortillas.
\phrase_n Yo:tiktlatokilih noko:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You've already stoked my pot (pushing firewood under it and poking the wood around).
\phrase_s Ya le echaste leña y atizaste el fuego abajo de mi olla (metiendo más leña abajo de la olla y atizándola).
\root toki
\nae The relationship between tokiaand tokilia is not altogether clear. It seems that speakers will at times consider the object of
tokia to be the physical item (a griddle, pot, etc.) under which a fire is stoked, although it is perhaps more precise to interpret the primary meaning of
tokia as 'to stoke (a fire [S])' and only as having a secondary meaning of 'to stoke a fire underneath' (as in the example phrase Xtoki nonexko:n, ma
poso:ntiwetsi!). Following this interpretation, the primary object of tokilia would be the item or object under which a fire is stoked, and the secondary object
would be the fire itself. Thus tokilia could be presented as a ditransitive verb meaning 'to stoke [SO, usu. a fire] under [PO, usu. a cooking tool such as a pot].' Under
this interpretation the tla- of tlatokilia would represent the secondary object [SO] in its most general and understood acceptation ('fire') and t he primary
objec t would still be that under which I fire is stoked. Finally, note that in reviewing the entries for this dictionary Florencia Marcelino accepted only tokia and
tlatokilia as transitive verbs; she did not accept ? kitokilia. Nevertheless, when I mistakenly left it on the database and elicited it during the recording
session, both she and her husband, Inocencio Jiménez, gave the form kitokilia. However, I think that the most common use of this term is tokia
with the object being 'fire' and tlatokilia with the primary object being that under which a fire is stoke and the second object covered by the tla-
prefix which has the context-independent meaning of 'fire.' Note that in a conversation with Cristino Flores he denied that tokilia is used. Rather, the term
tlatokilia is used. This would involve a nonspecific secondary object, which would always be understood to be the firewood that is st oked between the primary ob
j e ct of tlatokilia : a pot, clay griddle, etc. Nevertheless, given the previous documentation of tokilia for now it has been left in the lexicon.
\qry Check for possibility of a human primary object with this verb: /xne:xtokilia nokoma:l/??? If this is correct then perhaps one could have /xne:xtokili nokoma:l/ and /xtlatokili nokoma:l/
but not /xne:xtlatokili nokoma:l/??? All these should be checked.
\qry Note that in going over this entry Florencia Marcelino did not accept /tokilia/ but only /tokia/ and /tlatokilia/ as transitive verbs. Nevertheless I mistakenly elicited /tokilia/ when
recording and she pronounced it. Check that it has the meaning associated with this entry. If the observation concerning indefinite null complement is correct, then perhaps only
/tlatokilia/ is correct and this entry should be changed.
\grm Indefinite null complements: The case of /tlatokilia/ seems to be one of indefinite null complements. That is, /tla-/ is a null complement who general meaning is retrievable
without any contextual or discourse help. Here /tla-/ takes the valency slot on the headword for a secondary object that is determined by the sense of the verb and the
nature of the primary object. It cannot vary, hence the use of /tla-/.
\xref tokia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 01295
\lxam tla:wi:lwia
\lxam_c kitla:wi:lwia
\lxoa tla:wi:lwia
\lxoa_f [tla: wi:l 'wi ya]
\lxoa_c kitla:wi:lwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to shine light for; to illuminate for
\sense_s echar luz para; iluminar para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chtla:wi:lwi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Illuminate the way for me!
\phrase_s ¡échame luz (p. ej., para iluminar el camino)!
\phrase_n Mo:stla tia:skeh ina:k michin ika yewahli. Tine:chtla:wi:lwi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tomorrow we will go night fishing. You will illuminate (the water) for me (e.g., with a torch of teono:xtli).
\phrase_s Mañana vamos a ir de pesca por la noche. Me vas a echar luz (al agua, p. ej., con una antorcha de teono:xtli).
\phrase_n Xne:chpale:wi ika motla:wi:l, xok nitlachia! Xne:chtla:wi:lwitiw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Help me out with your light (e.g., flashlight, torch, etc.), I can't see anymore! Go along illuminating (the way) for me!
\phrase_s ¡Ayúdame con tu luz (p. ej., de una lámpara eléctica), ya no veo!¡Ve echándome luz!
\sense_e to hold a candle for during a traditional marriage ceremony; to light a candle for (e.g., a saint)
\sense_s sostener una vela para durante una ceremonia de matrimonio tradicional; prender una vela o veladora para (p. ej., un santo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niktla:wi:lwi:s para in to:nahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will hold a candle for him (or her) on this day (when he or she gets married).
\phrase_s Le voy a sostener una vela paraél (o ella) en este día (cuando se case).
\phrase_n I:pan Pa:skwah titla:wi:lo:skeh, tiktla:wi:lwi:skeh Niño Diós.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e On Christmas Eve we will light candles (in the church), we will hold candles near the Child of God (in reference to the ceremony at midnight on Christmas Eve when candles
are lit in front of Jesus as a child in waiting for Christmas Day).
\phrase_s En la víspera de navidad vamos a prender velas (en la iglesia), vamos a poner velas cerca del Niño Diós (en referencia a la ceremonia de medianoche cuando velas se
prenden enfrente del Niño Diós para esperar el día de la natividad).
\root tla:wi:l
\nse With the meaning of 'to hold a candle for during a traditional marriage ceremony,' it is the compadres of the couple who hold the candle. The compadre
stands to the side of the groom for whom he holds a candle, and the comadre holds the candle for the bride, at whose side she stands.
\nae The morphology of phonology of this form is parallel to that of popolwia and tlaxkalwia , both of which are also derived from an intransitive verb
ending in -owa, popolowa and tlaxkalowa respectively, just as the applicative tla:wi:lwia is derived from the intransitive
tla:wi:lowa(and is not a denominal verb from tla:wi:hli).
\qry Make sure it is the compadres of the couple, and not their godparents, who hold the candles. Recheck length of /teono:xtli/ which I have recorded both here and in the main entry
with an /e/ and short /o/ in /teo-/.
\xref tla:wi:lowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01296
\lxam tlano:no:tsahli
\lxam_c tlano:no:tsahli
\lxoa tlano:no:tsahli
\lxoa_c tlano:no:tsahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e counsel; discipline
\sense_s consejo; disciplina
\sense_d Pending
\root no:tsa
\nde In Oapan tlano:no:tsahli is used to refer to the counsel of a wé:wetlí during a marriage ceremony.
\ref 01297
\lxam kwepilia
\lxam_c kikwepilia
\lxoa kopilia
\lxoa_c kikopilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to turn over for (e.g., a tortilla on a griddle for a woman who is otherwise occupied)
\sense_s voltear para (p. ej., una tortilla sobre el comal para una mujer que estáocupada haciendo otra cosa)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to return (sth borrowed); to repay (the equivalent of sth borrowed, e.g., giving money for sth borrowed and lost); to make (a debt, labor owed, etc.) up to
\sense_s regresar (algo pedido prestado) a; compensar (el equivalente de algo pedido prestado, e.g., gdando dinero por algo pedido prestado y perdido) a; reponer (una deuda,
etc.) a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San kikwepilia itlayo:l, o:kitlane:hka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is just paying back the corn, he had borrowed it.
\phrase_s Solamente estádevolviendo el maíz, lo había pedido prestado.
\phrase_n Timitsmakas tomi:n para ika tihkowas. Timitskwepilia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will give you money to buy it (and replace sth of yours that I ruined). I am making it up to you (given you the equivalent in cash).
\phrase_s Te voy a dar dinero para que lo compres (algo tuyo que echéa perder). Te lo estoy reponiendo (dándote el equivalente en efectivo).
\sense_e to take revenge; to pay back (in the sense of vengence); to give (sb) their just desserts; to get back at
\sense_s devolverle (p. ej., un insulto, un golpe, etc.) a; vengarse con (algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:man timitskwepili:s, xo:nikelka:w tli:n o:tine:xchi:wilih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now I'm going to get back at you, I haven't forgotten what you did to me.
\phrase_s Ahora te lo voy a pagar, no olvidélo que me hiciste.
\sense_e (~ tlato:hli) to translate for; to interpret for
\sense_s (~ tlato:hli) traducir para; interpretar para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chkwepili:s motlato:l, newa xniweli inglé:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will translate your words for me, I don't know English.
\phrase_s El me va a traducir tus palabras, yo no entiendo inglés.
\sense_e to change (the appearance, sound, etc. of sth); to alter or shift the direction of (e.g., a given practice or tradition)
\sense_s cambiar (la apariencia o sonido, etc., de algo); alterar (p. ej., una costumbre o tradición, algo que estáestablecido en cierta manera o forma)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tli:n kitsotsontoya, a:man xok yewa. A:man yo:kikwepilih, okse: yo:kikalaktih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The music that he (in this case a violinist) was playing, he's not playing anymore. Now he has changed it, he has started a new one (song).
\phrase_s La música que estaba tocando (en este caso. un violinista), ya no es lo que estátocando. Ahora la ha cambiado, ha empezado otro (son) nuevo.
\root kwepa
\nse If regards to a gift or something borrowed, the verb kwepilia generally refers to returning the equivalent, not the identical, item. It may be a different item (e.g.,
money) to compensate or it may be another token of the same type (e.g., an equivalent hat). Thus if one receives a case of beer and returns a (different) case later, then
kwepilia is appropriate. However, if one borrows a hat and then returns the same one, often maka or onka:wa is more appropriate.
\qry Cf. and check the metaphoric of /kwepilia/ as in returning an insult or blow. Check the difference between /kwepi:ltia/ and /kwepilia/. It appears that /kwepilia/ has the person being
repaid as the object, whereas /kwepiltia/ is used in the reflexive. However, this should be checked.
\grm Pluperfect: note the clear use here: /San kikwepilia itlayo:l, o:kitlane:hka/ 'He is just paying back the corn, he had borrowed it.' Here the pluperfect is used in a situation
that mirrors that described by Launey: an act or situation the effects of which are no longer present/active. That is, the maize had been borrowed but with the return of
maize, the effects of the borrowing, i.e., an outstanding debt, are gone.
\grm Oapan phonology: In the variation of Am /kwepilia/ to Oapan /kopilia/ again note the variation /kwe/>/ko/.
\xref kwepa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 01298
\lxam ye:lo:ti
\lxam_c ye:lo:ti
\lxoa ye:lo:ti
\lxoa_c ye:lo:ti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to arrive at the stage of having a green ear of corn (a maize plant)
\sense_s llegar a la etapa de maturación en que se forman elotes (una planta de maíz)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kemech xi:lo:ti. Xe ye:lo:ti, kemech xi:lo:titok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is just starting to have jilotes. The elotes haven't yet started to form, the jilotes are just starting to emerge.
\phrase_s Apenas están formándose los jilotes. Los elotes todavía no salen, apenas están saliendo los jilotes.
\root e:lo:
\ency_note mi:hli (include stages on the maturing of maize)
\qry Check whether the plant has /i:ye:loyo/ or /i:ye:low/!
\grm Denominal verbs in /-ti/: Although usually /-ti/ is interpreted as 'to become NOUN' in the case of plant parts, it refers to the entire plant that begins to acquire the noun
indicated by the nominal stem that is verbalized. Thus one has /xi:lo:ti/, /miawa:ti/, /ye:lo:ti/, etc. However, in other cases one has /-yowa/ as in /xo:chiowa/, /wa:xiowa/, etc.
It will be important to determine which plant parts are verbalized as /-yowa/ to indicate that part forming on the plant, and which plant parts are verbalized with /-ti/ to
indicate what seems to be basically the same relationship/stage of growth.
\grm Possession; part/whole: A point that I had not thought of before concerns both possessive constructions with plant parts that end in /-o:tl/ and denominal verbs in /-ti/. As to
the former, it should be checked whether the possessed construction of /ye:lo:tl/, /xi:lo:tl/, etc. is /i:ye:loyo/ or not. Check.
\ref 01299
\lxam topo:nia
\lxam_c kitopo:nia
\lxoa topo:nia
\lxoa_c kitopo:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans +alt/ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to explode (fireworks, etc.)
\sense_s explotar (cohetes, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to burst (e.g., a blister, a ball, or other"inflated"object)
\sense_s reventar (p. ej., una ampolla, pelota, u otro objeto"inflado")
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to loosen to joints and articulations of (a person, in sharply twisting his torso)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer soltar las articulaciones del torso de (una persona, al agitar su cuerpo de un lado a otro)
\sense_d Pending
\root topo:
\nse Although topo:nia is both correct and accepted as the transitive form of topo:ni , the morphological causative topo:naltia is more
common, both in the sense of burst something such as a blister or ball filled with air, or in the sense of exploding fireworks or similar objects. In regard to twisting and loosening the
torso of someone, the person having the action performed on him will place his arms around his neck, clasping his hands behind the nape. The person effecting the action will wrap
his arms around the patient and twist him from side to side.
\nss Aunque topo:nia es correcto y aceptado como la forma transitiva de topo:ni , el causativo morfológico topo:naltia es más
común, tanto en el sentido de reventar algo como una ampolla o pelota, o en el sentido de hacer explotar cohetes o castillos. En cuanto a torcer y aflojar el cuerpo de
alguien, la persona a quien se le hace debe colocar sus brazos por atrás del cuello, agarrándose allíde las manos. La persona haciendo tal acción agarra la paciente con
sus brazos, rápidamente agitandola de lado a lado.
\xref topo:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 01300
\lxam michin
\lxam_c michin
\lxoa michin
\lxoa_alt michih
\lxoa_pr michin
\lxoa_c michih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e generic name for fish
\sense_s nombre genérico para pez o pescado
\sense_d Pending
\root mich
\semfld animal
\disamb michin
\nse The following is a list of types of fish that have so far been identified: (make sure that each has its separate entry): xa:lmichin(small, scaleless fish; pez pequeño sin
escamas); tsatsapalin("mojarra"); xo:wi:lin(catfish, bagre); po:te:tl(small fish with a big belly (guppy-like));
truchah(trout, trucha); a:pitso(Note: Luis Lucena gave me this name. He said that he was not sure what type of fish this was, that he had never
seen it. He also stated that it might be the same as /a:burrah/ another type of fish which he has heard named but never seen. Perhaps a legendary fish, cf. a:lamatsi:n ,
etc.); a:burrah(see entry under a:pitso); a:chichitsi:n(type of fish? Luis Lucena who mentioned this word to me said that he has
heard it, but never seen the fish it supposedly refers to); a:kachakalin(type of water animal (fish? acamaya?)); a:xo:lo:tl(type of water animal, n ot
a f ish (tadpole? or renacuajo (?))); chakalin(type of water animal (fish?) small than an a:kachakalinbut similar, perhaps a type of"acamaya");
tekwisiri(crab o cangrejo (classified by Luis Lucena as a type of fish, michin)) a:ko:lo:tl(stinging crayfish, not a type of fish according to Luis
Lucena); a:kwilin(type of water worms, not a type of fish); tortugah(tortoirse, turtle, not indigenous to Ameyaltepec region; not a type of fish).
Note that it will be important to determine which of the fish named but never seen are"real", if this is possible. Note that michin is used to refer to fish which is
either alive or dead (i.e. 'pez' or 'pescado' in Spanish). It seems also clear that some individuals consider michin to indicate a water animal in general.
\qry Check all fish, and nature of, i.e., are only what English/Spanish considers fish, fish in Nahuatl, or are other animals included.
\ref 01301
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be /tepepechowa/ but has been removed as it was not accepted by Florencia nor Cristino. Cf. /pepechyo:tia/
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 01302
\lxam a:makostli
\lxam_c a:makostli
\lxoa a:makostli
\lxoa_c a:makostli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e type of tree of those generically called a:matlor a:makuwtli
\sense_s tipo deárbol de los genéricamente llamados a:matlor a:makuwtli
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:makostli | Xkanah nokwi. Tiá:s ka:n a:makostli dya tikpepecho:s ma:ski ne: itech itsi:ntew. Tiktemachi:was mokxopal. Tikraya:ros me:roh ke:n mowe:rach.
Tiktetso:tsonas, ma ki:sa ime:me:yahlo para timotla:tla:lili:s ka:n tikpia mokoma:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A:makostli: It is not used for anything (i.e., firewood, construction, etc.). You go where there is an a:makostli and you place it
(your foot) up against it, even just at the base. You measure (i.e., draw an outline in the shape of) your foot. You cut around an area just as if it were your sandal. You
pound it hard with a stone so that the sap seeps out (where you cut it) so that you can then put it on your body where you have a pain in your stomach.
\phrase_s A:makostli: No sirve para nada (esto es, ni para leña, para construcción, etc.). Vas donde hay un a:makostli y se le acercas
(la planta de tu pie) aunque sea junto a su base. Mides tu pie. Rayas (elárbol) mero como si fuera tu huarach. Le golpeas con una piedra para que salga su savia para
que te la pones donde tienes tu vaso (esto es, dolor del estómago).
\root a:ma
\root kos
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\notes_nature This type of tree is rare, perhaps only one or two are found on the lands of Ameyaltepec, Oapan, or San Juan Tetelcingo. Inocencio Díaz had never heard of this plant.
Asención Marcelo had heard of this plant but does not know it. Silvestre Pantaleón stated that this tree is found on the southern side of the Balsas; he also mentioned that
he has heard that there is one of these trees near Ostokiloya. Eventually, we did find one near A:ko:ntepe:k, on the path to the Tepecuacuilco River from the crossroads of
Ameyaltepec and San Juan. Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:90) have a listing for"amate amarillo,"which they identify as of the family Moraceaeand genus-species
Ficus petiolarisH.B.K. Note that Schoenhals (1988) has for the Ficus petiolaristhe tescalamate of which she says"'cliff fig' Fruit is a small fig;
sap is irritating. Also called amate amarillo, chilamate."Note, however, that Guizar and Sánchez (1991) call another amate by the name texcalamate. This is
also of the family Moraceaebut is of the genus/species Ficus cotinifolia. But cf. the following entry by Schoenhals (1988) under matapalo:"1.
(Ficusspp. e.g., F. glabrata, F. Cotinifolia, F. involuta) 'strangler fig,' 'wild fig' Grows around another tree eventually killing the host. Seeds sprout in the
crotch of the host tree and send down roots which strangle the host. Simply leaves with smooth edges contrary to those of the domestic fig. Tree used for bark paper since
pre-conquest days. Also called amate, higuero, higuerón, laurel de India. 2. (Clusiaspp. e.g., C. flava, C. Guatemalensis, C. rosea) 'autograph tree,' clusia,'
copey clusia,' 'pitchapple' Use for firewood. Epiphytic but not parasitic. Large, thick leaves of C. roseacan be used as a slate giving rise to the name 'autograph
tree' Also called cucharo, cupey, memelita.
\qry Determine precise medical meaning of /ka:n tikpia mokoma:l/. Correct in the text above and in entry under /koma:hli/.
\ref 01303
\lxam masa:tl
\lxam_c masa:tl
\lxoa masa:tl
\lxoa_c masa:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e deer (docoileus virginianus)
\sense_s venado de cola blanca (docoileus virginianus)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e a form of playing jacks
\sense_s una forma de jugar matatena
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:mpoloh ipan masa:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I lost in"deer"(a form of playing jacks).
\phrase_s Perdíen"venado"(una forma de jugar matatena).
\semfld animal
\semfld mammal
\ncol i:meló:n masa:tl
\root masa:
\ency_note matatena
\qry Make sure that the possessed forms are acceptable as I have indicated.
\mod For a description of playing jacks, cf. DT (directional tape) #8:783 ff.
\semref temasa:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01304
\lxam matián
\lxoa matiah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\sense_e 'Let's go'; see yaw
\sense_s 'Vámonos'; véase ma
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nae This is a compound form of the optative mawith the irregular verb yaw, having the sense of 'Let's go/'
\root ma
\root yaw
\ref 01305
\lxam tlapalwa:xkuwtli
\lxam_c tlapalwa:xkuwtli
\lxoa tlapalwa:xkohtli
\lxoa_c tlapalwa:xkohtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound (N-N)-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e see tlapalwa:xin
\sense_s véase tlapalwa:xin
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root tlapal
\root wa:x
\root kow
\ref 01306
\lxam xka:wa
\lxam_c xka:wa
\lxoa xka:'
\lxoa_pr xka:'
\lxoa_cpend xka:' teh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\der Modal
\sense_e modal expression indicating that the situation a speaker is reporting as true is contrary to the expected, or what was previously generally believed; or it may indicate that
what follows belies a previous assertion, that it is information that makes the previous statement incredible
\sense_s expresión modal indicando que la situación a que un hablante presenta como verídica es contrario a la situación esperada o anteriormente creída; o puede indicar que lo
que sigue hace sorprendente que la aserveración previa fuera cierta o creible
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:ne:chmekawtikeh. Xka:wa! Xmlá:k nomekaw, san ne:chma:maltian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They imputed that I had a lover. No way! He's not really my lover, they just accuse me of it.
\phrase_s Me imputaron un amante.¡No se puede creer! No es verdad que es mi amante, nada más me tachan de ello.
\phrase_n O:tso:liw notlake:n. Xka:wa! weyak katka, saka ke:n tila:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My clothes have gotten shorter. But hey! they were long, (they shrunk) just because they were made of thick cloth.
\phrase_s Se encogiómi ropa, ni modo. No es de creer, era larga, nada más (se encogió) con esto de que era gruesa (la tela).
\phrase_n San ke:nkah kichi:chitia ina:n! Xka:wa, ye we:i.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His mother nurses him just as always! That really surprising, he's already big!
\phrase_s ¡Como siempre su mamále da pecho!¡Andale, ya estágrande!
\phrase_n O:ne:chpanwetsi:tih uní:dolos, miák o:hne:xtika. Xka:wa, ke:n nitlayo:wia:ya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The prehispanic figurines made me rich, I found a lot of them. You wouldn't believe it, I used to be really poor.
\phrase_s Las figuras prehispánicas me hicieron rico, encontrémuchos. No es para creer, pero antes era muy pobre.
\phrase_n Ne:chkukwi:lian notla:l! Xka:wa, newa o:ne:chmakate:hkeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are taking my land away from me! That's not the way it should be, it was to me that they left it in inheritance.
\phrase_s ¡Me están quitando mi tierra! No debe ser así, fui yo quien lo recibióen herencia.
\root ka:wa
\nse According to Cristino Flores the term xka:wa effectively means xka:wa, ma:ka xchi:wili kwe:ntah or, in Spanish, déjalo, no le hagas
caso. That is, it would seem that this term refers to the speakers assertion that something someone said should not be believed. In Oapan this phrase (very common in
Ameyaltepec) is apparently seldom used although in one or two transcriptions the term xka appears. It seems that this is short for xka:wa, used in the
sense given here. Roberto Mauricio gave the equivalent of Ameyaltepec xka:wa as xka teh.
\ref 01307
\lxam manga:nawia
\lxam_c kimanga:nawia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan mangana
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to lasso or rope the front legs of an animal (e.g., bulls)
\sense_s manganear (lazar un toro para sujetarlo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ma nikmanga:nwi, newa ma:s niweli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me lasso its front legs, I can do it better!
\phrase_s ¡Déjame manganearlo, yo lo hago mejor!
\ref 01308
\lxam koto:nchikipe:liwtinemi
\lxam_c koto:nchikipe:liwtinemi
\lxoa koto:nchikipe:lihtimi
\lxoa_c koto:nchikipe:lihtimi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp [N-V1]-asp
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to go out and around with ones shirt open at (or to) the chest
\sense_s salir con la camisa abierta por (o hasta) el pecho
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root chiki
\root pe:l
\root chiki
\root pe:l
\nae Oapan koto:nchikipe:lihtimi, which was given by Florencia Marcelino as the semantic equivalent to Ameyaltepec koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi , reflects the
combination of a short stem verb (identical to the perfective) with an aspectual ending (in this case -timi, the Oapan equivalent of Classical, and Ameyaltepec,
-tinemi). However, the verb itself (? koto:nchikipe:liwi) has not been documented in the corpus.
\qry Check for /koto:nchikipe:liwi/.
\semref koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01309
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod Was I:na:k Kapi:res; switched to Toponym database.
\dt 09/Dec/2001
\ref 01310
\lxam tetso:ktli
\lxam_c tetso:ktli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e mortar
\sense_s mezcla
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tepa:ntli de tetso:ktli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is a wall made with mortar (as opposed to a simple tekorrá:l)
\phrase_s Es una pared hecha con mezcla (no una sencilla tekorrá:l)
\root te
\root tso:k
\nae The etymology of tetso:ktli is uncertain; no cognate forms have been identified in other dialects.
\qry The word might be erroneous and should be checked. If correct, check for possessed form.
\ref 01311
\lxam kamacha:lo:ltia
\lxam_c kikamacha:lo:ltia
\lxoa kamacha:lo:ltia
\lxoa_c kikamacha:lo:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to force the mouth open of (a person or, more usually, animal, particularly in order to feed it)
\sense_s forzar la boca abierta a (una persona o, más comúnmente, un animal, particularmente para darle de comer a fuerza)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kikamacha:lo:lti:skeh un pitso para nopapa:kas ikamak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They will force open the mouth of that pig to wash its mouth.
\phrase_s A fuerza van a abrir la boca de ese marrano para que se lave su boca.
\sense_e (fig.) (tli:non mitskamacha:lo:ltia ?) Who asked your opinion? What made you say (that)? What's it to you? (lit., 'What opened your mouth?)
\sense_s (fig.) (tli:non mitskamacha:lo:ltia ?)¿Quién te preguntó?¿Quéte importa (para que dijiste lo que dijiste)? (lit., '¿Quéte abrióla boca?')
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tli:no:n mitskamacha:lo:ltia? Tle:ka san tlimach yo:tiki:itoh?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Who asked your opinion? Why did you just say whatever (came to mind)?
\phrase_s ¿Quién te preguntó(esto es,¿Por quérazón abriste la boca?)¿Por quédijiste estos disparates?
\root kama
\root cha:l
\qry Note that the reduplicative pattern of words like /yo:tiki:itoh/ is difficult. Much effort should be made to determining the proper representation, the vowel length of the reduplicant,
etc. Check, for example, /san tlimach yo:tiki:itoh/ in Oapan, Ameyaltepec, and San Juan.
\qry_h Note that the reduplicative pattern of words like /yo:tiki:itoh/ is difficult. Much effort should be made to determining the proper representation, the vowel length of the
reduplicant, etc. Check, for example, /san tlimach yo:tiki:itoh/ in Oapan, Ameyaltepec, and San Juan.
\semref kamacha:lowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref kamacha:lowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01312
\lxam tokatsa:wahli
\lxam_c tokatsa:wahli
\lxoa takatsa:wahli
\lxoa_alt tekatsa:wahli
\lxoa_c takatsa:wahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e cobweb
\sense_s telaraña (lo que queda después de ser abandonada por la araña)
\sense_d Pending
\root toka
\root tsa:wa
\disamb ima:tl tokatl; tokatsa:wahli
\ency_note animal nests
\nse Apparently tokatsa:wahli refers to a cobweb, i.e., the web of a spider that remains after the spider has left, whereas i:ma:tl tokatl is the web of an
active spider, still used to catch insects.
\nde Florencia Marcelino and her husband both use the form takatsa:wahli (given as the headword) although both said that others Oapan speakers use
tokatsa:wahli. In fact, Florencia claimed that her husband uses the latter form, even though in the taping he uttered takatsa:wahli. He later admitted that
he occasionally also used tekatsa:wahli. They both agreed that Inocencio's father used tokatsa:wahli, different from the most common forms found in
Oapan.
\qry Check the difference between /tokatsa:wahli/ and /ima:tl tokatl/. Provisionally, it might be that /ima:tl tokatl/ refers to a spiderweb that is active, and /tokatsa:wahli/ to cobwebs. But
this should be checked. Cf. entry under /tokatsa:wahli/. Check that Inocencio's father indeed uses /tokatsa:wahli/ and that Florencia and Inocencio stated that he did. Correct above
comments as necessary.
\mod Develop an ono section of animals 'homes' (nests, burrows, etc.)
\grm Oapan phonology: Note the variation of /o/ to /a/ and /e/ in Oapan: /takatsa:wahli/ and /tekatsa:wahli/.
\ref 01313
\mod This was an entry for Am i:xtakao:stia. According to FM this entry should be removed, one can only say /ixtakakoné:watí/ 'to become pregnant out of wedlock.' It might well be that
even though this was documented from Ameyaltepec, it was the result of elicitation. It might be better to remove this from the lexicon until narrative/discourse documentation of this
term can be obtained. The sense fields were to impregnate out of wedlock /impregnar fuera del matrimonio with roots i:xtaka and o:s.
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\qry Here too, check for possibility of two words, e.g. ixtaka o:niko:stih or o:nikixtakao:stih.
\ref 01314
\lxam panitsi:n
\lxam_c panitsi:n
\lxoa panitsi:n
\lxoa_c panitsi:n
\psm Loc
\der Loc-tsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\sense_e see pani
\sense_s véase pani
\sense_d Pending
\root pan
\mod Examine Launey's treatment of these words; I believe he mentions /i/ as a locative, as in /kali/ and /pani/. Thesis, p. 750ff.
\ref 01315
\lxam xa:yakatsokwil
\lxam_c xa:yakatsokwil
\lxoa xa:yakátsokwíl
\lxoa_pr xa:yakatsokwil
\lxoa_c xa:yakátsokwíl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be dirty- or filthy-faced
\sense_s tener la cara muy sucia
\sense_d Pending
\root xa:yaka
\root tsohkwil
\qry Again, a major treatment of these classes of adjectivals needs to be considered. For all make sure that in elicitation questions have been asked for the adjectival and apocoated
forms together. For example, in discussing /xa:yakatsokwil/ question whether /xa:yakatsokwiltik/ is also found. If it is, then it should be added. For each entry the /syn field should
have the other listed. Thus if /xa:yakatsokwiltik/ is found to exist, it will be entered under /xa:yakatsokwil/ in the/synao field.
\ref 01316
\lxam tlate:nti:ltetl
\lxam_c tlate:nti:ltetl
\lxoa tlate:nti:ltetl
\lxoa_c tlate:nti:ltetl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e smooth stone found in rivers or along their banks and used for sharpening (machetes, knives, axes, etc.)
\sense_s piedra lisa que se utiliza para sacar filo (a machetes, cuchillos, hachas, etc.) y que se halla en los ríos o por las riberas
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root te
\nae Tlate:nti:ltetl is based on a nominalization of the transitive verb te:ntia and compounding with tetl. The first incorporated (deverbal) noun
acts as an attributive, modifying tetl. However, apparently it (? tlate:ntihli) is not found independently.
\qry Check whether the simple /tlate:ntihli/ exists and add info to lexicon. Check vowel length of /i/ since in some filecards I have a long vowel and in others a short vowel.
\ref 01317
\lxam tlakomohli
\lxam_c tlakomohli
\lxoa tlakomohli
\lxoa_c tlakomohli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e extended flat area of land, perhaps very mildly sunken in the center
\sense_s un terreno o extensión de tierra muy plano, quizáligeramente hundido en medio
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pakah, ipan un tlakomoltsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is there, on that small section of flat land.
\phrase_s Allíestá, sobre esa pequeña sección de terreno plano.
\semfld topography
\root komol
\nde In Classical Nahuatl (Molina), tlacomolli is definited as 'hoyo grande o barranco.' This is related to the verb comoliwi 'hazerse barrancoso lo que era llano.'
\qry Check definition as this definition was determined from experience and not any direct questioning. It is quite different from the definition in Classical. E.g. RS has for /tlacomolli/:
'agujero, hoyo, barranca' and for /comoliui/ 'convertirse en terreno lleno de barrancos, hablando de un lugar antes liso.' I have a note on one filecard that the second /o/ is definitely
short in /tlakomohli/ and in all words with a similar root: /a:komohli/, /tlakomoltsi:n/, etc. Note also that the meaning of the verbal base /komolowa/ suggests the possibility that the
Classical definition is correct.
\semref tekomoltsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01318
\lxam solita:rioh
\lxam_c solita:rioh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan solitario
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e word applied to a large male tejo:n that is found alone, not in groups
\sense_s palabra aplicada a un tejón macho muy grande que se distingue por andar solo, no en grupos
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld mammal
\nse For a discussion of the social habits of this animal, see tejo:n.
\ref 01319
\lxam ma:so
\lxam_c kima:so
\lxoa ma:so
\lxoa_c kima:so
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to prick the hand of (with a needle, pin, thorn, splinter, etc.)
\sense_s picar la mano de (con una aguja, alfiler, púa, espina, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nimoma:sok ika wistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I pricked my hand with a thorn.
\phrase_s Me piquéla mano con una espina.
\root ma:
\root so
\qry Recheck that this is a transitive, although it should be, with possessor raising. Also, check final vowel length in future.
\ref 01320
\lxam kwalahki:sa
\lxam_c kwalahki:sa
\lxoa kwalahki:sa
\lxoa_c kwalahki:sa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to drool; to salivate
\sense_s babear; dejar escapar saliva de la boca
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kwalahki:sa moburroh, kipia kamaye:rbah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your donkey is dripping saliva, he has ye:rbah (a type of fungus) in his mouth.
\phrase_s Tu burro estábabeando, tiene ye:rbah en la boca.
\phrase_n Tli:no:n kipia? Milá:k kwalahki:sa, kipias kamatso:tso:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e What's wrong with him? He's really drooling, he must have sores in his mouth.
\phrase_s ¿Quétiene? Estábabeando de a de veras, debe tenerúlceras en la boca.
\root kwala:
\root ki:sa
\qry Check for precise definition of 'yerba', a type of infection or fungus that occurs in animals' mouths.
\ref 01321
\lxam tsomakuwtli
\lxam_c tsomakuwtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e type of large tree as yet still unidentified
\sense_s tipo deárbol grande todavía no identificada
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tsomakuwtli | Ye weka:wi notekia kwa:k o:ne:kchi:w tio:pan, kinteketsayan para kuwtlapextli. I:pan cholowa:ya, ipan noteketsaya tlaye:kchi:hke:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tsomakuwtli: It was cut a long time ago, when the church was built. They put it up as a scaffolding. A worker would walk on it, stand on it.
\phrase_s Tsomakuwtli: Se cortaba hace mucho tiempo, cuando se construyóla iglesia. Lo pusieron como andamio. Uno que trabajaba en la construccion podía
caminar sobre ello, pararse sobre ello.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root tsohma
\root kow
\notes_nature Consultants (Feb. 2001) identified this tree as palo blanco. However, Ramírez (1991) has the tsomakuhtli identified as of the family
Leguminosaewith a Spanish name of palo gigante; Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give this same Spanish name. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:98) have a
tree which they call palo blanco of the family and subfamily Leguminosae; mimosoideae and of the genus/species Acacia coulteri. They do not list a
palo gigante. However, from the description is seems quite possible that the tree known as tsomakuhtli is not the Acacia coulteri.
Schoenhals (1988) has no plants named palo gigante but does have palo blanco:"1. (Ipomoea arborescens, I. murucoides) 'morning-glory treee.' The
same genus as morning-glories. Large flowers are white. The tree grows in dry areas such as Cuautla. Also called cazahuate, ozote, palo bobo, palo cabra, palo de muerto,
palo santo. 2. (Acacia willar diana) '[typ e of] acacia.' Tree has thin, white bark and a hard wood. Found in the coastal mountains of Sonora. 3. (Maytenus
phyllantoides) 'Florida mayten.' See mangle dulce. 4. (Roseodendron donnell-smithii) 'spring bells.' See primavera."
\mod Remove /tsomakuhtli/ from the Oapan entry here since this tree is not known by this name.
\semref te:tla:wi:lo:ni
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01322
\lxam tekakahli
\lxam_c tekakahli
\lxoa té:kahlí
\lxoa_c té:kahlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e natural shelter formed under an overhanging ledge of rocks
\sense_s saliente de piedra que puede servir como abrigo o protección natural
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tekakahli, kó:n wel timokiawpale:wi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A shelter below a ledge of outcropping rocks enables you to protect yourself from the rain.
\phrase_s Un risco sobresaliente de piedra es la manera en que te puedes proteger de la lluvia.
\semfld topography
\root te
\root kal
\nse A tekakahli is a place sheltered by rocks (the literal meaning of te + kakahli), which is often used as protection against the rain. It is not a cave but
rather a place where a protruding rock or small indentation proves a shelter. It should be distinguished from tekahli, which is a circle of rocks set around plants
to hold in water.
\mod Illustrate.
\ref 01323
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was originally /ko:niah/ but has not been confirmed. It has been deleted by now as those of Oapan and C. Flores (Am) denied that it was a word.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\ref 01324
\lxam a:tepe:ya:wi:lo
\lxam_c a:tepe:ya:wi:lo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-pas
\infv class-4a(pass)
\sense_e to be swept away by flood waters (a person, animal, or material object); to be crushed or flattened by passing flood waters (e.g., fields or plants)
\sense_s llevarse por un torrente de agua (una persona, animal, u objeto material); apachurrarse o doblarse por un torrente de agua (p. ej., campos, sembradíos o plantas)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:a:tepe:ya:wi:lo:k mi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The maize plants got flattened by a torrent of water.
\phrase_s La milpa se arrastrópor la fuerza de un torrente de agua.
\nae In Oapan the semantic equivalent is a reflexive use of the verb a:tepe:ya:wiya. Although the passive derivations ending in -wi:lo are quite common in
Oapan, they generally seem to refer to weather phenomenon such as (being affected by) the wind, the sun, or the rain. In Ameyaltepec, besides a:tepe:ya:wi:lo ,
which has not Oapan cognate, I have also heard askawi:lo , where Oapan would use only a:skayowa, also found in Ameyaltepec.
\grm Derived from noun /a:tepe:ya:tl/ with probable instrumental verbalized /- wia:/ then passivized. Long /i:/ indicates a process of passivization of transitive form. This process
occurs in non-agentive constructions in which there is a definite patient or affected party, cf. grammar notes on this subject. Note also that in Oapan the semantic equivalent
of /a:tepe:ya:wi:lo/ is a reflexive use of the verb a:tepe:ya:wiya. Although the passive derivations ending in -wi:lo are quite common in Oapan,
they generally seem to refer to weather phenomenon such as (being affected by) the wind, the sun, or the rain. In Ameyaltepec, besides a:tepe:ya:wi:lo ,
which has not Oapan cognate, I have also heard askawi:lo , where Oapan would use only a:skayowa, also found in Ameyaltepec.
\semref a:tepe:ya:wiya
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01325
\lxam kwitlanextla:lia
\lxam_c kikwitlanextla:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp PM-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Op. te- : tekwitlanextla:lia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cover with dust; to make filthy from dust and dirt
\sense_s empolvar; ensuciar al cubrir con tierra y polvo
\sense_d Am
\root kwitla
\root nex
\root tla:l
\nse Although consultants indicated that kwitlanextla:lia can occur with and without the prefix te-, it seems to be more common with this prefix; cf.
kwitlanextsi:n.
\qry Check as to whether this can only be used reflexively and other acceptations of the verb. Also check on how best to describe the morphology, perhaps N+V is better? Yet in
essence the first element seems to be /kwitla/ used to modify the color; see discussion under /kwitlanextsi:n/
\ref 01326
\lxam kuwextli
\lxam_c kuwextli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(x)
\sense_e type of tree (collected)
\sense_s tipo deárbol (colectado)
\sense_d Am
\src_s Felix Venancio
\phrase_n Kowextli | Bwe:noh para kwa:k kamatso:tso:ti ko:koneh. Tihkwis ia:yo, tiksentla:li:s ika ichkatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Kowextli : It is good for when children have gotten sores in their mouths. You take the sap and gather it up with a ball of cotton (to apply it to the child's
mouth).
\phrase_s Kuwextli] : Es bueno para cuando los niños tienen llagitas en la boca. Tomas su savia, lo juntas con algodón (para aplicarsele a la boca del niño).
\phrase_n Deke tikamatso:tso:ti, tikpia kamatso:tso:tl, tikmaxaktlapa:nas kowextli wa:n kó:n ki:sas ia:yotsi:n. Ika tikpa:tso:s ichkatl, timotla:lili:s itik mokamak. Deke
o:tikwi:kak weka wa:n o:wa:k, tikpa:tso:s oksepa ika aseiteh rosa:dah. Kaxa:nis ichkatl wa:n timotla:lili:s noso wel ika iwiyo piotsi:n tiktla:lili:s a:kin kamatso:tso:ti.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Luis Lucena
\phrase_e If your mouth has sores, if you have sores in your mouth, you split the kowextli where its branch forks so that its sap runs out. You moisten some cotton with
it, and you place it on the inside of your mouth. If you've taken it far and it has dried up, you can moisten it again with aceite rosada. The cotton will soften
up and you will put it on [i.e., the sores in your mouth], or you can place it [the sap] on a person who has sores in his mouth with a chicken feather.
\phrase_s Si se te han salidoúlceras en la boca, si tienes la boca conúlceras, partes una ramita bifurcada del kuwextli para que asísalga la savia. Mojas algo de
algodón con ella, te la pones en la boca. Si lo llevaste lejos y se secó, la vas a mojar otra vez con aceite rosada. El algodón se afloja y te la puedes poner [sobre las
llagitas], o bien con una pluma de gallina se la puedes poner a alguien que tengaúlceras por la boca.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root ko
\root wex
\notes_nature There is no mention of this tree in either Ramírez and Dakin (1979) nor Ramírez (1991).
\qry Ceck the name that neighboring villages give to this tree and on this basis try to determine etymology.
\semref kohyestli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01327
\lxam yo:ltemi:mikini
\lxam_c yo:ltemi:mikini
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ni
\lexical Lex. rdp-l; Lex. infix te-
\infn N1
\sense_e person who stutters
\sense_s tartamudo
\sense_d Am
\root yo:l
\root miki
\semref yo:ltemi:mihki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref yo:ltemi:mihki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01328
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod Here the word /kuhchi:kwepo:ni/ has been removed from the dictionary.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 01329
\lxam kamaxoxopo:nia
\lxam_c kikamaxoxopo:nia
\lxoa kamaá:xopó:nia
\lxoa_c kikamaá:xopó:nia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a); V2-alt-ni/alta
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (often with short vowel reduplication) to cause pimples or sores in the mouth of
\sense_s (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacerle salir granitos en la boca de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chkamaxoxopo:nih to:tolo:ktsi:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The to:tolo:ktsi:n caused my mouth to blister.
\phrase_s El to:toloktsi:n me hizo salir granitos en la boca.
\root kama
\root xopo:
\nse This verb has only been documented with a reduplicated verbal stem.
\qry Check for intransitive form. T
\ref 01330
\lxam tlako:patli
\lxam_c tlako:patli
\lxoa tlakó:patlí
\lxoa_c tlakó:patlí
\lxgen tlako:pahtle
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(h)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e generic name for type of vine that includes two different types, tlako:patli toma:wak (Am) and tlako:patli pitsa:wak (Am)
\sense_s tipo de bejucco todavía no identificado que incluye dos tipos, tlako:patli toma:wak y tlako:patli pitsa:wak
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlako:patli | Nochi -tlako:patli pitsa:wak wa:n tlako:patli toma:wak- reme:dioh para deke tipostekis. Kiki:xtian inelwayo para kikwe:chowan ipan tetl noso ipan
metlatl. Dya mitschapa:nili:skeh ka:n mitskukwa. No: kitowan bwe:noh para kuwasiwistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tlako:patli : All (i.e., both tlako:patli toma:wak and tlako:patli pitsa:wak) are remedies if you've broken a bone. Someone
pulls up its root and grind it up finely on a stone or metate. Then they spread it on you where it hurts. They also say that it's good for kowasiwistli.
\phrase_s Tlako:patli : Todo (esto es, tlako:patli toma:wak y tlako:patli pitsa:wak) son remedios si se te ha quebrado un hueso.
Sacan su raíz y la muelen sobre una piedra o sobre un metate. Entonces te lo ponen por donde te duele. También dicen que es bueno para kowasiwistli.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root tlako:
\root pah
\notes_nature There are two types of tlako:patli : tlako:patli pitsa:wak and tlako:patli toma:wak. According to Costa Venancio both
tlako:patli pitsa:wak and tlako:patli toma:wak are used in curing kowasiwistli by rubbing the plant over the body of the
affected person. Silvestre Pantaleón knew both types; Inocencio Díaz had heard this name but did not know the plant. Asención Marcelo stated that he knew only the thin
type. Check the recordings to determine if both are used in curing.
\mod Check: According to the mother of Inocencio Jimenez there is another plant, which she said was a /kohtsi:ntli/ that is also called
\ency_note /botzoo/bot/fampage/aristolochiaceae/aristolochiaceae_frameset.htm
\ref 01331
\lxam ki:xtilia
\lxam_c kiki:xtilia
\lxoa ki:xtilia
\lxoa_c kiki:xtilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap[ca]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to remove (sth) from; to take (sth) off of
\sense_s quitar o sacar (algo) de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kichikipe:lowan wa:kax kwa:k kimiktian, kiki:xtilian ipa:nsah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They cut open the front of a cow when they kill it, they take out its belly.
\phrase_s Abren en canal una vaca cuando la matan, le quitan la panza.
\phrase_n Nihki:xtili:s ikakawayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will take its skin off (e.g., of a fruit).
\phrase_s Le voy a quitar su cáscara (p. ej., a una fruta)
\root ki:sa
\xref ki:xtia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01332
\lxam ka:lowa
\lxoa ka:lowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e see tlaka:lowa (Am) / tlá:ka:lówa(Oa)
\sense_s véase tlaka:lowa (Am) / tlá:ka:lówa(Oa)
\sense_d Pending
\root ka:l
\nae The verb seems to be related to the root ka:l, which refers to 'tongs'; the verb seems to indicate a posture similar to this item, though the only documented
occurrences of it are with the prefix tla-.
\qry Check to see if this verb can be used reflexively or transitively, with a specific object. Check also the existence of intransitive form.
\ref 01333
\lxam chikipe:ltik
\lxam_c chikipe:ltik
\lxoa chikipe:ltik
\lxoa_c chikipe:ltik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound Mod-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be cut or torn open lengthwise and flared out (e.g., cloth that has been cut or ripped lengthwise or, particularly, a shallow pot with a wide brim)
\sense_s estar cortado o rasgado a lo largo con las orillas abiertas hacia afuera (p. ej., tela o bien una olla o sartén poco profondo)
\sense_d Pending
\root chiki
\root pe:l
\semref pe:ltik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01334
\lxam tlamia:n
\lxam_c i:tlamia:n
\lxoa tlamia:n
\lxoa_c i:tlamia:h
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-dvb-ya:n
\infn N2
\sense_e end (of a period of time [Poss])
\sense_s a finales de (un periodo de tiempo [Pos])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:tlamia:n me:stli nikchi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will do it at the end of the month.
\phrase_s Lo voy a hacer a finales del mes.
\root tlami
\root_rel -ya:n
\qry Check to see whether this can refer to the end of a long object, such as a board, etc. I have often heard /ka:n tlami/ or /ka:n ontlami/. Check the difference between /i:tlamia:n/ and
/ka:n tlami/ (and /ka:n ontlami/). Also check /ka:n wa:ltlami/.
\semref tlakotia:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref pe:wya:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlákotiá:h
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref pe:hya:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01335
\lxam nextamahli
\lxam_c nextamahli
\lxoa nextamahli
\lxoa_c nextamahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e maize soaked in boiled water with lime, which causes the maize to expand and loose its husk (in Spanish nixtamal); the nextamahli is then
ground up for making tortillas
\sense_s nixtamal, maíz remojado en agua hervida con cal, que se abulta y pierde su cáscara; después el nixtamal se muele para hacer tortillas
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food-maize
\root nex
\root tamal
\disamb tlaxkahli
\qry Check whether /nextli/ still exists as a noun, as it did in classical.
\mod Produce page on the preparation of tortillas, including references to: making of nextamal, types of tools used in preparation of tortillas (komal, achiwiltepalkatl, etc).
\semref po:so:hli de nextamahli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01336
\lxam koxo:ni
\lxam_c koxo:ni
\lxoa koxo:ni
\lxoa_c koxo:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl; +Caus
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to slosh or move around inside a container (particularly water sloshing inside a water jug, or stones being agitated inside sth, not necessarily covered, such as a gourd to
clean its inside)
\sense_s zangolotear o agitarse dentro de un recepiente (particlarmente agua dentro de un cántaro, o algo más abierto, o piedrecitas que están siendo agistados dentro de un bule
para limpiarse)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chtlatotoya:wilih in burroh. Ke:n notlalo:snekia, o:pe:w ko:koxo:ni, o:pe:w totoya:wi nokaldi:toh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e This donkey spilled something of mine (in this case soup). It started to make like it wanted to run, the soup started to slosh back and forth, my caldo started to
spill out.
\phrase_s Este burro hizo regar algo mío. Es como que quería empezar a correr, mi caldo empezóa agitarse de un lado a otro, se empezóa regar.
\phrase_n Yo:na:kwep in to:to:ltetl, ko:koxo:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e This egg has spoiled, it rattles around inside (from having gone bad).
\phrase_s Este huevo ya se echóa perder. Zangolotea por adentro.
\sense_e (with a directional prefix) to lap or beat up against (the side of sth, e.g., water against the shore or the banks of a river)
\sense_s (con un prefijo direccional) subir y bajar contra algo (e.g., agua contra un literal o orillas de un río)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Onkoxo:ntok itech osto:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (waters of a river or ocean) is lapping up there against the cliff.
\phrase_s Al subir y bajar, está(el agua de un río o la mar) besando el risco allá.
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w wa:lkoxo:ni a:tl a:te:nko. Ma:s we:iya ipan we:i a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The water has started to lap up against the riverbed (wash up and subside). The river has gotten swollen up (from rain).
\phrase_s El agua ha empezado a subir y bajar contra la ribera, el río ha crecido (por la lluvia).
\phrase_n Onkoxo:ntok ma:r itech osto:tl, noteketsa a:tl para tlakpak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sea is beating up against that cliff, the water sprays up high (upon striking the rocks).
\phrase_s Al subir y bajar, el mar golpea contra ese risco, se echa el agua para arriba (al golpear contra las piedras).
\root koxo:
\qry /Yo:pe:w wa:lkoxo:ni a:tl a:te:nko. Ma:s we:iya ipan we:i a:tl/. 'The water has started to lap up against the riverbed (wash up and subside). The river has gotten swollen up (from
rain).' This is an example phrase. However, the main question is whether the phrase /ma:s we:iya i:pan we:i a:tl/ is correct and correctly translated. This should be checked. Perhaps
/... ika we:i a:tl/ should be used.
\grm Indefinite null complement; antipassive; definiteness: Note the following utterance: /O:ne:chtlatotoya:wilih in burroh. Ke:n notlalo:snekia, o:pe:w ko:koxo:ni, o:pe:w
totoya:wi nokaldi:toh/ 'This donkey spilled something of mine (in this case soup). It started to make like it wanted to run, the soup started to slosh back and forth, my
caldo started to spill out.' Note that the text begins with an indefinite complement /tla-/. It is clear from what follows that the reference is definite, i.e., is
understood within the context of discourse. That is, the /tla-/ of /o:ne:chtlatotoya:wilih/ refers to what follows. However, one important thing is that the zero marker for the
secondary object is possible only when the secondary object is already a discourse topic, or when the secondary object is introduced immediately in a dependent noun
phrase. Thus one use of /tla-/ is to separate the introduction of both objects in a ditransitive verb. This should be examined more.
\xref koxo:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 01337
\lxam molo:nia
\lxam_c molo:nia
\lxoa molo:nia
\lxoa_c molo:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt(ni/ltia)
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to smell bad
\sense_s oler mal
\sense_d Pending
\root molo:
\nse Although more research needs to be carried out, it appears that there are two meanings of the root molo:. The forms molo:nia and
molo:naltia apparently refer to foul-smelling, the first as an intransitive and the second as a transitive. In reduplicated form there are also intransitives
(momolo:ni (or Oapan mómoló:ni; cf. the frequentative momoloka)
\qry See entry under /molo:ni/. Check to see if unreduplicated form exists in reference to cotton; and also if the meaning of 'to smell bad' also is usually or always reduplicated. If there is
no difference between /molo:ni/ and /molo:nia/, then the two should be listed as synonyms. Also, if /momolo:nia/ is the same as /momolo:ni/ then both should be given separate entries
as"to fluff up". Likewise, check /molo:naltia/, etc. This verb needs to be checked extensively. My impression is that the unreduplicated has an intransitive /molo:nia/ meaning"to
become foul-smelling."The reduplicated has an intransitive meaning"to become fluffed up."Then, it appears, that the transitive is found only with the meaning"to fluff up"and not ?"to
make foul-smelling."It also seems that the alternation is with /-altia/. NOTE that in my original file cards I had also /momolo:nia/ as meaning"to fluff up (cotton in
particular)"(apparently as an intransitive). However, I also have /momolo:ni/ with this meaning, and Florencia Marcelinostated (if I remember correctly) that whereas /momolo:ni/
means"to fluff up"the form *momolo:nia is not acceptable with this meaning. CHECK.
\semref momolo:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref molo:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01338
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was originally for /xi:tekwetla:ni/ and has been removed as vulgar and offensive.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 01339
\lxam tlai:tlanilia
\lxam_c kitlai:tlanilia
\lxoa tláitlanília
\lxoa_pr tlaitlanilia
\lxoa_c kitláitlanília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to formally request a daughter in marriage for (a father [S] for a son [PO])
\sense_s pedir formalmente una muchacha en matrimonio para (un padre [S] por su hijo [OP])
\sense_d Pending
\root htlani
\nae For a discussion of the unexpected long vowel in the Ameyaltepec form, see tlai:tlani.
\qry Note that I originally had /Ne:si ne:chtlaitlanili:skeh ika nochpo:ch./ 'It appears that I will be asked for my daughter in marriage.' I also had the notes:"The person who is requested in
marriage, the novia, is expressed obliquely and is not a core argument of the verb. The example sentence Ne:si ne:chtlaitlanili:skeh i:ka nochpo:ch has an
antipassive construction in which the secondary object (the daughter) is obliquely expressed."However, C. Flores explained that it is the father of the bridegroom that /tlaitlanilia/ with
the son as the object. This has been the definition used for now.
\grm Antipassive: The person who is requested in marriage, the novia, is expressed obliquely and is not a core argument of the verb. The example sentence
Ne:si ne:chtlaitlanili:skeh i:ka nochpo:ch has an antipassive construction in which the secondary object (the daughter) is obliquely expressed.
\xref tlai:tlani
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref tláitláni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 01340
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This record used to be /nawameh/ but this was in error and has been corrected to /nanwameh/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 01341
\lxam nochi
\lxam_c nochi
\lxoa nochi
\lxoa_alt noch
\lxoa_c nochi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Num
\der Adj-b
\sense_e everything; all (of any particular items or objects); entire or all (time period); everyone; all of (people [S])
\sense_s todo (de cualquier cosa o grupo de objetos); todos (en cuanto a personas [S]); entero o todo el (periodo de tiempo);
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nochi nikneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I want everything (it all).
\phrase_s Lo quiero todo.
\phrase_n Tekiti nochi yewahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He works all night.
\phrase_s Trabaja toda la noche (durante la noche entera).
\phrase_n Nochimeh tekitin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They all work.
\phrase_s Todos trabajan
\phrase_n Tinochimeh tia:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e All of us will go.
\phrase_s Todos nosotros vamos a ir.
\sense_e during all or the entire (in reference to a time period)
\sense_s durante todo (en referencia a un periodo temporal)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (i:ka ~; often with yo:hlo) with all (often, 'ones heart')
\sense_s (i:ka ~; a menudo con yo:hlo) con todo (a menudo, 'el corazón')
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n nimotlakwa:nkestok, ika nochi noyo:hlo, ika nochi nopa:kilis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am kneeling here, with all my heart, with all my happiness.
\phrase_s Aquíestoy de rodillas, con toda mi corazón, con toda felicidad.
\root nochi
\nse The plural nochimeh is used when referring to animate objects: humans and some animals. Note that like other quantifiers (such as numerals),
nochi can be used pronominally, as in the phrase nochi nikneki 'I want all (of them)' as well as predicatively tinochimeh 'all of
us' (lit., 'we are all'). According to Cristino Flores some Ameyaltepequeños say timochimeh , mochipa , etc., although I have not documented this. He
said that Hoyo de la Rosa, Maximo Reyna, Pedro García and a few others use these terms.
\qry The exact context of plural use should be explored. Phrase with /-yo:hlo/ and /-pa:killis/ should be reentered under each of these latter words.
\ref 01342
\lxam tla:la:jeh
\lxam_c tla:la:jeh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) aje
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1; pl. tla:la:jes
\sense_e type of small, biting and itch-causing insect that lives on the ground; still unidentified
\sense_s tipo de insecto pequeño que vive sobre la tierra, muerde y causa comezón; todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tla:la:jeh, nemi ipan tla:hli. Deke yo:mitskwah de milá:k tikekexkias. Pitentsi:n ke:n tlakwa:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tla:la:jeh lives on the ground. If it bites you, you will really itch. It is small like a tlakwa:ni.
\phrase_s El tla:la:jeh vive sobre la tierra. Si te muerde te deja con mucho comezón. Es pequeño como el tlakwa:ni.
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root tla:l
\notes_nature There is no entry for tla:la:jeh in Schoenhals (1988:211) who does have simply aje:"(Coccus axin) '[wax] cochineal.' An insect and the thick, waxy
substance it produces which resembles rancid butter. Used as a varnish--especially in Michoacan for the exquisite lacquer work done there."
\qry Check to determine whether /a:jeh/ exists as a distinct animal.
\ref 01343
\lxam tlake:nki:xtia
\lxam_c kitlake:nki:xtia
\lxoa tlake:nki:xtia
\lxoa_cpend kitlake:nki:xtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to undress; to take clothes off of
\sense_s desvestir; quitarle la ropa a
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Notlake:nki:xtia, na:lti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is undressing, he is going to bathe.
\phrase_s Se estádesvistiendo, se va a bañar.
\root ke:m
\root ki:sa
\qry Check for intransitive.
\nde In Oapan the form tlá:kopí:niais much more commonly used than tlake:nki:xtia, though the latter is indeed used.
\grm Causatives; noun incorporation; transitivity: Note that apparently not all causatives have a corresponding intransitive in the usual sense. Thus while /ki:xtia/ has an
intransitive /ki:sa/, /tlake:nki:xtia/ does not have a similar corresponding intransitive */tlake:nki:sa/. This points out to a general property or characteristic of causatives
and of transitive verbs in general; when there is an incorporated noun it is often the case (either with saturating incorporation or with possessor raising) that the
intransitive does not exist. Therefore, rather than consider /tlake:nki:xtia/ as the causative of /tlake:nki:sa/, it is possible to consider that it is the incorporated form of
/ki:xtia/, and that this incorporation is an example of possessor raising.
\semref tlá:kopí:nia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01344
\lxam -tsa:hla:n
\lxam_c itsa:hla:n
\lxoa -tsa:la:n
\lxoa_c i:tsa:la:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(rel)
\der Rel-stem/poss-sim
\infn N2(rel)
\sense_e within; among; in the middle or midst of
\sense_s en medio de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Itsa:hla:n nomi:l ontoto:kilih yetl iwa:n xo:chitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e In the middle of my corn field I planted beans and flowers
\phrase_s En medio de mi milpa sembréfrijoles y flores.
\phrase_n Se: masa:tl o:nikitak kalaki itsa:hla:n wa:kax.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I saw a deer go in among the cattle.
\phrase_s Vi un venado entrar en medio del ganado.
\root_rel tsa:hla:n
\disamb tsa:hla:n; nepantlah
\nse The difference between nepantlah and tsa:hla:n seems to be that the former indicates a middle point of a space (or object) whereas the latter indicates
that the subject is located in the midst of something, such as hills, corn plants, etc. Thus the two example sentences well illustrate this use of tsa:hla:n (Am). In both
cases the principal object (beans/flowers and a deer) is placed or moves among the background objects, which are many and multiple.
\nae In Oapan there is no /h/ closing the first syllable; in Ameyaltepec there is. In both dialects the second /a:/ is long, unlike in Classical: tza:lan. Note that there is some
evidence for a geminate /l/ in Classical as Molina has the noun tzallantli 'abra, quebrada de sierras o cañada.' The relational noun, however, has a single /l/ in Classical.
\qry Check to determine that possessive prefix can be used, i.e., ?/totsa:hla:n/. Recheck final C of Oapan form.
\vl Check vowel length of both vowels as well as /h/ in the middle of /tsa:hla:n/.
\ref 01345
\lxam kwa:temo:tla
\lxam_c kikwa:temo:tla
\lxoa kwa:temo:tla
\lxoa_c kikwa:temo:tla
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. te-
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to hit in the head (with sth thrown or shot: a stone, stick, bullet, etc.)
\sense_s pegar en la cabeza (con algo tirado: una piedra, palo, bala, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma nikonkwa:temo:tla se: wi:lo:tl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me go shoot (with a gun or slingshot) a dove in the head!
\phrase_s ¡Deje que vaya yo a tirarle en la cabeza (con un arma de fuego o un resorte) a una paloma!
\semfld contact
\root kwa:
\root te-
\root mo:tla
\qry Cf. other words with /kwa:-/ that also appear to use /te-/ although not always in a capacity which suggests an intensifier.
\ref 01346
\lxam te:tlatete:mowilia:ni
\lxam_c te:tlatete:mowilia:ni
\lxoa te:tlá:te:mowiliá:ni
\lxoa_alt te:tlátete:mowiliá:ne
\lxoa_c te:tlá:te:mowilia:ne
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn N1
\sense_e diviner; person who reveals the fortune or fate of others (e.g., revealing the cause of an illness, the location of a lost animal, etc.)
\sense_s atinador; persona quien revela la suerte de otros (p. ej., encontrando la causa de una enfermedad, la ubicación de un animal perdido, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root te:m-2-
\qry Determine whether the nonreduplicated form is correct. Also whether /te:tlatete:molia:ni/ is correct.
\semref te:tlatete:mowilike:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tlatete:moke:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref te:tlá:te:mowíliké:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01347
\lxam yewan
\lxam_c yewan kwahli
\lxoa yón
\lxoa_c yón
\dt 03/Mar/2006
\psm Reltzer
\der Reltzer
\sense_e one that; those who
\sense_s el que; los que
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xkwahli. Tlatlankwi:stik. Xtete:mo okse: yewan tila:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's no good (in this case a gunnysack). It's weave is wide open. Look for another one that has a tight weave!
\phrase_s No estábien (en este caso un costal para llevar cosas como mazorcas). Tiene el tejido abierto.¡Busca otro que tenga su tejido más cerrado!
\phrase_n No:no:ltik un tlako:tl, tiktekiskia yewam peya:stik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That switch (rod) is curved in places, you should have cut one that was straight.
\phrase_s Esa vara estáchueca en varios lugares, hubieras cortado una que estuviera derecha.
\phrase_n Xok kixi:ko:s. Kokoto:nis. Xtla:lili mejó:r se: yewan ye:nkwik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It won't stand up (endure) anymore. Iit will snap apart in pieces. Better put on one (e.g., a strap or lasso) that is new.
\phrase_s Ya no va a aguantar más. Se va a reventar.¡Ponle mejor uno que sea nuevo (un tirante o laso)!
\phrase_n Un hkon kichi:wan un kiki:ski. Yewan kiki:ski
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 01347_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 3:00
\phrase_e
\phrase_s
\root yewa
\root on
\nse The identity and syntactic behavior of Nahuatl relativizers and demonstratives needs to be fully explored, as much of the information to date is unclear. In Oapan it seems that
yón, which is always stressed (i.e., high pitch accent) is found between a nominal head and an adjective (or verbal predicate used in a modifying sense, e.g., 'a man
who is fast', se: tla:katl yón tlasa). However, it is possible that this should be yo on ; the final determination still has to be made.
\qry One person told me that /yewam/ is the same as, an abbreviation for, /yewa tli:n/. This should be checked.
\vl There is no token for this Oapan word. We will duplicate another phrase with this relativizer and copy it here.
\grm Relativization: In Ameyaltepec the major relativizer is /yewan/ (in Oapan it is /yon/). Note the following phrases: /Xkwahli. Tlatlankwi:stik. Xtete:mo okse: yewan tila:wak./
'It's no good (in this case a gunnysack). It's weave is wide open. Look for another one that has a tight weave!'; /No:no:ltik un tlako:tl, tiktekiskia yewam peya:stik./ 'That
switch (rod) is curved in places, you should have cut one that was straight.'; and /Xok kixi:ko:s. Kokoto:nis. Xtla:lili mejó:r se: yewan ye:nkwik./ 'It won't stand up (endure)
anymore. It will snap apart in pieces. Better put on one (e.g., a strap or lasso) that is new.' When I asked on consultant he offered that /yewan/ is equivalent to /yewa tli:n/.
This should be checked. Also, check the use of relativizing pronouns such as /tli:n/, /a:kin/, etc. along with the unmarked relativizer /yewan/.
\ref 01348
\lxam tsi:nkana:wak
\lxam_c tsi:nkana:wak
\lxoa tsi:nkana:wak
\lxoa_c tsi:nkana:wak
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N(poss)-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-k
\sense_e to have a worn-out seat (e.g., pants or similar items of clothing, a bucket, etc.)
\sense_s tener la parte posterior delgada (p. ej., de pantalones u otra ropa, una cubeta, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tsi:n
\root piten
\qry At first I had this note: Tsi:nkana:wak is the virtual equivalent of tsi:npitentsi:n ; it is the virtual opposite of tsi:ntebo:lah.
\ref 01349
\lxam a:tla:lia
\lxam_c ka:tla:lia
\lxoa a:tla:lia
\lxoa_c na:tla:lia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to place in water
\sense_s asentar o poner en el agua.
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:na:tla:lih. Na:lti:s, ye:watok itik a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He sat himself down in the water. He is going to bathe, he is sitting in the water.
\phrase_s Se sentóen el agua. se va a bañar, estásentado en el agua.
\sense_e (refl.) to enter the water (e.g., to cross of river)
\sense_s (refl.) entrar al agua (p. ej., para cruzar un río)
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root tla:l
\nse Apparently in Oapan a:tla:lia is only used reflexively whereas in Ameyaltepec it is generally a transitive verb.
\qry Check other nonreflexive uses of this word. If only reflexive, change code in /cat field.
\ref 01350
\lxam kamanenepoxtik
\lxam_c kamanenepoxtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-(N-Adj)
\der Adj-dvb-ni-x-tik
\sense_e to have a lisp
\sense_s hablar con ciceo
\sense_d Am
\root kama
\root nene
\root poch
\nse Interestingly, the fully adjectival form kamanenepoxtik has not been documented in Oapan. However, Florencia Marcelino did accept the form
nenepoxtik.
\qry Check both the absence (non-acceptance by Florencia) of ?/kamanenepoxtik/ and the presence of /nenepoxtik/ as it would seem that if one were correct (or incorrect) so too would
the other.
\root_notes Relate /poch/ as a root to /pochi:/, and the meaning of 'spongy'.
\semref nenepoxtik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref nenepoch
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tláto:lnenépoch
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref nenepoxtik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref nenepoch
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01351
\lxam na:walkwa
\lxam_c kina:walkwa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to eat the nahual of (i.e., for the nahual of one person [S] to eat that of another [O])
\sense_s comer el náhual de (esto es, por el náhual de uno [S] comer el náhual de otro [O])
\sense_d Am
\root na:wal
\root kwa
\qry Originally I had this recorded as /na:wa:lkwa/ but have changed it based on my data that has a short second /a/ in /na:wahli/. This should be checked; see entry under /na:walchichi/.
\ref 01352
\lxam a:watetl
\lxam_c a:watetl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e filing stone
\sense_s piedra empleada para sacar filo
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n A:watetl | Se: tetl para ipan tlate:nti:lo. Me:dioh pestik, san chika:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A:watetl is a stone that is used for sharpening. It's somewhat smooth, but its hard (i.e., its hardness is what make it an a:watetl).
\phrase_s A:watetl es una piedra utilizada para sacar filo. Es algo lisa, pero es dura (esto es, su dureza la hace un a:watetl).
\fla a:watl
\root a:wa
\root te
\semref tlate:nti:ltetl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tlate:nti:ltetl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01353
\lxam tsa:wa
\lxam_c kitsa:wa
\lxoa tsa:wa
\lxoa_c tsa:wa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Spec
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to spin cotton into thread (e.g., on a spindle whorl, spinning wheel, etc.)
\sense_s hilar algodón (p. ej., con un malacate, rueca, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wel tsa:wa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She can spin cotton into thread!
\phrase_s ¡Ella puede hilar algodón!
\phrase_n Niktsa:was nochkaw ika malakatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will spin my cotton with a spindle whorl.
\phrase_s Voy a hilar mi algodón con un malacate.
\semfld making
\root tsa:
\disamb Cotton and cloth production
\nde The word is not used often, which perhaps explains the transitive documentation in Oapan. Florencia Marcelino has heard tsa:wayan in reference to what older women
would do, but the word is not now used.
\ref 01354
\lxam pilkatok
\lxam_c pilkatok
\lxoa pilkatok
\lxoa_c pilkatok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be hanging down
\sense_s estar colgado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pipilkatok ia:yo un kohtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sap of that tree is hanging down (on the bark of the tree, having slightly dried).
\phrase_s La savia de eseárbol estácolgada (sobre el tronco y las ramas, habiéndose secado ligeramente).
\sense_e to be sloping downard (e.g., a path)
\sense_s ir para abajo o cuesta abajo (p. ej., una senda que baja de un cerrito)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tasis ka:n pilkatok otli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will arrive at a place where the path slopes downward.
\phrase_s Llegarás a un lugar donde la senda va hacia abajo.
\sense_e (with a directional prefix) to be hanging down on this/that side (i.e., from the other side of an object such as a roof); to be hanging down out of (e.g., a piece of cloth
hanging down out of a container)
\sense_s (con un prefijo direccional) estar colgando por este/ese lado (esto es, desde otro lado de algo como un techo); estar colgando hacia afuera de (esto es, algo que sale y se
cuelga de algo como una caja, recipiente, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wa:lpilkatok i:xmon to:nahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sun's rays are hanging down (through the clouds).
\phrase_s Los rayos del sol están bajando (a través de las nubes).
\phrase_n Wa:lpipilkatok a:tl, wa:lchi:chipi:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The water is dribbling through from outside (in this case of a leaky roof), it is dripping down.
\phrase_s Se estáfiltrando el agua desde afuera (en este caso del otro lado de un techo), estágoteando.
\root pil
\disamb pilkatok; tlakaltech; temowa:ya:n
\nse The use of a directional prefix, most often wa:l-, indicates that the subject of pilkatok is hanging down from one side of something to another, or that is it
hanging out of something. Thus a lamp hanging from the ceiling is properly described as pilkatok. However, a portable movie screen hanging down out of the cylinder
in which it is rolled up is described by the term wa:lpilkatok , since it is hanging down out of something.
\grm The use of a directional prefix, most often wa:l-, indicates that the subject of pilkatok is hanging down from one side of something to another, or
that is it hanging out of something. Thus a lamp hanging from the ceiling is properly described as pilkatok. However, a portable movie screen hanging down
out of the cylinder in which it is rolled up is described by the term wa:lpilkatok , since it is hanging down out of something.
\grm /Wa:lpilkatok i:xmon to:nahli/ 'The sun's rays are hanging down (through the clouds)' Note that the use of /wa:l/ with /pilkatok/ here is interesting and should be added to
the grammar in regards to directionals. Here the use of /wa:l-/, as opposed to simply /pilkatok/ indicates clearly that the rays are passing through from one side of sth to
another, in this case the clouds.
\root_notes Discuss the relationship between /pil/ as in /pilkatok/ and /pi:l/ as in /pipi:liwi/, etc. Make sure that vowel length is correctly recorded in each.
\ref 01355
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was /tlatekiwtia/ as a transitive verb, but this has been reconsidered and entered under /tekiwtia/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 01356
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be entry for /tepayelsa:lowa/, but the correct pronunciation is /tepayolsa:lowa/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 01357
\lxam patla:wa
\lxam_c kipatla:wa
\lxoa patla:wa
\lxoa_c kipatla:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to widen (e.g., clay being kneaded and spread out flat to make ceramics)
\sense_s ensanchar (p. ej., barro al golpearlo sobre una piedra en hacer cerámica)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to lay out flat (e.g., sth rolled or bunched up, such as a petate)
\sense_s abrir y dejar plano (p. ej., algo enrollado como un petate)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xpatla:wa un korti:nah, ma:ka san ma xoto:nto!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Spread out those curtains so that they aren't just all bunched up!
\phrase_s ¡Abre bien esas cortinas (para que estén abiertas en forma ancha), que no estén todo fruncido.
\root patla:
\ref 01358
\lxam tlane:span
\lxam_c tlane:span
\lxoa tlane:span
\lxoa_alt tlane:spah
\lxoa_pr tlane:span
\lxoa_c tlane:spah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-pan
\infn N1
\sense_e area illuminated by the light of dawn or, by extension, any other light
\sense_s área iluminada por la luz del alba o, por extensión, cualquier otra luz
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e area in which there is a clear and open view (e.g., a rise in the landscape without any trees that might obstruct ones view)
\sense_s área en que hay una vista clara y abierta (p. ej., de un cerrito o subida sinárboles que podrían estorbar la vista)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xwa:hla, na:n tlane:span!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Come over here (e.g., to take a lot), there is a good clear view from here!
\phrase_s ¡Ven acá(p. ej., para echar una mirada), hay una buena vista desde aquí!
\root ne:si
\qry Originally in a filecard from Ameyaltepec I had /tlane:span/ defined not only as an area illuminated by the light of dawn, etc., but as the light itself. Check to see whether /tlane:span/
can refer to the light that accompanies dawn, or simply the area illuminated by this light, and a clear area with good visibility. Also check whether it can refer to an area illuminated by
other light sources, e.g., from a lamp post, etc.
\semref tla:wi:lpan
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01359
\lxam pa:pali:noh
\lxam_c pa:pali:noh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan padrino
\psm N
\der N-loan
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn N0/2; Aln(0=2)
\sense_e godfather (from baptism, confirmation, or medida)
\sense_s padrino (de bautismo, confirmación, o medida)
\sense_d Am
\semfld kin
\semfld kin
\nse Besides its use as a vocative, this term can also be possessed and used in reference, although as a possessed term with a reference of 'godfather' kompa:ltah is
perhaps more common than pa:pali:noh. In Oapan the term pa:pali:noh is not used. Occasionally some people address there godfather with the same
address term as for father: ta:tah.
\qry Check for list of relations addressed with this term, i.e., who one considers ones"padrino."
\semref ta:tah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01360
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kamatoto:nka:wílpatlí
\lxoa_c kamatoto:nka:wílpatlí
\lxgen te:ntoto:nka:wihle
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of small tree (or bush) used as a remedy to cure pimples on the inside of the mouth
\sense_s tipo de arbolito (o arbusto) que sirve como remedio para curar granitos en la boca
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\semfld medicine
\root kama
\root te:n
\root to:n
\root pah
\nse The etymology of kamate:ntoto:nka:wílpatlí is not entirely clear, see the discussion under te:ntoto:nka:wihli.
\qry Check length of /i/ in /-wihli/ ending. On one file note I had a long /i:/. Determine meaning of /machó:n/ and add to dictionary entries.
\semref te:ntoto:nka:wihli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01361
\lxam te:nchi:chi:lowa
\lxam_c kite:nchi:chi:lowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to paint red the rim of; to redden the rim of
\sense_s pintar rojo la orilla de; hacer rojo la orilla de
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kite:nchi:chi:lowan ika tlapahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They redden paint its rim red with (e.g., a bowl).
\phrase_s Le hacen rojo su orilla con pintura (p. ej., un frutero de cerámica).
\sense_e (refl.) to put lipstick on
\sense_s (refl.) pintarse los labios con lápiz labial
\sense_d Am
\root te:n
\root chi:l
\qry Recheck whether Oapan does not have /te:nchi:chi:lowa/ and Am doesn't have /te:nchi:chi:hlo:tia/. Note that the /yo:tia/ forms seem to be very common in Oapan.
\grm Compare this form to those that may have a double /ll/ (e.g. okwihlowa and tla:hlowa) which are intransitive and indicate inchoativeness.
\semref te:nchi:chi:hlo:tia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01362
\lxam koya:wak
\lxam_c koya:wak
\lxoa koya:wak
\lxoa_c koya:wak
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-k
\sense_e to have a wide or large, round opening (a bag, sack, doorway, or sth similar in form);
\sense_s tener una apertura ancha o grande (un saco o costal, portal, o algo de forma parecida)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Koya:wak mokia:wate:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The doorway to your house is wide.
\phrase_s La entrada a tu casa estáancha.
\sense_e to be baggy or loose (clothes)
\sense_s estar holgado (ropa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipi:tso:s ikoto:n, ke:n koya:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will take in his shirt (narrowing it), it is quite baggy.
\phrase_s Va a hacer más angosta su camisa, estámuy holgada.
\sense_e to be wide or wide open (from one side to the other, things that are opened up, such as furrows or paths)
\sense_s ser ancho; estar abierto en forma ancha (de un lado a otro, cosas que se abren como surcos o sendas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kokoy:awak -=papatla:wak- kwentli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The furrows are (spaced) wide apart.
\phrase_s Los surcos están anchos (esto es, muy separados entre si).
\root koya:
\nse The adjectival koya:wak is often used in the diminutive in reference to small openings.
\qry Check to see if the adjectival form can be employed with the intensifier, i.e. /tekoya:wak/ or whether only /tekoyaktik/ is correct. Note that apparently the /te...ktik/ forms only occur
with /wa/ verbs. Cf. /tetomaktik/, etc. but not /tepitsaktik/??? See entry under /patla:wak/.
\semref patla:wak
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01363
\lxam pupwa
\lxam_c kipupwa
\lxoa 'popówa
\lxoa_c kí:powá
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref)
\infv Irregular: perfective o:kipopo:w ; future kipupwas ; prog. kipopo:wtok ; dir. ma nikpupwati
\infv_d Am
\infv Irregular: perfective: o:kí:pó:w; future kí:powás; progressive kí:po:htok; directional ma ní:hpowáti
\infv_d Oa
\sense_e to clean (particularly the surface of sth)
\sense_s limpiar (particularmente la superficie de algo)
\sense_d Pending
\root po:wa
\nae In many dialects the cognate of pupwa is pohpowa , or something nearly equivalent. Ameyaltepec manifests the loss of short vowels in certain
instances, as exemplified by this word and by kukwa.
\qry Check future inflection, progressive, etc. Check for nominalizations: /tlapupwalistli/ or sth near.
\semref kukwa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref tlapupwa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tlá:powá
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\ref 01364
\lxam i:xte:nchocho:ktia
\lxam_c ki:xte:nchocho:ktia
\lxoa i:xté:nchó:htia
\lxoa_c ki:xté:nchó:htia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Am, Oa
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to irritate the eyes of, making them water
\sense_s lagrimar los ojos de; irritar los ojos de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chi:xte:nchocho:ktia po:ktli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Smoke irritates my eyes.
\phrase_s El humo me irrita los ojos.
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root cho:ka
\qry Check Oapan spelling.
\vl Check vowel length and, particularly, pitch pattern of Oapan entry.
\grmx Reduplication: Oapan note that nouns ending in /e:n/ seem to accept pitch for reduplication: /ki:xté:nchó:htia/
\xref i:xte:nchocho:ka
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref i:xté:nchó:ka
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 01365
\lxam mi:ltla:hli
\lxam_c mi:ltla:hli
\lxoa mi:ltla:hli
\lxoa_c mi:ltla:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e cornfield; land on which maize is been planted
\sense_s milpa; terreno sembrado de maíz
\sense_d Pending
\root mi:l
\root tla:l
\ency_note mi:hli
\disamb mi:lpa; mi:ltla:hli. It may well be that /mi:lpa/ is a back-borrwing from Spanish.
\qry Check actual use of this word.
\ref 01366
\lxam xakwachowilia
\lxam_c kixakwachowilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (usually with short vowel reduplication) to wrinkle (sth) with an adverse affect on (sb)
\sense_s (generalmente con reduplicación de vocal corta) arrugar (algo) a (algn, generalmente con un resultado negative para esta persona)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:tine:chxaxakwachowilih notlake:n, a:man xne:xltape:tsowili!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You wrinkled my clothes, now iron them for me!
\phrase_s Me arrugaste la ropa,¡ahora plánchamela!
\root xakwach
\nse In Oapan, according to Florencia Marcelino, the verb xakwachowa is not used, nor is the intransitive or applicative. However, the adjectival
xaxakwaxtik is a word in Oapan.
\xref xakwachowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 01367
\lxam a:chichitsi:n
\lxam_c a:chichitsi:n
\lxoa a:chichitsi:n
\lxoa_c a:chichitsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e type of water animal, perhaps a fish
\sense_s tipo de animal que habita el agua, quizáun pez
\sense_d Am
\sense_e underwater dog that accompanies a:lámatsí:nand a:we:we:ntsi:n
\sense_s perro que vive abajo del agua con a:lámatsí:nand a:wé:we:tsi:n
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\root a:
\root chichi
\nse Luis Lucena (Am) mentioned that he had heard this word but never seen the animal is supposedly refers to. Apparently in Oapan this refers to
\qry Type of fish? Luis Lucena has heard this word but has never seen the fish it supposedly refers to. It is questionable, then, whether this 'fish' actually exists. Ramírez and Dakin (1979)
identify this as the 'foca.'
\ref 01368
\lxam xo:tla
\lxam_c kixo:tla
\lxoa xo:tla
\lxoa_c kixo:tla
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Op. te- : texo:tla
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to jot down; to make of quick note of (e.g., putting a mark next to the name of sb who had paid his contribution to the village); to make a short mark on
\sense_s apuntar rápidamente; hacer un señal escrito para tomar nota de (p. ej., anotando en una lista que algn había hecho una contribución); marcar o hacer una breve marca
sobre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Titla:tlaxo:tlatok, timaisiwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are jotting a lot of things down (one after the other, e.g, those who giving their contribution for the village fiesta), you are quick with your hand.
\phrase_s Estás apuntando muchas cosas (una tras otra, p. ej., los que están haciendo su contribución para la fiesta del pueblo), eres rápido con las manos.
\phrase_n O:kixo:tlatiah tla:hli un bala:soh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That bullet went along leaving a line marked on the ground.
\phrase_s Esa bala fue dejando un señal como de raya marcado sobre la tierra.
\sense_e to run the plow over (land) for the first time in a planting season
\sense_s arar (la tierra) la primera vez durante la temporada
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlaxo:tlatiw ika tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's going along plowing up the land for the first time in the season.
\phrase_s Estáarando la tierra por la primera vez en la temporada.
\sense_e (often with te-) to drag ones spurs sharply along the flank of (scratching a line in its skin); to dig ones spurs into
\sense_s (a menudo con te-) rayar el flanco de (un animal montado) con espuelas; meter las espuelas en el flanco de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xiktexo:tla, ma nenemi chika:wak!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Scrape your spurs hard against it (in this case a donkey) so that it goes along at a good pace!
\phrase_s ¡Jálale tus espuelas fuerte contra su flanco (en este caso de un burro) para que camine recio!
\root xo:tla
\nse Florencia Marcelino (Oa) gave as example of the use of this word the action of a snake swimming through the water with its head poking out.
\semref a:xo:tla
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01369
\lxam xiwkamotli
\lxam_c xiwkamotli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(h)
\sense_e vines of any of various types of sweet potato
\sense_s enredadera de cualquier de varios tipos de camote
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\root xiw
\root kamoh
\qry This word might be erroneous and should be checked.
\ref 01370
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tesontsi:n
\lxoa_cpend tesontsi:n
\lxgen a:to:po:lin
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\infn N1
\sense_e type of tree that grows at the river's edge
\sense_s tipo deárbol que crece a la orilla del río
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root teson
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) gives the Spanish name for this tree as peloncillo, stating that it is of the family Rubiaceae. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:182) give a tree
with the Spanish name atopol or atepule of the family Rubiaceaeand genus/species Cephalanthus occidentalis. The illustration
matches that of Ramírez. They also give two other trees of this family: Hintonia standleyanaand Randia echinocarpa. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify
this as the rosal de agua.
\semref a:to:po:lin
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01371
\lxam tlapixke:tl
\lxam_c tlapixke:tl
\lxoa tlápixké:tl
\lxoa_pr tlapixke:tl
\lxoa_c tlápixké:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e caretaker; guardian; person who watches over sth (e.g., a house that is otherwise unoccupied, a well in which water is rationed, etc.)
\sense_s guardian; persona que cuida y vigila algo (p. ej., una casa que estádesocupada, un pozo donde se raciona el agua, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root hpiya
\ref 01372
\lxam i:xmontsotsokwe:ltik
\lxam_c i:xmontsotsokwe:ltik
\lxoa í:xmotsótsokwé:ltik
\lxoa_pr i:xmowe:weyak
\lxoa_c i:xmotsotsokwe:ltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-lex; yes-rdp
\sense_e to have eyelashes that curl up
\sense_s tener las pestañas rizadas, que se enrizan hacia arriba
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n I:xmontsotsokwe:ltik, kokoltotse:wtok para tlakpak, i:xmonkokoltostik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has curling eyelashes, they curve upward, his eyelashes are curved.
\phrase_s Tiene las pestañas rizadas, se encurvan hacia arriba, están risadas.
\root i:x
\root mon
\root tsokwe:l
\mod Discuss and distinguish from /i:xmonkokoltots(tik)/. Also add in an onomasiological section on /i:xmontli/ all the different types. Also, discuss: ears, eyes, noses, eyelashes, mouths,
teeth, tongue, cheeks, chins, hair, forehead, etc. Also, gestures with ones teeth (e.g., /tlankwitsiwi/, etc.)
\vl Check p-a of all Oapan words with /í:xmotlí/. If is unclear why this present entry was not recorded with p-a
\qry_h i:xmotsotsokwe:ltik Is tsotsokwe:ltik an h-final reduplicant
\qry I originally had this phrase /I:xmontsotsokwe:ltik, kokoltotse:wtok para tlakpak, i:xmonkokoltostik./ but C. Flores denied that /i:xmonkokoltostik/ had this meaning 'He has curling
eyelashes, they curve upward, his eyelashes are curved.' but instead referred to hair that is burnt and as a result curly.
\root_notes Etymology unclear. However, a comment should definitely be offered on /tsokwe:l/ as a root.
\root_notes Cf. numerous words with root /kwe(:)/ which seem to indicate a curved or folding motion or situation. If /kwe:(l)/ is a
\ref 01373
\lxam weyak
\lxam_c weyak
\lxoa weyak
\lxoa_alt weyek
\lxoa_c weyak
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\sense_e to be long (hair, furrows in a field, sticks, ropes, etc.)
\sense_s ser largo (cabello, surcos en el campo, varas, sogas, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n We:weyak motson.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your hair is long.
\phrase_s Tienes el cabello largo.
\root weya
\nae Florencia Marcelino accepted only weweyak as the plural and not * weyakeh. It is common for adjectivals to pluralize through concomitant
reduplication and aggregation of the plural ending -keh.
\grm Plural: Florencia Marcelino accepted only weweyak as the plural and not * weyakeh. Note that apparently similar constructions are found
with toma:wak in which the plural is totoma:hkeh. All similar cases should be investigated.
\vl Check vowel length of /a/ and confirm. If necessary search and replace. Also, check /we:weyak/ for first /e:/ and confirm length. ALL OCCURRENCES OF /WEYAK/ IN ALL
DERIVATIONS; COMPOUNDS; ETC. NEED TO BE CHECKED:
\semref san se: weyak
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01374
\mod This entry was deleted as a duplicate of 1175
\dt 06/Mar/2006
\ref 01375
\lxam tsi:kaburrah*
\lxam_c tsi:kaburrah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) burra
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\sense_e type of small bird, as yet unidentified
\sense_s tipo de pájaro pequeño, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root tsi:ka
\notes_nature According to one consultant, Cristino Flores, the tsi:kaburrah and tsi:kato:to:tl refer to the same bird. Another consultant, Chen Díaz,
mentioned that tsi:kaburrah is, however, the word used by children to refer to this bird. Other individuals confirmed this assessment.
\semref tsi:kato:to:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01376
\lxam to:nalisiwisyowa
\lxam_c to:nalisiwisyowa
\lxoa to:nálisiwisyówa
\lxoa_pr to:nalisiwisyowa
\lxoa_c to:nálisiwisyówa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to get or have a heat rash (of the type of rash called to:nalisiwistli)
\sense_s tener o adquirir sarpullido a causa del calor (del tipo llamado to:nalisiwistli)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n To:nalisiwisyowa kone:tsi:ntli, nochipa kasitok to:nalisiwistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The little child is getting heat rash, it is always getting to him.
\phrase_s Al niño chiquito se le estásaliendo sarpullido
\root to:na
\root hsi
\ref 01377
\lxam kwa:tepasole:wi
\lxam_c kwa:tepasole:wi
\lxoa kwa:tépasolé:wi
\lxoa_pr kwa:tepasole:wi
\lxoa_c kwa:tépasolé:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to become disheveled; to get a tangled or uncombed head of hair
\sense_s despeinarse; quedarse con el cabello desarreglado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwa:
\root pahsol
\nae As with all words with tepasole:wi or similar forms, it appears that the te- is optional though almost always present. Some consultants would accept forms
such as kwa:pasole:wi while others wouldn't. However, my recollection is that documented utterances tended to be with te- and for this reason all such
forms have been entered with the te- infixed, though forms without this element have been listed and cross-referenced.
\qry Check whether this must occur with /te-/. Apparently it is at least almost always so uttered, but if the /te-/ is really optional then think of changing the entry.
\vl Check vowel p-a for Oapan; I would expect p-a here given the other cases of /tepasole:wi/. Note that in this entry I originally did not have the p-a but have since changed it
given the comparative evidence. There is one female token from 04589, this is the female token that should be linked.
\semref kwa:tepasoliwi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kwa:tépasolíwi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01378
\lxam wepe:wilia
\lxam_c kwepe:wilia
\lxoa kope:wilia
\lxoa_c kikope:wilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to pull off of; to detach or remove from (one thing [PO] off of another [SO])
\sense_s desprenderle a; quitar o remover de (una cosa [OP] de otro [OS])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n On ne:nkah tetl, xwepe:wili, xkina:miki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That stone there, pull it it out of there (in this case from a wall where it doesn't fit), it doesn't belong!
\phrase_s Esa piedra,¡arráncaselo (en este caso de una pared), no le queda bien!
\root wepe:
\nae In Oapan I have also heard this verb with a 3rd-person singular object pronounced kiope:wilia, which I would now write as /ki'ope:wilia/.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note shift of /kw/>/ko/ in this entry. Note the loss of /k/ in the alternative pronunciation /kiope:wilia/.
\xref wepe:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 01379
\lxam a:sti:lin
\lxam_c a:sti:lin
\lxoa a:sti:lin
\lxoa_alt a:sti:lih
\lxoa_c a:sti:lin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e nits, the larvae of lice
\sense_s liendres, la larva de los piojos
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n A:sti:lin | Xe tlatsi:ni. Pepechiwtok ipan tsontli. Pitsomeh ma:s miák kipian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A:sti:lin : They have not yet hatched. They are stuck to head hair. Pigs are those that have them the most.
\phrase_s A:sti:lin : Todavía no nacen. Están pegados al cabello. Los marranos son los que más los tienen.
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root a:sti:l
\qry Check to see if used in Ameyaltepec, also check identification. I seem to remember that this refers to lice larvae and it has so been entered. Although a file card mentioned that this
word is documented in Oapan, in another card (for /yo:leh/) this word appears from Ameyaltepec. Check how a possessed form would be used, if used.
\ref 01380
\lxam tsi:ntlan
\lxam_alt tsi:ntlah
\lxam_c itsi:ntlan
\lxoa tsi:ntlan
\lxoa_f ['tsi:n tlah]
\lxoa_c i:tsi:ntlan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(rel)
\der N-loc-poss-tlan
\infn N2
\sense_e see tsi:ntlan and tlatsi:ntlah
\sense_s véase tsi:ntlan y tlatsi:ntlah
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nae In general, my impression to date is that Ameyaltepec Nahuatl has tsi:ntlan , with a final /n/, when a specific possessor prefix is used (e.g., i:tsi:ntlan)
but tsi:ntlah, with a final /h/, when the prefix tla- is used as an indefinite possessor (e.g., tlatsi:ntlah). This is not necessarily the case in Oapan,
where there is a general tendency for phrase-final /n/ to go to /h/ and /n/ to delete phrase internally before a vowel-initial word.
\ref 01381
\lxam tlapepetlaka
\lxam_c tlapepetlaka
\lxoa tlapepetlaka
\lxoa_alt tla:petlaka
\lxoa_c tlapepetlaka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp tla-V1
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq]
\infv class-4a
\sense_e for there to be lightning (in many places throughout the sky); for there to be heat lightning
\sense_s haber rayos (en muchas partes del cielo)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld weather
\root petla:
\disamb tlapetla:ni; tlapepetlaka
\ency_note lightening types in Oapan and Ameylatepec.
\qry Distinguish different types of lightening; perhaps /tlapepetlaka/ is 'heat lightning.' Note that RS has /tlapepetla:ni/ defined as 'relampaguear' or 'centellear'.
\xref pepetlaka
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01382
\lxam xi:kopi:ni
\lxam_c xi:kopi:ni
\lxoa xi:kopi:ni
\lxoa_c xi:kopi:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp S-V
\der V1-alt-ni
\lexical Op. prefix te- : texi:kopi:ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to slip off or down (e.g, pants or skirts that are too large around the waist); to become loose or undone (e.g., braids)
\sense_s zafarse; desprenderse (una cosa que se desliza, como pantalones o faldas demasiado grandes por la cintura); desatarse o desprenderse (p. ej., trenzas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xi:kopi:ni noka:ltson.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My cotton pants slip down my rear end (i.e., they slip halfway down because they are loose).
\phrase_s Mis calzones se me bajan por las nalgas (esto es, se caen como a la mitad por grandes).
\phrase_n O:pasoliw itson un suwa:tl, o:pe:w xixi:kopi:ni. Xnotsonchichi:hka:yoh, kwa:tepasol.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That woman's hair is tangled up, it's started to become undone (the braids). She hasn't done her hair (in several days), she is disheveled.
\phrase_s Estátodo enredado el cabello de esa mujer, empezóa aflojarse (las trenzas). No tiene el pelo arreglado, es una mal arreglada.
\phrase_n O:xi:kopi:n noburroh isi:yah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The saddle slipped off my donkey.
\phrase_s Se zafóla silla de mi burro.
\phrase_n Xtla:li imo:xkah para tiktila:naskeh, tla:mo sahkó:n texi:kopi:nis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place a notch on it (in this case at the end of a log) so that we can drag it along (with a rope looped around the notch), if you don't do it, it will just slip out (the log from the
rope's loop).
\phrase_s Pónle una muesca (en este caso a un tronco) para que lo podamos jalar, si no lo haces, se le va a zafar (el tronco de la soga).
\sense_e to peel off (a covering or layer, skin that is burnt, etc.)
\sense_s pelarse (una capa sobre algo, piel quemada, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nixi:kopi:n nochi notla:kayo pa:mpa ka:n to:na nikatka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My whole body peeled because I was in a place where it was really hot (and the strong sun burnt my skin).
\phrase_s Se pelótodo mi cuerpo porque estaba donde hacia mucho sol (y el fuerte sol me quemó).
\phrase_n Mokone:w yo:pe:w xixi:kopi:ni, yo:pe:w xixio:ti. Kipia itlaxi:kopi:nal
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your (in this case newborn) child has started to have parts of his protective skin covering (with which he was born) come loose, it has started to flake off. He has a thin
covering of peeling skin.
\phrase_s A tu niño (recién nacido) ya se le empezóa desprender parte de la piel (con que nació), ya empezóa caerse. El tiene como una capa de piel que se desprende.
\root xi:
\root kopi:
\disamb Distinguish between /xi:kopi:ni/, /kaxa:ni/, /peto:ni/, /totomi/, /a:la:wi/
\nde FK reports Tetelcingo xi:copi:ni as meaning"se zafa, se chispa,"which she translates as"to make jokes"(sic) and xi:copi:na as 'se zafa, se chispa,' translated as
'to joke; to tease someone.' This is an unfortunate translation of 'zafarse' 'to slip (off)' and 'chisparse,' which is colloquial Spanish for 'to come loose' (see The Oxford Spanish
Dictionary). The true meaning of xi:kopi:ni (and its transitive form) indeed has to do with 'to come loose.' It is used for materials and objects that slip down or off a
given area, such as (as exemplified in the sentences above) pants slipping down one rear, braids slipping loose from their weave and knots, etc. This verb is another example of a
quite common situation, in which the only other documented case of a word found in the Balsas region is from Tetelcingo, Morelos.
\qry Find out what other nouns can function as the subject of /xi:kopi:ni/.
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\root_notes It seems clear that /xi:kopi:/ involves /kopi:/ and /xi:/. Hence it has been so entered. It might well be that the /xi:/ here refers to a"covering"that slips.
\ref 01383
\lxam te:nmo:moyo:ni
\lxam_c te:nmo:moyo:ni
\lxoa te:mo:moyo:ni
\lxoa_c te:mo:moyo:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to imperceptibly open and close ones lips (e.g., sb praying silently whose lips are, nevertheless, moving, or sb counting to himself)
\sense_s mover los labios imperceptiblemente (p. ej., algn rezando silenciosamente cuyos labios, sin embargo, se mueven, o algn que estácontando sin pronunciar pero si, moviendo
los labios)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root moyo:
\disamb te:nmomoyoka; te:nmo:moyo:ni
\qry Determine difference between the two forms (te:nmomoyoka and te:nmo:moyo:ni). Also determine whether forms such as /te:nmoyo:ni/ and /te:nmomoyo:ni/ exist. Make sure the
nasal is indeed double. I originally had /te:nmo:moyo:ni/ but have temporarily changed this on the basis of Oapan data. Change back if necessary.
\vl Check p-a in Oapan and length of vowels.
\ref 01384
\lxam ixitilia
\lxam_c kixitilia
\lxoa íxitília
\lxoa_pr ixitilia
\lxoa_c kíxitília
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap[ca]
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to wake (sb) up for
\sense_s despertar (a algn) para
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xne:chixitili:ti nokone:w, newa xnikaxilia!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go wake up my child for me, I don't have the time!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a despertarme mi hijo, yo no tengo tiempo!
\root hsa
\xref isa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 01385
\lxam kwentla:lia
\lxam_c nokwentla:lia
\lxoa kwentla:lia
\lxoa_c nokwentla:lia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to take ones place in a furrow (for starting to weed, strip corn plants, harvest, or any other task)
\sense_s (refl.) tomar uno su lugar en el surco (para empezar a desherbar, zacatear, cosechar o cualquier otra tarea)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmokwentla:li:ti, ye tipe:waskeh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go and take your place in the furrow, we're going to start (working)!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a tomar tu lugar en el surco, vamos a empezar (a trabajar)!
\root kwem
\root tla:l
\qry Check to see if the non-reflexive form is used.
\ref 01386
\lxam xiti:nia
\lxam_c kixiti:nia
\lxoa xiti:nia
\lxoa_c kixiti:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to crumble down; to knock down (e.g., an old wall of a house, a cliff, etc.)
\sense_s derribar; desmoronar; derrocar (p. ej., una vieja pared de una casa, un risco, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kixiti:ni:s osto:tl a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The water will make the cliff crumble down.
\phrase_s El agua va a hacer que el risco se desmorone.
\sense_e to take down; to take apart; to dismantle (a building or similar construction, sth put together)
\sense_s desbaratar; desarmar (un edificio o construcción similar, algo armado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niksempolo:s nokal, nikxiti:ni:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will demolish my house for good, I'm going to take it down (piece by piece, saving certain parts and destroying the rest).
\phrase_s De una vez para siempre voy a destruir mi casa, la voy a desbaratar (guardando algunas partes y destruyendo otras).
\phrase_n Xikxiti:nitiw tekorrá:l!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go along knocking down the fence of piled stones!
\phrase_s ¡Ve desbaratando la cerca de piedras apiladas!
\sense_e to unstich (an item of clothing at its seams); to undo (e.g., braids or similar objects)
\sense_s descoser (una pieza de ropa por las costuras); deshacer (p. ej., trenzas u objetos similares)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kixiti:ni:s ikwe.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She's going to undo the stitching of her dress (e.g., to resew it).
\phrase_s Va a descoser las costuras de su falda (p. ej., para volverla a coser).
\phrase_n Kixiti:ni:s itson.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She will take out her braids.
\phrase_s Va a desbaratar sus trenzas.
\flao xiti:ni
\root xiti:
\fl xiti:ni
\ref 01387
\lxam popo:yo:tl
\lxam_alt popo:yo:tsi:n
\lxam_c popo:yo:tsi:n
\lxoa popoyo:tl
\lxoa_alt popoyo:tsi:n
\lxoa_c popoyo:tsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-yo:tl
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am); Lex. rdp-l (Oa)
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e (usually in the diminutive) rotten, moldy blackened part of decayed dry maize (still on the cob), which has gotten damp and turned black in places
\sense_s (generalmente en diminutivo) parte negra y pudrida de maíz enmohocido o pudrido, especialmente de una mazorca podrida que se había mojado una vez seca y que
después se cubrióen partes de podredumbre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:poxkaw, o:pala:n, o:ki:s popo:yo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It got moldy, it rotted (a mazorca of maize), parts of blackened decay were formed on it.
\phrase_s Se enmohoció, se pudrió(una mazorca), le saliópudredumbre.
\root poyo:
\nse My understanding at this point is that in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl popoyo:tl refers to the decayed part itself and that popoyo:tsi:n to the corn cob
that is so affected. However, this should be checked, particularly since the non-diminutive form popoyo:tl is not documented in Oapan Nahuatl. Fieldnotes indicate
that popo:yo:tl forms exclusively on maize, although Classical sources mention wheat (which is rarely consumed in the Balsas River basin) as well.
\nae The vowel length of this word, and the associated form po:poyo:ti, is difficult to determine. At times, such as Inocencio Jiménez' pronunciation of
popoyo:ti, the initial vowel seems definitely short. At other times, e.g, Florencia Marcelino's pronunciation of po:poyo:ti and po:poyo:tik. It
may be that the absence of pitch accent (a reflex of underlying {h}, which would indicate a definite short reduplicant vowel) has led to the reinterpretation by some of the initial vowel
as long. Historically the only other evidence of vowel length comes from Tetelcingo, Morelos, where the first two vowels are short. There is no documentation in Carochi nor in Pipil.
\qry Note that in my original Am entry I had a short second /o/: /popoyo:tsi:n/. Note, however, that my entry under /popo:yo:tl/, from whch /popo:yo:tsi:n/ seems clearly derived, contains
a note to the effect that the vowel length had been checked, it is reasonable to assume that perhaps my notes for this entry, originally written as /popoyo:tl/, are in error. Hence the
change, which should be checked. However, later I checked during the Oapan recordings and the vowel seemed short. Check.
\qry Determine if this only forms on maize.Note that after a careful check with L. Lucena I had determied that /popo:yo:tl/, with a long penultimate /o:/ was correct. However, I have
/popoyo:ti/ with a short /o/. For now I have changed /popo:yo:tl/ and /popoyo:tsi:n/ to /popoyo:tl/ and /popoyotsi:n/, though this needs to be rechecked. On one file card I have
/popoyotl/ (with vowel length not marked) as meaning 'pardo, verde, color del maíz podrido.' This should be checked. Also, check the possibility of /popoyotik/ referring to the
color. Note that since /popoyo:tsi:n/ has a separate entry, I have removed the entry for /popoyo:tsi:n/ here under /lxo and there is only one entry for this nominal form.
\qry_fon Recheck the vowels of this word. My impression is of a long initial vowel, but this needs much more checking. Note that I heard C. Flores with a long second vowel. Recheck
on Pratt.
\vl Check vowel length in both dialects. At times in the Oapan pronunciation there seems to be a long vowel, but this is prob. an effect of the recording environment.
\grm -Tsi:n; Note that /-tsi:n/ often functions as a nominalizing suffix, rather than simply a diminutive. Thus one finds /popoye:ktsi:n/, which is a type of food whose name is
derived from /poyé:k/, meaning 'salty.' In this case there are two words: /popo:yo:tl/, which refers to the actual rottenness that forms on the mazorca, and /popo:yo:tsi:n/
refers to the actual maize cob that has been affected by this blighting. Yet, this should be checked to make sure that the referent of each nominal form is indeed distinct.
\ref 01388
\lxam ayusehli
\lxam_c ayusehli
\lxoa áyoséhli
\lxoa_pr ayosehli
\lxoa_c áyoséhli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e not fully ripe, but edible green squash
\sense_s calabaza todavía verde, no totalmente madura pero sícomestible
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root ayoh
\root sel
\vl Check vowel length in Am and Oa Nahuatl and p-a in Oa.
\qry Determine whether the bound morpheme /-sehli/ occurs in the names of any other fruits or vegetables.
\grm Note that /selik/ is one of the elements of the -ki/ya/lia paradigm, described as derived from nominal roots, although many seem to have disappeared. In this case there is a
bound morpheme /-sel/ that suggests the correctness, at least in many cases, of the nominal base interpretation of this paradigm.
\root_notes Note that clearly /selik/ is related to the /-sehli/ element in /a:yosehli/.
\ref 01389
\lxam tekohli
\lxam_c tekohli
\lxoa tekohli
\lxoa_c tekohli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e charcoal
\sense_s carbón
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e embers
\sense_s brasas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Se:wi itekohlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Its coals go out (said, for example, of the tekolwistliwhen used as firewood).
\phrase_s Su carbón se apaga (dicho, por ejemplo, del tekolwistlicuando se usa para leña).
\root tekol
\disamb tlixo:xtli
\qry Check meaning given as embers/brasas.
\ref 01390
\lxam a:tlahke:tl
\lxam_c a:tlahke:tl
\lxoa á:tlahké:tl
\lxoa_c á:tlahké:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\lexical Reduced rpd-s(vowel-l) (Oa)
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person whose job it is to draw water; water-bearer
\sense_s aguador
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root a:
\root kwi
\nae This is derived from a:tlakwi with an irregular perfective formation with a stem that loses the final vowel. The Oapan Nahuatl form of this agentive shows reduced
reduplication on the long vowel of the stem, probably due to the fact that a person involved in drawing water almost by definition repeats this action several times.
\qry Cf. note with /a:tlakwintsi:n/. Check possessed form to make sure the coding is correct. I have no documentation of it.
\ref 01391
\lxam se:kapochik
\lxam_c se:kapochik
\lxoa sia:pochik
\lxoa_c sia:pochik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N(ap)
\der N-ap-ni-k
\infn N1
\sense_e shortened form of ma:se:kapochik , see this entry
\sense_s forma abreviada de ma:se:kapochik , véase esta entrada
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root se:ka
\root pochi:
\semref ma:se:kapochik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ma:sia:pochik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01392
\lxam techichikilmiktia
\lxam_c kitechichikilmiktia
\lxoa téchichikilmíhtia
\lxoa_pr techichikilmihtia
\lxoa_c kitéchichikilmíhtia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to let (e.g., an animal) waste away and die
\sense_s dejar (p. ej., un animal) consumirse y morir
\sense_d Pending
\root te-
\root chikil
\root miki
\nae According to Cristino Flores only techichilmiktia is correct, and not * techichilka:miktia.
\fl techichikilka:miktia
\vl Check p-a in Oapan for all words with /techichikil-/. I originally had this present headword written without p-a.
\xref techichikilmiki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\semref techichikilka:miktia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref techichikilka:mihtia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01393
\lxam nanwameh
\lxam_c nanwameh
\lxoa nó:méh
\lxoa_pr no:meh
\lxoa_c nó:méh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Pr(ind)
\der Pr-ind
\pitch yes
\sense_e you all
\sense_s ustedes; vosotros
\sense_d Pending
\root nanwa
\ref 01394
\lxam toma:mah
\lxam_c toma:mah
\lxoa toma:mah
\lxoa_c toma:mah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Baby
\der N-bb
\sense_e piggy-back
\sense_s a caballito o a horcajadas (al cargar a un niño); llevar a manchi o a papuchi;
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Toma:mah?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Piggy-back?
\phrase_s ¡A horcajadas!
\root mama
\nse One speaker gave a person mentioned that in Spanish the terms used are 'llevar a manchi o a papuchi'.
\nae The derivation of toma:mah is clearly from the verb ma:ma; other examples of baby talk often have a final /h/, so the final /h/ here might be
related to this derivational process. In this analysis it is"baby-talk"related to a common derivational process of long vowel reduplication followed by the aggregation of a final /h/ (cf.
wi:wih , che:ncheh , etc.). While many such words appear unpossessed and uninflected, xmoche:ncheh is most often found in a
reflexive imperative, and here toma:mah has always been found with the 1st-person possessor prefix to-. Another analysis would related
ma:mah to the perfective or shortened stem of the basic verb ma:ma.
\ref 01395
\lxam kia:wahkopa
\lxam_c kia:wahkopa
\lxoa kia:wahkopa
\lxoa_c kia:wahkopa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-1-k(o)-pa
\sense_e toward the outside
\sense_s hacia afuera
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kia:wahkopa katka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He was facing toward outside (in this case while sitting at a cafe under an awning).
\phrase_s Estaba sentado (en este caso) hacia afuera.
\root kia:wa
\root_rel -kopa
\qry Recheck meaning and use. Check to make sure this form cannot be possessed: ?nokia:wahkopa. If it can, change /cat by adding [poss].
\grm Perhaps add new (com) entry to categorize the present which is essentially a double locative: /kia:wak/ and /-kopa/. Note that as written, /kia:wahkopa/ has a double
locative /k(o)/ since /kia:wak/ itself apparently has a locative, and to this /-kopa/ is added. However, it will need to be confirmed that the sequence /-hkopa/ is correctly
transcribed, and that the form is not /kia:wakopa/.
\ref 01396
\lxam i:yo:tl
\lxam_c i:yo:tl
\lxoa íyó:tl
\lxoa_c íyó:tl
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N
\infn N2; alien; -yo
\der N-b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e breath, respiration;
\sense_s respiración
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e air (inside a tire, balloon, etc.)
\sense_s aire (que está en una llanta, globo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root hyo:
\qry Check in adjoining dialects presence or absence of initial /h/. Make sure final /w/ is absent in reduplicated form. Get possessed form.
\qry_h ihyo:tl
\vl Get paradigm for website
\ref 01397
\lxam tlaxkaltetso:tso:ntli
\lxam_c tlaxkaltetso:tso:ntli
\lxoa tlaxkaltetso:tso:ntsi:n
\lxoa_c tlaxkaltetso:tso:ntsi:n
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N
\infn N1(dom)
\compound N-N
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e type of tortilla-like food in which the dough is pounded and slightly salted on the griddle
\sense_s tipo de comida de una tortilla ligeramente golpeada y salada, y tostada sobre el comal
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food-maize
\root xka
\root tso:na
\qry Listed under /totopotsa/. Check. Check the Am form. Apparently this is discussed in the recording by FM. The Am form might be in error.
\ref 01398
\lxam patlaktsatsi:tia
\lxam_c kipatlaktsatsi:tia
\lxoa patláhtsatsí:tia
\lxoa_pr patlahtsatsi:tia
\lxoa_c kipatláhtsatsí:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp S-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to make (sb) scream loudly (e.g., from pain)
\sense_s hacer gritar (a algn) fuertemente (p. ej., de dolor)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld sound-human
\fla patlaktsatsi
\root patla:
\root tsahtsi
\xref patlaktsatsi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 01399
\lxam ikxitetekwia
\lxam_c nokxitetekwia
\lxoa ixitékwiá
\lxoa_pr ixitekwia
\lxoa_f [i xi 'te kwi 'a]
\lxoa_c noxitékwiá
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical +Refl/-trans; Lex. rdp-s* (Am))
\infv class-3c(pia)
\allomorph i-epen
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl.) to roll up ones trousers
\sense_s (refl.) arremangarse los pantalones
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nimokxitetekwias, ke:n sokitlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to roll up my pants, it's really muddy.
\phrase_s Voy a arremangarme los pantalones, es un lodal.
\root kxi
\root te
\root hkwiya
\qry Determine the transitive, or whether there is another form with increased valency (e.g., /ikxitekwilia/). Also cf. whether /ikxitekwia/ can be used transitively, ?ne:chikxitewia. My
understanding is that it can. If not, change the coding accordingly.
\vl Check the vowel length of /te/ in the Oapan form. If it is long, as it well might be, offer a discussion in the grammar re: different patterns of reduplication.
\grm Incorporation: note how /ikxi/ here refers not to the leg, but the the pants leg. Or, if referring to the leg, the signification is the site at which the action takes place. Cf. if a
non-reflexive object can be used.
\semref pantalontetekwia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref pantaló:ntekwíya
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01400
\lxam paya:na
\lxam_c kipaya:na
\lxoa paya:na
\lxoa_c kipaya:na
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to grind coarsely (nextamahli in a metal grinder or on a metate; see tlapaya:na)
\sense_s moler burdamente (nixtamal en un molino o sobre un metate; véase tlapaya:na)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (usually reduplicated with long vowel) to grind coarsely (e.g., beans on a metate; see pa:pankwi)
\sense_s (generalmente reduplicado con vocal larga) moler burdamente (p. ej., frijoles sobre un metate; véase pa:pankwi)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (usually reduplicated with short vowel) to crumble (sth brittle such as certain stones)
\sense_s (generalmente reduplicado con vocal corta) desmoronar (algo quebradizo como ciertas piedras)
\sense_d Pending
\root paya:
\qry Does /papayaka/ exist. Cf. to /papayetsa/. Elicit other forms, such as ?tlapaya:nke:tl, etc.
\xref tlapaya:na
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01401
\lxam tlatomilia
\lxam_c kitlatomilia
\lxoa tlatomilia
\lxoa_c kitlatomilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to unhitch a team of oxen for
\sense_s desatar y soltar una yunta para
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xne:xtlatomili!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Unhitch my team of oxen for me!
\phrase_s ¡Desata mi yunta para mí!
\phrase_n On ne:nkah, san kitlatomilia ikone:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That (man) there, he is just unhitching the team of oxen for his child.
\phrase_s Ese (hombre) allá, solamente le estádesatando la yunta para su hijo.
\root tom
\vl There are 4 other tokens of this word at 5726; these should be tagged as 1401 and, moreover, two of these later tokens should be used for the linked sound tokens.
\xref tlatoma
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tomilia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01402
\lxam kwenkone:tl
\lxam_c kwenkone:tl
\lxoa kwenkone:tl
\lxoa_c kwenkone:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e a furrow that, because of some irregularity in the terrain, starts at an angle from other furrows in the middle of a field and goes off at an angle
\sense_s un surco que, por causa de alguna irregularidad en el terreno, comienza por la mitad de la milpa y sale a unángulo de los demás surcos
\sense_d Pending
\root kwen
\root kone:
\qry I seem to remember that one speaker referred to these as"cornejales."This should be checked.
\ilus_note Make illustration.
\grm Possession; intrinsic: Note that the possessed form is intrinsic: /i:kwenkone:yo notla:l/.
\ref 01403
\lxam nelowa
\lxam_c kinelowa
\lxoa nelowa
\lxoa_c kinelowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to stir (food, mud, a mixture such as cement); to mix (with a stick, a spoon, ones hand, etc.)
\sense_s batir; revolver (comida, lodo, mezcla con un palo o cuchara, con la mano, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kinelowa sokitl para kiki:xti:s xa:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He stirs around the mud (with water and brush, tlasohli) in order to make adobe.
\phrase_s Revuelve el lodo (con agua y tlasole) para hacer adobe.
\phrase_n Kine:nelowa para ma:ka tsoya:yas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She continuously stirs it (e.g., atole, beans, etc.) so that it doesn't burn.
\phrase_s Lo bate continuamente (p. ej., atole, frijoles, etc.) para que no se queme.
\sense_e (refl. with i:ka [noun]) to get mixed together with [noun]
\sense_s (refl. con i:ka [sustantivo]) mezclarse con [sustantivo]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye:lo:tamahli, tixtli nonelowa iwa:n ye:lo:tl, de to:tomoxtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e For the ye:lo:tamahli, corn dough is mixed together with green corn. It (the tamal) is made in a corn husk (i.e., not wrapped in corn leaves as some
tamales are).
\phrase_s Para el ye:lo:tamahli, masa hecha de nixtamal se mezcla con elote. Se hace (el tamal) con la cáscara de la mazorca (esto es, no se envuelve en
hojas de maíz).
\root nel
\nse In general the action indicated by nelowa refers to stirring something, particularly things being boiled (atole, beans, meat, other foods) so that it gets cooked evenly
and doesn't burn. However, it, and the 1applicative nelowilia, is at times used as a euphemism for sex, based on a metaphor that relates the"stirring"action of a
penis in a vagina to the action of a stick in a pot.
\qry Intransitive probably exists; check.
\grm Reduplication: /Kine:nelowa para ma:ka tsoya:yas/ 'She continuously stirs it so that it doesn't burn (e.g., atole, beans, etc.).' Note the use of long vowel reduplication here to
indicate an action that is repeated in its entirety, but at well spaced temporal intervals. Or, perhaps the meaning is that the action takes place slowly and steadily,
continually. Check further.
\xref nelowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01404
\lxam to:nalwa:ki
\lxam_c to:nalwa:ki
\lxoa to:nalwa:ki
\lxoa_c to:nalwa:ki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ki/tsa
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to dry or become dry in the sun
\sense_s secarse en el sol
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:to:nalwa:k mi:hli, xniman o:niswate:kak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The maize plants dried up in the sun, I didn't strip the leaves off (during the zacateo) right away (and the delay allowed the maize to get overly dry).
\phrase_s Se secóla milpa en el sol, no hice el zacateo luego luego (y por la demora se secóla milpa en el sol),
\phrase_n Yo:toto:nalwa:hkeh a:yuteh. Xniman o:nosentla:lih, o:wawa:hkeh, yoaa:kawtiakeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The squashes dried up in the sun. They weren't gathered up right away, they dried out, they became light (from loss of water).
\phrase_s Las cabalazas se secaron en el sol. No se juntaron luego, se secaron, se quedaron ligeros (por resecados).
\root to:na
\root wa:
\nse To:nalwa:ki does not simply refer to"drying"; it can refer to a melon that becomes white or a watermelon yellow. These fruits, along with squash, dry in this manner as
they are just about to ripen, or when they are ready to be picked, but instead they are left out in the sun and not harvested.
\qry Check for transitive form; check for what else can be subject of this verb.
\qry Reduplication: Ask why the reduplication in the following: /Yo:toto:nalwa:hkeh a:yoteh. Xniman o:nosentla:lih, o:wawa:hkeh, yoaa:kawtiakeh./ 'The squashes dried up in the sun.
They weren't gathered up right away, they dried out, they became light.' Apparently it is because each individual squash (of which there were several, hence the plural marker at the
end) dried up in parts (i.e., not completely as one unit).
\grm Reduplication: Ask why the reduplication in the following: /Yo:toto:nalwa:hkeh a:yoteh. Xniman o:nosentla:lih, o:wawa:hkeh, yoaa:kawtiakeh./ 'The squashes dried up in
the sun. They weren't gathered up right away, they dried out, they became light.' Apparently it is because each individual squash (of which there were several, hence the
plural marker at the end) dried up in parts (i.e., not completely as one unit).
\ref 01405
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xté:we:ítik
\lxoa_c i:xté:we:ítik
\lxoa_pr i:xté:we:itik
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-tik-adj
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have large or big eyes
\sense_s tener los ojos grandes
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root te
\root we:i
\nae The Oapan form i:xté:we:ítik is perhaps derived from i:xtetl rather than i:xte:n. This would easily account for the reduced reduplicant on the
short vowel of i:xtetl. However, until this etymology is certain these two entries, Ameyaltepec i:xte:nuwe:itik and Oapan i:xté:we:ítik have
been joined in one entry. If further analysis shows them to be distinct, then two entries, with two root analyses, should be created. Note that in both cases there is
an"adjectivalization"(with the ending -tik) of an adjective (in this case the reduplicated we:i).
\qry /i:xte:nuwe:itik/ involves the adjectivalization of an adjective. Check whether /i:xte:nuwe:i/ exists, and the possible difference in meaning with /i:xte:nuwe:itik/.
\grm Adjectivalization: Re: /i:xte:nuwe:itik/ Note how in this case an adjectival affix /-tik/ is added to a form that is an adjective (N-Adj). This should be compared to other similar
constructions /á:yotík/ in Oapan and words like /xa:yakateoomitik/ in Ameyaltepec (cf. /a:yoh/ and /xa:yakateoomi/).
\grm Reduplication Oapan: note: i:xté:we:ítik
\semref i:xte:nuwe:i
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01406
\lxam nenepoxtik
\lxam_c nenepoxtik
\lxoa nenepoxtik
\lxoa_c nenepoxtik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to have a lisp, a speech impediment that prevents one from pronouncing words well
\sense_s tener una dificultad para hablar y pronunciar bien, haciendo que uno sisea
\sense_d Pending
\root nene
\root poch
\semref kamanenepoch
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kamanenepoxtik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kamanenepoch tláto:lnenépoch
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01407
\lxam xoxo:hki
\lxam_c xoxo:hki
\lxoa xoxo:hki
\lxoa_c xoxo:hki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to be green (color)
\sense_s ser verde (color)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n motlake:n xoxo:hki, titlake:nxoxo:hki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your green clothes are really pretty, you are"green-clothed."
\phrase_s Tu ropa verde estábonita, eres vestido de verde.
\sense_e to be unripe; to be green (a fruit, vegetable, or plant)
\sense_s estar verde (una fruta, verdura o planta que no estámadura)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne: tontlaka:was, melá:k xoxo:hki sakayoh, xe kose:wi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We will leave off animals to graze there, the grassy area is really green, it hasn't yet turned dry and yellow.
\phrase_s Vamos a dejar animales a apacentar allá, laárea de pasto estámuy verde, todavía no se pone seco y amarillo
\phrase_n Ok xoxo:hki, xe a:te:mi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is still green, it hasn't even started to ripen.
\phrase_s Todavía estáverde, todavía no ha empezado a madurarse.
\sense_e to be raw; to be undercooked (e.g., meat or other items that can be cooked)
\sense_s estar crudo; estar poco cocido (p. ej. carne u cualquier otra cosa que se puede cocinar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xoxo:hki, xo:kikxi:tikeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is raw, they didn't cook it.
\phrase_s Estácrudo, no lo cocieron.
\phrase_n O:tkwakeh totlakwal xoxo:hki, xe iksiya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We ate our food somewhat undercooked, it hadn't yet gotten done.
\phrase_s Comimos nuestra comida algo cruda, todavía no se había cocida.
\sense_e to be hung over (perhaps a calque from the Spanish crudo)
\sense_s estar crudo (quizácomo una extensión del sentido de 'crudo' en español)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mo:stla yes kwahli xoxo:hki, kwa:ixiwi:ntis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tomorrow he'll be real hung over, his head will be spinning.
\phrase_s Mañana va a estar bien crudo, se le va a estar revolviendo la cabeza.
\phrase_n Ok nixoxo:hkitsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm still a little hung over.
\phrase_s Todavía estoy algo crudo.
\semfld color
\root xo:
\qry Check to see if meat can be referred to as /xoxo:hki/.
\grm Syntax; copula: Note the position of the copula in the following: /Mo:stla yes kwahli xoxo:hki, kwa:ixiwi:ntis/ 'Tomorrow he'll be real hungover, his head will be spinning.' I
would have expected /Mo:stla kwahli xoxo:hki yes/, but this might not even be correct. Check, in general, the position of the copula in phrases with some adverbial elements
like this one.
\ref 01408
\lxam sepo:hka:yeyekatl
\lxam_c sepo:hka:yeyekatl
\lxoa sepo:hká:yeyé:katl
\lxoa_c sepo:hká:yeyé:katl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Part-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e one of the yeyekameh , one that causes numbness, as related to the verb sepowi 'to become numb'
\sense_s uno de los yeyekameh ,él que causa un sentido como de entumecimiento, relacionado con el verbo sepowi 'entumecerse'
\sense_d Pending
\semfld ritual
\root sepo:
\root e:ka
\nse This yeyekatl is mentioned in texts from Ameyaltepec by Pánfilo Lorenzo.
\qry Check to determine whether /sepo:wka:/ is incorporated as a participal to /yeyekatl/ Also check whether long /o:/ is in /sepo:hka:/ and if /w/ to /h/ is correct or whether it should be
?/sepo:wka:yeyekatl/.
\mod For all /yeyekameh/ determine the complete characteristics.
\ref 01409
\lxam a:chi:kwa
\lxam_c a:chi:kwa
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N
\infn N1
\incorp N-Adj-V2
\der N-dvb-0
\sense_e to drink often (for example, a person while working during a hot day or while eating; an animal that is always thirsty)
\sense_s tomar agua seguido (p. ej., una persona trabajando durante un día caloroso, o al comer; un animal que siempre estácon sed)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Na:chi:kwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I drink water often.
\phrase_s Yo tomo agua seguido.
\root a:
\root chi:
\root kwa
\nse This is said of a person who is constantly, perhaps every couple of minutes, drinking water, usually because of the heat.
\nae The verbal nature of this entry, a:chi:kwa is suggested by its morphology: an incorporated nominal element a:, a bound predicate modifier
chi:, and a verbal root kwa. The fact that the 1st-person subject prefix is realized as n- rather than ni- again is
slightly more indicative of a verbal analysis. However, there I have no documentation as yet on tense/aspect inflection of this lexeme although my recollection is that in this aspect it
behaves like a nonverbal predicate, with a separate overt copula for the non-present (e.g., a:chi:kwa katka 'he used to drink a lot of water'). However, the nominal
nature of this word is clear from the plural: tewameh ta:chi:kwameh.
\qry Probably contains the intensifier chi:. Check for final /h/ and perhaps change category from verb to noun (see above in /nae field). Check whether it is /a:chikwa/ or /a:chi:kwa/. I had
another entry /a:chikwa/ with the following def., an N-ap meaning 'person who drinks a lot of water; person who drinks a lot of water while eating (instead of after eating, as is the
custom) / algn quien toma mucha agua; algn que toma mucha agua al comer (en lugar de después de comer, como es de costumbre)
\semref a:tala
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01410
\lxam mapil nepantlah
\lxam_c i:mapil nepantlah
\lxoa mápil nepántlah
\lxoa_pr mapil nepantlah
\lxoa_c mápil nepántlah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e middle finger
\sense_s dedo medio de la mano
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root mah
\root pil
\root_rel -nepantlah
\vl Check citation form from Oapan and record proper entry
\grmx Oapan phonology; pitch-accent: Note that unpossessed one has /mápihlí/. One question I had was whether to consider this as two pitch-accents or one, with the other high
pitch being part of the intonational system and as a boundary marker, or the result of a boundary marker. My thoughts have shifted on this, and certainly what is necessary
are longer streams of text in which it will be easier to determine whether the p-a to the right of the p-a mark is due to a boundary pitch-accent or to a p-a that is part of the
lexical information. Note that /mápihlí/ has 2 high pitches. However, /i:mápil nepántlah/ also has two. The question is the source of the rightmost p-a. It would seem that in
both /mápihlí/ and /i:mápil nepántlah/ it is derived from a border phenomenon.
\ref 01411
\lxam i:xte:nkukwitlaki:sa
\lxam_c i:xte:nkukwitlaki:sa
\lxoa i:xte:nkwitlaki:sa
\lxoa_c i:xte:nkwitlaki:sa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am)
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to have runny, mucousy eyes
\sense_s tener los ojos mocosos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ki:xwikeh mokone:w. Kipia tlai:xwi:hli, i:xte:nkukwitlaki:sa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They gave your child the evil eye. He is sick from the evil eye, his eyes are runny and mucousy.
\phrase_s Le echaron mal de ojo a tu hijo. Tiene mal de ojo, se le escurre un líquido mocoso de los ojos.
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root kwitla
\root ki:sa
\nae The Ameyaltepec reduplication is apparently related to the plurality of the two eyes, the lack of reduplication in Oapan Nahuatl is reflective of the fact that this is a general condition.
Perhaps further investigation will reveal that both dialects have alternate possibilities of expression, Ameyaltepec without reduplication and Oapan with, but for now consultants have
indicated the above forms as the most common (or perhaps correct) in their respective communities.
\qry Check to see if correct from is with *te, i.e. /i:xte:ntekukwitlaki:sa/. Cf. note with entry under /i:xwia/. Determine other locations for /kwitlaki:sa/, e.g., /nakas-/, etc. Finally,
determine whether really the preferred (or only) Am form is with reduplication and the preferred (or only) Oapan form is without, or whether there is a lot of variation.
\vl Check pitch-accent possibility in Oapan.
\grm In /i:xte:nkukwitlaki:sa/ note the location of the reduplication. Here it is not prefixed to the verb, but to the N-V compound, /kwitlaki:sa/.
\semref i:xwia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01412
\lxam tlalo:xtilia
\lxam_c kitlalo:xtilia
\lxoa tlalo:xtilia
\lxoa_c kitlalo:xtilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to drive (a motor vehicle) for; to make (an animal such as a beast of burden) go fast on or for
\sense_s manejar (un vehículo) para; hacer correr (a un animal, como una bestia de carga) para
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to draw a staight line on
\sense_s dibujar una línea recta sobre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kitlalo:xtilih ia:maw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He drew a straight line on his paper.
\phrase_s Trazóuna línea recta sobre su papel
\root tlal
\xref tlalo:xtia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01413
\lxam yekapistik
\lxam_c yekapistik
\lxoa yekapistik
\lxoa_c yekapistik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be pointed
\sense_s ser puntiagudo
\sense_d Pending
\root yeka
\root pits
\qry Although my entry for /pi:tsiwi/ has a long /i:/, those for /yekapitsiwi/, /yekapitsowa/ and /yekapistik/ have a short /i/. I have changed the vowel to short in all attesations of this
root/stem pending study. Note that I do, however, have /pitsa:wa/ with a short /i/ as it is in other dialects.
\vl Check for both dialects.
\ref 01414
\lxam a:kwepa
\lxam_c na:kwepa
\lxoa a:kopa
\lxoa_c na:kopa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (refl.) to spoil (apparently only eggs)
\sense_s (refl.) echarse a perder (aparentemente solamente huevos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:na:kwep un to:toltetl. Yo:itlakaw, ko:koxo:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That egg has gone bad. It's spoiled, it rattles inside (i.e., when shaken the rotten inside can be heard to move back and forth).
\phrase_s Ese huevo ya se echóa perder. Ya se pudrió, se siente el movimiento adentro (de la parte pudrida) cuando se agita.
\sense_e (refl.) to darken (a cloud as its about to rain)
\sense_s (refl.) ennegrecerse (una nube cuando estáa punto de llover)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:na:kwep, ye kiawis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has turned dark (a cloud), it's about to rain.
\phrase_s Ya se ennegreció(una nube), estáa punto de llover.
\phrase_n O:na:kwep moxtli, tli:ltik tlachia. Kiawis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The cloud has gotten dark, it looks black. It's going to rain.
\phrase_s La nube se ennegreció, se ve negro. Va a llover.
\root a:
\root kwepa
\nse This reflexive verb is used to refer to an egg which its inside turns to water as the white becomes runny. However, it may also refer to the darkening (like a rain cloud) of a spoiled
egg.
\qry Check exactly what is referred to when /na:kwepa/ is used to refer to an egg. Also, check what else might be a possible subject.
\qry Check transitivity and whether /ka:kwepa/ is correct or whether a causative form exists for the transitive.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note /kwe/>/ko/ alternation in Am /a:kwepa/>Oa /a:kopa/.
\ref 01415
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa misto:metlatl
\lxoa_c misto:metlatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e specific type of metate, or flat grinding stone for corn (term used in Oapan)
\sense_s tipo especícifo de metate (término utilizado en Oapan)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld tool
\root mis
\root -to:n; metla
\qry Determine what type of metate this refers to and its appearance. Also check for how the plural is formed, i.e., are both terms pluralized or only /metlameh/. Check possessed form.
C. Flores (Am) was not familiar with the noun /metlatl de misto:n/.
\ency_note metlatl
\ilus_note Illustrate with drawing or photo.
\semref metlatl de misto:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01416
\lxam mili:ni
\lxam_c mili:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to flare up (coals or similar objects on fire that go from smoldering to flaring up)
\sense_s llamear (brazas u otros objetos similares que arden y después empiezan a llamear)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Noma:wan tekohli, mili:ni, we:ixtiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The fire is spreading among the coals, they are flaring up, they (the flames) are getting bigger.
\phrase_s El fuego se estáagarrando entre las brasas, están llameando, están (las llamas) creciendo.
\phrase_n Oksepa o:mili:n notekol wa:n yo:nsese:wika.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The embers of my fire have started to flare up again, and I had already put them out (or thought I had).
\phrase_s Las brasas de mi fuego empezaron a llamear otra vez, y ya las había apagado (o penséque lo había hecho).
\phrase_n Xkontla:li se: tekohli wa:n xkakawi para ma mili:ni!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place a coal there (e.g., in the hearth) and fan it so that it starts to flare up (i.e., so that the fire starts to take hold)!
\phrase_s ¡Ponle una braza allí(p. ej., en la fogata) y abanícala para que empiece a llamear!
\sense_e to smolder (as opposed to being a roaring fire)
\sense_s arder (un fuego, sin llamear fuertemente)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n San mili:ntok, se:wisneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's just smoldering, it's on the verge of going out.
\phrase_s Estánada más ardiendo, estáa punto de apagarse.
\phrase_n Xse:wi! San ke:nkah mili:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Put it out (a fire)! It's still smoldering like before.
\phrase_s ¡Apágalo (el fuego)! Sigue ardiendo (esto es, las brasas) como antes.
\root mili:
\qry Check for transitive. Also make sure of the distinction in use between what appears to be 'flare up' (first definition) and 'smolder' (second definition). Get as many example sentences
as possible to determine precise meaning.
\grm Pluperfect. Note the following excellent example of use: /Oksepa o:mili:n notekol wan yo:nsese:wika/ 'The embers of my fire have started to flare up again, and I had
already put them out (i.e., or thought I had).' Note that here it seems clear that the pluperfect refers to an action, or an action that is imagined to have taken place, whose
goals were not accomplished or who's effect is no longer the state of things.
\ref 01417
\lxam ko:pi:ltik
\lxam_c ko:pi:ltik
\lxoa ko:pi:ltik
\lxoa_c ko:pi:ltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be drooping down in clumps (e.g., wet hair, clothes that have gotten soaked while hanging up, or that still have soap in them; or palm and has dried and folded in on
itself)
\sense_s estar colgado en tiras enmarranadas o pegadas (p. ej., cabello o ropa mojado, o ropa que todavía tiene jabón; o palma cortada y secada que se dobla sobre si mismo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:man ye titisis wan koko:pi:ltik motson. Ok pa:stik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now you are about to starting grinding corn and your hair is hanging down all over in clumps, It is still wet.
\phrase_s Ahora estás a punto de empezar a moler maíz y tu cabello estácolgado todo enmarranado. Estátodo mojado.
\sense_e to be hunched over with ones arms tightly to ones side (e.g., a person who is sick or cold)
\sense_s estar acurrucado tener los brazos pegados al cuerpo (p. ej., una persona que estáenferma o tiene frío)
\sense_d Pending
\root ko:pi:l
\qry According to C. Flores the word for hair is /pipi:liwi/ not /ko:pi:liwi/. This should be changed in all entries.
\ilus_note Illustrate, perhaps at least in regard to animates so described.
\ref 01418
\lxam tlapa:nwistli
\lxam_c tlapa:nwistli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Mod-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e type of bush with spines still not identified
\sense_s tipo de arbusto con púas, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tlapa:nwistli | Bwe:noh para tlikohtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tlapa:nwistli : It is good for firewood.
\phrase_s Tlapa:nwistli : Es bueno para leña.
\semfld plant
\semfld bush(pend)
\root tlapa:
\root wits
\qry This may simply be an alternate name of a plant/bush already documented. Check. If possible ask Emigdio Rosendo next time in Ameyaltepec.
\notes_nature According to Emigdio Rosendo, this is good for china:ntli , apparently of the type known as tlawi:kpantli. This tree is not given in either
Ramírez (1991) nor Ramírez and Dakin (1979). Guizar and Sánchez (1991) have no tree of a similar name. Inocencio Díaz has heard of this plant but could not identify it.
Neither Asención Marcelo nor Silvestre Pantaleón knew of this plant.
\ref 01419
\lxam sentla:lilia
\lxam_c kisentla:lilia
\lxoa sentla:lilia
\lxoa_c kisentla:lilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp PM-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to gather or collect in one place for
\sense_s juntar y poner en un solo lugar para
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ne:chsentla:lilia un a:tl, wa:n ne:xchialtia a:sta ma nasi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He collects the water for me and saves it until I arrive.
\phrase_s Me junta el agua y me la guarda hasta que llegue.
\root sem
\root tla:l
\xref sentla:lia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01420
\lxam a:posa:wa
\lxam_c ka:posa:wa
\lxoa a:posa:wa
\lxoa_c ka:posa:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to rise from the effects of water or yeast (certain mixtures such as bread dough)
\sense_s levantarse por los efectos del agua o levadura (ciertas mezclas como masa para pan)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:na:posa:w
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has already risen (e.g., dough).
\phrase_s Ya se levantó(p. ej., masa para hacer pan).
\root a:
\root posa:
\nse Used generally as reflexive.
\qry Perhaps create an disambiguating entry with /i:xakukwi/ and other words.
\semref i:xakokwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01421
\lxam kakayol
\lxam_c ikakayol
\lxoa kakayol
\lxoa_c i:kakayol
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\pss Pr; T
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N2
\sense_e ankle bone
\sense_s tobillo
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root kayol
\disamb ikxikextlan; kakayol
\nse Etymology uncertain.
\qry I have rechecked vowel length and it is correct as recorded, i.e., no relation to /yo:l/ 'seed, pit, heart,"etc.
\vl Check vl and p-a.
\ref 01422
\lxam tenextetl
\lxam_c tenextetl
\lxoa tenextetl
\lxoa_c tenextetl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of stone (found along river beds) from which lime is made
\sense_s tipo de piedra (encontrada por las riberas de los ríos) de que se hace cal
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root te
\root nex
\root te
\qry Again, for all N1 codings in the /infn field, check for possible possession.
\ref 01423
\lxam kamatl
\lxam_alt kamatsi:n
\lxam_c se: kamatsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e bite or morsel (of food); a mouthful or large sip (of a drink)
\sense_s trocito o mordida (de comida); un poquito (de una bebida)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xne:chmaka san se: kamatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Give me just one bit (of food, or a mouthful of sth to drink)!
\phrase_s Dame una mordida (de una comida); Dame un bocado (de una bebida).
\root kama
\qry Make sure that these two words are identical in meaning. If Am also has /kamaktli/, then add it to Oa /kamahtli/. Figure out if Oa /kamahtli/ means 'boca' or 'mordida'. Since there is
a separate entry for Am /kamaktli/, this Oa form should be deleted here and the xref established. But still it will be necessary to determine whether the meanings of /kamahtli/ in
Oapan and /kamaktli/ in Am are equivalent, or whether the Oapan term has the added meaning of 'mordida' (as Am /kamatl/). I doubt it does.
\vl Tag the Oapan words here with 04541, but do not chose one of these 1423 words to link.
\semref kamaktli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01424
\lxam te:ntema:tlatl
\lxam_c te:ntema:tlatl
\lxoa te:ntema:tlatl
\lxoa_c te:ntema:tlatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e muzzle of woven maguey fiber that is put over the snout of an animal (e.g., an ox or mule, so that it doesn't reach out to eat the crop while pulling a plow)
\sense_s bozal tejido de fibra de maguey que se le pone al hocico de un animal (p. ej., un buey o mula para que al arar no vaya comiendo la milpa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:che:kchi:wili te:ntema:tlatl! Ye pe:was nitlaxihki:xti:s, tla:mo kikwa:s nobwe:yeh mi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make me a muzzle of woven maguey fiber! I'm about to start weeding with a plow, if I don't (use one) my ox will eat the maize.
\phrase_s ¡Hazme un bozal de fibra de maguey! Ya voy a empezar a desherbar con la yunta, si no (lo utilizo) mi buey va a comer la milpa.
\semfld tool
\root te:n
\root te
\root ma:tla
\ilus_note Illustrate
\grm Word order: /Xne:che:kchi:wili te:ntema:tlatl! Ye pe:was nitlaxihki:xti:s, tla:mo kikwa:s nobwe:yeh mi:hli./ Note final VP with V2-S-O
\semref tema:tlatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01425
\lxam ikamak kowatl
\lxam_c ikamak kowatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e design of woven palm in the shape of a serpent's mouth, used on Palm Sunday
\sense_s diseño de palma tejida, que se ve como la boca de una serpiente, empleada durante Domingo de Ramos
\sense_d Am
\root kama
\root kowa
\root_rel -ko
\ency_note so:ya:tl; Easter
\mod For /so:ya:tl/ in ono, cover all types.
\ref 01426
\lxam tlatsiwistli
\lxam_c tlatsiwistli
\lxoa tlatsiwistli
\lxoa_c tlatsiwistli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-is
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e laziness
\sense_s flojera
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlatskwepo:nalti mokone:w, ma ki:sa itlatsiwis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Whip your child hard (with a rope or switch, causing a cracking sound against the skin) so that his laziness goes away!
\phrase_s ¡Dále unos fuertes latigazos a tu hijo (con una soga o vara, haciendo un chasquido contra su piel) para que se le quite su flojera!
\phrase_n Puro tlatsiwistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is pure laziness.
\phrase_s Es pura flojera.
\phrase_n O:ne:chasik tlatsiwistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got overcome by laziness.
\phrase_s Me agarróla flojera.
\sense_e small ant-like nonflying insect still not identified (Am. synonym: tlatlatsiwintsi:n)
\sense_s pequeño insecto como hormiga que no vuela, todavía no identificado plenamente (sinónimo en Am. tlatlatsiwintsi:n)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld in (Oa)
\root tlats
\disamb tlatsiwistli; tlatska:yo:tl
\qry Check lack of final /h/ in /puroh/. Add to lexicon since this is often used in speech. Make sure that Oa lexeme is in fact the name of the insect called /tlatlatsiwintsi:n/ in Am.
\ref 01427
\lxam pepeyoka
\lxam_c pepeyoka
\lxoa pepeika
\lxoa_c pepeika
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\trans Compl (Am); ~Trans (Oa)
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to walks slowly and unsteadily
\sense_s caminar despacio y con pasos inseguirostemblar ligeramente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:li:k wa:lpepeyokatiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is coming along slowly, shaking unsteadily (e.g., a child just learning to walk, or an animal just born that stands up and walks on unsure legs).
\phrase_s Viene despacio, temblando ligeramente (p. ej., un niño que apenas aprende a caminar, o un animal recién nacido que se para y empieza a caminar sobre piernas
inseguras).
\sense_e to trickle slowly down (e.g., water down a hillside)
\sense_s escurrir (agua) despacio (p. ej., cuesta abajo por un cerrito)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Wa:hpepeikatiw a:tl. O:kiaw.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e The water is slowly trickling down (e.g., a hillside). It rained.
\phrase_s El agua viene escurriendo despacio (p. ej., por una cuesta hacia abajo). Llovió.
\root peyo:
\nse In Ameyaltepec both pepeyoka and its transitive form pepeyotsa (as well as compound words with these verbal forms and an incorporated noun)
refer to slight trembling movements. In this sense the meaning differs from that of classical Nahuatl, which Molina gives as 'relumbraar el agua, o los campos con la claridad y
reberveración del sol o de la luna.' However, in Oapan pepeika, according to Florencia Marcelino, is used to refer to water that is slowly trickling down a hillside. The
question is whether this refers to the trickling itself or to the type of broken sparkle that results from such an event.
\nae Although it seems clear that pepeyoka (Am) / pepeika (Oa) are derived from peyo:ni, this word has not yet been documented in
independent form in either dialect.
\qry Get other contexts for the use of this word.
\ref 01428
\lxam ikatok
\lxam_c ikatok
\lxoa yékatók
\lxoa_alt yékatíkah
\lxoa_alt yékatítok
\lxoa_alt yékatitíkah
\lxoa_pr yekatok
\lxoa_pr yekatikah
\lxoa_pr yekatitok
\lxoa_pr yekatitikah
\lxoa_c yékatók
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\pitch yes
\sense_e to be upright (an object, such as those, e.g., tables, that stand on legs, or others that may be upright, such as books on end, a broom leaning up against a wall, etc.); to be
standing up (a person or animal)
\sense_s estar parados (un objeto, como las que, p. ej., una mesa, se sostienen sobre sus patas, u otros como libros puestos verticales, o una escoba parada contra una pared, etc.);
estar de pie (una persona o animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tsonaka u:nkah mome:sah, xkwahli ikatok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your table is leaning over to its side, it is not properly upright.
\phrase_s Tu mesa va de lado (estáchueca), no estábien parada.
\phrase_n Iikatok un li:bros.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The books are upright.
\phrase_s Los libros están parados.
\phrase_n Nikatitiá:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will go along (e.g., on a crowded bus) standing up.
\phrase_s Voy a ir parado (p. ej., en un camión que estálleno).
\phrase_n Nochipa ikatiteko mistó:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A cat always lands on its feet.
\phrase_s Un gato siempre llega al suelo parado.
\phrase_n O:ikatitekok (= o:ikatitasik)
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It fell down and landed upright (on its feet).
\phrase_s Se cayóde arriba y llegóparado (sobre sus patas) al suelo.
\semfld motion
\root ika
\nae Like several other statives (e.g., ye:watok, westok) ikatok can be followed by aspectual markers (such as
-tiw). In such cases the durative -tok is realized as simply -ti. The meaning of a compound form such as ikatitiw , therefore, is 'to
go along being in a standing position.' Note that in Oapan the combination form of westokis wetso- as in westotok
\qry Check for whether /e:watitiw/ is correct. Cf. comments above. If so, add to the /e:wa/ entry.
\grm Cf. Gram 1985-10-05.2 Refers to something standing up: books on end, a broom leaning against a wall, a person, etc. Add the following to the grammar for the aspectuals
of statives: /Nikatitiá:s/ 'I will go standing up (e.g., on a crowded bus)'; /Nochipa ikatiteko mistó:n/ 'A cat always lands on its feet'; and /O:ikatitekok/
(cf.o:ikatitasik) 'It fell down and landed upright (on its feet).' Like several other statives (e.g., ye:watok, westok)
ikatok can be followed by aspectual markers (such as -tiw). In such cases the durative -tok is realized as simply -ti. The
meaning of a compound form such as ikatitiw , therefore, is 'to go along being in a standing position.'
\semref ya:watok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01429
\lxam kuwpasohli
\lxam_c kuwpasohli
\lxoa kóhpasóhli
\lxoa_pr kohpasohli
\lxoa_c kóhpasóhli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\lexical Op. infix te- ; kowtepasohli , kohtépasóhli
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e wood washed up in tangled bunches along the river during the rainy season; tangled driftwood
\sense_s madera que durante la temporada de lluvias se junta entrelazada a la orilla de un río
\sense_d Pending
\root kow
\root pahsol
\qry Apparently intensifier /te/ is here used. Check /pasoltik/, /tepasoltik/, etc. to determine extent of occurrence of /pasol.../ without intensifier.
\vl Check vowel p-a for Oapan form and add if here. Add /pa yes field.
\ref 01430
\lxam se:meh
\lxam_c se:meh
\lxoa se:meh
\lxoa_c se:meh
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\psm Quant
\der Adj-num
\sense_e function word used to indicate one of several persons, referenced by a plural subject prefix
\sense_s palabra funcional para indicar uno de varias personas, referenciadas por un prefijo de sujeto plural
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tise:meh tia:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e One of us will go.
\phrase_s Uno de nosotros irá.
\phrase_n Se:meh de yewameh mitspale:wi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e One of them will help you.
\phrase_s Uno de ellos de va a ayudar.
\root se:
\nse Cristino Flores mentioned that this word is more used in Oapan, although I have documented its use several times in Ameyaltepec.
\nae Se:meh is the pluralization of the number se:. In Classical Nahuatl se:meh was not inflected for person. Thus FK notes from
Carochi the phrase ce:mètèhua:ntin 'one of us.' Apparently Ameyaltepec Nahuatl would accept either se:meh de tewameh , with the Spanish
borrowing de , or tise:meh. It seems also that se:meh is only used with animate subjects.
\semref se:
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01431
\lxam tlapextli
\lxam_c tlapextli
\lxoa tlapextli
\lxoa_c tlapextli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e bed (originally those made of the rods from the inside of the cactus known also as ó:rganoh para tlapextli but now extended to include all beds)
\sense_s cama (originalmente las que se hacen de las varas del cactus también llamado ó:rganoh para tlapextli pero ahora extendido para todo tipo de camas)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e type of cactus (to:motli) the insides rods of which are stripped and cleaned to be used for various items, including beds
\sense_s tipo de cactus (to:motli) cuyas varas interiores se pelan y se limpian para utilizarse en varios objetos materiales, incluyendo camas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:xte:kili notlapech para nokal!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Cut down a tlapextli cactus for my house (so that the rods can be used for the roof of my house)!
\phrase_s ¡Córtame cactus de tlapextli para mi casa (para que las varas interiores pueden utilizarse en mi casa)!
\sense_e (i:tlake:nyo ~) bed sheet(s)
\sense_s (i:tlake:nyo ~) sábana(s)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld material
\root pech
\ref 01432
\lxam te:te:nkwi:kwini
\lxam_c te:te:nkwi:kwini
\lxoa te:te:nkwi:kwine
\lxoa_alt te:te:nkwi:kwini
\lxoa_c te:te:nkwi:kwine
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn N1
\sense_e person who incessantly argues back and forth with people
\sense_s persona que no para de discutir y discutir con la gente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:te:nkwi:kwini, te:nana:nkilia:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He argues back and forth with people, he talks back to people.
\phrase_s Discute y discute con la gente, contesta fuerte a la gente.
\root te:n
\root kwi
\grm Reduplication: Note the variation between long and short vowel reduplication in the following phrase (of course, this should be checked again to make sure, but I believe
the length recorded is correct). /Te:te:nkwi:kwini, te:nana:nkilia:ni/ 'He argues back and forth with people, he talks back to people.' In the first agentive (deverbal noun,
from /kwi/) the long vowel reduplication is expected. The use of this type of reduplication with /kwi/ indicates a continual pull back and forth. Thus note the use of
/nokwi:kwi:lian/ 'they fight back and forth over sth' first one then the other pulling on it (e.g, during a litigation). The long vowel reduplication in /te:te:nkwi:kwini/
indicates, then, a continual action, of disputing. However, with /na:nkilia/ the use of long vowel reduplication would indicate a type of tentativeness. /kina:na:nkilia/ 'he
gives a tentative affirmative answer' whereas the short vowel reduplication is used as an iterative, indicating a sort of plurality of response s, in the negative. Thus, the
major point is that the semantics of reduplication are to some extent verb specific, and care must be made to associate particular reduplicative patterns and their meanings
with specific verbs.
\ref 01433
\lxam Ikxinekwilin
\lxam_c Ikxinekwilin
\lxoa Ixinekwilih
\lxoa_c Ixinekwilih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-?
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e constellation of stars (lit. 'crooked-footed') identifiable as six stars comprising the Big-Dipper
\sense_s constelación de estrellas (lit. 'piernachueca') identificable como seis estrellas (el 'Big Dipper') del Oso Mayor
\sense_d Pending
\ency_note ci:tlalin
\nse According to Cristino Flores the correct name for this constellation is Ikxinekwil , i.e., without the -in ending.
\grm Nouns: nominalization: The reason for the final /-in/ on /ikxinekwilin/, which is synonomous to /ikxinekwil/ is uncertain. It might be related to the /-in/ of /ci:tlalin/ and the
fact that /ikxinekwil/ is a constellation.
\semref ikxinekwil
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01434
\lxam i:xkakaya:wa
\lxam_c ki:xkakaya:wa
\lxoa í:xkakayá:wa
\lxoa_c kí:xkakayá:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to fool by looks or appearance; to trick the eyes or ability to recognize of (note that the subject of this verb is the person or thing that is falsely or equivocably"recognized")
\sense_s engañar por apariencia (nótese que el sujeto de este verbo es la persona o cosa que es falsamente o equivocadamente"reconocida")
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tine:chi:xkakaya:w. Nimitsitaya tewa.¡Ba!¡Tlaka xtewa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I was fooled by someone who looked like you (leading me to think it was you). I thought it was you I was seeing, but by gosh it wasn't!
\phrase_s Me engañóalguien que te parecía (haciendo que pensara que fuiste tu). Pensaba estaba viendo a tí, pero¡quésorpresa, de por si no fuiste tu!
\sense_e (refl.) to be fooled by appearance or looks; to be decieved or confused by looks or appearance; to have ones eyes play tricks on one
\sense_s (refl.) engañarse o dejarse engañar por la apariencia; confundirse por la apariencia
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San timi:xkakaya:waya, na:nkah ma:s kwaltsi:n wa:n tewa tikwelita un ne:nkah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your eyes play tricks on you, this one here (in this case a young donkey being bought) is prettier and you like that one.
\phrase_s Te dejas engañar por apariencias, esta (en este caso un burro chiquito que se estaba vendiendo) es más bonita y a ti te gusta aquella.
\root i:x
\root kaya:
\grm Imperfective: O:tine:chi:xkakaya:w. Nimitsitaya tewa, ba! tlaka xtewa! 'I was fooled by someone who looked like you (leading me to think it was you). I thought it was you I
was seeing, but by gosh it wasn't!' Note the use of the imperfect here, as an action that was not completed (discuss telic vs. atelic). This is a frequent use, e.g., niwetsiya is
used to me 'I was starting to fall' or 'I was about to fall'. It indicates an action that begins but is not carried to conclusion. In this sense it refers to a recognition that was not
made.
\grm Complementation: Note in O:tine:chi:xkakaya:w. Nimitsitaya tewa, ba! tlaka xtewa! 'I was fooled by someone who looked like you (leading me to think it was you). I thought
it was you I was seeing, but by gosh it wasn't!' that the complement is x-refd on the verb with the 2nd-person object, not the third person
\ref 01435
\lxam tla:lkakawatl
\lxam_c tla:lkakawatl
\lxoa tla:lkakawatl
\lxoa_c tla:lkakawatl
\lxgen tla:lkakawatl
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e peanut plant
\sense_s planta del cacahuate
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e peanut
\sense_s cacahuate
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tla:lkakawatl | Ixwa ke:n me:roh xiwtli. Nomamayo:tia, notekomo:nia. Ki:sa ikuwnelwayotsi:n ipan ima, tla:laki itik tla:hli. Umpa noyo:ltilia tla:lkakawatl para
we:iyas. Kipia tli:n wel tihkwali:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tla:lkakawatl : It sprouts just like xiwtli. It gets a lot of branches, it spreads out and becomes full and bushy. Its woody root comes out of its
branches, it enters into the ground, it goes into the earth. There the peanut germinates and grows. It has a part of it that you can eat.
\phrase_s Tla:lkakawatl : Brota mero como un xiwtli. Se forman muchas ramitas, se extiende por el suelo llenándose de foliaje. Sale su raíz leñosa
por las ramas, se mete en el suelo, dentro de la tierra. Allïse germina el cacahuate para que crezca. Tiene una parte que le puedes comer.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root tla:l
\root kakawa
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1988) and Ramírez (1991) identify this as the Arachis hypogaea, of the Leguminosaefamily. According to Inocencio Díaz this is more commonly
called simply kakawatl.
\qry Check meaning of /kuhnelwayotsi:n/ and correct translation if necessary. Recheck entry under this word. Check to make sure that the possessed form is correct, i.e., that this can be
possessed and there is no phon. change.
\ref 01436
\lxam petsowilia
\lxam_c kipetsowilia
\lxoa petsowilia
\lxoa_c kipetsowilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to polish for
\sense_s pulir para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:xtlapetsowilia ika notepalkawa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He polishes (smoothes) by ceramic bowls for me.
\phrase_s El alisa mis fruteros para mí.
\sense_e to smooth for
\sense_s alisar para
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to plane for
\sense_s cepillar para
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to iron for
\sense_s planchar para
\sense_d Pending
\semfld distort-surface
\root pets
\grm Antipassive: /Ne:xtlapetsowilia ika notlake:n/ 'She irons my clothes for me.' Note here again the use of /tla-/ with a trivalent applicative in an antipassive sense, with an
oblique expression of the patient.
\xref petsowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 01437
\lxam ke:mah
\lxam_c ke:mah
\lxoa ke:mah
\lxoa_c ke:mah
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Funct
\sense_e yes; function word used in affirmative responses to questions or affirmative assertions to a doubt
\sense_s sí; palabra funcional que indica una respuesta afirmativa a una pregunta o una aseveración positiva a una duda
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:mah, ihkón nihkakiya!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Yes, that's the way I heard it!
\phrase_s ¡Sí, asílo escuchaba!
\root ke:mah
\ref 01438
\lxam a:to:nawistli
\lxam_c a:to:nawistli
\lxoa a:to:nawistli
\lxoa_c a:to:nawistli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-is
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e coinciding fever and chills, as from malaria
\sense_s calentura con escalofrío, como de paludismo
\sense_d Pending
\semfld disease
\root a:
\root to:na
\ref 01439
\lxam lonchin
\lxam_c lonchin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e dear little girl or boy
\sense_s niña (o niño) querida; hijita o hijito
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ka:n tiaw, lonchin?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where are you going, little girl?
\phrase_s ¿Dónde vas, hijita?
\semfld age
\root pitelo:n
\nse The etymology of lonchin is uncertain, but it is likely to be an apocopated form of pitelo:ntsi:n that has lost its first syllable, a process not uncommon in
hypocorism, and has its final element palatized, common in child-speech and in speaking endearingly to children. The word lonchin is used by elders to address
younger children, apparently only little girls.
\qry Check vowel length of /chin/, perhaps long as in /tsi:n/. Also, I originally recorded a short /o/ here, even though /pitelo:ntsi:n/ has a long /o:/. This should be checked. Finally, I have
recorded that this word is used only as a vocative with little girls; make sure it is not used with the male sex.
\vl Check vowel length. of Am when recorded.
\ref 01440
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for /chu/ as in /chu tlakwatok/, later changed to /cho/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\psm Modal
\ref 01441
\lxam tlachi:koyahka:n
\lxam_c tlachi:koyahka:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla:l-ka:n
\infn N1(N2-N)
\lexical Op. te- : tla:ltechi:koya:hka:n
\sense_e place where the land has a large hole in it (e.g., where water flows in)
\sense_s lugar donde estáformada un gran pozo o agujero (p. ej., donde entra agua)
\sense_d Am
\root chi:-
\root koya:
\root_rel -ka:n
\qry Check whether /tla:lkoya:hka:n/ is correct. I originally had a long /a:/, /tla:lchi:koya:hka:n/, but have changed it to a short based on comparative evidence and what I understand of
Nahuatl.
\semref tla:lchi:koyahko
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01442
\lxam chinowa
\lxam_c kichinowa
\lxoa chichinowa
\lxoa_c kichichinowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to set fire to (brush in a hill or field to clear the land in preparation for planting; see tlachinowa)
\sense_s quemar o incendiar (campo o monte para limpiar un terreno en preparación para sembrar; véase tlachinowa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kichinowa tepe:tl ka:n sakayoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is burning the hill where it is covered by grass.
\phrase_s Estáquemando el cerro donde hay mucho zacate.
\phrase_n O:kichinoh sakayoh, o:kiyo:kolih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He set the field of grass ablaze, he did it on purpose (i.e., the blaze did not start accidently, as it sometimes does).
\phrase_s Incendióel campo de zacate, lo hizo a propósito (esto es, el incendio no se propagópor accidente, como a veces sucede).
\phrase_n Kichinowa ka:n to:ka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He burns the field where he plants.
\phrase_s Quema el terreno donde siembra.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to sear; to hold a fire close to
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) chamuscar; acercarle una flama a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xchichino para ki:sas itomiotsitsi:wa:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sear it (in this case a plucked chicken) so that its little hairs come off!
\phrase_s ¡Chamúscalo (en este caso un pollo desplumado) para que se quiten sus vellitos!
\phrase_n Nikinchichino:s in a:skameh. Ke:n miakeh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to set a flame to these ants (to kill them, e.g., ants marching in a line by holding a torch to them and following down the line with the flame). There really are a lot
of them!
\phrase_s Voy a acercarle una flama a estas hormigas (para matarlas, esto es, acercándole la flama a una fila de hormigas).¡Quétantas hay!
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to deliberately blacken by burning (a pot or similar item)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) tiznar intencionalmente al chamuscar (una olla u otro objeto similar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nikchichinoh noko:n. Ye:nkwik katka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I blackened my pot (on purpose). It was new.
\phrase_s Tiznémi olla (a propósito). Estaba nueva.
\root chin
\nse One burns a field by either gathering weeds (sakatlor tlasohli) in bunches or beating them down, then setting the the matted brush ablaze. This
must be done because the weeds do not catch fire in their natural upright state. The verb chinowa refers to burning the heaps of cut and dried thorns, or the weeds
that have first been beaten down so that they hold the flame. Note that the phrase o:kichinoh sakayoh refers to the destructive burning of grasslands. To clear their
fields without much effort, certain individuals sometimes set fire to the brush, destroying the grazing land of cattle. This is heavily penalized, but sometimes done. Finally, in the phrase
refering to the ants, the action indicated is that of setting a bundle of zacate on fire and holding it near the ants, who are moving along in a line. The grass is then moved
close along the line, burning the ants as it is moved along.
\nae Apparently when chichinowa is used with the nonspecific object tla- the referent of this prefix is contextually determined and can be any one of a multitude
of objects (definite null complement). However, the unreduplicated chinowa utilizes the nonspecific object tla- as in a non-context dependent manner
(indefinite null complement), to indicate solely the burning of fields (cf. te:mowa , which manifests a similar pattern). Note also that the nondirected alternation
between intransitive and transitive forms of this verb is between -awi and -owa , rather than -iwi and -owa as is often
the case; cf. chichinawi.
\qry Check whether /h/ is in the root: /tlachinawi/, /tlachinowa/, /kichinowa/ and /chinawi/. Also check re: unreduplicated form, i.e., is /kichinowa/ Ok, or is it always reduplicated.
\mod In Ameyaltepec it is not possible to determine if the unreduplicated form is underlyingly {hchinowa}; the cognates from neighbouring villages should be checked. It is possible that
the forms are {chichinowa} and {hchinowa}. Perhaps, finally, /chichinowa/ should be entered under /chinowa/ as a reduplicated form. Probably this entry should be included within
that for /chinowa/. But the problem is that after other dialects are examined, perhaps the entry should be /(i)hchinowa/, which might make it difficult to combine /chichinowa/.
\grm Indefinite null complement: Apparently when chichinowa is used with the nonspecific object tla- the referent of this prefix is contextually
determined and can be any one of a multitude of objects. However, the unreduplicated chinowa utilizes the nonspecific object tla- as in a
non-context dependent manner (null complement deletion), to indicate solely the burning of fields (cf. te:mowa , which manifests a similar pattern). Note also
that the nondirected alternation between intransitive and transitive forms of this verb is between -awi and -owa , rather than
-iwi and -owa as is often the case; cf. chichinawi.
\semref chichinawi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlachinowa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tláchinówa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\ref 01443
\lxam i:xpapa:ya
\lxam_c i:xpapa:ya
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to be poor-sighted and with blurry vision
\sense_s tener la vista mala al grado que ve todo borroso
\sense_d Am
\root i:x
\root pa:ya:
\nse I:xpapa:ya refers to someone who has poor eyesight, seeing everything blurry. It is probably derived from a nominal root pa:ya: , cf.
pa:ya:tl. Forms such as i:xpapa:ya:tsi:n (diminutive) and i:xpapa:ya:tik , adjectival, also exist. My original data had parallel forms with
initial i:x- and initial i:xte:m- , with no difference in meaning. It is possible that the former set of items is in error.
\qry I have also heard /i:xte:mpapa:ya/, and the correctness of both the forms beginning /i:xte:m-/ and /i:x-/ should be checked. Finally, check for a final /h/ in /i:xtpapa:ya/, i.e., perhaps it
should be /i:xpapa:yah/. Note that Florencia Marcelino did not accept any of the forms starting i:xpa... but only those with i:xte:m.
\semref i:xte:mpapa:ya
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xté:mpá:ya
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01444
\lxam kakalaka
\lxam_c kakalaka
\lxoa kakalaka
\lxoa_c kakalaka
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to emit a rattling or rustling noise
\sense_s traquetear; emitir el sonido de una sonaja
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:kwech kowatl, kakalaka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A snake's rattle, it makes a rattling sound.
\phrase_s El cascabel de una culebra, suena como sonaja.
\phrase_n Kakalakatiw, naxilitiweh mopero:les.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They go rattling along, your water containers are banging against each other (e.g., as they are being moved along, hanging down from a beast of burden).
\phrase_s Van traqueteando, se van golpeando tus peroles (p. ej., al ser llevados, colgados de una mula o burro).
\phrase_n Tlakakalaka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is the noise of a lot of rattling.
\phrase_s Hay mucho traqueteo.
\sense_e to make a tic-toc sound (a watch or clock)
\sense_s hacer tic-toc (un relój)
\sense_d Pending
\root kala:
\nse Cristino Flores rejected the accpetation of kakalaka as referring to a watch ticking.
\xref kala:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 01445
\lxam te:tlatete:mowilike:tl
\lxam_c te:tlatete:mowilike:tl
\lxoa te:tlá:te:mowíliké:tl
\lxoa_c te:tlá:te:mowíliké:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e diviner; person who reveals the fortune or fate of others (e.g., revealing the cause of an illness, the location of a lost animal, etc.)
\sense_s atinador; persona quien revela la suerte de otros (p. ej., encontrando la causa de una enfermedad, la ubicación de un animal perdido, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:m-2-
\qry Determine whether the nonreduplicated form is correct. Also whether /te:tlatete:molike:tl/ is correct.
\qry_fon Check length of first /a/ in Oapan; I originally transcribed it as short but have rechecked. Note also the problem that acoustic duration of long vowels (and maybe short)
seems to decrease overall in longer words. Such might be the case here with /te:tlá:-/. An interesting excercise would be to find certain roots and look at vl variation in
different contexts, and analyze by over word length, etc.
\semref te:tlatete:mowilia:ni
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tlatete:moke:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref te:tlá:te:mowiliá:ni
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref ti:sitl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01446
\lxam bu:rroh
\lxam_c bu:rroh
\lxoa bu:rroh
\lxoa_c bu:rroh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan burro
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e donkey; burro
\sense_s burro
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld domes
\ncol anjolí:n bu:rroh
\nse Although burrah often refers to the female donkey, it can also have various other referents. For this reason it has been given a separate entry.
\semref bu:rrah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01447
\lxam chi:lpa:n
\lxam_c chi:lpa:n
\lxoa chi:lpa:h
\lxoa_alt chi:lpa:n
\lxoa_c chi:lpa:h
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\infn N1; pl. chi:lpa:meh
\sense_e wasp
\sense_s avispa
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\ncol i:kal chi:lpa:n
\root chi:l
\root pa:n
\nse This is one type of wasp; it is read. There are also two other types of wasps: chi:lpa:me:koh(Oa) / chi:pa:n de te:sotla:wani; and
tekómasólin(Oa) / tetekumasol
\qry One instance of /chi:lpan/ was written with a long /a:/, in other instances it had a short final /a/. This should be checked in the final edition. I have temporarily changed the major
instances to a long vowel given the Oa evidence and other comparative data.
\mod In my original notes I had a reference to: cf. /yetl/.
\ref 01448
\lxam i:xakamantok
\lxam_c i:xakamantok
\lxoa i:xakamantok
\lxoa_c i:xakamantok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be lying face down (an animate being)
\sense_s estar acostado boca abajo (un ser animado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nisate:w, ni:xakamantok nikoxtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e All of a sudden I woke up, I was asleep face down.
\phrase_s De repente me desperté, estaba dormido boca abajo.
\sense_e to be upside-down (material objects that can be said to have a metaphoric"face")
\sense_s estar boca abajo (un objeto material del que se puede decir que tenga, metáforicamente, una"cara")
\sense_d Pending
\root i:xaka
\root man
\qry Check if i:xakamantitiw is correct.Note that in one filecard entry I have recorded /ixakamantok/ with short initial vowel. This should be checked.
\grm /O:nisate:w, ni:xakamantok nikoxtok/ 'All of a sudden I unexpectedly woke up, I was asleep face down.' Note that the translation here reflects an interesting syntactic puzzle
that needs to be resolved. Both parts of the clause are constructed as predicates: the stative /ni:xakamantok/ and /nikoxtok/, the main predicate. Compare this to other forms
and determine which is correct: nipaktok nitlakwatok, nikatok nitlakwatok, etc. If this is the case (check) then it might well be that there is a difference between nominal and
verbal heads. Cf. niwe:i chichi 'I'm a big dog' in which the nominal head and modifier form a single predicate structure that is marked by a single subject pronoun.
However, cf. verbal predicates. It will be important to elicit the forms such as nikatok nitlakwatok? or ikatok nitlakwatok? I would imagine that the former is correct and
should be translated as I am eating standing up. But this should be checked, perhaps by eliciting"Estoy parado comiendo"or"Estoy comi en do parado"However, cf. when
adjectivals are used with nouns."I am a happy man' nipa:hka:tla:katl? It would seem that the major mechanism here for participial adjectivals is through incorporation with
ka:- Try, for example, I am a thin man 'nipitsa:hka:tla:katl' The question then arises re: non-participial adjectives used attributively. Here it would seem that the complex
predicate is formed without double marking: nitli:ltik tla:katl, timiakeh tla:kameh, etc. This should be checked. Thus perhaps there are several constructions: 1) Participial
adjective + head noun is formed as S-Part-N (nikaxa:nka:sowa:tl); 2) Adjective + head noun is formed as S-Adj + N (niwe:i chichi); 3) Denominal adjective + head noun is
formed as S-Adj + N (nitli:ltik tla:katl). The question of verbal modification is thus different. First adverbial modification is Adv + S-V (nika:n nitsatsitok; chika:wak
nitsatsitok). There is also the possibility of participial incorporation: nipa:hka:tsatsi. A question m igh t be whether one can also incorporate the participle with
?nichika:hka:tsatsi. Check.However, this still leaves the problem of forms such as ni:xakamantok nikoxtok. This should be checked since the predication here is slightly
unusual. Check position verbals: ikatok nitlakwatok or nikatok nitlakwatok. Same with /i:xakamantok/.
\grm Apparently the form /ni:xakamantok/ as a 3rd person stative does not exist, i.e. the form /i:xakamantok/ would thus derive from an now lost intransitive form /i:xakamani/.
This is not uncommon (cf. other notes). However, /ni:xakamantok/ as a progressive is acceptable /ye ni:xakamantok/ 'he is (in the process of) lying himself down'. This
derives from the transitive /i:xakamana/; cf. the analogous cases of /kweptok/, /a:ntok/, /mela:wtok/, etc. In my original notes I have:"Note that the form *ni:xakamantok is
not correct as a 'stative' but only as a progressive, rarely used, such as /ye ni:xakamantok, ma:ka tiktlasewi:ti:s/
\ref 01449
\lxam ilpikatl
\lxam_c ilpikatl
\lxoa ilpikatl
\lxoa_c ilpikatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e sash; band of cloth or other material, usually placed around ones waist (in particular, this is used to refer to the band of colored cloth used in certain dances such as
moros, danza de bola, etc.)
\sense_s faja o fajín, una banda de tela u otro material que se coloca por la cintura (en particular se refiere a la faja de tela colorida que se emplea en ciertas danzas como moros,
danza de bola, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Suwa:tl no: kipia ilpikaw ika notlakotia:nsa:lowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Women also have their cloth band, which they tie around their waist.
\phrase_s Las mujeres también tienen su tira de tela, que atan por la cintura.
\sense_e sash that is worn diagonally across the chest
\sense_s faja o fajín que se coloca diagonalmente por el pecho
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chma:se:ka:no:lti nolpikaw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place my band across my chest for me!
\phrase_s ¡Colócame la faja atravesando por mi pecho!
\sense_e diaper cord
\sense_s cordón para pañal
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia ilpikaw ika kitsi:nkwe:tian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has a band of cloth cord with which they tie his (child's) diapers on.
\phrase_s Tiene una tira de tela con que le atan sus pañales (a su hijo).
\sense_e weight belt (used by men when lifting sth heavy)
\sense_s ceñidor (empleado por los hombres para alzar algo pesado)
\sense_d Pending
\root lpi
\nse Some consultants mentioned that this refers to a sash or band that is placed across the chest in certain dances, or even of the type that is worn by beauty contestants.
\grm Generic nouns: Note the following for the placement of a noun with generic meaning: /Sowa:tl no: kipia ilpikaw ika notlakotia:nsa:lowa/, 'Women also have their cloth
band, which they tie around their waist.' Cf. this to the phrase in the brideasking speech: /a:tl xkwahli/, etc. This is common, e.g, /tla:katl xkwahli/.
\vl There are extra tokens of this word at 1168.
\ref 01450
\lxam kecha:tekontsi:n
\lxam_c kecha:tekontsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\sense_e to have a long and thin, gourd-like, neck (e.g. a squash or similar fruits)
\sense_s tener el cuello largo y delgado, como bule (p. ej., una calabaza u otras frutas parecidas)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n noa:yokokone:w, kecha:tekontsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My little baby-like squash is pretty, it has a thin neck.
\phrase_s Mi calabacita como de muñeca es linda, tiene un cuello delgadito.
\root kech
\root a:
\root tekom
\qry See query under /a:yokokone:tl/. Check with linguists as to ps categorization, e.g., brick-walled.
\semref kechtewiyahtik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01451
\lxam ilakatsiwi
\lxam_c ilakatsiwi
\lxoa ilakatsiwi
\lxoa_c ilakatsiwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get a sprained or twisted back
\sense_s torcersele la espalda a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nilakatsiw ipan noteposmilo:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I sprained by back (i.e., twisted my spine).
\phrase_s Se le torcióla columna vertebral.
\root ilakats
\nse One person gave the pronunciation wilakatsiwi (vowel length not recorded). Although there might be a relationship to wi:laka it appears that the
pronunciation is ilakatsiwi and the person referred to was constructing a"folk phonology."
\qry Check also use and meaning of transitive form, if it exists. Recheck the precise objects that can be so affected.
\ref 01452
\lxam miakilia
\lxam_c kimiakilia
\lxoa miakilia
\lxoa_alt miekilia
\lxoa_c kimiakilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-para-ki/ya/lia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to greatly increase the amount of; to make abundant; to make plentiful; to accumulate (the quantity of sth countable)
\sense_s hacer abundante; incrementar mucho la cantidad de (algo contable)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kimiakilia itlikuw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He accumulates a lot of firewood (e.g., during the dry season, in anticipation of not having time to chop wood during the summer planting months).
\phrase_s Acumula mucha leña (durante la temporada de secas en anticipación a no tener tiempo durante el verano para leñar).
\root miak
\xref miakia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref miekiya
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 01453
\lxam monexiwi
\lxam_c monexiwi
\lxoa mónexíwi
\lxoa_pr monexiwi
\lxoa_c mónexíwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. prefix te- : temónexé:wi (Oa)
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e see monexe:wi (Am) / mónexé:wi(Oa)
\sense_s véase monexe:wi (Am) / mónexé:wi(Oa)
\sense_d Pending
\root mohnex
\semref monexe:wi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref mónexé:wi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01454
\lxam te:ntsonyowa
\lxam_c te:ntsonyowa
\lxoa te:ntsonyowa
\lxoa_c te:ntsonyowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Adj; ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to grow a beard; to become bearded
\sense_s salirsele o crecersele la barba a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w te:ntsonyowa, o:pe:w po:ki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His beard has started to grow, he's started to smoke (and as a result his facial hair is growing out).
\phrase_s Se le empezóa crecer la barba, empezóa fumar (y como resultado se le estácreciendo la barba).
\root te:n
\root tson
\disamb te:ntsonyowa; te:ntsonki:sa
\nae Although morphologically te:ntsonyowa is related to those series of lexemes that have an adjectival, inchoative, and transitive, it has neither an adjectival form nor a
transitive former (at least not documented in the corpus). Instead of an adjectival the common term for 'bearded' is the nominal te:ntsoneh.
\ref 01455
\lxam tlakukwa
\lxam_c tlakukwa
\lxoa tlá:kwá
\lxoa_pr tlá:kwa
\lxoa_c tlá:kwá
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-tla
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-1
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to graze (cattle, goats, sheep, etc.)
\sense_s apacentar (ganado, chivos, borregos, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tlakukwatok mowa:kax.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your cattle is grazing.
\phrase_s Estáapacentando tu ganado
\root kwa
\xref tlakukwaltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref kwa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01456
\lxam tepe:wi
\lxam_c tepe:wi
\lxoa tepe:wi
\lxoa_c tepe:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to scatter or become sprinkled on the ground (e.g,. leaves falling off a tree)
\sense_s caerse regado o esparcirse por la tierra (p. ej., hojas que se cayen de unárbol)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Deke yo:chika:w tepe:tomatl, pe:wa tepe:wi ipan tla:hli. Sa: para tikpepenas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If the tepe:tomatlhas gotten overripe, it (the fruit itself) starts to fall, scattering on the ground. It just remains for you to pick it (the fruit) up.
\phrase_s Si el tepe:tomatlpasa de maduro empieza (su fruta) a regarse por el suelo. Nada más queda para que lo recojas.
\root tepe:-2-
\ref 01457
\lxam tsili:ni
\lxam_c tsili:ni
\lxoa tsili:ni
\lxoa_c tsili:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to ring; to emit a ringing or hollow metalic sound (e.g., a bell, certain types of doorbells, alarm clocks, flat metal objects such as a well-made machete when cleanly struck,
etc.)
\sense_s repicar, tañer (p. ej., campanas u objetos similares); timbrar (ciertos timbres de puertas o despertadores, objetos planos de metal como machetes bien hechos cuando se
golpean, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld sound-material
\root tsili:
\qry Check for /te-/.
\xref tlatsili:ni
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tsitsilka
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tsitsilika
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01458
\lxam kuwi:xtataka
\lxam_c kuwi:xtataka
\lxoa kowí:xtaká
\lxoa_pr kowi:xtaka
\lxoa_c kowí:xtaká
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-0
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-l)
\infn N1
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e type of lizard of those categorized as kowi:xin
\sense_s tipo de lagartija de las que se categorizan como kuwi:xin
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld lizard
\root kowi:x
\root taka
\nae The Oapan entry kowí:xtaká seems to manifest reduced reduplication on a preceding long vowel, since in the simple form kowi:xinthe vowel is
long. The pitch-accent derives from reduplication with coda {h}, lost in Ameyaltepec.
\ency_note hypo-an kowi:xin
\notes_nature This lizard is identified in Ramírez and Dakin (1979) as a chintete. They have it with a short /i/, although /kowi:xin/ has a long one immediately above.
\ref 01459
\lxam tekiwi:ltia
\lxam_c kitekiwi:ltia
\lxoa tekiwi:ltia
\lxoa_c kitekiwi:ltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to insist that (sb) does or takes (sth)
\sense_s insistirle a (alg) para que tome o haga (algo, p. ej., comer, hacer un trabajo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka xne:xtekiwi:lti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't insist to me (e.g., that I do sth, eat sth, etc.)!
\phrase_s ¡No me insistas (p. ej., que acepte algo, que coma algo, etc.)!
\phrase_n Kitekiwi:ltia wa:n xkiselia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He insists to him but he doesn't accept it.
\phrase_s Le insiste pero no lo acepta.
\phrase_n Yewa xma:s tlawe:leh, kiseli:skia pero xokitekiwi:ltikeh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He isn't that fearsome, he would have accepted it, but they didn't insist.
\phrase_s No es tan bravo, lo hubiera aceptado pero no se lo insistieron.
\root teki
\xref tekiwia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref tekiwiya
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 01460
\lxam se:pa:nya:ntsi:n
\lxam_c i:se:pa:nya:ntsi:n
\lxoa se:pa:nya:n
\lxoa_c tose:pa:ya:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\pss PM
\der N-loc-dvb-ya:n
\infn N2 (irregular: only with 1st-person pl. possessor)
\sense_e (ritual) (with 1st-person possessive) together
\sense_s (ritual) (con 1apersona posesiva) juntos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tose:pa:nya:ntsi:n ma tikoni:ka:n iwí:n tlatlako:la:tsi:ntli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just us together let us partake of this (alcoholic) drink!
\phrase_s ¡Juntos solo nosotros vamos a compartir esta bebida (alcohólica)!
\semfld ritual
\root se:
\root pa:n
\root_rel -ya:n
\nse In Ameyaltepec se:panya:ntsi:n is clearly related to the preverbal clitic se:pan that indicates a jointly undertaken or experienced action although the
former has been documented only in ritual speech, a we:wetlato:hli from Ameyaltepec. It is uttered as part of the speech by the representative of the bridegroom's
family to the parents of the potential bride an means, in effect, 'we together.'
\nae The preverbal clitic se:pan functions as a predicate modifier, indicating that the plural subjects of the verbal predicate (which in all documented cases is I believe
intransitive) undertake the action together or jointly. The ritual and reverential form se:panya:ntsi:n is obligatorily possessed and expressed independently of the verb
the subject of which is coreferential with the possessor of se:panya:ntsi:n. Although literally translatable perhaps as 'jointness,' it effectively modifies the verbal
predicate indicating, as does the clitic form, that the subjects are undertaking an action jointly.
\ref 01461
\lxam michka:ldoh
\lxam_c michka:ldoh
\lxoa michka:ldoh
\lxoa_c michka:ldoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) caldo
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e broth with fish
\sense_s caldo de pescado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld food
\root mich
\qry Check the Oapan synonym. Perhaps it is /michchi:la:tl/. I believe it is recorded.
\semref mixchi:la:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01462
\lxam_notes zzz
\qry The word /itiwitsiw/ has here been removed.
\dt 03/Dec/2001
\ref 01463
\lxam tliwa:tsa
\lxam_c kitliwa:tsa
\lxoa tliwa:tsa
\lxoa_c kitliwa:tsa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ki/tsa
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to toast; to roast (either on top of a clay griddle or directly on embers)
\sense_s tostar; asar (o sobre un comal o directamente sobre las brasas)
\sense_d Pending
\root tli
\root wa:k
\ref 01464
\lxam tsi:nko:ntik
\lxam_c tsi:nko:ntik
\lxoa tsi:nko:ntik
\lxoa_c tsi:nko:ntik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e to be big-assed; to have a large rear end
\sense_s ser nalgón; tener la trasera grande
\sense_d Pending
\root tsi:n
\root ko:m
\ref 01465
\lxam tsi:nmolo:nki
\lxam_c tsi:nmolo:nki
\lxoa tsi:nmolo:nki
\lxoa_c tsi:nmolo:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to have a foul-smelling rear or rear end
\sense_s tener la parte trasera o nalgas apestosas
\sense_d Pending
\root tsi:n
\root molo:
\ref 01466
\lxam tsoyo:ni
\lxam_c tsoyo:ni
\lxoa tsoyo:ni
\lxoa_c tsoyo:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to be rapidly consumed (e.g., food that is quickly eaten up); to disappear quickly (desired items that are sold in a market, etc.)
\sense_s consumirse rápidamente (p. ej., comida que se come rápido); desaparecer rápidamente (objetos deseados que se venden en el mercado, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San o:tsoyo:n, o:tlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It just totally disappeared, it got finished (e.g., good fruit sold in the plaza).
\phrase_s Se consumiótodo, se acabó(p. ej., buena fruta vendida en la plaza).
\phrase_n Melá:k kinekin, san tsoyo:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They really want it, it just disappears right away.
\phrase_s De veras lo quieren, rápidamente desaparece.
\sense_e to get or become fried
\sense_s freirse
\sense_d Pending
\root tsoyo:
\qry Check for use of /te-/. Check whether it can also mean"to get fried."
\ref 01467
\lxam nenemi:ltia
\lxam_c kinenemi:ltia
\lxoa nénemí:ltia
\lxoa_pr nenemi:ltia
\lxoa_c kí:nemí:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to pursue (a lawsuit, petition, etc., keeping it going despite any possible delays or setbacks)
\sense_s proseguir (un litigio, etc. al mantenerlo en proceso a pesar de cualquier demora o
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kikoto:n plei:toh. Xok o:kinek kinenemi:lti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He broke off the suit. He didn't want to pursue it any longer.
\phrase_s Dejóde litigar. Ya no lo quiso proseguir.
\sense_e to help walk (e.g., a young child just learning)
\sense_s ayudar a caminar (p. ej., un niño chiquito apenas aprendiendo a caminar)
\sense_d Pending
\root nemi
\nae nenemi has two causative constructions: nenemi:tia and nenemi:ltia.
\qry Make sure to carefully compare the two causatives in meaning.
\grm Causative: The difference between causative /nenemi:ltia/ and /nenemi:tia/ is interesting and perhaps sheds some light on the subject. Also, cf. /axi:tia/ and /axi:ltia/, which
might follow this same pattern. With /nenemi/, the"regular"causative with /-tia/ is the standard"to make S do Pr"That is, the subject of the intransitive in /nenemi/ becomes the
patient in /nenemi:tia/, but is still an agent. That is, /-tia/ converts the agent of an intranstive (in an unergative verb) into a patient of a transitive. On the other hand, /-ltia/
seems to convert the"patient"of an unaccusative into the patient of a transitive. This is eminently clear in cases such as /patla:ni/ and /patla:naltia/, or /poso:ni/ and
/poso:naltia/. Clearly more examples of the /-ltia/ and /-tia/ alternation should be explored, both with intransitives (cf. above) and with transitives (cf. the analysis proposed
by Launey). However, the difference in /nenemi/ causatives does suggest that /-tia/ is the classical 'to make S do Pr"whereas the /-ltia/ ending seems to simply transitivize.
\xref nenemi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 01468
\lxam kakaxaktik
\lxam_c kakaxaktik
\lxoa kákaxáhtik
\lxoa_pr kakaxahtik
\lxoa_c kákaxáhtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ni-k-tik
\pitch yes-rdp
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): ní:kaxáhtik
\sense_e to be weak; to be soft; to not be hardy (refering to a person)
\sense_s ser débil; ser enfermizo (refiriéndose a una persona)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tepi:tska:suwa:tl, xsan kakaxaktik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is a sturdy woman (i.e., can work, doesn't get sick), she isn't weak.
\phrase_s Es una mujer fuerte (puede trabajar, no se enferma fácilmente), no es débil.
\sense_e to be losely tied
\sense_s ser atado flojamente
\sense_d Pending
\root kaxa:
\nse Like kakaxaktik , the root verb kaxa:ni is often used to refer to the human body when it becomes weak from exhaustion.
\nae Whereas most deverbal adjectivals ending in /-ktik/ are derived from verbs ending in /-iwi/ (as toma:wi) and are marked by an initial te- intensifier
(as tetomaktik) the present entry kakaxaktik) is derived from a verb ending in -ni, a much less common derivation process.
\grm Note that the derivation seems to be /kaxa:ni/ to /kakaxaktik/. Apparently there is no form /kakaxaka/ (cf. /tsotsomoka/, etc.). Note also that whereas other similar
derivations, e.g., /tetomaktik/ have /te-/, the form that I heard in conversation was /kakaxaktik/. Check to see if /tekaxaktik/ exists, as well as /tekakaxaktik/.
\ref 01469
\lxam ma:noh
\lxam_c ma:noh
\lxoa ma:noh
\lxoa_c ma:noh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan hermano
\psm N
\pss Voc; P2(def)
\der N-loan
\infn N0/2; Aln(0=2)
\sense_e vocative used to address for married or elder males from Oapan
\sense_s vocativo para dirigirse a hombres de Oapan casados o de edad avanzada
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (toma:noh) term of reference used to talk about married men or elder men from Oapan
\sense_s (toma:noh) término de referencia para hablar acerca de hombres casados o de mayor edad de Oapan
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wa:lte:chpale:wi:s se: toma:noh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A man from Oapan will come help us.
\phrase_s Un hombre de Oapan nos va a venir a ayudar.
\nse Ma:noh is the generalized term used in Oapan to address elder men, particularly those who are older than the speaker and not on a first-name basis. As a two-place
predicate it is possessed only in the first person: toma:noh. Note, finally, that it is common in the Balsas region for members of communities to use to prototypical
address/reference term of another village in talking to or about individuals from this second village. Thus Ameyaltepequeños know that ma:noh (as a vocative) and
toma:noh (for reference) are used in Oapan and as a result will use ma:noh when addressing an elder man from Oapan or toma:noh
when referencing such a person.
\ref 01470
\lxam toka:rowa
\lxam_c kitoka:rowa
\lxoa toka:rowa
\lxoa_c kitoka:rowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan (Nah) tocar
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\pss P2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to be the turn of (the [O] is the one whose turn it is)
\sense_s tocar a (en el sentido de ser el turno de [O])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:timote:palwi:ko, no: te:wa:n o:mistokaroh ma:tli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You came to suffer the same fate as everyone else, you also got slugged.
\phrase_s Viniste a sufrir la misma suerte que los demás, también te tocóun golpe con la mano.
\ref 01471
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlawistlachapa:nihli
\lxoa_cpend tlawistlachapa:nihli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn N1
\sense_e branches of thorns that have been placed on the ground (to serve as a fence or barrier to animals)
\sense_s ramas espinosas que han sido colocadas por el suelo (para evitar que los animales pasen)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld material
\root wits
\root chapa:
\nse Inocencio Jiménez gave both the forms wistlachapa:nihli and tlawistlachapa:nihli, though the first seemed to be favored as the correct form.
\qry Check for verbal form of this, which I remember from the elicitation but that I didn't record. Check also for possibility of possessive formation.
\semref wistlachapa:nihli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref tlachapa:ni:hli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01472
\lxam a:pio:tsi:n
\lxam_c a:pio:tsi:n
\lxoa a:piotsi:n
\lxoa_c a:piotsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) pío
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e type of small bird that lives near the water, apparently the Collared Plover, Charadrius collaris, or a closely related species
\sense_s tipo de pájaro pequeño que vive cerca del agua, aparentemente el "Collared Plover," Charadrius collaris, o una especie cercana
\sense_d Am, Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 22, p. 334
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root a:
\root pio
\nse This animal is like a chick in size: to:to:tsi:ntli, i:pan a:te:ntli nemi. Apparently the name include pio probably after the sound that a chick makes.
\nae The length of the /o/ in Oapan is difficult to determine as occasionally it appears to be long, though usually short. This should be further checked.
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'pollito de agua.'
\mod Enter under /cho/.
\ref 01473
\lxam ma:isiwi
\lxam_c ma:isiwi
\lxoa má:isíwi
\lxoa_pr ma:isiwi
\lxoa_c má:isíwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be quick with ones hands
\sense_s ser rápido o ligero con las manos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xma:isiwi! Lige:roh xtla:litiwetsi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hurry up with what you're doing with your hands! Put them down right away!
\phrase_s ¡Apúrate con lo que estás haciendo con las manos!¡Colócalos rápido!
\root ma:
\root hsi
\mod Check root of /isiwi/. Apparently (cf. comparative evidence) there is an underlying /h/. However, determine whether root should be /hsi/ or /hsiwi/. Note that the causative of /isiwi/
is /tlasiwitia/ (check vowel length). For /ma:isiwi/ check for a transitive, causative form, e.g., ?ma:isiwitia.
\ref 01474
\lxam tlamachio:tia
\lxam_c kitlamachio:tia
\lxoa tlá:machió:tia
\lxoa_c kitlá:machió:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-d-tia
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pre-s) (Oa)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to decorate by painting a design or pattern on (particularly ceramics painted with patterns in natural colors)
\sense_s decorar al pintar un diseño sobre (particularmente cerámica pintada con colores naturales)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:notlamachio:tih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A decoration has already been painted on it.
\phrase_s Ya se le pintóun diseño.
\phrase_n Tictlamachio:titok, kwaltsi:n noka:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are painting a design on it, it will turn out nice.
\phrase_s Le estás pintando un diseño, va a salir bonito.
\root mati
\nae The derivation of tlamachio:tia is not entirely transparent. The verb machio:tia is used as a reflexive in the Balsas River to signify 'to cross oneself.'
This is similar to Molina's entry machiotia. teoyotica nite. 'confirmar o chrismar.' In both cases machio:tia is a transitive verb. Molina also has machiotia.
nitla. 'reglar papel, o debuxar algo.' This would suggest that tlamachio:tia , which is transitive either has a different derivation, perhaps a verbalization of the
abstract noun (still not documented for this region nor Classical) ? tlama:chio:tl , or is an example of tla- incorporation as a modifier (cf.
otlawi:teki). Whatever the case, it seems that Balsas machio:tia is similar to Classical machiyotia (note RS glosses this as 'dibujar, pautar,
firmar, anotar, marcar algo, el ganado, etc.; temeztica nitla-machiyotia sellar algo con plomo, poner una marca con plomo'). Note, finall y, that the pitch ac cent marked
in the Oapan form kitlá:machió:tia suggests the reduced reduplication of the verbal stem machio:tia, which is realized as lengthening and pitch on
the nonspecific object prefix tla-. This reduplication is not manifested in the Ameyaltepec form from the corpus.
\qry Make sure that /tlamachio:tia/ is indeed a transitive verb. Check again the long, high-pitched /tlá:-/ in the headword /tlá:machió:tia/.
\ref 01475
\lxam te:mi:tia
\lxam_c kite:mi:tia
\lxoa te:mi:tia
\lxoa_c kite:mi:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to fill up; to top off
\sense_s llenar; terminar de llenar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xte:mi:ti! We:i poliwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Fill it up (i.e., finish filling it)! There is still a lot left (to be filled, e.g., in a container still greatly empty)!
\phrase_s ¡Llénalo (esto es, termina de llenarlo)! Falta mucho.
\flao te:ma
\root te:m-2-
\disamb te:ma; te:mitia; te:mi:ltia
\nse The difference between te:ma and temi:tia seems to be that the former implies filling something (such as a container) that is completely empty at the
start of the process whereas the latter (along with te:mi:ltia) implies filling something that at the start of the process was already partially full. Thus if a person takes an
empty water jug to the well, kite:mas. However, if there is already some water in the jug, kite:mi:ti:s or kite:mi:lti:s. Note also that a
form with an indefinite null complement is apparently only used with te:ma(i.e., tlate:ma) and not with te:mi:tia.
\xref te:mi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01476
\lxam tsonta:takaltik
\lxam_c tsonta:takaltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Op. te- : tsonte:ta:takaltik ; Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e having hair unevenly cut, some parts longer than others
\sense_s con el cabello trasquilado y mal cortado, con algunas partes más largas que otras
\sense_d Am
\semfld body-descrip
\root tson
\root taka
\qry Check the long vowel since my file card entry for this word did not have long vowels recorded; the length change is based on entry for /ta:takaltik/ and the Oapan entry
/kwa:ta:takaltik/. Also, check possibility of /te-/ (e.g., ?/tsonteta:takaltik/) again taken by analogy from /ta:takaltik/.
\semref kwa:ta:takaltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01477
\lxam kalma:tli
\lxam_c kalma:tli
\lxoa kalma:tli
\lxoa_c kalma:tli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e palm lean-to
\sense_s un alberguito de palma, de media agua
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e name of two of the 12 songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as kwa:tepail; apparently the two songs known by this name are distinct in
music and form of the dance
\sense_s nombre de dos de los 12 sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como kwa:tepail; aparentemente los dos sones conocidos con este nombre son
distintos en música y forma de bailar
\sense_d Oa
\root kal
\root ma:
\nse A kalmatli consists of a slanted 'roof' of thatched palm that virtually reaches the ground and serves as a protection against the wind and rain. At least as late as
the early 1980s one or two of these shelters/houses could still be seen in Oapan. For a more extensive discussion of the dance called kwa:tepailand the name of all 12
songs, see entry under this term.
\nae The possessed form of kalma:tli represents the form of a possessed body part: the loss of the absolutive ending and absence of any possessed suffix after a
vowel final stem. This is another indication of how the possessive structure of certain nominal stems is maintained through metaphoric use in other contexts.
\ilus_note There is a drawing on the original 3x5 filecard.
\grm Possession: The possessed form of kalma:tli represents the form of a possessed body part: the loss of the absolutive ending and absence of any
possessed suffix after a vowel final stem. This is another indication of how the possessive structure of certain nominal stems is maintained through metaphoric use in other
contexts.
\semref kalto:roh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01478
\lxam tlaki:tskiltsi:n
\lxam_c tlaki:tskiltsi:n
\lxoa tlaki:tskiltsi:n
\lxoa_c tlaki:tskiltsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e bunch
\sense_s manojo
\sense_d Pending
\root ki:tski
\disamb tlaki:tskiltsi:n; ma:pi:xtli
\nse The difference between tlaki:tskiltsi:n and ma:pi:xtli seems to be the manner in which the material object is grabbed or held and, as a result, the nature
of this same object. Tlaki:tskiltsi:n is a nominalization of ki:tskia 'to grab' (as in clothing in ones hand) whereas ma:pi:xtli is
related to pia 'to have.' The former nominalization seems to refer to things that are held and that extend beyond the grip of ones hand, i.e., only a part of the
entire object is held in the hand. Such an item might be, for example, a bunch of silantro. Ma:pi:xtli , on the other hand refers to things that are held within ones hand,
such as beans being held in a fist.
\qry Check length of penultimate /i/ in the syllable /kil/. Check for possessed form, which has not yet been coded into the /infn field.
\semref ma:pi:xtli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01479
\lxam -te:wa
\lxam_c tlakwate:wa
\lxoa -te:wa
\lxoa_c tlákwaté:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Associated motion ending
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to do [verb] upon leaving, or just before leaving
\sense_s hacer [verbo] al salir, justamente antes de salir
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma nitlakwate:wa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me eat before heading out!
\phrase_s ¡Voy a comer antes de salir!
\phrase_n O:niwa:ltlakwate:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I ate before leaving to come here.
\phrase_s Comíantes de salir hacia acá.
\phrase_n O:kika:wte:w a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The rains left it behind (in this case a field at the end of the rainy season when the rains stopped).
\phrase_s Las lluvias lo dejaron atrás (en este caso una milpa que estaba creciendo bien, al acabarse la temporada de lluvias).
\sense_e to do [verb] on ones deathbed
\sense_s hacer [verbo] en el lecho de la muerte
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kite:maste:wa iwe:wentsi:n, a:kino:n kitlakwalti:s? Tlayo:wi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is worried about her husband as she's on her deathbed, who will feed him? He is going to suffer.
\phrase_s En el lecho de su muerte se preocupa por su marido,¿Quién le va a dar de comer? El va a sufrir.
\sense_e to do [verb] suddenly or unexpectedly
\sense_s hacer [verbo] repetinamente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:isate:w
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He woke up unexpectedly.
\phrase_s Repentinamente despertó.
\phrase_n O:ki:ste:hkeh.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e They got up and left (impetuously).
\phrase_s Se levantaron y se fueron (impetuosamente).
\root e:wa
\ref 01480
\lxam poso:nki
\lxam_c poso:nki
\lxoa poso:nki
\lxoa_c poso:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\pss P1; TM
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to be boiled (a prepared food, such as beans, or water itself)
\sense_s estar hervido (una comida preparada, como frijoles, o agua misma)
\sense_d Pending
\root poso:
\qry Check to see if one can also refer to boiled water with this term: /poso:nki ma:w/?
\ref 01481
\lxam westasi
\lxam_c westasi
\lxoa wéstasí
\lxoa_pr westasi
\lxoa_c wéstasí
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\pss P1
\incorp V1-Asp
\der Asp
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\pitch yes
\infv class-4a
\sense_e see wetsi
\sense_s véase wetsi
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root wetsi
\nde The antonym in Oapan would be yékatitási.
\ref 01482
\lxam mi:skitl
\lxam_c mi:skitl
\lxoa mi:skitl
\lxoa_c mi:skitl
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of tree, mesquite
\sense_s tipo de árbol, mezquite
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mi:skitl | Xtlah para, san tlikohtli. Bwe:noh para banki:toh, para ipan notla:li:los. I:a:xi:xmi:skio nokwi para tlapahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Mi:skitl : It isn't good for anything, just firewood. It is good for benches, for people to sit on. Its resin is used in making (natural) paint.
\phrase_s Mi:skitl : No sirve para nada, solamente leña. Es bueno para banquitos, para que se siente la gente. Su resina se emplea en hacer pintura (natural).
\phrase_n Mi:skitl | Wel tikpa:chichinas, tihkwa:sitla:kihlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Mi:skitl : You can suck on it, you can eat its fruit.
\phrase_s Mi:skitl : Lo puedes chupar, te puedes comer su fruta.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root mi:ski
\notes_nature Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:110) identify as the mezquite a tree of the family Leguminosae; mimosoideaeand the genus/species Prosopis laevigata(H. &
B. ex Willd.) M. C. Johnst. They also have another entry (p. 104) for tepemezquite, also called tlahuitole of the same family and of the
genus/species Lysiloma divaricata. Ramírez (1991) identifies the mi:skitl as of the Leguminosae family and the genus/species Prosopis
juliflora. Schoenhals (1988) has the following information under mezquite:"(Prosopisspp. e.g., P. juliflora, P. glandulosa) 'mesquite tree,' 'honey
mesquite,' 'glandular mesquite.' Common in desert and dry areas. One of many compound-leafed shrubs or trees in these areas. Spines are straight; pods resemble gnarled
stringbeans. P. glandulosacan be distinguished by its smooth leaflets as opposed to the hairy ones of the others. Flowers are small and greenish-yellow. Also called
algarr obo, chachaca."Acc ording to Silvestre Pantaleón, Asención Marcelo, and Inocencio Díaz there is only one type of mi:skitl , the tree called
tepe:mi:skitl is not a mi:skitl , because it is not edible.
\ref 01483
\lxam -tech
\lxam_c totech
\lxoa -tech
\lxoa_c itech
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(rel)
\der Rel-stem/poss-sim
\infn N2(rel)
\sense_e next to; close to
\sense_s junto a; pegado a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmopepecho notech!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Come close to me!
\phrase_s ¡Acércate a mí!
\phrase_n Itech nocha:n onkah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There are some next to my house.
\phrase_s Hay junto a mi casa.
\phrase_n Motech onkah pa:mpa ikno:tsi:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is with you because he is an orphan.
\phrase_s Estácontigo porque es un huérfano.
\ncol ki:sa
\ncol weli
\root -tech
\grm Note that /I:tech nocha:n unkah/ translates as 'There are some next to my house.' However, if one wanted to say, 'He is next to my house,' one would probably say /I:tech
nocha:n nemi/. Nevertheless, at least in my original documentation (should be checked)
\ref 01484
\lxam tekolo:tl
\lxam_c tekolo:tl
\lxoa tekolo:tl
\lxoa_c tekolo:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of Screech-Owl, apparently the Balsas Screech-Owl, Otus seductus, or the Western Screech-Owl, O. kennicottii, or a closely related species
\sense_s tipo de tecolote o buho, aparentemente el"Balsas Screech-Owl," Otus seductuso O. kennicottii, o una especie cercana
\sense_d Am, Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 25, pp. 356, 357
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root tekolo:
\nse It is still not clear if this refers to only one species of tecolote or to various. Nor is it certain how many species there in fact are in the valley.
\notes_nature The tekolo:tl is not classified as a to:to:tl by speakers.
\ref 01485
\lxam xexeliwi
\lxam_c xexeliwi
\lxoa xéxelíwi
\lxoa_alt té:xelíwi
\lxoa_pr xexeliwi
\lxoa_pr té:xeliwi
\lxoa_c xéxelíwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\impers Am, Oa
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): ó:nxe:líwi ; Op. prefix te- : té:xelíwi.
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to scatter or become scattered on the ground (e.g, sth that is dropped and shatters upon contact)
\sense_s desparramarse o esparcirse sobre el suelo (p. ej., algo que se cae y se estrella con el impacto al suelo)
\sense_d Pending
\root xe:l
\nae Although the reduplicant of Oapan Nahuatl xéxe:líwi can reduce to vowel lengthening and pitch accent on the preceding syllable, given the semantics of this verb there
is seldom a prefix except, perhaps, the directional on-, yielding ó:nxe:líwi.
\qry Make sure that ó:nxe:líwi is correct, as I don't have an actual example of this form with reduced reduplication.
\qry_fon Carefully check vowel length.
\vl There is a token of /té:xelíwi/ at 7086. This should be tagged at 01485 but given that it is reduplicated with the /te-/ prefix, it should not be linked.
\ref 01486
\lxam chikotik
\lxam_c chikotik
\lxoa chikotik
\lxoa_c chikotik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-tik-adj
\sense_e to have straight edges, ones that are not cut square but which leave the object trapezoidal (particularly used with poorly cut and non-square cloth, but also used to refer to
land that is not rectangular)
\sense_s tener orillas que van derecho pero que no forman un cuadro, tener esquinas que no están enángulos rectos, dejando el objeto como trapezoide (empleado particularmente
tener tela mal cortada y no cuadrada, también un terreno no cuadrado); sesgado
\sense_d Pending
\root chiko
\nae Chikotik is derived from the bound clitic modifier chiko; there is a nominal form chiko:tl , documented for Ameyaltepec but
not for Oapan Nahuatl.
\qry Recheck use to refer to land-surface areas such as 'solares.'
\semref chiko
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref chiko:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01487
\lxam ka:ldoh de chi:la:tl
\lxam_c ka:ldoh de chi:la:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of broth made with chile and kaxtiltsi:n beans
\sense_s tipo de caldo hecho con chile y frijoles del tipo llamado kaxtiltsi:n
\sense_d Am
\semfld food
\root chi:l
\root a:
\qry Determine the precise recipe of this food
\vl I have eliminated the Oapan tokens from this entry. Tag (or retag) the 4 speech tokens here from Oapan with #5936.
\ref 01488
\lxam te:nxo:mah
\lxam_c i:te:nxo:mah
\lxoa te:nxo:mah
\lxoa_c i:te:nxo:mah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e snout (of an animal, particularly mammals)
\sense_s hocico (de un animal, particularmente las mamalias)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n ite:nxo:mah chichi
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e the dog's snout
\phrase_s el hocico del perro
\phrase_n Kixoxope:wa tla:hli mopitso ika ite:nxo:mah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your pig pushes up the earth with its snout.
\phrase_s Tu cerdo empuja la tierra con su hocico
\sense_e lip area (of certain animals and, sarcastically speaking, of people)
\sense_s área alrededor de los labios (de ciertos animales y, hablando con sarcasmo, de la gente)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root te:n
\root xo:mah
\nae The diminutive form te:nxo:mitah contains the Spanish diminutive ita, hence the apparent vowel change of the root.
\qry Determine which animals have snouts and/or lips (e.g., does this apply to snakes, etc.). Check diminutive. My records have /te:nxo:mitah/; check for /te:nxo:matsi:n/.
\grm Diminutive; vowel change: Note that /te:nxo:mah/ has a diminutive in /te:nxo:mitah/, apparently representative of the influence of Spanish /-itah/. Check to see if
/te:nxo:matsi:n/ is also used.
\semref xo:mah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01489
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ítowília
\lxoa_pr itowilia
\lxoa_c kítowíliah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to say to
\sense_s decirle a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root hto
\nse With this verb, and with others (cf. tlatlakakilia) the reduplication of the indefinite direct object tla- with a verb of communication indicates that something
unpleasant was being said. This probably represents a metaphorical use of"things"as in both English (he said a lot of things to me) and Spanish (me dijo muchas cosas).
\nae It is not clear at this stage whether the form itowilia is found without the nonspecific object marker tla-. The only documented use of this applicative of
itowa is with this prefix (moreover, reduplicated). However, the fact that the verb ítowília with the 3rd-person specific object was elicited during a
recording session with Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez strongly suggests that this applicative use is grammatically acceptable, though the precise meaning remains to be
determined.
\qry It might be that the reduplication should be a long vowel in the above phrase. This should be checked as it is long in other examples with similar negative meaning. Also, the
difference between /itowilia/ and /ihlia/ is not clear and should definitely be clarified. Check whether the form without /tla-/ (with or without reduplication) is correct in both dialects. If
not, remove this entry and make the appropriate changes.
\grm /O:ne:chtlatlatowilikeh para ma nikwala:ni/ 'They said a lot of things to me to get me mad' Note the use of /para ma/ as a subordinator, 'so that + subjunctive'. Cf. types of
adverbial phrases: this seems to indicate the result of the action.
\xref itowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 01490
\lxam mapilpepetsiwi
\lxam_c mapilpepetsiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans P1
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for ones fingers to become smooth (i.e., without calluses from lack of work)
\sense_s quedarsele lisos los dedos a uno (esto es, sin callos por no trabajar)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:mapilpepetsiw, xtekiti
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His fingers have become smooth, he doesn't do any work.
\phrase_s Se le quedaron lisos los dedos, no trabaja.
\root mah
\root pil
\root petsiwi
\nse Oapan has ma:petsiwiwith a similar meaning, though referring to the entire hand and not simply the fingers. Note that given the implicit plurality of the incorporated
noun in Ameyaltepec, the verbal stem of mapilpepetsiwi is reduplicated.
\qry Check /makpalpetsiwi/ used in Ameyaltepec.
\semref ma:petsiwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01491
\lxam kakalakachilia
\lxam_c kikakalakachilia
\lxoa kakalakachilia
\lxoa_c kikakalakachilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make a rattling sound for (e.g., a baby whom one wants to quiet, or sb to announce their entry) or in front of, etc.
\sense_s hacer el sonido de un traqueteo para (p. ej., para un niño que se desea apaciguar, o a algn para anunciar su entrada) o enfrente de, etc.
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kala:
\nse The Oapan form is an applicative of the transitive frecuentative kakalatsa.
\vl A final check should be made, but in the recording studio I seem to have perceived that while Florencia Marcelino uttered /kika:kalaakachilia/, her husband Inocencio gave
/kikakalakachilia/.
\grm Applicative; frecuentative; palatalization: Note that the Oapan form /kakalakachilia/ is an applicative of the transitive /kakalatsa/, with palatalization of /ts/ to /ch/.
\ref 01492
\lxam tsi:tsikiltsi:n
\lxam_c tsi:tsikiltsi:n
\lxoa tsi:tsikiltsi:n
\lxoa_c tsi:tsikiltsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e diminutive of tsi:tsikiltik
\sense_s diminutivo de tsi:tsikiltik
\sense_d Am, Oa
\flao tsi:tsikiltik
\root tsikil
\ref 01493
\lxam po:hki:sa
\lxam_c po:hki:sa
\lxoa po:hki:sa
\lxoa_c po:hki:sa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to give off smoke
\sense_s echar humo; humear
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to give off steam (e.g., a hot food)
\sense_s emitir vapor (p. ej., una comida caliente)
\sense_d Oa
\root po:k
\root ki:sa
\disamb popo:ka; po:hki:sa; Oaítipotohkí:sa
\grm Noun incorporation: The construction /po:hki:sa/ seems to have the subject as source. That is, in 0-po:k-ki:sa (3sgS-smoke-leave) the subject (zero morpheme) seems to
indicate the semantic source of the event, the place from which smoke is"leaving."In a certain sense this construction seems similar to that of /okwilxi:ni/, in which the
subject indicates the point at which the event takes place, perhaps more of a destination. In both cases (/po:hki:sa/ and /okwilxi:ni/) the subject of the new lexical item (the
compounded verb) indicates a location; the incorporated noun indicates a material that"performs"the verbal action at this location. However, it is possible to consider this
an example of possessor raising, with the subject in essence the"possessor"of the smoke that is emerging.
\ref 01494
\lxam kwa:tlachipi:ntsi:n
\lxam_c i:kwa:tlachipi:ntsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex: infix tla-
\infn N2
\sense_e the dot over a letter
\sense_s la punta sobre una letra
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n "I"kipia ikwa:tlachipi:ntsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e An"i"has a dot over it.
\phrase_s Una"i"tiene una punta arriba.
\root kwa:
\root chipi:
\qry I heard this once; check to determine if this word is shared by the speech community, and if it possibly has any other meaning.
\grm Note the agentive forms in /-ntsi:n/ as in /kwa:tlachipi:ntsi:n/ 'the dot over it (a letter)' Include a section in the grammar on these types of words.
\ref 01495
\lxam owitika
\lxam_c owitika
\lxoa ówitíkah
\lxoa_pr owitikah
\lxoa_c ówitíkah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be difficult
\sense_s ser difícil
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Owitika, xniwelis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is difficult, I won't be able (to do it).
\phrase_s Es difícil, no lo voy a poder (hacerlo).
\root owih
\nse Although Gabriel de la Cruz definitely pronounced this with a long /o:/ most others I have heard use a short /o/, which appears to be more common across dialects. Although
owitikah and owitok are synonyms, the former seems slightly more common in everyday speech.
\nae The placement of the glottal stop at the end of the second syllable of the root is based on FK's comments under this word.
\grm Phonology: Vowel length variation: /Although Gabriel de la Cruz definitely pronounced this with a long /o:/ most others I have heard use a short /o/, which appears to be
more common across dialects/. This suggests (as does another case I can't remember with Luis Lucena) that occasionally with a village/dialect vowel length may vary in
certain words.
\qry_fon Check final sound in both dialects. My impression is that C. Flores has a final glottal stop (automatically inserted after vowels that are phrase final) and that the Oapan
pronunciation is with final /h/, a reflex of classical glotal stop and Am. /n/.
\qry_h owitikah; check for presence of /h/.
\vl Check for final /h/.
\semref owitok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01496
\lxam tepetlatl
\lxam_c tepetlatl
\lxoa tepetlatl
\lxoa_c tepetlatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e limestone (that is flat and spread out, like a hard carpet on the ground)
\sense_s tepetate
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld stone
\root te
\root petla
\nse The composition of this word, te- plus petlatl suggests that the reference is to large areas of limestone that lie spread out along the ground's surface.
\qry Check to see if /tepetlatl/ can refer to tepetate that is just loose, and not part of a flat surface.
\ref 01497
\lxam pa:xtik
\lxam_c pa:xtik
\lxoa pa:xtik
\lxoa_c pa:xtik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Op. te- : tepa:xtik
\sense_e to be crushed; to be flattened (a container or sth hollow)
\sense_s estar apachurado (un recipiente, una lata o algo hueco)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be smashed (sth soft and solid such as fruit)
\sense_s estar aplastado (algo blando y sólido, como fruta)
\sense_d Pending
\root pa:x
\qry Determine total range of items that can be /pa:xtik/.
\ref 01498
\lxam pitsi:nki
\lxam_c pitsi:nki
\lxoa pitsi:nki
\lxoa_c pitsi:nki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\lexical Op. te- : tepitsi:nki
\sense_e to be slightly cracked, or have a small hole perforating the surface (e.g., an eggshell)
\sense_s estar ligeramente partido o hendido, o tener un pequeño agujero (p. ej., el cascarón de un huevo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Na:nkah xnikwi:kas pa:mpa pitsi:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I won't take this one here (in this case an egg) because it has a slight crack in it.
\phrase_s Este (en este caso un huevo) no me lo voy a llevar porque estáligeramente partido.
\semfld distort-fissure
\root pitsi:
\ref 01499
\lxam ikxito:pi:ltik
\lxam_c ikxito:pi:ltik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e to have a stiff leg that can't be bent
\sense_s tener una pierna tiesa que no se puede doblar
\sense_d Am
\root kxi
\root to:pi:l
\qry Make sure that /ikximelaktik/ and /ikxito:pi:ltik/ are the same.
\semref ikximelaktik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ixipeya:stik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01500
\lxam kuwpepenke:tl
\lxam_c kuwpepenke:tl
\lxoa kohpépenké:tl
\lxoa_c kohpépenké:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e person who gathers up firewood scattered on the ground
\sense_s persona que pepena leña que estáregada sobre la tierra
\sense_d Oa
\root kow
\root pena
\qry No documented case of possession; determine whether to include a possessed form, perhaps one could exist. Or, a note in the grammar stating that no effort has been made to
obtain all possible terms.
\ref 01501
\lxam ma:xakwalowa
\lxam_c kima:xakwalowa
\lxoa ma:xakwalowa
\lxoa_c kima:xakwalowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to knead or squeeze in ones hands
\sense_s amasar o apretar en las manos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:kipachoh, a:man yo:pe:w kima:xakwalowa para ma kwe:chiwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's already pressed down on it (in this case curd to make cheese so that the juices are squeezed out), now he has begun to squeeze it in his hands so that it becomes finer
(in drying up).
\phrase_s Ya le hizo presión (en este caso a cuajada para queso, para exprimir el jugo), ahora lo ha empezado a amasar (apretar) en las manos para que se haga más fino.
\phrase_n O:kima:xakwaloh ichi:chiwal ina:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He squeezed his mother's breasts.
\phrase_s Apretólos senos de su mamá.
\phrase_n Kima:xakwalotok sokitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is squeezing the clay in his hands.
\phrase_s Estáamasando el barro en las manos.
\root ma:
\root xakwal
\grm Noun incorporation; thematic roles; transitivity: Cf. /maxakwaliwi/, which means 'to get an exhausted arm' and /ma:xakwalowa/, which means 'to knead or squeeze in ones
hands'. Discuss how the relationship of Noun to Verb in incorporation is affected by the transitivity, and how this makes single entries for such alternations impossible.
\ref 01502
\lxam tlatla
\lxam_c tlatla
\lxoa tlatla
\lxoa_c tlatla
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to burn; to become consumed in flames (a material object, a house, a hill covered with dry grass, etc.); to catch on fire (an object, but not the fire itself, see
mili:ni)
\sense_s quemarse (un objeto material); incendiarse; consumirse por el fuego (una casa, un cerro cubierto de pasto seco, etc.); prenderse (un objeto material, pero no el fuego o
fogata mismo, véase mili:ni)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlatla tepe:tl, tlachinawi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The hill is burning, the brush is on fire.
\phrase_s El cerro se estáquemando, el pasto se estáquemando.
\phrase_n Wel tlatla kahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A house can burn (catch on fire).
\phrase_s Una casa se puede incendiar.
\sense_e to get burned (a person or animal by fire)
\sense_s quemarse (una persona o animal por el fuego)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to get sunburned (a person)
\sense_s quemarse por el sol (una persona)
\sense_d Pending
\flao tlatia
\root tla
\disamb mili:ni, tekwi:ni, tlatla, etc.
\xref tlatia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01503
\lxam bie:joh
\lxam_c bie:joh
\lxoa bie:joh
\lxoa_c bie:joh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan viejo
\psm N
\pss Voc; P2
\der N-loan
\infn N0/2; Aln(0=2)
\sense_e (vocative)"old man"(i.e., husband)
\sense_s (vocativo)"viejo"(esto es, esposo)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (poss.) husband
\sense_s (pos.) esposo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa nobie:joh, ma:ka xtete:ne:wa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's my old man, don't badmouth him!
\phrase_s Es mi esposo,¡no hables mal deél!
\ref 01504
\lxam teberna:l
\lxam_alt teberná:l
\lxam_c teberna:l
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan pedernal
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of hard stone, apparently volcanic, that is used to make metates and rolling pins for metates (metlatl and metlapihli)
\sense_s tipo de piedra dura, aparentemente volcánica, que se emplea para fabricar metates y manos de metate
\sense_d Am
\nse Although this seems an obvious borrowing from Spanish pedernal, the stone used for metates is, to my recollection, basaltic.
\semfld stone
\qry Check meaning and use of this rock.
\ref 01505
\lxam kukwalo:tsi:n
\lxam_c kukwalo:tsi:n
\lxoa kwakwalo:tsi:n
\lxoa_c kwakwalo:tsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\sense_e person who is sickly, always getting sick (see kokoliste:roh)
\sense_s persona enfermiza, que siempre se enferma (véase kokoliste:roh)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e maize or other grains, such as beans, that are bug-eaten
\sense_s picado (como maíz, frijoles u otros granos así)
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa
\nae Given that this lexeme has only been documented in the 3rd-person, it is unclear whether reduction of the reduplicant would occur, or if the meaning of this term is lexicalized to such
an extent as to inhibit such reduction. Also, no pitch accent was noted on this form.
\qry Check to determine if only the form with the reduplication is used, i.e. if /kwalo:tsi:n/ exists or not.
\grm Note also, in general, that label- characteristic names of persons often end in /-tsi:n/ without the absolutive. When the dictionary is finished, search for /-tsi:n/-final words
and discuss if there is any common meaning.
\vl Check vowel length and, particularly, pitch accent in Oapan form.
\ref 01506
\lxam mumuwi
\lxam_c mumuwi
\lxoa mómowí
\lxoa_pr momowi
\lxoa_c mómowí
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): nímowí
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be frightened or scared
\sense_s sentir miedo o susto
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtimumuwi? Ye tlaiwa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Aren't you frightened? It's already dark (late at night)!
\phrase_s ¿No tienes miedo?¡Ya es noche!
\semfld emotions
\root mawi
\disamb mowi; momowi
\nse The reduplicated form momowi is by far the most common use of this word, in fact several consultants from Oapan denied that the nonreduplicated form ?
mowi was correct. However, the nonredupicated mowi has been documented in Ameyaltepec; see mowi for further discussion.
\qry Check the difference between /mowi/ and /momowi/.
\ref 01507
\lxam tlake:npatla
\lxam_c kitlake:npatla
\lxoa tlake:npatla
\lxoa_c kitlake:npatla
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to change the clothes of
\sense_s cambiar la ropa de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:xchia, ma nimotlake:npatlati!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Wait for me, let me go change my clothes!
\phrase_s ¡Espérame, déjame ir a cambiar de ropa!
\sense_e (refl., fig.) to acquire new leaves (trees as they turn green during the spring)
\sense_s (refl., fig.) adquirir nuevas hojas (árboles cuando reverdecen durante la primavera)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w notlake:npatla kuwteh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The trees are acquiring new leaves.
\phrase_s Losárboles están adquiriendo hojas nuevas.
\sense_e to turn green with new folliage (e.g., a hill in the spring)
\sense_s revestirse con foliaje nuevo (p. ej., un cerro en la primavera)
\sense_d Pending
\root ke:m
\root patla
\nse My recollection is that tlake:ntla and an associated verb such as tlake:npatla are also used to indicate the green ground covering of the rainy
season.
\nae The fact that /n/ is maintained in tlake:npatla despite the following bilabial nasal suggests that the final /n/ of tlake:ntli has been (re)interpreted as
underlying. Historically the root seems to have been ke:m; to facilitate cross-dialect comparison the root has been given in this dictionary as ke:m.
\qry Check use of /tlake:npatla/ and other forms to indicate the green ground covering of Summer.
\grm Phonology: The fact that /n/ is maintained in tlake:npatla despite the following bilabial nasal indicates that the final /n/ of tlake:ntli has been
(re)interpreted as underlying.
\ref 01508
\lxam xopo:nia
\lxam_c kixopo:nia
\lxoa xopo:nia
\lxoa_c kixopo:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to plow (land for the first time in a season)
\sense_s arar (tierra por la primera vez en una temporada)
\sense_d Pending
\root xopo:
\semref barbe:chowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01509
\lxam tlakah
\lxam_c tlakah
\lxoa tlakah
\lxoa_alt tla'a
\lxoa_c tlakah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\der Modal-evid
\sense_e word used to indicate surprise at sth counter to what one might have expected or what one had first indicated; it is often used at the end of phrases to indicate suprise at sth
that one thought would be otherwise
\sense_s término que se utiliza para indicar sorpresa a algo que es contrario a lo esperado o lo que uno había ya indicado; a menudo utilizado a final de frase para indicar
sorpresa a algo que se pensaba iba a ser de otra manera
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Na:nkah! Tlakah i:n?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here it is! Is this indeed it?
\phrase_s ¡Aquíestá!¿seráeste?
\phrase_n O:yah, tlakah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Indeed (contrary to what I had thought), he did go!
\phrase_s ¡Cierto (contrariamente a lo que pensaba), se fue!
\phrase_n O:nimoma:poloh, seki o:nikontlakal makwi:hli, seki chikwasen. Xihkón noto:ka: tlakah! San nana:wi noso yeye:i.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I lost track of things in my hands. In some I tossed five (seeds) and in some six. But that's not right, that's not how things are to be planted, it should be four by four or three
by three.
\phrase_s Perdíla cuenta de lo que estaba haciendo con las manos. En algunos (pocitos) echécinco (semillas) y en otros seis. Pero me di cuenta que no se siembra así, debe ser
cuatro por cuatro o tres por tres.
\phrase_n Newa milá:k o:nitewa:k. Ne:xtewa:tsa kapi:res. Tlakah xkwahli, nitik o:sa:liw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've really gotten skinny. The (fruit of the) kapi:restree has made me lose weight. It's true (contrary to what I thought) that it's no good, it got stuck in
my belly (i.e., didn't digest propery).
\phrase_s De veras he adelgazado. (La fruta del) capires me ha hecho bajar de peso. Es verdad (contrariamente a lo que pesaba) que es dañino, se atoróen mi barriga (y no se
diregió).
\root tlakah
\disamb tlaka; tlakachikas; chika; ka:chika
\nse The phrase O:nimoma:poloh, seki o:nikontlakal makwi:hli, seki chikwasen. Xihkón noto:ka tlakah! San nana:wi noso yeye:i gives a clear indication of the use of
words like tlaka and its cognates chika and tlakachikas. As the phrase suggests, a certain action was occurring, in this case the
planting of maize seeds in groups of five and six. Although the speaker seems to indicate that he simply"lost his way"with his hands (o:nimoma:poloh), the use of
tlaka and the additional clause suggest that the speaker came to the realization that he had been planting the wrong number, and that he remembered that the correct
way of planting was in groups of four. Tlakah at the end of the phrase xihkón noto:ka tlakah indicates surprise or sudden realization that he had been
in error. In Oapan there is a shortened form of tlakah that is pronounced [tla:]. However, to distinguish it from tla:meaning 'if' it has been written as an
abbreviation.
\nse The difference between tlakah (also in Oapan, tla'ah), tlakachikas(Am) / tlákachikas(Oa), and
chikasis slightly difficult to determine. In Oapan tlákachíka and chikas are used when one remembers that a fact is different than
what one has just expressed. In Ameyaltepec tlakachikas is used, but not ? chikas. Thus in both villages tlakachikas /
tlákachkas is used when something is suddenly remembered. It is used when a previous utterence is corrected. However, tlakahis more often
used when one corrects some knowledge acquired by seeing. For example, if a speaker thinks that Juan is coming along a path and suddenly realizes that it is Jorge, he might say
Wa:hlaw Jorge, tlakah Juan!.
\nae Note that the abbreviated form tla'a in Oapan seems to be vowel- (not /h/-) final. However, it is hard to determine this since this modal form has not been documented
in phrase-final position.
\nde The modal element tlakah is also found in Classical Nahuatl. Carochi (fol. 114; Lockhart, p. 416) states:" Tlákâ, breve la primera a, y la segunda
con saltillo, es adverbio de que usa, el que se acuerda de repente de algo y lo dize, aviendo dicho antes lo contrario,òotra cosa diferente, v. g. preguntaleàuno su confessor si tiene
algun pecado, y el dize: àtle màitlàic onicnoyolìtlacalhuìin Tote:cuiyo; tlàkâniquilnamiqui ce: sihua:tl onic huetzquilìoniquelehuî, en nada he ofendidoàNuestro Señor: assi!
acuerdome, que hize señasàuna muger, y la dessee. Para que se entienda el exemplo siguiente, supongo que en Mexicano son semejantes, y faciles de equivocar, las palabras con
que se dize: ocupacion de borrachera, y ocupacion de govierno; predicando pues uno, dixo: in amèhua:ntin in ampi:piltin in ne:nmanya:nàmo anquihua:lcaquìin i:missàtzin
Tote:cuiyo, canel yèini:c i:tech anmotlamiàin amotla:hua:ncatequiuh; tlácào:ninote:mpatili in amotlàtòca: te quiuh, vosotros los principales no venisàMissa entre semana, y es
que os escusais con vuestra occupacion de borrachera; assi! que me equivoquè, quise dezir con vuestra ocupacion de govierno."Lockhart in his footnote (416, n. 4) states:"This
particle (i.e., tlacâ -ja) is entirely opaque to me as to any separate constituents it may contain. Tlacâis an interjection, a separate parenthetical utterance, not
really an adverb."Whether this should be considered an interjection or a modal is not entirely clear to me at this point. Certainly, tlakah expresses surprise and is used
in this sense as an interjection. However, it also is a comment on a propositional statement that was once thought to be true but that evidence has shown to be wrong. Thus in saying
Tlakah yewa! the translation is not simply 'Oh my goodness, it's him!' but rather 'It's him (even though I thought otherwise at first, now I see/know that my initial
observation/state of knowledge w as in error)! In this sense Ca r o chi's observation"el que se acuerda de repente de algo y lo dize, aviendo dicho antes lo contrario,òcosa
diferente"is right on target. However, it is still not clear whether tlakah is used if someone simply remembers something omitted or misspoken, or whether it is
limited to situations in which a previous state of knowledge stands corrected by new evidence.
\qry Determine if all forms listed in the /dis field can be used in single phrase, e.g., /tlaka yewa/, /chika yewa/, /ka:chika yewa/ and /tlakachikas yewa/. Check whether /tlakachika/ is
correct or if only /tlakachikas/ is used. Finally, decide whether this should be a coordinator or modal.
\qry Perhaps examine and compare /o:yah tlaka/, /o:yah teh/, /o:yah kine/, etc.
\semref chika
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tlakachikas
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 01510
\lxam osto:tl
\lxam_c osto:tl
\lxoa osto:tl
\lxoa_c osto:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e cliff; precipice; steep drop off of a hill or mountain
\sense_s precipicio
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e cave
\sense_s cueva
\sense_d Oa
\root osto:
\nse In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl osto:tl refers to a cliff or steep drop, not to a cave, although it is recognized that in these cliffs there are caves, and it is in these caves that the
Devil may live.
\qry I have checked the first vowel several times and it appears that it is short in the basic noun and in all derivations; thus one entry card states that"the vowel pattern is definitely correct
having been checked with a large number of informants."Nevertheless, this should be rechecked. Note that in Ameyaltepec it appears that /osto:tl/ is used to refer to a cliff or steep
drop-off, not to a cave although perhaps, and this should be checked, it may also refer to a cave. Check for possessed forms /
\ref 01511
\lxam tetso:ltik
\lxam_c tetso:ltik
\lxoa tetso:ltik
\lxoa_c tetso:ltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. te-
\sense_e to be dried
\sense_s estar resecado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikontla:lih xokotl de un tetso:ltik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I put in some plums of the kind that are dried.
\phrase_s Le puse ciruelos de los que son resecados.
\flao tso:liwi
\root te-
\root tso:l
\qry Check to determine whether /tso:ltik/ occurs with this sense. My understanding is that whereas /tso:ltik/ means 'short' /tetso:ltik/ means 'dried up.' Perhaps the same difference is
found between /tso:liwi/ or /tso:lowa/ on the one hand, and /tetso:liwi/ and /tetso:lowa/ on the other.
\grm Relativizer: Note that in Ameyaltepec the partial borrowing /de un/ is used as a relativizer in the phrase /O:nikontla:lih xokotl de un tetso:ltik/ 'I put in some plums of the
kind that are dried.'
\ref 01512
\lxam a:wilto:ka:yo:tia
\lxam_c ka:wilto:ka:yo:tia
\lxoa a:wilto:ka:yo:tia
\lxoa_c ka:wilto:ka:yo:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-yo:tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to nickname; to call by nickname
\sense_s dar un apodo a; llamar por su apodo a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:cha:wilto:ka:yo:tian 'masa:tl.'
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They nickname me 'deer.'
\phrase_s Me apodan 'venado'.
\phrase_n Ke:no:n ka:wilto:ka:yo:tian?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e What is his nickname?
\phrase_s ¿Cuál es su apodo?
\root a:wil
\root to:ka:
\ref 01513
\lxam kwa:teporo:n
\lxam_c kwa:teporo:n
\lxoa kwa:poro:n
\lxoa_c kwa:poro:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(ap)
\pss P1; P2; TM
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infn N1; pl. kwa:teporo:meh , kwa:poro:meh \
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 41, various
\sense_e type of greyish-colored Flycatcher, probably of the genus Myiarchus, though the exact species has not been identified; some consultants in Ameyaltepec me han
dicho que es un tipo de si:bara:tl
\sense_s tipo de pájaro de los llamado"Flycatcher, probablemente del género Myiarchus, aunque la especie precisa no ha sido determinada; algunos en Ameyaltepec me
han dicho que es un tipo de si:bara:tl
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e the clump of feathers that stands on the head of some birds
\sense_s la bolita de plumas sobre la cabeza de algunos pájaros
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia ikwa:teporo:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has a crown of feathers on its head (e.g., hens and quails, so:lin).
\phrase_s Tiene su coronita de plumas (p. ej., gallinas y codornices, so:lin).
\sense_e to have a clump of feathers on the head (e.g., some birds, or a person with hair cut in this way)
\sense_s tener una bolita de plumas sobre la cabeza (p. ej., algunos pájaros, o una persona con su pelo cortado para que quede un poquito de pelo parado en medio de la cabeza)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ski un piókwa:teporo:n, tihkwa:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Even though that chicken has a crown of feathers, we will eat it.
\phrase_s Aunque esa gallina tiene una coronita de plumas, nos la vamos a comer.
\sense_e having (a pa clump of hair that stands up in the middle of his or her head
\sense_s una persona (hombre o mujer) que tiene un poquito de pelo que se para en medio de su cabeza
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root kwa:
\root tepol
\disamb hypo-pj si:bara:tl
\nse The etymology of this kwa:teporo:n is uncertain. It may be a partial borrowing from Spanish; or it may include the word-stem tepol , meaning
something like 'stumpy' or 'stumpy.' The latter seems perhaps more likely, given that no potential Spanish loan can be established, given the semantics of kwa:teporo:n
, and given the frequent variation across languages of /l/ and /r/. The physical characteristics of this bird's head, with its clump of feathers, might have something to do with the term
kwa:teporo:n. Cristino Flores mentioned that this bird has a part in the middle of its back that is tewistik(having a small bump) in the middle of its
head, a clump of feathers that stand up. The color of this bird is tekwitlanextsi:n. Although some speakers mentioned that the kwa:teporo:n is a type of
bird generically called si:bara:tl , Cristino Flores mentioned that the si:bara:tlis another type, one that makes loud sounds (
kwa:texi:kal).
\nae Kwa:teporon is interesting in that as a noun it can refer to a specific animal (the bird of that name), to a part of a bird or other animal (the crest or tuft of hair) that is
obligatorily possessed, and as an attributive noun (describing a particular quality, which is the possession of the distinguishing feature of a tuft of hair or feathers).
\nde In Oapan the form kwa:poro:h is used to refer to the bird. A young child (usually less than a year old) may also be so called if he has hair that stands up and cannot be
combed or flattened down.
\qry Recheck vowel length, although in one entry I have the vowels as marked and the penultimate syllable marked as stressed, to confirm that the accent is not on the final syllable.
\grm Nouns: Kwa:teporon is interesting in that as a noun it can refer to a specific animal (the bird of that name), to a part of a bird or other animal (the crest or
tuft of hair) that is obligatorily possessed, and as an attributive noun (describing a particular quality, which is the possession of the distinguishing feature of a tuft of hair
or feathers).
\ref 01514
\lxam xopilowa
\lxam_c kixopilowa
\lxoa xopilowa
\lxoa_c kixopilowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-owa
\lexical Op. te- : texopilowa
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to spoon up; to scoop up (with a spoon, bowl, or similar object)
\sense_s cucharear; sacar (con una cuchara, jícara u objeto similar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikxopilo:s yetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to spoon up some beans.
\phrase_s Voy a cucharear algunos frijoles.
\phrase_n Xikxopilo a:tl ika wekahli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Scoop up some water with a gourd bowl!
\phrase_s ¡Saca algo de agua con una jícara!
\sense_e (texopilowa) to butt with the head (certain animals such as bulls [S])
\sense_s (texopilowa) golpear duro con la frente (de la cabeza, algunos animales como toros [S])
\sense_d Pending
\root xopil
\nse According to Florencia Marcelino the use of te- indicates a greater amount of material taken on the spoon (ma:s we:i kontila:na) than simple
xopilowa.
\vl Cf. to /xo:pi:lowa/. Compare vowel lengths for this minimal pair.
\ref 01515
\lxam te:ntlapowa
\lxam_c kite:ntlapowa
\lxoa te:ntlapowa
\lxoa_c kite:ntlapowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to open (by taking the top off, e.g., of a container, a bottle, etc.); to uncork
\sense_s abrir; destapar; descorchar (al quitarle la tapadera o tapón, p. ej., a un recipiente, botella, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xte:ntlapo morefre:skoh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Open up your soda!
\phrase_s ¡Destapa tu refresco!
\root te:n
\root tlapo:
\ref 01516
\lxam mexkahli de ka:ka:lo:te:ntli
\lxam_c mexkahli de ka:ka:lo:te:ntli
\lxoa mexkahli ka:ka:lo:te:ntli
\lxoa_c mexkahli ka:ka:lo:te:ntli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e see ka:ka:lo:te:ntli
\sense_s véase ka:ka:lo:te:ntli
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root mexkal
\root ka:l
\root te:n
\ref 01517
\lxam mekapahli
\lxam_c mekapahli
\lxoa makapahli
\lxoa_alt mekapahli
\lxoa_c makapahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e headband; tumpline
\sense_s mecapal
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tool
\root me:ka
\root pal
\nse It seems that mekapahli refers just to the headband, usually of palm, that is attached to a rope and placed flat on ones forehead as the ropes are tied to an object that
is carried on the back, with the major portion of the weight being borne by the forehead.
\qry Check whether meaning is the entire object, or just the headband.
\root_notes In /mekapahli/ appparently /pal/ is a separate root from /meka/ although its precise meaning is not clear. It never occurs in isolation but seems to indicate flatness (as in
/makpal/).
\ref 01518
\lxam tsi:kanekwtli
\lxam_cpend *tsi:kanekwtli
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\sense_e see tsi:kanekwteh
\sense_s véase tsi:kanekwteh
\sense_d Am
\root tsi:ka
\root nekw
\semref tsómanéhtih
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01519
\lxam tsonakawestok
\lxam_c tsonakawestok
\lxoa tsonakawestok
\lxoa_c tsonakawestok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\compound PM-Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be lying down on ones side (an animate being); to be tilted over and lying down (a material object)
\sense_s estar acostado sobre el lado del cuerpo (un ser animado); estar chueco y acostado (un objeto material)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye tsonakawestok moanjolí:n burroh, xkwahli o:nankitla:laktikeh punta:les.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your row of cut sesame plants is already leaning over, you didn't put the stake supports into the ground well.
\phrase_s Tu hacina de ajonjolíya se va cayendo, Uds. no metieron bien los puntales en la tierra.
\root tsonaka
\root wetsi
\nae Luis Lucena stated that both titsonakawestok and tsonaka tiwestok were correct, suggesting that the interpretation of this sequence as either two
words or one word is acceptable. However, documentation of this form in discourse has always been with the tsoaka element fused. In Oapan the subject prefix
seems to always precede tsonaka and thus the sequence should be written as one word.
\qry Check plural: 'we lie down on our sides'; is /tsonaka/ plural marked. This must be elicited with an overt, plural subject marker, e.g., /nan-/. Check.
\grm Predication: In regard to the sequence /tsonaka westok/, a question arises as to whether it is one or two words. Luis Lucena stated that both titsonakawestok
and tsonaka tiwestok were correct, suggesting that the interpretation of this sequence as two words is acceptable. However, note that since in Ameyaltepec
Nahuatl the pronominal prefixes function as clitics (cf. tiwe:i chichi) at the left of the clause of N plus Modifier, it is possible that even with /titsonaka westok/ it would be
correct to interpret this as two words, with the subject clitic aligned to the left. One possible way to solve this would be to elicit the plural form and see if /tsonaka/ has any
such plural marking. It might not.
\ref 01520
\lxam kukuwiltia
\lxam_c kikukuwiltia
\lxoa kókowíltia
\lxoa_pr kokowiltia
\lxoa_c kí:kowíltia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): kí:kowíltia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to make or order (sb) to chop wood
\sense_s hacer (a algn) leñar; mandar leñar a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kikukuwiltih ipió:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He made his hired hand chop wood.
\phrase_s Hizo leñar a su peón.
\sense_e to use (an animal) for carrying firewood
\sense_s emplear (una bestia) para cargar leña
\sense_d Oa
\root kow
\grm Causative: note the use of the causative here with an agentive/unergative verb meaning 'to make Ag carry out Pred.'
\qry_fon Carefully check vowel length of /i/ in /-iltia/ as I seemed to hear length when C. Flores pronounced it during the word recording session.
\ref 01521
\lxam tesiwtli
\lxam_c tesiwtli
\lxoa tésihtlí
\lxoa_c tésihtlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e hailstone
\sense_s piedra de granizo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n On kichkone:tl melá:k yo:kipepe:n tesiwtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That little boy picked up a lot of hailstones.
\phrase_s Ese niñito recogiómuchas piedras de granizo.
\root te
\root hsi
\nae The Oapan from tésihtlí suggests underlying {h}. The /h/ is found in the Zacapoaxtla dialect; Tetelcingo, Morelos, and Norte de Puebla lack this phoneme as a coda to
the first syllable.
\qry_h tesiwi
\ref 01522
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kechkomiteyo
\lxoa_c i:kechkomiteyo
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-yo
\infn N2
\sense_e collar bone
\sense_s clavícula
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\root kech
\root omi
\root te
\nse Kechkomiteyo apparently includes the collar bone around to the back or nape of the neck.
\semref kechomio
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 01523
\lxam nexa:yo:tl
\lxam_c nexa:yo:tl
\lxoa nexa:yo:tl
\lxoa_c nexa:yo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-d-yo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e yellow water formed by nextamal after it has been soaking in boiled water
\sense_s agua amarrilla del nextamal que se ha dejado remojar en agua hervida
\sense_d Pending
\root nex
\root a:
\ency_note tisi
\qry Check to determine possessed form.
\mod Include a description of maize and tortilla preparation, mention all the associated tools (e.g., /kuhburroh/, /a:chi:wi:ltepalkatl/, /metlatl/ and its types, etc.
\grm Note how the abstract suffix /-yo:tl/ is here used to indicate the abstract form of a part/whole relationship. Apparently the /-yo:tl/ here marks a possessive relationship
(part/whole) of /a:tl/ to /nex-/. One wonders why the form /nexa:tl/ is not found. Cf. to other forms that end in simply /a:tl/. Here the /-yo:tl/ seems to be not so
much"abstraction"as part/whole. Compare to other words that end in this. RS has /nexa:tl/ as 'lejía' (apparently, 'bleach').
\semref nexkwitlatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01524
\lxam a:skatlan
\lxam_c a:skatlan
\lxoa a:skatlah
\lxoa_alt a:skatlan
\lxoa_c a:skatlah
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-tlan
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e place with a lot of ants
\sense_s hormiguero o lugar con muchas hormigas
\sense_d Pending
\root a:ska
\root_rel -tlan
\grm Adjectivals; nouns: Note the key difference between the denominal adjectivals ending in /-yoh/ and the derived nouns ending in /-tlan/. The former refers to things (such as
material objects) that are covered or full of what the noun stem expresses. The latter refers to an area that is covered with the objects indicated by the noun stem.
\ref 01525
\lxam tsi:nxoloxtik
\lxam_c tsi:nxoloxtik
\lxoa tsi:nxoloxtik
\lxoa_c tsi:nxoloxtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to have the lower part bunched up (e.g., a sack that has been tied to prevent things from falling out through a hole)
\sense_s tener la parte inferior todo funcido (p. ej., un costal que ha sido amarrado para que no salga lo de adentro por un agujero)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to have pleats around the bottom (e.g., a pleated dress, or certain mens cotton pants)
\sense_s tener tablitas por la parte trasera (p. ej., una falda, o calzones de hombre)
\sense_d Pending
\root tsi:n
\root xoloch
\nse In Ameyaltepec several people mentioned that tsi:nxoloxtik refers to a wrinkled anus. But this was problably just a"vacilada"of young boys. The anus is considered
almost a prototypical reference of the adjectival xoloxtik for, as one consultant mentioned in regard to this word, san se: ko:sah xoloxtik 'there is only
one thing that is so wrinkled,' in reference to the anus.
\ref 01526
\lxam tlami:na
\lxam_c notlami:na
\lxoa tlami:ni
\lxoa_c notlami:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to spurt or rapidly flow out (a liquid)
\sense_s salir a chorros; manar fuertemente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Notlatlami:ntok iyesio.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His blood is spurting out.
\phrase_s Sale a chorros su sangre.
\sense_e (refl.) to jump rapidly along (e.g., a rabbit when running away from a dog)
\sense_s (refl.) ir brincando rápido (p. ej., un conejo corriendo de un perro)
\sense_d Pending
\root mi:na
\nae The derivation of tlami:na and tlami:ni, which has only been documented in the reflexive, clearly involves the transitive verb mi:na or
mi:ni and the nonspecific object prefix tla-. The verb seems to refer to liquids that spurt out under pressure from a container: blood from a wound, water
from a container with a hole, water that emerges forcefully from a spring. When asked to give the meaning of this word, consultants will usually make a short semicircular motion with
their index finger, apparently trying to represent the motion of a liquid that squirts out and then curls under itself as it falls down. The Spanish translation that was sometimes given
was saltar. However, the use of tla- in this verb seems to be distinct from its use in other transitive verbs where it has a"modifying"function, such as
tlawi:tekiand tlatlata. In both these latter instances tla- seems to indicate an action or event that affec ts the entire body
(which is slammed to the ground or which is looked over). With tlami:na and tlami:ni there seems to be no such sense.
\grm /tla-/ incorporation: The derivation of tlami:na and tlami:ni, which has only been documented in the reflexive, clearly involves the transitive
verb mi:na or mi:ni and the nonspecific object prefix tla-. The verb seems to refer to liquids that spurt out under pressure from a
container: blood from a wound, water from a container with a hole, water that emerges forcefully from a spring. When asked to give the meaning of this word, consultants
will usually make a short semicircular motion with their index finger, apparently trying to represent the motion of a liquid that squirts out and then curls under itself as it
falls down. The Spanish translation that was sometimes given was saltar. However, the use of tla- in this verb seems to be distinct from its use in
other transitive verbs where it has a"modifying"function, such as tlawi:tekiand tlatlata. In both these latter instances
tla- seems t o indicate an acti on or event that affects the entire body (which is slammed to the ground or which is looked over). With tlami:na
and tlami:ni there seems to be no such sense.
\ref 01527
\lxam tsi:ntlan
\lxam_alt tsi:ntlah
\lxam_c itsi:ntlan
\lxoa tsi:ntlan
\lxoa_c i:tsi:ntlah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(rel)
\der Rel-stem/poss-com
\infn N2(rel)
\sense_e at the bottom of; below
\sense_s en la parte de abajo de
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n I:tsi:ntlan momi:l, pakah un yo:lki. Tlakwa:s. San ma:ka:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is an animal at the lower edge of your milpa. It will eat. It's been left out to graze.
\phrase_s Hay un animal abajo de tu milpa. Va a comer. Ha sido dejado en el campo para comer el pasto.
\root tsi:n
\root_rel -tlan
\disamb tsi:ntlan; i:kxitlan; tlampa, etc. along with kwa:tlan; kwa:tipan; etc.
\nse The differences between tsi:ntlan , ikxitlan , and tlampa are important to note. Although more research needs to be carried out,
apparently tlampa signifies 'underneath,' implying that the subject is under some other object that extends horizontally over it. Perhaps it is
this"horizontal"perspective that is most notable about tlampa. On the other hand, ikxitlan is apparently used in reference to objects that may be literally
or metaphorically understood to have"feet"or"legs."The translation that seems most accurate at this time would be simply 'at the feet of.' It seems that the distance involved from the
point of reference would be minimal. A slightly different situation seems to occur with tsi:ntlan. The relationship here seems to be one of 'below,' 'at the base of,' 'in the
lower region or section of,' etc., and the distances involved may be relatively great. Note, finally, that whereas tsi:ntlan may o ccasionally occur with a final /h/, it is
more commonlly used with final /n/. On the other hand, tlatsi:ntlah, which has tla- as a nonspecific possessor, occurs exclusively (or nearly
exclusively) with final /h/.
\qry Thus perhaps one could make a contrast between i:tlampa mokal , i:kxitlan mokal , and i:tsi:ntlah mokal meaning, respectively,
'underneath your house (e.g., underneath the bottom floor),' 'at the foot of your house (e.g., in the exterior at the edge where wall meets ground),' and 'in the bottom of your house
(i.e., on the first floor).' All these have to be determined.
\ref 01528
\lxam te:skatl
\lxam_c te:skatl
\lxoa te:skatl
\lxoa_c te:skatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e glass
\sense_s vidrio
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e mirror
\sense_s espejo
\sense_d Pending
\root te:ska
\nae The possessed construction is regular: note:skaw.
\ref 01529
\lxam mati
\lxam_c kimati
\lxoa mati
\lxoa_c kimati
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv Irregular; see mati
\sense_e to know (a fact, such as the whereabouts of sb, the answer or solution to a problem, etc.);
\sense_s saber (un dato, como la ubicación de algo o algn, la resolución a un problema, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikneki hmatis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I want to know (it)
\phrase_s (Lo) quiero saber.
\phrase_n Xnikmati ka:no:n o:yah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't know where he went.
\phrase_s No se a dónde se fue.
\phrase_n O:nikmaste:w tli:no:n nochi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I found out what was going to be done just before leaving.
\phrase_s Justamente antes de salir, me enteréde lo que se iba a hacer.
\sense_e (with -tok or -tikah in Oapan) to be aware of (i.e., in a state of awareness of a certain fact or situation)
\sense_s (con tok o -tikah en Oapan) estar conciente de (esto es, estar en un estado de conocimiento acerca de una situación o hecho particular)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma tikmastoka:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let's us be made aware of it!
\phrase_s ¡Quéestemos enterados de ello!
\phrase_n Nikmastoya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I knew it.
\phrase_s Lo sabía.
\phrase_n Nikmastok. Ma:ski ma:ka xne:chihli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am aware of it. You don't even have to tell me!
\phrase_s Estoy conciente de ello.¡Ni me lo tienes que decir!
\phrase_n Timiste:i:xpanti:s, tikmastok, pa:mpa ke:n timotan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am going to tell (in this case your parents) on you (said by a girl to a boy who was courting her), you should be sure of that, because we are related.
\phrase_s Me voy a quejar (en este caso a tus padres) de tí(dicho por una muchacha al muchacho que la estaba cortejando), estéseguro de ello, porque somos parientes.
\sense_e to try out; to taste; to attempt
\sense_s probar; intentar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma tikmatika:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let's try it out (e.g., 'Let's taste it,' a food)!
\phrase_s ¡Vamos a probarlo (p. ej., una comida, etc.)!
\phrase_n Xmati deke ti:roh yetí:k!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Try it out to see if it is is very heavy (e.g., a load before attempting to carry it)!
\phrase_s ¡Pruébalo (p. ej., una carga antes de intentar llevarla a cuestas) para saber si estámuy pesado!
\phrase_n Xmati deke yumpa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Taste it (in this case a dish of prepared food) to see it is is just right!
\phrase_s ¡Pruébala (en este caso un guisado) para saber si estájustamente bien!
\sense_e to feel (through the senses, particularly of touch)
\sense_s sentir (por los sentidos, particularmente lo táctil)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n ¿O:tmat? Ne:si o:tla:loli:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Did you feel it? It seems that there was an earthquake!
\phrase_s ¿Lo sentiste?¡Parece que hubo un temblor!
\phrase_n Nikmati yetí:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is heavy for me.
\phrase_s Lo siento pesado.
\phrase_n O:kimat kikwenti:s un to:roh, o:wa:lnoma:ka:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He felt (realized) that the bull would get the better of him, (so) he let go (and jumped off its back, in this case during a rodeo).
\phrase_s Sintióque el toro le iba a ganar, (por eso) se dejócaer (en este caso durante un jaripeo).
\sense_e (xtlah ~) to not be in charge; to have no responsibility; to no nothing about (e.g., a decision)
\sense_s (xtlah ~) no tener la autoridad; no estar encargado; no tener la responsabilidad; no saber nada (p. ej., de una responsabilidad o decisión)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa xtlah kimati.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's not the one in charge (responsible).
\phrase_s El no estáel responsable (encargado).
\phrase_n Newa xtlah nikmati. Xiktlatlani nepa ina:k notah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm don't know anything about it (in this case I'm not the one to ask about a particular item requested in loan). Go ask for it there with my father!
\phrase_s No sénada (en este caso no soy el indicado o responsable para determinar sobre lo que pides prestado).¡Pídeselo allá, con mi papá!
\sense_e (xkimati + [verb]) to never [verb]; to not know what it means to [verb]
\sense_s (xkimati + [verbo]) nunca [verbo]; no saber lo que significa [verbo]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n De milá:k tekipanowa:ntsi:n. Xkimati nose:wia.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 01529_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 2002_08_06_CF1_Am.wav / 1:13
\phrase_e He is a real hard worker. He doesn't know how to take a break.
\phrase_s Es trabajador. No sabe descansar.
\phrase_n Pitso, xkimati noxwitia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pigs, they don't know what it means to overeat (i.e., to get full, to get an upset stomach from overeating, etc.).
\phrase_s Un marrano, no sabe que es atestarse (esto es, nunca se llena, nunca queda satisfecho de comida)
\sense_e (refl.) to get accustomed to; to get used to (e.g., muscles that get in shape to a particular activity; a person or animal to a given location or home, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) acostumbrarse; hallarse (p. ej., músculos que se adaptan a una actividad en particular, una persona o animal a un lugar o hogar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nomatkeh nokxiwa:n. Xok nisiawi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My legs have gotten accustomed (in shape, for a task, to walking, etc.). I no longer get tired.
\phrase_s Ya se hallaron mis piernas (a un trabajo o tarea). Ya no me canso.
\phrase_n Yo:nomat nosuwa:w, xok ya:sneki icha:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My wife has gotten used to this place, she no longer wants to go home.
\phrase_s Mi esposa ya se hallóaquí, ya no quiere regresar a su casa.
\phrase_n A:man yo:nomatkeh nopitsotsitsi:wa:n. Xohkanah yaweh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My pigs have now gotten used to this place (i.e., come to feel at home). They no longer go (run away) anywhere.
\phrase_s Ahora mis marranitos se hallaron (aquí). Ya no van a ningún lado.
\phrase_n Notech yo:nomat noxwi:tsi:n pa:mpa ke:n tlasotla - sic-.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My grandchild has come to feel at home with me because I really love him.
\phrase_s Mi nieto ya se hallóconmigo porque lo quiero mucho.
\sense_e (refl.) to settle in a particular position (e.g., sth placed in a particular position that then remains there)
\sense_s (refl.) quedarse en una posición en particular (p. ej., algo colocado en cierta posición que se queda así)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ko:pi:liw mosombre:roh, ipan o:kiaw, a:man xteteketsa, tla:mo saihkón nomatis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your hat has drooped down, it got rained upon, now straighten the rim up, it you don't it will stay that way.
\phrase_s Se cayeron las alas de tu sombrero, le cayóla lluvia encima, ahora enderézalo, si no, se quedaráasí.
\sense_e (recipr. prog.) to get along
\sense_s (recipr. prog.) llevarse bien
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nomastokeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are getting along well with each other (i.e., getting to like each other, spending a lot of time together).
\phrase_s Se están llevando bien (esto es, cayéndose bien, pasando mucho tiempo juntos).
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to know the location of (e.g., firewood, deer to hunt, etc.)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) saber la ubicación de; saber donde se localiza (p. ej., algo como leña, venado para cazar, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa kimamati tlikohtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's the one who knows where there is firewood.
\phrase_s El esél que sabe donde hay leña.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to feel around quickly (e.g., the body of, as with a doctor in looking for an injury; see tlá:machília)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) palpar o tantear rapídamente (p. ej.,el cuerpo de, como un doctor en buscar donde se lastimó; véase tlá:machília)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Mí:tsmatíka:n ma:s mitsokowa.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He (a doctor) feels around to find where it hurts you most.
\phrase_s El (un doctor) te palpa el cuerpo para ver donde te duele más.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to feel around slowly
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) palpar o tantear despacio
\sense_d Oa
\root mati
\nse The difference between forms such as kimati and kimastok is somewhat difficult to specify. The former refers to a particular and precise bit of
information, e.g., knowing how to do something, the answer to a puzzle, etc. However, kimastok suggests more of a background type of knowledge, e.g.,
kimastok pero xkite:ihlia 'He knows but is not telling anyone.' However, more work needs to be done on differentiating these two forms. The form
mámatí in Oapan 'to know the location of' can be reduplicated as má:matí with virtually the same sense: xtihmá:matítla: nika:n nemi
Roberto? 'Do you know if Roberto is around here?' Note, also that the verb mati can be used with both short and long reduplication to indicate 'to feel
around' (tantear)'; the difference lies in the speed with which the action is performed.
\nae With aspectual markers joined by the -ti- ligature one finds forms such as kimastok , probably indicative of underlying {matsi}. The applicative and
causative stem mach might well be a palatalized version of matsi.
\qry Discuss difference between /nikmati/ and /nikmastok/. Also determine the meaning of /mamati/, which I think refers only to knowing the location of. Finally, /tlamastiw/: check the
definition and determine all the contexts in which /tlamastiw/ may be used. Can one say /tlamati/, /tlamastok/, etc.?
\qry Contraction: Note the following /Notech yo:nomat noxwi:tsi:n pa:mpa ke:n tlasotla (sic)/ 'My grandchild has come to feel at home with me because I really love him.' In
several examples I have noticed that an initial geminate consonant sequence will go to /hC/ as in /nikneki hmatis/ for /nikneki nikmatis/. In the previous case this is perhaps what
occurs although I have not recorded the preaspiration in my notes. Perhaps the correct form is /... pampa ke:n htlasotla/, or perhaps the final /n/ of /ke:n/ is aspirated. Check.
\grm Contraction: Note the following /Notech yo:nomat noxwi:tsi:n pampa ke:n tlasotla (sic)/ 'My grandchild has come to feel at home with me because I really love him.'
In several examples I have noticed that an initial geminate consonant sequence will go to /hC/ as in /nikneki hmatis/ for /nikneki nikmatis/. In the previous case this is
perhaps what occurs although I have not recorded the preaspiration in my notes. Perhaps the correct form is /... pampa ke:n htlasotla/, or perhaps the final /n/ of /ke:n/ is
aspirated. Check.
\grm Reduplication: Note, also that the verb mati can be used with both short and long reduplication to indicate 'to feel around' (tantear)'; the difference lies
in the speed with which the action is performed.
\grm Triplication Oapan: The form mámatí in Oapan 'to know the location of' can be reduplicated as má:matí with virtually the same sense:
xtihmá:matítla: nika:n nemi Roberto? 'Do you know if Roberto is around here?
\vl There are additional tokens of this word under 03651, an entry that has been deleted.
\semref nomastok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref i:xmati
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlamastiw
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref machilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref maxtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref tlamati
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlamastok
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlamastiw
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01530
\lxam xokwi:chiwtok
\lxam_c xokwi:chiwtok
\lxoa xokwi:chihtok
\lxoa_c xokwi:chihtok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be bunched up (e.g., a wrap-around skirt poorly put in place)
\sense_s estar fruncido (p. ej., una falta mal colocada por la cintura)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xokwi:chiwtok ikwe.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Her skirt is bunched up (e.g, as one wraps it around one end near the slit gets caught in the waistband and the skirt gets caught and bunched up)
\phrase_s Su falda estáfruncida (p. ej., al envolverla por la cintura una parte se atora por el elástico y la falta se frunce)
\root xokwi:ch
\qry Query whether both /xokwichiwtok/ and /xokwixtik/ exist and, if so, what the difference is. I would have expected /xokwi:xtik ikwe/, not the example phrase given above.
\ref 01531
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be /se:/ but the adjectival and nominal use of this word have been combined in one entry with Num as part of speech. The utterance taped at Yale was /se:
nihneki/. This should be linked to the illustrative phrase in 423.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 01532
\lxam tlanepantlah
\lxam_c tlanepantlah
\lxoa tlanepantlah
\lxoa_c tlanepantlah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\sense_e see -nepantlah
\sense_s véase nepantlah
\sense_d Pending
\ref 01533
\lxam temowa
\lxam_c temowa
\lxoa temowa
\lxoa_c temowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-4c(pano)
\sense_e to descend (an animate, e.g., down a slope or hill, off a platform, etc.); to get off or out of (e.g., a car, truck, bus, etc.)
\sense_s bajar (un ser animado, por una cuesta, de una plataforma, etc.; o una persona de un coche, camión, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n temo:lo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e People get off here (e.g., at a bus stop).
\phrase_s Aquíbajan (p. ej., en una parada de camión).
\phrase_n Ye nitemowa, yo:nitlamiko tli:n 'chi:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm coming down (from a place in which I was doing sth), I've finished what I was doing.
\phrase_s Ya bajo (de un lugar donde estaba haciendo algo), terminélo que estaba haciendo.
\sense_e to slope downward (a hill, incline, etc.; see temowa:ya:n
\sense_s inclinar hacia abajo (una cuesta; véase temowa:ya:n)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (wa:ltemowa) to come down to visit; to come down (with no particular purpose)
\sense_s (wa:ltemowa) bajar a visitar; bajar (sin ningún propósito en particular)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:man wa:ltemo:s, i:n to:nahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Today he will come for a visit (in this case the president of Mexico was coming to"down"to Chilpancingo, the capital of Guerrero).
\phrase_s Hoy va a bajar a visitar (en este caso el presidente de México"bajaba"a Chilpancingo, la capital de Guerrero).
\phrase_n A:man wa:ltemo:s tlayo:hli Xali:tlah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Today maize will be brought down to Xalitla (in this case from Iguala, to the north).
\phrase_s Hoy va a bajar maíz a Xalitla (en este caso de Iguala, al norte).
\sense_e to become lower in price
\sense_s bajarse de precio
\sense_d Pending
\semfld motion
\root temo:
\nse The use of the intraverse directional wa:l- in the final two example sentences is predicated on a knowledge of the physical and social geography of Guerrero and Mexico.
In both cases the source (Mexico City as that for the president's visit and Iguala as the origin of the maize) is north of the destination, and the north (up) to south (down) metaphor is
present in Nahuatl. Also, in both cases the source point is socially, politically, and economically"up"from the destination, in these cases higher up in a political sense (Mexico City :
Chilpancingo) and an economic or market sense (Iguala : Xalitla).
\qry Check if /tlatemowa/ is a word, as in /nika:n tlatemowa/.
\grm Directionals; null complement /Ye nitemowa, yo:nitlamiko tli:n 'chi:wa/ 'I'm coming down (from a place in which I was doing sth), I've finished what I was doing.' Note first
the use of the directional in /yo:nitlamiko/, which means in a sense 'I've come to finish' or 'I've finished up.' The deictic point of reference is the point at which the task was
finished and the previous action, that of coming down, occurred. This should that the temporal points of reference for a directional might well be contained within the
clause/phrase itself. The second point to note is the elision of /nik-/ in /tli:n chi:was/. I'm still unsure how to write this. It seems that such elision occurs most frequently in the
future and the imperative/optatives, and that it seems to depend on the phonology of preceding sounds, in this case /tli:n/ seems in particular to
\xref temo:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref temowia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 01534
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /nowitike:tl/, which has been deleted as a duplicate.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\root oh
\ref 01535
\lxam koyo:nia
\lxam_c kikoyo:nia
\lxoa koyo:nia
\lxoa_c kikoyo:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to drill or bore a hole in (sth hard such as wood)
\sense_s taladrar; agujerear (algo duro como la madera)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xi:kotli, kikoyo:nia kohtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A xi:kotli bores holes in wood (i.e., to build a nest or place to live).
\phrase_s Un x:kotli taladra madera (para construir su nido).
\sense_e to dig a narrow hole (in the ground, e.g., in placing a stake, transplanting a tree, etc.)
\sense_s excavar un hoyito (en el suelo, p. ej., para meter una estaca, empotrar unárbol, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkoyo:ni para tiktla:lakti:skeh toxo:chiw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Dig a small hole (in the ground) so that we can plant our flower!
\phrase_s ¡Excava un pequeño hoyo (en la tierra) para que podamos sembrar nuestra flor!
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to pinch the surface of (sth soft like a tortilla or dough, making small depressions, but not perforating, to create areas where sauces or oil
will stay).
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) picar la superficie de (algo suave como una tortilla o masa, haciéndole pequeñas depresiones, pero no perforando, para que se pueda
juntar la manteca o salsa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkokoyo:ni mome:melatsi:n para sa:liwis mante:kah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pinch the top of your me:melaso that the lard sticks to it!
\phrase_s ¡Pícale a tu me:melapara que se agarre bien la manteca!
\root koyo:
\nse In vulgar speech this word is at times used to refer to sexual penetration.
\vl There is another female token of this word at 5999. It should be used as a link given its better sound quality.
\xref koyo:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01536
\lxam kwa:yamana
\lxam_c kikwa:yamana
\lxoa kwá:yamána
\lxoa_pr kwa:yamana
\lxoa_c kikwá:yamána
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to bother
\sense_s molestar; desagradar
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl.) to be upset; to become bothered
\sense_s (refl.) molestarse; desagradarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nimokwa:yamana, xnikwelita tli:n kichi:wtokeh nocha:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm upset, I don't like what's going on in my house.
\phrase_s Estoy molesto, no me gusta lo que estápasando en mi casa.
\root kwa:
\root ahmana
\vl Check all /amana/ forms in Oa for p-a
\grmx Oapan pitch accentl; syllable weight; mora: Note that to date I have 3 entries that comprise the verb {ahmana} and an incorportated noun: /tsontekonyámana/,
/kwá:yamána/ and /yó:lamána/. Note that only in the first case does the pitch accent remain on the verb; in the other two cases the pitch accent shifts left to the incorporated
noun. The reason for this might be incidental or idiosyncratic variation, or chance that one form was uttered when either form (pitch on IN or on first syllable of verb)
would have been correct. But I did check for variations in recording the headwords and would have probably noted alternations if they had been discussed. This is not the
case. If indeed the form variation noted above holds (even though minor alternate forms might be occasionally uttered) this would suggest that syllable weight along with
mora count affect the distribution of pitch within a word or prosodic phrase. Note that all three words have 2 morae to the left of the verbal root, that is , in each case the
incorporated noun is bimoraic. However, the two that manifest stress shift both have heavy syllables. This suggests that syllable weight may play a part in stress
reassignment/shift.
\semref tsontekonyamana
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tsontekonyámaná
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01537
\lxam dela:ntar
\lxam_alt dela:ntár
\lxam_c dela:ntár
\lxoa dela:ntar
\lxoa_alt dela:ntarr
\lxoa_c dela:ntar
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan delantal
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e apron
\sense_s delantal
\sense_d Pending
\disamb tlake:ntli
\nse There are two basic types of aprons, both of which are worn all the time as part of the everyday accoutrements of village women from adolescents on. Younger women (and more
and more even married women) wear a dress (besti:doh) and a full-length dela:ntal that covers from the chest to the knees. Older women who
wear two blouses (the sowa:koto:ntli underneath and the sa:koh on top) utilize an apron that goes only from the waist to just below the knees. In
Oapan there are the following parts of an apron: i:ma:wa:n, i:ye:lpan, i:mekayo yóya nosa:lowa, i:tra:nteyo or
i:pwe:nteyo, i:kwe:yo, i:jola:nyo, and i:bo:lsayo.
\qry Check to determine whether there is a different word for each of these two types of aprons.
\vl Check Oa /tra:nteyo/, /pwe:nteyo/, etc. If there is p-a after reviewing the headings, change this here.
\ref 01538
\lxam montoneri:tos*
\lxam_c montoneri:tos
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) montonero
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of small checkered colored bird (tekoxtsi:n) still not identified, that appearently is so called because it flies in groups
\sense_s tipo de pájaro pequeño con colores como de cuadrado (tekoxtsi:n), todavía no identificado, aparentemente asíllamado porque vuela en grupos grandes
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\ref 01539
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsi:ntlásolwá:ki
\lxoa_pr tsi:ntlasolwa:ki
\lxoa_c tsi:ntlásolwá:ki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-N-V1
\der V1-alt-ki/tsa
\infv class-3a(k)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have the roots dry up (certain plants such as maize)
\sense_s secarsele las raices (ciertas plantas como el maíz)
\sense_d Pending
\root tsi:n
\root hsol
\root wa:
\nse The precise contribution of each incorporated element to the meaning of the compound is not clear. Obviously tsi:n refers to the base of the plant; and
tlasol (which in Oapan has pitch accent) refers to dry brush. Perhaps one"literal"interpretation would be"to have the base dry up like dry brush,"in which
tlasol would be a modifying element indicating the manner in which the drying took place (e.g.., the final state arrived at) and tsi:n would indicate
the place at which the drying up occurred. Although I originally had tsi:ntlasolwa:ki for the Ameyaltepec term, Cristino Flores corrected this to
tsi:npasolwa:ki. This entry has been used for now.
\nae Although the phonology of Ameyaltepec Nahuatl that deletes underlying {h} in nonfinal position, the pitch accent pattern of Oapan Nahuatl indicates underlying {h}. Thus the
compound is probably {tsi:n + tlahsol + wa:ki}.
\qry Check the exact meaning.
\qry_h tsi:ntlasolwa:ki for location of /h/.
\grm Use of /tla-/ in non-initial position. There are several cases of N-V compounds in which the verb stem contains the /tla-/ prefix. Such an example would be /chichitlai:ni/,
which can be analyzed as N+V1, where the V1 is actually tla-V2. Other cases involve /tlatowa/ as in /chaktlatowa/. In all cases it can be argued that the verb is a
detransitivized lexeme of tla-V2. However, in the present case the meaning and reason for /tla-/ is not obvious. There might be an error in this word given that the only other
occurrence of the sequence /solwa:ki/ is in /kakasolwa:ki/, in which the parts are /kasol/ and /wa:ki/.
\semref tsi:npasolwa:ki
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 01540
\lxam chi:hka:yoh
\lxam_c xtlah kichi:hka:yoh
\lxoa chi:hka:yoh
\lxoa_c xtlah kichi:hka:yoh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg(trans.)
\sense_e (xtlah kichi:wka:yoh) to be a do-nothing; to be a good-for-nothing; to be a bum
\sense_s (xtlah kichi:wka:yoh) ser vago; ser un no-hacer-nada; ser holgazán
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Asta ye we:i wa:n xtlah kichi:hka:yoh. Xtlah tekitl kichi:wa, xkipia ino:biah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's already grown up and he's a good-for-nothing. He doesn't do any work, he doesn't have a girlfriend.
\phrase_s Ya es grande y es un holgazán. No hace ningún trabajo, no tiene novia.
\sense_e to have nothing happen as a result (e.g., after having it something, nothing happened, i.e., the person hit was not hurt)
\sense_s no tener ningún resultado adverso (p. ej., después de alcanzar a algn con algo, no le pasónada)
\sense_d Pending
\root chi:wa
\qry Determine plural form for these words. In the future I should make an effort to determine all verbs (I believe there are others that I have recorded) that permit a formation such as
/xtlah ki[verb-pret]ka:yoh/. Make sure that it is /kichi:hka:yoh/ and not /kichi:wka:yoh/. Note that originally I had recorded /kichi:wka:yoh/, which I have subsequently changed to
/kichi:hka:yoh/. Check to determine which is correct.
\grm Note the interesting syntax of /xtlah kichi:wka:yoh/. Discuss in grammar notes on this form.
\ref 01541
\lxam chi:noh
\lxam_alt chi:nah
\lxam_c chi:noh
\lxoa chi:noh
\lxoa_alt chi:nah
\lxoa_c chi:noh
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\loan chino
\psm Adj
\der Adj-loan
\allomorph Gender
\sense_e to be curly-haired
\sense_s ser chino; tener el pelo enrizado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\ncol tlayo:hli de un chi:noh
\ref 01542
\lxam tlatowa
\lxam_c tlatowa
\lxoa tlátowá
\lxoa_pr tlatowa
\lxoa_c tlátowá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to speak (words, a discourse or speech)
\sense_s hablar (palabras, un discurso, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xwel tlatowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is mute (can't speak).
\phrase_s Es mudo (no puede hablar).
\phrase_n Tlatlatowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He speaks a lot.
\phrase_s Habla mucho.
\sense_e to delimit; to mark the border or limit of (land boundaries, e.g., of private parcels or communal land)
\sense_s delimitar o demarcar; establecer los límites (p. ej., las líneas divisorias de un terreno o propiedad comunal de un pueblo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San a:tlawtli tlatowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is just the gorge that marks the limit (i.e., in lieu of artificial markers, it serves as a boundary between two pieces of land).
\phrase_s Es solamente la barranca que demarca (esto es, a falta de linderos artificiales, establece los límites entre dos terrenos).
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to say and repeat various times without reflection or restraint nor without pronouncing anything understandable
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) decir y repetir sin pronunciar algo entendible
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkimati tli:no:n ki:itotok, san miák o:konti:tila:n. Tla:tlatowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He doesn't know what junk he's saying, he just grabs out for a lot of words. He's just shooting off at the mouth.
\phrase_s No sabe que tonterías estádiciendo, jale cualquier palabra. Habla sin sentido.
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w nento:narowan, yo:pe:w tla:tlatowan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They've started to shoot off at the mouth at each other, they've started to talk without restraint.
\phrase_s Ya empezaron a intercambiar disparates, ya empezaron a hablar sin medirse.
\phrase_n O:pe:w tla:tlatowa, o:tla:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's started to speak without making sense. He's drunk.
\phrase_s Ya empezóa decir puros disparates. Estáborracho.
\phrase_n San tla:tlatotok, mitska:kaki:titok tlato:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's just grumbling (saying a lot of things), he's letting you overhear his offensive words.
\phrase_s Nada más estáhablando como de gruñon, estádejando que escuches por casualidad sus palabras.
\phrase_n Tlawe:leh. San tla:tlatotok, san tlimach oki:itoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has a terrible temper. He just says whatever comes to mind, he just says any old thing.
\phrase_s Es muy bravo. Dice nada más lo que se le ocurre, dice cualquier cosa.
\root hto
\nse Note that in the phrase san tla:tlatowa, mitska:kaki:tok tlato:hli , the idea is that the speaker is grumbling with the intent that the what he is saying be overheard. For
example, a person who is working for someone else but being paid very little may start to grumble about this so that the other, the employer, overhears, the complainer making sure
that the employer overhears.
\qry Note here how the /tla-/ is reduplicated. Check out how many transitive verbs allow the /tla-/ to be reduplicated. Check the vowel length of /tlimach/.
\qry Check meaning of /tla:tlatowa/. Be as precise as possible, and check meaning of /kitla:tlakaki:tia/ or similar forms.
\xref tlato:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref itowa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 01543
\lxam kopalkihli
\lxam_c kopalkihli
\lxoa kopalkihli
\lxoa_c kopalkihli
\lxgen kopalkihle
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of edible plant still not identified, similar to the a:tlapa:ntsi:n
\sense_s tipo de planta comestible todavía no identificado, parecido al a:tlapa:ntsi:n
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kopalkihli | Seki no: wel kikwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Kopalkihli : Some people can eat this.
\phrase_s Kopalkihli : Alguna gente se lo come.
\semfld plant
\semfld edible
\semfld xiwtli
\root kopal
\root kil
\notes_nature This is an edible small plant (herb). Ramírez (1991) identifies this as copalquelite , a member of the Leguminosae family. It is not mentioned as
such in Schoenhals (1988). Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the copalquelite.
\vl There are four additonal tokens from 363. These should be tagged as 1543, but given the better quality of later recordings, the two linked sound files should come from
1543.
\ref 01544
\lxam pipi:ltia
\lxam_c pipi:ltia
\lxoa pípí:ltia
\lxoa_pr pipi:ltia
\lxoa_c pípí:ltia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref*)
\infv class-4d(tia)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to hang down in clumps (particularly strands of sth wet that sticks together, such as hair, hemp fiber, and wet clothes, perhaps hung out to dry but then rained upon)
\sense_s estar colgado y pegado (particularmente algo mojado que se pega como cabello, fibra de maguey, y ropa mojada, como la que estácolgada y se moja por la lluvia)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pipi:ltiak notlake:n, ipan o:kiaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My clothes hung down in clumps, they got rained upon.
\phrase_s Se quedómi ropa todo como aglutinada, lloviósobre ella.
\root pi:l
\disamb pipi:liwi; koko:pi:liwi; pipi:ltia
\nae Although I have classified this verb as derived, with the verbalizing ending -tia, there is no evidence of a nominal stem that would be appropriate given the verbal meaning.
\nse Note that this verb is not derived from a nominal stem.
\ref 01545
\lxam i:pantia
\lxam_alt ii:pantia
\lxam_c ki:pantia
\lxoa i:pantia
\lxoa_c ki:pantia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to come across by chance; to see or encounter (sth) that one is not looking for
\sense_s toparse con por casualidad; ver o encontrar (algo) que no se estaba buscando a propósito
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Deke kanah tiaw iwa:n kanah o:tiki:pantih un yo:lki, xne:chihli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If you go somewhere and somewhere by chance you came across that animal (e.g., that I am looking for), tell me!
\phrase_s Si vas a algún lado y por ahípor casualidad te topas con ese animal (p. ej., que estaba buscando),¡Avísame!
\phrase_n Deke kanah tiki:panti:s, xikteki! xkwa:hki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If you come across it (in this case a certain fruit) by chance, pick it and bring it back!
\phrase_s Si por casualidad la encuentras (en este caso una fruta en particular),¡córtala y tráetela!
\root_rel -pan
\nae According to Inocencio Díaz this verb only exists with a reduplicated initial vowel: ii:pantia. This needs to be checked as my original data has a single initial vowel. In
Oapan the initial vowel is definitely not reduplicated.
\disamb ne:xtia; i:pantia
\qry Note long initial vowel /i:/; this should be checked, particularly against possessive prefixes. Compare this to /ne:xtia/, perhaps create a disambiguating entry. Make sure that /i:pantia/
refers to coming across something by chance; cf. entry in RS.
\semref ne:xtia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref i:panti
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01546
\lxam petse:wi
\lxam_c petse:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become smooth; to become polished (e.g., a stone in a river)
\sense_s alisarse; pulirse (p. ej., una piedra en el río)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kwa:k timoxi:ma, petse:wi motsontekon, xok tikwa:kokoloxtik. Pero kwa:k nowapa:wa, sepa pe:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When you get a haircut, your head becomes smooth, you no longer have curly hair. But when it grows out, once again it begins (to get curly).
\phrase_s Cuando te cortas el cabello, tu cabeza se pone lisa, ya no tienes el pelo chino. Pero cuando crezca, otra vez empieza (a salir los chinos).
\sense_e to acquire a smooth coat (an animal that is well fed)
\sense_s adquirir pelo liso y brillante (un animal que ha sido bien cuidado)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld distort-surface
\root pets
\nae Although petse:wi has been documented in the Ameyaltepec corpus, as the above illustrative phrase demonstrates, it is much less common than
petsiwi, which is the only form found in Oapan.
\qry Check for any possible difference between /petsiwi/ and /petse:wi/. Check for all possible subjects of this intransitive verb.
\semref petsiwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref petsiwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01547
\lxam tso:lowilia
\lxam_c kitso:lowilia
\lxoa tso:lowilia
\lxoa_c kitso:lowilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to shorten (sth such as clothes, rope, etc.) for
\sense_s acortar o hacer (algo como ropa, laso, etc.) más corto para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:xtso:lowili nopantalon!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Shorten (the legs of) my trousers for me!
\phrase_s ¡Hazme los pantalones más cortos!
\sense_e to make (sth) shrink on; to make (sth) smaller for (usually negatively affecting the person [PO] involved)
\sense_s hacer (algo) más pequeño para o a (generalmente afectando a la persona [OP] negativamente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kintso:lowilikeh intla:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They took away part of their land making it smaller.
\phrase_s Les quitaron parte de su terreno, achicándosela.
\root tso:l
\ref 01548
\lxam kechpitsa:wak
\lxam_c kechpitsa:wak
\lxoa kechpitsa:wak
\lxoa_c kechpitsa:wak
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-k
\sense_e to have a narrow neck (a material object, such as a ceramic vase, water bottle, etc.; or an animate being)
\sense_s tener el cuello delgado (un objeto material como un florero de cerámica, una botella; o un ser animado)
\sense_d Pending
\root kech
\root pitsa:
\nde The diminutive is kechpitsahtsi:h or kechpitsaktsi:n.
\qry Make sure this can be used to refer to animate beings. Also check for alternative adjectival forms.
\grm Diminutive: Note that the diminutive of deverbal adjectivals formed ending in /-wak/ is the same shortened form found in words such as /tetomaktik/. This should discussed in
the grammar, that the adjectivals of verbs ending in /V:wa/ is /-ktik/ and that the diminutive is /-ktsi:n/.
\ref 01549
\lxam se:se:xpan
\lxam_c se:se:xpan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-tm
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e every year
\sense_s cada año
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Se:se:xpan mi:xiwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She gives birth every year.
\phrase_s Da a luz cada año.
\phrase_n Se:se:xpan niktoka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I plant it (a given field) every year.
\phrase_s Lo siembro (un campo en particular) cada año.
\root se:
\root xiw
\nde In Oapan the equivalent concept would be expressed by ka:da se: se:xtli.
\qry Determine if this is used without reduplication, or whether only /se:xtli/ is used in this case. Also, determine the nature of reduplication with the meaning 'each,' i.e., whether there is a
long or short vowel (e.g., nana:wi or na:na:wi). Finally, with /se:se:xpan/ check length of both vowels, particularly the second. FK has a short vowel, /ce:cexxiuhtica/ 'every year,
annually.'
\semref se:xtli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01550
\lxam so:ya:kuwtli
\lxam_c so:ya:kuwtli
\lxoa so:ya:kohtli
\lxoa_c so:ya:kohtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e see so:ya:tl
\sense_s véase so:ya:tl
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root so:ya:
\root kow
\ref 01551
\lxam ta:tah
\lxam_c ta:tah
\lxoa ta:tah
\lxoa_c ta:tah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn N0/2; Aln(0=2)
\sense_e (vocative) father-in-law (used to address one's father-in-law if one respects one's spouse and his or her father; the failure to use the term to address one's spouse's father
indicates a lack of respect; it may also be used occasionally to address ones father though pa:n or pa:chih are more common)
\sense_s (vocativo) suegro (utilizado para llamar al padre del esposo o esposa si uno respeto a su marido(a) y su padre; cuando no se usa como un vocativo para el suegro, indica
una falta de respeto; también se puede usar para llamar al papáaunque pa:n o pa:chih son mas comunes)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with possessor prefix to-) God; male saint
\sense_s (con marcador de posesión to-) Diós; santo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:chpale:wi:s tota:tah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e God will help us.
\phrase_s Diós nos va a ayudar.
\semfld kin
\root tah
\qry Check use of /tota:tah/ to indicate a male saint; can this refer to all male saints, or only the village patron. Determine if /tona:nah/ can also be used. Check whether /nota:tah/ and
/nona:nah/ can be used. Apparently from what I remember it can be used in Am, but I'm not so sure in Oa. Check both, for /ta:tah/ and /na:nah/.
\ref 01552
\lxam tlama:kwilo:hli
\lxam_c tlama:kwilo:hli
\lxoa tlamá:ikwiló:hli
\lxoa_c tlamá:ikwiló:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound (N-V)
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e hand script (letters written in longhand)
\sense_s escritura normal (letras escritas por mano y no de letras de molde)
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root hkwil
\nse Apparently tlama:kwilo:hli is used only to refer to longhand.
\vl Check vowel length of /ma:/.
\grmx Oapan pitch accent: Note /tlamá:ikwiló:hli/. Here the p-a shifts left onto the incorporated noun. Cf. my comments re: /ámaná/ with different incorporated nouns, and how
leftward shift is affected by the weight of the previous syllable (and perhaps an interest in avoiding final H-L-H, i.e., high pitch on the final and antepenultimate).
\semref tlatepospacho:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01553
\lxam tlawi:teki
\lxam_c notlawi:teki
\lxoa tlawi:teki
\lxoa_c kitlawi:teki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to knock down to the ground (e.g., cattle in order to brand it); to fell (a tree in chopping it down)
\sense_s tumbar (p. ej., un ganado para herrarlo, unárbol al tumbarlo, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (reduplicated with short vowel) to rape; (a man [S] of a woman [O], by throwing her down on a bed or the ground)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) violar (un hombre [S] con una mujer [O], al tirarla a una cama o al suelo)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e (refl. and reduplicated with short vowel) to wrestle
\sense_s (refl. y reduplicado con vocal corta) jugar porrazo; luchar de lucha libre
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xkita! Yo:nomomotsokeh, noma:skeh, notlatlawi:tekiskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Look! They've grabbed each other, they're going to go at each other, they're going to wrestle.
\phrase_s ¡Mira! Ya se agarraron, van a pegarse, van a luchar (jugar porrazo).
\phrase_n Melá:k ne:chkukwa notla:kayo. O:tine:xtexaxakwaloh, o:timotlatlawi:tehkeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My body really hurts me. You pounded me, we wrestled (and you threw me to the ground, pounded me with your fist, etc.).
\phrase_s Me duele mucho el cuerpo. Me aporreaste, jugamos al porrazo (lucha libre, y me tiraste al suelo, me golpeaste con el puño, etc.).
\root wi:teki
\disamb wi:teki; tlawi:teki; tetlawi:teki; tsi:ntetlawi:teki (and perhpas ?? /tsi:ntlawi:teki/)
\qry Make sure of the first meaning (cf. /tetlawi:teki/) And check to determine if only the reduplicated form exists. Cf. comments with gram below and answer these questions with a
native speaker. Check whether re: sexual intercourse there is a direct meaning of 'to rape' or only an implication. If only the reduplicated form exists then change headword entry.
However, in Oapan apparently the unreduplicated exists; check this for Am.
\grm tla-; valency; Note: /Xkita! Yo:nomomotsokeh, noma:skeh, notlatlawi:tekiskeh/ 'Look! They've grabbed each other, they're going to go at each other, they're going to
wrestle.' The key problem here is /notlatlawi:tekiskeh/. It seems clear that the reduplication is related to the fact that the action takes place repeatedly, as to be expected.
However, what is interesting is that here there is a transitive (bivalent) verb /wi:teki/ that employs a nonspecific object prefix that fails to saturate the valency. In this sense it
acts more like a modifying incorporated noun. Cf. a similar case with /tlamo:tla/. Yet another aspect of this problem is that both the words in question: /tlawi:teki/ and
/tlamo:tla/ refer to actions that occur on the bodies of the participants (referenced by the reflexive morpheme). It is certainly not unusual for reflexives not to saturate the
valency slots of verbs; and the same can be said of incorporated nouns. One question to answer in these cases is whether a spe cific object can be utilized: ?kitlamo:tla
and ?kitlawi:teki. My feeling is that this is not possible, although this needs to be researched. Much more work needs to be done on this question. Note that perhaps a
similar use of /tla-/ occurs with /ita/ 'to see' /timitsita/ 'I see you' and 'timitstlatlata' 'I look you over from head to foot.' Finally, note that there is an additional form,
/tetlawi:teki/, a transitive verb that means 'to throw to the ground.' Launey (personal communication) considers the use of /tla-/ here as a modifying incorporation.
\xref wi:teki
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01554
\lxam tolowa
\lxam_c kitolowa
\lxoa tolowa
\lxoa_c kitolowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to swallow
\sense_s tragar
\sense_d Pending
\root tol
\xref tolo:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01555
\lxam i:xa:yo
\lxam_c i:xa:yo
\lxoa i:xa:yo
\lxoa_c i:xa:yo
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-yo
\infn N2
\sense_e tears
\sense_s lágrimas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kwa:k ti:xte:nchocho:ka, ki:sa mi:xayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When your eyes become irritated, tears come out.
\phrase_s Cuando se te arden los ojos, salen lágrimas.
\root i:x
\root a:
\nse I:xa:yo can refer either to tears of crying from sadness or from irriation.
\ref 01556
\lxam puroh
\lxam_c puroh
\lxoa puroh
\lxoa_c puroh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan puro
\psm Adj
\pss TM
\der Adj-loan
\sense_e to be nothing more than [noun]; to be simply [noun]
\sense_s ser nada más que [sustantivo]; ser puro [sustantivo]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Puroh tlatsiwistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is pure (total) laziness.
\phrase_s Es pura flojera.
\qry Get other uses as PM and TM
\ref 01557
\lxam ko:tsi:liwi
\lxam_c ko:tsi:liwi
\lxoa ko:tsi:liwi
\lxoa_c ko:tsi:liwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become twisted or tightly curled (e.g., a rope that is twisted too tight)
\sense_s torcerse; enroscarse (p. ej., una soga que estámuy apretada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:timoma:kaxa:nih! Xtili:ni moma, nika:n o:pe:w ko:ko:tsi:liwi, xok kwahli note:katiw in i:loh, san te:pan noma:matilotiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You've let your arm go slack (in this case not pulling tight on a tarabi:yah used to make cord)! Hold your arm tight! Here it's begun to twist up, the threads
are no longer laying out nice and flat (i.e., the strands on each other), they go twisting over and around each other in places.
\phrase_s ¡Dejaste aflojar el brazo!¡Apriétatelo! Aquíya empezóa quedar torcido en varios lugar, ya no se va quedando plano el hilo, más bien se va enredando, se va enroscando
sobre si mismo en algunos lugares.
\phrase_n O:ko:ko:tsi:liw mola:soh, kineki xikma:tlalo para ma mela:wi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your rope has gotten twisted in various places, you need to run your hand over it so that it straightens out.
\phrase_s Se ha enroscado tu lazo en varios lugares, tienes que correr la mano sobre ello para que se enderezca.
\phrase_n Oko:tsi:liw i:loh, xpestik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The thread has become twisted, it is not straight (lit., 'smooth').
\phrase_s Se enroscóel hilo, no estáderecho (lit. 'liso').
\sense_e (with a body part) to get a cramp in
\sense_s (con una parte del cuerpo) tener calambre en
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ko:tsi:liwi niti -= nitiko:tsi:liwi-.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have stomach cramps.
\phrase_s Tengo calambres en el estómago.
\root ko:tsi:l
\disamb ko:tsi:liwi; tetsi:liwi Ko:tsi:ltikrefers to something that is so tightly wound that it starts to curl up in tight knot-like twists. However,
tetsi:ltik refers to something tightly twisted or wound together, i.e., the tightness of the braiding itself. The opposite of tetsi:ltik is
poxa:wak. Cf. also to /matiltik/, etc.
\qry Unfortunately some entries for /ko:tsi:liwi/ are given with a long /i:/ while others have a short /i/. However, in Aug. 1986 I rechecked carefully and found the vowel correct as stated:
/ko:tsi:liwi/, the first two vowels long. I have also (1993) rechecked this with Cristino Flores and he definitely give it with a long /i:/. Thus, in spite of the fact that I originally recorded
/ko:tsiltik/ with a short /i/ while /ko:tsi:liwistli/ has a long one the original notes for /ko:tsiltik/ are in error and have been checked and changed to /ko:tsi:ltik/.
\root_notes Note the apparently relatedness of /kotsi:liwi/ and /tetsiliwi/. The relatedness of the forms suggests the possibility of further morpheme division into /te+tsi:lV/ and
/ko:+tsi:lV/. Cf. for other words with /ko:/ or /tsi:l/.
\ref 01558
\lxam ni:xkwi:tilistli
\lxam_c ni:xkwi:tilistli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis-ne
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e see ni:xkwi:ti:hli (Am) / ni:xkwiti:hli
\sense_s véase ni:xkwi:ti:hli (Am) / ni:xkwiti:hli(Oa)
\sense_d Am
\root i:x
\root kwi
\nse Consultants gave ni:xkwi:tilistli as equivalent to ni:xkwi:ti:hli , although perhaps the latter refers more to the object from which example is taken while
the former might indicate the action itself of taking example from something.
\nde Molina has neixcuitiliztli 'exemplo que tomamos de otros' and neixcuitilli 'dechado, o exemplo.' This suggests a possible difference that should be apparent if a
full context could be obtained for each word.
\qry Check penultimate /i/ which, apparently, should be long. Check all and standardize, check all xref. Note that in the elicitaiton C. Flores did give /i:xkwi:ti:hli/ even though he had
previously denied that this was a word. Check!
\semref i:xkwi:tia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01559
\lxam te:kotli
\lxam_c ite:ko
\lxoa te:ko
\lxoa_c i:te:ko
\dt 20/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(o)
\sense_e owner
\sense_s dueño
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San se: te:kotli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is just one owner.
\phrase_s Solamente hay un dueño.
\phrase_n Xne:cha:lpano:ltili un pla:toh, ne:nkah xkipia ite:ko!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pass me that plate over there, it doesn't belong to anyone (lit., 'doesn't have its owner)!
\phrase_s ¡Pásame ese plato que estáalla, no le pertenece a nadie (lit., 'no tiene su dueño)!
\root te:ko
\nae In Oapan only the possessed form is found. In Ameyaltepec almost all occurrences are in the possessed construction although occasionally an unpossessed use of
te:kotli is heard (as in the illustrative sentence above). An unusual feature of this word, at least as it has been documented to date, is that the root would seem to end
in {h} (hence the absolutive -tli) but there is no evidence of this final sound in the possessed construction (cf. tatli and notah). This
apparently has to do with the historical development of the term te:kotli from tekwtli with the syllabification of /kw/ to /ko/ or /ku/.
\ref 01560
\lxam ko:ntrasole:rah
\lxam_c ko:ntrasole:rah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan contra solera
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e part of a house, the thick beam, apparently the upper roof beam plate, that runs parallel to the sole:rah
\sense_s parte de un techo, la viga gruesa, aparentemente la contra solera, que corre paralelo a y justamente arriba de la solera
\sense_d Am
\semfld construct-part
\ency_note kahli
\mod Cf. Discussion in Fld 1984-04-29.1 and words listed there.
\qry Note that I had another entry, also /ko:ntrasole:rah/ which I deleted but which had a different definition."the beams of a thatched roof house that are attached to the
sole:rah , another beam that lies immediately beneath the kontrasole:rah and is thus closer to the upright bifurcated posts (horcones).
The kabe:sas , which run vertically and at an angle to the top of the house, are attached to both the sole:rah and the kontrasole:rah
"/"las vigas gruesas y argas de una casa con techo de zacate o palma que se atan a la sole:rah , otra viga que yace horizontal y paralela inmediatamente abajo de la
kontrasole:rah y que está, por consiguiente, más cerca a los horcones. Las kabe:sas , que corren verticalmente a unángulo hacia lo alto de la case, se
atan tanto a la sole:rah como a la kontrasole:rah."I am unsure what this headword should have been. Maybe /kabe:sas/.
\semref tlaxipacho:lo:ni
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref tlaxipacho:hli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01561
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was for /papáyotsí:n/ and has been deleted as a duplicate entry of 02427
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 01562
\lxam chi:chiwalnakayo
\lxam_c ichi:chiwalnakayo
\lxoa chi:chiwalnakayo
\lxoa_c i:chi:chiwalnakayo
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-yo
\infn N2
\sense_e flesh near or on the teats or breasts
\sense_s carne del pecho o seno
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ba:kah kipia ichi:chiwalnakayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Cow have flesh on the inside of their udders.
\phrase_s La vaca tiene carne a un lado de su ubre.
\semfld body
\root chi:chi
\root naka
\qry Check to see if other animals or humans have this. Make sure that /chi:chiwalnakayo:tl/ or /chi:chiwalnakatl/ do not exist. If so, change headword.
\vl My original entry had a long /a:/ in /chi:chiwalnakayo/; this should be rechecked.
\ref 01563
\lxam ye:skayoh
\lxam_c ye:skayoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan yesca
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to have a rotten and powdery interior (a trunk, log, or branch of wood that is hard on the outside)
\sense_s tener el interior pudrido y hecho polvo (un tronco o rama de madera cuyo exterior es duro)
\sense_d Am
\fl ye:skatl
\root ye:ska
\ref 01564
\lxam suwa:neki
\lxam_c suwa:neki
\lxoa siwa:neki
\lxoa_c siwa:neki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to want a woman (as a sexual partner)
\sense_s querer una mujer (como una pareja sexual)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Notla:kapowa. Xkineki tla:katl, suwa:neki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She acts like a man (in this case said of a lesbian). She doesn't want a man, she wants a woman (as a sexual partner).
\phrase_s Se porta como hombre (en este caso dicho de una lesbiana). No quiere un hombre, quiere una mujer (como pareja sexual).
\root sowa
\root neki
\ref 01565
\lxam tlawe:ltik
\lxam_c tlawe:ltik
\lxoa tlawe:ltik
\lxoa_c tlawe:ltik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\sense_e to be bad- or foul-tempered
\sense_s ser de mal genio; ser mal humorado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San tlawe:ltik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's always in a bad mood.
\phrase_s Siempre estáde mal genio.
\root tlawe:l
\disamb tlawe:ltik; tlawe:leh
\nse Tlawe:ltik refers to someone who is bad tempered, always ready to yell or scold people, and never pleased with anything, never in a good mood.
\ref 01566
\lxam kamaimati
\lxam_c nokamaimati
\lxoa kamáimáti
\lxoa_pr kamaimati
\lxoa_c nokamáimáti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl.) to get used to pronouncing something, or to a particular way of speaking
\sense_s (refl.) acostumbrarse a pronunciar algo o a una manera en particular de hablar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timokamaimatis, titlato:s ke:n de We:pan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your tongue will get accustomed, you will speak like those of Oapan.
\phrase_s Tu lengua se va a acostumbrar, vas a hablar como los de Oapan.
\sense_e for ones mouth to get used to (e.g., eating hotting food, uttering a certain phrase, etc.)
\sense_s acostumbrarle la boca (p. ej., comer comida caliente, o decirle una frase a algn, repetidas veces, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root kama
\root hmati
\nse The verb stem hmatiis usually found with the nonspecific prefix tla- meaning someone is particularly able or capacitated in certain tasks (e.g., a good
painter, a very intelligent person, etc.). Here it refers to the ability that ones speech (lit. 'mouth') acquires with practic.
\grm Oapan phonology; stress shift: Note that with /nokamáimáti/ the stress shifts left onto the IN.
\ref 01567
\lxam xa:ltetl
\lxam_c i:xa:ltew
\lxoa xa:ltew
\lxoa_c i:xa:ltew
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e the unborn, unlaid eggs inside of certain animals (e.g., hens, fish)
\sense_s los huevos no nacidos que se hallan dentro de ciertos animales (p. ej., gallinas, peces)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:xa:ltew pió.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e (They are) the unlaid eggs inside of hens.
\phrase_s (Son) los huevos que se encuentran dentro de una gallina.
\sense_e (fig.) eggs of a human female
\sense_s (fig.) huevos de una mujer
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tlan moxa:ltewan, xoktikpia mokone:wa:n yo:weka:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your"eggs"are all used up, you haven't had children now for a long time.
\phrase_s Tus huevos se acabaron, ya hace mucho tiempo que no tienes niños.
\root xa:l
\root te
\semref to:toltetl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01568
\lxam china:ntia
\lxam_c kichina:ntia
\lxoa china:ntia
\lxoa_c kichina:ntia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to construct a wall of china:ntlifor (e.g., as the walls of a house or kitchen)
\sense_s construirle o eregirle una pared de chinamil para (p. ej., una casa o una cocina)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:isoliw ichina:n mokal, xikchina:nti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The chinamíl of your house has gotten old and worn out. Build a (new) one of chinamíl for it!
\phrase_s Se envejecióel chinamíl de tu casa.¡Póngale uno (nuevo)!
\sense_e to place a chinamíl fence around (an area such as a housesite)
\sense_s cercar con chinamil (particularmente un solar)
\sense_d Pending
\root china:m
\qry For Oapan, determine the word /pakyo:tl/ or similar construction.
\semref tlako:hikiti
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01569
\lxam tlayewalowa
\lxam_c tlayewalowa
\lxoa tlayewalowa
\lxoa_c tlayewalowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to participate in a religious procession (usually involving taking the saints around the church or village)
\sense_s participar en una procesión religiosa (generalmente implica llevar los santos alrededor de la iglesia o pueblo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mo:stla tlayewalo:lo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tomorrow there will be a religious procession.
\phrase_s Mañana va a haber una procesión religiosa.
\root yewal
\nse The use of the verbal form yewalowa to indicate a procession arises from the fact that religious processions invariably involve the parading of a saint around the
church, leaving and entering through the main doors.
\xref tlayewalo:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref yewalowa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01570
\lxam ko:koneh
\lxam_c ko:koneh
\lxoa ko:koneh
\lxoa_c ko:koneh
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N
\infn N1
\der N-b
\sense_e pl. of kone:tl
\sense_s pl. de kone:tl
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kone:
\nae The plural possessed form is regular, e.g., nokone:wa:n.
\ref 01571
\lxam teketse:wi
\lxam_c teketse:wi
\lxoa teketse:wi
\lxoa_c teketse:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to form a bump or protuberance
\sense_s salir como un tope o protuberancia
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kwepaliw mome:sah, o:teketse:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your table (i.e., the boards across the top) have gotten warped, it stood up (in a few places, as the boards curled upward).
\phrase_s Se combótu mesa (esto es, las tablas de su superficie), se levantó(en algunos lugares).
\semref teketsiwi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlateketse:wi
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\ref 01572
\lxam isi:ka
\lxam_c isi:ka
\lxoa ísí:ka
\lxoa_pr isi:ka
\lxoa_c ísí:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\trans ~Caus
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (usually in progressive) to be panting
\sense_s (generalmente en el progresivo) estar jadeante
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Isi:katok, o:wa:lnotlaloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is panting, he came running.
\phrase_s Estájadeando, vino corriendo.
\root hsi:ka
\qry Check for transitive/causative form. Check for other aspectual endings, ?/isi:katinemi/. I have checked vowel length and second /i:/ is definitely long. Check for status of initial /i/
whether epenthetic; probably it is: /h/ evidenced by cognate Oapan unusual stress.
\ref 01573
\lxam kwaltilia
\lxam_c kikwaltilia
\lxoa kwaltilia
\lxoa_c kikwaltilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap[ca]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to place in the mouth of (e.g., a bit on an animal)
\sense_s meterle en la boca a (p. ej., un freno a un caballo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwaltili noma:choh ifre:noh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e But the bit in my mule's mouth!
\phrase_s ¡Ponle el freno en la boca de mi macho!
\sense_e to feed (an animal) for
\sense_s dar de comer (a un animal) para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chtlakwaltili:ti noma:choh! Newa nitlatsiwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go feed my macho for me! I'm feeling lazy.
\phrase_s ¡Ve a darle de comer a mis machos para mí! Tengo flojera.
\sense_e to fit or push (sth) tightly in a space so that (the inserted object [SO]) is held in place
\sense_s colocar (algo [OS]) en un espacio ([OP]); ajustar (una cosa [OS]) en (un espacio [OP]) para que se agarre y se mantenga en su lugar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwaltili noara:doh in re:jas. Newa xniweli, yo:ne:xtla:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Fit this plowshare into my plow (so that it is tightly fitted in place, without the use of screws)! I can't do it, it's got the better of me.
\phrase_s ¡Métele estas rejas a mi arado (para que se agarre, sin la necesidad de tornillos)! Yo no puedo, ya me ganó.
\root kwa
\qry Determine vowel length of /in/ or /i:n/. Perhaps this varies. Cf. to Launey who, I believe, mentions that vowel length is variable. Check closely for changes when the word is used as a
demonstrative adjective vs. demonstrative pronoun.
\xref kwa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01574
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for Oapan /kámomorá:doh/; it was deleted as a repetition.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\vl This was a duplicate for 5304. The tokens here at 1574 should be given tags of 5304. However, remember that the later sound tokens are the ones that should be linked.
\ref 01575
\lxam totopoyo
\lxam_c i:totopoyo
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N2
\sense_e buds (of certain flowers, such as the sunflower)
\sense_s botones (de ciertas flores, como el girasol)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Teko:ntlapa:na | Kwa:k yo:weyakiak ki:sa itotopoyo para ixo:chio.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Teko:ntlapa:na: When it has gotten long, the buds of its flowers appear.
\phrase_s Teko:ntlapa:na: Cuando ya creciólargo, salen los botones de sus flores.
\root topo:
\disamb xo:chitemimihlo; totopoyo
\qry Check vowel length. Also check meaning.
\semref mimihlo:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01576
\lxam tsonchichi:hka:yoh
\lxam_c xnotsonchichi:hka:yoh
\lxoa tsó:nchi:hká:yoh
\lxoa_c xnotsó:nchi:hká:yoh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg(refl)
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\sense_e (x- ~) to be unkempt (a woman in regard to her hair); to be disheveled (a woman); to have ones hair not done up in braids
\sense_s (x- ~) estar despeinada; no tener el pelo arreglado (una mujer); estar sin el cabello arreglado en trenzas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pasoliw itson un suwa:tl, o:pe:w xixi:kopi:ni. Xnotsonchichi:hka:yoh, kwa:tepasol.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That woman's hair is a mess, it's started to come undone (where it was tied or braided). She doesn't have her hair fixed (e.g., its been 2 or 3 days since she's combed and
arranged it), it's disheveled.
\phrase_s Esa mujer tiene el cabello todo despeinado, se empezóa desatar (las trenzas o donde estaba amarrado). No tiene el pelo arreglado (esto es, ya pasaron dos o tres días
que no se arregla el pelo), estátodo despeinada.
\phrase_n Kwa:tepasol, xnotsonchichi:hka:yoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Her hair is a disheveled mess, she is well groomed (e.g., in braids).
\phrase_s Tiene el cabello todo despeinado, no tiene el cabello arreglado (p. ej., en trenzas).
\root tson
\root chi:wa
\qry Note that in the grammar these forms should be discussed, i.e. ones in which only a negative of an adjective ending in /-ka:yoh/ exists, and the affirmative form does not. Perhaps
these are related to Classical forms with /ne-/. Check for correctness of /hka:yoh/ sequence as my original notes had /-chi:wka:yoh/.
\mod Make a note or comment that these forms are listed with the 3rd person reflexive, but that the reflexive pronoun changes with the person. This should be mentioned in both the guide
to the lexicon.
\ref 01577
\lxam ma:tetlanwia
\lxam_c noma:tetlanwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to trip over ones forelegs (an animal that slips and gets its feet tangled up, e.g., over a root that is sticking out of the ground)
\sense_s (refl.) tropezarse al enredarse las patas de adelante (un animal)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:noma:tetlanwih noburroh, o:wets.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My burro tripped over its front legs, it fell.
\phrase_s Mi burro se tropezópor haberse enredado sus patas de adelante, se cayó.
\sense_e (refl.) to get pregnant out of wedlock
\sense_s (refl.) quedarse embarazada fuera del matrimonio
\sense_d Pending
\fla ikxitetlanwia
\root ma:
\root_rel -tlan
\nse The etymology of this word is parallel to that of ikxitetlanwia : in both cases Ameyaltepec Nahuatl manifests the itensifier te-, which is an innovation from
the Classical form (e.g., ikxitlanwia). However, with ma:tetlanwia , and unlike ikxitetlanwia , only the reflexive is found, since there is no
equivalent action of sticking out ones arm in order to trip someone. Note that ma:tetlanwia , which has only been documented in the reflexive, refers to the front legs
(arms) of an animal, not those in back, for which /ikxitetlanwia/ is used. However, given that animals do not usually trip over their back legs, the verb ikxitetlanwia is
not used in reference to animals, but to humans.
\qry Check whether this verb can be used as a non-reflexive, and whether the action implies falling, or only tripping.
\semref ma:kwelpachiwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01578
\lxam xa:k
\lxam_c xa:k
\lxoa xa:k
\lxoa_c xa:k
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\pss P1
\der V1-b
\infv Copular
\sense_e see a:k
\sense_s véase a:k
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nse This defective verb, which indicates presence of a subject in a given, often habitual location, is only found in the negative, hence this entry. However, given the variable location of the
negative preclitic x-, the verb has been entered under a:k.
\ref 01579
\lxam chikitoltik
\lxam_c chikitoltik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound Mod-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be bent or crooked (a long, thin object)
\sense_s estar chueco, torcido o encorvado (un objeto largo y delgado)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) windy (a road; see kwelpaxtik)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) sinuoso (un camino; véase kwelpaxtik)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Chi:chikitoltik otli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The road is windy.
\phrase_s El camino es sinuoso
\root chiki
\root tol
\qry Determine whether one can use /chikino:ltik/ in reference to an /otli/.
\semref kwelpaxtik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref chikino:ltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01580
\lxam yeyekawia
\lxam_cpend kiyeyekawia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to whip hard (e.g., with a rope or similar flexible object)
\sense_s azotar; dar látigos a (p. ej., con una soga, laso u objeto similar)
\sense_d Am
\root e:ka
\root wi:teki
\semref yeyekawi:teki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01581
\lxam pilowilia
\lxam_c kipilowilia
\lxoa pilowilia
\lxoa_c kipilowilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to hang (sth) on or for
\sense_s colgar (algo) a, sobre o para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kipi:pilowilih o:lo:tl molimó:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He hung corncobs on your lemon tree (so that it would bear fruit).
\phrase_s Le colgóolotes a tuárbol de limón (para que diera fruta).
\sense_e (refl.) to hang (e.g., a bag) on oneself
\sense_s (refl.) colgarse (algo como una bolsa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmopilowili motema:tl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hang your hemp bag on yourself (e.g., over ones shoulders)!
\phrase_s ¡Cuélgate tu bolsa de fibra de maguey!
\phrase_n O:nimotlapi:pilowilih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've draped a lot of things on me (e.g., many bags, adornments, etc.).
\phrase_s Me he colgado muchas cosas (p. ej., muchas bolsas, adornos, etc.).
\root pil
\grm Reduplication with long vowel: /O:kipi:pilowilih o:lo:tl molimó:n/ 'He hung corncobs on your lemon tree (so that it would bear fruit).' Note the use of long vowel
reduplication given that this is an action that repeats itself one time after another, in a complete format. The same is true of /O:nimotlapi:pilowilih/ 'I've draped a lot of things
on me (e.g., many bags, adornments, etc.).'
\xref tlapilowilia
\xref_t val_reduce2
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref pilowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01582
\lxam tlayewilia
\lxam_alt tlaiwilia
\lxam_c tlayewilia
\lxoa tlayowilia
\lxoa_c tlayowilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-lia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to continue (doing sth) until late in the evening; to be occupied until the late evening
\sense_s hacerse tarde (en la noche avanzada, al seguir trabajando, p. ej., hasta muy noche); estar ocupado hasta bien entrada la noche
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root yowa
\semref tio:tlakilia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01583
\lxam ikxitlapo:wtok
\lxam_c ikxitlapo:wtok
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\compound N-(tla-V2)-Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be with ones legs open
\sense_s estar con las piernas abiertas
\sense_d Am
\root kxi
\root tlapo:
\qry Recheck pret. and future forms, etc. for length of /o/. Present seems to neutralized length before /wi/. Finally, check for meaning of words like /o:ikxitlapo:w/ as opposed to
/o:nokxitlapoh/. Check transitive form.
\semref tlachikipe:lotok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tlachikipé:lotók
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01584
\lxam welkaki
\lxam_c kwelkaki
\lxoa welkaki
\lxoa_c kwelkaki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp PM-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to like the sound of (e.g., sth such as a stated proposal or plan, music, etc.)
\sense_s gustarle como suena (p. ej., algo como un propuesto o plan, música, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xnikwelkaki tli:n tine:chihlia, xnikchi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't like the sound of what you are telling me, I won't do it.
\phrase_s No me gusta como suena lo que me dices, no lo voy a hacer.
\root wel
\root kaki
\ref 01585
\lxam ko:tsi:liwistli
\lxam_c ko:tsi:liwistli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-is
\infn Stem 1(l)
\sense_e cramps
\sense_s calambre
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ne:chasi ko:tsi:liwistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have a cramp.
\phrase_s Tengo un calambre.
\root ko:tsi:l
\fl ko:tsi:liwi
\semref ítiko:tsi:liwístli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01586
\lxam mo:ltekon
\lxam_c i:mo:ltekon
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e (fig.) cup of tea; what one is cut out for
\sense_s (fig.) mero mole
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n I:mo:ltekon un tekitl, xtiktla:nis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That job is what he is cut out for. You won't beat him at it.
\phrase_s Ese trabajo es su mero mole, no le vas a ganar en ello.
\phrase_n Españó:l, Me:roh yewa momo:ltekon! Me:roh tiweltok! Xmistla:ni!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Spanish! That's your cup of tea! That's what you're good at! He won't get the better of you!
\phrase_s ¡Español!¡Es tu mero mole! Es lo que haces bien! No te va a ganar!
\root mo:l
\root tekom
\nse As far as I have been able to determine, this word is always possessed and is used metaphorically, referring to something that one (the possessor) is very good at, that he or she can
do well. It seems highly likely that this is a calque from the well-known Mexican expression"su mero mole."
\qry Check for unpossessed form and for other meanings.
\ref 01587
\lxam fie:roh
\lxam_c fie:roh
\lxoa fie:roh
\lxoa_c fie:roh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan fiero
\psm Adj
\pss N
\der Adj-loan
\sense_e something ugly (in physical appearance, smell, etc.)
\sense_s algo muy feo; (en cuanto a apariencia física, olor, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikinekw fie:roh, xkwahli, ke:n tlamolo:nka:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I smelled something bad, it wasn't good, it was a really foul-smelling place.
\phrase_s Olíalgo mal, no estaba bien, era un lugar muy apestoso.
\phrase_n Fie:roh o:kichi:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He did something bad.
\phrase_s Hizo algo mal.
\ref 01588
\lxam kamotli de pe:pe:to
\lxam_cpend *kamotli de pe:pe:to
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e type of sweet potato grown in San Miguel Tecuiciapan
\sense_s tipo de camote de San Miguel Tecuiciapan
\sense_d Am
\root kamoh
\root pe:pe:to
\semfld plant
\semfld tub
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\disamb hypo kamotli
\nse According to Santa Ortiz, this is the same kind of camote as the kuhkamotli. According to Silvestre Pantaleón this is the name used in Tula del Río for
the camote known in Oapan as chichi:h kámotlí. Neither Inocencio Díaz nor Asención Marcelo had heard of the kamotli de pe:pe:to.
\qry It is not clear if this plant grows wild or is cultivated. In general, check all camotes for this question (note that in San Francisco I have seen these plants cultivated). Also, check
etymology of /pe:pe:to/ (a loan?) and possibility of final /h/.
\semref kuwkamotli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kohkámotlí
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01589
\lxam yetlaxkahli
\lxam_c yetlaxkahli
\lxoa yetlaxkahli
\lxoa_c yetlaxkahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of tortilla filled with beans, usually either the kaxtiltsi:n or ista:kyetl bean
\sense_s tipo de tortilla rellenado con frijol, generalmente del que se llama kaxtiltsi:n o el llamado ista:kyetl
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food-maize
\root ye
\root xka
\qry The note I have so far does not mention how this is prepared. Check. Check also what other types of beans might be so used.
\ref 01590
\lxam istayoh
\lxam_c istayoh
\lxoa istayoh
\lxoa_c istayoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to be salty
\sense_s estar salado
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (fig.) unlucky
\sense_s (fig.) salado; tener mala suerte
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nistayoh, xkaman nite:tlani.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm unlucky, I never beat anyone.
\phrase_s Estoy salado, nunca le gano a nadie.
\root sta
\qry Check for verbal derivatives, /istayowa/ and istayotia/. Also determine difference between /poyé:k/ and /istayoh/.
\ref 01591
\lxam i:xa:wilia
\lxam_c ki:xa:wilia
\lxoa i:xa:wilia
\lxoa_c ki:xa:wilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to rinse off for
\sense_s enjuagar para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chi:xa:wili nopla:toh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Rinse my plate off for me!
\phrase_s ¡Enjuage mi plato para mi!
\root i:x
\root a:
\qry Cf. notes under /i:xa:wia/.
\xref i:xa:wia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref i:xa:wiya
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 01592
\lxam pasolowa
\lxam_c kipasolowa
\lxoa 'pasolówa
\lxoa_pr pasolowa
\lxoa_c kipásolówa, kípasolówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to confuse; to sidetrack; to bother (e.g., in terms of hindering the performance of a task or the completion of an action)
\sense_s confundir; desviar; molestar (p. ej., en cuanto a estorbar la realización de una tarea o la terminación de una acción)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chpasolowa ke:n chika:wak tlatsotsona, xwel nitlanemilia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The loud music bothers me, I can't think.
\phrase_s La música fuerte me molesta, no puedo pensar.
\sense_e to get in the way of (physically blocking a path); to block (e.g., the vision or sight line of sb)
\sense_s estorbar (p. ej., la vía en que va uno, o la vista de algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chpasolowa i:n. Xkekwani!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e This thing gets in my way (e.g., bothers me, blocks my view, etc.). Move it!
\phrase_s Esta cosa me estorba (p. ej., no me deja ver, lo me permite ir donde quiero).¡Quítalo!
\sense_e (with prefix te-) to entangle (threads, hair, etc.)
\sense_s (con prefijo te-) enredar; enmarañar (hilos, cuerdas, pelo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with prefix te-) to make a mess of; to scatter all around
\sense_s (con prefijo te-) desarreglar; desparramar; dejar en desorden
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:kipasoloh yeyekatl un monto:nes de wistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The wind has already made a mess of the piles of cleared thorn bushes.
\phrase_s El viento ya hizo todo un desorden de los montones de espinas.
\phrase_n Yo:kimpasoloka itlake:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He had made a mess of his clothes (e.g., leaving them scattered about).
\phrase_s Había dejado su ropa en un desorden (p. ej., dejando todo tirado).
\root pahsol
\qry The following phrase /Ne:chpasolowa ke:n chika:wak tlatsotsona, xwel nitlanemilia/ was thought up by me during the data entry phrase to illustrate a particular meaning; check and
correct if necessary. Make sure that it is correct, change if necessary.
\vl Check p-a pattern for Oapan Nahuatl. In my entry found upon review there was no p-a market, but their probably is some pitch-accent that should be expressed or
registered in the lexicon.
\ref 01593
\lxam tetsmitl
\lxam_c tetsmitl
\lxoa tetsmitl
\lxoa_c tetsmitl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e generic name for herbaceous plant that includes two types: i:tetsmitl sa:pohand tetsmitl , the latter being edible
\sense_s nombre genérico para una planta herbácea que incluye dos tipos: i:tetsmitl sa:pohy tetsmitl , elúltimo siendo comestible
\sense_d Am
\sense_e type of wild edible plant, apparently of the purslane family
\sense_s tipo de planta silvestre comestible, aparentemente verdolaga
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tetsmitl | Wel nokwa. Wel tihkwa:s ika mo:hli de anjolí:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tetsmitl : It is edible. You can eat it with sesame mole.
\phrase_s Tetsmitl : Es comestible. Lo puedes comer con mole de ajonjolí
\semfld plant
\semfld edible
\root tetsmi
\qry Check to determine if and how /tetsmitl/ could be possessed.
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this as verdolaga of the family Portulacaceae and the genus/species Portulaca oleraceae L.. Schoenhals (1988) under
verdolaga gives:"(Portulaca oleracea) 'purslane.' Edible greens. She also has two other listings: verdolaga de agua and verdolaga de puerco. For the
former:"(Jussiaea repens, J. suffruticosa) '[family] evening primrose.' A water plant with yellow flowers; common in swamps and other wet locations. Also called
clavillo, flor de camarón, hoja de clavo."And for verdolaga de puerco:"(Alternanthera repens) '[type of] alligator weed.' A cosmopolitan herb with small,
straw-colored flowers."According to several consultants of Ameyaltepec there are two types of tetsmitl : testmitl , which is an edible plant, and
testmitl de sa:poh , which is not edible. According to several people in Oapan the two types of tetsmitl are called tetsmitl, which
is edible, and a:itsmitl, which is not; the latter grows near the water. Asención Marcelo of Tetelcingo mentioned that there was a male and female variety of
this plant.
\ref 01594
\lxam tlate:ntike:tl
\lxam_c tlate:ntike:tl
\lxoa tlaté:ntiké:tl
\lxoa_c tlaté:ntiké:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who sharpens metal instruments (knives, machetes, axes, etc.)
\sense_s persona quien saca filo a herramientas metálicas (a cuchillos, machetes, hachas, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\qry Check for /-ki/.
\ref 01595
\lxam a:mai:skitl
\lxam_c a:mai:skitl
\lxoa a:mai:skitl
\lxoa_c a:mai:skitl
\lxgen a:mai:skitl
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of tree of those generically called a:matlor a:makuwtli
\sense_s tipo deárbol de los genéricamente llamados a:matlo a:makuwtli
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:mai:skitl | San tihkukwa:s. Bwe:noh para tlikohtli, bwe:noh para yugoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A:mai:skitl : You just chew on its fruit. It's good for firewood, for making yokes.
\phrase_s A:mai:skitl : Solamente masticas su fruta. Es bueno para leña, para hacer yugos.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root a:ma
\root i:ski
\notes_nature See entry under a:makuhtli and a:makostli.
\ref 01596
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for Am /xowa/ but it has been deleted; cf. /xewa/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 01597
\lxam tlakoko:hli
\lxam_c tlakoko:hli
\lxoa tlakoko:hli
\lxoa_c tlakoko:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e wound
\sense_s herida
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chamana notlakoko:hlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My wound bothers me.
\phrase_s Me molesta mi herida.
\root kowa
\vl Note that this entry was taken from an original file card with vowel length not marked. Thus the final long /o:/, which is expected and reported for Xalitla, should be
checked. However, the Oa data seems to confirm a long vowel; nevertheless, check.
\ref 01598
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mi:mia:watl
\lxoa_c mi:mia:watl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e spike and flower (of a corn plant)
\sense_s la espiga y flor (de una planta de maíz)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e spike that emerges from the center (of certain grasses or zacates)
\sense_s la espiga (o retorño) que sale del centro de la planta (de ciertos zacates)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e small insect as yet unidentified
\sense_s pequeño insecto todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\nse The meaning referring to the spike and flower of corn or other plants (senses 1 and 2) is common to both Oapan mi:mia:watl and Ameyaltepec
mia:watl. However, the reference to a small as yet unidentified insect is not shared by Ameyaltepec mia:watl.
\nae When possessed to indicate a relation between plant and plant part, mi:mia:watl is found with the possessed marker -yo : i:mi:mia:wayo
mi:hli.
\root mia:wa
\ref 01599
\lxam tetl
\lxam_c tetl
\lxoa tetl
\lxoa_c tetl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e stone; rock
\sense_s piedra
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (poss. with -yo) seed pod
\sense_s (pos. con -yo) vaina
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sakawistli, witsioh iteyo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e In regards to the plant called sakawistli, its seed pod is thorny.
\phrase_s En cuanto de la planta llamada sakawistli, su vaina tiene púas.
\sense_e eggs
\sense_s huevos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:kinon itewa:n ipio?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Whose chicken's eggs are these?
\phrase_s ¿De quién son estos huevos de gallina?
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\root te
\qry Check whether /teyo/ can also mean 'pit'. Create a category for plant parts.
\ref 01600
\lxam wa:tsalka:miki
\lxam_c wa:tsalka:miki
\lxoa wa:tsalka:miki
\lxoa_c wa:tsalka:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Part-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to completely dry up and become brittle
\sense_s secarse por completo y quedar quebradizo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:wa:tsalka:mik iswatl, o:pe:w tetei:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The corn leaves have gotten brittle from having dried, they've started to crumble into small pieces
\phrase_s Las hojas del maíz (zacate) se quedaron todo quebradizo por haberse resecado, ya empezaron a desmenuzarse.
\root wa:k
\root miki
\grm Note: cf. if from N-ka:-miki, etc. Cf. /techichikilka:miki.
\ref 01601
\lxam ia:xi:x bu:rroh
\lxam_alt kuwsa:wananakatl de ia:xi:x bu:rroh
\lxam_c ia:xi:x bu:rroh
\lxgen i:a:xi:x burroh
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1(N2-NP)
\sense_e type of small mushroom that grows on the ground
\sense_s tipo de hongo pequeño que crece sobre la tierra
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld mush
\root a:
\root xi:xa
\nse Some people use this term to refer to what is more properly called ikuhsa:wananakayo ia:xi:x burroh ; cf. entry under this latter term.
\qry Determine all types of mushrooms.
\semref sósombrerí:toh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01602
\lxam si:marro:n kuwtli
\lxam_c si:marro:n kuwtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) cimarron
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e see si:marrón
\sense_s véase si:marrón
\sense_d Am
\root kow
\qry_fon Check vowel length.
\ref 01603
\lxam toli:na
\lxam_c kitoli:na
\lxoa toli:na
\lxoa_c kitoli:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to crave (a good food to eat that is not available; particularly, but by no means exclusively, said of persons who are sick and desire good food)
\sense_s antojarse de (algo sabroso para comer que no se consigue fácilmente; dicho particularmente, pero no exclusivamente, de personas que están enfermas y que desean algo
sabroso para comer)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitoli:na nakatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He craves meat.
\phrase_s Se le antoja carne.
\phrase_n Kitoli:na sá:ndiah, kwalo wa:n kelna:miki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He craves watermelon, he is sick and he thinks about it (i.e., how delicious it is).
\phrase_s Se le antoja sandía, estáenfermo y se acuerda deél (esto es, que tan sabrosa es).
\phrase_n Newa xo:tla:k nomi:hlan, niktoli:na sá:ndiah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My field did not yield, I have a craving for watermelon.
\phrase_s No rindiómi milpa, se me antoja sandía.
\root toli:
\ref 01604
\lxam i:xte:mpapa:ya:tilia
\lxam_c ki:xte:mpapa:ya:tilia
\lxoa i:xté:mpa:ya:tília
\lxoa_pr i:xté:mpa:ya:tilia
\lxoa_c ki:xté:mpa:ya:tília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp [N-N]-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-l)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to make (sb) have blurry or fuzzy vision; to make seeing difficult for
\sense_s hacer la vista nublada o borrosa a; hacer que sea díficil para ver a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chi:xte:mpapa:ya:tilia, xok ma:s nikita.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It makes it difficult for me to see things clearly (in this case small letters on an eye chart), I can't see it very well anymore.
\phrase_s Me dificulta la vista (en este caso letras chiquitas), ya no lo puedo ver bien.
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root pa:ya:
\qry Check reduplication. Note that the base form is /i:xte:mpapa:ya:ti/ whereas the causative form is /i:xte:mpa:ya:tilia/. It may well be that this form should be reduplicated, but only if
referring to two eyes???
\xref i:xte:mpapa:ya:ti
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 01605
\lxam chi:lkwitla
\lxam_c chi:lkwitla
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N(ap)
\compound N-N(?)
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e person who is a big enter of chile
\sense_s persona que come mucho chile
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xma:s tichi:lkwitla.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your're not a big eater of chile.
\phrase_s No eres un gran comedor de chile.
\flao cho:kwi:tl
\root chi:l
\root kwitla
\nse The derivation, grammatical category and roots uncertain.
\qry Determine the plural forms and add above and to grammar. Elicit any other /-kwitla/ forms. Check for final /h/.
\grm Investigate etymology of /chi:lkwitla/, /yekwitla/ and /cho:kwitla/.
\ref 01606
\lxam tso:tso:kwepa
\lxam_c notso:tso:kwepa
\lxoa tso:tso:kopa
\lxoa_c notso:tso:kopa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (refl.) to turn into a skin sore or pimple
\sense_s (refl.) convertirse en un grano o llaga
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nitso:tso:t. O:ne:chkwah tla:la:jeh; o:nikuwa:n wa:n o:notso:tso:kwep.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got sores on my skin. Ajes bit me; I scratched them and they (the bites) turned to sores.
\phrase_s Se me salieron granos en la piel. Ajes me mordieron; los rasquéy (las mordidas) se volvieron llagas.
\root tso:
\root kwepa
\qry Check for transitive: /kitso:tso:kwepa/ acceptable? Or is there a causative?
\ref 01607
\lxam kwa:papayotik
\lxam_c kwa:papayotik
\lxoa kwá:papáyotík
\lxoa_pr kwa:papayotik
\lxoa_c kwá:papáyotík
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-tik-yoh
\pitch yes-lex; yes-deriv
\sense_e to be crazy; to have lost ones senses
\sense_s estar loco; haber perdido los estribos
\sense_d Pending
\root pahpa
\qry Check for stress on first /kwa:-/; check also in in SJ there is an /h/ as in /pahpayotik/. This should probably be removed for the Oapan. The term is /pápáyotí/. Florencia Marcelino
later said that the adjectival form /pápáyotík/ is not used.
\qry_fon Compare all the words with /papayo.../ in Oapan Nahuatl, i.e., underlying {pahpayoh=}.
\qry_h kwa:papayotik; note that p-a in Oapan form suggests
\semref papayotik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01608
\lxam pachiwi
\lxam_c pachiwi
\lxoa pachiwi
\lxoa_c pachiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get pressed down; to become or be bent over
\sense_s doblarse; apachurarse; agacharse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pachiw ima:wa:n wa:xkohtli, melá:k o:tla:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The branches of the guaje tree have bent down toward the ground, it (the tree) is really laden with fruit.
\phrase_s Las ramas del guaje se doblaron hacia el suelo, rindiómucha fruta.
\phrase_n Ihkó:n inenemiya, pachiwtiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That's the way it walks (a four-legged animal), it goes along bent over.
\phrase_s Asíes su manera de caminar (un animal de cuatro patas), va agachado.
\root pach
\nse In reference to trees and their branches, pachiwi is used in reference to any fruit-bearing tree or bush (e.g., a guamúchil or chile) whose branches
droop down from an abundance of fruit.
\qry Determine what other subjects can be used with this verb. In one filecard I had /Ihkó:n inenemia, pachiwtik/ 'That is the way it walks (a four-legged animal), it goes along bent over.'
I think this was probably a typo and haven't entered this word. However, it should be checked.
\ref 01609
\lxam tetsotsole:wi
\lxam_c tetsotsole:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. te- ; Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become hairless (e.g., a bull)
\sense_s quedarse sin pelo (p. ej., un toro)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to become featherless (e.g., a chicken)
\sense_s quedar sin plumas (p. ej., una gallina)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to be left without its skin (a fruit such as wild tomato or tomatillo)
\sense_s quedarse sin cáscara (una fruta como tomate silvestre o verde)
\sense_d Am
\fla tsotsoliwi
\root tsol
\qry Determine whether /te-/ intensifier is really lexicalized/necessary; cf. to entry for /tsotsoliwi/ Am, which has a cognate in Oapan of /te:tsoliwi/.
\semref tsotsoliwi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref te:tsoliwi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01610
\lxam wa:hlaw
\lxam_c wa:hlaw
\lxoa wa:hlaw
\lxoa_c wa:hlaw
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv Irregular; see wa:hlaw
\sense_e to come
\sense_s venir
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld motion
\root wa:l
\root yaw
\nae The inflectional paradigm of wa:hlaw is at present available in the grammar. In Oapan the plural present varies among speakers: wa:hlaweh and
wa:hlawih, as it does for the verb yaw.
\qry Get full range of meanings.
\ref 01611
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was a duplicate of /kuwxiwtli/ and has been deleted.
\dt 18/Jul/2002
\ref 01612
\lxam ma:kowa
\lxam_c kima:kowa
\lxoa ma:kowa
\lxoa_c kima:kowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3b(ow)
\sense_e to give manual labor to (sb) in exchange for an obligation for future help
\sense_s prestar mano de obra a (algn) por la obligación (de esta persona) para prestar ayuda después
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:mitsma:ko:w, xo:tiktlaxtla:wilih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He worked for you in exchange for future labor, you didn't pay him (a wage or similar remuneration).
\phrase_s Trabajópor tíen cambio por la obligación para ayudarlo después, no le pagaste (un sueldo o remuneración en especie).
\phrase_n Mo:stla nitlama:kowas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tomorrow I'm going to work for someone in exchange for a commitment to return the labor obligation later.
\phrase_s Mañana voy a trabajar para alguien quien después me darásu mano de obra en reciprocidad.
\sense_e to give (sth [Obl]) to (sb [PO]) in exchange for the obligation to return the same thing (or value) later (e.g., when one gives a carton of beer to a family whose child is
marrying, or a cut of cloth to the bride, etc. in expectation that the same item will later be reciprocated during a similar occasion)
\sense_s dar (algo [Obl]) en cambio a (algn [PO]) por la obligación de devolver el mismo (o el mismo valor) después (p. ej., al regalar un cartón de cerveza a una familia cuyo hijo
o hija se casa, o una corte de tela para la novia, en espera que la misma cosa serádevuelta después)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl.-recipr.) to reciprocal labor exchange, first at one persons worksite then at that of the other
\sense_s (refl.-recipr.) prestar mano de obra de manera recíproca, una persona ayudando a otra y despuéséste ayudando al primero
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma timomakowaka:n, axtopa nia:s motla:lpan!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let's exchange labor, first I'll go to work in your fields!
\phrase_s ¡Vamos a prestar mano de obra, primero voy a ir a trabajar en tu terreno!
\sense_e (recipr. reduplicated with short vowel, or refl. with oblique: nó:makówah or -wa:n nó:ma:kówa) to be lesbians; to have a lesbian relationship
with
\sense_s (recipr. reduplicado con vocal corta, o refl. con obliqua: nó:makówah, o -wa:n nó:ma:kówa) ser lesbianas; tener una relación lesbiana con
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Nochipa nowi:katimi, kas nó:ma:kówah.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e They always go around together, perhaps they are lesbians.
\phrase_s Siempre andan juntos, quizásean lesbianas.
\root ma:
\root ko:wa
\nse Ma:kowa is etymologically 'hand-buy' and is used in regional Spanish by individuals from towns in which Nahuatl was previously spoken as a borrowing:
macuhuas. Although it seems most commonly used to refer to labor exchange, it can also refer to the delayed reciprocal exchange of gifts, as occurs in marriage. This
delayed reciprocity, indeed, seems to be the essence of tlama:kowa. Note that in Oapan the reciprocal use of this term has the sense of a lesbian, illicit
relationship
\ref 01613
\lxam chikoki:stok
\lxam_c chikoki:stok
\lxoa chikoki:stok
\lxoa_c chikoki:stok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be uneven (e.g., the ends of rods placed together); to be angled or at an angle (e.g., poorly cut cloth)
\sense_s estar disparejo (p. ej., los cabos de varas juntadas en línea, algunos saliendo más adelante que otros); cortado de soslayo (p. ej., tela mal esquinada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Chi:chikoki:stok motlapech.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your bed (e.g., the rods of a bed of tlapextli) is uneven (in this case with some rods longer than others and jutting out at the side).
\phrase_s Tu cama (esto es, las varas de una cama de tlapextli) es dispareja (en este caso con algunas varas más largas que otras).
\root chiko
\root ki:sa
\qry The phrase /chi:chikoki:stok/ is taken from a file card for which vowel length was not checked. It should be checked. The long vowel is based on a similar phrase, cf. phrases under
/chikoki:sa/.
\ilus_note Illustrate /chi:chikoki:stok motlapech/. See illustration on original file cards.
\ref 01614
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be /tsi:ntla:tlaka:lowa/ for Am and /tsi:ntlá:ka:lówa/ for Oa. It has been combined with Ref. 422
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 01615
\lxam tio:tlak
\lxam_c tio:tlak
\lxoa tio:tlak
\lxoa_c tio:tlak
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1
\infn N1
\sense_e afternoon (from midday to vespers)
\sense_s tarde (desde mediodía hasta las vísperas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye tio:tlak, xok nitekitisneki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's already (late in) the afternoon, I don't want to work anymore!
\phrase_s ¡Ya es (avanzada) la tarde, ya no quiero trabajar!
\sense_e (fig.) late in life
\sense_s (fig.) de avanzada edad (en la vida de uno)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xok nitlachia, ye tio:tlak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I can't see well anymore, it's late in my life (i.e., I'm getting old).
\phrase_s Ya no veo bien, ya estoy de edad avanzada.
\root tio:
\root_rel -tlak
\nse In Oapan the reduplicated form with long vowel, tio:tio:tlahtsi:n, indicates a lesser degree of"afternoonness,"i.e., earlier in the afternoon. This is in accord with the
general pattern of using long vowel reduplication to indicate a less intense or partial state.
\nae It will be necessary to further determine the precise syntactic nature of words like kwalka:n, tio:tlak, ya:lwa,
mo:stlaand other periods of time or parts of the day. Apparently tio:tlak is the most nominal in that it can function predicatively in
ye tio:tlak 'it is already late afternoon' whereas one cannot say ? ye mo:stla, etc.
\qry Check carefully how ps will be determined for these cases. Cf. /kwalka:n/, /tlakwalispan/.
\grm Reduplication with long vowel: In Oapan the reduplicated form with long vowel, tio:tio:tlahtsi:n, indicates a lesser degree of"afternoonness,"i.e., earlier in
the afternoon. This is in accord with the general pattern of using long vowel reduplication to indicate a less intense or partial state.
\ref 01616
\lxam tlanawati:hli
\lxam_c tlanawati:hli
\lxoa tlanawati:hli
\lxoa_c tlanawati:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e order (i.e., items that have been requested and that are"on order,"such as ceramics that a trader has requested be made)
\sense_s pedido (esto es, objetos que han sido pedidos de antes, como la cerámica que un revendedor pidióque se hiciera)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Na:nkah ye tlanawati:hli. Yo:ne:chnawatikan, san kwa:hkis ite:ko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e These here (in this case a batch of fired ceramics) have already been ordered (i.e., they can't be sold). I had been ordered (to make them); now the only thing is for the
owner just to come pick them up.
\phrase_s Estos (en este caso barro cocido) ya están pedidos (y por eso ya no se pueden vender). Me pidieron (que los hiciera), falta solamente que su dueño venga a recogerlos.
\phrase_n Yo:nekok deke ye u:nkah notlanawati:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've arrived in case my order (e.g., of painted ceramics) is ready.
\phrase_s Ya lleguéen caso de que ya estámi pedido (p. ej., de cerámica pintada).
\sense_e act of God's will (particularly in causing illness)
\sense_s acta de la voluntad de Diós (particularmente en causar una enfermedad)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:mitsasik tlanawati:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You have gotten ill by God's will.
\phrase_s Te has enfermado por la voluntad de Diós.
\root nawa
\ref 01617
\lxam pi:tso:ti
\lxam_c pi:tso:ti
\lxoa pi:tso:ti
\lxoa_c pi:tso:ti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e (for a nursing child o animal joven) to get weak and sickly.because of a mother's pregnancy1 (i.e., from"sibling rivalry")
\sense_s tener chípil; (por un niño, o hasta un animal joven, que todavía estámamantando) enfermarse y ponerse débil a causa de la preñez de la mamá
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:itipoti:xatiak. saniman o:pi:tso:t
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He (in this case a child) got a swollen belly. He was affected (became sickly) by the birth of a younger sibling.
\phrase_s Aél (en este caso a un niño) se le hinchóla barriga. Se enfermópor el nacimiento de un hermano menor.
\phrase_n Pi:tso:tis ikone:w, oksepa o:stli ina:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Her child will get sick and weak from sibling rivarly, his mother is pregnant again.
\phrase_s Su hijo se va a poner débil y enfermo de chípil, otra vez estáencinta su mamá.
\phrase_n Pi:tso:ti, pe:wa tewa:ki un kone:tsi:ntli kwa:k o:stli ina:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pi:tso:ti (refers to when) a little child begins to get thin when his mother is pregnant.
\phrase_s Pi:tso:ti (se refiere a cuando) un niñito empieza a adelgazarse al estar encinta su mamá.
\sense_e to have a younger sibling while still very young
\sense_s tener un hermano(a) cuando uno estátodavía muy bebé
\sense_d Pending
\root pi:tso:
\nse Pi:tso:ti refers to a condition that affects a nursing child when his or her mother gets pregnant: he becomes sickly, his neck and legs gets thin and skimpy, he gets a
large belly, he walks awkwardly and falls a lot.
\semref itipoti:xah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01618
\lxam -ka:n
\lxam_c ye:xka:n
\lxoa -ka:n
\lxoa_alt -ka:h
\lxoa_c we:ika:h
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\der Rel-stem-sim
\sense_e locative suffix used into indicate the place where a particular action occurs (when added to a verbal stem) or a the existence of a particular state (when added to a nominal
or adjectival stem)
\sense_s sufijo locativo que indica el lugar donde una acción en particular occure (cuando se le agrega a una raíz verbal) o la existence de un estado en particular (cuando se le
agrega a una raíz nominal o adjetival)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n kwalka:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e (in) the morning (lit., 'in a good place')
\phrase_s (en) la mañana (lit., 'en un buen lugar')
\phrase_n Tlakwalka:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is a good place (e.g., a nice, flat area for building a house, etc.)
\phrase_s Es un buen lugar (p. ej., un lugar plano y bonito para construir una casa, etc.)
\phrase_n miahka:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e (in) many places
\phrase_s (en) muchos lugares
\phrase_n Ne:chkukwa nopitsahka:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My waist hurts me (lit., 'my place of narrowing').
\phrase_s Me duele la cintura (lit., 'mi lugar de estrechamiento').
\phrase_n tlapitsahka:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e mountain pass (lit., 'a place of narrowing')
\phrase_s paso o puerto de montaña (lit., 'un lugar de estrechamiento')
\root -ka:n
\nae The preceding senses indicate some of the meanings and used of the -ka:n suffix. A full list can be obtained by searching the lexical database for
-ka:n in the /xrl field.
\mod Set up link to /ka:n/ in the /xrl field.
\ref 01619
\lxam tsi:nwekalowa
\lxam_c kitsi:nwekalowa
\lxoa tsí:nwakalówa
\lxoa_pr tsi:nwakalowa
\lxoa_c kitsí:nwakalówa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to dig out the bottom of (e.g., a cliff, ridge, or ledge so that a small cave-like area or hollow is formed)
\sense_s excavar el fondo de (p. ej., un risco o saliente para que se haga un pequeño hueco como cuevita)
\sense_d Pending
\root tsi:n
\root wahkal
\qry Determine further what this means, how the digging is done, etc. Check to make sure underling {h} is in root of /wehkal/; cf. /wekahli/.
\ref 01620
\lxam xama:nilia
\lxam_c kixama:nilia
\lxoa xama:nilia
\lxoa_c kixama:nilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to break up or crumble (sth) into (e.g., dried oregano, red chile, or other brittle seasonings [SO] into a food such as pozole, etc. [PO]); to break up or crumble (sth) for
\sense_s desmoronar, despedazar o romper (algo, p. ej., orégano seco, chile seco u otros condimientos [OS]) en (p. ej., a una comida como pozole, etc. [OP]); quebrar o hacer
añicos (a algo [OS]) para (algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xxa:xama:nili chi:hli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Break up several pieces of that (red) chile into it (e.g., a broth of beans)!
\phrase_s ¡Desmorónale pedazos de ese chile (rojo) enél (p. ej., en un caldo de frijol)!
\root xama:
\nse Xama:nillia in the sense of adding spices to a food refers to the breaking up of a brittle spice with ones hands. It may refer to the crumbling of red chile to put into a
dish, but not to green chile, for which the word ko:koto:nilia is used, given that the action is one of pulling or ripping off small pieces of green chile, not crumbling a
dried object into small pieces.
\ref 01621
\lxam ma:kana:wa
\lxam_c kima:kana:wa
\lxoa ma:kana:wa
\lxoa_c kima:kana:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to clear out weeds by hand (in reference to clearing out the largest weeds in a milpa by pulling them up by the roots)
\sense_s desherbar a mano (en referencia a la hierba más grande en una milpa, arrancándola a mano)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w titlama:kukwi, tihkana:wa un xiwtli, tikma:kana:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You have started to weed by hand, you are thinning out the weeds, you are thinning them out by hand.
\phrase_s Ya empezaste a desherbar a mano, estás haciendo más ralo la hierba, la estás quitando a mano.
\sense_e to make (sb's) hand tender (generally from excessive work with the hands; usually the use of the verb ma:kana:wa in this sense involves reduplication of the
verbal root, ma:kakana:wa)
\sense_s hacer que la mano (de algn) quede sensibilizada (generalmente por un exceso de trabajo con las manos; a menudo este uso lleva la reduplicación de la raíz verbal,
ma:kakana:wa)
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root kana:
\nse It may be one of the two meanings given above is in error, or slightly idiosyncratic. In the first, 'to clear out weeds by hand' there is a clear relationship to the opposition between
tila:wi'to become thick or dense' and kana:wi'to become thin.' In this acceptation of ma:kana:wa the incorporated
noun root ma:is the instrument through which the primary object of the transitive verb, i.e., the weeds, are thinned out. In the second acceptation, which is perhaps
a somewhat idiosyncratic and analogical extension from intransitive verb ma:kana:wiin which the incorporated noun stem is"possessed"by the subject (an
example of"possessor raising"). However, like many other intransitive verbs that refer to processes that affect body parts, the transitive counterpart, at least from the perspective of
transitivity alternation, is not a semantic equivalent. This is because whereas ones hands can become 'thinned' by working hard in th e fields, th ere is less likelihood of an agent that
would make these hands thin (although perhaps the stones, the labor itself, etc. are potential agents). Nevertheless, the point is that the relationship of incorporated noun to verb
changes, often drammatically, between cognate forms of the same verb. For another example of how transitivity alternations and noun incorporation interact, see notes under
a:pochina:ltia.
\qry Recheck for both meanings and their correctness: for ones hand to become worn and to weed. In the phrase about weeding the reference is to thinning out the weeds, uprooting the
largest by hand.
\grm Noun incorporation: It may be one of the two meanings given above is in error, or slightly idiosyncratic. In the first, 'to clear out weeds by hand' there is a clear relationship
to the opposition between tila:wi'to become thick or dense' and kana:wi'to become thin.' In this acceptation of
ma:kana:wa the incorporated noun root ma:is the instrument through which the primary object of the transitive verb, i.e., the weeds,
are thinned out. In the second acceptation, which is perhaps a somewhat idiosyncratic and analogical extension from intransitive verb ma:kana:wiin
which the incorporated noun stem is"possessed"by the subject (an example of"possessor raising"). However, like many other intransitive verbs that refer to processes that
affect body parts, the transitive counterpart, at least from the perspective of transitivity alternation, is not a semantic equivalent. This is because whereas ones hands can
become 'thinned' by working h a rd in the fields, there is less likelihood of an agent that would make these hands thin (although perhaps the stones, the labor itself, etc. are
potential agents). Nevertheless, the point is that the relationship of incorporated noun to verb changes, often drammatically, between cognate forms of the same verb.
\ref 01622
\lxam patiltik
\lxam_c patiltik
\lxoa patiltik
\lxoa_c patiltik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be inclined; to be leaning over
\sense_s estar inclinado; estar fuera de vertical
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be crooked (not in a straight line)
\sense_s estar chueco (no derecho o recto, p. ej., cosas en línea)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Patiltik mokorra:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your fence is crooked (not in a straight line).
\phrase_s Tu cerca estáchueca (no en una línea recta).
\phrase_n Patiltik ikxi, wi:loh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His leg is crooked, he is lame.
\phrase_s Tiene la pierna chueca, estácojo.
\sense_e (often reduplicated with short vowel) to be poorly pronounced or constructed (words or speech by one who is not fluent)
\sense_s (a menudo reduplicado tener vocal corta) estar mal pronunciado y formado (palabras o un discurso de algn que no domina la lengua)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sam papatiltik itlato:l, san ke:n ihki yo:ki:itoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His speech is off-base, he uttered his words in just any which way.
\phrase_s Sus palabras no son derechas, dijo sus palabras como cualquier cosa.
\root patil
\ref 01623
\lxam tla:lkaxa:nki
\lxam_c tla:lkaxa:nki
\lxoa tla:lkaxa:nki
\lxoa_c tla:lkaxa:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\infn N1
\sense_e loose earth
\sense_s tierra suelta
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tla:la:wa, san ise:lti xiti:ni, tla:lkaxa:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The earth comes sliding down the slope, it crumbles by itself, the area has a lot of loose earth.
\phrase_s La tierra se desliza por el pendiente, se desmorona por si solo, es unaárea de tierra es suelta.
\root tla:l
\root kaxa:
\ref 01624
\lxam ti:tlanilia
\lxam_c kiti:tlanilia
\lxoa ti:tlanilia
\lxoa_c kiti:tlanilia
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to send (sth) to (for the benefit of)
\sense_s mandar o enviar a (para el beneficio de)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Konti:tlanilia ikone:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He sends it to his child.
\phrase_s Se lo manda a (para) su hijo.
\semref one:wi:ltilia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\root ti:tlani
\xref ti:tlani
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01625
\lxam tla:ltekwio:tia
\lxam_c kitla:ltekwio:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cover with dust
\sense_s cubrir de polvo
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:timotla:ltekwyo:tih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You got yourself covered with dust.
\phrase_s Te hiciste cubrir de polvo.
\root tla:l
\root tekw
\qry The p-a in /tlá:ltemolohyó:tia/ may be wrong (though this is now how it is in the /lxo field of the associated entry now); note that in other words with this form (i.e., other derivatives)
there is no p-a.
\semref tlá:ltemolohyó:tia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref tla:ltehwi:lo
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01626
\lxam tsi:ntetepontla:lia
\lxam_c kitsi:ntetepontla:lia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to remove the pants or dress of (e.g., a young child, leaving the rear end exposed)
\sense_s quitarle los pantalones o falda a (p. ej., un niño, dejando las nalgas expuestas)
\sense_d Am
\root tsi:n
\root tepon
\root tla:l
\qry Perhaps this entry should be removed.
\ref 01627
\lxam mapilyestia
\lxam_c mapilyestia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to get a blood blister on ones finger
\sense_s salirsele una ampolla con sangre en el dedo a (algn [S])
\sense_d Am
\root mah
\root pil
\root yes
\nse This refers to a blister that forms, and has blood inside, but does not burst open, xyeski:sa.
\semref mápilyesté:mi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01628
\lxam a:pochi:naltia
\lxam_c ka:pochi:naltia
\lxoa a:pochi:naltia
\lxoa_c ka:pochi:naltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni[+ca]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to soften by soaking in water, so that (the item soaked) becomes fuzzy, loose, and spongy
\sense_s ablandar al remojar, para que (el objeto remojado) se ponga velloso y esponjoso
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xka:pochi:nalti un mexkahli para ixtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Soften that cactus in water to make rope (i.e., so that it can be shredded to make hemp twine).
\phrase_s Remoja ese cactus en agua para hacer cuerda (esto es, hasta que se ablande y se pueda trizar para hacer cáñamo enroscado).
\root a:
\root pochi:
\disamb a:pochi:ni; a:yema:nia
\nae Although the verbal base pochi:niforms a transitive through nondirected alternation (pochi:na, this is not the case with the same verb and
the incorporated noun root a:. Here there transitive alternation is through causative morphology: a:pochi:niand
a:pochi:naltia. The fact that the verb root manifests nondirected alternation but that the incorporated form manifests overt causative morphology is encoded in the
derivational field. It provides another example how noun incorporation can affect the nature of transitivity alternations, or how transitivity alternations can affect the semantics of noun
incorporation (see ma:kana:wa).
\qry Note that although the pair /pochi:ni/ and /pochi:na/ exist as nondirected alternation, with the incorporated noun /a:/ it seems that only /a:pochi:ni/ and /a:pochi:naltia/ exist. This shoud
be checked and if true, commented on in the grammar. For /a:yema:nia/, which is intransitive, determine whether a transitive exists (e.g., a:yema:nilia, which should if it exists, be
added to the dictionary).
\grm Noun incorporation; transitivity alternation: Although the verbal base pochi:niforms a transitive through nondirected alternation
(pochi:na, this is not the case with the same verb and the incorporated noun root a:. Here the transitive alternation is through
causative morphology: a:pochi:niand a:pochi:naltia. The fact that the verb root manifests nondirected alternation but that the
incorporated form manifests overt causative morphology is encoded in the derivational field. It provides another example how noun incorporation can affect the nature of
transitivity alternations, or how transitivity alternations can affect the semantics of noun incorporation (see ma:kana:wa).
\xref a:pochi:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01629
\lxam tekitlami
\lxam_c tekitlami
\lxoa tekitlami
\lxoa_c tekitlami
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-mi(a)
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to finish working a team of oxen or mules during the planting season (usually the oxen are"released"during the first two weeks of August; note that tekitlami
refers just to the finishing of this stage, not all fieldwork, which would include the iswatekilistli , harvest or pixkilistli , etc.)
\sense_s terminar de trabajar la yunta de bueyes o mulas durante la temporada de lluvias (por lo común la yunta se suelta durante las primeras dos semanas de agosto;
tekitlami se refiere solamente a la terminación del trabajo de la yunta, y no todo el trabajo del campo como el zacateo o iswatekilistli , la
cosecha o pixkilistli , etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kichi:waskeh komba:tes, o:tekitlankeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They will celebrate with a ritual meal, they finished work with the team of oxen.
\phrase_s Van a hacer una celebración ritual, terminaron el trabajo de yunta.
\phrase_n O:tekitlamilo:k, xok yekah tekiti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The season for working teams of oxen is over, no one is left working (the fields).
\phrase_s La temporada de trabajar la yunta se acabó, ya nadie trabaja (el campo).
\sense_e to die
\sense_s morir
\sense_d Am
\qry Check to see if /tekitlami/ can also refer to finishing other types of jobs. Check for causative and applicative.
\semref tekipanowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01630
\lxam pi:nyas
\lxam_c pi:nyas
\lxoa pi:nyah
\lxoa_c pi:nyah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan piña
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e pineapple
\sense_s piña
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nse In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl borrowing pi:nyas is most often found in the"plural."
\ref 01631
\lxam pakah
\lxam_c pakah
\lxoa pakah
\lxoa_alt paah
\lxoa_c pakah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Adv(loc)=V1
\der V1-b
\infv Irregular; see kah
\sense_e to be there (in a definite place known through discourse)
\sense_s estar allá(en un lugar definido por el discurso)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pakah nokni:w Cuernavaca.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My brother is there in Cuernavaca.
\phrase_s Mi hermano estáalláen Cuernavaca.
\phrase_n Pakah. Ompón iye:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is over there. It is stored right over there.
\phrase_s Alláestá. Estáguardado allímismo.
\flao kah
\semref pa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01632
\lxam na:palowa
\lxam_c kina:palowa
\lxoa na:palowa
\lxoa_c kina:palowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi[x]
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to hug; to hold in ones arms; to gather up in ones arms
\sense_s abrazar; cargar en los brazos; juntar y cargar en los brazos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kina:palotok ikone:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is holding her child in her arms.
\phrase_s Estácargando su niño en los brazos.
\phrase_n O:hna:palo:to notlikoh. O:nikwa:hkik nika:n ka:n nitlatlama:malti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I went to gather up my firewood in my arms. I brought it here where I will load up my animals.
\phrase_s Fui a traer mi leña en los brazos. Lo traje aquídonde voy a cargas mis bestias.
\sense_e (refl.) to hug oneself; to wrap ones arms around the body
\sense_s (refl.) abrazarse; colocar los brazos alrededor del cuerpo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nimona:paloh pa:mpa nisekwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I hugged myself because I'm cold.
\phrase_s Me abracéporque tengo frío.
\sense_e to have sex with; to make love to (usually in reference to a man [subject] having sex with a woman)
\sense_s hacer el amor con; tener relaciones sexuales con (usualmente en referencia a un hombre [sujeto] teniendo relaciones sexuales con una mujer)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkaman kina:palowa suwa:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He never has sex with a woman.
\phrase_s Nunca hace el amor con una mujer.
\sense_e to pass over or extend from one side to another; to pass around the circumference (of a hill, of the back of a beast of burden, etc.)
\sense_s extenderse de un lado a otro; extenderse alrededor de, por la orilla (de un cerrito, del lomo de una bestia, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kina:palotok lo:mah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It stretches over both sides of the hill (in this case a parcel of land that goes from one side of a hill, over the top and then down the other side).
\phrase_s Se extiende por los dos lados del cerro (en este caso una parcela de terreno que va de un lado a otro de un cerro, pasando por el punto más alto).
\root na:pal
\qry Check to determine if there is an intransitive form, although I do not remember ever hearing one.
\grm In general for a grammatical analysis it will be useful to determine which verbs of nondirected alternation are lacking either the transitive or intransitive form.
\xref na:palowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref na:palo:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01633
\lxam mela:wtok
\lxam_c nomela:wtok
\lxoa mela:wtok
\lxoa_c nomela:htok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der Stat-refl
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be lying down (after having lain down)
\sense_s estar acostado (después de haberse acostado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nimomela:wtok, yo:nisiaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am lying down, I got tired.
\phrase_s Estoy acostado, ya me cansé.
\root mela:
\nse Although the fact that the form of the reflexive morpheme varies in accord with the subject suggests that nomela:wtok should not be accorded a separate entry, the
fact that the meaning of a transitive verb with the -tok ending is not a progressive but rather a stative favors a separate entry. A similar decision has been made in
regard to tsontokatok.
\qry Before a final decision is made on whether to accord nomela:wtok a separate entry care must be taken to distinguish mela:wtok from
nomela:wtok. Under the former I have the definition of 'to be lying down,' but this might be in error. Perhaps it simply refers to something that has been laid out, and is
flat on the ground, but that the reflexive stative is used for people who acquire this position (of lying down) through their own action.
\semref mela:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01634
\lxam tlankoyaktik
\lxam_c tlankoyaktik
\lxoa tlankoyahtik
\lxoa_c tlankoyahtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Op. te- : tlantekoyaktik (Am) / tlankoyahtik (Oa)
\sense_e to be lacking some front teeth
\sense_s tener algunos dientes faltando
\sense_d Pending
\root tlan
\root koya:
\nae Perhaps because of its semantic meaning, tlankoyaktik is almost always found with the intensifier (i.e., tlantekoyaktik) although consultants did accept
the form without te- as correct; hence this entry has the te- as optional. If there are many teeth missing, one would say (in Oapan, with reduced reduplication)
tlá:nkoyáhtik.
\vl There are four additional tokens of this word from 4475; link two of the tokens (female and male) from the set originally at 4475.
\semref tlanwá:wakátik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01635
\lxam chapa:ni
\lxam_c chapa:ni
\lxoa chapa:ni
\lxoa_c chapa:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (often with wa:l-) to continuously pour or spill out onto the ground (a liquid such as water spurting out of a tube)
\sense_s (a menudo con wa:l-) derramarse o verterse a chorros sobre el suelo (un líquido como agua que sale rápidamente por un tubo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wa:lchapa:ntok a:tl ipan tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The water is pouring out onto the ground.
\phrase_s El agua se estáderramando sobre el suelo.
\sense_e to fall and be lying extended on the ground (sth long and loose such as a rope, a scarf, or long piece of cloth); to be hanging down to the ground
\sense_s caerse al suelo y estar extendido sobre ello (algo largo y flojo como un lazo, o un rebozo, tira de tela o pedazo de ropa); colgarse hacia abajo hasta tirarse sobre el suelo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka!... pa:mpa deke tiktsono:kili:s, de tikte:kili:s san se: we:i, kwa:kon sila:ntroh pachiwi, chapa:ni ipan tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't do it!... because if you dump water on it, if you pour water on it all at once, then the corriander will get plastered, it will fall flat on the ground.
\phrase_s No lo hagas!... porque si le echas un chorro de agua, si le tiras agua todo de una vez, entonces el cilantro se va a apachurrar, se va a quedar tirado sobre el suelo.
\phrase_n Chapa:ni morria:tah ipan tla:hli. Xkwahli para manga:nah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your lariat falls loosely to the ground (i.e., it is no longer hard and stiff like it should be, but more like a loose rope). It's no good for lassoing the front legs of an animal.
\phrase_s Tu reata cae floja a la tierra (esto es, ya no es duro, sino flojo como soga). Ya no sirve para lazar las patas de algún animal.
\root chapa:
\disamb toya:wi; chapa:ni
\nse Chapa:ni is used, for example, if part of a blanket has slid down from a bed and is lying on on the ground. However, if the entire blanket is on the ground the
word tlakaltok is used. Chapa:ni is also used to refer to objects such as ropes and hoses that are lying on the ground. When used in
reference to water, this verb refers to water pouring onto the ground, e.g., from the top of a house during a storm, or from a pipe or tube. It is not used, however, to refer to water
that is spilling out onto the ground over the top of a bucket or a perol. In this case the verb toya:wiis used.
\mod Cf. illustration on original file card. Also, compare and distinguish /toya:wi/, /tlakali/ and /chapa:ni/.
\xref chachapaka
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01636
\lxam xo:chipaltsi:n
\lxam_c xo:chipaltsi:n
\lxoa xo:chipaltsi:n
\lxoa_c xo:chipaltsi:n
\lxgen xo:chipaltsi:n
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e type of flowering plant still not identified
\sense_s tipo de planta conocida por su flor, todavía no identificada
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xo:chipaltsi:n | San xo:chitl kokostik. Ne:si Chalacachapa iwa:n kinelowan tixtli kwa:k tamalkwan, para ma kose:wi, kas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Xo:chipaltsi:n : It is just a yellowish flower. It seems that in Chalacachapa they mix it in with ground nextamahli when they are making
tamales, maybe so that it (the dough) becomes yellow.
\phrase_s Xo:chipaltsi:n : Es solamente una flor amarillita. Parece que en Chalacachapa se mezcla con la masa cuando se hace tamales, para que se pongan
amarillos quizá.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root xo:chi
\root pa:
\notes_nature RS gives the following entry under xochipalli o xuchipalli : 'Hierba cuya hoja se parece a la de la artemisa y sirve para teñir las telas de color
amarillo rojizo (Hern.); color rojo, rosa.' The root pal is thus probably related to that for 'dye.'
\ref 01637
\lxam kanah
\lxam_c kanah
\lxoa kanah
\lxoa_c kanah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(indef)
\der Pr-indef
\sense_e somewhere; someplace
\sense_s algún lado; algún lugar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtiá:s kanah tewa?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Are you going to go somewhere?
\phrase_s ¿Vas a ir a algún lado?
\phrase_n Ke:mah! Kanah niá:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Yes! I'm going to go somewhere!
\phrase_s Si! Voy a ir a algún lado!
\phrase_n Kwi:kas kanah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will take it somewhere.
\phrase_s Lo va a llevar a algún lado.
\phrase_n A:man niá:s kanatsi:n, xok nimose:wi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Today I'm going to go somewhere, I'm not going to rest anymore.
\phrase_s Hoy voy a ir a algún ladito, ya no voy a descansar.
\phrase_n Xkanah tikne:xti:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You won't find it anywhere!
\phrase_s ¡No lo vas a encontrar en ningún lado!
\phrase_n Xniás kanah! -= xkanah niá:s-.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm not going anywhere.
\phrase_s No voy a ningún lado.
\sense_e approximately; about; more or less
\sense_s aproximadamente; alrededor de; más o menos; como
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kanah o:me pe:soh nikmakas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to give him about two pesos.
\phrase_s Le voy a dar como dos pesos.
\phrase_n Xniá:s a:man, kanah mo:stla.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I won't go today, maybe around tomorrow.
\phrase_s No voy a ir hoy, quizás como mañana.
\phrase_n Kanah jueves niá:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to go around Thursday.
\phrase_s Voy a ir como por el jueves.
\flo kánatsí:n
\root ka:n
\nse Kanah is most often found in a predication that is headed by the negative particular x=, which is usually placed at the left of the phrase. Also,
although the vowel is definitely short in kanah , the relationship with ka:n is clear.
\mod A general decision must be made re: roots that show long/short alternations: /toma:wi/ and /tomatl/, /xoko:ya/ and /xokotl/, etc. Also, there is the problem of how to categorize
words that may function as various parts of speech. I would think that this should be revised and that there might be multiple /cat fields if words are different parts of speech. Or,
perhpas better, a separate entry. Computationally, the easiest might be to have a separate entry.
\qry Check whether in Oapan one can say /kánatík/. I seem to hear this form in the 1998 Oapan minpairs tape, about 16:51.
\root_notes Note that the root /ka:n/ shows up short in /kanah/.
\semref kánatsí:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01638
\lxam tlachipi:ntsi:n
\lxam_c se: tlachipi:ntsi:n
\lxoa tlachipi:ntsi:n
\lxoa_c se: tlachipi:ntsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e drop (of a liquid)
\sense_s gotita (de un líquido)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (se: ~) sip; little bit (lit. 'drop,' of a drink, broth, or other liquid)
\sense_s (se: ~) traguito; poquito (lit. 'gotita', de una bebida, caldo u otro líquido)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:s san se: tlachipi:ntsi:n xne:chmaka!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just give a little sip!
\phrase_s ¡Dame nada más un tragito!
\root chipi:
\nse In documented occurrences to date, Tlachipi:ntsi:n seems to always to follow the numeral se:.
\nae The nominalization with the nonspecific object prefix tla- suggests that the verbal stem should be transitive. However, the transitive form of this verb is
chipi:nia. This exemplifies that for transitive verbs within the paradigm of nondirected alternation and ending in -na or -nia, the stem for
nominalization is consonant final, losing either the final vowel or final two vowels, as the case may be. Here, with tlachipi:ntsi:n, the final two vowels are lost. A
similar pattern is found in the adjectivalization of verbs ending in -iwi, in which the entire -VCV ending is lost (e.g., pa:tsiwiand
pa:stik).
\grm Nominalization; vowel loss; deverbalization; adjectivalization: The nominalization with the nonspecific object prefix tla- suggests that the verbal stem should be
transitive. However, the transitive form of this verb is chipi:nia. This exemplifies that for transitive verbs within the paradigm of nondirected
alternation and ending in -na or -nia, the stem for nominalization is consonant final, losing either the final vowel or final two vowels, as the case
may be. Here, with tlachipi:ntsi:n, the final two vowels are lost. A similar pattern is found in the adjectivalization of verbs ending in -iwi, in
which the entire -VCV ending is lost (e.g., pa:tsiwiand pa:stik).
\ref 01639
\lxam chi:ltixtli
\lxam_c chi:ltixtli
\lxoa chi:ltixtli
\lxoa_c chi:ltixtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(x)
\sense_e mixture of chile with other herbs and ground dried items
\sense_s mezcla de chile con varias hierbas y otras cosas molidas
\sense_d Pending
\root chi:l
\root tisi
\nse In one original filecard I recorded that chi:ltixtli is simply ground and dried chile, with no masa, that is mixed directly with
tepe:tomatl, pimie:ntah, kla:bosand komi:nos.
\semfld food
\qry Check recipe.
\ref 01640
\lxam i
\lxoa i
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\der V2-b
\infv Bound morpheme: see oniand tlai
\sense_e see oniand tlai
\sense_s véase oniy tlai
\sense_d Pending
\root i:
\nse The verb i, which has an underlying long vowel, only occurs with the prefix tla-, referring to the drinking of an alcoholic drink. For nonalcoholic
drinks, oniis used, a verb form that can take both specific (e.g., koni) and nonspecific (e.g., tlaoni) prefixes.
\semref oni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref tlai
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01641
\lxam kwa:pa:ya:tl
\lxam_alt kwa:pa:ya:tsi:n
\lxam_c kwa:pa:ya:tl
\lxoa kwa:pa:ya:tl
\lxoa_c kwa:pa:ya:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e fool; idiot; imbecil; one who is missing some marbles or fuzzy-brained
\sense_s idiota; tonto; imbécil; persona que estámal de la cabeza
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root pa:ya:
\nse Kwa:pa:ya:tik and similar words may refer to someone who is by nature mentally deficient. It is apparently derived from the stem pa:ya:, which
seems to mean 'fuzzy'. It can refer to someone who is like this from birth, a moron, or is temporarily so from drink, or someone who is doing something foolish and senseless. This
word is usually found in the diminutive, e.g., kwa:pa:ya:tsi:n, which, perhaps, should in fact be the main entry. However, for now the entry is under the
non-diminutive form.
\semref kwa:pa:ya
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01642
\lxam tlaye:kchi:wilia
\lxam_c notlaye:kchi:wilia
\lxoa tlaye:hchi:wilia
\lxoa_c notlaye:hchi:wilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to arrange a nest for itself (e.g., a chicken, or similar fowl, about to lay its eggs)
\sense_s (refl.) arreglarse un nido (p. ej., una gallina, o ave similar, a punto de poner)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nopióye a:kopilkatinemi. Ye tlatlakalis. Notlaye:kchiwili:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My chicken is going around looking up (to see where it will roost). It is about to lay its eggs. It will arrange a nest for itself.
\phrase_s Mi gallina anda mirando hacia arriba (para ver donde hacer su nido). Estáa punto de poner. Va a arreglarse su nido.
\root e:k
\root chi:wa
\qry Check orthography of /a:kopilkatinemi/, is the first /a:/ long or not. Check other possible meanings of this term. Check for transitive use.
\xref ye:kchi:wilia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 01643
\lxam ko:koh
\lxam_c ko:koh
\lxoa ko:koh
\lxoa_c ko:koh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Baby
\der Adj-bb
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e hot (spicy)
\sense_s picoso
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e hot (in temperature)
\sense_s calientito
\sense_d Pending
\semfld baby
\root koko
\nse This is a word used in talking to children. The etymology is uncertain, since it might either be derived from kokó:k or kukwa , as in
te:kokoh 'causing pain.' For a discussion of long /u:/, see entry under lu:loh.
\qry Check to make sure that this word can be used to refer to all the above. I am not entirely certain that it can be used to refer to something hot in temperature.
\mod Cf. Gram 1984-10-16.1
\ref 01644
\lxam xiwyoh
\lxam_c xiwyoh
\lxoa xihyoh
\lxoa_c xihyoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to have a lot of leaves
\sense_s tener muchas hojas
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to have (an area) many herbaceous plants
\sense_s tener (unaárea) muchas plantas herbáceas
\sense_d Pending
\root xiw
\ref 01645
\lxam kokone:tl
\lxam_c kokone:tl
\lxoa kókoné:tl
\lxoa_c kókoné:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref*)
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e doll; human-like figure (of clay, dough, plastic, etc.)
\sense_s muñeca; figura humana pequeña (de barro, masa, plástico, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\nae Unlike the base form kone:tl'child,' which has an irregular plural form ko:koneh, kokone:tl pluralizes with the regular and
expected endings -meh.
\nse Note regular plural form.
\ref 01646
\lxam te:ntili:ntok
\lxam_c te:ntili:ntok
\lxoa te:ntili:ntok
\lxoa_c te:ntili:ntok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\compound N-Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be with a tight lid, cap, or top (e.g., a pot, container, bottle, etc.)
\sense_s estar con la tapadera bien apretada (e.g., una olla, recipiente, etc.); con el tapón bien metido (e.g., una botella)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:ntili:ntok. Xwel tlapowi niman ite:ntsahka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Its cap (or lid) is on tight, it can't be easily opened.
\phrase_s Su tapadera (o tapón) estámuy apretada, no se puede abrir fácilmente.
\phrase_n Xwel te:ntlapowi, ke:n te:ntili:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It won't open (can't be opened), its top is really on tight.
\phrase_s No se puede abrir, su tapadera (o tapa) estámuy apretada.
\root te:n
\root tili:
\nse The antonym of te:ntili:ntok is te:nkaxa:nki.
\disamb te:ntepi:stik; te:ntili:ntok
\ref 01647
\lxam te:i:xkwilih
\lxam_c te:i:xkwilih
\lxoa te:i:xkwilih
\lxoa_c te:i:xkwilih
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e to be blinding; to be dazzling; to taken ones vision away momentarily (a bright light)
\sense_s ser deslumbrante o deslumbrador (una fuerte luz)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:ixkwi:lih to:nahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sun is dazzling (its light so strong as to momentarily to ones vision away).
\phrase_s El sol es deslumbrante (con luz tan fuerte que momentariamente le quita la vista a uno)
\root i:x
\root kwi
\ref 01648
\lxam pola:n chi:chi:l
\lxam_c pola:n chi:chi:l
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\loan plátano
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e small type of banana from Veracruz or Tabasco, not found in Guerrero
\sense_s tipo de plátano pequeño de Veracruz o Tabasco, pero no encontrado en Guerrero
\sense_d Am
\root chi:l
\ency_note plátano
\qry Check type. Check for the possible existence of a plant named /chi:chi:l/ to determine whether this word is used only as applied to bananas, or whether indeed a simple plant called
/chi:chi:l/ also exists. If not then simply add an entry under /chi:chi:l/ and cross-reference here.
\notes_nature Inocencio Díaz mentioned that this is the name of a small type of banana that comes from Veracruz or Tabasco but that is not known in this area. He has seen these bananas
when he went to Veracruz and Tabasco, sold at the side of the road.
\ref 01649
\lxam aketsi:lowa
\lxam_c aketsi:lowa
\lxoa akétsi:lówa
\lxoa_pr aketsi:lowa
\lxoa_c akétsi:lówa
\lxoa_pr aketsi:lowa
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to stand on tiptoe
\sense_s pararse de puntillas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xaketsi:lo para tasis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Stand on your tiptoes so that you can reach it!
\phrase_s ¡Párate de puntillas para que lo puedas alcanzar!
\phrase_n Na:ketsi:lotok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm standing on tiptoes.
\phrase_s Estoy parado en puntillas.
\root ah
\root kehtsi
\qry Check for
\nae The etymology of aketsi:lowa (Am) remains unclear as does the pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl, where it might be akétsi:lówa as written above, or
ákétsi:lówa. More analysis will need to be conducted. It seems clear, however, that etymologically this verb is related to omixco tlachixque in aquique
mitzontepeuhque immitz onchayauhque., the word for the place on the body just above the heel, where a sandal strap passes (however, perhaps simply 'heel' would be a more
adequate translation). The pitch accent on both these words suggests an underlying {h}, which would perhaps be located (pending evidence from neighboring dialects) at the coda of
the second syllable: {keh + tsi}. This would mean that etymologically the word for heel is not directly related to ketsa 'to stand upright.' Note that The absence of pitch
accent in Oapan Nahuatl suggests that there is no underlying {h}; however, this needs to be checked as the most likely etymology would have underlying {ah-} at the be ginning of
this word. Molina a has two relevant forms: quequetzilotiuh. ni 'andar sobre las puntas delos pies' and quequetzolli 'calcañar' both of which mirror the Balsas
definitions of the cognate forms: 'to walk on tiptoe' and 'heel.' In modern dialects the only pertinent information is from Northern Puebla, which has ixoquehtzol 'talón.'
This evidence confirms an underlying {h} in the place posited from the Oapan data. However, the underlying for of the initial /a/ is still unclear. It might well be {ah}. This should lead
to high pitch on this syllable (i.e., ákétsi:lówa), which might actually be the case. The acoustic evidence is not entirely clear.
\qry Check the length of initial /a/, which in one example that I had written on the filecards appears long. Perhaps one of the roots of this word is /ketsa/.
\qry_h aketsi:lowa; check for /ah-/ beginning and /kehtsi:l/.
\vl Check vowel length of Ameyaltepec and vowel length and p-a of Oapan.
\ref 01650
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be the entry for /wetskis yeyekatl/ but it has been eliminated.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 01651
\lxam anya:nti
\lxam_c anya:nti
\lxoa kaya:nti
\lxoa_c kaya:nti
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan gañan
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to hire oneself out to work the junta, as a gañan
\sense_s contratarse como gañan
\sense_d Am, Oa
\fla anyá:n
\mod Note also the problem of spelling which applies to this verb form, i.e. whether there should be a /i/ or a /y/.
\ref 01652
\lxam tlapalowilia
\lxam_c kitlapalowilia
\lxoa tlápalowília
\lxoa_pr tlapalowilia
\lxoa_c kitlápalowília
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to greet (sb) for or in representation of
\sense_s saludar (a algn) para o en nombre de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:xtlapalowili:ti, nikontla:tlawtia!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go give him my greetings, I send him my best regards!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a saludarlo de mi parte, le mando mis saludos!
\root tlahpal
\xref tlapalowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref tlápalówa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 01653
\lxam yema:nka:no:tsa
\lxam_c kiyema:nka:no:tsa
\lxoa yema:nka:no:tsa
\lxoa_c kiyema:nka:no:tsa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Part-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to speak softly or gently to; to speak to in a soft tone of voice
\sense_s hablar suavemente a; hablar en un tono suave a
\sense_d Pending
\root yema:n
\root no:tsa
\semref chika:hka:no:tsa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01654
\lxam kwitlati
\lxam_c kwitlati
\lxoa kwitlati
\lxoa_c kwitlati
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to become rotten or putrid; to decay
\sense_s pudrirse; echarse a perder
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w kwitlati notlapacho:l, yo:pe:w pa:ti ika xi:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My seed garden has started to rot; it's started to get wet and putrid because it's fallen over (i.e. the seedlings being cultivated were stricken by a blight and fell over onto the
ground, starting to rot).
\phrase_s Ya se empezóa pudrirse mi huertita, ya comenzóa disolverse y pudrirse porque se cayó(esto es, las plantas se doblaron al suelo al enfermarse).
\phrase_n Miakpa ipan yo:kiaw, o:kwitlat noswaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has rained on my corn leaves (stored for fodder) many times, they have become rotten.
\phrase_s Muchas veces le ha llovido sobre mi"zacate"(hojas de maíz almacenadas para alimentar a los animales), ya se pudrieron.
\sense_e to get a rash of reddened skin with runny liquid inside small pimples
\sense_s salirle ronchas o sarpullido con un líquido que se escurre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w kwitlati nokone:tsi:n ipan ikechtlantsi:n ika toto:nka:pachiwiya. Ke:n toma:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My little child has started to get a red runny rash on its neck because he's really fat and the skin there gets hot from folding over on itself.
\phrase_s Al cuello de mi niñito se le salieron sarpullido de ronchas rojas de que se le escurre un líquido porque es algo gordito y su piel se calienta al plegarse.
\root kwitla
\nse The term kwitlati is most often used to refer to the greenish sludge that forms on plants that lay on the ground for a long time in standing water. In reference to
the skin rash, one consultant mentioned that another description of the same phenomena would be chi:kwati, a:yo:ki:sa 'he gets a rash, watery liquid seeps out.'
\semref kwitlatia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01655
\lxam nakaskukwi
\lxam_c nonakaskukwi
\lxoa naká:skwí
\lxoa_pr naka:skwi
\lxoa_c nonaká:skwí
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e (refl.) to scratch the inside of ones ear (generally with a small stick or zacate)
\sense_s (refl.) rasgar la parte interior de la oreja (generalmente con un palito chiquito o un zacate)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmonakaskukwi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Scratch the inside of your ear!
\phrase_s ¡Rasgate la parte interior de tu oreja!
\root nakas
\root kwi
\qry Check to see if only the reduplicated form is used and if only the reflexive. Check for applicative.
\ref 01656
\lxam asta
\lxam_alt sta
\lxam_alt ta
\lxam_c asta
\lxoa asta
\lxoa_alt ta
\lxoa_c asta
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan hasta
\der Adv-loan
\sense_e up to
\sense_s hasta
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:sta ye:i yuntah o:kitla:lih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He worked up to three teams of oxen (in planting his fields).
\phrase_s Trabajóhasta tres yuntas (al sembrar sus terrenos).
\sense_e until
\sense_s hasta
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:sta a:man chikwe:i niás!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I won't go until a week from today!
\phrase_s ¡No voy a ir hasta de hoy en ocho!
\nse Although it seems that a:sta is used in Oapan, the more common form seems to be simply ta.
\mod Note that in another entry (4883) the form /ta/ is used for /hasta/. This seems to be the correct form. Recheck. Perhpas change the main entry to /ta/.
\vl Check vowel length. I had the Am. entry with a short /a/ and the Oapan entry with a long /a:/. Check/recheck for final /h/.
\semref ta
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01657
\lxam a:tl
\lxam_c a:tl
\lxoa a:tl
\lxoa_c a:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e water
\sense_s agua
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmaka a:chitsi:n ma:tsi:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Give him a little bit of your water!
\phrase_s ¡Dale un poco de tu agua!
\sense_e rain
\sense_s lluvia; las aguas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ki:s a:tl, ye tiaweh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The rain has ended, let's go!
\phrase_s Dejóde llover,¡ya nos vamos!
\sense_e (poss. with -w, often in the diminutive) fontanelle; the solf spot on the crown of a child's head (Note that i:a:w is used when the soft spot has
started to close and harden a little. If still very soft and open, then the diminutive i:a:tsi:n is used.)
\sense_s (pos. con -w, a menudo en diminutivo) fontanela (Nótese que se emplea i:a:w cuando la fontanela ya empezóa cerrarse y endurecerse un
poco. Si todavía estámuy abierta y suave, el diminutivo i:a:tsi:n se emplea.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Deke se: pitentsi:n o:wetsito ia:w, xka:tila:na. Tihkamakwis a:tl, wa:n tikiyo:tila:na ipan itsontekon.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If the fontanelle of a young child's head falls in, pull it back up with water (i.e., suck it up with water in your mouth). You take water in your mouth and suck in aire with
your mouth on the top of the child's head.
\phrase_s Si se le cae la fontanela a un niño, jálala con agua (esto es, aspira sobre la fontanela con agua en tu boca). Tomas agua en la boca y respiras jalando aire con la boca
puesta sobre su cabeza.
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) juice (of a fruit); broth (of a cooked dish such as beans)
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) jugo (de una fruta, de un caldo como de frijoles hirviendo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia ia:yo un yetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Those beans have a lot of broth (i.e., there is a lot of water for the amount of beans cooked or served).
\phrase_s Esos frijoles tienen mucho caldo (esto es, hay mucha agua para la cantidad de frijoles cocidos o servidos).
\phrase_n Xoh kipia ia:yo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It doesn't have juice anymore (e.g., a fruit that is somewhat dried out).
\phrase_s Ya no tiene jugo (p. ej., una fruta que ya se secóun poco).
\sense_e (poss. with -yo) sap (of a tree)
\sense_s (poss. con -yo) savia (de unárbol)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pipilkatok ia:yo un kohtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sap of that tree is hanging down (from a cut in the bark, having slightly dried).
\phrase_s La savia de eseárbol se estácolgando (de una cortada en la cáscara, habiéndose secado ligeramente).
\root a:
\qry Check to see if /a:tl/ can also be used to refer to rain, i.e., o:ki:s a:tl.
\ref 01658
\lxam a:xo:chikuwtli
\lxam_c a:xo:chikuwtli
\lxoa ka:rrasal
\lxoa_cpend ka:rrasal
\lxgen a:xo:chitl
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\sense_e see a:xo:chitl
\sense_s véase a:xo:chitl
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kuwtli
\root a:
\root xo:chi
\root kow
\semref a:xo:chitl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 01659
\lxam tlateka:xko
\lxam_c tlateka:xko
\lxoa tlateka:xko
\lxoa_c tlateka:xko
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-tla-k(o)
\lexical Lex. te-
\sense_e place in which a small valley (such as the space between two hills)
\sense_s lugar con una pequeña valle (como el espacio entre dos cerritos)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e place with a small depression or sunken area (also tlaka:xkotsi:n)
\sense_s lugar con una parte hundida o con una ligera depresión (también tlaka:xkotsi:n)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld topography
\root ka:x
\root_rel -ko
\nae Unlike -te:nko , a relational noun that can be marked with a possessive pronominal prefix, there is no associated relational noun * -ka:xko with a
similar function. Thus the relationship of tlate:nko to -te:nko is not mirrored by tlaka:xko to * -ka:xko.
\grm Note that unlike a form such as -te:nko , a relational noun that can be marked with a possessive pronominal prefix, there is no form *
-ka:xko with a similar function. Thus the forms marked N-loc-tla-k(o) are characterized only by the use of /tla-/ or, perhaps, a nominal stem (though this
should be checked). There are other relational nouns such as /-te:nko/ that can take a possessor (ite:nko), a noun (kalte:nko) or /tla-/ (tlate:nko). /-i:xko/ manifests the
same.
\ref 01660
\lxam ekuwa
\lxam_c kekuwa
\lxoa ékowá
\lxoa_pr ekowa
\lxoa_c kékowá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to crawl up on (e.g., an insect [S] on a person's [O] body)
\sense_s subirse a (p. ej., insectos [S] sobre el cuerpo de un animal [O])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlatlatsiwintsi:n, se: yo:lka:tsi:n ke:itlah tsi:katsi:ntli. San kima:maltian deke titlatsiwi mitskwa:s. Xpatla:ni, san mitsekos.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tlatlatsiwintsi:nit is a little animal like a small ant. They say that if you are lazy it will bite you. It doesn't fly, it just crawls up on your body.
\phrase_s El tlatlatsiwintsi:nes un animalito como una hormiga pequeña. Dicen que si eres flojo te va a morder. No vuela, solamente te sube (al cuerpo, desde
suelo).
\phrase_n Kemech mitsekotok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is just climbing up on you (e.g., a little animal or insect such as tla:lsa:watl).
\phrase_s Apenas te está subiendo (p. ej., un animalito o insecto como el tla:lsa:watl).
\semfld motion
\root ehko
\disamb te:-tleko:ltia; te:-eko
\nse In Oapan this verb can be used to refer to climbing a hill: ó:kekó:k tepe:tl whereas in Ameyaltepec for equivalent would be o:tleko:k ipan tepe:tl.
\qry Check meaning of /eko/ as a transitive, and check correctness of translation above.
\xref tlekowa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tlákowá
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\ref 01661
\lxam tlateliksani
\lxam_c tlateliksani
\lxoa tlatelesane
\lxoa_alt tlatelesani
\lxoa_c tlatelesane
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e animal (or young child) that kicks a lot (particularly a mule or horse that kicks people who get too close)
\sense_s animal (o niño) que patea mucho (particularmente una mula o caballo que patea a la gente que se acerque demasiado)
\sense_d Pending
\fla teliksa
\root teliksa
\nse Even though what is kicked is often a person, it is more common to find the form tlateliksani than ? te:teliksani. The reason seems clear: what is
being referred to is the propensity of the animal to kick and the fact that the patient is human is of secondary consideration.
\grm tla- vs. te:- Re the words /te:teliksani/ and /tlateliksani/ Even though what is kicked is often a person, it is more common to find the form tlateliksani than
te:teliksani. The reason seems clear: what is being referred to is the propensity of the animal to kick and the fact that the patient is human is of secondary
consideration. Compare this to the use of /tla-/ in /tla:kwa:te:kia/. Here /tla-/ seems to occur because of the semantics of the verb, which preclude any interpretation of a
nonspecific object other than as referencing +human. Cf. the discussion in /te:kwa:ni/ and the difference between /te:kwa:ni/ as 'fierce' and /tlakwa:ni/, which is used to
refer to an insect or similar animal that eats at things such as grains. A similar use of /tla-/ is found in /tlatelowa:ni/.
\ref 01662
\lxam tlatetewitska:n
\lxam_c tlatetewitska:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla-ka:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn N1(N2-tla)
\sense_e place where the ground is bumpy and uneven (e.g., from small mounds, protruding rocks, etc.)
\sense_s lugar donde el suelo es disparejo y lleno de topes (p. ej., de pequeños montículos, piedras sobresalientes, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tlatetewitska:n, xi:xmantok
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's bumpy all over (the ground, covered with small bumps) its surface is not smooth.
\phrase_s El suelo estátodo lleno de baches y bolitas, no estáplano.
\semfld topography
\root tewits
\root_rel -ka:n
\disamb tlatewistika:n; tlato:tolpochka:n
\qry Check to make sure that both /tlatetewistika:n/ and /tlatetewitska:n/ are correct (and possible) as well as /tla:ltetewitska:n/, which I have as equivalent. Check if /tlatewistika:n/ is the
same as /tlawistika:n/ (or if the second indeed exists; and if the first, without reduplication, also exists). Check if /tlatetewistika:n/ is equivalent to /tla:ltetewitska:n/. Note that
Florencia Marcelino accepted only /tla:lte:tewitska:h/. I have many, too many, entries for this term and one should be given priority. In general it would seem that there are several
parameters of change. The first is /tla-/ vs. /tla:l-/ for the first element. Florencia Marcelino accepted only the latter. The second parameter of variation is whether or not /te-/ is
reduplicated, and how it is reduplicated (long or short vowel). It would seem that although perhaps a nonreduplicated form is grammatically correct, it is not common given the
semantics of this term. Thus although /tewistik/ is correct, it seems, a nonred uplicated form with /tla-/ would be incongruent given that an area would almost have to have
several"bumps."Finally, there is the question of the ending, /-witska:n/ or /wistika:n/. Again, although I have apparently heard the latter, it is the former that seems to be more
common. Nevertheless, this too should be checked.
\vl Check Am form, as equivalent terms have a long vowel for the reduplicated syllable.
\semref tlatetewistika:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tla:ltetewitska:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tla:lte:tewitska:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01663
\lxam tlako:patli pitsa:wak
\lxam_c tlako:patli pitsa:wak
\lxoa tlakó:patlípitsa:wak
\lxoa_c tlakó:patlípitsa:wak
\lxgen tlako:pahtle pitsa:wak
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex-lex
\sense_e Aristolochia orbicularisDuchr., vine of the Aristolochiaceae family and one of the type species of tlako:patli (Am) / tlakó:patlí(Oa)
\sense_s Aristolochia orbicularisDuchr., enrededera de la familia Aristolochiaceae y una de las dos especies de tlako:patli (Am) /
tlakó:patlí(Oa)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root tlako:
\root pah
\root pitsa:
\fl tlako:patli
\ref 01664
\lxam matilowa
\lxam_c kimatilowa
\lxoa matilowa
\lxoa_c kimatilowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to wrap around (passing an object such as a rope around a post or similar structure)
\sense_s rodear; colocar alrededor de (p. ej., un laso cuando lo pasan alrededor de un poste)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmatilo ne: ipan kuwtli! Ma:ka mitskwi:li:s un rria:tah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Wrap it there around the tree! Don't let it (a bull or other lassoed animal) put the lasso away from you!
\phrase_s ¡Amárralo allápor elárbol!¡No dejes que te arranque la riata (un toro u otro animal)!
\sense_e to twist (as one does to sb's arm, or to a rope or other similar object)
\sense_s torcer (p. ej., el brazo de una persona, o una soga, riata u otro objeto similar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kimatilokeh ima.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They twisted his arm.
\phrase_s Torcieron su brazo.
\sense_e to entwine or twist (one thing around another); to weave (as one does to rods in making a worm fence)
\sense_s entrelazar; entretejer (como en hacer una cerca de bajareque)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Axtopa ma nikmatilo nokorra:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e First let me put the rods in my worm fence (placing them first in front of and then behind consecutive posts).
\phrase_s Primero, déjame entretejer las varas en mi cerca de bajareque (colocándolas primero atras y después adelante de postes consecutivos).
\phrase_n Yo:timoma:kaxa:nih! Xtili:ni moma, nika:n o:pe:w ko:ko:tsi:liwi, xok kwahli note:katiw i:n i:loh, san te:pan noma:matilotiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You've let your arm go slack (in this case not pulling tight on a taravía used to make cord)! Hold your arm tight! Here it's begun to twist up, the threads are
no longer laying out nice and flat (i.e., the strands on each other), they go twisting over and around each other in places.
\phrase_s ¡Dejaste aflojar el brazo!¡Apriétatelo! Aquíya empezóa quedar torcido en varios lugar, ya no se va quedando plano el hilo, más bien se va enredando, se va enroscando
sobre si mismo en algunos lugares.
\phrase_n Xma:matilotiw un chi:hli para ma:ka chachaya:wtos.! Ma ikato kwahli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go along intertwining (the branches of) the chile bushes around each other so that they won't wind up laying scattered on the ground! They should be nice and upright!
\phrase_s ¡Ve entretejiendo (las ramitas de) esas plantas de chile para que no se queden regadas sobre el suelo!¡Quéestén bien paradas!
\root matil
\qry Make sure this can be uttered in nonreduplicated form.
\ilus_note For the use of /matilowa/ with making a fence, cf. illustration with filecard. Also correct is /o:kimatilowilikeh i:ma/.
\xref matilowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01665
\lxam tlatlamo:tlake:tl
\lxam_c tlatlamo:tlake:tl
\lxoa tla:mo:tlake:tl
\lxoa_c tla:mo:tlake:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e hunter (one who uses a firearm, bow and arrow, or even slingshot)
\sense_s cazador (una que utiliza una arma de fuego, un arco o hasta una resortera o honda)
\sense_d Pending
\root mo:tla
\nae As is often the case with reduplication in Ameyaltepec and Oapan, the pattern is slightly different. In this case Ameyaltepec reduplicates the lexicalized tlamo:tla 'to
hunt by shooting' to form the agentive nominal. Oapan, however, seems to reduplicate the verbal base, which is reduced on the nonspecific object prefix tla-. Thus here
the underlying form would apparently be {tla + reduplicant + mo:tla + ke:tl}. Note, finally, that in neither village was an agentive ending in -ki accepted by any
consultants.
\qry_h tlahtlamo:tlake:tl, tlamohmo:tlake:tl, etc.?
\grm Reduplication: Note Am /tlatlamo:tlake:tl/ and Oa /tla:mo:tlake:tl/. As is often the case with reduplication in Ameyaltepec and Oapan, the pattern is slightly different. In this
case Ameyaltepec reduplicates the lexicalized tlamo:tla 'to hunt by shooting' to form the agentive nominal. Oapan, however, seems to reduplicate the verbal
base, which is reduced on the nonspecific object prefix tla-. Thus here the underlying form would apparently be {tla + reduplicant + mo:tla + ke:tl}. Note,
finally, that in neither village was an agentive ending in -ki accepted by any consultants.
\ref 01666
\lxam xeliwi
\lxam_c xeliwi
\lxoa xeliwi
\lxoa_c xeliwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become divided up (among various individuals)
\sense_s dividirse; repartirse (entre varias gentes)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:xeliw tekitla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The communal land has already been divided up.
\phrase_s La tierra comunal ya se repartió.
\phrase_n Xexeliwis tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Land will be given out (i.e., divided up).
\phrase_s Se va a repartir tierra (p. ej., entre miembros de la comunidad).
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w xexeliwi pa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The bread has started to be given out.
\phrase_s El pan ya se empezóa repartir.
\root xel
\nse Although in many cases a transitive verb is used reflexively to indicate a passive or passive-like construction and semantics, in the case of xeliwi this does not
seem to be the case. Thus, at least according to the documentation I have to date (for example, the illustrative sentence Yo:xeliw tekitla:hli) even when there is a clear
agent to the action (i.e., the communal land was divided up by someone) the intransitive is used. Given this, it will be important to determine the difference, if any,
between phrases such as Yo:xeliw tekitla:hli and ? Yo:noxeloh tekitla:hli.
\qry Make sure that the verb here is /xeliwi/ and not /xe:liwi/. Check for difference between /xeliwi tekitla:hli/ and /noxelowa tekitla:hli/, etc. (with other nouns). Note that even though
many material objects do not divide without an active agent, it appears that /xeliwi/ is quite commonly found referring to the dividing of things that require an agent that is not
expressed in the verbal phrase. It is important to distinguish /noxelo:s tekitla:hli/ vs. /xeliwis tekitla:hli/.
\grm Voice; passive; transitivity; reflexive. Note that in my comments on /koto:ni/ I suggested that /tla:hli/ could not be the subject of the intransitve (like 'brook') because land
can not be divided up by itself. However, as the phrase /Yo:xeliw tekitla:hli/ 'The communal land has already been divided up' indicates, an intransitive form can be used
when there must by definition be an agent. Although in many cases a transitive verb is used reflexively to indicate a passive or passive-like construction and semantics, in
the case of xeliwi this does not seem to be the case. Thus, at least according to the documentation I have to date (for example, the illustrative sentence
Yo:xeliw tekitla:hli) even when there is a clear agent to the action (i.e., the communal land was divided up by someone) the intransitive is used.
Given this, it will be important to determine the difference, if any, between phrases such as Yo:xeliw tekitla:hli and ? Yo:noxeloh t ekitl a:hli.
\ref 01667
\lxam nekwahlo:titok
\lxam_c nekwahlo:titok
\lxoa ne:nkwáhlotók
\lxoa_pr ne:nkwahlotok
\lxoa_c ne:nkwáhlotók
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\pitch yes
\sense_e to be tied with a certain type of knot (apparently a hitch or clove hitch)
\sense_s estar atado con un tipo de nudo (aparentemente un cabo de vuelta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nekwahlo:titok, kwahli sa:liwtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is tied with a hitch, it is well tied.
\phrase_s Estáatado con un cabo de vuelta, estábien atado.
\fla nekwahlo:tl
\root kwa
\grm Statives: Note that the stative nekwahlo:titok exists even though there is no intransitive and, moreover, the meaning of the transitive would not seem to accept
an intransitive form. This suggests that in certain cases a transitive verb with the"progressive/stative"ending can be used without an object prefix as if it were an
intransitive, thus deriving a stative in which the subject is in essence a patient (the object that undergoes the effects of the transitive action in order to arrive at the indicated
state). Note that few true transitives act like this verb, nekwahlo:tia. In the case of /nekwahlo:titok/ the"stative"seems more like a resultative.
\ref 01668
\lxam tlikwi
\lxam_c tlikwi
\lxoa tlikwi
\lxoa_c tlikwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to light up (an electric light); to turn on or get turned on (p. ej., an electric appliance)
\sense_s encenderse (p. ej., un foco, un aparato eléctrico, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xwel tlikwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It doesn't turn on (an electrical apparatus, i.e., it doesn't work).
\phrase_s No se puede encender (un aparato eléctrico).
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to intermittently turn on and off (e.g., blinking lights such as those used on Christmas trees)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) encenderse y apagarse intermitentemente (p. ej., las luces que se cuelgan de unárbol de navidad)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tli:tlikwi dya se:se:wi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It blinks on and off (in this case lights on a Christmas tree).
\phrase_s Se enciende y se apaga (en este caso las luces de unárbol de navidad).
\phrase_n Tli:tlikwi abió:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The airplane (i.e., its lights) blink on and off.
\phrase_s El avión (esto es, sus luces) se encienden y se apagan.
\root tli
\root kwi
\xref tlikwi:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01669
\lxam so:ya:kahli
\lxam_c so:ya:kahli
\lxoa so:ya:kahli
\lxoa_c so:ya:kahli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e house made of palm (i.e., with a palm roof)
\sense_s casa de palma (esto es, con techo de palma)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nokone:w i:kal, san so:ya:kahli yes.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e The house of my child, it will only be of palm.
\phrase_s La casa de mi hijo, solamente va a ser de palma.
\ency_note kahli
\root so:ya:
\root kal
\ref 01670
\lxam a:xoxohko
\lxam_c a:xoxohko
\lxoa a:xoxohko
\lxoa_c a:xoxohko
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-Adj-Rel-k(o)
\der N-loc-1-k(o)
\infn N1
\sense_e place where the water is green or green-blue (because it is deep)
\sense_s lugar donde el agua es verde o verde-azul (por estar algo profunda)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:sta a:xoxohko. Wekatlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is even a place where the water appears green. It is deep (i.e., not clear, shallow water).
\phrase_s Hasta es un lugar donde se ve verde el agua. Es profunda (esto es, no es clara por ser de poca profundidad).
\root a:
\root xowi
\root_rel -ko
\qry_h a:xoxohko; should not have /h/ after first /xo/. But check.
\vl Recheck vowel length of second /o/.
\grm Note that locatives may be added to adjectivals. Here the locative /ko/ seems to occur on the adjective /xoxohki/. Note that this type of discussion does not seem to be found
in classical; ask Launey.
\ref 01671
\lxam ikxinekwiltik
\lxam_c ikxinekwiltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to have a crooked leg
\sense_s tener una pierna chueca
\sense_d Am
\root kxi
\root nekwil
\nse Florencia Marcelino (Oa) observed that although the verb ixinekwiliwiexists, the adjectival * ixinekwiltik is not used because ones leg does not stay in
this form or position. The implication is that adjectival forms ending in -tik indicate a more or less permanent state, whereas a perfective construction (e.g.,
yo:ixinekwiliw) indicates a short-term state.
\qry Plural, i.e., with both legs crooked, is /ikxinenekwiltik/ (check).
\grm Adjectivals; perfectives: Florencia Marcelino (Oa) observed that although the verb ixinekwiliwiexists, the adjectival * ixinekwiltik is not used
because ones leg does not stay in this form or position. The implication is that adjectival forms ending in -tik indicate a more or less permanent state, whereas a
perfective construction (e.g., yo:ixinekwiliw) indicates a short-term state.
\ref 01672
\lxam ista:k yeyekatl
\lxam_c ista:k yeyekatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e one of the yeyekameh
\sense_s uno de los yeyekameh
\sense_d Am
\semfld ritual
\root ista
\root e:ka
\nse This yeyekatl is mentioned in texts from Ameyaltepec by Pánfilo Lorenzo. Note that white is considered the color of death, and Death dresses in white.
\qry Check to determine whether /sepo:wka:/ is incorporated as a participal to /yeyekatl/ Also check whether long /o:/ is in /sepo:hka:/ and if /w/ to /h/ is correct or whether it should be
?/sepo:wka:yeyekatl/.
\mod For all /yeyekameh/ determine the complete characteristics.
\ref 01673
\lxam kwe:xtilia
\lxam_c kikwe:xtilia
\lxoa kwe:xtilia
\lxoa_c kikwe:xtilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to grind up finely (in particular, food) for (a person or a specific dish to which the ground up ingredients are to be added)
\sense_s moler finamente para (una persona o una comida preparada a la cual se le va a agregar el ingrediente molido)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n On ne:nkah suwa:tsi:ntli, sana:man o:tlakwe:xtilih ika pano:chah para chikola:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That there young woman quickly did the grinding for it, she ground up panocha for the chocolate.
\phrase_s Esa mujercita luego luego moliópara ello, molióla panchoa para el chocolate.
\phrase_n Kipa:paxowan ista:kyetl para yepa:paya:n, xkikwe:xtilian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They pound and split up the white beans, grinding them roughly for yepa:paya:n , they didn't grind them up finely for it.
\phrase_s Machuchan los frijoles blancos para yepa:paya:n , no le molieron finamente para ello.
\sense_e to do with a fine-toothed comb; to do (e.g., selling door-to-door, investigating sth, etc.) exhaustively, with great care or attention to detail; to give ones best for
\sense_s buscar algo con lupa (en un lugar); hacer meticulosamente (algo, como vender, indagar acerca de algo, etc.), con gran atención a los detalles; esmerarse en
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Yo:tihkwe:xtilikeh wa:n xtlah. Nochi yo:tikitatin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We already gave it our best (in this case going door-to-door trying to sell something), and there was nothing. We went to see them all.
\phrase_s Lo hicimos con gran esmero (en este caso yendo puerta a puerta para vender algo) y no hubo nada. Los fuimos a ver a todos.
\phrase_n O:nitlakwe:xtilih wa:n xa:k tli:n niktete:mowa:ya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I looked all over with a fine-toothed comb and what I was looking for wasn't there.
\phrase_s Busquépor todos lados con lupa, y lo que buscaba no se encontraba.
\root kwe:ch
\disamb kwe:xtilia; kwe:chowa
\nse In O:nitlakwe:xtiliah wa:n xa:k tli:n niktete:mowa:ya the reference is to a careful and detailed search, i.e. looking for an animal--an oxen, cow, mule, etc.--or going
around to many stores looking for a particular item not easily found.
\qry Check for argument structure since in /ma:kwe:xtilia/ it is the material that is ground up that is the primary object, whereas in /kwe:xtilia/ it is apparently the food, etc. that receives the
ground-up substance. CHECK. Determine whether one can say /ma:kwe:chowa/ and whether the two are equivalent in meaning and argument structure, i.e., whether they both have
as argument the material that is crushed. If this is the case, note the use of /-lia/ as a means of valency increase. There is no inchoative with this verb *ma:kwe:xtia or *ma:kwe:xti.
Nor is there an adjectival *ma:kwe:xtik. Nevertheless, there is an equivalent without instrumental /ma:/ as incorporated noun, i.e., /kwe:xtik/. Note that with /kwe:xtilia/, at least
according to my notes, it is the material into which the ground-up thing is added that is the primary object, whereas in /ma:kwe:xtilia/ it is the ground-up object itself. Note, then, that
in my notes at this point /kwe:xtilia/ is a ditransitive whereas /ma:kwe:xtili a/ is a transitive. However, I think it would be erroneous to consider /ma:/ as valency reducing
incorporation. Rather, there are two different /-tilia/'s. The first is an applicative and the second a causative. At least this is a preliminary observation. The two forms should be
compared and studied.
\grm Antipassive: /Un ne:nkah sowa:tsi:ntli, sana:man o:tlakwe:xtilih i:ka pano:chah para chikola:tl/ 'That there little woman quickly did the grinding up of panocha for the
chocolate.' Note here again the use of the"antipassive"construction.
\xref kwe:xtia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01674
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod Was /Po:cho:itik Lo:mah/, switched to Toponym database.
\dt 09/Dec/2001
\ref 01675
\lxam tlane:wi
\lxam_c kitlane:wi
\lxoa tlane:wi
\lxoa_c kitlane:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to borrow (a material object in loan)
\sense_s pedir prestado (un objeto material)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San kitlane:wi, xkikowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just borrows it, he doesn't buy it.
\phrase_s Solamente lo pide prestado, no lo compra.
\sense_e (with object prefix ki-) to have casual sex (a man [S])
\sense_s (con prefijo de objeto ki-) tener relaciones sexual casuales (un hombre [S])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San kitlane:wi, xka:nas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just has casual sexual relations, he won't marry her.
\phrase_s Solamente tiene relaciones sexuales casuales, no se va a casar con ella.
\root tlane:
\nse In the sexual sense the object of kitlane:wi is"it"as a"taboo"object. However, note that in San kitlane:wi, xka:nas the two referents of
ki- in the verbs tlane:wi and a:na are distinct. In the first the referent is the female genitalia, that which is"borrowed"; in the
second it is the woman with whom casual sexual relations are maintained.
\nae The etymology of tlane:wi is uncertain. Note that whereas Ameyaltepec has a documented applicative tlane:wilia in Oapan the form
tlane:wia is used (at least in some ritual speech).
\nde The sexual sense of this verb is found in Classical, e.g., Molina has tlaneuia. ninote 'putañear el varón.'
\grm Valency increase: /tlane:wi/ seems to be one of the few transitive verbs that has both an applicative and causative form.
\semref tlane:wiya
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref tlane:wtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref tlane:htia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\xref tlane:wilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01676
\lxam kwalakchipik
\lxam_c kwalakchipik
\lxoa kwalahchipik
\lxoa_c kwalahchipik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e drooler; person who is constantly drooling
\sense_s persona que siempre babea
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwalakchipik, sahkó:n itekiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's a drooler, that's just his nature.
\phrase_s Siempre babea, asíes de por sí.
\phrase_n Dia:bloh miktlan kwalakchipik!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You God-damn drooler!
\phrase_s ¡Pinche baboso!
\root kwala:
\root chipi:
\qry /Dia:bloh miktlah kwalakchipik/ Check and make sure that this is said directly to the person, or whether it is said about a third party.
\ref 01677
\lxam tlanpopo:yo
\lxam_c tlanpopo:yo
\lxoa tlante:poyo
\lxoa_c tlante:poyo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-te); Lex. te- (Oa)
\infn pl. tlampopo:yo:meh
\sense_e person with yellowed or blackened teeth
\sense_s persona con los dientes amarillientos o negros
\sense_d Pending
\semfld disease
\root tlan
\root poyo:
\nse Ameyaltepequeños have often commented that this condition is particularly prevalent among the men of Ahuehuepan and Totolcintla.
\nae The Oapan form tlante:poyo is marked by the use of the intensifier te-, which functions also as a light-syllable affix that is lengthened as a reflex of stem
reduplication.
\qry Check for final /h/ or lack of. Also recheck vowel length; I have /popo:yo:tl/ with the note that the vowel length is definite as recorded. I also have /tlampopoyo specifically marked
with a short penultimate /o/ in one case (though long in another). However, for /tlampopoyo:ti/ I have the short penultimate /o/ marked definitely short. Hence I have kept it short
here, for /tlampopoyo/, though this should be checked. Cf. FK who has /popoyo:tl/. Originally here I had the definition of"black and rotting teeth."This seems to be in error.
\qry_fon Check vowel lenght for both dialects and compare to other words with this morpheme/root. I seem to have heard C. Flores with a long middle /o:/ during the taping of the
lexicon headwords.
\semref tlante:poyotik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01678
\lxam tetsi:ltik
\lxam_c tetsi:ltik
\lxoa tetsi:ltik
\lxoa_c tetsi:ltik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be tightly wound or twisted (e.g., the threads of a rope)
\sense_s estar muy torcido y apretado (p. ej., los hilos de una soga o laso)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be tightly woven (a cloth)
\sense_s tener el tejido apretado y muy cerrado (una tela)
\sense_d Pending
\root tetsi:l
\disamb tetsi:l--; ko:tsi:l--
\disamb teskaltik; tetsi:ltik (in regard to cloth); tetsi:liwtok; tsa:tsa:stik
\nse Tetsi:ltik refers to things that can be tightly wound, such as rope, but not to things such as braids of hair. In regards to a rope, its opposite is
poxa:wak.
\semref po
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01679
\lxam te:mi
\lxam_c te:mi
\lxoa te:mi
\lxoa_c te:mi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-mi[ca]
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to become full (a container, usually with liquid or other"flowing"substances, but also with other objects)
\sense_s llenarse (un recipiente, generalmente con un líquido, u otra sustancia fluyente, pero también con otros objetos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:wa:lte:ntiki:s fle:chah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The bus got full on its way here.
\phrase_s Se llenóel camión (de gente) de paso hacia acá.
\sense_e to become full (the moon)
\sense_s llenarse (la luna)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nosentechi:w me:stli, yo:te:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The moon has become complete, it became full.
\phrase_s La luna ya se hizo completa, ya se puso llena.
\root te:m
\xref te:mi:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref te:mi:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01680
\lxam toto:nka:maka
\lxam_c kitoto:nka:maka
\lxoa toto:nka:maka
\lxoa_c kitoto:nka:maka
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Part-V3
\der V2-b
\infv Irregular; see maka
\sense_e to radiate heat on (in general with adverse effects on the grammatical object)
\sense_s irradia o echar calor a o sobre (generalmente con efectos adversos sobre el objeto gramatical)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitoto:nka:maka nomi:l un kuwtli, a:man nikwa:lma:xin:is.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That tree (at the edge of a my planted field) radiates heat onto my milpa, now I'm going to come cut its branches down.
\phrase_s Eseárbol (por la orilla de mi milpa) le irradia calor a mi milpa, ahora le voy a cortar las ramas.
\phrase_n Tine:xtoto:nka:maka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You make me feel hot (i.e., from your body heat, e.g., in sleeping next to me when it is hot out, or in coming near me while sweating).
\phrase_s Me echas calor (de tu cuerpo, p. ej., al dormir junto a mi cuando hace calor, o en acercarte a mícuando estás sudando).
\root to:n
\root maka
\nse The phrase Kitoto:nka:maka nomi:l un kuhtli reflects a belief that the shadows cast by tree branches on a planted field do it harm, that the tree branches are in
fact"hot"and thus need to be removed.
\grm Valency; incorporation: Note that the word /toto:nka:maka/ is a transitive (divalent) verb that takes as its object an affected part: the person or thing that has heat
irradiated onto it. Thus the incorporated participle /toto:nki/ takes one of the argument slots and thus lowers the valency of the basic trivalent /maka/ to a simple divalent
transitive. This is interesting in that it shows the rather tenuous distinction in participles between adjectivals and nouns. One would perhaps expect that the incorporation of
a participle would be as a"modifying"and not"saturating"element. But this is not the case here as /maka/ is a ditransitive verb while /toto:nka:maka/ is simply transitive.
\ref 01681
\lxam tsontli
\lxam_c tsontli
\lxoa tsontli
\lxoa_c tsontli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e hair (on the head, chest, arm pit, pubic area, etc. of sb)
\sense_s cabello (de la cabeza); pelo (del pecho, sobaco,área púbica, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e mane; tail (e.g., of animals such as horses, mules, donkeys, lions, etc.)
\sense_s crines; melena; cola (p. ej., de animales como el caballo, mula, burro, leones, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root tson
\disamb tomio; tsontli
\nse Tsontli is used to refer to hair that grows at a specific location of the body. It does not signify the small hairs on the human body or the hairs that cover the
bodies of mammals. Thus human arm hair is referred to by tomio not tsontli. Likewise, except for that hair found in manes and tails (and,
perhaps, a few other parts), the hair on mammals' bodies is referred to as tomio.
\semref kwilin
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01682
\lxam posa:walistli
\lxam_c posa:walistli
\lxoa posa:walistli
\lxoa_c posa:walistli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e inflamation; swelling (usually of the neck, belly, chest, of animals)
\sense_s inflamación; hinchazón (generalmente del cuello, barriga, pecho de animales)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Posa:walistli, ikechtlan posa:wi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is an inflamation, it is it neck that is swollen.
\phrase_s Es una inflamación, es su cuello que se hincha.
\semfld disease
\root posa:
\nse According to Cristino Flores posa:walistli , at least in Ameyaltepec, refers to swelling that occurs, and is sometimes fatal to, animals.
\grm Focus; topicalization: /Posa:walistli, ikechtlan posa:wi/ 'It is an inflamation, it is his neck that is swollen.' Note the SV word order for an intransitive, which in this case
seems to indicate focus.
\ref 01683
\lxam tlatskwepo:ni
\lxam_c tlatskwepo:ni
\lxoa tlatskopo:ni
\lxoa_c tlatskopo:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp S-V1
\der V1-b(ni/ltia)
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to make a hard cracking or snapping sound (e.g., a switch, rope, etc. as it is snapped against a hard surface)
\sense_s emitir un fuerte chasquido (p. ej., una soga o vara al ser azotado contra una superficie dura)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma tlatskwepo:ni!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let it make a hard cracking sound!
\phrase_s ¡Quéhaga un fuerte chasquido!
\sense_e (with -teko or -tasi) to fall hard and hit the ground with a resounding thud
\sense_s (con -teko o -tasi) caer fuertemente al suelo con un fuerte ruido sordo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nitlatskwepo:ntekok, o:niwetsiko ipan noma:choh, o:ne:cha:ltlakal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I fell to the ground with a resounding thud, I fell off my mule, it threw me down.
\phrase_s Caícon estrépito a la tierra, caíde mi macho, me aventóal suelo.
\root tlats-2-
\root kwepo:
\qry Check as to whether /tlatskwepo:nia/ exists, or whether there is only the documented form /tlatskwepo:naltia/.
\grm Directionals; aspectuals; /i:pan/: Note the following phrase and how each verbal predicate has an intraverse directional, and each one indicates a fall from an altitude to
the ground. Note also how the meaning of /ipan/ changes slightly given that the verbal predicate indicates a fall, not an upward movement (cf. the phrase /tsikwini ipan
tepantli/, which is an example sentence somewhere). Thus in the phrase /O:nitlatskwepo:ntekok, o:niwetsiko i:pan noma:choh, o:ne:chwa:ltlakal/ ''I fell to the ground with a
resounding thud, I fell off my mule, it through me down' note the use of /-teko/ with the first verb, and /-ko/ and /-wa:l/ in the second and third verbs. This is a good
illustration of how /-ko/ indicates subject movement and /wa:l-/ indicates object movement. The phrase should be used as illustrative in the grammar.
\xref tlatskwepo:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref tlatskopo:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 01684
\lxam a:ixwi
\lxam_c a:ixwi
\lxoa a:ixwi
\lxoa_c a:ixwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become full or satisfied from drinking water or other liquids; to have ones fill of water or other liquids (a human or animate being)
\sense_s llenarse o satisfacerse de beber agua u otro líquido (una persona o animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:na:ixwik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've had my fill of water.
\phrase_s Ya estoy satisfecho de lo que he bebido.
\phrase_n Xwe:i koni, saniman a:ixwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He doesn't drink a lot, he gets his fill of water right away.
\phrase_s No toma mucha agua, luego luego se satisface.
\sense_e to get a full tank (a car)
\sense_s llenarse el tanque (un coche)
\sense_d Pending
\root a:
\root xwi
\nse A:ixwi refers to either a human or animal that gets its fill of water, is satisfied, and does not desire any more.
\nae The transitive takes the causative marker -tia rather than manifesting -wi/-wia non-directed alternation. This suggests that a:ixwi should be
considered an unergative, not an unaccusative, verb, a fact quite consistent with the fact that the subject of a:ixwi is always an animate. This demonstrates that it is not
the phonological structure of the verb (here superficially a -wi verb) that is the dominant factor in transitivity alternations, but the argument structure of the verb. Given the
nature of the intransitive/transitive alternation, a:ixwi is classified as a basic verb with a causative morphologically marked form, a:ixwi:tia.
\xref a:ixwi:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01685
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This record, asta:man, has been deleted. It included Oapan /ta:mah/.
\dt 25/Jan/2005
\ref 01686
\lxam tekipan
\lxam_c tekipan
\lxoa tekipah
\lxoa_alt tekipan
\lxoa_c tekipah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-pan
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e place where fellow members of a village eat during a fiesta; communal kitchen and dining area (this is usually under the sponsorship of the town
komisa:rioh or fiská:l , i.e., i:na:k komisa:rioh or i:na:k fiská:l)
\sense_s lugar donde los miembros de un pueblo comen durante una fiesta; cocina y lugar de comer comunal (generalmente puesto y costeado por el komisa:rioh or
fi:skal , esto es, i:na:k komisa:rioh o i:na:k fi:skal)
\sense_d Pending
\root teki
\root_rel -pan
\nse In Ameyaltepec the term tekipan is mostly used to refer to the communal kitchen and eating area that the village fi:skal sets up in Oapan during the
Passion of Christ in Holy Week. Apparently a mayordomo may also set up a tekipan for the fiesta he sponsors.
\ref 01687
\lxam chino:tilia
\lxam_c kichino:tilia
\lxoa chínotília
\lxoa_pr chinotilia
\lxoa_c kichínotília
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e (refl.) to get or have ones hair curled
\sense_s (refl.) enchinarse el pelo
\sense_d Pending
\nae Like xi:mawhen referring to a haircut, chino:tilia is most often documented in the reflexive although it is also found as a fully transitive verb.
\vl Check vowel length in /chino:tilia/ (Am and Oa) and change as needed in all fields.
\ref 01688
\lxam tliko:lo:tl
\lxam_c tliko:lo:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of scorpion still not identified
\sense_s tipo de alacrán todavía no identificada
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tliko:lo:tl | ke:n ko:lo:tsi:ntli, xma:s we:i, pe:nas tli:ltiktsi:n, poyaktsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tliko:lo:tl : It is like a small scorpion, it's not too big, it's just a little blackish, darkish.
\phrase_s Tliko:lo:tl : Ees como un alacrancito, no es muy grande, es algo negrito, algo oscuro.
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root tli
\root ko:lo:
\ency_note hypo ko:lo:tl
\qry Florencia Marcelino first identified this as a /tla:lko:lo:tl/, but it might be distinct since there is a separately listed /tla:lko:lo:tl/ in Am. Nahuatl.
\ref 01689
\lxam tlamo:tla
\lxam_c tlamo:tla
\lxoa tlamo:tla
\lxoa_c tlamo:tla
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to throw (sth, indicated obliquely with ika ~)
\sense_s aventar (algo, indicado como oblicua con ika ~)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to hunt
\sense_s cazar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nontlatlamo:tlas ina:k -=i:ka- wi:lo:meh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to go hunting huilotas.
\phrase_s Voy a ir a cazar huilotas.
\root mo:tla
\nse When the object of the hunter is an animal that is caught in quantity the reduplicated form is used, as exemplified in the phrase Nontlatlamo:tlas i:na:k wi:lo:meh.
\qry Check whether /i:ka/ is really correct in the phrase /Nontlatlamo:tlas i:ka wi:lo:meh/.
\xref mo:tla
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01690
\lxam Mankwe:rnas
\lxam_c Mankwe:rnas
\lxoa Mankwe:rnos
\lxoa_c Mankwe:rnos
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan mancuernas
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e constellation of stars still not identified
\sense_s constelación de estrellas todavía no identificada
\sense_d Pending
\semfld heavens
\ency_note si:tlalin
\nse Mankwerni:tas perhaps refers to the constellation Gemini.
\ref 01691
\lxam pipilichiwi
\lxam_c pipilichiwi
\lxoa pípilichíwi
\lxoa_pr pipilichiwi
\lxoa_c pípilichíwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[x]
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): ní:pilichíwi
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to become wrinkled (e.g., the skin of an old person)
\sense_s arrugarse (p. ej., la piel de una persona vieja)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w pipilichiwi, xok te:ntok itla:kayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His skin has started to wrinkle, his body isn't filled out anymore (i.e., he doesn't have good skin tone anymore).
\phrase_s Ya se le empezóa arrugar la piel, ya no estálleno su cuerpo (con la piel lisa).
\sense_e to shrivel up (a fruit, such as a cantaloupe, that has started to rot)
\sense_s resecarse (una fruta como el melón al empezarse a pudrir)
\sense_d Pending
\root pilich
\ency_note xiwtli: what can happen to: /ixwa/, /pili:ni/, /pipilichiwi/, etc.
\nae No unreduplicated form of pipilichiwi has been documented and such a form might not exist. Nevertheless, as Oapan forms with an incorporated noun demonstrate
(e.g., xa:yaká:pilichíwithe reduplication is not fully lexicalized and may be reduced if there is a preceding light syllable.
\grm Reduplication; reduction: No unreduplicated form of pipilichiwi has been documented and such a form might not exist. Nevertheless, as Oapan forms with an
incorporated noun demonstrate (e.g., xa:yaká:pilichíwithe reduplication is not fully lexicalized and may be reduced if there is a preceding light syllable.
This suggests that there is not a one-to-one correspondence between lexicalization in the sense of absence of unreduplicated forms, and resistance to reduction.
\qry I have not heard this in a nonreduplicated form; this should be checked, as should the nonreduplicated versions of /pipilixtik/, etc. Also, check for the transitive form.
\qry Note that this should be compared to /pili:ni/ which means 'to wither'; in one onomasiological section discuss what can happen to plants: ixwa, pili:ni, etc.
\ref 01692
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwa:té:mí:ntik
\lxoa_c kwa:té:mí:ntik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf-tik
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-te)
\sense_e to be leafless (a tree or bush)
\sense_s estar sin hojas (unárbol o arbusto)
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\root mi:na
\nse The etymology of the final elements of kwa:té:mí:ntik is uncertain. Note that the Ameyaltepec cognate contains the elements of tsomi:n , which is also
found in several Oapan words (e.g., tsótsomí:ntia). However, Oapan words with tsomi:n apparently refer to hairlessness, whereas words with
té:mí:n refer to leaflessness. Whether this holds true across all lexemes needs to be determined.
\qry_h Check for cognate SJ form.
\semref kwa:tsotsomi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01693
\lxam kwa:teh
\lxam_c kwa:teh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan cuate
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1; pl. kwa:tes
\sense_e one of a pair of twins (plural refers to both twins)
\sense_s uno de un par de gemelos (el plural refiere a los dos)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:kechtotopo:n, o:kikechtotopo:nwih un kwa:teh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His neck swelled up, that twin (one of a pair) caused his neck to swell up (reflective of the powers that twins are said to have).
\phrase_s Se le hinchóel cuello, un gemelo le hizo hinchar el cuello (que refleja los poderes que los gemelos se creen tener).
\sense_e pair of fruit (such as bananas) joined together in one peel or shell
\sense_s par de frutas (p. ej., plátanos) juntas en una sola cáscara
\sense_d Am
\root kowa
\nse Apparently Nahuatl kwa:teh is a back formation from Spanish cuates itself probably derivated from Nahuatl kowatl 'snake'. It also
refers also to double fruits, such as two bananas in one peel. Custom is that a woman should not eat such fruit if she wants to have children for if she does she might become sterile
or might have twins.
\qry Check what happens to a woman who eats a doubled fruit. (I do not remember at this point, but either she will become sterile or she will have twins).
\semref kowa:tsi:ntih
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01694
\lxam toma:hka:ki:sa
\lxam_c toma:hka:ki:sa
\lxoa toma:hka:ki:sa
\lxoa_c toma:hka:ki:sa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Part-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to rise thickly (smoke; see mimilka:ki:sa)
\sense_s salir en una gruesa columna (humo; véase mimilka:ki:sa)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Toma:hka:ki:stoya po:ktli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The smoke was rising up thickly.
\phrase_s El humo estaba saliendo en una gruesa columna.
\sense_e to emerge in a thick stream (water)
\sense_s salir en un chorro grueso (agua)
\sense_d Oa
\root toma:
\root ki:sa
\nse The only documentation of this verbal compound for Ameyaltepec is with 'smoke' as subject. In Oapan it is also documented in reference to a stream of water whereas
mimilka:ki:sa is used with smoke as a subject.
\qry Check for other uses; check for /pitsa:hka:ki:sa/.
\xref toma:hka:ki:xtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 01695
\lxam isiwilia
\lxam_c kisiwilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to be in a hurry to finish up (an action, the performance of a task)
\sense_s tener prisa para terminar o completar (una acción, el desarrollo de un trabajo o quehacer)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tli:no:n tikisiwilitiá:s? Wa:n san tikoxtasi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e What will you be going around hurrying up? And when you get there you just go right to sleep!
\phrase_s ¿Quévas a irle apurando?¡Y al llegar nada más te vas a dormir!
\root hsi
\qry The meaning of this term is not entirely clear and should be checked. In Oapan it was not accepted; rather, FM gave /tlásiwí:tia/. Check other meanings and determine the exact
status of the object prefix in the example just given above.
\semref tlasiwi:tia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlásiwí:tia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref isiwi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 01696
\lxam komo:nwetsi
\lxam_c komo:nwetsi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp S-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to fall hard, hitting the ground with a thud
\sense_s caer fuertemente al suelo produciendo un fuerte ruido sordo al impacto
\sense_d Am
\semfld contact
\root komo:
\root wets
\nae The morphology of komo:nwetsi is interesting. Most verb-verb compounds involve an incorporated participial, which performs a modifying function. Here the
incorporated element is a short (perfective) stem of the verb. In this sense it is similar to the use of koch in similar contexts (e.g., koxtlakali).
\grm Perhaps note all the irregular cases where it seems that a preterite verb form precedes another (e.g. /kochtlakali/, etc., /komo:nwetsi/ meaning 'to fall hard and hit the
ground with a thud'.
\semref komo:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01697
\lxam we:cho
\lxam_alt we:cho
\lxam_c we:cho
\lxoa we:cho
\lxoa_c we:cho
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\loan viejo(a)
\psm N/Adj
\infn N2
\der N/Adj-loan
\sense_e (poss. [noun]) spouse (of either sex); lover (of either sex)
\sense_s (pos. [sustantivo]) esposo o esposa; amante
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to be old (a man or woman)
\sense_s ser viejo(a)
\sense_d Oa
\nse In Oapan we:cho and we:cha are not possessed. It is used adjectivally to indicate advanced age, e.g., i we:cho 'he's already well
advanced in age.' In Ameyaltepec the form is often (though apparently not always) possessed, e.g., yewa nowe:choh 'he is my old man.'
\mod If proved to be two parts of speech, as will probably be the case, split into two entries.
\ref 01698
\lxam temotso:lkuwtia
\lxam_c temotso:lkuwtia
\lxoa temotso:lkohtia
\lxoa_c temotso:lkohtia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp S-V1
\der V1-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to become stiff from squatting or bending over
\sense_s quedarse tieso o cansado por estar en cuclillas o agachado
\sense_d Oa
\root temo
\root tso:l
\root kow
\qry Note that my original entry for Am for this word was /motso:lkuhtia/. Check to determine whether this is correct or whether the /te-/ is obligatory. I have changed this entry from my
original /motso:lkuhtia/ to /temotso:lkuhtia/ based on the Oa evidence and my understanding of Nahuatl morphology and semantics. CHECK
\vl Check vowel length as after the recording session I had /temo:tsolkuhtia/, which based on all other evidence of /motso:l/, should have the length on /tso:l/. Check.
\ref 01699
\lxam tlatekia:n
\lxam_c i:tlatekia:n
\lxoa tlatekiya:n
\lxoa_alt tlatekiya:h
\lxoa_c i:tlatekiya:h
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-ya:n
\infn N2
\sense_e the sharp cutting edge of
\sense_s el filo cortante de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Teme:melaktik, xtlateki, xkipia itlakekia:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is thick (in this case the edge of an unsharpened machete), it doesn't cut, it doesn't have its sharp cutting edge.
\phrase_s Es grueso (en este caso el filo de un machete no afilado), no corta, no tiene su filo cortante.
\phrase_n Sana:man kimaka itlatekia:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It sharpens it right away.
\phrase_s Luego luego le saca filo.
\root teki
\nae The stress pattern on the Ameyaltepec and Oapan forms is distinct: Ameyaltepec [i: tla 'te kia:n] and Oapan [i: tla te 'ki ya:n].
\qry My original Am entry had /tlatekia:n/ but the example sentences had /i:tlatekia/. Whether or not there is a final /n/ should be checked. If there is no final /n/ then the morphology of the
Oa and Am forms is distinct and each should have a separate entry. The Oa would be an obligatorily possessed /-ya:n/ 'its place of cutting' whereas the Am would be derived from a
/-ya/"instrumental"form. Check also the spelling/vowel length of /sana:man/.
\ref 01700
\lxam tlaka:wtli
\lxam_c umpa tlaka:wtli
\lxoa tlaka:htli
\lxoa_c pa tlaka:htli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e (ompa or pa ~ (Am); pa ~ (Oa)) for a specific purpose (in regard to a material object); specifically indicated or designed for (a
particular task)
\sense_s (ompa ~ or (Am) pa- (Am); pa ~ (Oa)) para un propósito en particular (en cuanto a un objeto material); diseñado para o
indicado para (una tarea en particular)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n On la:pis, umpa tlaka:wtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That pencil is there for that specific reason.
\phrase_s Ese lápiz estáallápara un propósito en particular.
\phrase_n Ma:kokoxka:tia chichikone:tl, xpa tlaka:htli para nona:pálotós.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e The young pup is getting sick (from being cuddled too much), it's not meant to be held so.
\phrase_s El cachorrito se estáenfermando (por haber estado apapachado demasiado), no estáhecho para estar abrazado.
\root ka:wa
\nse Oapan only uses pa before tlaka:htli whereas Ameyaltepec has ompa. This phrase is generally used to indicate that a given material
object is to be used or specifically designed for a particular purpose. That is, if one breaks a switch while hitting a donkey it might be said: pa tlaka:htli 'that is what it's
for' (with the 'it' understood from context, in this case 'being broken against a donkey'). With human subjects, the same phrase might refer to a task for which the person is
particularly well suited. More generally it might refer to a particular character trait.
\qry The translation of /ompa tlaka:wtli/ is problematical. My original filecard has"That woman is that way (asíes), that's her character, it is with her desire (heart, that she does something,
i.e., have a lot of novios."There are two problems with this phrase. First, is the definition of /tlaka:wtli/ and, in addition, of the phrase /ompa tlaka:wtli/. The meaning/use of /ompa/ in
this context is not altogether clear (i.e., is it a spatial deictic?). The second problem is the adjunct clause /ika itlanekilis/: does this refer to a particular thing that the woman does.
Should there be a comma after /itekiw/ or should it be /yewa itekiw ika itlanekilis/ 'that is her character of her free will.' Get native speakers' interpretation of this phrase and its
meaning. If they can repeat it, check for a pause before /ika/. Also, a similar problem with /un lá:pis, umpa tlaka:wtli/. The question is whether /umpa tlaka:wtli/ is a set phrase or not.
Or is the /umpa/ a deictic/adverb of place?
\ref 01701
\lxam ma:kwe:xtilia
\lxam_c kima:kwe:xtilia
\lxoa ma:kwe:xtilia
\lxoa_c kima:kwe:xtilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to grind up finely in ones hands (e.g., brittle things such as oregano, dried chile, etc.)
\sense_s moler finamente en las manos (p. ej., cosas quebradizas como orégano, chile seco, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root kwe:ch
\qry Determine whether one can say /ma:kwe:chowa/ and whether the two are equivalent in meaning and argument structure, i.e., whether they both have as argument the material that is
crushed. If this is the case, note the use of /-lia/ as a means of valency increase. There is no inchoative with this verb *ma:kwe:xtia or *ma:kwe:xti. Nor is there an adjectival
*ma:kwe:xtik. Nevertheless, there is an equivalent without instrumental /ma:/ as incorporated noun, i.e., /kwe:xtik/. Note that with /kwe:xtilia/, at least according to my notes, it is the
material into which the ground-up thing is added that is the primary object, whereas in /ma:kwe:xtilia/ it is the ground-up object itself. Note, then, that in my notes at this point
/kwe:xtilia/ is a ditransitive whereas /ma:kwe:xtilia/ is a transitive. However, I think it would be erroneous to consider /ma:/ as valency reducing incorporation. Rather, there are two
different /-tilia/'s. The first is an applicative and the second a causative. At least this is a preliminaryobservation. The two forms should be compared and studied.
\ref 01702
\lxam me:ch-
\lxam_c me:chpano:ltia
\lxoa me:ch-
\lxoa_c me:chpano:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\der Pr-pre-obj
\sense_e you (pl. object)
\sense_s a uds. (objeto)
\sense_d Pending
\nae Basic morpheme for the 2nd-person plural object prefix. In Ameyaltepec ame:ch is found after overtly marked subject prefixes whereas me:ch is
found word initially. In Oapan me:ch- is found in all positions. Thus cf. Ameyaltepec name:chpale:wi:s versus Oapan nime:chpale:wi:s.
The alternation of /ch/ and /x/ occurs in the usually contexts for each dialect.
\nde In Oapan after over subject pronouns the form -mech is also used: nimechmakas.
\ref 01703
\lxam i:xpolowa
\lxam_c ki:xpolowa
\lxoa i:xpolowa
\lxoa_c ki:xpolowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to mess up; to disfigure (e.g., a person after a beating); to get or make dirty (ruining the apperance of sth, e.g., an amate by spilling paint on it)
\sense_s desfigurar; maltratar; lastimar (p. ej., una persona después de una golpiza); ensuciar (echando a perder la apariencia de algo como un amate al tirarle pintura)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ni:xpoloh. O:wets, o:teteponaga:la:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He got himself messed up. He fell, he scraped his knees.
\phrase_s Quedólastimado. se cayó, se raspólas rodillas.
\phrase_n O:timi:xpoloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You got messed up (i.e., by dirtying your clean clothes; or becoming badly hurt, bruised, or beaten).
\phrase_s Te quedaste hecho un desmadre (p. ej., al ensuciar tu ropa nueva; o te lastimaste y golpeaste).
\sense_e to waste or let go to waste (material and particularly consumible objects such as food or resources such as money)
\sense_s desperdiciar (cosas materiales, particularmente las que se consumen como comida) malgastar (recursos como dinero)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka we:i xne:xte:kili! Xniktlami:s. San niki:xpolo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't serve me a lot! I won't finish it, I will just let it go to waste.
\phrase_s ¡No me sirves mucho! No lo voy a acabar, nada más la voy a desperdiciar.
\phrase_n O:ki:xpoloh itomi:n. O:kikow un tli:n o:kwelitak. Ba, xkwahli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He wasted his money. He bought something he liked the looks of. But hey, it wasn't any good!
\phrase_s Malgastósu dinero. Compróalgo que le parecióbien (por como se veía).¡Pero pues, no estaba bien!
\sense_e to ruin (sb financially)
\sense_s empobrecer a; arruinar a (a algn, económicamente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Asta ihkón o:tiktlane:wtih! Mitsi:xpolo:s, xtlatlaxtla:wa:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You lent him that much! He will ruin you, he isn't one to pay up.
\phrase_s ¡Le prestaste hasta esa cantidad! te va a dejar en la pobreza, no es de los que pagan.
\sense_e deflower; to take away the virginity of (a young woman, particularly in reference to causing bleeding upon breaking the hymen)
\sense_s desflorar; hacer perder la virginidad a (una joven, particularmente en referencia a hacer que sangre al romperle el himen)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tiki:xpoloh, pitentsi:n katka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You deflowered her, she was young.
\phrase_s Le quitaste la virginidad, era joven.
\phrase_n O:tiki:xpoloh un ne:nkah. Xka:wa, ichpokawah katka!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You deflowered that one there. You wouldn't have thought it, she was a virgen!
\phrase_s Le quitaste la virginidad a aquella.¡No era de pensar, era una doncella!
\root i:x
\root pol
\qry Check spelling of /asta/ and correct here and elsewhere. In general check very carefully the meaning of /xka:wa/ and check translations in all occurrences.
\grm Notice the negative imperative /Ma:ka we:i xne:xte:kili! Xniktlami:s. San niki:xpolo:s/ 'Don't serve me a lot! I won't finish it, I will just let it go to waste' Use of ma:ka +
x[verb]. This is the standard pattern.
\xref i:xpolowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01704
\lxam ikxipatiltik
\lxam_c ikxipatiltik
\lxoa ixipatiltik
\lxoa_c ixipatiltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be crooked-legged
\sense_s tener una pierna chueca
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication; ikxipapatiltik) pigeon-footed; with both legs crooked
\sense_s (tener reduplicación de vocal corta; ikxipapatiltik) tener las puntas de pies hacia adentro
\sense_d Pending
\root kxi
\root patil
\nse Ikxipatiltik refers to someone with a crooked leg that is, typically, stiff when the person walks, swinging out as he walks. The acopated form
ikxipatil.
\ref 01705
\lxam iye:wa
\lxam_c kiye:wa
\lxoa é:wá
\lxoa_pr é:wa
\lxoa_c ké:wá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(vowel-s)
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to store or put away in the proper place
\sense_s guardar o poner en el lugar indicado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kiye:w iswaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He stored his fodder of corn leaves.
\phrase_s Guardósus hojas del maíz.
\phrase_n O:kiye:w itlayo:l, xok sapan tla:hli onkah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He stored his maize (in it proper place), it's no longer just laying the ground.
\phrase_s Guardósu maíz (en el lugar apropriado), ya no estánomás tirado en el suelo.
\phrase_n O:titla:tlaiye:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You stored everything in its proper place, one thing after another.
\phrase_s Guardaste todo en su lugar apropiado, una cosa tras otra.
\root ye:wa
\nse Underlyingly this is probably the reduplicated {yehye:wa} with phonological changes generalized in Ameyaltepec. Thus San Juan Tetelcingo has yehye:wa and Oapan
has é:wá.
\nae In Oapan the phrasal accent in this word may shift to the antepenultimate syllable. Thus one has rightward shift in ké:wá but a leftward shift in ó:ké:w and
a leftward shift to the antepenultimate in ó:niké:w. It appears that as a general rule one can thus state that if phrasal accent falls to the left of the morphological accent
(from reduplication) then clash results in a leftward shift of the accent, in this case to the antepenultimate. There appear to be few other, in any, words that follow this pattern.
\vl There is an additional female token from 04872; this should be tagged as 1705. It should also be the female token that is linked since it has better sound quality.
\grm Note /O:titla:tlaiye:w/, meaning 'You put everything in its proper place.' The length of the vowel should be checked. But this would seem to indicate that the /tla-/ with a
transitive verb creates a new lexical entry, an intransitive, that can be reduplicated. /tlaiye:wa/ would mean 'to put (things, non-countable) away.' Here the long vowel
reduplication would seem to indicate repeating the action of"guardando"in an orderly fashion, here and there, at spaced intervals. However, an effort should be made to
determine whether /tlatlaiye:wa/ also exists and, if so, its meaning.
\grm Clash avoidance: In Oapan the phrasal accent in this word may shift to the antepenultimate syllable. Thus one has rightward shift in ké:wá but a leftward
shift in ó:ké:w and a leftward shift to the antepenultimate in ó:niké:w. It appears that as a general rule one can thus state that if phrasal accent
falls to the left of the morphological accent (from reduplication) then clash results in a leftward shift of the accent, in this case to the antepenultimate. There appear to be
few other, in any, words that follow this pattern.
\xref iye:wilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref é:wiliá
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 01706
\lxam ki:sa
\lxam_c ki:sa
\lxoa ki:sa
\lxoa_c ki:sa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to emerge; to come into view; to come into; to come up or rise (the sun)
\sense_s salir (p. ej. el sol); salir a (un lugar); llegar a ser visible
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xeki:sa to:nahli. Ma tikchiaka:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sun still hasn't come up. Let's wait for it.
\phrase_s Todavía no sale el sol.¡Vamos a esperarlo!
\phrase_n Yo:niki:s ka:n a:pani, xok tlawekatlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've come out to where the water is shallow, it's no longer deep.
\phrase_s Salía donde el agua estápoca profunda, ya no es profunda.
\sense_e to finish up (a task, a service, etc.)
\sense_s acabar (una tarea, un servicio, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to go away (an ill effect or sth harmful)
\sense_s partir; salir (algo mal o dañino)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlatskwepo:nalti mokone:w, ma ki:sa itlatsiwis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Whip your child hard (with a rope or switch so that it makes a crackling sound against his skin) so that his laziness leaves him.
\phrase_s Azota fuerte a tu hijo (con un lazo o una varita, haciendo un chasquido contra su piel) para que salga su flojera.
\sense_e to show good results; to turn out ok; to yield a profit (an inversion); to provide a good harvest (a planted field)
\sense_s salir bien; tener un buen resultado; redituar (una inversión); rendir (un sembradío)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xekitilia. Xki:sa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He hasn't figured it out (e.g., how to do sth properly, to make sth, to paint amates, to put sth together such as a puzzle, etc.). It doesn't turn out right.
\phrase_s No le ve la manera (p. ej., de hacer algo bien, de fabricar algo, de pintar, de armar algo, etc.). No le sale.
\phrase_n Xniknamaka pa:mpa xki:sa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't sell it because it doesn't pay (i.e., doesn't turn out right or profitable for me).
\phrase_s No lo vendo por que no sale (esto es, no sale bien, no me reditua).
\phrase_n Nika:n xki:sa nomi:ltsi:n pa:mpa texa:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here (in this location) my cornfield doesn't give a good yield because the land is composed of rough and pebbly sand (note that fine-grained sand would, however, be good
to plant in).
\phrase_s Aquí(en este lugar) no rinde mi milpa por que el suelo es de arenaáspera y pedregosa (nótese que la arena fina es buena para sembrar).
\sense_e to take place
\sense_s llevarse a cabo; suceder
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ki:sas a:wihli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The Carnival will take place.
\phrase_s Se va a llevar a cabo el carnaval.
\sense_e (-tech ~) to come from
\sense_s (-tech ~) salir de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Totech ki:sas un tomi:n para nokowas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The money to buy it will come from us (e.g., from our contributions to a general fund).
\phrase_s El dinero para comprarlo va a salir de nosotros (p. ej., de lo que hemos juntado colectivamente).
\phrase_n Kite:wi:kilia imon, pero itech ki:sas toba:leh, nochi yewa kitlaxtla:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His son-in-law has debts, but everything will come from our friend's pocket, he will be the one to pay for everything.
\phrase_s Su yerno tiene deudas, pero todo va a salir a cuenta de nuestro amigo, va a serél quien lo paga todo.
\sense_e (-tech ~) to cause delirium (a scorpion bite [S]; cf. Oapan kalaki)
\sense_s (-tech ~) afectar causando dilirio (el piquete de alacrán [S]; véase Oapan kalaki)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Itech o:ki:s ko:lo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The scorpion bite affected him, provoking a delirious state.
\phrase_s La mordida del alacrán se le trabó.
\phrase_n Tla:lko:lo:tl, xtotech ki:sa pero ke:n kuwasiwisioh. Bwe:yeh, kitowan kimiktia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tla:lko:lo:tl does not cause us to become delirious, but it really causes a lot of pain. As for cattle, they that it kills it.
\phrase_s The tla:lko:lo:tl no se nos traba (causando dilirio) pero si causa dolor. En cuanto al ganado, dicen que lo mata.
\sense_e (with wa:l-) to emerge; to come out of (an enclosed space, such as a house or building)
\sense_s (con wa:l-) salir (desde un lugar encerrado, como una casa o edificio)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:wa:lki:s, koxtoya icha:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He emerged, he was sleeping inside his house.
\phrase_s Salió, estaba durmiendo dentro de su casa.
\sense_e (usually with a directional affix) to pass through from one side to another (e.g., a nail being driven through a board)
\sense_s (generalmente con un afijo direccional) pasar o salir de un lado a otro; atravesar (p. ej., un clavo que atraviesa una tabla)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:ki:sako. Sahkó:n ma noka:wa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's come through to this side (e.g., a nail being hammered through a board or wall). Let it just stay like that!
\phrase_s Ya salió(atravesando de un lado a otro).¡Quéquede así!
\sense_e (usually with a directional affix) to finish up or end (a task; the fulfillment of an obligation or performance of an office); to wind up (the telling of a story, giving an address
or talk)
\sense_s (generalmente con un afijo direccional) terminar o acabar (una tarea; el cumplimiento de un periodo en un cargo o puesto; una narrativa o ponencia)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma niki:sati, dya tewa tite:no:tsas!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me finish, then you can speak to people!
\phrase_s ¡Déjame terminar, entonces tu puedes hablar a la gente!
\phrase_n Kwa:k yewa yo:ki:sako, newa nikalakis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When he has finished up (in this case his term in office), I will begin (to serve).
\phrase_s Cuandoél ya terminó(en este caso su periodo de comisario), yo voy a empezar.
\phrase_n San tonki:ki:sas, timotlasiwi:ti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just finish up one right after another (i.e., in an orderly fashion, such as occurs when one finishes plowing one row or furrow after another on flat, soft land), you should
hurry up!
\phrase_s ¡Vas a terminar uno tras otro (esto es, de una manera ordenada como ocurre, p. ej., a surcar tierra plana y blanda), te debes a apurar!
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to go around from place to place (perhaps visiting, perhaps with no particular destination); to go out on the town; to party from place to
place
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) andar de un lugar a otro (quizápara andar de visita, quizásin una destinación fija); buscar diversión de lugar a lugar; parandear
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nonkiki:sas, mo:stla niwa:lkalakis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to go out on the town, I'll come back (home) tomorrow.
\phrase_s Voy a salir de paranda, mañana vengo (regreso a casa).
\phrase_n O:nikiki:sako. Nika:n nite:i:xmati.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I came here to go around the town (e.g., visiting, or perhaps just dropping in here and there, at stores, friends' homes, etc.). I know people here.
\phrase_s Vine para andar de diversión (p. ej., visitando gente, o quizásimplemente yendo de un lugar a otro, tiendas, casas de amigos, etc.). Conozco gente aquí.
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w ki:kiki:sa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's started to go out now and then.
\phrase_s Ya empezóa parandear de vez en cuando.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication + -pan) to pass over or by (e.g., an event that occurs without one [poss. of -pan] noticing)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta + pan) rebasar o pasar (p. ej., un evento que ocurre sin que uno [pos. de -pan] se de cuenta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nopan o:kiki:s noye:lo:w. Xna:h katka. Kwa:k yo:nekok, yo:pano:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My elotes(from my milpa) came and went without me noticing. I wasn't around (when they were ripe). When I arrived, (the season for elotes) had
already passed by.
\phrase_s Mis elotes (de mi milpa) llegaron y pasaron sin que me diera cuenta. No estaba. Cuando llegué, (la temporada de elotes) ya había pasado.
\sense_e (ki:stiki:sa + -pan) to run over (sb [poss. of -pan], e.g,. a motor vehicle, etc.)
\sense_s (ki:stiki:sa + -pan) atropellar a (algn [pos. de -pan], p. ej., un vehículo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mopan o:kiki:stiki:s, xo:timekwanih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It ran over you (a car, person, animal, etc.) when it passed by. You didn't get out of the way.
\phrase_s Te atropellóal pasar (un coche, persona, animal, etc.). No te moviste.
\sense_e (with the auxiliary -te:wa : ki:ste:wa) to get up and suddenly leave, to leave impetuously
\sense_s (con el auxiliar -te:wa : ki:ste:wa) salir impetuosamente, levantarse y salir luego luego
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:ki:ste:hkeh, xok kinekih tekipano:skeh.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e They got up and suddenly left, they no longer want to work.
\phrase_s Se levantaron y se fueron, ya no quisieron trabajar.
\semfld motion
\root ki:sa
\nse Whereas o:wa:lki:s indicates emergence from an enclosed location, o:ki:sako refers to the action of emerging from sth transitory, such as a
task, a woods that one walks through, or to emerge into view as one passes first behind something such as a large blind. The use of directionals to indicate passing from one side to
the other is common. Note also the phrase Yo:niki:s ka:n a:pani, xok tlawekatlan. Here the subject emerges from a deep part of the stream or river to a shallow
section. The phrase does not refer to the action of leaving the shallow water, but rather coming into sight from another location.
\qry It will be important to discuss and analyze the difference between /ki:sa/ and /wa:lki:sa/. Certain the second is used to indicate emergence from an enclosed space, such as someone
emerging from his house. But check as to whether /xeki:sa to:nahli/ is correct, as I have indicated above, or whether it should be /xewa:lki:sa to:nahli/.... or whether both are correct,
perhaps with slightly different meanings.
\mod For a discussion of /ki:sa/ with directionals cf. Gram 1984-05-06.1 and article on directionals.
\grm Future: /San tonki:ki:sas, timotlasiwi:ti:s/ 'Just finish up one right after another (i.e., in an orderly fashion, such as occurs when one finishes plowing one row or furrow
after another on flat, soft land), you should hurry up' Note how the future is sometimes used to indicate what seems to be a suggestion, a polite bit of advice. e.g. /titlakwa:s,
tla:mo ta:pismikis/ 'you should eat, otherwise you'll get hungry.'
\grm Negation; clitics: /Xitech o:ki:s/ 'It didn't affect him (in this case a scorpion bite).' Note that the negative particle /x-/ is here placed to the left of the VP, which includes a
locative (single word adverbial, which is usually preverbal) and verb. This location of the negative clitic parallels that of the subject clitic with NPs, as in /niwe:i chichi/. In
general it will be necessary to study the location of the negative.
\grm Auxiliary; /-te:wa/: (with the auxiliary -te:wa : ki:ste:wa) to get up and suddenly leave, to leave impetuously. Note the use of -te:wa
here.
\semref -tiki:sa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlaki:ska:tlan
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref ki:xtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlaki:sa
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01707
\lxam ikpayo:kopi:na
\lxam_c kikpayo:kopi:na
\lxoa ipayo:kopi:na
\lxoa_c kipayo:kopi:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to pull the thread out of
\sense_s deshilar; quitar el hilo de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkikpayo:kopi:na! Ma tsomo:ni! Oksepa tiktlamanili:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pull the thread out of it (in this case a thread that is hanging loose from where a garment has been patched)! Let it rip open! You can patch it up again!
\phrase_s ¡Quítale el hilo (en este caso un hilo que se cuelga de donde se había remendado un vestido)!¡Que se desbarate!¡Después lo volverás a remendar!
\root kpa
\root kopi:
\qry Check for intransitive form of headword.
\mod Add entry under /tsomo:ni/.
\grm With noun incorporation, note cases of /-yo:/. Here the /-yo:/ does not at all seem part of an abstract noun, but rather is related to part/whole or intrinsic possession; cf.
/a:yo:ki:sa/ and other similar words.
\ref 01708
\lxam sio:tonki
\lxam_alt soyo:tonki
\lxam_c sio:tonki
\lxoa sio:tonki
\lxoa_c sio:tonki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\lexical Op. te- : tesoyotonki
\sense_e to be unstiched (the seam of clothes, sacks, or similarly sewn items, including stiches in skin)
\sense_s estar descosido (la costura de ropa, costales o otras cosas cosidas, incluyendo las costuras de las heridas en la piel)
\sense_d Pending
\root sio:
\root tom
\mod Sound file for /siotonki/ was also at 1853
\vl There are so many variations in the vowel length for this word that it needs to be very, very carefully checked. At times I have /soyotom-/, other times /so:yo:tom-/, etc. The
final elements seems clearly to be /tomi/ 'untie', but the first element is unclear. Since variants /sio/ and /soyo/ exist, it would seem that the first vowel should be short.
However, the middle /o/ is of uncertain length. I have had much difficulty in determining this in Oa Nahuatl.
\ref 01709
\lxam a:lamatsi:n
\lxam_c a:lamatsi:n
\lxoa a:lámatsí:n
\lxoa_pr a:lamatsi:n
\lxoa_c a:lámatsí:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e literally the 'old woman of the water'; a being that lives underwater with her husband. They are frequently the cause of illness and soul-loss of people who are frightened
near or in the river. Offerings are given to appease her and a:we:we:ntsi:nand gain the return of lost and frightened souls.
\sense_s literalmente la 'anciana del agua', un ser que vive dentro del agua con su esposo: A menudo son ellos la causa de las enfermedades y la pérdida de alma de gente que se
asustan cerca de o adentro del río. se le hacen ofrendas a ella y a a:we:we:ntsi:npara obtener el regresos de almas perdidas y asustadas.
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka mitsa:tila:nas a:lamatsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't let"the old woman of the water"drag you away into the water.
\phrase_s No dejes que"la anciana del agua"te jale dentro del agua.
\root a:
\root lamah
\ency_note tlakaka:wa
\qry Cf. folklore notes and entry under /ka:wa/, as in /tlakaka:wa/.
\mod Add a text on these beings.
\ilus_note Illustrate
\ref 01710
\lxam kwiste:wilia
\lxam_c kikwiste:wilia
\lxoa koste:wilia
\lxoa_c kikoste:wilia
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp S-Asp
\der V3-d-ap
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to raise (e.g., a switch on an electrical appliance) for
\sense_s subir (p. ej., un botón en un aparato eléctrico) para
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to draw up (a legal document or certification) for
\sense_s levantar (un acta o documento legal) para
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to awaken for
\sense_s desperatar para
\sense_d Pending
\fl kwiste:wa
\root kwi
\root e:wa
\mod Cf. Gram 1984-07-26.1
\xref tlakwiste:wilia
\xref_t val_reduce2
\xref_d Am
\xref tlakoste:wilia
\xref_t val_reduce2
\xref_d Oa
\xref kwiste:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref koste:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 01711
\lxam pepexte:mi
\lxam_c pepexte:mi
\lxoa pépexté:mi
\lxoa_pr pepexte:mi
\lxoa_c pépexté:mi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp S-V1
\der V1-alt-mi
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a(m)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to lie flat on the ground (failing to stay upright usually because of size or weight; particularly used in refers to certain single-stemmed plants such as corriander that have
their lower stems grow close to the ground)
\sense_s caerse pegado al suelo; pegarse horizontalmente al suelo o tierra (no manteniéndose vertical generalmente a causa de tamaño o peso; particularmente utilizado en
referencia a ciertas plantas con un solo tallo, como silantro, cuyos tallos empiezan a crecer junto y pegado al suelo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pepexte:n, o:tsonakayah, yo:wekapaniak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (in this case the lower part of a plant stem) has grown along close to the ground, it leaned over, it had grown very tall.
\phrase_s Cayópegado a la tierra (en este caso la parte inferior de un tallo), se fue de lado, ya había crecido demasiado alto.
\root pech
\root te:m
\nse Pepexte:mi generally refers to what happens to plants when they grow too tall for the thickness and strength of their stems; as a result they can no longer maintain
themselves upright. Consequently the lower part of the stem starts to grow close to the ground like a vine. Cristino Flores did not immediately recognize or accept this word and
instead gave the reflexive use of pepexte:ka. However, he later did accept pepexte:mi as possible.
\qry Determine the difference between the reflexive use of /pepexte:ma/ and the fully intransitive /pepexte:mi/.
\ref 01712
\lxam chikipe:lowa
\lxam_c kichikipe:lowa
\lxoa chikipe:lowa
\lxoa_c kichikipe:lowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to split open or cut open lengthwise so that the sides flare out (e.g., a pig in slaughtering, a maguey stalk that is cut, etc.)
\sense_s reventar o cortar a lo largo y abrir; abrir en canal (p. ej., un marrano, la penca de un maguey, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xchikipe:lo kaxti:hla:n mexkahli wa:n xma:tokili moburroh! Ke:n kipia sa:watl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Split open and flare out (the leaves of) an agave plant lengthwise and rub it (the open part) on your burro! He is really very mangy!
\phrase_s ¡Abre las pencas del maguey a lo largo y frótaselo a tu burro!¡Estámuy sarnoso!
\phrase_n Kichikipe:lo:skeh un wa:kax.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They will slice that cattle open along its chest (after the cattle has been killed and flayed, to open its chest and belly, pulling it open and apart).
\phrase_s Van a abrir esa res en canal (después de haberla matado y desollado, se abre a lo largo para quitarle las vísceras).
\phrase_n Kichikipe:lowan wa:kax kwa:k kimiktian, kiki:xtilian ipa:nsah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They cut open the front of a cow when they kill it, they take out its belly.
\phrase_s Abren en canal una vaca cuando la matan, le quitan la panza.
\root chiki
\root pe:l
\semref tlachikipe:lotok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlachikipé:lotók
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01713
\lxam tekestok
\lxam_c notekestok
\lxoa tekestok
\lxoa_c notekestok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der Stat-refl
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be standing upright (a material object, having been placed in this position)
\sense_s estar parado (un objeto material, después de haber sido colocado en esta posición)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwahli notekestok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is standing straight up (e.g., a post sunk into the ground).
\phrase_s Estábien parado (p. ej., un horcón empotrado en la tierra).
\sense_e to be standing still (an animate, having come to a stop after having been moving)
\sense_s estar parado (un ser animado, de haberse parado después de haber estado en movimiento)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San timotekestok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are just standing still (i.e., not moving in any direction).
\phrase_s Simplemente estás parado en un solo lugar (esto es, no estás moviendo en ninguna dirección).
\semfld motion
\root te
\root ketsa
\nae The apparent obligatory use of the reflexive with this stative (cf. mela:wtok) appears to be related to the absence of an intransitive form of transitive
teketsa. To date almost all statives that end in -tekestok are reflexive. This contrasts with other cases in which the statives of apparently transitive
verbs are not found with the reflexive (e.g., kukweptok derived from transitive kwepa). In these cases, the reflexive is used to indicate a progressive
aspect. Perhaps the presence of a reflexive indicates that the form with -tok is always a resultative, and never a stative. There may, however, be other reasons. The
form notekestok may be used to indicate some object, such as a post or a komaxahli , that has been placed upright in the ground (obviously by a
human agent). It would be impossible for an object to become upright by itself (unlike with, for example, koto:ntok , the subject of which might be an o bject that
snapped on its own). Note that with an animate subject, notekestok indicates that the subject has come to a stop, for instance while walking, e.g., notekestok
toba:leh, yo:siaw 'Our friend has stopped (e.g., walking), he is tired.
\qry Check and make sure that the form /te:kestok/ as a stative is not correct. Also, check for all stative/resultatives if the reflexive form also exists. Thus can one have both /koto:ntok/
and /nokoto:ntok/ in which the second is not a progressive (which might be the primary meaning/use). The use of /-tok/ needs much fuller exploration. My notes show that
/-tekestok/ is only used in the reflexive (of whatever person), but can never occur alone, *tekestok. The reason for this is unclear; perhaps a clue will be obtained from a
discussion/analysis of the difference between /mela:wtok/ and /nomela:wtok/. My feeling at this point is that the /no-/ or reflexive marker with an inanimate derives from the fact that
the form /notekestok/, with an inanimate, is usually a resultative. There are cases (such as a watch that has stopped) when an inanimate can 'be stopped' on its own (i.e., not the
result of an action by an agent). In such I seem to remember that the stative-reflexive is not used. Thus o ne would not say /notekestok moreló:j/, but rather /o:notekets moreló:j/.
Yet this should be checked. If it does indeed turn out that /notekestok/ is not used for inanimates that arrive at this state without any external agency, then the argument that the
reflexive is used to indicate a resultative meaning is strengthened. This should be checked!
\qry Determine difference between /notekestok/ and /ikatok/. I.e.., when does one say of an object that it is /notekestok/ and when does one say /ikatok/. My gut reaction at this point is
that the former is a resultative and the latter a stative, though this should be further investigated.
\grm -tok My notes show that /-tekestok/ is only used in the reflexive (of whatever person), but can never occur alone, *tekestok. The reason for this is unclear; perhaps a clue
will be obtained from a discussion/analysis of the difference between /mela:wtok/ and /nomela:wtok/. My feeling at this point is that the /no-/ or reflexive marker with an
inanimate derives from the fact that the form /notekestok/, with an inanimate, is usually a resultative. There are cases (such as a watch that has stopped) when an inanimate
can 'be stopped' on its own (i.e., not the result of an action by an agent). In such I seem to remember that the stative-reflexive is not used. Thus one would not say
/notekestok moreló:j/, but rather /o:notekets moreló:j/. Yet this should be checked. If it does indeed turn out that /notekestok/ is not used for inanimates that arrive at this
state without any external agency, then the argument that the reflexive is used to indicate a resultative meaning is strengthen ed. This s hould be checked!
\ref 01714
\lxam tsope:lik xokotl de konserbe:roh
\lxam_c tsope:lik xokotl de konserbe:roh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e type of sweet plum tree as yet not fully identified
\sense_s tipo de circuelo dulce todavía no identificado plenamente
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root tsope:l
\root xoko
\ency_note hypo xokotl
\notes_nature Several consultants mentioned this as one of the three types of xokotl tsope:lik ; it bears its fruit in late summer, in August and September. See
xokotl tsope:lik. None of the three consultants during the first fieldwork session (Inocencio Díaz, Asención Marcelo, and Silvestre Pantaleón) knew of this
type of xokotl.
\ref 01715
\lxam xoto:ntok
\lxam_c xoto:ntok
\lxoa xoto:ntok
\lxoa_c xoto:ntok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be piled up; to be heaped up (in no particular order, e. g., corn cobs, planks of wood, etc.)
\sense_s estar amontonado o apilado (sin orden particular, p. ej., mazorcas, tablas de madera, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be bunched up (e.g., curtains, cloth, etc.)
\sense_s estar fruncido (p. ej., cortinas que se plieguen)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xpatla:wa un tlake:ntli, ma:ka sa: ihkón xoto:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Spread out that cloth, don't let it just be bunched up like that!
\phrase_s ¡Extiende ese tela, quéno esténada más fruncida como está!
\root xoto:
\ref 01716
\lxam kwa:tepasole:wtok
\lxam_c kwa:tepasole:wtok
\lxoa kwa:tépasolé:htok
\lxoa_pr kwa:tepasole:htok
\lxoa_c kwa:tépasolé:htok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\compound N-Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be disheveled; to have a tangled or bushy head of hair (particularly sb with very curly hair)
\sense_s estar despeinado; tener el cabello desarreglado o greñudo (particularmente algn con pelo muy chino)
\sense_d Pending
\fla kwa:tepasole:wi
\root kwa:
\root pahsol
\qry Check as to whether this occurs only with /te-/. If not, change entry and analysis.
\ref 01717
\lxam iú:n
\lxam_c iú:n
\lxoa yoón
\lxoa_c yoón
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(demon)
\der Pr-demon
\sense_e that one there
\sense_s ése; aquel que estáallá
\sense_d Pending
\root yehwa
\root on
\nae Apparently the Ameyaltepec form contrasts with iwí:n whereas the Oapan form contrasts with yo yí:n.
\qry Whether this orthography should be the final form for Oapan Nahuatl is still under consideration.
\qry_fon Check vowel length.
\ref 01718
\lxam i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik
\lxam_c i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e to have a balding forehead resulting from a high or receding hairline
\sense_s tener la frente calvo a causa de tener las entradas pronunciadas
\sense_d Am
\root_notes petla:
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\root petla:
\semref i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:tsotsoltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:pestik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref i:xkwa:tetsotlahtik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01719
\lxam tla:laktok
\lxam_c tla:laktok
\lxoa tla:lahtok
\lxoa_c tla:lahtok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be buried or stuck in the ground
\sense_s estar metido o empotrado en la tierra
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xtepacho un kohtsontetl para ma wepe:wi ne: ka:n tla:laktok!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Smash a rock against that stump to that it comes out (gets uprooted) from there where it is stuck in the ground!
\phrase_s ¡Golpéa fuerte contra ese tocón para que se desarraigue de alládonde estámetido en la tierra!
\root tla:l
\root ak
\ref 01720
\lxam tlaa:yawtitlan
\lxam_c tlaa:yawtitlan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der N-loc-1-titlan[tla-]
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e area that is covered with fog
\sense_s área tapada con neblina, con neblina por todos lados
\sense_d Am
\root a:yawi
\root_rel -titlan
\xref a:yawtitlan
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\semref tlaa:yawpachihtok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01721
\lxam tlama:ka:wa
\lxam_c tlama:ka:wa
\lxoa tlama:ka:wa
\lxoa_c tlama:ka:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-[N-V2]
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to let out to pasture (for an extended period, not just overnight)
\sense_s dejar a apacentar (por un periodo extendido, no simplemente por la noche)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tlama:ka:wato, a:mantsi:n yekos.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He went to take some animals and leave them out to pasture, he'll be right back.
\phrase_s Fue a dejar a apacentar unos animales, ahorita llega.
\sense_e to finish plowing (after going over the field a second time after the maize has sprouted; syn. Am. tla:lwia)
\sense_s terminar de arar (al dejar la milpa al hacer el segundo paso por ello después de brotada la milpa; sin. Am. tla:lwia)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to fart
\sense_s echar un pedo
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to finish (a man) making love with a woman
\sense_s acabar de hacer el amor (un hombre) con una mujer
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:tlane:s! Yo:titlama:ka:w?
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e It's dawn! Have you finished making love?
\phrase_s ¡Ya amaneció!¿Ya terminaste de hacer el amor?
\root ma:
\root ka:wa
\nse Usually used with an extraverse directional, tlama:ka:wa is most often employed to refer to the action of taking animals out and letting them pasture for a long
time. It refers to the action of letting the animals go and driving them away, with the idea of not retrieving them for a long time. This can be compared to
tlaka:wa, which refers to the action of taking animals out to pasture, often tying them overnight with a lasso, and often retrieving them the following day (see
tla:na).
\semref tlaka:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref ma:ka:wa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01722
\lxam posteki
\lxam_c kiposteki
\lxoa posteki
\lxoa_c kiposteki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Op. te-
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to snap or break (sth hard and long such as a stick, a bar, a bone, a handle, etc.)
\sense_s romper o quebrar (algo largo y duro, como una vara, un barra, un hueso, una manga, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xposteki un tlako:tl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Break that stick!
\phrase_s ¡Rompe esa vara!
\phrase_n O:nitlapostek.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I broke something (usually in reference to the unintentional breaking of sth being used, such as the timón or another part of a plow).
\phrase_s Se me rompióalgo (generalmente en referencia a algo que sucede sin la intención de un agente, como cuando se le rompe el timón u otra parte del arado a algn).
\sense_e to bend (sth at its joint, e.g., a microphone stand and boom)
\sense_s doblar (algo a una coyuntura, como la base de un micrófono y su brazo)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to fold sth several times, evenly (such as a letter being mailed, a fan made of paper, etc.)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) doblar repetidas veces, parejo y con cuidado (una carta para mandar, un abanico, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root posteki
\disamb tekwia; kwelpachowa; posteki
\qry Check re: /o:nitepostek/ for 'I broke a bone' whether /o:nimo(te)postek/ is also acceptable. Note that the form /o:ni(te)postek/ is used for 'I broke a bone' and not
?/o:nimo(te)postek. Whether this latter form is possible should be checked.
\ref 01723
\lxam kaxto:hli
\lxam_c kaxto:hli
\lxoa kaxto:hli
\lxoa_c kaxto:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Num
\der Num-b
\sense_e fifteen (as numerical modifier)
\sense_s quince (como modificador numérico)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e fifteen (of them)
\sense_s quince (de ellos)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (a:man ~) in two weeks
\sense_s (a:man ~) de hoy en quince; en dos semanas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n A:man kaxto:hli niyá:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll go in two weeks.
\phrase_s Voy a ir de hoy en quince.
\sense_e (ye a:man ~) two weeks ago
\sense_s (ye a:man ~) hace dos semanas
\sense_d Pending
\root kaxto:l
\nse Kaxto:hli is seldom if ever used as a numeral. In such cases the Spanish loan quince is ubiquitous. However, it is often employed with
a:manto indicate a two-week period from the present.
\ref 01724
\lxam kwa:rtah
\lxam_c kwa:rtah
\lxoa kwa:rtah
\lxoa_c kwa:rtah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan cuarta
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e distance measure that stretches from the tip of the thumb to the end of the extended middle finger (or, for some, to the end of the pinky)
\sense_s medida de la mano, desde la punta del pulgar hasta la punta del dedo en medio (o, por algunos, hasta el fin del dedo meñique)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld measure
\ency_note measures
\ref 01725
\lxam tla:lsa:watl
\lxam_c tla:lsa:watl
\lxoa tla:ltsa:watl
\lxoa_c tla:ltsa:watl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e small red biting insect, still not definitively identified, probably a chigger
\sense_s insecto pequeño y rojo que pica, todavía no identificado plenamente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tla:lsa:watl, ti:roh pitentsi:n, chi:chi:ltiktsi:n. Mitskwa deke yo:mitsekok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tla:lsa:wtl : It is really small, it is red. It bites if it gets on you.
\phrase_s Tla:lsa:wtl : Es muy pequeño, es rojito. Muerde si te alcanza.
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root tla:l
\root sa:wa
\qry Check meaning of /eko/ as a transitive, and check correctness of translation above.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note in /tla:ltsa:watl/ s>ts / l ____.
\ref 01726
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ma:tlaki:tsia
\lxoa_c noma:tlaki:tsia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ap
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl. with -pan) to rest ones hand on and lean on
\sense_s (refl. con -pan) recargarse sobre, cargándose por la mano
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root ki:tski
\semref ma:tlakechia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01727
\lxam tlima:wa
\lxam_c kitlima:wa
\lxoa tlima:wa
\lxoa_c kitlima:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to have its fire spread to (that is, a section of field deliberately being burned [S] spreads fire to another part [O] that should have been saved to serve as pasture)
\sense_s tener un incendio en un campo extenderse a (esto es; una sección del campo deliberadamente quemado [S] que se extiende a otra parte que hubiera sido guardadoíntegro
para forraje de los animales)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pe:w kitlima:wa un sakayoh. Xmotlalo! Xikse:wi:ti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The fire has spread to that grass-covered field. Run! Go put it out!
\phrase_s El fuego se ha extendido a estaárea cubierta.¡Córrele!¡Ve a apagarlo!
\root tli
\root ma:wa
\nse It appears that tlima:wa always has as an implicit subject a fire that is already burning, and which spreads itself to a neighboring field. In a sense this is like a
mirror image of a cognate object construction or possessor raising. In the former the object is implicit in the verbal semantics; with tlima:wa it is the subject that is
implicit. In the latter, possessor raising, the incorporated noun is implicitly possessed. Note that tlima:wa could be analyzed as 'to spread its fire to,' with the
subject being the"possessor"of the fire, i.e., a larger blaze.
\qry Check for subject of /tlima:wa/, i.e., can there be an active subject as in /niktlima:was nomi:l/ or, /o:niktlima:w nomi:l/. In the above illustrative sentence it certainly seems that the
subject is the grassy field, i.e., the underlying patient. Check ways of expressing theme with /ma:wa/, e.g., /ne:chma:wa ika de:ngeh/, etc. Check for reflexives, etc.
\grm Incorporation; transitivity; valency: Re: /tlima:wa/ It appears that tlima:wa has an implicit subject that is always a fire already burning, and which spreads
itself to a neighboring field. In a sense this is like a mirror image of a cognate object construction or possessor raising. In the first the object is implicit in the verbal
semantics; here it is the subject that is implicit. And in possessor raising of transitives, the incorporated noun is implicitly possessed by the object; in tlima:wa
it is implicitly possessed (in the sense of part of) by the subject. Thus the translation 'to spread its fire to.'
\ref 01728
\lxam kochwia
\lxam_c kikochwia
\lxoa kochwia
\lxoa_f [koch 'wi ya]
\lxoa_c kikochwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to take advantage of (sb) while he is sleeping
\sense_s aprovecharse de (algn) mientras que duerma
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chkochwikeh chichimeh, o:kikwakeh tli:n niktlatlastoya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The dogs took advantage of the fact that I was sleeping, they ate what I was watching over.
\phrase_s Los perros se aprovecharon de mícuando estaba dormido, se comieron lo que estaba vigilando.
\root kochi
\nae There are quite a few cases in which the root kochis incorporated into a verb in a modifying form and as if it were a nominal stem (e.g.,
kochpale:wia). However, kochwia is different in that here we have kochfollowed by a verbalizing endings used primarily with
nouns. Given this fact, it seems that kochwia is more akin to an applicative form ending in -wia as is tlaxkalwia , derived from
tlaxkalowa.
\qry Check correctness of /o:kikwakeh tli:n niktlatlastoya/; see entry under /tlatlata/. I originally had /nitlatlastoya/ but"corrected"this to /niktlatlastoya/.
\root_notes There appear to be quite a few words which utilize a root /koch/ as if it were a noun. Check these words. Perhaps change analysis of morphological derivations involving
/koch/.
\grm There appear to be quite a few words which utilize a root /koch/ as if it were a noun. Check these words. Perhaps change analysis of morphological derivations involving
/koch/.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note that syllabification remains in all verbs ending in /wiya/. This compares to Am /wia/ (as in /kikochwiya/ Oa, and /kikochwia/ Am).
\ref 01729
\lxam xo:tlaltia
\lxam_c kixo:tlaltia
\lxoa xo:tlaltia
\lxoa_c kixo:tlaltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to heat up (e.g., sb heating up a branding iron [O] in the fire, the sun heating up water [O] in a canteen, etc.)
\sense_s calentar mucho (p. ej., algn calentando un hierro para marcar [O] en el fuego, el sol calentando agua [O] en una cantimplora, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to cause to get drunk and turn red (ones skin from alcohol)
\sense_s emborrachar y enrojecer (la piel de uno por el alcohol)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w -te-chi:chi:liwi toba:leh. Ye tla:wa:ntok, o:kixo:tlaltih tra:goh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Our friend has started to turn red. He's begun to get drunk, drink has gotten him smashed.
\phrase_s Ya empezóa ponerse rojo nuestro amigo. Ya se estáemborrachando, se le subióel trago.
\sense_e to arouse sexually; to make horney (lit., 'to make (sb) hot')
\sense_s excitar sexualmente; calentar sexualmente (lit., 'calentar a (algn)')
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mitsxo:tlalti:s, tisuwa:nekis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It will make you horney, you will want a woman.
\phrase_s Te va a calentar, vas a querer una mujer.
\root xo:tla
\xref xo:tla
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01730
\lxam a:pochi:nki
\lxam_c a:pochi:nki
\lxoa a:pochi:nki
\lxoa_c a:pochi:nki
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to be soft and fuzzy from haven gotten wet or to have being soaked in water (e.g., tortillas, paper, clothes covered in dirt from which the dirt becomes loose)
\sense_s estar blando o esponjado por haberse mojado o haber estado remojando en agua (p. ej., tortillas, papel, ropa cubierta tener mugre que se había ablandado)
\sense_d Pending
\root a:
\root pochi:
\disamb a:yema:nki; a:pochi:nki
\vl Note that Oapan /á:pochí:ni/ has p-a whereas adjectival /a:pochi:ni/ does not. Check that this is indeed the case, and check for reasons, i.e., is the verbal form given in
elicitation just an alternative to a non-reduplicated form.
\ref 01731
\lxam xaxa:yakate:roh
\lxam_c xaxa:yakate:roh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (Sp) xaxa:yaka
\psm N
\der N-ag-Sp
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\sense_e mask-maker
\sense_s masquero
\sense_d Am
\root xa:yaka
\semref xáxa:yakachí:hke:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01732
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for /nextika:yeyekatl/ but has been removed. This yeyekatl was mentioned by Bacilio Reyes of Ahuelicán; its properties and effects were not
described.
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\ref 01733
\lxam ayuxo:chitl
\lxam_c ayuxo:chitl
\lxoa áyoxó:chitl
\lxoa_pr ayoxo:chitl
\lxoa_c áyoxó:chitl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e flowers of the squash plant
\sense_s flor de calabaza
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\semfld edible
\root ayoh
\root xo:chi
\ref 01734
\lxam xoko:miki
\lxam_c xoko:miki
\lxoa xoko:miki
\lxoa_c xoko:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to suffer from a sour taste in ones mouth
\sense_s sufrir por un sabor agrio en la boca
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Melá:k nixoko:miki, ke:n xokó:k i:n xokotl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm really suffering from a sour taste in my mouth, this wild plum is really sour.
\phrase_s Estoy sufriendo por un sabor agrio en la boca, este ciruelo silvestre es muyácido.
\root xoko
\root miki
\vl Check length of /o:/. It was recorded long but should be checked. Also, in my original notes I had /i:n xokotl/. This too should be checked, here as with all demonstrative
adjectives.
\ref 01735
\lxam tlaxkalsosohli
\lxam_c tlaxkalsosohli
\lxoa tlaxká:sohlí
\lxoa_pr tlaxká:sohli
\lxoa_c tlaxka:sohlí
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-suf[sosohli]
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e old, dried tortilla (such as those used to make chilaquiles)
\sense_s tortilla secada (como las que se utilizan para hacer chilaquiles)
\sense_d Pending
\root xka
\root hsol
\nae In Oapan the form tlaxká:sohlí has been lexicalized and * tlaxkaté:sohlí is not accepted.
\qry Check to determine whether /te-/ can or should be used: ?/tlaxkaltesosohli/.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note that in many cases the liquid /l/ and nasals disappear intervocalicly within words. Here Oapan /tlaxká:sohlí/ manifests l>0 / V _ V.
\ref 01736
\lxam te:ntsahka
\lxam_c i:te:ntsahka
\lxoa te:ntsahka
\lxoa_c i:te:ntsahka
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-ka
\infn N2
\sense_e top; lid; cover (of a perol, jar, etc.); stopper (of a bottle)
\sense_s tapa (de un perol, envase, etc.); tapón (de una botella)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San kwahli kite:na:miki ite:ntsahka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's top fits in perfectly.
\phrase_s Su tapón le queda justo.
\root te:n
\root tsakwa
\ref 01737
\lxam chalto:n
\lxam_c chalto:n
\lxoa chalto:n
\lxoa_c chalto:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\sense_e bird known in Spanish as chachalaca, probably Ortalis poliocephala, or a closely related species
\sense_s ave conocida como chachalaca, probablemente Ortalis poliocephala, o una especie cercana
\sense_d Pending
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 14, p. 221
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root chal
\notes_nature Some informants identified this as chachalaca in Spanish, as do Ramírez and Dakin (1979). The species identification is from Leopold (1959).
\qry Recheck length of /o:/; cf. to /miston/ or /misto:n/.
\semref chala
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref chala
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01738
\lxam ichpo:xchika:wi
\lxam_c ichpo:xchika:wi
\lxoa ichpo:xchika:wi
\lxoa_c ichpo:xchika:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to pass (a female) beyond the customary age for marrying
\sense_s rebasar (una mujer) la edad apropiada para casarse
\sense_d Pending
\root chpo:ch
\root chika:
\ency_note ichpo:xtli
\qry Check to determine whether there is a transitive form.
\semref ichpo:chlamatsi:ntia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ichpo:chlámatsí:ntia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01739
\lxam iyo:asi
\lxam_c kiyo:asi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to have the same endurance as; to keep up with; to keep pace with (another person)
\sense_s aguantar el mismo esfuerzo que; mantener el ritmo de (otra persona)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n San yewa ne:chiyo:asis. Nanwameh xnanweliskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's the only one who can keep up with me (e.g., running). As for you, you won't be able to.
\phrase_s Solamente el me aguanta el ritmo (p. ej., corriendo). En cuanto a ustedes, no van a poder.
\root hyo:
\root ahsi
\semref ixíasí
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01740
\lxam te:ko:ntlapa:na
\lxam_c te:ko:ntlapa:na
\lxoa te:ko:ntlapa:na
\lxoa_c te:ko:ntlapa:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-V2 (Am)
\der N-dvb-0
\infn N1
\sense_e generic name for morning-glory types of plant, of which type have been collected so far, one with large blue flowers and the other with small purple ones; in local Spanish
this is called quiebra platos
\sense_s nombre genérico por un tipo de planta todavía no identificada de que hay dos hasta ahora nombradas, una con flores grandes y azules, la otra con flores moraditas y
pequeñas; en el español local se le conoce como quiebra platos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tekontlapa:na | Kwa:k yo:weyakiak ki:sa itotopoyo para ixo:chio.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tekontlapa:na : When its gotten long the buds of its flowers appear.
\phrase_s Tekontlapa:na : Cuando ya creciólargo salen los botones de sus flores.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root ko:m
\root tlapa:
\nse According to Tomás Muñoz García, a man from Teloloapan now living in Iguala, the Spanish name for the te:ko:ntlapa:na is 'quiebra platos', which is a direct
translation from the Nahuatl. Cf. comments below on etymology.
\nae The question of the phonology and etymology of this word still needs to be fully determined. In Oapan the initial syllable is apparently te: whereas in Ameyaltepec,
according to some, it is te. The /o:/ of both forms is long. Indeed, Chen Díaz was quite certain that the length of the initial /e/ was short and that the name of the plant
teko:ntlapa:na contrasts with a form such as te:ko:ntlapa:na , referring to someone or something that breaks unspecified people's pots. Florencia
Marcelino and other consultants from Oapan mentioned that the name derives from the belief that it you grab this plant your pot will break. The plant's name, therefore, is a transitive
verb that reflects the effects of this plant on human subjects. In Ameyaltepec I have not been able to document a similar belief. Moreover, according to Inocencio Díaz, the first
vowel is definitely short and the name of this plant, teko:ntlapa:na. This contrasts as a minimal pair with te:ko:nt lapa:na , which refers to a person or
thing that breaks people's pots. Nevertheless, in the pronunciation of Cristino Flores, the name of this plant clearly has two long vowels in the first two syllables. A direct comparison
of minimal pairs of these two words in both dialects should be recorded. If there is indeed a difference, and this difference reflects etymological variation, then two entries should be
created even though the original name of this plant might have been the same in both villages.
\notes_nature Asención Marcelo of San Juan was not familiar with this vine.
\qry Check vowel lenght as in one file card I have a long initial /e/: /te:ko:ntlapa:na/.
\vl Check vl in Oapan and Am; cf. to comments in /nae field. Check plant name and verbal form /te:ko:ntlapa:na/ 'that which/he who breaks peoples pots.' Perhpas this should
be divided into two entries. Check vl in both forms and analyze etymology.
\semref kohsa:watl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01741
\lxam kahli
\lxam_c kahli
\lxoa kahli
\lxoa_c kahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e house; shack
\sense_s casa; jacal
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (part/whole possession) roof (of a house, granery, etc.); covering (of a storage area or other similar space)
\sense_s (posesión parte/entero) techo (de una casa, troje, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pe:w isoliwi ikahlo mokal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The roof of your house has started to deteriorte.
\phrase_s Empezóa deteriorarse el techo de tu casa.
\phrase_n Nikpatili:s ikahlo nokosi:nah, yo:isoliw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to change the roofing on my kitchen, it's gotten worn out.
\phrase_s Le voy a cambiar el techo a mi cocina, ya se hizo viejo.
\phrase_n O:te:n iswakohtli. A:man xpe:walti ikahlo, ma:ski kiawis, xok ma:s kalakis a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tree used for storing corn leaves (iswatl) has gotten filled. Now begin making a roof for it, even if it rains, water won't get in anymore.
\phrase_s Elárbol en que se guardan las hojas de maíz (iswatl) ya se llenó. Ahora empiece a hacer su toldo, asíaunque llueve ya no va a entrar el agua.
\sense_e (usually possessed in 3rd person) nest; hive; in general, the living space of any animal
\sense_s (generalmente poseido en 3a persona) nido; panal; en general el lugar donde vive cualquier animal
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n ikal chi:lpa:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e wasp's nest
\phrase_s panal de avispa
\phrase_n Yewa, tekómasólin i:kal.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e That is the nest of the insect called tekómasólin.
\phrase_s Ese es el panal del insecto llamado tekómasólin.
\ency_note kahli; nests
\mod For names of the parts of a house of /sakatl/, cf. Fld-1984-04-29.1 and words there listed. Get list of all animals that have /i:kal/.
\semref kweskomatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref kakahli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01742
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for /kwepania/ but was removed: /On tlitl o:kwepaniak, o:koma:w on so:ya:tl./ 'That fire has flared up, it spread to the palm (setting it on fire).' The meaning
was given as 'to flare up (a fire)' My notes stated: 'This word is in a text I had under /ma:wa/. It should be checked as it might be in error. If so, change in all entries. Also, determine
whether it is part of any paradigm, e.g. --ki/ya/lia. If so, add all entries. I might have simply made an error for /wekapania/. Check.'
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 01743
\lxam peya:siwtok
\lxam_c peya:siwtok
\lxoa peya:sihtok
\lxoa_c peya:sihtok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be straight; to be lying straight (sth long such as a stick, straw, etc.)
\sense_s estar derecho o recto (algo largo como una varita, popote, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:xmonmemelak. San pepeya:siwtok. Notsotsontokatok i:xmon, xi:xmonkokoltots.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has long, straight eyelashes. They just go straight out. His eyelashes point downward, he doesn't have upward-curling eyelashes.
\phrase_s Tiene las pestañas largos y derechitos. Se van derechos. Sus pestañas van hacia abajo, no las tiene rizadas.
\phrase_n Sa: weyakixtok, peya:siwtok. Tikito:s o:kuwpitsiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's just stretched out, he's lying straight out (on his back) from head to foot. You'd think that rigor mortis had set in.
\phrase_s Estáno más estirado, estáacostado derechito (sobre la espalda). Dirás que el cuerpo ya estaba rígido por la muerte.
\root peya:s
\qry Original of the final sentence had /san weyakixtok/, which I have changed to /sa: weyakixtok/ given my understanding of the meaning of this term. This should be rechecked.
\ref 01744
\lxam sempwalxiwtli
\lxam_cpend *sempwalxiwtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e type of plant with large green leaves, used in curing; not yet identified
\sense_s un tipo de planta con grandes hojas verdes, empleada como medicina; todavía no identificada
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld medicine (pend)
\root sem
\root powa
\root xiw
\notes_nature See entry under Flk 1984-06-12.1 for an account of the use of this plant. None of the consultants during the first botany fieldwork session (Inocencio Díaz, Asención
Marcelo, Silvestre Pantaleón) knew of this plant. Inocencio Díaz suggested that this might be a mistake for se:poxiwtli. The Folklore notes should be checked
and if the properties of"sempwalxiwtli"are the same as se:poxiwtli then this entry should be heavily questioned.
\ref 01745
\lxam ikuw chichi
\lxam_c ikuw chichi
\lxgen i:kow chiche
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1(N2-NP)
\sense_e generic name for the fruit of two vines called i:komekayo i:kuw chichi , one of which has edible fruit (i:kuw chichi de welik) and the other
has inedible fruit (i:kuw chichi de welik)
\sense_s nombre genérico de la fruta de dos enredaderas llamadas i:komekayo i:kuw chichi , una de las cuales tiene fruta comestible (i:kuw chichi de
welik) mientras la otra tiene fruta no comestible (i:kuw chichi de welik)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e generic name for the vine which bears fruit of this name
\sense_s nombre genérico de una enredadera que tiene fruta de ese nombre
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semfld edible
\root kow
\root chichi
\ency_note komekatl
\notes_nature Silvestre Pantaleleón did not know of this vine; Asención Marcelo has heard this name but does not know the plant. Inocencio Díaz knows this vine. He said that the fruit
itself is called i:kuh chichi while the vine is called i:komekayo i:kuh chichi.
\semref i:komekayo ikuw chichi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01746
\lxam tlaye:hka:n
\lxam_c tlaye:hka:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla-ka:n
\infn N1(N2-tla)
\sense_e place that is well cared for and arranged
\sense_s lugar bien cuidado y arreglado
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tlaye:hka:n u:nkah ne: tio:pan, kwahli o:tlaye:kchi:hkeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is a well cared for place there in the church, they fixed it up nicely (i.e., painting it, putting in lights, tiles, etc.)
\phrase_s Es un lugar bien cuidado alláen la iglesia, la arreglaron bien (p. ej., pintándola, poniéndole luz, colocando loza, etc.).
\phrase_n Tlaye:hka:n ka:n tonkah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Everything is in very good order where you are (e.g., your house is neat and well arranged with many good things such as furniture, tools, etc.).
\phrase_s Todo estábien arreglado donde estás (p. ej., tu casa es pulcra y bien arreglada con muchas cosas buenas como muebles, herramientas, etc.).
\root ye:k
\root_rel -ka:n
\semref tlakwalka:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01747
\lxam tsomo:nilia
\lxam_c kitsomo:nilia
\lxoa tsomo:nilia
\lxoa_c kitsomo:nilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\lexical Op. te- : kitetsomo:nilia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to rip for (sb; e.g., materials such as paper or cloth, and objects such as deeds, blankets, sacks, bags, clothes, etc., usually with an adverse affect on the possessor [PO])
\sense_s rasgarle a; romperle a (algn; p. ej., materiales como papel o tela, y objetos como títulos, cobijas, costales, bolsas, ropa, etc., generalmente con un efecto adverso al
poseedor [OP])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timistsotsomo:nili:s motlake:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will rip your clothes up (in various places).
\phrase_s Te voy a rasgar la ropa (en varios lugares).
\phrase_n O:ne:xtlatsotsomo:nilih ika notlake:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He ripped up some clothes on me.
\phrase_s Rasgóalguna ropa de mí.
\root tsomo:
\grm Antipassive; applicative: In many grammatical notes the antipassive form has been discussed. In the present case, the verb /tsomonilia/ there were two example phrases, one
an applicative and one an"antipassive."Thus the applicative /Timistsotsomo:nili:s motlake:n/ 'I will rip your clothes (in various places).' and the antipassive/oblique
/O:ne:xtlatsotsomo:nilih ika notlake:n./ 'He ripped up some clothes on me.' The translations in English do not, I think, capture the distinction/difference between the two
forms, which is hard to determine. Cf. the difference discussed in such articles as that of Givón on causatives (morphological vs. analytic, and direct vs. obviated causation).
A similar problem in Nahuatl exists with applicatives: /moka niwetska/ and /nimitswetskilia/. With the two phrases in this example it might be that the applicative indicates a
more direct effect, whereas the antipassive indicates an action that involves another person. Note that with the antipassive the o bli que may be eliminated(thus eliminating
the malefactive), whereas with the applicative no such elimination may occur.
\xref tsomo:nia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01748
\lxam tlake:ntotopoch
\lxam_cpend tlake:ntotopoch
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-N(ap)
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N2/Adj
\sense_e (poss.) guayabera, a type of men's shirt typical of Yucatán and southern Mexico, with ruffles
\sense_s (pos.) guayabera, tipo de camisa para hombres tener alforsas y típica de Yucatán y el sur de México
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kipia itlake:ntotopoch.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has a guayabera.
\phrase_s Tiene una guayabera.
\sense_e (unposs.) to be clothed in a guayabera
\sense_s (no pos.) estar vestido de guayabera
\sense_d Am
\root ke:m
\root topo:
\semref totopoxtli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01749
\lxam nokwa me:stli
\lxam_c nokwa me:stli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\sense_e see me:stli(in Oapan: tlami me:stli)
\sense_s véase me:stli(en Oapan: tlami me:stli)
\sense_d Am
\ref 01750
\lxam ikxiwi:loh
\lxam_alt ikxiwi:lah
\lxam_c ikxiwi:loh
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\allomorph Gender
\sense_e to be lame; to have a bad leg (a human or animal)
\sense_s ser cojo(a); tener una mala pierna (un ser humano o animal)
\sense_d Am
\root kxi
\root wila:
\nde Given that this word follows the gender marking of Spanish, it might be a reborrowing of a Nahuatl word. Molina lists uila 'persona tollida que anda agatas.' This is
apparently derived from the verbal base uilana ; Molina has the reflexive form of this verb meaning 'andar arrastrando y agatas por el suelo.'
\semref wi:loh (ah)
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01751
\lxam tsi:na:kan kwitlatl
\lxam_c tsi:na:kan kwitlatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e bat dung (used in irrigated gardens to fertilize chile, watermelon, melons, etc.)
\sense_s estiércol de murciélago (utilizado en huertas para fertilizar chile, sandía, melón, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\root tsina:kan
\root kwitla
\semref pátlí
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01752
\lxam pexte:kilia
\lxam_c kipexte:kilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to tilt horizontally and parallel to the ground against (i.e., in relation to)
\sense_s inclinar horizontalmente y paralelo a la tierra a (esto es, en relación a)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xpexte:kili momache:teh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tilt your machete so that it is more horizontal to it (apparently, to the trunk of the bush being cut)!
\phrase_s ¡Inclina (la hoja de) tu machete para que estémás horizontal (aparentemente, en relación a uno arbusto que se estácortando)!
\root pech
\root te:ka
\qry Check whether /xpexte:ka momache:teh/ is correct. Note that I have 'machete' as the object of the applicative in the above phrase, taken from the corpus file cards. However, I
seem to remember very well phrases such as /xpexte:ka momache:teh/. These two should be checked for correctness as well as difference.Perhpas a sort of 'leismo' in Nahuatl?
Applicative: Note the following from the corpus (it should be checked and compared to /xpexte:ka momache:teh/ to determine if both are correct and, if so, whether there is any
difference in meaning and use). The phrase is /Xpexte:kili momache:teh!/ 'Tilt your machete so that it is more horizontal!' implies a secondary object. The identity of this object is not
clear. It might be the tree or bush that is being cut and to which the machete will be"applied"in cutting. Or it might be 'the blade of' the machete. Note that in many cases a material
object is the primary object of a verb and a part of the material object is the secondary object. An e ffort should be made todetermine the nature of the argument structure of the
applicative and the identify of the two arguments.
\grm Applicative: Note the following from the corpus (it should be checked and compared to /xpexte:ka momache:teh/ to determine if both are correct and, if so, whether there is
any difference in meaning and use). The phrase is /Xpexte:kili momache:teh!/ 'Tilt your machete so that it is more horizontal!' implies a secondary object. The identity of this
object is not clear. It might be the tree or bush that is being cut and to which the machete will be"applied"in cutting. Or it might be 'the blade of' the machete. Note that in
many cases a material object is the primary object of a verb and a part of the material object is the secondary object. An effort should be made to determine the nature of
the argument structure of the applicative and the identify of the two arguments.
\xref pexte:ka
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 01753
\lxam tatamaltik
\lxam_c tatamaltik
\psm Adj
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\der Adj-denom-tik
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\sense_e to be uneven (have ball-like raised portions on the surface)
\sense_s ser desparejo (esto es, con bolitas por la superficie)
\sense_d Am
\root tamal
\ref 01754
\lxam pa:ya:xiw
\lxam_c i:pa:ya:xiw
\lxoa pa:ya:xiw
\lxoa_c i:pa:ya:xiw
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-xiw
\infn N2
\sense_e ones"fellow fool"; one who is a fool like (sb [Poss])
\sense_s tonto como uno (indicado como [Pos])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye wa:hlaw nopa:ya:xiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here comes my fellow fool.
\phrase_s Ya vieneél que es tonto como yo.
\root pa:ya:
\semref pa:ya:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01755
\lxam me:me:yahlo
\lxam_alt me:me:yaho:tsi:n
\lxam_c ime:me:yahlo
\lxoa me:me:yahlo
\lxoa_c i:me:me:yahlo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-yo
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn N2
\sense_e sap
\sense_s savia
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia ime:meyahlo:tsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has sap.
\phrase_s Tiene savia.
\root me:ya
\ency_note kuhtli (parts of trees; and plants)
\nse Most often me:me:yahlo refers to the thin sap of certain plants that runs out immediately after it is cut. According to several consultants, the following trees have
me:me:yahlo (names given are from Ameyaltepec): kuwxio:tl, te:tlatia, kuwsa:watl, and
toto:roh, among others. The same word, me:me:yahlo may also be applied to the milky substance that runs out of certain parts of plants, such
as the bulbous root of the Euphorb Dalembertia populifoliaBaill.
\qry Check Spanish translation. In one entry I have noted that the vowels as recorded above are definitely correct, i.e. the first two vowels are long.
\mod Add links for plants in /nse field to Botany encyclopedia.
\ref 01756
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be /tsi:nkamakchikwa:ti/, removed as a 'vacilada.'
\dt 25/Jan/2005
\ref 01757
\lxam ye:lchikiw
\lxam_c i:ye:lchikiw
\lxoa e:lchikiw
\lxoa_c i:e:lchikiw
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e rib cage
\sense_s caja torácica
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root e:l
\root chikiw
\qry Check translation; FK has 'chest, breast, bosom / los pechos o el pecho.' Check whether all animals have this part of the body.
\ref 01758
\lxam xo:tla
\lxam_c xo:tla
\lxoa xo:tla
\lxoa_c xo:tla
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to get very hot, beyond the usual temperature (a solid material object placed in a fire or left in the sun, water that was to have stayed cool for drinking but was in a canteen
left in the sun, etc.)
\sense_s calentarse mucho, más que lo normal (un objeto sólido que se dejóen el fuego o el sol, agua en una cantimplora dejada en el sol, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlixo:xtli san xo:tlatok, xtekwi:ntok, xtetekwikatok, xwekapan ki:stok itliyo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The coals are just burning hotly, the flames are not rising, they are not crackling, their flames are not rising very high.
\phrase_s Las brasas solamente están encendidas, no están llameando, no están crepitando, sus llamas no salen muy altas.
\root xo:tla
\xref tlaxo:tla
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref xo:tlaltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01759
\lxam tekpinyoh
\lxam_c tekpinyoh
\lxoa tehpinyoh
\lxoa_c tehpinyoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Trans
\sense_e to be flea-ridden; to be covered or full of fleas
\sense_s tener pulgas; ser pulgoso
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tekpinyoh un chichi. Xki:xti para kia:wak!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That dog has fleas. Put it outside!
\phrase_s Ese perro es pulgoso.¡Sácalo para fuera!
\root tekp
\ref 01760
\lxam sio:wia
\lxam_c kisio:wia
\lxoa sio:wia
\lxoa_f [si o: 'wi ya]
\lxoa_c kisio:wia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to add a siyo:tl to (tixtli , or maize dough, being ground on a metate)
\sense_s agregar un siyo:tl a (tixtli , o masa, que estásiendo molida sobre un metate)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkaman nitlasio:wia, xnikneki ma sasa:lik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I never use a siyo:tl , I don't want it (the tixtli) to be sticky.
\phrase_s Nunca empleo un siyo:tl , no quiero que esté(la masa) pegajosa.
\root sio:
\ency_note tortillas; note: get a text on the /siotl/.
\vl Check vowel length and cf. to Oapan /siótl/, which I have recorded with a short, stressed /o:/.
\grm Tla- : Note use of /tla-/ with /siyo:wia/ in a case where there is no discourse referent. Nevertheless, the referent is recoverable from the context based on the lexical
semantics of the verb, which has only one potential object: maize dough being ground on a metate. Based on the theoretical writings about deletable objects, I think it
possible to analyze transitive verbs on the basis of three parameters. The first concerns NOUN INCORPORATION 1) noun incorporation: are these verbs ever found with
noun incorporation and, if so, what is the semantic role of the incorporated noun. Most notably: how productive is the incorporation. I think that there are three basic
parameters. 1) Completely lexicalized: these incorporated forms are never the product of argument manipulation in discourse but are fully lexicalized compounds (e.g.,
/a:wetsi/, /kone:wetsi/, etc.). 2) Body part incorporation. Here there are a series of verbs that refer to processes or states that can affect body parts (burn, s crape, twist,
break,blister, etc.). These verbs seem to be found only with body part incorporation and seldom, if ever, with other items. 3) verbs that take a type of noun in their
incorporated paradign, either as a modifying element (mostly with intransitives) or as a theme (with transitives). Thus verbs of"sound-making"(cry, shout, etc.) take an IN
that refers to the manner of effecting the action; verbs of transfer or seizing (give, sell, hunt, fill (tema/temi:tia), eat, drink etc.) take an IN of the thing transferred. Most
other verbs are not found with incorporated nouns. However, here one caveat is worth noting. There are many cases of incorporation to participial forms (e.g., agentives).
These should be considered different from N-V incorporation. Indeed, it in several cases only the participial form exists, but not the verb (e.g., tio:pixki, kalpixki in
Classical, etc.). The second concerns NOMINALIZATIONS. Here the question is what verbs form nouns of the"patientive"or"pass i ve"type, and what verbs form nouns of
the /-(l)istli/ type. My hypothesis is that the same verbs that allow for"indefinite object deletion"(i.e., the use of /tla-/ in a context not defined by discourse, i.e., verbs such as
/kwa/ and /na:maka/) are the ones that also undergo nominalizations with /tla-/. It is an error to assume that all verbs are nominalized in the ways just described, and it
would be interesting to determine if there is any commonality among verbs that form nominals.Finally, the third parameter concerns THE USE OF /TLA-/. Here I think that
the work on verb classes in English is extremely important, particularly the discussions on types of object deletion. The two basic types developed by Allerton are called
CONTEXTUAL DELETION and INDEFINITE DELETION. In the former the object can be reconstructed from context; in the latter it is"not recoverable, because it has not
been thought of and it is not expected that the listener should concern himself with it"(Allert on 19 7 5 : 214). In English, these two types of deletion are optional (as
opposed to obligatory deletion in cases such as"I reminded him of that he was late">"I reminded him that he was late."In Nahuatl, contextual deletion occurs when the
referent is already a topic of discourse (e.g., with words such as /posteki/, /teki/, etc.) Note, for example, that /nitlatekis/ would be an unusual utterance in isolation. This is
not the case with an inanimate subject: /tlateki/ 'it cuts (i.e., 'it is sharp'). With inanimate we are talking about a property (cf. the article, I think by Lehrer, which talks about
object deletion and properties) and there is no concern about what the action patient is. This should be included in the grammar and perhaps in the lexicon). Finally, a type
of indefinite deletion is that for which the semantic specificity is verb dependent. Thus /chi:wa/ can take a wide range of objects. However, the isolated form /tlachi:wa/
refers to engendering an offspring. Thus a bull used a s a s tud is called /tlachi:hki/. Or, note that with /te:mowa/ the use of /tla-/ plus a directional has the sense of 'to
search the plains for animals (left out to graze).' Here no context is necessary. However,the lexicalization is only valid without reduplication. Thus: /nontlatete:mo:s/ is
unrecoverable and represents contextual deletion. Given this, it would not be uttered out of context. However, the /tla-/ of /nontlate:mo:s/ is recoverable out of context, thus
it represents a type of indefinite deletion. To summarize, there are the following types of deletion: 1) Contextual (can only occur when there is some discourse referent); 2)
Noncontextual (can occur out of context). The Noncontxtual deletion itself can be divided into two types: a) Indefinite (tlakwa); and b) lexical (tlachi:wa). IN SUM, there is
the possibility of using the three parameters as DIAGNOSTICS. For each verb (not a denominal verb) the following questions can be asked: 1) what type of nominalizations
occu r ; 2 ) is t here any incorporation and, if so, of what type; and 3) what type of object deletion does/can occur. Thus /siyo:wia/ ischaracterized by"indefinite
deletion."No possible incorporation and, perhaps, a nominalization of action: /tlasio:wilistli/?? Finally, one addendum: what is the relation of object deletion to the
antipassive. For me, while a passive implies an agent (unexpressed, or perhaps unexpressable), an antipassive implies a patient (unexpressed, or perhaps unexpressable).
Here there is a divergence in Nahuatl. Thus the reflexive marker can be used to signal a passive /nochi:was mokal/ 'your house will be built' and it can also be used to
signal an anticausative (inchoative or middle). Obviously with /nochi:wa/ only a passive interpretation is possible. With /notsakwa/ either a middle/inchoative or passive
interpretation is possible. Cf. this to /tlatsakwalo/ 'closing occurred' (i.e., of a store). In /tlatsakwalo/, moreover, it would appear that the object deletion i s lexi caliz e d.
Cf. this to /nitlatsakwas/, which can be either contextual, but is usually indefinite or lexicalized. Also, if I remember there was a case that I commented on in regard to
/o:tlapi:tsiw/ in reference to a path/opening in a fence that had narrowed because rocks had fallen down. The phrase is: /Xniman o:kitakeh. O:tlapi:tsiw, o:xiti:n,
o:nopi:tsoh otli./ 'They didn't see it right away (in this case the place where a path passed through a stone fence). There had been a narrowing (of the opening), it (the wall
around the opening) had fallen down, the path had gotten narrowed (by stones falling into an opening where the path had passed through).' In the case of /o:tlapi:tsiw/ the
deletion of /tla-/ is the result of contextual deletion, here of a subject. Yet this impersonal is not"subjectless"in the sense that there is no recoverable. Indeed, the next verb
has the subject marker (zero) for the 3rd person (it is the wall as subject). What is interesting is that the cont extu a l del etion o f subject is here (check whether
impersonals may have subjects expressed obliquely (like the object in tlakwa ika nakatl). I believe that I have such an example.
\semref sio:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01761
\lxam na:walchichi
\lxam_c na:walchichi
\lxoa na:walchichi
\lxoa_c na:walchichi
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e person with a dog as his nahual
\sense_s persona con un perro como su nahual
\sense_d Pending
\root na:wa:l
\root chichi
\qry Check for other animals that might be used in such compounds. Probably coyote would be so used, e.g., ?na:walko:yo:tl. Note that I originally had this with a long second vowel
/na:wa:lchichi/ but have changed this to a short vowel given that I have /na:wahli/ with a short vowel. The words /na:wahli/, /na:walchichi/ and /na:walkwa/ should all be rechecked.
\ref 01762
\lxam tepe:sa:po
\lxam_c tepe:sa:po
\lxoa tepe:sa:po
\lxoa_c tepe:sa:po
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) sapo
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of toad (lit. 'hill toad')
\sense_s tipo de sapo (lit. 'sapo de cerro')
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld lizard
\root tepe:
\qry Under /sa:po/ I have noted that the absence of final /h/ is definite and that there is a glottal stop here. Check for other types of toads and frogs.
\semref xo:pántla sá:po
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01763
\lxam kwitlatlayehli
\lxam_c kwitlatlayehli
\lxoa kwitlátlayéhli
\lxoa_pr kwitlatlayehli
\lxoa_c kwitlátlayéhli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e dysentery
\sense_s disentería
\sense_d Pending
\semfld disease
\root kwitla
\root pi:l
\root tlahyel
\qry The Ameyaltepec form might well be in error as the Oapan etymology and form seems more natural. However, if both forms as recorded are correct, then the Ameyaltepec entry
should be made separate and given a new number (and a different etymology). Finally, if the Am entry is correct, then the length of the /i/ in /kwitlapil/ should be checked as it is
uncertain (cf. the comments by FK on this).
\vl Note that the Oapan form was listed in the dictionary as /kwitlatlayehli/. But based on my orthography of /tláyehlí/ I have changed this present headword to one with
pitch-accent, which I have written at the location I think it would occur. However, this must be checked.
\ref 01764
\lxam kechkoxtlan
\lxam_c ikechkoxtlan
\lxoa kechkoxtlah
\lxoa_c i:kechkoxtlah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loc-tlan
\infn N2
\sense_e nape of the neck
\sense_s nuca
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root kech
\root kochi
\root_rel -tlan
\nse The form kechkoxtlan is more common in Ameyualtepec that kechkoxtitlan , although the latter is also employed. One speaker, Pánfilo Lorenzo,
mentioned that kechkoxtitlan is used in San Juan Tetelcingo and in Oapan. However, this has not been confirmed in consultation with speakers from the latter village
(though it might be true for Tetelcingo).
\qry Check whether animals also have this body part. Recheck the precise identification of it.
\vl Check to determine whether an alternate with final /n/ is possible in Oapan.
\semref kechkoxtitlan
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 01765
\lxam xoxo:wia
\lxam_f [xo 'xo: wia]
\lxam_c xoxo:wia
\lxoa xoxo:wia
\lxoa_f [xo xo 'wi a]
\lxoa_c xoxo:wia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to turn a dark green or almost purplish color
\sense_s enverdecer; volverse un verde oscuro o hasta algo morado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye xoxo:wixtok, yo:pe:w itlakawi un nakatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's turning a dark greenish color, that meat has started to rot.
\phrase_s Se estáagarrando un color como verde oscuro, esa carne ya empezóa pudrirse.
\sense_e to get a bruise; to form a bruise
\sense_s salirsele o salir un moretón;
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:xoxo:wiak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It formed a bruise (e.g., where I got struck).
\phrase_s Se salióun moretón (p. ej., donde me golpeé).
\phrase_n O:nixoxo:wiak, o:ne:chaxilih tetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got bruised, I got struck by a rock.
\phrase_s Se me salióun moretón, me alcanzóuna piedra.
\semfld color
\root xo:
\qry Check use of the intransitive; my documentation to this point has been only of the impersonal. Make better example sentences. Also get full list of things that can be subjects of this
verb. This will give a great idea of its range of use.
\xref tlaxoxo:wia
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01766
\lxam tlayo:wia
\lxam_c tlayo:wia
\lxoa tláyo:wía
\lxoa_pr tlayo:wia
\lxoa_f ['tla yo: 'wi a]
\lxoa_c tlayo:wia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-tla
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to suffer from want
\sense_s sufrir por necesidad
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlayo:wia, xtlah kipia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is poor, he has nothing.
\phrase_s Es pobre, no tiene nada.
\phrase_n Tlayo:wi:lo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is suffering.
\phrase_s Hay sufrimiento.
\sense_e to suffer (from illness)
\sense_s sufrir (por enfermedad)
\sense_d Pending
\root hyo:
\nde Tlayo:wia is acceptable though apparently rarely used in Oapan; more common is toli:niaused reflexively: notoli:nia.
\qry Note that in this dictionary I had a xref to /tlayo:wiltia/, but this is not in the dictionary now. Check to see if this word exists, and make the changes as necessary.
\xref iyo:wia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\xref íyo:wíya
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Oa
\ref 01767
\lxam tsi:ntlatlaxkalowa
\lxam_c kitsi:ntlatlaxkalowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-owa
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to give a light spanking to
\sense_s dar unas ligeras nalgadas a
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kitsi:ntlatlaxkalowa, ke:n cho:kani.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He gives him (in this case a child) a light spanking, he cries an awful lot.
\phrase_s Le da unas ligeras nalgadas (en este caso a un niño), llora mucho.
\sense_e (refl.) pat or slap oneself on the hips or thighs (often in joy)
\sense_s (refl.) darse palmadas por las caderas o muslos (generalmente por felicidad)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Notsi:ntlatlaxkalotok. Yo:kontak ina:n, pa:ki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He (in this case a young child) is slapping his hands against his thighs. He has caught sight of his mother, he is happy.
\phrase_s él (en este caso un niño) estádándose palmadas sobre los muslos. Alcanzóa ver a su mamá(viniendo), estáfeliz.
\root tsi:n
\root xka
\nse Tsi:ntlatlaxkalowa has only been documented with a reduplicated verb stem, perhaps an indication not simply of the repetitiveness of the action (since one frequently
slaps ones thighs or rear several times) but to the fact that the action of slapping of patting is a metaphoric extension of the motion involved in making tortillas.
\disamb tsi:ntlatlaxkalowa; tsi:ntlatsi:nia
\qry Get all words with /tlaxkalowa/. Check to see if unreduplicated form exists. Check Oapan cognate.
\grm Valency; noun incorporation: Note that the verb /tlaxkalowa/ is an intransitive denominal verb derived from the nominal stem. Nevertheless, in several compounds the verbal
/tlaxkalowa/ seems to increase in valency. Thus one has /ma:tlatlaxkalowa/, which is used reflexively (if not transitively) to indicate 'applaud.' And /tsi:ntlatlaxkalowa/ has
an incorporated noun that in essence describes the location at which (i.e., someone's rear end) the slapping or patting (i.e., the 'making of torillas') will take place. It might
be the case that noun incorporation as possessor raising adds a core argument to the verbal compound. Thus /nitlatlaxkalowa ipan itsi:ntew/ becomes, through possessor
raising, /ni-k-tsi:ntlatlaxkalowa/. However, note that in most cases raising occurs with a core argument: /nihkwa mokxi/ becomes /nimitsikxikwa/. The foot (/ikxi/) is a core
argument.
\ref 01768
\lxam kwa:te:kia
\lxam_c kikwa:te:kia
\lxoa kwa:te:kia
\lxoa_c kikwa:te:kia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to baptize
\sense_s bautizar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nokwa:te:kih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is already baptized.
\phrase_s Ya se bautizó.
\phrase_n Nikontas deke tlakwa:te:ki:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will go see if he (a priest) will be conducting baptisms.
\phrase_s Voy a ver si estállevando a cabo bautizos (un sacerdote).
\sense_e to christen; to name for the first time
\sense_s bautizar; darle un nombre por primera vez (e.g., a una cosa que antes no tenía nombre)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlato:hli de nika:n o:ihkón o:kikwa:te:kikeh yewa un abió:n, pa:mpa i:ksan tla:katl te:nono:tsayan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (in this case teposto:to:tl) is a word from here, that's the way they christened the airplane, because that's the way people from a long time ago used to
converse.
\phrase_s Es (en este caso teposto:to:tl) una palabra de aquí, es asícomo bautizaron el avión, porque asíplacticaban la gente de antes.
\sense_e to pull a fast one on
\sense_s engañar a; hacerle una jugarreta a; verle la cara a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kinkwa:te:kite:w pa:mpa o:kinkakaya:wte:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He put one over on them upon leaving because he deceived them just before he left.
\phrase_s Les vióla cara al salir porque los enganójustamente antes de partir.
\root kwa:
\root a:
\root te:ka
\nae Although further analysis is necessary, kwa:te:kia appears to be an alternative applicative form ending in -ia. The use of -ia as a valency
increasing device is not altogether uncommon. Note also that this verb inevitably refers to human patients (as grammatical objects) it also inevitably takes the non-specific object
prefix tla- rather than te:-.
\grm The phrase with /oihkón/ is found on directional tape #1, 011. This should be rechecked. If confirmed, enter this into the grammar as an example of the nature of the
perfective clitic /o:-/. /Tlato:hli de nika:n o:ihkón o:kikwa:te:kikeh yewa un abió:n, pampa i:ksan tla:katl te:nono:tsayan/ 'It (teposto:to:tl) is a word from
here, that's the way they christened the airplane, because that's the way people from a long time ago used to converse.'
\grm Discuss the applicative verbs in /a/>/ia/ as in /-ka:wia/, /-te:kia/, /-te:mia/, etc. Cf. Launey's discussion. Note that the applicative of these only seems to occur when there is in
IN.
\xref kwa:te:kilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01769
\lxam ta:sawia
\lxam_c kita:sawia
\lxoa tá:sawía
\lxoa_pr ta:sawia
\lxoa_f ['ta: sa 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kitá:sawía
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (Nah) tasa
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-loan
\sense_e (usually with short vowel reduplication) to"cup"(i.e., to cure by filling a cup or glass with alcohol, lighting it, and with the suction created, attach the cup to the body of the
pacient)
\sense_s (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) poner una tasa a (esto es, curar al llenar una tasa con alcohol, encenderlo y con las succión que resulta pegarla al cuerpo
del enfermo)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld medicine
\qry Determine precise nature of process, the remedies it is used to cure, and how it actually cures.
\nse According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) the word used in Spanish is ventosas
\vl Check Oapan p-a.
\grmx Oapan pitch accent. If confirmed after listening, note that in /kitá:sawíya/ the p-a does not shift onto the prefix. Note that this suggests a tendency for I/O identity
maintenance.
\ref 01770
\lxam a:matl
\lxam_c a:matl
\lxoa a:matl
\lxoa_c a:matl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e generic name for a group of trees called amates in Spanish (syn. a:makuwtli)
\sense_s nombre genérico de un grupo de arboles llamados amates en español (sin. a:makuwtli)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e paper
\sense_s papel
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:n na:nkah a:matl, nihkwis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e This piece of paper here, I'll take it.
\phrase_s Esta hoja de papel, yo me la tomo.
\sense_e title or deed; contract
\sense_s título (de propiedad); contrato
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa moa:maw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That one is your title.
\phrase_s Ese es tu título.
\phrase_n Xkipia a:matl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It doesn't have a title (e.g., a piece of land).
\phrase_s No tiene título (p. ej., un terreno).
\phrase_n A:matl | San tihkukwa:s itla:kihlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A:matl : You just chew on its fruit.
\phrase_s A:matl : Solamente masticas su fruta.
\notes_nature See entry under a:makuwtli and a:makostli.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root a:ma
\ency_note a:makuhtli
\nse The Nahuatl word a:matl has a short second /a/ whereas the reborrowing from the Spanish amate has a long second /a:/. The back loan (in Nahuatl
ama:teh) is used to refer to painted amates, sold to tourists and collectors. There are many types of a:matl trees. They are not particularly
common in the Balsas region, but the following types have been documented in a wild state: a:mai:skitl, a:makostliand a:matl de un
uwe:i. According to the three consultants of the first fieldwork session there is only one tree called specifically a:matl, and there is no gender distinction
between male and female. Inocencio Díaz mentioned that some grow to a very large size, while others do not. He also said that this tree is sometimes referred to as a:matl de
un uwe:i. He also added that the tree itself is more accurately referred to as a:makuhtli and the word a:matl to the fruit itself.
\qry Check existence of /a:mayo/ for title to a property; also /a:mayoh/ for sth titled. Check to see if this is a tree or only a reference to a group of trees. Check what /san tihkukwa:s
itla:kihlo/ means. Check for possibility of /i:a:mayo/.
\ref 01771
\lxam tlakpasuwa:montli
\lxam_cpend *tlakpasuwa:montli
\lxoa tlahpasiwa:montli
\lxoa_c tlahpasiwa:montli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Adj-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e wife of one's stepson
\sense_s esposa de un hijastro
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld kin
\root tlakpa
\root sowa:
\root mon
\nse Cristino Flores had never heard this word although once explained he understood it. It is most likely a product of elicitation although I do not remember the exact circumstances of
its original documentation in Ameyaltepec.
\ref 01772
\lxam tlayo:lkimichin de chi:noh
\lxam_c tlayo:lkimichin de chi:noh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) chino
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln
\sense_e type of white maize (also referred to as simply chi:noh), perhaps that called arrocillo in local Spanish
\sense_s tipo de maíz blanco (también simplemente llamado chi:noh), quizáel que se llama 'arrocillo' en el español local
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tlayo:hli de un chi:noh, a:kawtik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is a strain of maize of the type called chino , it is light.
\phrase_s Es semilla de maíz del variante que llaman 'chino', es ligero.
\semfld food-maize
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\ency_note tlayo:hli
\nse According to notes from my original fieldwork, tlayo:hli de un chi:noh refers to a type of maize which is very 'light' in weight. It is no longer planted in Ameyaltepec,
but used to be planted here, as well as in Santa Teresa where, I was told, it is also no longer planted. Some consultants mentioned that it is the same as the maize called
arrocillo in local Spanish while others suggested that the two were different. It is one of several strains of white maize; for a full list, see tlayo:hli.
\ref 01773
\lxam si:tlalin
\lxam_c si:tlalin
\lxoa si:tlalin
\lxoa_alt si:talih; si:tlalih
\lxoa_pr si:tlalin
\lxoa_c si:tlalih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e star
\sense_s estrella
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld heavens
\root si:tlal
\nae The pronunciation si:talih by Florencia Marcelino appears to be rather rare in Oapan, perhaps idiosyncratic. Here husband Inocencio Jiménez gave
si:tlalih (cf. linked sound files).
\ref 01774
\lxam a:la:wa
\lxam_c ka:la:wa
\lxoa a:la:wa
\lxoa_c ka:la:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\trans Compl
\sense_e to pull or push down (items piled in a heap)
\sense_s jalar o empujar hacia abajo (cosas amontonadas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xka:la:wa: sintli para ma tpixkaka:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pull down the mazorcas(from the top of a pile down to where we are sitting on or close to the floor) so that we can shuck it!
\phrase_s ¡Jálale la mazorca (desde el tope de un montón hacia donde estamos sentados por el suelo) para que asípodremos deshojarla!
\sense_e to smooth down and remove bumps (over an area)
\sense_s aplanar y quitar las protuberancias (en unárea)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xka:la:wa un tla:hli, ma tlai:xmani!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Smooth that earth down (where it is slightly raised in a mound) so that the ground becomes even!
\phrase_s ¡Aplana esa tierra (donde hay una pequeña elevación), para que la tierra se ponga todo más plano!
\phrase_n Xka:la:wa un tla:hli ka:n xoto:ntok para ma chaya:wi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Push that earth down there where it is piled up so that it spreads out (and the ground becomes more even)!
\phrase_s Jálale a esa tierra donde allídonde estáalgo amontonada para que se extienda (y que se alise la tierra)!
\phrase_n Xka:la:wa un tla:hli, ma tlai:xmanto!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Knock down that earth (where it is piled up) so that the ground becomes smooth!
\phrase_s ¡Jálale a esa tierra (donde estáapilada) para que quede el suelo liso!
\root a:la:
\nse The most common sense of a:la:wa is to push, knock or pull a material such as earth, grain, etc. from a heap, pulling down the sides so that it comes sliding or
falling down. Thus one illustrative sentence refers to a situation in which people are sitting in front of a mound of maize shucking the corn or shelling it. In this context one person may
say to another:" xka:la:wa "so that the second individual pulls down some of the mazorca so that it is right in front of the workers.' This verb may also be used to
refer to the action of pulling and pushing down earth that is heaped up over an area. As an intransitive it refers to soil that slides down along slopes with loosely packed earth.
\qry In some entries I have recorded a long initial vowel whereas in others I have recorded a short /a/. This should be definitely checked. Check also whether the intensifier /te-/ can be
used since it is recorded as possible with /a:la:wi/.
\ref 01775
\lxam no:hki
\lxam_alt no:ihki
\lxam_c no:hki
\lxoa no:hki
\lxoa_alt no:ihki
\lxoa_c no:hki
\dt 06/Mar/2006
\psm Adv-manner
\der Adv-complex
\gloss_e likewise
\gloss_s también.así
\sense_e likewise; also in the same way or manner
\sense_s también de esa o de la misma manera; también así
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San no:hki ke:n tikchi:wa, ni:n a:chitsi:n ok sekneka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (e.g., how sb is doing sth) is just the same as you are doing it, it's not even a little bit different.
\phrase_s Es (p. ej., la manera como algn hace algo) de la misma manera que túlo estáhaciendo, ni un poco diferente.
\phrase_n Newa no:hki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Me as well (i.e., I will also do it, include me in, etc.)!
\phrase_s ¡Yo también (esto es, yo también lo voy a hacer, etc.)!
\phrase_n No:hki tlachia.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e It looks the same (has the same appearance as sth already noted).
\phrase_s Tiene la misma apariencia (de algo ya notado o discutido).
\semref ihki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\root no:
\root iw
\qry Check difference between /no:/ and /no:yhki/ as in /newa no:/ and /newa no:yhki/. Check pronunciation as perhaps this is /no:ihki/ or even two words /no: ihki/. Recheck
/o:ksekneka/.
\vl Check for /no:hki/ or /no:yhki/. Apparently the former for Oapan, but unsure for Ameyaltepec. Also check vl in Oapan.
\dis-notes Distinguish /no:/, /no:ihki/, /no:ihkí:n/, /no:ihkón/, etc.
\nse No:ihki although literally meaning 'also in this way' is also used to simply mean 'likewise.' It is a pro-adverb in the sense that it refers back to a verbal predication and
indicates that another subject will perform the same predication (i.e., verbal act) in the same manner. Thus it is different from the adverbial no: ('also,' 'too,' etc.)
which can occur directly before a verbal predicate. For example, newa no: nikchi:was 'I will also do it,' as opposed to newa no:ihki nikchi:was 'I will
also do it in that way,' in which no:ihki refers back to a certain way already mentioned. However, in general the use of both no: and
no:ihki needs to be further investigated. Also needing clarification is the difference between no:ihki and no:ihkí:n , this latter being similar
in meaning and function to no:ihkón , although with distinct deixis. These final two words are both marked references to another even t. Thu s in view ing how a
certain person carries out an action, one might say, speaking to a third party, No: ihkón tikchi:was 'You will also do it that way.' The deictic complement of
No: ihkón is No: ihkí:n 'In this way also.' However, the precise differences between no: , no:ihki ,
no:ihkí:n , and no:ihkón , etc., needs to be distinguished.
\qry Check to see if /no: ihkí:n/ is correct.
\ref 01776
\lxam pitelo:ntsi:n
\lxam_c pitelo:ntsi:n
\lxoa pixtelo:ntsi:n
\lxoa_alt pitelo:ntsi:n
\lxoa_c pitelo:ntsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-tsi:n
\sense_e tiny, very small (e.g., an object, a piece of land, etc.)
\sense_s chiquitito, muy pequeño (p. ej., un objeto, un terrenito, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld size
\root piten
\nae It seems that pitelo:ntsin is etymologically related to pitentsi:n, although pitelo:ntsi:n apparently intensifies the smallness of
the referenced object. In speaking to children adults often palatalized [ts]; this is evidenced in the derived Ameyaltepec form lonchin. The degree to which
palatalization is also used in speaking to children with the full form pitelo:ntsi:n has not yet been determined. The same palatalization most likely accounts for the
related Oapan form pixtelo:ntsi:n.
\vl Check length of /o:/. Check to see if final syllable is often palatalized.
\grm If /pitelo:ntsi:n/ (check vowel length) is related to /pitentsi:n/, this reflects an interesting case of infixation of an element that is not elsewhere recorded.
\semref lonchin
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref lonchin
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01777
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was a toponym and has been put in a separate database/dictionary.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 01778
\lxam kuwbu:rroh
\lxam_c kuwbu:rroh
\lxoa kohbu:rroh
\lxoa_c kohbu:rroh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan burroh
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e (often in the diminutive: kuwburri:toh (Am)) three-pronged stick placed upright in the ground and usually used to hold a bowl of water, the
a:chi:wi:ltepalkatlthat is placed next to the metate, or the tray (kwexomatl) onto which the maize is ground
\sense_s (a menudo en el diminutivo: kuwburri:toh (Am)) palo con tres salidas que generalmente se empotra junta al metate y se utiliza para sostener un plato hondo,
el a:chi:wi:ltepalkatl, con agua o bien para sostener el (kwexomatl) donde se junta la masa molida
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Se: kohtsi:ntli kipia ye:i ima:tsitsiwa:n, kihlian 'kuwburri:toh.'
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A small piece of wood that has three branches, it is called a kuwburri:toh.
\phrase_s Un pedazo de madera con tres salidas, le dicen kuwburri:toh.
\sense_e type of small packframe of wood used during traditional marriages and in which a wetskistlicarries pots and other kitchen items to the house of the
bridgegroom
\sense_s tipo de pequeño suporte hecha de varas que se usa durante una boda tradicional sobre el cual un wetskistlilleva ollas y otros trastes a la casa del novio
\sense_d Oa
\root kow
\qry Check vowel length in /-tsitsiwan/. Perhaps should be /tsitsi:wan/.
\ref 01779
\lxam itlah tli:no:n
\lxam_c itlah tli:no:n
\lxoa ítla tlí:no:n
\lxoa_pr itlah tli:no:n
\lxoa_c ítla tlí:no:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(indef)
\der Pr-indef
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e something
\sense_s algo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nonakaste:tsa:wia, kikaki itlah tli:no:n, wa:n xmelá:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He thinks he hears something, he hears something or other (e.g., the sound of a moving animal) and it's not really there.
\phrase_s Piensa escuchar algo, oye algo (p. ej., un animal corriendo) y no es de a de veras.
\sense_e (xtlah tli:non) You're welcome!
\sense_s (xtlah tli:non)¡De nada!
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root itlah
\root tli:n
\nae Note that in practical orthography, in which pitch accent from underlying {h} is not marked, the lexical entry ítla tlí:non is written itlah tli:non.
\qry Determine pitch accent of Oa /xtlah tli:non/.
\ref 01780
\lxam chapolin
\lxam_c chapolin
\lxoa chapolin
\lxoa_alt chapolih
\lxoa_c chapolih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e generic name for grasshopper, of which there are almost 20 types
\sense_s nombre genérico de chapulín, de que existen casi 20 tipos
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e specific type of grasshopper, also known as kwahli chapolin
\sense_s tipo específico de chapolin, también conocido como kwahli chapolin
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root chapol
\ency_note chapulin
\nse There are the following types of chapolin identified by several Oapan consultants: sásajosé:ntsi:n, malintsi:n,
to:topo, kwíkwitlaxaterí:toh, kó:skayá:ntsi:n, chowilili, ye:lo:chapolin, tso:tsopa,
te:si:s, kwahli chapolin, a:kayo:chin, a:kayo:pestli, te:poyo(which, according to Moises
Domínguez, from Oapan, has 3 different types), chochoteya, tlako:me:meka, and tepachichi. I believe there is another type called
in Ameyaltepec chiya:wak chapolin. This should be checked in Oapan.
\notes_nature There are the following types of chapulin : te:si:s , ye:lo:chapolin , tlakome:meka , totopo ,
and chiya:wak chapolin.
\ref 01781
\lxam tetsa:wi
\lxam_c tetsa:wi
\lxoa tetsa:wi
\lxoa_c tetsa:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to thicken; to become thick (a liquid)
\sense_s espesarse; hacerse más espeso (un líquido)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:tetsa:w tlapahli. Xte:kili a:chitsi:n a:tl dya xoko:koxo:ni para ma kwaltia!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The paint has thickened. Pour a little water into it and shake it (the bottle) deliberately back and forth so that it gets better (i.e., thins out)!
\phrase_s Se puso espesa la pintura.¡échale un poquito de agua y agítalo (en el frasquito) deliberadamente de un lado a otro para que se diluya!
\phrase_n Un tetsa:wtok, ke:mah no: welis tikito:s pa:mpa ke:itlah yewa, ke:itlah kemech, ke:itlah kemech tetsa:wtok, xe kwaltia kwahli.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 01781_01_am
\src_p CF Dict Disc 07001-07050/06:17
\phrase_e Tetsa:wtok , yes you can also say it (in addition to tetsa:hki) because it's like, like it just, like it is just thickening, it hasn't yet gotten to the
right stage.
\phrase_s Tetsa:wtok , sítambién lo puedes decir (además de tetsa:hki) porque eso, es como apenas, apenas están quedando espeso, todavía no
se ponga bien.
\root tetsa:
\ref 01782
\lxam tlapechko
\lxam_c tlapechko
\lxoa tlapechko
\lxoa_c tlapechko
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-1-k(o)
\sense_e in bed
\sense_s en la cama
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ok tlapechko nemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is still in bed.
\phrase_s Todavía estáen la cama.
\root pech
\root_rel -ko
\ref 01783
\lxam tlapachiwi
\lxam_c tlapachiwi
\lxoa tlapachiwi
\lxoa_c tlapachiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get covered over
\sense_s taparse
\sense_d Pending
\root tlapach
\qry Check meaning; I only had this word listed with no illustrative sentences. It frequently appears, however, in compounds. Note that this intransitive is not found in RS.
\ref 01784
\lxam tsi:npo:ntok
\lxam_c tsi:npo:ntok
\lxoa tsi:npo:ntok
\lxoa_c tsi:npo:ntok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be positioned with the bottom in a slightly raised position (e.g., a bucket or container so that any liquid will flow and then drip out)
\sense_s estar posicionado con la parte posterior ligeramente alzada (p. ej., una cubeta o recipiente asícolocadas para que cualquier líquido pueda salir)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be leaning over or be in a position so that ones rear end is sticking up in the air; to be with ones buttocks showing (e.g., peeking out from behind clothes such as loose
pants)
\sense_s estar agachado o en una posición con las nalgas hacia arriba; estar con las nalgas visibles (p. ej., asomándose desde tras la ropa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:wetsiko, o:tsi:npo:ntiah
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He fell to the ground (in this case falling off an animal), he went with his rear end jutting up into the air.
\phrase_s Se cayóal suelo (en este caso al caerse de un animal), se fue cayendo con las nalgas mirando hacia arriba.
\root tsi:n
\root po:
\qry For all statives elicit possibility of /-tiw/ and related endings. Cf. to forms such as /westitiw/, /ikatitiw/, /pilkatitiw/? or /pilkatiw/? Check all.
\grm Statives; aspectuals: Note /O:wetsiko, o:tsi:npo:ntiah/ 'He fell to the ground (e.g., in falling off an animal), he went with his rear end jutting into the air.' Here as in many
other cases the aspectual replaces the stative /-tok/ but has the same positional meaning, i.e., to be going along/moving, while in the position indicated by the stative.
Determine the rules for one or the other form.
\ref 01785
\lxam tlane:wtia
\lxam_c kitlane:wtia
\lxoa tlane:htia
\lxoa_c kitlane:htia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to lend out to (either with or without a charge)
\sense_s prestar o alquiler a (con o sin un pago)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:xtlane:wti moko:n, ma timitschichiawili!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Lend me your pot, let me sear the bottom of it for you (by placing it on the hearth)!
\phrase_s ¡Préstame tu olla, déjame chamuscártela (al colocarla sobre una fogata)!
\phrase_n Kite:tlane:wtia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He lends it out.
\phrase_s Lo presta.
\sense_e (with object prefixes ki- and te:-) to offer sexual favors or services (a woman [S], either for some compensation such as a gift, or for free)
\sense_s (con los prefijos de objeto ki- y te:-) ofrecer favores o servicios sexuales (una mujer [S], quizápor regalos o sin ninguna reciprocidad)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kite:tlane:wtia -=note:tlane:wtia-, xkwahli ke:n kichi:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She offers sexual favors, it's not right what she does.
\phrase_s Ofrece servicios sexuales, no estábien lo que hace.
\root tlane:wi
\nse In the verbal form kite:tlane:wtia the secondary object ki- is a"taboo"reference to the sexual organ or, more abstractly, to sexual favors. In this case it
functions much the same as lo in lo hiciste and 'it' in 'did you do it?'
\xref tlane:wi
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 01786
\lxam bajare:keh
\lxam_c bajare:keh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan bajareque
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of chinamíl fence with upright rods laced together with sections so constructed attached to upright posts sunk into the ground
\sense_s tipo de chinamíl una varas verticales, atados con cuerda entrelazada; una sección de tales varas se ata a estacas empotradas en la tierra
\sense_d Am
\ncol kweskomatl de bare:jeh
\qry Check to see if the Nahuatl should be /bajare:keh/
\semref abare:keh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01787
\lxam yo:lka:ikni:wtli
\lxam_c i:yo:lka:ikni:w
\lxoa yo:lka:ihni:htli
\lxoa_c i:yo:lka:ihni:w
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e (often possessed) fellow animal that an animal [marked as possessor] feels comfortable with (i.e., that he grazes with, follows around, etc.)
\sense_s (a menudo poseído) animal compañero con que un animal [señalado como el poseedor] se siente cómodo (p. ej., apacentando conél, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitoka iyo:lka:xiw, iyo:lka:ikni:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It follows another animal just like it, its fellow animal of the same species.
\phrase_s Sigue otro animal comoél, su compañero de la misma especiecategoría.
\flao yo:lka:xiw
\root yo:l
\root kni:w
\nse The unpossessed form occurs only in the plural: yo:lka:ikni:wteh , yo:lka:ihni:htih
\disamb yo:lka:xi:w; yo:lka:ikni:wtli
\ref 01788
\lxam montone:ros
\lxam_c montone:ros
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan montonero
\sense_e see tejo:meh de montone:ros
\sense_s véase tejo:meh de montone:ros
\sense_d Am
\qry This word should perhaps be removed from the dictionary. It was said once in reference to tejones that ran around together. My impression at that time was that the speaker, from
Ameyaltepec, considered that there were two types of tejones, ones that traveled in packs and others that traveled separately. He referred to the two as /montone:ros/ and
/solita:rioh/, respectively.
\ref 01789
\lxam tixtla:lia
\lxam_c kitixtla:lia
\lxoa tixtla:lia
\lxoa_c kitixtla:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to turn into tixtli(e.g., by grinding on a metate the 3rd and final time in preparing tortillas)
\sense_s volver masa (p. ej., al moler sobre el metate la tercera yúltima vez en preparar tortillas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:niktixtla:lia ipan metlatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I ground it into dough (tixtli) on a metate.
\phrase_s Lo convertíen masa sobre el metate.
\root tisi
\root tla:l
\nse My original notes on tixtla:lia read:"It appears that the correct usage of tisiis to grind maize with a mill and that tixtla:lia
is used to refer to the act of grinding maize again, this time on a metate."It appears, then, that tixtla:lia refers to the process of regrinding
nextamahlion a metate after it has first been ground in a hand or electric mill. The reason this is done is to make the dough finer and more pleasing to the taste,
as nextamahli ground in a metal mill (hand or electric) is not fine and often contains lumps of poorly ground maize. Cristino Flores mentioned that there are 3 stages in
grinding on a metate: kipapaya:na , kiyema:nia and kitixtla:lia.
\ref 01790
\lxam tetsi:liwi
\lxam_c tetsi:liwi
\lxoa tetsi:liwi
\lxoa_c tetsi:liwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\trans Compl
\sense_e to become tightly twisted (wire, cord, lasso, etc.)
\sense_s retorcerse apretadamente (alambre, cordón, riata, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root tetsi:l
\ref 01791
\lxam a:to
\lxam_c i:a:to
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan hato
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N2
\sense_e flesh around the neck of a bull or steer
\sense_s carne sobre el cuello de un toro o una res
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kipia ia:to.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has flesh around its neck (e.g., a bull)
\phrase_s Tiene carne por su cuello (p. ej., un toro)
\nse Kipia i:a:to is said of a live bull that is fattening up during the rainy season and builds up a layer of flesh around its neck. Although this is clearly a Spanish loan, the
way in which this borrowing acquired its present meaning is not clear. One common meaning of hato is 'herd' (of cattle) or 'flock' (of sheep). However, it may also refer
to bundles (of clothes or food) taken on a journey. Thus the Porrua dictionary definition of hato: 'Provisión de víveres que se abastece a pastores y mineros'). In
Nahuatl this is usually referred simply as i:kechpan.
\qry Check to determine whether there is or not a final /h/, which does not appear in my notes.
\ref 01792
\lxam temetlatl
\lxam_c temetlatl
\lxoa temetlatl
\lxoa_c temetlatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e specific type of metate (usually locally made) that has no legs and is placed directly on a support fashioned out of red earth
\sense_s tipo de metate (generalmente fabricado localmente) que no tiene patas y que se coloca directamente sobre un soporte de tierra arcillosa y rojiza
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tool
\root te
\root metla
\disamb hypo metlatl
\ref 01793
\lxam to:nalte:kokoh
\lxam_c to:nalte:kokoh
\lxoa to:nalte:kokoh
\lxoa_c to:nalte:kokoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e to have a strong soul
\sense_s tener la alma fuerte
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tito:nalte:kokoh, deke yekah iwa:n timokwala:ni:s, kokoliskwis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You have a strong soul, if you get into an argument with someone, he will get sick.
\phrase_s Tienes la alma fuerte, si discutes con alguien, se va a enfermar.
\root to:na
\root koko
\qry Check etymology.
\vl Check length of /te:/ in /to:nalte:kokoh/, perhaps it is short.
\ref 01794
\lxam ichwa
\lxam_c kichwa
\lxoa ichwa
\lxoa_c kichwa
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e to excavate or dig at (a particular place with a pick, crowbar, witso:ktli , etc.)
\sense_s cavar o excavar a (un lugar en particular con un pico, barreta, witso:ktli , etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikichwas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to dig there (i.e., in a particular place).
\phrase_s Le voy a cavar (e.g., en un lugar en particular).
\phrase_n Tlachwalo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e People will dig.
\phrase_s Habrágente cavando.
\root chwa
\disamb ichwa
\nse Ichwa refers to the action of loosening earth with a pick, crowbar, or spade. It is a transitive though it is most often used with the nonspecific object
tla-. For shoveling, Ameyaltepequeños use the compound word tla:lxi:nia.
\qry Determine what the patient of /ichwa/ is, i.e. whether the place dug, etc. Elicit a full sentence with use.
\ref 01795
\lxam i:xmati
\lxam_c ki:xmati
\lxoa i:xmati
\lxoa_c ki:xmati
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv Irregular; see mati
\sense_e (often used in progressive) to recognize; to know (a person, from the appearance or looks of)
\sense_s (a menudo utlizado en el progresivo); conocer; reconocer (a una persona, por su apariencia)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timitsi:xmastok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I know you.
\phrase_s Yo te conozco.
\phrase_n Niki:xmastoya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I used to know him.
\phrase_s Lo conocía.
\sense_e (often with le:trah) to know how to read and write
\sense_s (a menudo con le:trah) saber leer y escribir
\sense_d Pending
\src_s LL GT
\phrase_n Kitlapopolwia pa:mpa xki:xmati.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He forgives him because he doesn't know how to read.
\phrase_s Lo perdona porque no sabe leer.
\root i:x
\root mat
\xref i:xmachilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref i:xmachi:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlai:xmati
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01796
\lxam kwa:papayoh
\lxam_c kwa:papayoh
\lxoa kwá:papáyoh
\lxoa_pr kwa:papayoh
\lxoa_c kwá:papáyoh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be crazy; to have lost ones senses
\sense_s estar loco; haber perdido los estribos
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root pahpa
\nae The etymology of kwa:papayoh is not apparent. The kwa:- element, the compositional form for 'head' and the adjectival -yoh are transparent.
This leaves papa, which, like papayoh and related forms, is not attested in any of the other sources examined. If it is a reduplicated root, then the
unreduplicated form would be * pa, which is also unattested. Nor is there a nominal form * papatl or * patl. It is conceivable that
papayoh derives from a reinterpretation of pa:ya:tl , which has a similar meaning in combination (e.g., kwa:pa:ya:tl), but this
interpretation also presents several problems of analysis. In sum, then, the main element of kwa:papayoh and papayoh , as well as all related
derivations, needs to be examined.
\qry Check particularly for vowel length of /papayoh/, etc. Check on basis of information given above.
\qry Check for /payoh/ and /payo:tl/. Cf. my query under /wetsa/ regarding these words. Check for presence or absence of stress on first /pa-/.
\qry_h Check for /h/ or two /h/s.
\semref pápáyotsí:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref pápayóh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01797
\lxam kochmiki
\lxam_c kochmiki
\lxoa kochmiki
\lxoa_c kochmiki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp S-V
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to be in a deep sleep
\sense_s estar en un sueño profundo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Milá:k yo:kochmik, xkineki isas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's really fallen into a deep sleep, he doesn't want to wake up.
\phrase_s De veras se cayóen un sueño profundo, no se quiere despertar.
\root kochi
\root miki
\qry My notes should be checked. However, I seem to remember that this verb may also refer to what happens when one is in bed and wants (or in a dream) wants to move (from fear
perhaps) but cannot, one feels incapable of moving, shouting, etc. But perhaps the word for this is /tla:lmiki/. Check.
\ref 01798
\lxam pila:nilia
\lxam_c kipila:nilia
\lxoa pila:nilia
\lxoa_c kipila:nilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to baby-sit for, to take care of a youngster for; to be a nursemaid for
\sense_s cuidar un niño pequeño para; trabajar de niñera para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timistlapila:nili:s deke xtikpia pila:nke:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will baby-sit for you if you don't have a babysitter.
\phrase_s Voy a cuidar a los chiquitos para tísi no tienes niñera.
\root pil
\root a:na
\xref pila:na
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01799
\lxam kwitlaxkohli
\lxam_c kwitlaxkohli
\lxoa kwitlaxkohli
\lxoa_c kwitlaxkohli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e intestines
\sense_s tripas; intestinos
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root kwitla
\root xkol
\nae The etymology of kwitlaxkohli suggests a compound of kwitlawith ko:l , indicating curvature. However, the vowel length discrepancy
is unexplained as is the presence of /x/. For this reason the etymology has been given as kwitlaand xkol.
\root_notes Although in Ameyaltepec and other reported dialects kwitlaxkohli has a short final /o/, the sequence kol seems clearly related to
ko:l, a root found in many words indicating curvature.
\ref 01800
\lxam tekoncho:ktia
\lxam_c kitekoncho:ktia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cause to emit a loud, hollow, resonant sound
\sense_s hacer emitir un sonido fuerte y hueco
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n A:sta kitekoncho:ktia a:tlawtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He (in this case sb chopping wood with an axe) is making a deep, hollow sound resound through the ravine.
\phrase_s Hasta está(en este caso un leñador con hacha) haciendo la barranca emitir un sonido fuerte y hueco.
\semfld sound-material
\root tekoma
\root cho:ka
\xref tekoncho:ka
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\semref tekóntsatsí:tia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01801
\lxam kemech kayo:tl
\lxam_c kemech kayo:tl
\lxoa kámach káyo:tl
\lxoa_pr kamach kayo:tl
\lxoa_c kámach káyo:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-kayo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e something from just recently; something not very old; person just recently born
\sense_s algo recién hecho; algo no muy antiguo; persona recién nacida
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kemech kayo:tl, ya:lwa o:nemiko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's recent (in this case a baby just born), it was born yesterday.
\phrase_s Es reciente (en este caso un niño), apenas ayer nació.
\root kemech
\root kayo:
\nse This noun is used to refer to something that in reference to a particular moment in time, usually speaker present, only recently came into existence. It most often refers to a person or
animal recently born.
\nae The reason for pitch-accent in Oapan is not clear; see kámách.
\semref xo:koyo:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01802
\lxam soli:toh
\lxam_c soli:toh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan solito
\psm Adv
\der Adv-loan
\infa Gender
\sense_e by oneself (word used in talking directly to young babies, encouraging them to walk by themselves)
\sense_s solito (palabra utilizada en hablar a niños chiquitos para animarlos a caminar solito)
\sense_d Am
\semfld baby
\nde In Oapan the Nahuatl form san táwatsí:n, san táwatsí:n is often used in a similar situation.
\qry Check to make sure that both genders are used. Cf. Gram 1984-10-16.1.
\ref 01803
\lxam i:skia:to:hli
\lxam_c i:skia:to:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of atole, made with toasted maize
\sense_s tipo de atole, hecho con maíz tostado
\sense_d Am
\semfld food
\root i:ski
\root a:to:l
\ency_note a:to:hli
\mod See entry under /a:to:hli/ for types of this dish.
\semref a:to:hli de i:skitl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 01804
\lxam kiawi
\lxam_c kiawi
\lxoa kiawi
\lxoa_alt kiewi
\lxoa_c kiawi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\der V0-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to rain
\sense_s llover
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kiawisneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It looks like rain.
\phrase_s Parece que va a llover.
\phrase_n I:pan o:kiaw, o:pa:tsiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It rained on it (e.g., clothes left outside to dry), it got wet.
\phrase_s Lloviósobreél (p. ej., ropa dejado afuera para secarse), se mojó.
\root ki
\root yawi
\nae This verb is defective in that it is only found in the 3rd person singular. In Oapan I have heard the form tlakiawiuttered by Emiliana Domínguez in the question
¿Tlakiawi Chicago?. At first I thought that this was a type of impersonal form with the meaning 'to rain constantly (all over)' but this does not seem to be the case. For
further discussion, see tlakiawi.
\vl Carefully recheck whether there is a glide /y/ or whether this is better written /kiawi/. Be consistent.
\root_notes Tie in roots of /tlapayawi/, /kiawi/ and other similar forms.
\semref tlakiawi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01805
\lxam pipi:na
\lxam_c kipipi:na
\lxoa pipi:na
\lxoa_c kipipi:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to suck on; to suck or nurse on (the udder or breasts of a mammal)
\sense_s chupar; mamar (p. ej., el ubre de una vaca o los senos de otra mamalia)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xka:wili! Ma kipipi:na ichi:chiwal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Leave him alone (in this case a calf that is nursing)! Let him nurse on her udder.
\phrase_s ¡Déjalo bien (en este caso un becerro que estáamamantando)!¡Deja que le chupe el ubre!
\sense_e to inhale (on a cigarrete or other similar object)
\sense_s inhalar; chupar (un cigarro u otro objeto similar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xpipi:na, ma niktlikwi:lti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Inhale on it (a cigarrette), let me light it!
\phrase_s ¡Inhala (un cigarro), deja que lo prenda!
\root pi:na
\disamb pa:chichi:na; pipi:na; chi:chi
\qry Check to see if intransitive or unreduplicated form exists. Check vowel length. In several entries I had a long second /i:/ and in others a short vowel. Zacapoaxtla has a long vowel,
which might be expected in this phonological context. Directly compare pronunciation and vowel length with /pipi:nki/.
\vl Check vowel length.
\ref 01806
\lxam ixtla:wate:roh
\lxam_c ixtla:wate:roh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (Sp) ixtla:watl
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of squash
\sense_s tipo de calabaza
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root ixtla:wa
\ency_note a:yotli
\notes_nature According to Luis Lucena, the ixtla:water:roh is also called pípian.
\ref 01807
\lxam_notes zzz
\dt 27/Jul/2001
\mod Here /tsi:nkoya:wak/ has been removed from dictionary
\ref 01808
\lxam a:te:mi
\lxam_c a:te:mi
\lxoa a:te:mi
\lxoa_c a:te:mi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-mi
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to become filled with water (a ditch)
\sense_s llenarse de agua (una zanja)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:a:te:n kwentli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The furrows have gotten filled with water (e.g., after a heavy summer rain).
\phrase_s Los surcos se han llenado de agua (p. ej., después de una lluvia fuerte de verano).
\phrase_n O:pe:w kiawi, yo:a:te:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has started to rain, it (e.g., a ditch) has filled up with water.
\phrase_s Empezóa llover, ya se llenócon agua (p. ej., una zanja).
\sense_e to be almost ripe; to be just getting juicy (a fruit as it"fills up with water"and is still not fully ripe, but is"full of water"and can be eaten; a fruit that is
a:te:nki is between selik and yo:iksik ; it is still not ripe, xechika:wi)
\sense_s estar casi a sazón; estar poniéndose jugoso (una fruta al"llenarse de agua"; todavía no estácompletamente madura, pero está"llena de agua"y ya se puede comer; una
fruta que está a:te:nki estáentre selik and yo:iksik , pero todavía no madura, xechika:wi)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kemech a:te:mis un xokotl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That plum is on the verge of becomeing ripe.
\phrase_s Esa ciruela estáa punto de madurarse.
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w aga:te:mi. Ye totoma:wtok, ye yaw para iksis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They (pieces of fruit such as mango, xokotl, tomato, watermelon, etc.) have started to get ripe (but are still somewhat green). They are getting fat, they
are on their way to ripening.
\phrase_s Ellas (piezas de fruta tales como mango, ciruela, tomate, sandía) ya empezaron a sazonarse (pero están todavía verdes). Se están quedando gordas, ya están para
ponerse maduras.
\phrase_n San a:te:ntok un xokotl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That plum is becoming ripe.
\phrase_s Esa ciruela estácasi madura
\root a:
\root te:m
\ency_note tla:kihli (i.e., stages of)
\nse When a fruit is a:te:nki it is not fully ripe, it is still somewhat green and just starting to fill out. It is hard but it is edible. Thus, according to one Ameyaltepec
consultant, when the kopaxokotl is a:te:ntok it is also called xokotl de tlatlatstopo:ni ; it is not fully ripe but rather greeen and thus
makes a crunching sound while being eaten. A:te:mi can be used in a vulgar sense, at least in Ameyaltepec, to refer to a pregnant woman, the subject of the verb:
On ne:nkah sowa:tl, yo:pe:w a:te:mi, ne:si ye o:stli 'That woman over there, she's has a swollen belly, it appears that she is pregnant.' ('Aquella mujer, ya tiene la
barriga hinchada, parece que ya estáembarazada.').
\mod Create an onomasiological section for fruits in which their growth cycle is discussed, the laws for fruit, etc.
\qry Apparently can also refer to the inside of a house getting filled with water, etc. Check this. Also check whether when referring to a person it can only be used to indicate pregnancy
and whether in refering to pregnancy it can be used to refer to any animal.
\ref 01809
\lxam te:nkoya:wa
\lxam_c kite:nkoya:wa
\lxoa te:nkoya:wa
\lxoa_c kite:nkoya:wa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\lexical Op. te- : te:ntekoya:wa
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to stretch or widen the opening of (a sack, a pot being made, a well, etc.)
\sense_s ensanchar o ampliar la boca o apertura de (un costal, una olla cuando se fabrica, un pozo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ti:roh pi:stik ite:n ma:tekon, xikte:ntekoya:wa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The opening of your gourd canteen is really narrow, make it wider!
\phrase_s La boca de tu cantimplora estámuy cerrada,¡ensánchale bien!
\root te:n
\root koya:
\ref 01810
\lxam pa:stik
\lxam_c pa:stik
\lxoa pa:stik
\lxoa_c pa:stik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be wet; to be moist
\sense_s estar húmedo; estar mojado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ok nipa:stik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've still wet (e.g, haven't dried off from the rain).
\phrase_s Todavía estoy mojado (p. ej., todavía no me he secado bien de la lluvia).
\sense_e to be fresh (meat in a marketplace)
\sense_s estar fresca (carne en el mercado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwa:k pa:stik katka un nakatl, we:weyak katka. A:man ika o:tikto:naya:nwikeh, o:tso:lihkeh -=o:temotso:lihkeh-.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When the (strips of) meat were fresh they were long. Now that they've placed them in the sun to dry, they've shrunken up.
\phrase_s Cuando estaba fresca la(s tiras de) carne, eran largas. Ahora por haberlas puestas a secar en el sol, se encogieron.
\sense_e to be green; to not be dried (grains such as beans, firewood, etc.)
\sense_s estar verde; no estar seco (granos como frijoles, leña, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pa:stik yetl, xe wa:ki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The beans are still fresh, they haven't yet dried.
\phrase_s Los frijoles están verdes, todavía no se secan.
\root pa:ts
\grm Number agreement: /Kwa:k pa:stik katka un nakatl, we:weyak katka. A:man i:ka o:tikto:naya:nwikeh, o:tso:lihkeh (=o:temotso:lihkeh)./ 'When the (strips of) meat were
fresh they were long. Now that they've placed them in the sun to dry, they've shrunken up.' Note the variation in number agreement. The first phrase is in the singular and
there is no evidence of plurality until the second phrase, in the adjective /we:weyak/. Thus there is disagreement between the subject of the verb /pa:stik/ and the adjective.
It appears from this (and from other evidence) that adjectives are the most prone to showing number, particularly through reduplication. The second sentence shows a
singular object on /o:tikto:naya:nwikeh/ and a plural subject of /o:tso:lihkeh/. Clearly the reference in both cases is the same. This and other examples (e.g. /nikpia o:me
nokone:wan/ suggest that plural object marking is the least likely to show up in the case of plural referents, particularly if these referents are s everal tokens of a type.
\ref 01811
\lxam mekawtli
\lxam_c mekawtli
\lxoa mekahtli
\lxoa_c mekahtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e male lover (of a woman)
\sense_s amante (masculino, de una mujer)
\sense_d Pending
\root meka
\nae Mekawtli is derived from the nominalization of the possessed -mekaw , 'lover.' The term usually refers to the male lover of a married or widowed
woman. However, it may refer to the male lover of a homosexual.
\qry I should recheck the correctness of the nominalized absolutive form, although I do have it in my notes. The woman with a lover may be married or widowed; check to see if the lover
of an unmarried woman is also her /-mekaw/. Finally, check whether this term can also be used for the male lover of a gay man.
\grm Nominalization: Note with /mekawtli/ it is clear that the nominalization takes place on the possessed stem. Apparently this also occurred with words such as /ikniwtli/ and
/ixwiwtli/.
\ref 01812
\lxam tla:litik
\lxam_c tla:litik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der N-loc-1
\sense_e covered with a layer of loose earth
\sense_s cubierto o tapado con una capa de tierra suelta
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tla:litik pa:mpa xna:ichia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is a cover of loose earth because it has't had water sprinkled on it.
\phrase_s Hay una capa delgada de tierra suelta porque todavía no se ha rociado con agua.
\root tla:l
\nae The fact that the Oapan equivalent of the Ameyaltepec form is tla:hlo:tik suggests the possibility that historically -itik as an adjectival ending derives
from -yoh plus -tik.
\qry Determine etymology and make sure that the form is with /ihtik/ 'inside' and is not an adjectival with /-tik/. Check for other words ending in /-itik/. Check to make sure that /xna:ichia/
is correct. I have /a:ichwia/ in other entries. If /a:ichia/ is correct then add an entry for this term and discuss the distinction between this and /a:ichwia/. If it is not correct, then change
the orthography in the example sentence.
\qry_h tla:litik. Check for /yohtik/, /ihtik/, etc.
\grm /-itik/ Note that the fact that the Oapan equivalent of the Ameyaltepec form tla:litik is tla:hlo:tik suggests the possibility that historically
-itik as an adjectival ending derives from -yo: plus -tik.
\semref tlá:hlotík
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01813
\lxam i:xwia
\lxam_c ki:xwia
\lxoa i:xwia
\lxoa_f [i:x 'wi ya]
\lxoa_c ki:xwia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give the evil eye to
\sense_s echarle mal de ojo a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ki:xwikeh mokone:w. Kipia tlai:xwi:hli, i:xte:nkukwitlaki:sa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They gave your child the evil eye. He is sick from the evil eye, his eyes are runny and mucousy.
\phrase_s Le echaron mal de ojo a tu hijo. Tiene mal de ojo, se le escurre un líquido mocoso de los ojos.
\phrase_n O:ki:wikeh nokone:w saka ke:n o:kwelitakeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They gave my child the evil eye just with the fact that they liked the way he looked.
\phrase_s Le dieron mal de ojo a mi hijo, nada más con esto de que les gustócomo se veía.
\root i:x
\nse This and related words in general refer to the effect of evil eye, which often affects a young child, an animal, etc. that is adored, or liked and coveted by someone who is a
tlai:xwia:ni , someone who is noted for or can give the evil eye. In such cases the affected child or animal gets sick, doesn't eat, has runny eyes and often dies.
\xref i:xwilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01814
\lxam tsonwia
\lxam_c kitsonwia
\lxoa tsowia
\lxoa_f [tso 'wi ya]
\lxoa_c kitsowia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to lasso
\sense_s lazar; echarle el lazo a
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to entrap (e.g., a person in an obligation)
\sense_s entrapar (p. ej., una persona en una obligación)
\sense_d Pending
\root tson
\disamb tsonwia; tsonwaswia
\ref 01815
\lxam tlaxomo:lko
\lxam_c tlaxomo:lko
\lxoa tlaxomo:lko
\lxoa_c tlaxomo:lko
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-3
\sense_e interior corner (of a house, field, small valley, etc.)
\sense_s esquina interior (de una casa, campo, valle pequeño, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:sta ne:yhka ipan tlaxomo:lko umpakah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is over there, way in the corner.
\phrase_s Estáallálejos, en la esquina.
\root xomo:l
\root_rel -ko
\nse The difference between tlaxomo:lko and simply xomo:lko is not yet entirely clear. Perhaps it is parallel to that between nepantlah and
tlanepantlah. Note that in Oapan, at least to date,
\xref xomo:lko
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 01816
\lxam seseltsi:n
\lxam_c seseltsi:n
\lxoa séseltsí:n
\lxoa_c séseltsí:n
\lxoa_pr seseltsi:n
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\pitch yes
\sense_e see kostiktsi:n seseltsi:n
\sense_s véase kostiktsi:n seseltsi:n
\sense_d Pending
\root sel
\nse At present seseltsi:n is linked to kostiktsi:n seseltsi:n , which only has been documented in Ameyaltepec. The precise definition of
séseltsí:n in
\qry Check other uses of /seseltsi:n/ and perhaps give further definitions under this headword.
\grm /tsi:n/; stems: Note the way in which /-tsi:n/ is used here after a root; cf. to /seliktsi:n/, the regular diminutive.
\ref 01817
\lxam mediani:toh
\lxam_c mediani:toh
\lxoa mediani:toh
\lxoa_c mediani:toh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan medianito
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e quarter-size amate (just under 20 x 30 cm)
\sense_s amate de quarto tamaño (casi 20 x 30 cm)
\sense_d Pending
\ency_note a:matl
\nse The non-diminutive form media:noh is also used. A full-size amate is called kwadra:doh
\qry Originally I had this described as a half-sized amate. But given that an amate measures about 40 x 60 cm.
\mod In /ono give a description of different sizes, the terms used in painting, texts on how amates are painted, and how they are bought, painted, and sold.
\ref 01818
\lxam to:ko:ni
\lxam_c to:ko:ni
\lxoa to:ko:ni
\lxoa_c to:ko:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-instr-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e pole or shaft of a witso:ktli or other similar instrument (e.g., tewitso:ktli or espá:tulah)
\sense_s vara de madera de un witso:ktli u otro instrumento parecido (p. ej., tewitso:ktli o espá:tulah)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n To:ko:ni, ikuwyo mowitso:k noso moespá:tulah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A to:ko:ni , it is the shaft of your witso:ktli or your espá:tulah.
\phrase_s Un to:ko:ni , es la vara de tu witso:ktli o tu espá:tulah.
\sense_e planting stick in general (the shaft and the metal end considered as a complete tool)
\sense_s coa (la vara y punta juntas como un solo herramienta)
\sense_d Pending
\root to:ka
\nse The definition of to:ko:ni as referring only to the wooden part of the planting tools mentioned above was given by Luis Lucena, of Ameyaltepec, other
Ameyaltepequeño speakers seem to use to:ko:ni to refer to the digging stick (stick and metal tip) in its entirety. However, according to several Oapan consultants, in
this village to:ko:ni is used to refer to a digging stick that is sharpened at the end with no metal tool attached.
\grm Possession: Note the possessive form of /to:ko:ni/: /noto:ko:n/.
\ref 01819
\lxam te:palwia
\lxam_c note:palwia
\lxoa te:palwia
\lxoa_f [te: pal 'wi ya]
\lxoa_c note:palwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\trans +Refl/-trans
\sense_e (refl.) to get caught up with others; to suffer the same fate as the rest (generally, in having sth bad occur)
\sense_s (refl.) salir con los demás (generalmente en algo mal que sucede); sufrir la misma suerte con los demás
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:timote:palwi:to, no: o:tikwalo:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You got caught up there with the rest, you also got sick.
\phrase_s Fuiste a salir con los demás, también te enfermaste.
\phrase_n O:timote:palwi:ko, no: te:wa:n o:mistokaroh ma:tli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You came to suffer the same fate as everyone else, you also got slugged.
\phrase_s Viniste a sufrir la misma suerte que los demás, también te tocóun golpe con la mano.
\phrase_n Timote:palwi:s, te:wa:n ihkón mitschi:wili:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will get caught up with the rest, they will do it to you like they did to the others.
\phrase_s Vas a salir con los demás, a títe lo van a hacer como les hicieron a los otros.
\root -pal
\nse To date only a reflexive use of te:palwia has been documented. The verb refers to the fact that by being in a certain location an individual (or individuals) is affected,
apparently always adversely, along with others that are present, with the added implication that the subject (of the reflexive verb) is not the intended party but was included with the
others only by the chance circumstance that he, or they, were at a given location where something negative occurred.
\mod Check to determine how best to represent elements such as /pal/ used in this way. The same problem occurs with /pan/ as in /kechpanowa/. Perhaps eliminate the hyphen.
\grm -wia; verbalization: The use of /-wia/ is quite widespread and has a quite varied semantic content. Only a detailed study of verbalized forms ending in /-wia/ will provide an
adequate sample. Here, with /te:palwia/ note how the verbalizing ending is added to a relational noun compound.
\ref 01820
\lxam chikwe:i
\lxam_c chikwe:i
\lxoa chikwe:i
\lxoa_c chikwe:i
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\psm Num
\der Adj-num
\infn Plural humans
\sense_e eight
\sense_s ocho
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (a:man ~) in a week from today
\sense_s (a:man ~) de hoy en ocho; en una semana de hoy
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Niá:s lunes chikwe:i.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will go one week from Monday.
\phrase_s Voy a ir de lunes en ocho.
\sense_e (i a:man ~) a week ago today
\sense_s (i a:man ~) hace una semana (de hoy)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (ka:dah chi:chikwe:i) every week
\sense_s (ka:dah chi:chikwe:i) cada semana
\sense_d Oa
\root chik
\root ye:i
\grm Reduplication; numerals: Note Oapan / ka:dah chi:chikwe:i / with long vowel redupication indicating 'each and every'. This should be compared to short
vowel redupication as in /náná:wi/ i.e., 'four by four' (in planting seeds).
\ref 01821
\lxam xa:yakaomio
\lxam_c i:xa:yakaomio
\lxoa xa:yakakomiteyo
\lxoa_alt xa:ya:komiteyo
\lxoa_c i:xa:yakakomiteyo
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-yo
\infn N2
\sense_e cheekbone
\sense_s pómulo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld body
\root xa:yaka
\root omi
\nae As is often the case, in Oapan intervocal /k/ is deleted, leading to the shortened form with lengthened vowel: i:xa:ya:komiteyo
\ref 01822
\lxam tla:lto:ntsi:n
\lxam_c tla:lto:ntsi:n
\lxoa tla:lto:ntsi:n
\lxoa_c tla:lto:ntsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1; pl. tla:lto:ntsitsi:nteh (Am) / tla:lto:ntsitsi:ntih (Oa)
\sense_e type of Motmot, apparently the Russet-crowned Motmot, Momotus mexicanus, or a closely related species
\sense_s tipo de"Motmot,"aparentemente el"Russet-crowned Motmot," Momotus mexicanus, o una especie cercana
\sense_d Am, Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 34, p. 438
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root tla:l
\nse The etymology of this name is unclear. If the element -ton is the modifying suffix, then perhaps it is long (this should be checked). Although some Ameyaltepec
consultants identified this bird as the correcaminos, consultants from Oapan identified this as the Russet-crowned Motmot.
\vl Check length of /to:n/.
\ref 01823
\lxam ma:we:weyak
\lxam_c ma:we:weyak
\lxoa ma:we:weyak
\lxoa_c ma:we:weyak
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e to have long arms
\sense_s tener los brazos largos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlako:me:meka, iwa:n noki:tskian chapolin. No: wel nokwa, no: me:roh ihkón nekwisti. Pitsaktsi:n, so:lo ma:we:weyak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tlako:me:meka , it is similar to the chapolin. It is also edible, it smells just like it. It is thin, only it has long arms.
\phrase_s El tlako:me:meka , es parecido al chapolin. También es comestible, también huele mero comoél. Es delgado, solamente que tiene los
brazos largos.
\root ma:
\root weya
\grm Reduplication: long and short vowels:
\ref 01824
\lxam i:yo:wia
\lxam_c ki:yo:wia
\lxoa í:yo:wía
\lxoa_pr i:yo:wia
\lxoa_f ['i: yo: 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kí:yo:wíya
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to put up with; to suffer (the behavior of sb; the difficulty of certain situations); to endure (a challenge, a difficult task, temperature extremes of hot or cold); to bear up
(under a burden)
\sense_s soportar; aguantar (el peso de algo, el comportamiento de algn, un desafío, una tarea difícil); padecer (penas, situaciones adversas, el clima muy caluroso o frío, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xok nikiyo:wia ke:n na:wiltia:ni! Xkinemilia para tekichi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I can't put up with the way he fools around anymore! The idea of working doesn't seem to cross his mind.
\phrase_s ¡Ya no le aguanto lo juguetón! No se le ocurre ponerse a trabajar.
\phrase_n Xtikiyo:wi:s un tekitl. San mitsnawatitos. Deke yo:tekok, okse: la:doh misti:tlanis, okse: tekitl mitsnawati:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You won't be able to put up with that job. He'll just be ordering you around. From the moment you arrive, he'll send you off in one direction, he'll order you to do something
else.
\phrase_s No vas a aguantar ese trabajo. Nada vas te va a estar ordenando. Desde el momento que llegues te va a mandar a otro lado, te va a mandar hacer otro trabajo.
\phrase_n Ne:cha:liyo:witiw. Xka:wa, miák nokone:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He goes along putting up with me (in this case said by a woman accepted into her brother's household, speaking of the head of the household). You wouldn't think it with all
the children I have (i.e., I am expensive to maintain).
\phrase_s Me va aguantando (en este caso dicho por una mujer aceptada en la residencia de su hermano). No era de esperar dado que tengo muchos niños (y es caro
mantenerme).
\phrase_n Ne:cha:liyo:witiw. Xne:chpachiwi:tia ma:ski kitan nitlatsiwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He goes along putting up with me (e.g., letting me continue to live in the household). They don't kick me out even though they see (realize) that I am lazy.
\phrase_s Me va aguantando (esto es, dejándome quedar en la casa donde resido). No me corren aunque ven que soy flojo.
\sense_e to last or hold up (an item of clothing, shoes or sandals, tools)
\sense_s aguantar o durar (algo de ropa, zapatos o huaraches, herramientas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlah kiyo:wia nowe:rach.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My sandals don't hold up at all.
\phrase_s No aguantan nada mis huaraches.
\root hyo:
\disamb xi:kowa; iyo:wia
\nse Classical Nahuatl has ihiouia or ihiyouia Apparently this is the same root as iyo:tl although the precise way in which the meanings given above
derive from this derivation is not clear. The difference between iyo:wia and xi:kowa seems mostly to rest on the fact that the former is often used to
signify putting up with a type of behavior or with difficult situations. Thus Molina has under ihiouia. nitla 'padecer necesidad el pobre, o adquirir con trabajo lo necessario
a la vida.' Iyo:wia may also be used to indicate a human's ability to endure a physical burden or task (such as carrying a weight, lengthy time spent doing manual
labor, etc.) or a tool's resistance to breaking down. But much more common in such situations is the verb xi:kowa , which in general refers to physical burdens or
situations that may cause exhaustion and debilitation (of a person) or the wearing out of a tool or material object (e.g,, may say of a tool that is being used for a chore for which it is
not suited: xkixi:ko:s 'it won't hold up.'
\qry Check for presence of initial /h/. Check for causative /iyo:wiltia/
\qry_h tlayo:wia
\xref tlayo:wi:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref tláyo:wí:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\xref tlayo:wia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tlayó:wiyá
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\ref 01825
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for /kexsasawatia/; like /kexsasawati/ this does not seem to be a word. Rather Am has the form /kexsasawa/ or /kexsasawak/ indicating 'to be hoarse' and
uses the copula for tense/aspect inflection.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 01826
\lxam te:ntok
\lxam_c te:ntok
\lxoa te:ntok
\lxoa_c te:ntok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e full
\sense_s lleno
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wa:lte:ntiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is coming along full (e.g., a water jug or similar type of container, a bus, etc.).
\phrase_s Viene lleno (p. ej., un cántaro u otros recipientes parecidos, un camión, etc.)
\sense_e (with nominal plural subject and often with short vowel reduplication) well placed or set in order on the ground
\sense_s (con sujeto plural nominal y a menudo reduplicación de vocal corta) bien colocados o ordenados sobre el suelo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San xi:ntok, xtete:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is just scattered on the ground (in this case iswatl), it is not arranged neatly (on the ground).
\phrase_s Estánada más regado por el suelo (en este caso hojas de maíz arrancadas del tallo), no están bien ordenados (sobre el suelo).
\root te:m
\nse For more complete examples of the use of te:ma in the plural to indicate the laying of objects in orderly fashion on the ground, see entry under
te:ma. It may be that te:ntok in the sense of 'full' and tete:ntok meaning 'laying on the ground in ordered fashion,' see
te:ma. If te:ntok meaning 'full' and tete:ntok meaning 'laying on the ground in ordered fashion' are derived from different
verbs (at least in regard to valency), then two entries should be made.
\grm Aspectuals; statives/resultatives: Note that most statives/resultatives ending in /-tok/ can alternative with /-tiw/-final forms that indicate a state with the subject (of the
intransitive stative/resultative) being in motion. Thus from /te:ntok/ one has /te:ntiw/ 'to go along being in the state of fulness' (or sth equivalent). This is true of many. Also in
my examples is /kwetla:ntok/ and /kwetla:ntiw/, in which the former indicates being in a state while stationary, and the latter indicates being in the same state while in
movement. However, there are a few other verbs/statives in which the motion is added onto a verbalized /-ti/ form. This is the case of those statives that deal with bodily
positions: /ikatok/ and /ikatitiw/, /westok/ and /westitiw/, and /ye:watok/ and /ye:watitiw/. I am not sure of the way in which /mela:wtok/ can be expressed, if indeed it is
possible. A speaker should be asked for the possible correctness of /mela:wtiw/ and /mela:wtitiw/. Also, perhaps with this word the reflexive isused, i.e., /nomela:wtiw/? At
any rate note that for two of the statives that use /-titiw/ to indicate movement there is no verbal form. /Wetsi/ also seems to be an unergative verb by certain tests (e.g.,
causative formation) but an unaccusative by others (-tok as a stative). In general much work has to be done on statives and resultatives.
\ref 01827
\lxam suwa:kochi
\lxam_c suwa:kochi
\lxoa siwa:kochi
\lxoa_c siwa:kochi
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(ch)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to sleep with a woman; to have sexual intercourse with a woman
\sense_s acostarse con una mujer; tener relaciones sexuales con una mujer
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:suwa:kochito.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He went to sleep with (have sex with) a woman.
\phrase_s Se fue a acostar con (tener relaciones sexuales con) una mujer.
\semfld Gender: male
\root sowa:
\root kochi
\mod Perhaps change stem for /sowa:tl/ to /siwa:/ throughout dictionary.
\ref 01828
\lxam a:wayowa
\lxam_c a:wayowa
\lxoa áwayówa
\lxoa_pr awayowa
\lxoa_c áwayówa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\trans ~Trans
\sense_e to get covered with small, prickly hairs (sb or a material object such as clothing)
\sense_s cubrirse o llenarse aguates (algn o bien un objeto material como ropa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:na:wayowak, o:niswate:kato.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got covered with small prickly hairs, I went to strip leaves from the maize plants.
\phrase_s Me llenéde aguates, me fui a zacatear.
\root ahwa
\vl Check vl in both Am and Oa dialects.
\ref 01829
\lxam tlakaki
\lxam_c tlakaki
\lxoa tlakaki
\lxoa_c tlakaki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-tla
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e (often used in the negative) to be obediente (often a person, particularly a child, though also an animal); to listen to and obey
\sense_s (a menudo utilizado en el negativo) ser obediente; escuchar y obedecer
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlakaki, xkipia itlakakilis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is disobediente, he doesn't pay heed.
\phrase_s Es desobediente, no hace caso.
\sense_e to have good hearing
\sense_s oir bien
\sense_d Pending
\root kaki
\xref kaki
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01830
\lxam tlayo:lkostli
\lxam_c tlayo:lkostli
\lxoa tlayo:lkostik
\lxoa_c tlayo:lkostik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e yellow maize
\sense_s maíz amarillo
\sense_d Oa
\semfld food-maize
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root o:ya
\root kos
\ency_note tlayo:hli
\nse This refers to maize of a specific color. For a full list, see tlayo:hli.
\semref kostik tlayo:hli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01831
\lxam te:kekexkilih
\lxam_c te:kekexkilih
\lxoa te:kekexilih
\lxoa_c te:ké:kexílih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e to be itchy
\sense_s dar comezón o causar que uno se sienta un escocer
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:kekexkilih sa:watl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Mange is itchy.
\phrase_s La roña da comezón.
\root kex
\nae The Oapan form cited in this entry refers to something that causes itching all over; if the reference were to a single place, then te:kekexilih would be used. This is the
headword citation form. However, in actual usage the"reduplicated"form te:ké:kexílih is used. The patterns here are identical in phonetic form and semantics to that
those found in such pairs as pepetlakaand pé:petláka. The exemplify the general tendency in Oapan Nahuatl to avoid a sequence of three identical CV
syllables where the one most to the left is a reduplicant. However, te:ké:kexílih is one of the few examples of such"reduction"of reduplication on a non-frequentative
form.
\grm Reduplication Oapan: The Oapan form cited in this entry (/te:ké:kexílih/) refers to something that causes itching all over; if the reference were to a single place, then
te:kekexilih would be used. Note how in this case the reduplication is added to the first syllable of a word that seems to already have a reduplicated stem. This
is quite common and can be found in cases such as /pé:petláka/ and /né:nemí/. Also: The Oapan form cited in this entry refers to something that causes itching all over; if
the reference were to a single place, then te:kekexilih would be used. This is the headword citation form. However, in actual usage the"reduplicated"form
te:ké:kexílih is used. The patterns here are identical in phonetic form and semantics to that those found in such pairs as pepetlakaand
pé:petláka. The exemplify the general tendency in Oapan Nahuatl to avoid a sequence of three identical CV syllable s where the one most to the left is a r
eduplicant . However, te:ké:kexílih is one of the few examples of such"reduction"of reduplication on a non-frequentative form.
\ref 01832
\lxam o:-
\lxam_c o:kitek
\lxoa o:-
\lxoa_c o:kakistik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Prefix
\der Pref-inflect
\sense_e clitic used to mark the perfective and past perfective aspect
\sense_s clítico empleado para marcar el aspecto perfectivo y perfectivo pasado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nitlakwah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I ate.
\phrase_s Comí.
\phrase_n O:nitlakwaka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I had eaten (and then got hungry again).
\phrase_s Yo había comido (y después otra vez tuve hambre).
\nse Compare the present tense tlakwa with the perfective o:tlakwah in which the perfective is marked by final -h and o:.
The past perfective is similarly marked and most often indicates an action the effects of which are no longer present. In careful speech the o:- is always present in the
appropriate aspects although it does occasionally disappear in conversational discourse.
\ref 01833
\lxam tla:lxi:kotli
\lxam_c tla:lxi:kotli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(h)
\sense_e type of bee-like insect, still not identified, that forms its nest on the ground
\sense_s tipo de insecto como abeja, todavía no identificado, que hace su nido sobre la tierra
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tla:lxi:kotli, miák, cha:ntin itik tla:hli, wel patla:nin. Pe:nas kokostiktsitsi:nteh. No tekwa:nimeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tla:lxi:kotli , they are found in bunches, they live in the ground, they can fly. They have a little bit of yellow. They also bite.
\phrase_s Los tla:lxi:kotli , se encuentran muchos juntos, viven en el suelo, pueden volar. Son algo amarillitos. También pican.
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root tla:l
\root xi:koh
\qry Check whether /tla:lxi:kotl/ is also correct since in one filecard I had this form written down.
\ref 01834
\lxam kwa:chipa:wi
\lxam_c kwa:chipa:wi
\lxoa kwa:chipa:wi
\lxoa_c kwa:chipa:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get a white head of hair; for ones hair to turn grey
\sense_s ponerse canoso
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root chipa:
\qry Check for transitive form. Check the extent to which /kwa:istaya/ and /kwa:chipa:wi/ are synonymous
\semref kwa:istaya
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01835
\lxam yewalowa
\lxam_c kiyewalowa
\lxoa yewalowa
\lxoa_c kiyewalowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\trans ~Intrans
\sense_e to walk completely around the perimeter of; to circle completely around
\sense_s caminar en un círculo por el perímetro de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tikyewalowa ika yewahli pa:mpa ke:n tlakwan tejo:meh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You completely walk around it (in this case your corn field) at night because a lot of tejones(enter into the field and) eat (the maize).
\phrase_s Andas por el perímetro de tu milpa en la noche porque los tejones (entran y) comen.
\sense_e (refl. often with rdp-l) to coil up on a circle (e.g., a snake)
\sense_s (refl.) a menudo con rdp-l) colocarse en un círculo (p. ej., una culebra)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Koxtok noye:yewalowa, dya: no: tikihlian tekwixtok pa:mpa hkon ye:yewaliwtok u:nkah.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 04339_02_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 17:40
\phrase_e It (a snake) makes itself up into a circle, and we also say that it is coiled because it is in a circle like that.
\phrase_s Se pone en un círculo, y también le decimos que estáenrollado porque estáen un círculo así.
\sense_e (recipr.) to gather around in a circle
\sense_s (recipr.) juntarse en un círculo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xwa:lmoyewalo:ka:n, ma timonono:tsaka:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Come gather around in a circle, let's talk!
\phrase_s ¡Vengan a juntarse en un círculo, vamos a hablar!
\root yewal
\xref tlayewalowa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01836
\lxam siahka:wa
\lxam_c nosiahka:wa
\lxoa siahka:wa
\lxoa_alt siehka:wa
\lxoa_c nosiahka:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1(refl/only)
\incorp V-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (refl.) to get tired of waiting (usually a person, or people, waiting for others; maize or a cornfield for water, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) cansarse de esperar (generalmente una persona o personas a otros; el maíz o la milpa para el agua, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nosiahka:w mocha:neka:w, pa:mpa xteko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your wife got tired of waiting because you haven't arrived.
\phrase_s Tu esposa se cansóde esperar porque no has llegado.
\phrase_n Nikchi:xtoya nopio:nes. Xo:wa:hlakeh, o:nimosiahka:w, o:niwa:le:wato.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I was waiting for my workers. They didn't come, I got tired of waiting, I wound up heading back here.
\phrase_s Estaba esperando mis peones. No vinieron, me canséde esperar, al fin me regreséhacia acá.
\phrase_n O:nosiahka:w nomi:l. A:chi:xtoya. Xotla:k, kwa:k me:roh kinektoya a:tl, xo:kiaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My maize got tired of wating. It was waiting for rain. It didn't yield, when it was really in need of water, it didn't rain.
\phrase_s Mi milpa se cansóde esperar, estaba esperando el agua. No rindió, cuando mero necesitaba agua, no llovió.
\root sia
\root ka:wa
\qry Check roots of /siahka:wa/. Check /xo:kiaw/. Apparently there is no glide. Recheck /kiyawi/.
\grm Compounds (verbs): the compound /siahka:wa/ (refl.) 'to get tired of waiting' seems to be a compound made up of a perfective (short) verb stem (from /siawi/) followed by
/ka:wa/, which is an element that often has a sense of 'to remain.' This would seem to be the most likely etymology. The question of why one does not find */siahka:ka:wa/ is
still unanswered. It could be that, like /kochi/, /siawi/ occassionally combines with a verbal stem without the /ka:-/ participial ending. The change from /siaw-/ to /siah-/ is
predictable in the phonology of Ameyaltepec Nahuatl (given the change of /w/ to /h/ before /k/). Yet the question of the etymology of /siahka:wa/ still needs to be resolved
(though it would appear to be /siawi(perfect.) + ka:wa/.
\grm Directional: /Nikchi:xtoya nopio:nes. Xo:wa:hlakeh, o:nimosiahka:w, o:niwa:le:wato/ 'I was waiting for my workers. They didn't come, I got tired of waiting, I wound up
heading back here.' The use of directionals in /o:niwa:le:wato/ is unusual and deserves comment. Clearly, there are two lexicalized forms of /e:wa/ with directionals:
/one:wa/ 'to depart (from here to there) and /wa:le:wa/ ('from there to here'). Thus in the preceding phrase the ending /o:niwa:le:w/ would be correct and mean, simply, 'I
headed back' or 'I left for home (here).' The use of /-to/ seems to indicate that this was the end result of a process (here the process of waiting). It will be important to work
with a native speaker to determine the difference between /o:niwa:le:w/ and /o:niwa:le:wato/, but my first impression is that /-to/ has a temporal sense.
\ref 01837
\lxam tlaxi:nia
\lxam_c tlaxi:nia
\lxoa tlaxi:nia
\lxoa_c tlaxi:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to divine by throwing maize and copal into a bowl (jícara) of water
\sense_s adivinar al echar suertes, echando maíz y copal dentro de una jícara de agua
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlachia, wel tlaxi:nia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He sees things (through divination), he knows how to throw maize and copal in a bowl of water.
\phrase_s Sabe adivinar, sabe echar suertes.
\phrase_n Tlatete:moke:tl, wel tlaxi:nia para mistete:mowili:s mokokoxka:w, ke:no:n u:nkah ika kwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is a diviner, he knows how to read things that he has tossed down (e.g., maize and copal into a bowl of water) so that he can find out about a sick member of your
family, about the source of his illness.
\phrase_s Es un adivinador, sabe echar suertes (p. ej., echando maíz y copal a un plato de agua) para buscarle al miembro de tu familia la razón con que estáenfermo.
\root xi:
\xref xi:nia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01838
\lxam no:sta
\lxam_c no:sta
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) hasta
\psm Adv
\der Adv-uncl
\sense_e and even; to boot; as well
\sense_s hasta también
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n No:sta tisani!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e To boot, you're an early riser too!
\phrase_s ¡Además, eres un madrugador también!
\root no:
\nse No:sta appears to be derived from Nahuatl no: cojoined to Spanish hasta. No:sta is used often in a response or
comment to a situation that one did not at first believe but that, after all, is seen to be true. For example, one may see someone who is sickly looking but is, nevertheless, a hard
worker. One might then comment No:sta tekitini 'after all he's a hard worker too' or 'he's even a hard worker as well.'
\qry Check for final /h/ and the length of /o:/. Also recheck meaning.
\ref 01839
\lxam a:mantli
\lxam_c a:mantli
\lxoa a:mantli
\lxoa_c a:mantli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e standing water
\sense_s agua estancada
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root man
\semref a:manahli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01840
\lxam patlachiwi
\lxam_c patlachiwi
\lxoa patlachiwi
\lxoa_c patlachiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get flattened and widened
\sense_s aplanarse y ensancharse; prensarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n o:patlachiw se: imeló:n. Yo:iksika:mik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e One of his melones got flattened here. It got overripe.
\phrase_s Aquíse aplanóuno de sus melones. Pasóde maduro.
\root patlach
\disamb pa:xiwi; patlachiwi (particularly when referring to fruit)
\qry Determine what things can be subjects of /patlachiwi/.
\ref 01841
\lxam toto:nia
\lxam_c kitoto:nia
\lxoa toto:nia
\lxoa_c kitoto:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to heat up (food that has already been prepared)
\sense_s recalentar (comida ya preparada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitoto:ni:s para tihkwa:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will heat it up so that we can eat it.
\phrase_s Lo va a recalentar para que lo podamos comer.
\sense_e to heat in the sun (e.g., grain to kill any insects with which it might be infested)
\sense_s calentar en el sol (p. ej., granos para matar cualquier bicho que le hubiera infestado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtoto:ni motlayo:l, tla:mo kukwalo:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Spread out your maize to be heated by the sun, if you don't it will get eaten by bugs!
\phrase_s ¡Pon tu maíz en el sol para calentar, si no se va a picar!
\root to:n
\xref toto:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01842
\lxam kukwi:tska:miki
\lxam_c kukwi:tska:miki
\lxoa kwíkwi:tska:míki
\lxoa_alt kwíkwi:ska:míki
\lxoa_pr kwikwi:ska:miki
\lxoa_c kwíkwi:tska:míki; kwíkwi:ska:míki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp Part-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): ní:kwi:tska:míki
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be unhappy in a place and for this reason be sad, waste away, and often die (e.g., an animal that did not accustom itself to a new place)
\sense_s no hallarse en un lugar, no habilitarse, y por eso demacarse, ponerse triste y hasta morir (p. ej., un animal que no se acostumbróa un lugar)
\sense_d Pending
\root kwi:ts
\root miki
\qry Check to see if non-reduplicated form is also correct: ?kwi:tska:miki.
\grm Participals; /-iwi/: Note that /kukwi:tska:miki/ is another example of a participial form of a /-iwi/ verb that loses the entire verbal ending (e.g., /tlatski/ and /tlatsiwi/, etc. Cf.
/tli:liwi/ and Am /tli:ltik/ vs. Oapan /tli:ltik/ and /tli:lihki/.
\ref 01843
\lxam yeyekakiawi
\lxam_c yeyekakiawi
\lxoa yéye:kakiáwi
\lxoa_pr yeye:kakiawi
\lxoa_c yéye:kakiáwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp N-V0
\der V0-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes
\sense_e for there to be a tempest; to rain, accompanied by a driving wind
\sense_s haber una tempestad; llover, acompañado con un fuerte viento
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tsi:tsikiliw moxtli, yo:kokoto:n. Kas yeyekakiawis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The cloud cover has ripped open, it has split apart. Perhaps there will a strong rain accompanied by sweeping winds.
\phrase_s Las capa de nubes se desgarraron, se abrieron en muchos lugares. Quizáva a llover fuerte, acompañado de fuertes vientos.
\semfld weather
\root e:ka
\root ki
\root yawi
\nae This verb is irregular in that like other weather phenomena it occurs only in the 3rd-person singular.
\vl Check Oapan form as originally I had written /yéyé:kakiáwi/.
\ref 01844
\lxam komalakawistli
\lxam_c komalakawistli
\lxoa komalakawistli
\lxoa_cpend komalakawistli
\lxgen komalakawistle
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e type of vine (or perhaps a thorn bush) of the Rosaceae family
\sense_s tipo de bejucco (o tal vez un arbusto con espinas) de la familia Rosaceae
\sense_d Pending
\root ko
\root malaka
\root wits
\disamb komekatl
\notes_nature Apparently the komalakawistli is a small bush, kuhtsi:ntli , although in one entry I have noted that it is a"type of vine with thorns":
(komekatl, kipia iwitsio). According to Emigdio Rosendo the branches of this bush are occasionally used for china:ntli. This is not listed in
either Ramírez (1991) or Ramírez and Dakin (1979). Inocencio Díaz and Asención Marcelo knew this tree; Silvestre Pantaleón has seen this and could describe it, but was
unsure of its name. However, other consultants mentioned the name as komalakawistli, though this needs to be rechecked.
\qry Check to see if this is indeed classified as a komekatl or kuhtsi:ntli , vine or bush.
\ref 01845
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for the toponyms Am /Kwa:tsonitlan/ and Oapan /I:pan Kwa:tsoneh/, which are now in a toponym database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 01846
\lxam welatia
\lxam_c welatia
\lxoa welatia
\lxoa_c welatia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to be unable to walk (completely, not even lame)
\sense_s no poder caminar (completamente, más alláde estar simplemente cojo)
\sense_d Pending
\root wila:
\qry Check whether this is the same was /welati/. Originally I had noted, as evidenced above, that /welatia/ refers to a complete inability to walk. However, an example sentence under
/welati/ is /O:welat, xok wel nenemi/ 'His legs got sore (e.g., from walking or running).' Check if the two are identical in meaning. I would assume they might well be. Also check
whether /welatia/ is the same was /uwelatia/. In an original filecard I had /o:niuwelatiak/ 'Se me quedaron adoloridas las piernas (por cansancio).' Check.
\ref 01847
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be /teteilpia/ but was removed as a duplicated entry.
\dt 03/Mar/2002
\ref 01848
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for the toponym of Am, /Tla:lnextipan/, which is now in its own database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 01849
\lxam chichi:na
\lxam_c kichichi:na
\lxoa chichi:na
\lxoa_c kichichi:na
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\lexical rdp-s-
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to absorb a liquid; to let a liquid filter through (e.g, a wall, such as of fired clay)
\sense_s absorber un líquido; dejar filtrar un líquido (p. ej., a través de una pared, como una de barro cocido)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:tlan kichichi:na.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has finished absorbing the water (e.g., a dirt floor, or the wall of a ceramic pot).
\phrase_s Ya terminóde absorber el agua (p. ej., un piso de tierra, o la pared de un objeto de barro cocido)
\phrase_n Yo:tlan kichichi:na ika ye:nkwik i:n na:ko:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Given that my water storage jug here is new, it has finished letting water filter through it (refering to the fact that the water leaks out slowly, filtering out through the walls)
\phrase_s Dado que mi tinaja es nueva, ya terminóde dejar que el agua se filtrara por ella (refiere al hecho de que el agua se transmina despacio, por las paredes)
\root chi:na
\disamb a:kwa; chichi:na
\nse Several consultants mentioned that the usual subjects of chichi:na are ceramics or objects made of earth.
\qry Check possible subjects.
\semref a:kwa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01850
\lxam kamakwi
\lxam_c kikamakwi
\lxoa kamakwi
\lxoa_c kikamakwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to take in ones mouth (e.g., a morsel of food to eat, a small amount of liquid to drink)
\sense_s tomar en la boca (p. ej., un poco de comida para comer o un líquido para beber)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Axtopa xkamakwi a:tl para timokamapapa:kas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e First take water in your mouth so that you can rinse it out.
\phrase_s Primero toma agua en la boca para después enjuagarla.
\root kama
\root kwi
\qry Check usage in context.
\ref 01851
\lxam ma:chia
\lxam_c tlama:chia
\lxoa ma:chia
\lxoa_c tlama:chia
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to wait around a long time for
\sense_s quedar a la espera de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San nitlama:chi:xtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've just been waiting around for a long time.
\phrase_s Nada más he estado a la espera mucho tiempo.
\phrase_n Mitsma:chi:xtok ika motlaxkal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is waiting around for you with your tortilla.
\phrase_s Te está esperando con tu tortilla.
\phrase_n Titlama:chi:xtokeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We are waiting around.
\phrase_s Estamos esperando.
\xref tlama:chia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\root ma:
\root chia:
\disamb chia; ma:chia
\nse Ma:chia indicates that the subject refrained from going someplace or doing something because he was waiting, usually for someone who said he would show up. The
implication is that the person waited a long time just for that reason. One consultant suggested that in the phrase mitsma:chi:xtok i:ka motlaxkal "you"went someplace
and haven't returned, and the subject of the phrase is waiting around for you. There is a sense that you are causing her to delay something, that she would go someplace else
otherwise. Some persons said that ma:chia and chia are equivalent, others that ma:chia is more respectful. Still others indicated that
ma:chia indicates a longer time of waiting. My impression at this point is that ma:chia differs from chia in that it suggests a longer period
of waiting, some annoyance related to the fact that the person doing the waiting was expecting an earlier arrival, or could have done something else. Perhaps more i mportant,
chia cannot be used with the nonspecific object marker tla- without a significant change in meaning (see tlachia) whereas
tlama:chia indicates a generate state of waiting with the object that is being waited for expressed only obliquely at best. In Spanish perhaps the difference is
communicated by"estar a la espera"vs."esperar."
\nae The etymology of ma:chia seems to clearly comprise the root chiaas well as ma:, which may or may not be related to an
alternate root of the Nahuatl word for 'hand.' In Ameyaltepec I have almost always heard it with the nonspecific object prefix tla-. And for Oapan, Florencia Marcelino
stated that only the form with tla- is acceptable.
\qry With all class 3 irregular 1a verbs elicit perfective and progressive to determine whether vowel is long.There appears to be some variation. Also, check length of the final vowel (i.e.
in the imperfective); check in other tenses, and length of final /a/. Check difference between /chia/ and /ma:chia/; possibly the second implies more that the waiting was long,
interfered with other activities, etc.
\mod If future study demonstrates that only tlama:chia is used, then the primary entry should be changed from ma:chia to
tlama:chia, with pointers for clarification from the non-used form to that which is used.
\ref 01852
\lxam po:ktik
\lxam_c po:ktik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e to be sooty or covered with soot
\sense_s estar cubierto tener hollín
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Nochi popo:ktikeh mokone:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your children are all covered with soot.
\phrase_s Tus niños están todo cubiertos con hollín.
\root po:k
\disamb po:chaktik; po:ktik
\semref po:hyoh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01853
\lxam soyo:tonki
\lxam_alt sio:tonki
\lxam_c soyo:tonki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\lexical Op. te- : teso:yo:tonki
\sense_e to be unstiched (the seam of clothes, sacks, or similarly sewn items, including stiches in skin)
\sense_s estar descosido (la costura de ropa, costales o otras cosas cosidas, incluyendo las costuras de las heridas en la piel)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tesoyo:tonki, o:kokoto:n i:loh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is (has become) unstiched at the seam, the thread broke (in several places).
\phrase_s Estádescosido por la costura, se rompióel hilo (en varios lugares).
\semfld distort-fissure
\root sio
\root tom
\mod This entry used to be /siotonki/ for Am and Oapan. However, since there was already an entry (1708) for /siotonki/, this present entry has been changed to /so:yo:tonki/, only for
Am, and headword /siotonki/ for Oapan Nahuatl has been moved to 1708. Thus the sound link for /siotonki/ in Oapan should be at 1708.
\vl Check vl
\semref sio:tonki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01854
\lxam iwí:n
\lxam_c iwí:n
\lxoa yóyí:n
\lxoa_alt yóyí:h
\lxoa_pr yoyí:n
\lxoa_c yóyí:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Pr/Adj(dem)
\compound Dem-Dem
\der Pr/Adj-dem
\sense_e (~ [noun]) this here [noun]
\sense_s (~ [sustantivo]) este [sustantivo] aquí
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tose:pa:nya:ntsi:n ma tikoni:ka:n iwí:n tlatlako:la:tsi:ntli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just us together let us partake of this (alcoholic) drink!
\phrase_s ¡Juntos solo nosotros vamos a compartir esta bebida (alcohólica)!
\root in
\root i:n
\nse A plural Ameyaltepec form i:nwí:n 'these here chi:ka:lin ' has been documented (Inocencio Díaz text on chi:ka:lin 3:02) and the vowel
here seems to be acoustically long, which would be understandable if the initial element of these demonstratives is, or has been (re)analyzed, as a pronominal possessor prefix. More
study needs to be conducted, for now the initial vowel in both singular and plural has been analyzed as phonologically short.
\nae The pronounciation of the Oapan form seems to vary between yóií:h and yóyí:h. Measurements of Ameyaltepec pronunciation in general seem to show a
short initial vowel and long second vowel. Apparently the Ameyaltepec form contrasts with iún whereas the Oapan form contrasts with yoón. Finally,
note that the entire question of the length of /i/ in i:n needs to be resolved in a definitive way; it is still unclear. At times it seems as if used pronominally the /i:/ is
long, whereas used adjectivally it is short, /i/. Nevertheless, this is only a preliminary observation.
\qry Recheck the correctness of /iwi:n/ as a demonstrative adjective. The above sentence was taken from my corpus, but perhaps /in tlatlako:la:tsi:ntli/ would be more appropriate.
Check!
\ref 01855
\lxam tla:ki
\lxam_c tla:ki
\lxoa tla:ki
\lxoa_c tla:ki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to bear fruit (a tree, a grass such as maize, etc.)
\sense_s rendir (fruto, p. ej., unárbol, un grano como maíz, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye tla:ktok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is already bearing fruit.
\phrase_s Ya estácargándose con fruto.
\phrase_n Xo:tla:k nomi:hlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My maize field did not bear fruit.
\phrase_s Mi milpa no rindió.
\sense_e for there to be a good harvest (of maize)
\sense_s haber una buena cosecha (de maíz)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Se:xtli xo:tla:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Last year there wasn't a good harvest (e.g., of maize, etc.)
\phrase_s El año pasado no rindió(p. ej., de maíz, esto es, no hubo una buena cosecha).
\flao tla:ki:tia
\root tla:ki
\nae For a discussion of the impersonal form tlatla:ki (Am and Oa) and the reduplicated impersonal tlatlatla:ki (Am) / tlá:tlá:ki, see the
discussion under tlatlatlami / tlá:tlamí(Oa).
\nde The verb tla:ki is not listed in the Classical sources. It refers to the bearing of fruit by any plant: a fruit tree, a maize plant, sesame, etc. Apparently it can be used to
refer to both edible and non-edible fruits, though it is most commonly used in reference to edibles. In its unmarked form it is generally taken to refer to the yield of a milpa, e.g.,
se:xtli o:tla:k 'last year there wasn't a good harvest.'
\xref tla:ki:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01856
\lxam miakpa
\lxam_c miakpa
\lxoa miahpa
\lxoa_c miahpa
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adv
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e many times
\sense_s muchas veces
\sense_d Pending
\root miak
\root_rel -pa
\ref 01857
\lxam xe
\lxam_c xe kichi:wa
\lxoa xi
\lxoa_c xi tlakwa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\compound Neg-Adv
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e not yet
\sense_s todavía no
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xe itlah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There still aren't any.
\phrase_s Todavía no hay.
\root ye
\nse The negative phrase Xe itlah 'There still aren't any' contrasts in meaning with Xtlah 'There aren't any,' which has no temporal reference.
\ref 01858
\lxam kuwilia
\lxam_c kikuwilia
\lxoa kowilia
\lxoa_c kikowilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to buy (sth) for (i.e., in benefit of) or from
\sense_s comprarle (algo) a o para (p. ej., en beneficio de)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nokuwilia tlayo:hli -=kinokowilia tlayo:hli-
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He buys maize for himself.
\phrase_s Se compra maíz para si mismo.
\phrase_n Timitskuwili:s tlayo:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to buy maize for (or from) you.
\phrase_s Voy a comprar maíz para (o de) tí.
\phrase_n O:nimotlakokuwilih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I bought myself lots of things.
\phrase_s Me comprémuchas cosas.
\root ko:wa
\nae In Ameyaltepec in particular it is rare for the specific 3rd-person object to be present in reflexive forms of ditransitive verbs. Thus although kinokowilia is possible, it
is rare. Such forms with a specific and reflexive object in a divalent verb seem to be more common in Oapan.
\qry Check whether /o:nimotlakukowilih/ 'I bought many things for myself (from the verb /kowa/) is homophonous with /o:nimotlakukowilih/ 'I reinjured myself (i.e., hurt myself where it
was already sore or hurt).
\vl There are some tentative additional tokens from 282. These should be tagged as 1858, but not linked.
\grm Re: /Nokowilia tlayo:hli (=kinokowilia tlayo:hli)/ 'he buys maize for himself.' It is rare for the specific 3rd-person object to be marked object is used in forms such as
kinokowilia although it is possible. Such forms seem to be more common in Oapan. Note that in a discussion with C. Flores he accepted /kinokuwilia/ as
correct but denied the acceptance of ?/nikmokuwilia/ or /niknokuwilia/. Instead he gave /nimokuwilia/.
\xref kowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01859
\lxam tale:gah
\lxam_alt talegi:tah
\lxam_c tale:gah
\lxoa tele:kah
\lxoa_alt tale:kah
\lxoa_alt teleki:tah
\lxoa_alt tele:'ah
\lxoa_c tele:kah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan talega
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e hemp bag (made of maguey fiber)
\sense_s talega (morral hecho de fibra de maguey)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tool
\nse The Nahuatl borrowing retains the semantics of the Spanish source, which the Diccionario de la Real Academiadefines as 'Saco o bolsa ancha y corta, de lienzo basto u
otra tela, que sirve para llevar o guardar las cosas.'
\qry Determine names for all types of bag.
\qry_fon Check the nature of the sound between /e:/ and /a/ in Ameyaltepec. It might be a very open voiced velar fricative. Perhaps the /g/ should be changed in the orthography.
\ilus_note Illustrate with photo and
\ref 01860
\lxam tlaxkalwia
\lxam_c kitlaxkalwia
\lxoa tlaxkalwia
\lxoa_f [tlax kal 'wi ya]
\lxoa_c kitlaxkalwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make tortillas for
\sense_s hacer tortillas para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma timistlake:wa! Xne:xtlaxkalwi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me hire you (e.g., as a molende:rah)! Make tortillas (and the accompanying meal) for me!
\phrase_s ¡Deja que te contrate (p. ej., como molendera)!¡Haz tortillas (y la demás comida) para mí!
\phrase_n Milá:k tila:wak motlaxkal, ke:n chichi tihtlaxkalwiya!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Your tortillas are really thick, it's like you were making tortillas for dogs (who like thick tortillas)!
\phrase_s ¡Tus tortillas son muy gruesas, es como le estuvieras haciendo tortillas para perros (a quienes les gustan tortillas gruesas)!
\semfld cook
\root xka
\nae The applicative nature of tlaxkalwia is obvious from its semantics. For applicatives ending in -lwia, see Launey (1992:188-89) and Canger (1981: chap.
3).
\ref 01861
\lxam tekiwi:ka
\lxam_c tekiwi:ka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to be fulfilling a cargo, or annual community service obligation; to have a cargo
\sense_s estar llevando un cargo, o puesto de servicio anual, de la comunidad
\sense_d Am
\root teki
\root wi:ka
\semref tekiya:na
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01862
\lxam tsi:npan
\lxam_c itsi:npan
\lxoa tsi:mpan
\lxoa_c i:tsi:mpan
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-poss-pan
\infn N2(rel)
\sense_e posterior part of the back of (a beast of burden, on which one may ride bareback, holding on behind the saddle)
\sense_s parte posterior del lomo de (una bestia, sobre que una persona puede montar a pelo, agarrándose atrás de la silla)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\semfld animal
\root tsi:n
\root_rel -pan
\nse The only documented uses of -tsi:npan from Ameyaltepec are in references to the back of an animal that may be mounted. However, it is quite possible that other
acceptations are possible.
\ref 01863
\lxam sana:man
\lxam_c sana:man
\lxoa saniman
\lxoa_c saniman
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e right away
\sense_s inmediatamente; luego, luego
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sana:man kichi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will do it right away.
\phrase_s Lo va a hacer luego luego.
\root san
\root a:man
\disamb san niman; sana:man; san a:man
\nse It appears that san niman refers in a general sense to 'earliness' when an event is considered in its entirety. Thus, considering a 'day' as a block of time, san
niman refers to the initial part of this time. Sana:man , on the other hand, refers to a nearby point in time, in relation to another, often the speaker present.
Nevertheless, further contextual evidence of the difference between these two forms should be gathered. The complex form san a:man means 'only/just today' as in
san a:man timitspale:wi:s, mo:stla xok 'It is only today that I will help you, tomorrow I won't (lit. 'tomorrow no more').
\mod The difference between Am /san ninam/ and /sana:man/ should be carefully documented and then the proper Oapan cognates/synonyms should be given in the same entry. It is not
clear that there are two forms in Oapan, and it might be that this entry, 1863 should simply point to Oa for entry 3772.
\vl NOTE TO SELF: Cf Oa for 1863 to Oa for 3772 and perhaps eliminate or change one entry.
\ref 01864
\lxam aki
\lxoa aki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e see onaki
\sense_s véase onaki
\sense_d Pending
\root ak
\nae This verb has been lexicalized in the Balsas River region with the directional prefix on-.
\ref 01865
\lxam tlamanilia
\lxam_c kitlamanilia
\lxoa tlamanilia
\lxoa_c kitlamanilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give an offering to (a deceased relative on All Saints Day)
\sense_s hacer una ofrenda a (un pariente fallecido en Todos Santos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niktlamanili:s nokoko:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will give an offering to my grandfather (on All Saints Day).
\phrase_s Voy a darle una ofrenda a mi abuelo (en Todos Santos).
\sense_e (often with short vowel reduplication) to patch; to lay a patch on; to sew up (an item of clothing, or other cloth-like materials that are ripped)
\sense_s (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) remendar; coser (una prenda de vestir u otros materiales que están rotos o rasgados)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niktlamanili:s nokoto:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to put a patch on my shirt.
\phrase_s Le voy a poner un remiendo a mi camisa.
\phrase_n Niktlatlamanili:s nokosta:l, tsomo:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to patch up my sack, it is ripped
\phrase_s Voy a remender mi costal, estárasgado.
\semfld clothing
\semfld religion
\root man
\nse Apparently the primary meaning of tlamanilia refers to the placing of something flat such as an offering that is laid out for someone, or a patch that is placed on
something that has become ripped. Nevertheless, it seems that in the latter case, of fixing something torn, the verb tlamanilia can also (by extension) refer to the simple
sewing up of the torn section.
\nae For comments on the valency of this verb, see manilia. The example phrases above suggest that the object of tlamanilia, in the sense of 'to
patch,' may either be the material object that is patched or the person for whom the patching is done. Thus one phrase is niktlamanili:s nokoto:n in which the object is
the material repaired (patient) while in another phrase, tine:chtlamanili:s nokoto:n , in which the human benefactive is the primary object and the material repaired is the
secondary object (not overtly marked on the verb). Thus in this case it is clear that the verb tlamanilia acts trivalently; see following entry.
\qry Check to see if /tine:chtlamanili:s nokoto:n/ refers only to the placing of a patch on, or, as indicated in one filecard, also to sewing up a ripped part.
\semref manilia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref mana
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref manilia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01866
\lxam yo:lki:xtia
\lxam_c kiyo:lki:xtia
\lxoa yo:lki:xtia
\lxoa_c kiyo:lki:xtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to remove the seeds from inside of (e.g., a watermelon, melon, chile, etc.)
\sense_s quitarle las semillas de adentro de (p. ej., de una sandía, melón, chile, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root yo:l
\root ki:sa
\nae In the transitive use of yo:lki:xtia the general object is a plant such as squash from which the seeds are removed. It may also be used to refer to the effect on a
na:wahli when his animal is killed. Note that although one person accepted that the object of yo:lki:xtia could have a slaughtered animal as its subject.
But this appears unusual and the usual form for this is kiki:xtilia i:yo:l.
\qry Check that the transitivity use of /yo:lki:xtia/ indeed exists in Ameyaltepec. My documentation of use to date is an an intransitive from a story by C. Flores.
\ref 01867
\lxam tlapolo:ltia
\lxam_c kitlapolo:ltia
\lxoa tlapolo:ltia
\lxoa_c kitlapolo:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to entice (to do sth one should not or does not wish to do, as the serpent to Eve)
\sense_s animar (a hacer algo que no iba a o debe hacer, como la serpiente a Eva)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (refl.) to bring shame upon oneself (particularly a woman [S] with a man, having sexual relations and getting pregnant)
\sense_s (refl.) avergonzarse (particularmente una mujer [S] con un hombre, p. ej., al tener relaciones sexuales y quedar embarazada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:notlapolo:ltih iwa:n se: tla:katl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She brought shame upon herself with a man.
\phrase_s Se avergonzócon un hombre.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to bother and confuse; to distract (while sth occurs, e.g., a child [O] in order to keep his mind off sth)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) confundir y aturidr; distraer o entretener (mientras que algo pase, p. ej., a un niño [O] para que no piense en otra cosa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:stla:tlapolo:ltia. Na:n nitlakwilotok, ne:chi:ihlia tlato:hli, xihki o:niktla:lih, o:nikpo:poloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He confuses me. I am writing here, he says things to me, I didn't write it down correctly, I messed it up.
\phrase_s Me distrae. Aquíestoy escribiendo, me dice cosas, no lo puse bien, lo hice mal.
\phrase_n Mitstla:tlapolo:ltitos ke:ch ika mitstlaxtekilian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will distract you while they rob you.
\phrase_s Te va a estar distrayendo (entreteniendo) mientras que te roben.
\root pol
\qry Determine whether /polo:ltia/ can occur without /tla-/, i.e., with a specific primary and secondary object given that the only phrases and examples that I have are with /tla-/
reduplicated with a long vowel. If only forms with /tla-/ are acceptable, then the entry should perhaps be changed to /tlapolo:ltia/. Also, determine the precise meaning of
/notlapolo:ltia/. Actually, it may be that /polo:ltia/ is not a ditransitive with /tla-/ occupying one slot, should rather be considered a transitive as /tlapolo:ltia/ in which the /tla-/ is
obligatorily present and thus changes the valency from 3 arguments to 2. Also check whether it is possible to reduplicate the verbal root ?/tlapo:pololtia/. If /polo:ltia/ exists without
/tla-/ determine the difference between /polowa/ and /polo:ltia/. It appears that one is a causative and the other not. Change entry under /polo:ltia/ accordingly.
\grm Causative; transitivity: One question concerns whether there is a difference between nondirected transitive alternations and morphological causative, and how this interacts
with other transitivity affecting devices. Thus note the case of /poliwi/, /polowa/ and /polo:ltia/. The first is intransitive (with one syntactic argument) and the second is
transitive (with two syntactic arguments). The third is a causative formation from /polowa/ and thus is trivalent. However, this form has only been documented with the
nonspecific object prefix /tla-/. Whether /polo:ltia/ can exist with three overt arguments (S, PO, and SO) is uncertain. However, the increase in valency through the causative
of a transitive (from /polowa/ to /polo:ltia/) simultaneous with valency reduction through the use of /tla-/ is interesting. In essence it is a device that switches the the only
object (patient) of a transitive to the Primary Object (benefactive/malefactive) of a ditransitive without introducing an overt Se condary Object that canbe expressed by a
NP. The Secondary Object is represented by /tla-/, which in this case is an indefinite null complement with a noncontextually determined meaning. Again, it will be necessary
to determine whether words such as ?/ne:chpolo:ltia NP/ are correct.
\xref polowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01868
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be for /ilpikatl/. It was a duplicate and has been combined with 1149.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl This is a duplicate entry. Tag with number 1149.
\ref 01869
\lxam eskaltia
\lxam_cpend *noskaltia
\lxoa eskaltia
\lxoa_c keskaltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to raise (children)
\sense_s criar (a niños)
\sense_d Pending
\root skal
\nse This word is rarely used in Ameyaltepec.
\nae The initial vowel may be maintained neskaltia or deleted noskaltia. Note that several Ameyaltepec words show initial /e/ for what in neighboring
dialects is initial /i/ (e.g., elka:wa and Oapan ilka:wa). According to Cristino Flores this word is rarely used and when it is used it is employed in the
reflexive: noskaltia , which is the equivalent of we:iya.
\ref 01870
\lxam_notes zzz
\qry This entry for /kuhtsotsol/ has been removed.
\dt 27/Jan/2002
\ref 01871
\lxam itki
\lxam_c kitki
\lxoa ihti
\lxoa_c kihti
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\allomorph object deletion
\allomorph_d Oa
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to carry away (sth in ones hands, on ones shoulders, etc.)
\sense_s llevar (algo en la mano, sobre los hombros, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root tki
\nse This is rarely used in Ameyaltepec, and apparently only as a"borrowing"from other villages. The common term with this significance is wi:ka.
\nae In Oapan the 3rd-person object prefix k- is usually dropped after an overt subject prefix. Thus nihtis 'I will carry it.' Orthographically this is represented as
n'ihtis. See discussion under ilka:wa.
\qry I have added this Amyeltepec entry from memory; check. The Oapan term is documented.
\xref tlatkitia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01872
\lxam piltsi:n
\lxam_c i:piltsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N2
\sense_e very young baby or child (used almost exclusively in reference to Jesus as the son of God)
\sense_s bebéo niño muy pequeño (utilizado casi exclusivamente en referencia a Jesús como hijo de Diós)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Dió:s ipiltsi:n, Dió:s te:tatsi:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e the child of God, God Our Father
\phrase_s el hijo de Diós, Diós nuestro padre
\sense_e fetus
\sense_s fetu
\sense_d Am
\root pil
\nse Piltsi:n is used, possessed, almost exclusively to refer to the child of God. Otherwise, i.e., to refer to a human baby, it is used almost exclusively (though rarely) by
older people.
\ref 01873
\lxam kwa:po:xa
\lxam_alt kwa:bo:lsa
\lxam_c i:kwa:po:xah
\lxoa kwa:po:xah
\lxoa_c i:kwa:po:xah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) bolsa
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\infn N2
\sense_e bonnet
\sense_s gorrita
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e skull-cap (such as those worn by bishops)
\sense_s solideo (como los que utilizan los obispos)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e white cloth head-covering worn by Judas in the Holy Week passion play of Oapan
\sense_s tela que cubre la cabeza de Judas durante la pasión de Cristo, presentada semana santa en Oapan
\sense_d Pending
\semref kwa:xikipihli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01874
\lxam akokwilia
\lxam_c kakokwilia
\lxoa ákokwília
\lxoa_pr akokwilia
\lxoa_c kákokwília
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp Adv-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to pick or lift up for
\sense_s recoger o levantar para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chakokwili! O:nikwa:ltlakal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pick it up for me! I dropped it (or knocked it down to the ground).
\phrase_s ¡Recógemelo! Se me cayó(o lo tiréal suelo).
\phrase_n Xkakokwili iko:lah moma:choh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Lift up the tail of your mule!
\phrase_s ¡Levántale la cola a tu macho!
\phrase_n Xkakokwili! Xkwa:lmaka!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pick it up for him! Reach over here and give it to him!
\phrase_s ¡Levántaselo!¡Extienda el brazo hacia aquípara dárselo!
\phrase_n Tewa tine:chakokwili:s. Newa xniweli, yetí:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You're the one to lift it up for me. I can't, it's too heavy.
\phrase_s Túeresél que lo va a levantar para mí. Yo no puedo, pesa demasiado.
\root ahko
\root kwi
\qry In one entry I had /akokwilia/, reflecting the common /o/ - /u/ variation. In another entry I had a long /i:/, i.e. /akukwi:lia/. These issues should be checked. Perhaps change this to
/akukwilia/ for Am practical orthography.
\vl Check vowel length of both dialects. Cf. to all other words with /ahko/ as a stem/root.
\xref akokwi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref ákokwí
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 01875
\lxam tsi:nkuwtia
\lxam_c tsi:nkuwtia
\lxoa tsí:nkohtiá
\lxoa_pr tsí:nkohtia
\lxoa_c tsí:nkohtiá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-tia
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Oa
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\pitch yes
\sense_e to feel stiffness in ones rear end; to get a sore rear end (e.g., from sitting too long in one position)
\sense_s sentirse adolorido y tieso las nalgas (p. ej., por estar sentado por demasiado tiempo sin moverse)
\sense_d Pending
\fla ma:kuwtia
\root tsi:n
\root kow
\nae There are many words in Oapan Nahuatl that include the final verbal predicate kohtia to indicate stiffness of a body part. Apparently most, if not all, such words are
marked for pitch accent, as they would be if the verbal stem were reduplicated. There is no other factor (e.g., an underlying {h}) that could explain the pitch-accent contours.
\grmx Reduplication Oapan: Note that in several other examples I have noticed that the reduplication in Oapan Nahuatl can create pitch accent on a syllable that has a long vowel
with a coda nasal. The present case seems to confirm this. Thus /tsí:nkuwtiá/ in Ameyaltepec is /tsi:nkuwtia/ with no reduplication. But the pronunciation here in Oapan is
/tsí:nkohtiá/ which would seem to indicate reduplication (the pitch accent pattern is not explainable elsewise). Nevertheless, this should be checked (i.e., whether
/tsi:nkuhtia/ exists with no unusual pitch).
\qry_h tsi:nkuhtia
\ref 01876
\lxam na:wi
\lxam_c na:wi
\lxoa na:wi
\lxoa_c na:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Num
\der Num-b
\sense_e four
\sense_s cuatro
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (i:pan ~) the fourth time
\sense_s (i:pan ~) la cuarta vez
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:pan na:wi to:kas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will plant on the fourth time (he passes the plow over the field).
\phrase_s Va a sembrar la cuarta vez (que pasa su arado sobre el terreno).
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) four by four; in fours
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) cuatro por cuatro; en cuatros
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San nana:wi xto:katiw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go along planting four (seeds) at a time!
\phrase_s ¡Ve sembrado de cuatro (semillas) en cuatro!
\semfld num
\root na:wi
\ency_note tla:hli; agriculture, Give an account of the different way one plows if one plants on 3 or 4. See illustration with filecard for /o:meilia/.
\nse Ameyaltepequeños commonly plant either the third or fourth time they plow a particular field; the more time one passes over the earth, the fewer weeds survive to compete with the
maize plants but the greater the labor investment in farming.
\ilus_note Give an account of the different way one plows if one plants on 3 or 4. See illustration with filecard for /o:meilia/.
\grm pl. /na:wimeh/ (used for people, live animals that are counted).
\grm Reduplication: Numerals: cf. Oapan /náná:wi/"four by four"to /ka:dah chi:chikwe:i/"each week."
\semref nana:wi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01877
\lxam itkitia
\lxoa itkitia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e see tlatkitia
\sense_s véase tlatkitia
\sense_d Pending
\root tki
\qry I have no record of this word without the /tla-/ prefix. Check.
\xref itki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref ihti
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\xref tlatkitia
\xref_t val_reduce2
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01878
\lxam kukuwtitlantsi:n
\lxam_c kukuwtitlantsi:n
\lxoa kókotitlántsi:n
\lxoa_c kókotitlántsi:n
\lxgen kohtitlantsi:n
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e type of maguey as yet unidentified whose fibers, called ixtli , are used in hemp bags
\sense_s tipo de maguey todavía no identificada cuyos fibras, llamadas ixtli , se emplean en tejer bolsas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kukuwtitlantsi:n | Bwe:noh para i:loh, para tema:tl
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Kukuwtitlantsi:n : It is good for string, for woven bags (of the type called tema:tlatl).
\phrase_s Kukuwtitlantsi:n : Es bueno para hilo, para bolsas tejidas (de las que se llaman tema:tlatl).
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root kow
\root_rel -titlan
\nse The etymology of kukuwtitlantsi:n is uncertain. Apparently it contains lexicalized reduplication of what was historically kwaw. The meaning of the
-titlan sequence is uncertain, it might be related to the ligature of this same form. The fibers of the kukuwtitlantsi:n are not used in snares (as it other
maguey hemp) because its fibers are too thin.
\qry The vowel length as I have recorded it was in a final, final check and they are correct as noted and should be changed to the above in all entries. In spite of the assertion that all but
the last vowels are short, the length of the /a/ should be rechecked as in one entry I do have it long. There seems to be quite a bit of disagreement or debate among my consultants in
regard to the identity of this maguey. Cf. the master database and the entries #252 and #290.
\vl Check for p-a in Oapan, as well as vl.
\semref to:to:lasi:toh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref mexkahli -de- kukuwtitlantsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01879
\lxam we:ixtok
\lxam_c we:ixtok
\lxoa we:ixtok
\lxoa_c we:ixtok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e big shot
\sense_s pez gordo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n We:ixtok, kinemilia san yewa tla:katl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He (thinks he) is a big shot, he thinks he's the only one who is a man.
\phrase_s (Se cree que) es un pez gordo, piensa que solamenteél es hombre.
\root we:i
\ref 01880
\lxam wel
\lxam_c wel tekiti
\lxoa wel
\lxoa_c xwel tekiti
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\der Aux
\sense_e (~ [verb]) can [verb]
\sense_s (~ [verb]) poder; saber [verbo]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:tila:ntiw. Xwel panowa san ise:lti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I pull him along (on the surface of) the water. He can't cross (to the other side of a river or lake) by himself.
\phrase_s Lo voy jalando (por la superficie) del agua. El no puede pasar (al otro lado de un río o laguna) por símismo.
\phrase_n Xwel tasis pa:mpa titla:ltech.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You won't be able to reach (e.g., sth hanging) because you are short.
\phrase_s No vas a poder alcanzar (p. ej., algo colgado) porque eres chaparrito.
\phrase_n Xwel mela:wis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It can't be straightened out.
\phrase_s No se puede enderezar.
\sense_e (~ melá:k) when you come right down to it; the real truth is
\sense_s (~ melá:k) a fin de cuentas; la mera verdad es
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wel milá:k, xtikmatin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The real truth is, we don't know.
\phrase_s La mera verdad es, no sabemos.
\phrase_n Ke:no:n tlachia wel melá:k?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How does it really truely look?
\phrase_s ¿Cómo se ve de veras?
\phrase_n San i:xpa:ki, xkimati katlowa wel mlá:k ka:nas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is delighted with his possibilities (in this case four girlfriends), he doesn't know which one he will marry.
\phrase_s Estáabrumado por las opciones que tiene (en este caso de tener cuatro novias), no sabe con cual se va a casar.
\sense_e (~ miák) for there to be truely a lot
\sense_s (~ miák) haber de veras mucho
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wel miák a:man. Se:xtli xo:ki:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There are truely a lot now (in this case maize in a harvest). Last year there was a poor yield.
\phrase_s Hay de veras mucho ahora (en este caso maíz de una cosecha). El año pasado no rindió.
\flao weli
\root wel
\fl weli
\nae Wel is a modifier of a verbal predicate and always precedes the verb phrase.
\nde In Oapan the affirmative is with kwahlias in kwahli nihchi:wabut the negative uses xwel as in xwel nihchi:wa.
\qry Check whether /wel miák/ is a correct term or phrase.
\ref 01881
\lxam tewitso:ltia
\lxam_c kitewitso:ltia
\lxoa tewitso:ltia
\lxoa_c kitewitso:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\trans from nondirected alternation
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to heap up; to pile up high (e.g., a container filled with material such as grain, chile, earth, sand, etc., so that a mound forms in the center)
\sense_s copetear; amontonar (p. ej., algún recipiente con material como granos, chiles, tierra, arena, etc., para que quede copeteado, con un montículo en medio)
\sense_d Pending
\root tewits
\nae The intransitive form of tewitso:ltia appears to be tewitsiwi. Unlike most verbs that end in -iwi the transitive form is not a verb
ending in -owa but rather one ending in -ltia. Nevertheless, given that most verbs that end in -o:ltia derive from intransitives ending in
-owo (cf. cholowaand cholo:ltia), the precise the derivational process is not clear.
\qry Check for intransitive form, ?/tewitsiwi/, /tewitsowa/, etc.
\mod Illustrate.
\xref tewitsiwi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01882
\lxam tlakotlapa:nki
\lxam_c tlakotlapa:nki
\lxoa tlákotetlapá:nki
\lxoa_c tlákotetlapá:nki
\lxoa_pr tlakotetlapa:nki
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm Adj
\compound Mod-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\lexical Op. te- : tlakotetlapa:nki (Oa)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be broken in half (e.g., sth hard and brittle such as a ceramic plate, either fissured or with a small section broken off)
\sense_s estar roto o quebrado por la mitad (p. ej., algo duro y quebradizo como un plato de cerámica, tener una hendedura o faltando un pedazo)
\sense_d Pending
\root tlahko
\root tlapa:
\nae Florencia Marcelino of Oapan gave only the form with the intensifier te-, which might not be optional in Oapan. However, in Ameyaltepec the corresponding form
without te- is well documented. Cristino Flores denied that the adjectival with te- was acceptable.
\qry Check for possibility of /te-/, e.g., /tlakotetlapa:na/. Also, very important: check for possiblity of reduplication, ?tlakotlatlapa:na If this cannot be reduplicated this would show how
verbal semantics affects reduplication.
\ref 01883
\lxam totopo
\lxam_c totopo
\lxoa tótopóntsi:n
\lxoa_c tótopóntsi:n
\lxgen tla:ltetekontsi:n
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 23/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e type of plant with leafy parts that form a ball-like object that can pop
\sense_s tipo de planta con partes como hojas en forma de pelota que se pueden reventar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Totopo | Boboli:tah itla:kihlo. San xiwtli, wel tihkwa:s itla:kihlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Totopo : Its fruit is a little ball. It's just a plant, you can eat its fruit.
\phrase_s Totopo : Su fruta es una bolita. Es solamente una planta, puedes comer su fruta.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli(pending?)
\root tohpon
\qry Check for final sound: glottal stop or /h/. Check for similarity of pronunciation with /totopo/ as a type of grasshopper. Recheck vowel length. Reason for short final /o/ not clear.
\ref 01884
\lxam ma:te:ka
\lxam_c kima:te:ka
\lxoa ma:te:ka
\lxoa_c kima:te:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to weed (a field, garden, etc.) with ones hands or a digging stick (witso:ktli ; as opposed to with a plow)
\sense_s desherbar (un campo, huerta, etc.) con las manos o con coa (witso:ktli ; y no con un arado y yunta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlama:te:ka, kima:te:ka imi:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is weeding, he is weeding his cornfield.
\phrase_s Estádeshierbando, le estáquitando yerba a su milpa.
\phrase_n Kima:te:kas iyew.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will weed out his beans (i.e., where they are planted, removing weeds from around them).
\phrase_s Va a deshierbar sus frijoles (esto es, quitándoles la maleza donde están sembrados).
\root ma:
\root te:ka
\ency_note mi:hli
\nse In Ameyaltepec ma:teka refers to the action of weeding with ones hands or a digging stick; if a plow is being employed, then the correct word is
xihki:xtia. In Oapan the terms vary slightly. Here there are three words for weeding: tlama:te:ka decribes weeding with a digging stick,
tlawíwitlá and tlamá:kwí refer to weeding with ones hands, and tlaxihki:xtia is a more generic term that does not imply any particular tool
or process.
\nae Apprently the object of ma:te:ka can either be the plant (or type of plant) that is cleared of weeds or the field itself.
\ref 01885
\lxam ma:teki
\lxam_c kima:teki
\lxoa ma:teki
\lxoa_c kima:teki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to cut the branches off of (a plant or tree)
\sense_s cortarle las ramas a (una planta oàrbol)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to cut the hand of
\sense_s cortarle la mano a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka xki:tski! Mitsma:tekis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't grab it! It will cut your hand!
\phrase_s ¡No lo agarres!¡Te va a cortar la mano!
\root ma:
\root teki
\qry Check for forms such as /ma:teteki/ and /ma:te:teki/.
\ref 01886
\lxam po:tsakilia
\lxam_c kipo:tsakilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Op. te- : tepo:tsakilia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to stuff or push into, filling an opening (generally affecting an animate [PO], often adversely, by stuffing its mouth, an open wound, etc., to an exagerrated extent)
\sense_s meter a presión o a fuerza, atestando un hueco (afectando generalmente un animado [OP], a menudo en forma adversa, al atestarle la boca, una herida abierta, etc., de
manera exagerada)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Timistepo:tsakili:s, xkwa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to stuff it into your mouth, eat it!
\phrase_s Te lo voy a meter en la boca,¡Cómetelo!
\phrase_n Xpo:tsakilia! Ma mikika:n un kwilimeh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Push it into it (in this case medicine or poison into an animal's wound or open sore)! Let's hope that the worms die (from the medicine or poison)!
\phrase_s ¡Méteselo bien (en este caso un remedio o veneno a una llaga de un animal)!¡Esperemos que se mueran los gusanos (al ser matados por el veneno)!
\fla po:tsaki
\root po:tsa
\root ak
\nae Po:tsakilia is a ditransitive applicative of transitive po:tsakia. The primary object of po:tsakilia seems always to be the animate being
(or perhaps material object) that has a part into which something is pushed. It appears that this part (e.g., a mouth, wound, etc.) is not overtly expressed but rather understood in
context. Whether or not the actual opening can be expressed as a secondary object is not clear.
\root_notes The roots po:tsaand po:tsare probably related. The former is found with a preceding element in the word for 'to burp' (i.e.,
ilpo:tsa or elpo:tsa) and the latter is found in words whose basic meaning seems to refer to a state of being bloated or stuffed (e.g.,
Classical from Molina yacacuitlapopotz 'mocoso' as well as nominalizations such as azcaputzalli 'hormiguero.')
\xref po:tsakia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 01887
\lxam pokia:ntsi:n
\lxam_c pokia:ntsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e a little, bitty bit a drink (i.e., alcohol)
\sense_s un poquitito de trago
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xtikpia a:chitsi:n pokia:ntsi:n?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Do you have a little bitty bit (particularly in reference to a drink)?
\phrase_s ¿Tienes un poquitito (particularmente en referencia a un tragito>?
\nae The etymology of pokia:ntsi:n is uncertain. It might be a partial loan from Spanish poco combined with a -ya:n ending (such as that found
in words such as no:wiá:n. Pokia:ntsi:n is particularly used to refer to a tragito, a small bit of drink, and is somewhat playful, often used
in jest.
\qry Ask speakers what the derivation might be, and determine whether /pokia:ntsi:n/ can be possessed. The syntax of /Xtikpia achitsi:n pokia:ntsi:n?/ is unusual and should be checked.
If /achitsi:n/ modifies /pokia:ntsi:n./ then the former should be an adjective and the latter a noun. Check if this is the case.
\ref 01888
\lxam kwe:tli de tlahikotektli
\lxam_c kwe:tli de tlachikotektli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e type of dress that has a horizontal seam in the middle joining the skirt to the blouse, and in which the skirt part is made of two or three pieces of cloth that are sewn together
smoothly, with the seam inside and without pleats
\sense_s tipo de vestido que tiene una costura en medio donde su junta la falda a la blusa, y en que la falta se hace de dos o tres pedazos de tela que se cosen lisamente, con la
costura para adentro y sin pliegues o tablitas
\sense_d Am
\root kwe:
\root chiko
\root teki
\disamb kwe:tli
\fl kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli
\semref tlaí:lakastéhtli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01889
\lxam xo:chitla:wi:hli
\lxam_c xo:chitla:wi:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e candle used in a religious ceremony (particularly those used in church or during the 'soul-raising ceremony known as tlakaka:walistli)
\sense_s vela utilizada en una ceremonia religiosa (particularmente las que se llevan a la iglesia o que se emplean durante la ceremonia conocida como 'levantamiento de sombra' o
tlakaka:walistli)
\sense_d Am
\root xo:chi
\root tla:wi:l
\ency_note list of things connected with /tlakaka:walistli/, etc.
\ref 01890
\lxam ilpihlo
\lxam_cpend *i:lpihlo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-yo; N-dvb-pas
\infn N2
\sense_e cord used to tie the diaper of (sb [Poss])
\sense_s cordón utilizado para atar el pañal de (algn [Pos])
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ok tikone:tsi:ntli, ok tikpia molpihlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You're still a little child, you still have your diaper cord.
\phrase_s Todavía eres un niño chiquito, todavía tienes un cordón para tu pañal.
\phrase_n Xkonkwi ilpihlo!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go get the cord used to tie his diaper on!
\phrase_s ¡Ve por el cordón que se usa para atar sus pañales!
\root ilp
\disamb ilpihlo; ilpikatl; ma:ilpikatl; tsi:nilpikatl, etc.
\nse Apparently the obligatorily possessed ilpihlo is used only to refer to a diaper cord, whereas ilpikatl is more general, and includes sashes and other
similar objects. Oapan has ma:ilpikatland Ameyaltepec tsi:nilpikatl , all apparently with similar meanings.
\nae Although the possessor of ilpihlo in the phrase ok tikpia molpihlo is the person wearing a diaper, it is possible that the -yo possessed suffix
is used because the cord is part of a diaper (much as in the phrase i:kahlo mokal 'the roof of your house,' the -yo is used because the roof is part of the
house). In this case the possessor of i:lpihlo would actually be the diaper, i.e., 'its cord,' and the construction molpihlo would be a metaphoric
extension.
\qry Check the difference between /ilpikatl/ and /ilpihlo/, and possible other uses of each word. Apparently the first is simply a band of cloth, and the second more particularly that used
to tie diapers. Check. Recheck the correctness of /-ilpihlo/.
\semref ilpikatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref tsi:nilpikatl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ma:ilpikatl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01891
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry has been removed as a duplicate of 4777
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\qry_fon Check the p-a patther of the Oapan words originally elicited here and cf. to the words at 4777, which I had transcribed with a different p-a system even though the same
word.
\ref 01892
\lxam tlakakapatsa
\lxam_c tlakakapatsa
\lxoa tlakakapatsa
\lxoa_c tlakakapatsa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to flap ones wings intensively (a chicken or other similar fowl)
\sense_s aletear fuertemente (una gallina u otro ave)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tlakakapatsa un piópa:mpa ye miktok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That chichen is flapping its wings hard because it is dying.
\phrase_s Esa gallina estáaleteando fuerte porque ya estámuriendo.
\sense_e to stomp (e.g., a horse its hooves)
\sense_s pisotear (p. ej., un caballo con sus patas)
\sense_d Oa
\root kapa:
\qry My original file card of Nahuatl to Spanish says 'vease nota con 'aletear.' This should be checked. Check full meaning in Oa and Am.
\xref tlakakapachilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref kakapatsa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 01893
\lxam tlachinowa
\lxam_c tlachinowa
\lxoa tláchinówa
\lxoa_pr tlachinowa
\lxoa_c tláchinówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-tla
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to set fire to brush in a a hill or field to clear the land in preparation for planting
\sense_s quemar campo o monte para limpiar un terreno en preparación para sembrar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pe:w tlachino:lo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e People have started to clear the fields by burning.
\phrase_s Se ha empezado a limpiar el campo al quemarlo.
\sense_e (fig.) to smoke together
\sense_s (fig.) fumar juntos
\sense_d Pending
\root hchina
\nae There are several verbs in Nahuatl that have one form with specific (invariably 3rd-person) objects and another form, with an initial /h/ (on the surface or underlyingly), when the
nonspecific object tla- is used. Examples are {ki + mati} and {tla +hmati}, {ki + pia} and {tla + hpia}, and {ki + chinowa} and {tla + hchinowa}.
\qry Ask about the following: Reduplication; indefinite null complement: The case of /tlachinawi/ and /tlachinowa/ is interesting. It seems that the nonspecific object prefix /tla-/ functions as
a null complement with a culturally specified meaning: /tla-/ = 'field cleared and to be planted.' It is also interesting how the null complement interacts with reduplication. As a null
complement the verb is not reduplicated. Note that a similar phenomenon occurs with /te:mowa/, although here the specific object seems to always occur with a reduplicated form:
/nontlate:mo:s/ but /nikontete:mo:s nowa:kax/. With /chinowa/ the situation is different. In the sense of 'to burn a field' it occurs unreduplicated with either /tla-/ (as an indefinite null
complement) or with /ki-/ as a specific object: /nontlachino:s/ and /nikonchi:no:s sakayoh/. When reduplicated it refers to the searing of specific material objects, e.g., /nikchichino:s
noko:n/ 'I will sear (the bottom of) my pot.' Apparently /tla-/ may a lso be used with thereduplicated form, but here the /tla-/ is contextually specified. At least this is my
interpretation at present. Thus /nitlachichino:s/ can only be uttered when some aspect of context (e.g., previous discourse, etc.) establishes a referent. For example (and this is based
on my understanding, it should be checked with a consultant), one can say /newa nihki:tski:s in ko:ntli, tewa titlachichino:s/; perhaps the best translation would be 'I'll grab this pot
and you'll do the searing' (cf. /newa nihki:tski:s in ko:ntli, tewa tikchichino:s/. This is perhaps a good example for the grammar of the difference between indefinite and definite null
complements.
\qry_h tlahchinowa? kichinowa?
\grm Reduplication; indefinite null complement: The case of /tlachinawi/ and /tlachinowa/ is interesting. It seems that the nonspecific object prefix /tla-/ functions as a null
complement with a culturally specified meaning: /tla-/ = 'field cleared and to be planted.' It is also interesting how the null complement interacts with reduplication. As a null
complement the verb is not reduplicated. Note that a similar phenomenon occurs with /te:mowa/, although here the specific object seems to always occur with a reduplicated
form: /nontlate:mo:s/ but /nikontete:mo:s nowa:kax/. With /chinowa/ the situation is different. In the sense of 'to burn a field' it occurs unreduplicated with either /tla-/ (as an
indefinite null complement) or with /ki-/ as a specific object: /nontlachino:s/ and /nikonchi:no:s sakayoh/. When reduplicated it refers to the searing of specific material
objects, e.g., /nikchichino:s noko:n/ 'I will sear (the bottom of) my pot.' Apparently /tla-/ may also be used with the redu plicated form, but herethe /tla-/ is contextually
specified. At least this is my interpretation at present. Thus /nitlachichino:s/ can only be uttered when some aspect of context (e.g., previous discourse, etc.) establishes a
referent. For example (and this is based on my understanding, it should be checked with a consultant), one can say /newa nihki:tski:s in ko:ntli, tewa titlachichino:s/;
perhaps the best translation would be 'I'll grab this pot and you'll do the searing' (cf. /newa nihki:tski:s in ko:ntli, tewa tikchichino:s/. This is perhaps a good example for
the grammar of the difference between indefinite and definite null complements.
\xref chinowa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01894
\lxam tlatlako:hli
\lxam_c tlatlako:hli
\lxoa tlátlakó:hli
\lxoa_c tlátlakó:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e sin
\sense_s pecado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmelá:k tlatlako:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's not really a sin.
\phrase_s No es un pecado de veras.
\sense_e fault
\sense_s culpa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tikpia tlatlako:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are to blame.
\phrase_s Tienes la culpa.
\sense_e Holy Week
\sense_s Semana Santa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:asik tlatlako:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Holy Week has arrived.
\phrase_s Ya llegóSemana Santa.
\phrase_n Ye tlatlapowtok umpa o:tlan tlatlako:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The saints are having their eyes uncovered, Holy Week has ended over there.
\phrase_s Se están destapando los ojos de los santos, alláterminóla Semana Santa.
\root htlak
\mod Make sure that /tlatlapowi/ or /tlatlapowa/ is in the dictionary; determine whether it should have a separate entry as a /xv1 form.
\ref 01895
\lxam mixtlatlama
\lxam_c mixtlatlama
\lxoa mí:xtlamá
\lxoa_pr mí:xtlama
\lxoa_c mí:xtlamá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-[tla-V2]
\der V1-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-1
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to fish with a net (as opposed to with line and hook)
\sense_s pescar con una red (y no con cuerda y anzuelo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mixtlatlamatinemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He goes along fishing.
\phrase_s Anda pescando.
\phrase_n Wel mixtlatlama.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is good at fishing.
\phrase_s Sabe pescar.
\root mich
\root ma
\ency_note hunting
\qry Check for the presence of {h} in the incorporated reduplication. Also check if the non-reduplicated form exists (and if the simple /tlama/ exists). Note that Karttunen has /tlahtlama/
with the preterite /o:tlahtlamah/. Check the final vowel length and the /h/ in the preterite (i.e. as in inflection paradigm of /tlakwa/). Check to see if this only refers to fishing with a net,
or can be used for fishing with a hook or trap. Cf. /tlapilowa/ or /tlapipilowa/.
\semref tlapilowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref pilowa; tlama
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01896
\lxam mihka:tlatlaxistli
\lxam_c mihka:tlatlaxistli
\lxoa mihka:tlatlaxistli
\lxoa_c mihka:tlatlaxistli
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-is
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e whooping cough
\sense_s tosferina
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld disease
\root miki
\root tlatlasi
\grm Phonology: note the palatalization here: tlatlasi>tlatlaxi+(i)stli. I am not sure that this occurs in other derivations.
\ref 01897
\lxam pionakatl
\lxam_c pionakatl
\lxoa pio:nakatl
\lxoa_c pio:nakatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) pio
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e chicken meat
\sense_s carne de pollo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xnihkwa nakatl, ni:n de pionakatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't eat meat, not even chicken.
\phrase_s No como carne, ni de pollo.
\semfld food
\root pio
\root naka
\vl Check vowel length in both forms. Check possibility for possessed form, which I have already coded here.
\ref 01898
\lxam i:xtekiki:sa
\lxam_c i:xtekiki:sa
\lxoa i:xté:kí:sa
\lxoa_alt i:xtékikí:sa
\lxoa_c i:xté:kí:sa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to open ones eyes wide in a blank stare; to open ones eyes wide in fright; to make a threatening, challenging (as if ready to fight), or angry gesture with ones eyes by
intensely staring out
\sense_s abrir (o abrirsele a uno) bien los ojos en una mirada perdida; abrirse los ojos mucho en miedo o susto; hacer una cara como de amenanza (como para pelear) y enojo al
clavar los ojos en una mirada fijada
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:xtekiki:sa, kwala:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He makes a threatening gesture with his eyes, he is mad.
\phrase_s Hace una cara amenazante con sus ojos, estáenojado.
\phrase_n Yo:i:xtekiki:s. Yo:mik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His eyes stayed open in a wide, blank stare. He is dead.
\phrase_s Se le quedaron los ojos abiertos y vacíos. Ya se murió.
\sense_e (fig.) to become startled
\sense_s (fig.) asustarse; espantarse
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Ikwá:k itláh mitsmóhti:s, ti:xté:kí:sas.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e When something frightens you, you get startled.
\phrase_s Cuando algo te espanta, te asustas.
\root i:x
\root te
\root ki:sa
\nse At least in Oapan, i:xté:kí:sa may refer to an actual state of the eyes, or figuratively to fright and being startled.
\nae In Oapan (as in usual in such cases) the nonreduced reduplicated form i:xtékikí:sa is also correct. However, the reduced form i:xté:kí:sa is more
common. Note that the potential reduplicated form * i:xteki:ki:sa is not acceptable, at least not in Ameyaltepec.
\qry Check for Am causative form.
\mod Determine how to treat roots like this: use /i:xte/ and have a note there, or have two levels with /i:x/ and /te/ on one level and /i:xte/ on the other. Determine difference between
/i:xte:n/ and /i:xte/, which one is used in which combination.
\ilus_note Make illustration
\xref i:xté:ki:sáltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 01899
\lxam tlatlakowa
\lxam_c tlatlakowa
\lxoa tlátlakówa
\lxoa_pr tlatlakowa
\lxoa_c tlátlakówa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V1-b
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to sin
\sense_s pecar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Mlá:k o:nitlatlakoh, mlá:k miak yo:nikimimiktih pitsomeh iwa:n wa:kax.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have really sinned, I have killed a whole lot of pigs and cattle (said by a butcher who thought that it might be a sin to kill animals).
\phrase_s He pecado de a de veras, he matado muchos marranos y reses (dicho por un carnicero que piensa que puede ser un pecado sacrificar a animales)
\root htlaka
\xref itlakowa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\xref ítlakówa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Oa
\ref 01900
\lxam koma:hli
\lxam_c koma:hli
\lxoa koma:hli
\lxoa_c koma:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e round clay griddle used for cooking, often placed on three stones directly over a fire, although at times an adobe-like stove may be constructred, with the comal"built in"; a
metal griddle in the shape of a comal
\sense_s comal (de cerámica y, ahora, también de metal)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (pia or piya ~ [possessed]) to have a pain in ones stomach or intestines
\sense_s (pia o piya ~ [poseído]) tener un dolor en el estómago o intestinos;"tener vaso"
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikpia nokoma:l, ne:chkukwa niti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have a stomach pain, my belly hurts me.
\phrase_s Tengo mi vaso, me duele el estómago.
\semfld tool
\semfld disease
\root koma:l
\nse A great number of consultants translated kipia i:koma:l as 'tiene su vaso.'
\ency_note kitchen
\qry Check meaning of /kipia ikoma:l/ in reference to illness.
\ref 01901
\lxam pepextli
\lxam_c pepextli
\lxoa pépextlí
\lxoa_c pépextlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-wi
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e (i:pepech or í:pepéch ko:ntli) grating placed on the bottom of pots to separate the food being steamed from the boiling
water (in particular, this is used in cooking tamals)
\sense_s (i:pepech o í:pepéch ko:ntli) rejilla colocada al fondo de una olla para separar lo que se estácociendo al vapor del agua
hirviendo (empleada particularmente en cocinar tamales)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tool-cook
\root pech
\nae Undoubtedly the reduplicated stem of Oapan pépextlí would be reduced to lengthening on a previous light syllable if there were such a prefix. But the semantics of
pépextlí make it so that the only prefix that has been documented in the long voweled 3rd-person possessive prefix i:-. Nevertheless, reduction of the
reduplicant does occur on certain incorporated nouns with final light syllables: saká:pextlíand té:pextlí, among others.
\qry Make sure that Oapan cannot reduce. Check for all ways in which /pepextli/ can be used.
\ilus_note Illustrate; see illustration on original file card.
\semref sakapepextli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref sakápextlí
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01902
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was a duplicate entry for /tla:lakatetl/ and has been removed.
\dt 18/Jun/2002
\ref 01903
\lxam to:motlaxkahli de un nososowa pan tla:hli
\lxam_alt to:motlaxkaltsi:ntli
\lxam_c to:motlaxkahli de un nososowa pan tla:hli
\lxoa tó:motlaxkáhli
\lxoa_c tó:motlaxkáhli
\lxgen no:chahwatl
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of small cactus growing low to the ground of the family Cactacea and genus Opuntia, as yet unidentified with fruit that is sometimes eaten by children by
mistake
\sense_s tipo de cactus pequeño que no crece muy alto, de la familia Cactaceae y género Opuntia, hasta ahora no identificado con fruta que a veces la comen niños por
equivocación
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld cactus
\root to:moh
\root xka
\nse The identity of this cactus in Oapan and in Tetelcingo Nahuatl needs to be further examined given that for both dialects I have two names at this point. For Oapan there is
tó:motlaxkáhli and nó:chmatlapáhli ; for Tetelcingo I have noted both to:motlaxkahleand no:chahwatl.
\notes_nature This type of cactus is not mentioned in either Ramírez (1991) or Ramírez and Dakin (1979). It is similar to the nopal cactus, with broad flat leaves, though it is not used for
food. For a preliminary list of the cactuses found in the area, see the entry under to:motli.
\semref organi:toh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref nó:chmatlapáhli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01904
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa po:n
\lxoa_alt po:h
\lxoa_c po:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan buey
\psm Baby
\der N-bb
\sense_e ox, he-goat, or sheep (male animals with horns)
\sense_s buey, carnero o chivo (animales con cuernos)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Mistewi:s po:h.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e That ox is going to gore you.
\phrase_s Te va a cornear el buey.
\semfld baby
\semref buh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01905
\lxam tla:lxina:chin
\lxam_c tla:lxina:chin
\lxoa tla:lchina:chih
\lxoa_alt tla:lchina:chin
\lxoa_c tla:lchina:chih
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e type of insect, apparently a species of termite, that forms large nests around the major branches of certain trees
\sense_s tipo de insecto, aparentemente una especie de termita, que construye nidos grandes sobre las ramas principales de algunosárboles
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root tla:l
\root xina:ch
\notes_nature The nest of this insect is called tla:lxina:chkahli ; if I remember correctly it is often built on the branches of the po:cho:tl.
\grm Oapan phonology: note x>ch/ l ___ /tla:lchina:chih/. There are other cases of this palatalization of fricatives.
\ref 01906
\lxam kwa:papayoti
\lxam_c kwa:papayoti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to become or go crazy; to lose ones senses
\sense_s enloquecerse; perder los estribos
\sense_d Am
\root kwa:
\root pahpa
\nae Although kwa:papayoti is classified as a denominal verb, there is no direct evidence of the nominal form. Thus the classification is based on analogy with other similar
derivations including the intransitive marker -tia. However, note that it is the semantic equivalent of papayowa. Thus, documented so far is the
relationship of kwa:papayoh to kwa:papayo:ti and papayoh to papayowa. The first pair follows the pattern for
adjectives and verbs derived from a nominal root, the second pairs follows the pattern for adjectives ending in -yoh, intransitive verbs ending in -yowa, and
transitive verbs ending in -yo:tia.
\qry Recheck vowel length, although this appears to be correct. Cf. to the words, with somewhat similar meaning, such as /pa:ya:ti/ or /kwa:pa:ya:ti/, etc. As always, determine transitive
form /-papayo:tia/? Note that I originally had /kwa:papayo:tia/ and changed to /kwa:papayotia/ based on comparative evidence.
\mod According to Chen Díaz this is not used, rather one finnds /kwa:papayowa/. Perhaps it should be deleted.
\semref papayowa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref pápáyotí
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01907
\lxam tilikichowa
\lxam_c kitilikichowa
\lxoa tilikichowa
\lxoa_c kitilikichowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to sew (a material object) leaving a poorly joined seam (with a protruding ridge where the two sides of the seam are joined)
\sense_s coser (un objeto material) dejando una costura mal hecha (con una protuberancia donde se juntan los dos lados de la costura)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kitilikichoh mokoto:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She left a poorly sewn seam on your shirt.
\phrase_s Dejóuna costura mal hecha en tu camisa.
\root tilikich
\nse Undoubtedly tilikichowa
\ref 01908
\lxam to:motsotsohli
\lxam_c to:motsotsohli
\lxoa tó:motsotsóltik
\lxoa_alt tó:motsotsóltik de kwa:ichkatetsi:n
\lxoa_c tó:motsotsóltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of cactus with edible fruit, still not identified, in Spanish called pitaya
\sense_s tipo de cactus con fruta comestible hasta ahora no identificado, llamado pitaya
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld cactus
\semfld edible
\root to:moh
\root tsol
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) gives the Spanish name of this cactus, a member of the Cactaceae family, as tuna pelona, as does Ramírez and Dakin (1979). For a
preliminary list of the cactuses found in the area, see the entry under to:motli.
\ref 01909
\lxam okwilxi:ni
\lxam_c okwilxi:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to get worms
\sense_s agusanarse
\sense_d Am
\root okwil
\root xi:
\disamb okwihlowa; okwilxi:ni
\nde Oapan has the cognate kwikwilxi:nibut this refers to worms falling off an infected animal, such as a dog as it enters a house, and not worms infesting an animal, as
Ameyaltepec okwilxi:ni indicates.
\qry Determine the difference between /okwilxi:ni/ and /okwihlowa/. My documentation at this point only has a stative form /okwilxi:ntok/. Check to make sure that /okwilxi:ni/ exists as
an intransitive verb; check also to see if a transitive form exists ?okwilxi:nia.
\semref kwikwihlowa; kwikwilxi:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref okwihlowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01910
\lxam kwa:na:miki
\lxam_c kikwa:na:miki
\lxoa kwa:na:miki
\lxoa_c kikwa:na:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e (for an idea [S]) to sit well with (a person [O])
\sense_s parecerle bien (una idea [S]) a (una persona [O])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikwelkaki ke:n tikitowa, ne:chkwa:na:miki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I like the sound of what you are saying, it sits well with me.
\phrase_s Me gusta lo que dices, me parece bien.
\sense_e (refl. + -wa:n) to get along with
\sense_s (refl. + -wa:n) llevarse bien con
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xi:wa:n nokwa:na:miki Juan.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Juan does not get along with him.
\phrase_s Juan no se lleva bien con.
\sense_e (recipr.) to have ones heads resting against each other
\sense_s (recipr.) estar con las cabezas cargadas una contra la otra
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Asta o:nokwa:na:mihkeh, xi:ntokeh ipan tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They've even got so that their heads are resting one against the other (in this case two drunks), they are crashed out on the ground.
\phrase_s Hasta sus cabezas están descansando, una contra la otra (en este caso refiriéndose a dos borrachos), están regados sobre el suelo.
\root kwa:
\root na:miki
\nse In Oapan this word can mean 'to appear to be a good idea to,' 'to fit the head of' or in a phrase like xi:wa:n nokwa:na:miki 'to not get along with.' It is also used to
refer to what happens when two people are working together and do not see eye to eye, do not get along or feel comfortable with each other.
\root_notes Check etymoloyg of /na:miki/ as possibly divisible into /na:/ and /miki/. Cf. other words with /na:C/.
\ref 01911
\lxam pala:naltia
\lxam_c kipala:naltia
\lxoa pala:naltia
\lxoa_c kipala:naltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to rot; to cause to rot (e.g., water that gets into wood)
\sense_s pudrir; hacer pudrir (p. ej., agua que le entra a madera)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kipala:naltih a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The water rotted it.
\phrase_s El agua lo hizo pudrir.
\sense_e to let (through carelessness) spoil or rot (particularly edible things but not prepared food itself)
\sense_s dejar (por descuido) que se eche a perder, que se pudra (particularmente cosas comestibles pero no comida preparada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:titlapapala:naltih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You let things rot.
\phrase_s Dejaste algunas cosas pudrir.
\root pala:
\disamb Distinguish /pala:ni/, etc. from /itlaka:wi/ or /itlakowa/.
\grm Causative: The ways in which the causative can indicate either fairly direct causality or a more mediated process captured by the English auxiliary 'let' is indicated by
/pala:naltia/ and two example sentences above: /O:kipala:naltih a:tl/ 'The water rotted it.' and /O:titlapapala:naltih/ 'You let things rot.' In the first sentence the water is the
direct causal agent of the process. This is the prototypical causative construction: Inchoative: 'the wood rots'; Causative 'water MAKES the wood rot'. In the second phrase
the subject is not the causal agent but, in effect, the accomplice, the entity that allows something to take place by not intervening (e.g., to dry sth, in this case). Givón and
others have talked about"let"and causatives.This verb can be perhaps used as an example.
\xref pala:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01912
\lxam kwitlatia
\lxam_c kwitlatia
\lxoa kwitlatia
\lxoa_c kwitlatia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp class 4c
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to become rotten or putrid; to decay
\sense_s pudrirse; echarse a perder
\sense_d Pending
\root kwitla
\nse The verb kwitlatia can be used to refer to watermelon or cantaloupe that starts to rot on the inside, becoming soft and black. It can also be used to refer to a
wound that putrifies, becoming soft and somewhat fuzzy and black. In general it refers to the black rottenness that affects fruit, vegetables, and other organic substances.
\semref kwitlati
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01913
\lxam mexkahli
\lxam_c mexkahli
\lxoa mexkahli
\lxoa_c mexkahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e generic name for the agave plant
\sense_s nombre genérico para el maguey
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld aga
\root mexkal
\ency_note mexkahli
\qry Etymology might contain {ksi}, cf. /tlaxkahli/, and the root /me/. In my original card under /mexkahli/ I have a note which states that the vowel length as follows: /kaxti:hla:n mexkahli/
is definitely correct. Nevertheless, I think it best to rechecked all vowel lengths. And, each type of maguey, of these should receive a separate entry, and the use of each recorded.
Also, check vowel lengths.
\notes_nature To date, the following types of mexkahli have been noted: sakamexkahli, mexkaltompestsi:n, mexkahli de ka:ka:lo:te:ntli, kaxti:hla:n
mexkahli, and mexkahli de kukuhtitla:ntsi:n.. Each of these should receive a separate entry, and the use of each recorded. Also, check vowel lengths.
Ramírez (1991) simply mentions this as maguey, of the family Amaryllidaceaeand scientific name Agave sp. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) do not
list magueyes. Schoenhals (1988) lists maguey, maguey manso, and maguey pulquero. Re: the first two, of the maguey she mentions:"(Agavespp. e.g., A.
atrovirens'century plant,' 'maguey,' 'pulque maguey'. Mezcal and pulque are the intoxicating drinks from the maguey. In the north, the plant is also called mezcal. Also
called maguey manso."Note that it would appear that the plants whose name starts with mexkal are agave plants; the plants discussed by Bravo (1932), see
entry under tlapextli are cactuses.
\ref 01914
\lxam asitok
\lxam_c asitok
\lxoa ásitók
\lxoa_pr asitok
\lxoa_c ásitók
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be complete or whole
\sense_s ser completo o entero
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xasitok ite:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His lip isn't complete (said of sb with a harelip).
\phrase_s Su labio no estáentero (dicho de algn con labio leporino)
\root ahsi
\nse Asitok may also have a progressive sense, often preceded by the adverbial particle ye , as in ye tasitokeh 'we are (already) arriving
there.'
\ref 01915
\lxam tekilia
\lxam_c kitekilia
\lxoa tekilia
\lxoa_c kitekilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cut for
\sense_s cortar para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmotekili tlako:tl para ika titlape:wi:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Cut yourself a switch with which to drive animals along!
\phrase_s ¡Córtate una varita para que con ella puedes arrear!
\sense_e (often with long vowel reduplication) to plow for (i.e., to"cut"furrows for)
\sense_s (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal larga) arar para (esto es,"cortar"surcos para)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmotekili ok ke:ch surkos, tiktekis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Plow a few more furrows for yourself, you will plow them!
\phrase_s ¡Hazte unos poquitos surcos más, los vas a arar!
\flao teki
\root teki
\xref teki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01916
\lxam tlatska:kwepa
\lxam_c kitlatska:kwepa
\lxoa tlatska:kopa
\lxoa_c kitlatska:kopa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Part-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to accuse of being lazy; to make out to be lazy (see tlatska:te:ne:wa)
\sense_s acusar de ser flojo (véase tlatska:te:ne:wa)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:ne:chtlatska:kwep.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He accused me of being lazy.
\phrase_s Me acusóde ser flojo.
\sense_e to turn over (e.g., a tortilla) disdainfully (angrily, without 'ganas')
\sense_s voltear (p. ej., una tortilla) de mala gana
\sense_d Oa
\root tlats
\root kwep
\ref 01917
\lxam sampú:n
\lxam_c sampú:n
\lxoa sampaon
\lxoa_c sampaon
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-pl
\sense_e just right there (not any further; in sight of speaker)
\sense_s solamente allímismo (y no más lejos; dentro del alcance visual del hablante)
\sense_d Pending
\root san
\root on
\root_rel -pa
\disamb ompún; sampún
\nse Apparently sampún is a contraction of san and ompún.
\qry_fon Check vowel length of final /u/. Perhaps /sampú:n/.
\vl Note that this word is repeated at #3214. When you get to 3214 the 4 tokens there need to be given instead #01917, with letters"c","d"... etc. as needed.
\ref 01918
\lxam ma:se:ka:nowa
\lxam_c kima:se:ka:nowa
\lxoa ma:se:ka:na
\lxoa_c kima:se:ka:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to sling over ones shoulders (e.g., the strap of a bag being carried that hangs over ones shoulder)
\sense_s colgar por el hombro (p. ej., el tirante de una bolsa que pasa sobre el hombro)
\sense_d Pending
\fla ma:se:ka:titlan
\root ma:
\root se:;
\root_rel -ka:n
\nse At first I had this defined as to sling across ones chest. Apparently some people use this word in this sense, but many consultants have corrected the definition to indicate something
that crosses in front of ones chest.
\qry Check that /ma:se:ka:no:ltia/ is equivalent to /se:ka:no:ltia/. Check vowel length, since I might have been influenced here by by understanding of the etymology. Check and change for
/ma:se:ka:nowa/, /ma:se:ka:no:ltia/, /se:ka:nowa/, and /se:ka:no:ltia/,
\qry Apparently /ma:se:ka:nowa:/ is a transitive basic verb that ends in /-owa/. This should be checked, cf. /te:mowa/, etc.
\xref ma:se:ka:no:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref ma:se:ka:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\semref se:ka:nowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01919
\lxam tlatopo:nia
\lxam_c tlatopo:nia
\lxoa tlatopo:nia
\lxoa_c tlatopo:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to set off fireworks
\sense_s echar o quemar cohetes
\sense_d Pending
\root topo
\xref topo:nia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01920
\lxam nana:mik
\lxam_c i:nana:mik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\sense_e helper (in reference to one who helps by performing the same repeated task as the principal worker, helping again and again to complete each repetition, such as weeding
rows in a cornfield)
\sense_s ayudante (generalmente en referencia a una persona que le ayuda a otra en una tarea que implica la repetición continua de una misma tarea, como limpiar los surcos en
una milpa)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kipia inana:mik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has his helper.
\phrase_s Tiene su ayudante.
\root na:miki
\nse In general nana:mik is used to refer to a child helper, who goes with an adult (often his father) and helps by starting at the other end of a chore (such as weeding a
row of plants) and repeatedly comes to meet the principal worker.
\nde Oapan has the verbal form, e.g., mí:sna:míki but not the nominalization.
\qry I have never heard /-na:miki/ used in a nonpossessed form, though its possibility should be check. In general this word refers to someone, usually a child, who helps another in a
task, particularly work in the"surcos,"coming to help someone so that he does not lag behind the rest, who are faster. Cf. entry under /na:miki/.
\ref 01921
\lxam welis
\lxam_c welis
\lxoa welis
\lxoa_c welis
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Modal
\der Modal
\sense_e perhaps; it is possible that; maybe (modal indicating possibility of a action or event taking place)
\sense_s quizá; es posible que (palabra modal indicando la posibilidad que una acción o evento acontecerá)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Welis timitspale:wi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is possible that I will help you.
\phrase_s Quizáte voy a ayudar.
\phrase_n Mo:stla welis nia:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tomorrow I might go.
\phrase_s Quizávoy a ir mañana.
\phrase_n No: welis ihkón nikito:skia.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p DT #1:120
\phrase_e It also possible that I might have said it like that.
\phrase_s También es posible que yo lo hubiera dicho así.
\root wel
\ref 01922
\lxam tlawe:hli
\lxam_c tlawe:hli
\lxoa tlawe:hli
\lxoa_c tlawe:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e bad temper; hot headedness; quick temperedness
\sense_s mal genio
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma ki:sa itlawel!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let his bad temper go away!
\phrase_s ¡Quése le quite su mal genio!
\sense_e (kipia ~) to be in a bad mood; to be angry
\sense_s (kipia ~) estar de mal humor; estar enojado; estar de mal genio
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nochipa nankipian tlawe:hli, xkaman nanpa:ktokeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You all are always in a bad mood, you are never happy.
\phrase_s Ustedes siempre están de mal humor, nunca están felices.
\sense_e (-asi ~) to get affected by colic (a young baby [O])
\sense_s (-asi ~) tener cólico (un bebé[O])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:kasik tlawe:hli, san nokwala:nitokeh itah iwa:n ina:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's become colic, his mother and his father are always getting mad at each other.
\phrase_s Tiene cólico, su mamáy su papásiempre se enojan uno con el otro.
\root tlawe:l
\semref tlawe:lxiw
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01923
\lxam -tiwetsi
\lxam_c cho:katiwetsi
\lxoa -tiwitsi
\lxoa_alt -tiwetsi
\lxoa_c cho:katiwitsi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Associated motion ending
\der aspectual
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to do [verb] hurriedly
\sense_s to do [verbo] de prisa
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xtlakwatiwetsi! Ye tiaweh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Eat quickly! We're on our way!
\phrase_s ¡Come rápido!¡Ya nos vamos!
\phrase_n San tepitsi:n, xne:xchixtiwetsi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just a moment, just hold up (wait) for me for a second!
\phrase_s ¡Un momento, aguántame (espérame) un poquito más!
\root wetsi
\nse The aspectual marker -tiwetsi may combine with all directional markers. In Oapan the middle vowel of -tiwitis seems to vary slightly between /i/ and
/e/, with the former much more common. Verbal forms with -tiwitsi (Oa) / -tiwetsi (Am) are often used as a sort of mitigated imperative. Thus a host
might well say xtlákwatiwítsi which is more equivalent to the Spanish 'llégale a la comida' or something equivalent, rather than 'come rápido!'
\ref 01924
\lxam pu:n
\lxam_c pu:n
\lxoa pao:n
\lxoa_alt pon
\lxoa_alt po
\lxoa_c paon, pao o:nkah
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm Adv-place
\der Adv-loc
\sense_e right there (in reference to a place visible to speaker)
\sense_s allímismo (en referencia a un lugar visible para el hablante)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka timoteketsas pu:n itech osto:te:ntli, tla:mo tonwetsis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't stand right there next to the edge of the cliff, if you do, you'll fall off.
\phrase_s No te vayas a parar allípor la orilla del precipicio, si lo haces, te vas a despeñar.
\phrase_n Pon tiá:s, pu:n tlanakastlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will go over that way, there around the side of the hill.
\phrase_s Para alláte vas, allápor el lado del cerrito.
\root pa
\root o:n
\disamb ne:, na:n, nika:n, ne:yhka, umpa, etc.
\nse Paon seems to refer to a location that is within the sight of the speaker. It is used in a slightly different way than pa. The latter is used to refer to a place
already mentioned in discourse and is followed usually by a verb. Paon seems to be used for places that are in sight of a speaker, ne: for places out of
sight. Thus if Jorge is in his house, out of sight, ne: nemi Jorge, i:cha:n. Some consultants would accept pa nemi i:cha:n, others did not. However, it seems
that paon is only used for places in sight of the speaker.
\nae The Oapan sequence páo:n is always stressed (high pitch) on the first syllable, even within the phrase páo: o:nkah ; o:nkah receives
phrasal intonation (stress/pitch). The absence of the final nasal of páo:n in páo: o:nkah is through a general rule in Oapan Nahuatl that often eliminates
word-final nasals before vowel-initial following words. Note also that it appears that o:nkah also has a long vowel.
\qry Note the use of /tla:mo/ in the above phrase. I have generally heard this word used in a dependent clause after a positive injunction: /xne:chtlane:wti tomin, tla:mo xkaman
timitsmakas/. Here note, however, that /tla:mo/ is used after a negative. This should be checked.
\vl There are two more tokens each, female and male, at entry 4228, that should be tagged as 1924 and two should be linked to the second pronunciation above /pao: onkah/.
\semref ompú::n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01925
\lxam ichpo:xtsi:ntli
\lxam_c ichpo:xtsi:ntli
\lxoa ichpo:xtsi:ntli
\lxoa_c ichpo:xtsi:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e very young girl or maiden, between some 8 and 13 years of age
\sense_s muy joven muchacha o niña entre algo como 8 y 13 años de edad
\sense_d Pending
\semfld age
\fla te:lpokatsi:n
\root chpo:ch
\ency_note ichpo:xtli
\qry Check difference between /ichpo:tsi:n/ and /ichpokatsi:n/, i.e., whether there is indeed no difference. Note that the original Ameyaltepec entry had /ichpo:tsi:h/. FM rejected this and
gave /ichopo:xtsi:h/, the diminutive of /ichpo:xtli/.
\semref ichpokatsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ichpakatsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01926
\lxam xte:h
\lxam_c tikpale:wi:s xte:h?
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\der Interj
\sense_e no then? isn't it true?
\sense_s ¿no pues?¿no es cierto?
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:mitspale:wi:ki, xte:h?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He came to help you, isn't it true?
\phrase_s Te vino a ayudar,¿no es cierto?
\root teh
\nse The use of xte:h , i.e., the negative form of teh , is considered by Oapanecos as marking speech from Ameyaltepec. That is, while
te:h is common to both dialects, the negative form is not used in Oapan. Indeed, one evening some friends from Ameyaltepec and Oapan were discussing
whether my speech was more like Ameyaltepec or Oapan, and those from Ameyaltepec repeatedly mentioned my use of xte:h as proof that I spoke as an
Ameyaltepequeño.
\semref te:h
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref te:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref xmelák
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01927
\lxam mi:mih
\lxam_c mi:mih
\lxoa mi:mih
\lxoa_c mi:mih
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Baby
\der N-bb
\sense_e meat
\sense_s carne
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e body (of a young girl, used by young boys)
\sense_s cuerpo (de una muchacha, dicho por jovenes)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n mi:mih!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She has a nice body!
\phrase_s ¡Québonito cuerpo!
\semfld baby
\root mi
\nse The etymology of this word is uncertain. It follows the usual pattern for baby talk of a reduplicated heavy syllable with long vowel, and final /h/. The word is used in both Oapan and
Ameyaltepec. Occasionally it may be used figuratively by men to indicate"flesh,"i.e., sex (as in tihneki mi:mih 'You want sex).
\qry Cf. Gram 1984-10-16.1
\ref 01928
\lxam a:wilmati
\lxam_c ka:wilmati
\lxoa á:wilmáti
\lxoa_pr á:wilmati
\lxoa_c ká:wilmáti
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) (Oa)
\infv Irregular; see mati
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to treat like a joke or to not take seriously
\sense_s tomar como broma o no tomar en serio
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ka:wilmati. Kinemilia kichi:was, wa:n xmilá:k. Sahkó:n noka:wtia:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He treats it like a joke, He thinks about doing it and it isn't true. It just gets left like that (e.g., the task that was going to get done).
\phrase_s No lo toma en serio. piensa hacerlo, pero no es cierto. Asíse va dejando (p. ej., la tarea que iba a hacer).
\root a:wil
\root mati
\nae Oapan Nahuatl often shows reduplication on the first syllable of the root a:wil; see á:wihlí
\vl The length of the first /a/ still needs to be determined. The reason for the high pitch in ON is not clear.
\ref 01929
\lxam se:boti
\lxam_c se:boti
\lxoa xé:potí
\lxoa_pr xe:poti
\lxoa_c xé:potí
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\loan (Nah) sebo
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\infv_d Am
\infv class-4a
\infv_d Oa
\pitch yes
\sense_e to congeal (fat, lard, or grease)
\sense_s cuajar (el sebo o grasa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w se:boti un ka:ldoh, ye sese:xtok, xtoto:ni!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The lard in that soup stock has started to congeal, it is cooling off, heat it up!
\phrase_s La grasa en ese caldo ya empezóa cuajar, ya se estáenfriando,¡caliéntalo!
\mod Originally (first recording pass) Oapan entry had /sé:botí/ since changed. This should be rerecorded. Note that it was and is apparently at the end of all the sessions.
\vl Check vowel length. Originally Oapan (first recording pass) entry had /sé:botí/ since changed. This should be rerecorded. Note that it was and is apparently at the end of
all the sessions. Note that there are 4 additional tokens of this verb at 7177. These should be tagged as 1929 and the linked files should be chosen from the tokens
originally at 7177 since the quality is better.
\semref se:botia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref se:botia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref xé:potiá
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01930
\lxam tili:ni
\lxam_c tili:ni
\lxoa tili:ni
\lxoa_c tili:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl/+Caus
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to become tight or taught (a bag or sack from being stuffed, a knot from being pulled hard, a rope tightly wound, a post as earth is packed around it, clothes that are too
small, a screw completely inserted, etc.); to become tightly packed in (e.g., earth that is pounded down)
\sense_s quedar apretado o muy ajustado (un costal o bolsa al atestarse, un nudo al jalarse fuertemente, una soga al torcerse mucho, un poste al macizar la tierra a su alrededor,
ropa que queda chica, un tornillo al meterse por completo, etc.); quedar macizo (p. ej., tierra que se golpea)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtepi:tso in tla:hli!. Ma tili:ni, kaxa:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make this ground hard (e.g., by pounding on it)! It should get tightly packed, it's loose (right now).
\phrase_s ¡Haz que esta tierra se quede maciza (al golpearla repetidas veces)!¡Quése macice, estáalgo suelto (ahora)!
\phrase_n Xtepo:tskalakti, ma tili:ni!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Stuff them in (e.g., corn husks into a sack) so that it (the sack) gets stuffed tight!
\phrase_s Mételos (p. ej., el to:tomoxtli en un costal) para que se apriete (el costal)!
\sense_e to become swollen (in reference to the tightness of skin around an infection or swollen area)
\sense_s hincharse (en referencia a lo apretado que queda la piel alrededor de una infección o inflamación)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pe:w tili:ni ka:n o:mitskwah chi:lpa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's started to get swollen where the wasp bit you.
\phrase_s Se empezóa hinchar donde te picóuna avispa.
\root tili:
\ref 01931
\lxam tekomoltik
\lxam_c tekomoltik
\lxoa tekomoltik
\lxoa_c tekomoltik
\dt 23/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical te-
\sense_e (almost always with te-) to have a slightly sunken in but extended depression toward the center (in reference to a terrain or surface, e.g, a plastic
surface with a sunken area)
\sense_s (casi siempre con te-) teniendo una parte ligeramente hundida hacia el centro (referiéndose usualmente a un terreno o tierra pero también a cosas casi
planas pero con una pequeña depresión)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tekomoltik un tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That area of land is slightly sunken in.
\phrase_s Esa área está algo hundida.
\root komol
\nse Although several consultants accepted komoltik as valid, I have almost always here this word as tekomoltik, hence the main entry is under
this "intensified" form.
\ref 01932
\lxam kochi:lia
\lxam_c kikochi:lia
\lxoa kochi:lia
\lxoa_c kikochi:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to accompany during the night, sleeping nearby (but remaining alert for any problem)
\sense_s acompañar en la noche, al dormir cerca (pero manteniéndose pendiente de cualquier problema)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nekok. Nika:n nikochis, timitskochi:li:s. Ma:ka timomowis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've arrived. I will sleep here, I will accompany you during the night. Don't be afraid!
\phrase_s Ya llegué. Voy a dormir aquí, te voy a acompañar durante la noche.¡No tengas miedo!
\root kochi
\nse Kochi:lia refers often to the action of spending the night at someones side, someone who is sick or perhaps in some other way incapacited, so that in case of an
emergency he or she is accompanied.
\nde In Oapan this is used to refer to accompanying somebody during the night but not sleeping, even though the other person might.
\grm Applicative; comitative: Apparently this is an example of a comitative use of the applicative. Cf. Peterson's discussion of applicatives. He mentions a comitative applicative in
Haka Lai. It is unclear how common this is in Nahuatl, but it does add to the typology: beneficiary, maleficiary, comitative,
\vl It is interesting that /kochi/ forms both the applicative and causative with a long /i:/. This should be checked. Also, my notes show that in the imperfect has /kochi/ has a long
/i:/: /kochi:ya/. Also, before the impersonal I also hear a long /i:/: /kochi:lo/. This too should be checked.
\ref 01933
\lxam te:nkwepo:nia
\lxam_c kite:nkwepo:nia
\lxoa te:nkopo:nia
\lxoa_c kite:nkopo:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to fold back the edge or lip of; to turn the edge or lip of inside out
\sense_s doblar la orilla o labio de; invertir la orilla o labio de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xte:nkwepo:ni para wel tikonxi:ni:skeh tli:n otko:wkeh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Turn the edge of it inside out (a sack or bag) so that we can throw what we bought into it!
\phrase_s ¡Dóblale la orilla (de un costal o bolsa) para que le podamos echar lo que compramos!
\root te:n
\root kwepo:
\qry Check for intransitive.
\ref 01934
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod I originally this /ka:milowa/, but this appears to be in error.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\qry In Oapan the transitive form is not used, see ka:miliwi. Originally I had this definition: 'to cause to turn purple (e.g, sb's skin through blows or punches); to cause welts
to form on the body of', Thus /O:tine:chka:miloh, o:tine:chwi:tek./ 'You bruised me, you whipped me.' Also, another sense: /to cause to darken (e.g., stones with smoke, or ceramics
by a poor firing)/. However, neither was accepted by C. Flores, F. Marcelino, etc.
\ref 01935
\lxam iska:n
\lxoa iska:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e see xiska:n or xíská:n
\sense_s véase xiska:n o xíská:n
\sense_d Pending
\nae This word is only found in the negative.
\vl Check vl and p-a in Oapan /xí:ská:n
\ref 01936
\lxam pa:chaka:ti
\lxam_c pa:chaka:ti
\lxoa pa:chika:ti
\lxoa_c pa:chika:ti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to shrivel and dry up (particularly objects that had been full and often somewhat meaty; fruits that lose their juices, particularly those are formed within pods or similar
objects, limbs that shrivel and wither after an accident, an eye that seems to dry up inside its socket)
\sense_s marchitarse y secarse (particularmente objetos que estaban llenos y algo carnosos; fruta que pierde su jugo, especialmente las que se forman dentro de una vaina, un ojo
que se seca dentro de la cuenca del ojo, una extremedad del cuerpo que se seca y se muere dejando solamente el hueso)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pa:chaka:tis moma, o:tiuwets de fie:roh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your arm will shrivel up and die (leaving virtually pure bone behind), you really had an ugly fall.
\phrase_s Se va a quedar marchitado el brazo (dejando casi puro hueso), te caiste feo.
\phrase_n O:pa:chaka:t i:xtew.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His eye shriveled up and died (e.g., from a blow, blood stopped circulating and the eye died).
\phrase_s Se secósu ojo (e.g., a causa de un golpe se dejóde circular sangre y se murióel ojo).
\phrase_n Wel pa:chaka:tiitla:kihlo komo:chitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The fruit of a guamúchil tree can remain puny and poorly developed in the pod (and for this reason inedible).
\phrase_s La fruta del guamúchil se puede quedar vano (sin formarse o mal formada dentro de la vaina, y por eso no comestible).
\fla pa:chaka:tl
\root pa:chaka:
\disamb me:tsikwalo:; pa:chaka:ti
\nse In regards to an eye, pa:chaka:ti refers to the eye itself disappearing and drying up, causing blindness. In regards to a fruit (such as that of the
guamúchil) the reference is usually to a seed or some bean that is poorly formed inside the pod, that is small, dry, and inedible.
\mod Create a single entry/discussion under the root /pa:chaka:/ or /pa:chika:/.
\root_notes The root here might well best be analyzed as /pa:chi/ or /pa:chika:/. Check and compare.
\ref 01937
\lxam wetskiswa:xin
\lxam_c wetskiswa:xin
\lxgen wetskiswa:xin
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e type of guaje as yet unidentified with fruit that is edible though not often eaten
\sense_s tipo de guaje hasta ahora no identificado cuya fruta es comestible aunque generalmente no se come
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Wetskiswa:xin, tla:ki kware:smah, febre:roh. Wel nokwa. Pipitsa:wak ikuwyo, xtlah para.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The wetskiswa:xin , it bears fruit during the dry season, in February. It (i.e., its fruit) is edible. It's trunk (and branches) is thin, it's not used for anything.
\phrase_s El wetskiswa:xin , rinde su fruta en la temporada de secas, en febrero. Es (su fruta) comestible. Su tronco es muy delgado, no sirve para nada.
\sense_e tree that bears fruit of this name; also called wetskiswa:xkuhtsi:ntli
\sense_s árbol que da fruto de este mismo nombre; también llamado wetskiswa:xkuhtsi:ntli
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root wetskits
\root wa:x
\nse According to one consultant, if one eats the fruit of the wetskiswa:xin one will just be laughing, san tiwetskas. Apparently the name derives from the
fact that although this guaje is edible, its fruit is very small.
\mod Note that this tree was photographed and assigned a number (318), but apparently not collected.
\qry Check etymology of this name and any possible attributes of the tree that it might signal. Note that on one file card I had recorded /wetskitswa:xin/. Check whether this should be
/wetskiswa:xin/ or /wetskitswa:xin/.
\ref 01938
\lxam mahki
\lxam_c mahki
\lxoa mahki
\lxoa_c mahki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e see i:xmahki
\sense_s véase i:xmahki
\sense_d Pending
\root mawi
\nse According to Florencia Marcelino of Oapan, mahki is used to refer animals that are wild and run away (e.g., zebras). I:xmahki refers to an animal that is
easily scared, such as certain burros. There is also ma: hki (also written ma:hki) which is a negative imperative '¡Quéno lo hagas!'
\qry Make sure that /ma:hki/ is the same as /i:xmahki/. Note that even though here I have notes that FM made a distinction between /mahki/ and /i:xmahki/, for the latter there is no
Oapan entry, only one from Ameyaltepec. This should be rechecked.
\vl Check lenght of /mahki/ and /ma:hki/. Make sure second has a long /a:/.
\ref 01939
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa iswaabi:yah
\lxoa_c iswaabi:yah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) avío
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e a bundle of dried corn leaves stripped off the stalk during the zacateo(iswate:kilistli) and that is later tied = together with palm to be stored
for fodder.
\sense_s manojo de hojas secas de maíz que se quitan durante el zacateo y que se guardan para forraje
\sense_d Oa
\root swa
\nse After being stripped from the stem, the bundle of leaves are placed between two bare stems, later to be tied into a manojo, or bundle. Usually one
abi:yah is tied into a single bundle, although occasionally a bundle is made of what were originally two abi:yas.
\nss Después de quitarse del tallo del maíz, las hojas se ponen entre dos tallos desnudos, para después ser atado en un manojo. por lo común una abi:yah se ata
en un solo manojo, aunque ocasionalmente dos abi:yas se juntan en un manojo.
\mod Illustrate
\semref abi:yah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01940
\lxam piotetl
\lxam_c piotetl
\lxoa piotetl
\lxoa_c piotetl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) pio
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e chicken egg (from a range chicken)
\sense_s huevo de una gallina (de rancho)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld edible
\root te
\qry Check to make sure that a possessed form in acceptable.
\ref 01941
\lxam kukuwilia
\lxam_c kikukuwilia
\lxoa kókowília
\lxoa_pr kokowilia
\lxoa_c kí:kowília
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): kí:kowília
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to chop wood for
\sense_s leñar para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chkukuwili:ti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go chop wood for me!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a cortar leña para mi!
\root kow
\grm Benefactive; applicative: Note that this is an"applicative"of an intransitive that has a benefactive meaning. Cf. Shibatani's article.
\xref kokowi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref kókowí
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 01942
\lxam ma:tli
\lxam_c ma:tli
\lxoa ma:tli
\lxoa_c ma:tli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e hand
\sense_s mano
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e arm
\sense_s brazo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e blow with the hand or fist
\sense_s golpe con la mano
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timistlakwalti:s ika ma:tli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to give you a slap in the face (said, e.g., by a parent to a disobedient child).
\phrase_s Te voy a dar de comer con mi mano (dicho, p. ej., por un padre o madre a un hijo desobediente).
\phrase_n O:timote:palwi:ko, no: te:wa:n o:mistokaroh ma:tli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You came to suffer the same fate as everyone else, you also got slugged.
\phrase_s Viniste a sufrir la misma suerte que los demás, también te tocóun golpe con la mano.
\sense_e forelegs (of most four-footed animals)
\sense_s patas delanteras (de la mayoría de animales con cuatro patas)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e legs (of certain insects; e.g., centipedes)
\sense_s patas (de ciertos insectos, p. ej., el cienpiés)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n ima:tsitsi:wan petlasolkowatl
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e legs of a centipede
\phrase_s de un cienpies
\sense_e branches (of a tree)
\sense_s ramos; ramitas (de unárbol)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Miák kipia ima:wa:n un kuwtsi:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That small tree (or bush-like tree) has a lot of branches.
\phrase_s Ese arbolito (o arbusto) tiene muchas ramas.
\phrase_n Se: kohtsi:ntli kipia ye:i ima:tsitsiwa:n, kihlian kuwburri:toh
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A small piece of wood that has three branches, they call it a kuwburri:toh.
\phrase_s Un trozo de madera que tiene tres ramitas, le dicen kuwburri:toh /
\sense_e knots (in a piece of wood)
\sense_s nudos (en un pedazo de madera)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia ima:wa:n un tlikuwtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That piece of firewood has knots (i.e., places where smaller branches used to join the main branch).
\phrase_s Ese pedazo de leña tiene nudos (esto es, donde las ramas menores se juntaban con otras ramas más grandes).
\phrase_n Chichikino:ltik un kuwtli, miák ima:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That piece of wood is gnarled, it has a lot of knots.
\phrase_s Ese palo de madera estánudoso, tiene muchos nudos.
\sense_e unit of measure from the end of one extended arm to the other
\sense_s brazada, una unidad de medir que va del punto extendido de un brazo al otro
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nkow de san se: ma:tli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I bought it (e.g., a piece of cloth) that just measures the distance from one extended arm to the other.
\phrase_s Lo compré(p. ej., un pedazo de tela) que mide solamente una brazada.
\sense_e (poss.) part of an apron that goes over ones shoulders and is joined in the front and back to i:mekayo yóya nosa:lowa
\sense_s (pos.) parte de un delantar que va sobre los hombros y se cose enfrente y atrás a i:mekayo yóya nosa:lowa
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (i:ma:tsitsi:wan relój) the hands of a watch
\sense_s (i:ma:tsitsi:wan relój) las manecillas del reloj
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (te:ma) follower; one who tags along; one who just goes along with or accompanies others; bit player
\sense_s (te:ma) uno que solamente acompaña o sigue a otros; elemento menor
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San te:ma: katka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just accompanied the others.
\phrase_s Solamente acompañaba a los demás.
\sense_e (i:pan ~ [possessed]) passed from, or passed down from, the hands of
\sense_s (i:pan ~ [poseído]) entregado, o heredado, de las manos de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:pan moma: ma wa:le:wa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let it come from you (i.e., from your hands, in this case in reference to a drink being passed around)!
\phrase_s ¡Quévenga de tu mano (esto es, de tus manos, en este caso en referencia a una bebida compartida entre varios)!
\sense_e (i:pan ~ [possessed]) during the term of office or period of rule of
\sense_s (i:pan ~ [poseído]) durante el periodo de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:pan ima: Juan de la Rosa, o:nochi:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It occurred during the time that Juan de la Rosa was 'comisario.'
\phrase_s Aconteciódurante el tiempo que Juan de la Rosa fue comisario.
\semfld body
\semfld measure
\root ma:
\nse The composition te:ma can refer to someone in a dance, such as Kone:jos who is not the principle character but simply formed part of the line of the
line dance. Note that in regard to four-footed animals ma:tli is used to refer to the front legs only; for certain small animals and bugs ma:tli
refers to what in English are called the animal's legs.
\qry Check for vowel length in termination /-tsitsiwan/. Also check for final /h/ in /kuhburri:toh/, e.g. the instrument that is used to hold the /a:chi:wi:ltepalkatl/. Check /i:ma:tsitsi:wa:n/ in
regard to centipedes.
\semref ma:xiw
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01943
\lxam tlakoko:hloh
\lxam_c tlakoko:hloh
\lxoa tlakoko:hloh
\lxoa_c tlakoko:hloh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to have a wound or wound
\sense_s tener una herida o heridas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nitlakoko:hloh, xwel nitekiti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have wounds, I can't work.
\phrase_s Tengo heridas, no puedo trabajar.
\root kowa
\vl Note that this entry was taken from an original file card with vowel length not marked. Thus the final long /o:/, which is expected and reported for Xalitla, should be
checked. The Oapan variant should also be checked; I believe it is long as indicated.
\ref 01944
\lxam i:xwi:teki
\lxam_c ki:xwi:teki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to dust off the surface of (by hitting it with sth such as a rag or other similar item, or with an open hand)
\sense_s despolvorear la superficie de (al azotarla con un trapo o algo parecido, o con la mano abierta)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xki:xwi:teki para ipan timotla:li:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Dust its surface off (by striking it with sth) so that you can sit on it!
\phrase_s ¡Quítale el polvo de encima (al azotarla) para que te puedas sentar!
\semfld contact
\root i:x
\root wi:teki
\root_notes Discuss the possibility of /wi:teki/ and other words with /wi:/ as possibly having sth in common; also the presence of /teki/ here: crossreference to /teki/.
\semref í:xtsetselówa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01945
\lxam sotla:wi
\lxam_c sotla:wi
\lxoa sotla:wi
\lxoa_c sotla:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to faint
\sense_s desmayarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:xtetletlekowa. O:sotla:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His eyes have rolled up and back in his head. He fainted.
\phrase_s Sus ojos fueron para atrás. Se desmayó.
\phrase_n Xtekontetso:tsona mopio:tsi:n ika wekahli, o:sotla:w!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hold a gourd over your chick and tap on it lightly, it fainted!
\phrase_s ¡Acércale una jícara a tu pollito y darle golpecitos, se desmayó!
\root sotla:
\nae The transitive alternation is to sotla:wia in Ameyaltepec and to sotla:wain Oapan.
\nde Note that in Oapan the transitive is sotla:wa.
\qry Recheck as originally I had /sotla:wa/ for the Ameyaltepec headword; also check the transitive since the Oapan /sotla:wa/ is certain.
\ref 01946
\lxam chaltlatowa
\lxam_c chaltlatowa
\lxoa cháltlatówa
\lxoa_pr chaltlatowa
\lxoa_c cháltlatówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp S-[tla-V2]
\der V2-b
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to emit or have a hollow sound (particularly when struck, such as a ceramic pot or plate that is fissured or broken, but not completely through)
\sense_s sonar hueco (generalmente al golpearse, como una vasija o un plato de cerámica roto)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Chaltlatowa mopla:toh; sio:tonki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your plate makes a hollow ringing sound; it is fissured.
\phrase_s Tu plato hace un sonido hueco; estároto.
\semfld sound-material
\root chala:
\root hto
\ency_note page on sounds; in general pages on all semantic fields
\nse Apparently chaltlatowa is the semantic equivalent of Ameyaltepec chaktlatowa , which has not been documented in Oapan.
\qry Check correctness of this term.
\mod Add entry under /komo:nilia:/ for: One person described the sound signified by chaktlatowa as nokomo:nilia 'it makes a beating sound,' in reference to
the sound the hen makes. Note also the meaning of /tlapachowa/, apparently this means to lay and then incubate, it refers to laying. Check correctness of /chaltlatowa/.
\grm Note /chaktlatowa/ and how /tlatowa/ acts as an intransitive, check how many transitive verbs take a modifier before the fused /tla-/.
\semref chaktlatowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01947
\lxam metohlowa
\lxam_c metohlowa
\lxoa metohlowa
\lxoa_c metohlowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Adj; ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to get covered with worms (maggots?)
\sense_s cubrirse de gusanos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Metolimeh, ke:n kwilintsitsi:nteh pero totomiokeh. Unkah ipan nakatl deke o:tikiye:w ika kostá:l. Niman metohlowa. Ipan ke:soh, no: metohlowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Metolimeh are like little worms, but they are fuzzy. They are found on meat if you stored it in a sack. It quickly gets covered with worms. The surface of
cheese also can get covered with such worms.
\phrase_s Los metolimeh son como gusanitos, pero peludos. Se hallan sobre la carne si la guardas en un costál. Luego luego se cubre de gusanos. La superficie del
queso también se puede cubrir de tales gusanos.
\root metol
\qry In my original notes for this sentence I recorded /metolowa/; this is undoubtedly an error and I have changed to /metohlowa/. Nevertheless, the correct pronunciation should be
checked with a native speaker and corrected throughout, if necessary. Determine the Spanish name for these. RS has for /metolloa/ 'apoillarse, hablando de vestidos'; thus check as
to whether the metolin do appear on clothes. Note that I have no adjectival or transitive forms; check.
\vl Check for /hl/ sequence.
\ref 01948
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was a duplicate entry for /xa:yakatsotsoneh/ and has been removed.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 01949
\lxam kuwtekomatl
\lxam_c kuwtekomatl
\lxoa kohtekomatl
\lxoa_c kohtekomatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e tree of the trumpet-creeper family, named Cresentia alata
\sense_s árbol de la familia Bignoniaceae, llamado Cresentia alata
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kuwtekomatl | Kwa:k nopale:wia suwa:tl, koni kuwtekomatl itla:kihlo. Ma poso:ni itik a:tl. Kipale:wi:s suwa:tl deke koni.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Pánfilo Lorenzo
\phrase_e Kuhtekomatl : When a woman is giving birth, she drinks the fruit of the calabash tree. It should be boiled in water. It will help the woman if she drinks it.
\phrase_s Kuhtekomatl : Cuando una mujer estápor dar a luz, bebe la fruta del cuatecomate. Se debe hervir en agua. Va a ayudar a la mujer si se la bebe.
\phrase_n Kuwtekomatl | Kwa:k tikpia go:lpeh, tla: o:mitswi:sohkeh noso san tewa o:tiwets, wa:n o:mitsaxi:lih itlah tli:no:n, wel tikoni:s kohtekomatl para ma se:wi, para ma
tipati. Tihki:xtili:s de tlaitik itla:kihlo, kipia tli:ltik itik wa:n tihki:xti:s. Itik a:toto:nihli tiktla:li:s, ihkón tikoni:s wa:n tipatis. Xok tikpias go:lpeh, xok mitskoko:s.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Cristino Flores
\phrase_e Kuwtekomatl : When you have a bruise, or you got beaten up, o perhaps you just fell by yourself and something hit you, you can drink [the fruit of] the
calabash tree so that it (the bruise and pain) calms down, so that you get better. You will take out what is inside [the fruit], it is black inside and you will take it out. You
place it in hot water, you drink just like that and you'll get better. You won't have bruises anymore, it won't hurt anymore..
\phrase_s Kuhtekomatl : Cuando tienes un golpe, o te golpearon o tal vez solamente te caiste por tísolo y te alcanzóalgo, bien puedes tomar [la fruta d]el
cuatecomate para que se apague, para que te alivies. Le quitas lo que estáadentro de su fruta, adentro tiene algo negro. Lo pones en agua caliente, asíte lo tomas y te
vas a aliviar. Ya no vas a sentir los golpes, ya no te va a doler.
\phrase_n Kuwtekomatl | Itla:kihlo para kikokoyo:nian, kitlapahlo:tian para nito:tikeh ia:yekach. Ikuwyo para si:yah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Kuwtekomatl : They perforate its fruit, they paint it, for dancers' rattles. Its wood (is used) for chairs.
\phrase_s Kuwtekomatl : Agujerean su fruta, la pintan para las sonajas de los danzantes. Su madera (se usa) para sillas.
\phrase_n Kuwtekomatl | Deke o:mitsmak go:lpeh kiposo:nian itikwitl. Tikoni:s. Koni:ltian deke itiko:tsiliwi un mi:xihke:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Kuwtekomatl : If you have gotten bruised, they boil the inside of its fruit. You drink it. They give it to drink to a woman who has just given birth if she has
stomach cramps.
\phrase_s Kuwtekomatl : Si tienes golpes hierven la parte interior de su fruta. Te la bebes. Se lo dan de beber a una mujer recién parida si tiene calambres en el
estómago.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\semfld -pl-med
\root kow
\root tekoma
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the sirián ; Ramírez (1991) identifies it as of the family Bignoniaceae and more specifically as
Crescentia alata. Schoenhals (1988) does not mention sirián but does have an entry for cuautecomate:"(Crescentia spp., e.g.
C. cujete, C. alata) 'gourd tree,' calabash tree' The fruit resembles a large gourd, the dried shell of which is used for containers and bowls called jícaras.
The gourds can be trained into different shapes by tying them while still green. Hard shells can be polished. Also called calabazo, cimo, cujete, guaje, güiro, jícaro, morro,
tecomate."Guizar and Sánchez (1991:180) mention a tree of the Bignoniaceaefamily named Crescentia alata, also known in Spanish as cirián
or tecomate.
\root_notes The root /tekoma/ might well be related to /ko:m/, as in /ko:ntli/. Comment on.
\ref 01950
\lxam tlatla:hlo:tia
\lxam_c kitlatla:hlo:tia
\lxoa tlátla:hló:tia
\lxoa_pr tlatla:hlo:tia
\lxoa_c kí:tla:hló:tia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-para-h/wa/tia
\trans Compl
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): kí:tla:hló:tia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to make dirty; to cover with earth or dirt
\sense_s ensuciar; cubrir con tierra o mugre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka tikma:ma:s, tla:mo mistlatla:hlo:ti:s wa:n tewa chipa:wak motlake:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't carry it on your shoulders, if you do it will get you dirty and your clothes are clean!
\phrase_s ¡No te lo vayas a cargas, si lo haces te va a ensuciar y tu ropa estálimpia.
\sense_e (refl.) to get oneself dirty
\sense_s (refl.) ensuciarse; hacerse ensuciar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timotlatla:hlo:ti:s deke timomi:milo:s ipan tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You'll get yourself dirty if you roll back and forth on the ground.
\phrase_s Te vas a hacer ensuciar si revuelcas de un lado a otro en el suelo.
\root tla:l
\ref 01951
\lxam bu:rroh me:soh
\lxam_c bu:rroh me:soh
\lxoa bu:rroh maye:soh
\lxoa_f ['bu: rro ma 'ye: soh]
\lxoa_c bu:rro maye:soh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan manadero
\psm N
\der N-loan (?)
\infn N1
\sense_e donkey (or type of donkey) used to impregnate mares and thus sire mules
\sense_s burro (o tipo de burro?) utilizado para impregnar a las yeguas y producir mulas y machos
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nse Me:so has only been documented in the phrase burroh me:soh. Note that in Oapan these types of donkeys are called ma:ye:soh. The
words me:soh and maye:soh are probably derived from Spanish, although the source term has not yet been determined.
\vl Check for final /h/ in both /burro/ and /me:so/. Check to see if /me:so/ occurs in other instances rather than only after /burroh/.
\ref 01952
\lxam texkahli
\lxam_c texkahli
\lxoa texkahli
\lxoa_c texkahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e stony area, covered almost completely with large, round stones
\sense_s pedregal
\sense_d Pending
\root te
\root xka
\nse The word texkahli is used in a manner that makes it virtually equivalent to texkahloh , the denominal adjectival form, though the latter is much more
common. Indeed, texkahli is rarely used.
\nde Molina has for texcalli 'peñasco, risco, o horno.' RS has for the same word 'roca, elevación, lugar escarpado, caverna, madriguera de fieras; horno, hornada;
texcalli ouitica, roca escarpada, difícil de escalar. Con la posp. co: texcalco, en la caverna, en el horno; texcalco icucic texcalli, pan cocido al
horno.'
\ref 01953
\lxam techichikiltik
\lxam_c techichikiltik
\lxoa téchichikíltik
\lxoa_c téchichikíltik
\lxoa_pr techichikiltik
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be haggard and drawn; to be skin and bones; to be puny (a person or animal, generally from a lack of food and nutrition, though perhaps from not to have grown to full
size)
\sense_s estar demacrado; estar raquítico; estar enclenque (una persona o animal, generalmente por falta de comida y nutrición)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Techichikiltik, kas kwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is skin and bones, perhaps he's sick.
\phrase_s Estáenclenque, quizáestáenfermo.
\sense_e puny; tiny (a fruit that is poorly formed and not filled out, a plant or part of a plant that is very small)
\sense_s chiquita (una fruta muy mal formada y seca, una planta o parte de una planta que es muy chiquita)
\sense_d Pending
\root te-
\root chikil
\nse Luis Lucena accepted the form chichikiltik as equivalent to techichikiltik although I have only heard the former in conversation a few rare times. Thus
although there is an entry under chichikiltik with the observation that this may take the intensifier te-, the major entry is techichikiltik.
\vl Check p-a in Oapan for all words with /techichikil-/. I originally had this entry written without p-a.
\semref chichikiltik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 01954
\lxam yetla:hli
\lxam_c yetla:hli
\lxoa yetla:hli
\lxoa_c yetla:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e land on which beans only are planted
\sense_s tierra sembrada sólo con frijoles
\sense_d Pending
\root ye
\root tla:l
\ency_note tla:hli
\qry Get names for other types of lands in reference to what is planted on them (tlayo:ltla:hli? a:yotla:hli?, etc.). Make sure that this term is correct.
\ref 01955
\lxam a:wa:xkuwtli
\lxam_c a:wa:xkuwtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound (N-N)-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e Leucaena leucocephala(Lam.) DeWit, guaje of the Fabaceae (ex Leguminosae) family with edible fruit
\sense_s Leucaena leucocephala(Lam.) DeWit, guaje de la familia Fabaceae (ex Leguminosae) con frutos comestibles
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root a:
\root wa:x
\root kow
\semref a:wa:xinkuwtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kalwa:xkohtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref kalwa:xin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01956
\lxam mela:hka:n
\lxam_c i:mela:hka:n
\lxoa mela:hka:n
\lxoa_alt mela:hka:h
\lxoa_c i:mela:hka:h
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-dvb-ka:n
\infn N2
\sense_e right in front of
\sense_s directamente enfrente de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Me:roh tomela:hka:n o:wets.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It fell over right in front of us (i.e., in the direction we were going).
\phrase_s Se cayódirectamente enfrente de nosotros (esto es, por donde nosíbamos).
\phrase_n I:mela:hka:n kasti:yokuwtli o:notla:lih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He sat down right in front of the post used for securing the castillos upright.
\phrase_s Se sentódirectamente enfrente del poste utilizado para amarrar a los castillos.
\root mela:
\root_rel -ka:n
\nse Most often mela:hka:n is used to refer to the place right in front of where a person (or animal) in motion is heading, although apparently at times it may also refer
to the place in front of a stationary object.
\qry Confirm observation in /nse field re: semantics of this word.
\ref 01957
\lxam iyá:k
\lxam_c iyá:k
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\sense_e to be foul-smelling (yepakihli, nextamahli , corpses)
\sense_s ser apestoso (yepakihli, nixtamal, cadáveres)
\sense_d Am
\semfld smell
\root hya:
\ency_note smells (again; ency for all semantic fields)
\mod Check other bases for other smells: /pipiyá:k/ etc. Perhaps construct a page in the ono section on different words referring to types of smells.
\ref 01958
\lxam tlixo:xtli
\lxam_c tlixo:xtli
\lxoa tlixo:xtli
\lxoa_c tlixo:xtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e ember; coal (of a fire)
\sense_s brasa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlixo:xtli san xo:tlatok, xtekwi:ntok, xtetekwikatok, xwekapan ki:stok itliyo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The coals are just burning bright, the flames are not rising, they are not crackling, their flames are not rising very high.
\phrase_s Las brasas solamente están encendidas, no están llameando, no están crepitando, sus llamas no salen muy altas.
\root tli
\root xo:ch
\nde Classical Nahuatl (Molina) has tlexochtli and tlexuchtli, both glossed as 'brasa o asqua.' I would imagine the possibility of a possessed form, but have not
coded it pending documentation.
\ref 01959
\lxam tlayo:lpa:pa:lo:tl
\lxam_c tlayo:lpa:pa:lo:tl
\lxoa tlayo:lpa:pa:lo:tl
\lxoa_c tlayo:lpa:pa:lo:tl
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e small winged bug that develop in stored maize
\sense_s pequeño insecto con alas que salen del maíz almacenado
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root pa:lo:
\root o:ya
\semref pa:pa:lo:tl de tlayo:hli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01960
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa po:nkah
\lxoa_c po:nkah
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Adv(loc)=V1
\der V1-b
\infv Irregular; see kah
\sense_e to be right there
\sense_s estar allímismo
\sense_d Oa
\root on
\root ka
\root_rel -pa
\ency_note adverbs
\nde In Oapan one uses kahfor inanimate objects and nemifor animates. Thus ponkah mosombre:roh but páon nemi moburroh.
\nae Apparently Oapan ponkah is equivalent to Ameyaltepec ompakah. However, there might be some semantic difference that has not yet been
documented.
\grm Deixis: In Oapan one uses kah for inanimate objects and nemi for animates. Thus ponkah mosombre:roh but páon nemi
moburroh. Check and confirm. This is in the entry.
\semref u:mpakah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01961
\lxam tenexa:tl
\lxam_c tenexa:tl
\lxoa tenexa:tl
\lxoa_c tenexa:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e water, mixed with lime, used for making nextamahli and for whitewashing walls (when employed for this latter purpose a little salt is added to the water so
that the whitewash does not get on the clothes of people who lean up against the wall)
\sense_s agua mezclada con cal utilizada para hacer nixtamal y para pintar paredes (para esteúltimo uso se le agrega un poquito de sal para que no manche a la ropa de las
personas que se recarguen sobre la pared)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld material
\root te
\root nex
\root a:
\qry There is no documentation of the possessed form, but I have nevertheless coded it. Note that I originally had this defined as mortar/mezcla.
\semref tenexa:wi:teki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01962
\lxam xa:yakatili:ni
\lxam_c xa:yakatili:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for ones face to swell or puff up
\sense_s hincharse la cara a
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:xa:yakatili:n. O:wets.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His face swelled up. He fell.
\phrase_s Se le hinchóla cara. se había caido.
\root xa:yaka
\root tili:
\qry Check for transitive form, not documented to date. Note that in reviewing this entry under /lxo there was only"see xa:yakaposa:wi."However, under the /lxoc field I
had /xa:yakatili:ni/, which seems to indicate that the verb is acceptable. My recollection is that in Oapan the use of /tili:ni/ for swollen is not correct, so this entry should be rechecked.
First, check to make sure that /xa:yakatili:ni/ was actually pronounced. If there is a recording/elicitation of /xa:yakatili:ni/ for Oapan, don't create an entry and link until checking the
validity of this form.
\semref xa:ya:posa:wi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01963
\lxam monextik
\lxam_c monextik
\lxoa mónextík
\lxoa_c mónextík
\lxoa_pr monextik
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Op. te- : temonextik
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be dusty; to be covered with dust; to be dirty
\sense_s estar empolvoreado, estar cubierto de polvo; estar sucio
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be the color of light dirt
\sense_s estar el color de polvo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San temonextik, o:notla:lmi:miloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's covered with dust, he (e.g., a child, drunk, etc.) rolled around back and forth on the ground.
\phrase_s Estácubierto de polvo, se revolcó(p. ej., un niño, un borracho, etc.) de un lado a otro por la tierra.
\semfld color
\root mohnex
\qry Determine whether /monextik/ and /temonextik/ are equivalent, and if /te-/ should be considered the intensifier. Also compare to other grey colors (e.g., /kwitlanextsi:n/).
\ref 01964
\lxam totopoka
\lxam_c totopoka
\lxoa totopoka
\lxoa_c totopoka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\trans Compl
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to make a sputtering sound (an engine or mechanical device); to make a popping sound (e.g., guaje seeds when being toasted on a griddle); to crackle (e.g.,
certain crunchy foods when eaten)
\sense_s petardear; hacer un sonido como de pequeñas explosiones (semillas de guaje al tostarse sobre un comal); hacer un sonido como chasquido (p. ej., ciertas comidas al
comerse)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Totopokatok a:tl, kemech poso:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The water is making a popping sound, it is just at the point of boiling.
\phrase_s El agua estáhaciendo un sonido como de"pum, pum", estáa punto de hervirse.
\sense_e to growl (ones stomach)
\sense_s gruñir (el estómago)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Totopoka nitik, nimotla:lili:s tlikonextli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My stomach is growling (from being upset, it hurts), I will put ashes on it (as a cure).
\phrase_s Mi estómago estágruñiendo (por estar mal, adolorido), me lo voy a poner cenizas (para curarlo).
\semfld sound
\root topo:
\disamb kukwalaka; totopoka (in regards to ones stomach growling; see /itikukwalaka/ and check for /ititotopoka/); check /kokomoka/ vs. /totopoka/, etc.
\qry Note that I had 'The bus is coming sputtering along.' but no Nahuatl. The Nahuatl might be /Wa:ltotopokatiw fle:chah/; in another entry I have /Wa:lkokomokatiw fle:chah/. Check
whether /totopoka/ is correct here.
\xref topo:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01965
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod Here the word /to:xtsotsol/ has been removed from the dictionary.
\dt 27/Jul/2001
\ref 01966
\lxam tlatlawi:teki
\lxam_c kitlatlawi:teki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e see tlawi:teki
\sense_s véase tlawi:teki
\sense_d Am
\root wi:teki
\ref 01967
\lxam koxtlalowa
\lxam_c nokoxtlalowa
\lxoa koxtlalowa
\lxoa_c nokoxtlalowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp S-V2
\der V2-refl
\infv class-2b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\sense_e to sleepwalk
\sense_s sonambular
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nokoxtlalowa. Nokwiste:wa san ikochipan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He sleepwalks. During his sleep he gets up.
\phrase_s Sonambula. Se levanta durante el sueño.
\root kochi
\root tlalo
\qry Recheck whether /tlalowa/ is only used in the reflexive here. Check also to see if there is any transitive form. Etymology should be checked. Determine the proper way to give the
stems of transitive verbs ending in /-owa/.
\ref 01968
\lxam tlako:lo:lto:ka
\lxam_c kitlako:lo:lto:ka
\lxoa tlako:lo:lto:ka
\lxoa_c kitlako:lo:lto:ka
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V1
\der V2-b
\trans +Spec
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to plant a tlako:lo:hli
\sense_s sembrar un tlako:lo:hli
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with object marker) to plant (a specific hill or location) as a tlako:lo:hli
\sense_s sembrar (un cerro o lugar en particular) como un tlako:lo:hli
\sense_d Pending
\semfld agriculture
\root tlako:l
\root to:ka
\ref 01969
\lxam ma:wia
\lxam_c kima:wia
\lxoa ma:wia
\lxoa_f [ma: 'wi ya]
\lxoa_c kima:wia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to use ones hands for (a particular activity) or on (a particular object)
\sense_s utilizar las manos para (alguna actividad) o sobre (un objeto en particular)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikma:wi:s noyew, nikma:tlapa:nas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will use my hands on my beans, I will shell them by hand.
\phrase_s Voy a usar las manos con mis frijoles, los voy a desvainar a mano.
\phrase_n San o:nikma:wih, xo:nkalaktih wa:kax.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I just worked it (in this case a field) with my hands, I didn't use (a team of) oxen.
\phrase_s Nada más lo trabajé(en este caso un terreno) con las manos, no le metí(una junta de) bueyes.
\root ma:
\qry Refers to the action of using ones hands, in apparently any activity. Check for full range of use.
\vl There is an extra token of this word at 5776.
\semref ma:tlapa:na
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01970
\lxam a:kestok
\lxam_c a:kestok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\compound Adv-V1
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be lying down face up (a person or animal and, by extension, certain objects with a"face"or"mouth")
\sense_s estar acostado boca arriba (una persona o animal y, por extensión metafórica, algunos objetos con una"boca"o"cara")
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xki:xakamana, ma:ka ihkón a:kesto.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place it upside-down (i.e., a plate, bowl, bucket) don't let it stay upright.
\phrase_s Colócala boca abajo (un plato, taza, cubeta), que no estéboca arriba.
\phrase_n Nika:n na:kestok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here I am lying face-up.
\phrase_s Aquíestoy acostado boca arriba.
\root ah
\root ketsa
\fl a:kestete:ka
\nae One finds both ta:kestok and tia:kestok. Carochi (f. 127; Lockhart p. 466) distinguishes a:quetza with a long vowel, from
àquetza with a 'saltillo.' The former he glosses as 'larga, colgar el agua, como lo haze quien haze cacao para que haga espuma.' The latter as 'alço la cabeça.' Yet it seems
that, at least occasionally, underlying {ah} in Ameyaltepec is realized as a long /a:/. Thus if the vowel length of a:kestok is confirmed as long, this would simply reflect
lengthening of underlying {h} and not historical length. In Oapan one finds ákestewéstok
\qry Determine whether other aspectual endings may be used and the form: /akestitiw/ or /akestiw/. Note that the differences between /akestok/ and /akestla:lia/, etc. should be discussed
here; cf. the entries in Molina.
\vl Check vowel length here as my original notes were inconclusive as to the length of the initial vowel. For determining length it might be best to elicit a form with an initial
stop: /ta(:?)kestok/, etc.
\grm The stative meaning of this form suggests that it is derived from an underlying unaccusative (intransitive), which would be ?/ketsi/ (cf. /a:ntok/, etc. Note that in Molina one
finds /anqui/ and /titlantli/. Cf. comments by Launey on these derivations from transitives.
\semref ákestewéstok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01971
\lxam xawa:nia
\lxam_c kixawa:nia
\lxoa xawa:nia
\lxoa_c kixawa:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to crunch sth brittle in ones mouth, making crackling sounds (e.g., old dried tortillas, chicharrón , totopoxtli)
\sense_s mascar (p. ej., tortillas viejas, chicharrón, totopoxtli)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Melá:k tikxawa:nitok un xokotl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are really crunching that plum in your mouth, making it make a cracking sound.
\phrase_s De veras estás mascando esa ciruela en tu boca, haciendo que suenen los crujidos.
\root xawa:
\nde Classical Nahuatl (Molina) has the same word but with a different meaning: xauania. nitla 'vaziar agua o cosas liquidas.' Although no intransitive form ?
xawa:ni has been documented for Ameyaltepec and Oapan, Carochi (f. 75, Lockhart 276) does given have xaua:ni 'caer gole de agua,ôotras cosas líquidas.'
This verb is not in Molina.
\qry Determine the precise difference between /xaxawatsa/ and /xawa:nia/, if in both cases it refers only to things cruched in ones mouth, etc. Also determine whether /xawa:ni/ exists.
\xref xaxawatsa
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01972
\lxam te:ntia
\lxam_c kite:ntia
\lxoa te:ntia
\lxoa_c kite:ntia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to sharpen (a knife, ax, machete, etc.)
\sense_s afilar; sacarle filo a (un cuchillo, machete, hacha, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\ref 01973
\lxam dále
\lxam_c dále te:h
\lxoa dále
\lxoa_c dále té:h
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) (án)dale
\psm Interj
\der Interj
\sense_e Ok then!
\sense_s ¡ándale pues!
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n ¡Dáleka:n!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Hurry up then!
\phrase_s ¡ándele Uds.!
\root teh
\nse This interjection is used in response to a statement that the first party is going to do something, usually leave a place. It is the same as /ándale téh/ and is a Spanish borrowing
meaning 'ándale pues.'For example, after someone says ma nia ('I'm going now!') in taking leave, the one remaining behind may respond dale téh , i.e.
'Ok then!' Note the use of the plural imperative marker -ka:n with this interjection in Oapan. Cf. a similar use with mo:stlaas in the greeting used to take
leave of more than one person: mo:stlaka:n.
\grm Imperative, optative: Note the use of the plural imperative marker -ka:n with this interjection /dáleka:n/ in Oapan. Cf. a similar use with
mo:stlaas in the greeting used to take leave of more than one person: mo:stlaka:n.
\ref 01974
\lxam sa:yo:ltlakwahli
\lxam_c sa:yo:ltlakwahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e to be bitten (a human) by a lot of mosquitos
\sense_s tener (una persona) muchos piquetes de mosquito
\sense_d Am
\root sa:yo:l
\root kwa
\qry Check meaning and contextual use, e.g, ?/sayoltlakwahli mokxi/, etc. This may simply have been a 'vacilada' from some young men in Ameyaltepec and not a word that should be
entered in a lexicon.
\ref 01975
\lxam kuwyo:lki
\lxam_c kuwyo:lki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ki
\infn N1; pl. kuwyo:lka:meh
\sense_e wild animal (any wild animal, tiger, wolf, deer, coyote, tejón , that lives i:tik kuwyoh 'in the woods or forest')
\sense_s animal silvestre (cualquier animal, tigre, lobo, venado, coyote, tejón, que vive i:tik kuwyoh 'en el bosque')
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld cat
\root kow
\root yo:l
\semref tepe:yo:lki
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01976
\lxam i:wia:ntilia
\lxam_alt ni:wia:ntilia
\lxam_c noi:wia:ntilia
\lxoa í:wia:ntília
\lxoa_pr í:wia:ntilia
\lxoa_c ní:wia:ntília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e to get it together (in terms of getting a job done, picking up sth that one is being taught)
\sense_s ponerse listo o abusado (en cuanto a cumplir con una tarea o captar bien lo que se le enseña)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xomoi:wia:ntili! Xmotla:tlasiwi:ti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Get it together! Get a move on!
\phrase_s ¡Ponte listo!¡Apúrate!
\root i:wia:n
\qry Note that the verb here refers to the action of"getting smart", i.e."ponerse listo". Check to see if the derived form /iwia:nti/ exists; and also if the verb /iwia:ntilia/ is used only in
reflexive.
\qry_fon Etymology uncertain; check. Check length of initial vowel. I originally had a short /i/, but Oapan evidence suggests a long one. Nevertheless, check.
\ref 01977
\lxam te:tlamakake:tl
\lxam_c te:tlamakake:tl
\lxoa te:tlamakake:tl
\lxoa_c te:tlamakake:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e woman who brings food to people (in general a woman who stays home while the men go to the field, she then cooks and brings them the food at midday)
\sense_s mujer que lleva comida a la gente (en general una mujer que se queda atrás en la casa mientras que los hombres vayan al campo a trabajar, ella cocina y después les lleva
la comida caliente a mediodía)
\sense_d Pending
\root maka
\semref tlamaka
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01978
\lxam ita
\lxam_c kita
\lxoa ita
\lxoa_c kita
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\der V2-b
\infv Irregular; see ita
\allomorph i-epen
\trans +Appl; +Caus
\sense_e to see
\sense_s ver
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tikitak un te:lpokawah? San mitsiistok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Did you see that boy? He's just looking you over (e.g., because he likes you).
\phrase_s ¿Viste ese muchacho? Se la pasa echándote ojo (p. ej., porque le gustas).
\phrase_n Xne:cha:lita, xniwetska!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Look over here at me, I'm not laughing!
\phrase_s ¡Mírame hacia acá, no me estoy riendo!
\phrase_n Nostoyan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They were looking at each other.
\phrase_s Se estaban viendo.
\sense_e to figure out; to decipher; to find a solution (to a problem)
\sense_s descifrar; ver como (hacer una cosa); solucionar (un problema)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xekita ke:n kichi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He still hasn't figured out how he will do it (i.e., still hasn't found the way or solution, or hasn't learned the process).
\phrase_s Todavía no le ve cómo lo va a hacer (esto es, todavía no lo soluciona, todavía no ha aprendido cómo hacerlo).
\phrase_n Kita ke:n yes, ke:n kichi:wili:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's figured out how it will be, how he will do it (i.e., arrange it).
\phrase_s Ve cómo va a ser, cómo le va a hacer (esto es, arreglarlo, etc.).
\sense_e (recipr. 1st person pl., usually future) see you around; be seeing you (used in taking leave of sb)
\sense_s (recipr. 1a persona pl., generalmente futuro) nos vemos (utilizado como palabras de despedido)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timotaskeh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e See you around!
\phrase_s ¡Nos vemos!
\sense_e (ke:n ~) to be a relative of (note: does not include husband and wife)
\sense_s (ke:n ~) ser pariente de (nota: no incluye a un esposo y su conyuge)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:n timitsita.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am a relative of yours.
\phrase_s Soy pariente tuyo.
\phrase_n Ke:no:n tikita?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How is he related to you?
\phrase_s Cúal es su relación de parentesco contigo?
\phrase_n Xke:n notan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are not relatives.
\phrase_s No son parientes.
\phrase_n Xke:n nikita.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am not related to him.
\phrase_s No tengo una relación de parentesco conél.
\phrase_n Yon neyásiwa:tl, ke:n ni:ta.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e That there woman, I'm related to her.
\phrase_s Esa mujer allá, es mi pariente.
\sense_e (ipan (Am) i:pan (Oa) ~) to respect
\sense_s (ipan (Am) i:pan (Oa) ~) to respetar
\phrase_n Xakah ipan kitas.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 01978_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 2002_08_06_CF1_Am.wav / 1:40
\phrase_e He will not respect anyone.
\phrase_s No va a respetar a nadie.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to stare at; to look over; to fix ones eyes on (e.g., in looking at a statue or work of art; or in being circumspect in going around a tree, an
animal that is sleeping, etc.)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) mirar intensamente a; echarle ojo a; clavar la vista a (p. ej., en observar un monumento u obra de arte, o en ir esquivando un animal
peligroso)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San ne:chi:ita.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's just staring at me (looking me up and down).
\phrase_s Solamente me estáojeando (viéndome desde arriba hasta abajo).
\sense_e (with intraverse directional and -tiki:sa) to grow up seeing; to see in passing as one matures or gets older
\sense_s (con una direccional intraversa y -tiki:sa) ver algo al crecer o al avanzar de edad
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ihkón o:nikistiki:sako.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That's the way I saw it when growing up.
\phrase_s Asílo vi en mi niñez.
\root ta
\nse In the use of ita to indicate kinship relations it is not clear whether Ke:non tikita? is more correctly interpreted as 'How is he related to you?' or
'How are you related to him?' It appears that the first interpretation is the correct one. Determination of use in context and the proper response to such questions would clarify the
precise meaning of the construction.
\nae In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan the initial /i/ of ita is dropped after the directional on- : Ma nikonta 'Let me go take a look at it!'
Compare this to kwa:litas 'He will come look at it', in which case the initial /i/ is not dropped. In the negative expression xtaboth the subject
and object pronouns are deleted. In Oapan the intervocalic k- is often deleted with a subject pronoun having final /i/. This is written as, for example, ni'ita
in transcriptions; the initial sound of this i- initial word seems to be different (i.e., a double articulation of the initial vowel) than that of other i- initial words that
lose the object prefix, e.g., ilna:miki, cf. nilna:miki.
\qry Determine difference between /iita/ and /i:ita/. Also determine difference between forms such as mitsiita and mitstlatlata. Check whether /ke:non tikita/ means 'how is he related to
you?' or 'how are you related to him?'
\grm Oapan phonology: Note that when a /k/ is lost between a subject prefix and an initial short /i/ of a verbal stem, the resulting /i/ is long: /ke:n ni:ta/ or /ní:towá/, or
/ni:lka:wa/.
\semref tlatlata
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlátlatá
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref ititia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref itilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01979
\lxam tlatlachpa:nwa:htsi:n
\lxam_alt tlatlachpa:nwa:stsi:n
\lxam_c tlatlachpa:nwa:htsi:n
\lxoa tlatlachpa:wa:stsi:n
\lxoa_c tlatlachpa:wa:stsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-wa:s
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infn N1
\sense_e generic name of several herbaceous plants that have still not been properly identified
\sense_s nombre genérico de varias plantas herbáceas todavía no identificadas
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root chpa:
\notes_nature Consultants mentioned that this plant is not used for anything: xtlah para. It thus is probably not used in brooms despite its name. Given the use of
reduplication in Nahuatl to indicate metaphoric extension
\grm Oapan phonology: Note n-to-0
\ref 01980
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was for Oapan /no:chma:tlapahli/ and has been removed as it was duplicated.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 01981
\lxam wi:loh
\lxam_c wi:loh
\lxoa wi:loh
\lxoa_c wi:loh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (Sp) wi:lah
\psm Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e lame
\sense_s cojo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Patiltik ikxi, wi:loh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His leg is crooked, he is lame.
\phrase_s Tiene la pierna chueca, estácojo.
\root wila:
\nae Wi:loh is undoubtedly related to Classical uila, glossed by Molina as 'persona tollida que anda agatas,' itself related to the Nahuatl stem
wila:(as in Classical uila:na. nino 'andar arrastrando y agatas por el suelo' and uilantli 'tollido que anda agatas.' The fact that the Balsas region
has final -oh and a long initial /i:/ suggests that wilah might have been reanalyzed as a gender specific Spanish word. This would explain the shift to final
-oh and the lengthening of the initial (here penultimate) syllable.
\qry Check whether gender marking occurs here as /wi:lah/.
\ref 01982
\lxam onaki
\lxam_c onaki
\lxoa onaki
\lxoa_c onaki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Dir-V1
\der V2-alt-ki(a)
\trans ~Trans (Oa)
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to fit into (implicitly, a tight space, or a narrow space such as a bed)
\sense_s caber dentro de un lugar (implícitamente ajustado o apretado, incluyendo cosas como camas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtonakiskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We won't fit (e.g., in a small car).
\phrase_s No vamos a caber (p. ej., en un coche pequeño).
\phrase_n Xo:nonak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I didn't fit (in given reduced space).
\phrase_s No cupe (en un espacio reducido).
\sense_e to be appropriate (to a situation)
\sense_s ser apropriado para (una situación)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Umpa xonaki un tlato:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That word is not correctly used (not appropriate) there.
\phrase_s Esa palabra no es apropiada allí(no le queda allí).
\root on-
\root ak
\disamb kalaki
\nse In Ameyaltepec onaki refers to objects or persons that fit into a relatively tight space (e.g., people in a car, a crowded room, papers in a drawer, etc.).
Kalaki , on the other hand, does not have this sense of"fitting"; rather it seems most often to refer to material objects or animate beings that enter into a large space,
such as a person walking into a room or a drawer entering a chest.
\nae The intransitive form aki occurs only with the"directional"prefix element on- ; it does not accept wa:l-, i.e. * wa:laki is not
acceptable. Note that where as Ameyaltepec has a transitive form akia , Oapan does not, instead using only the verb kalahtiato indicate the act of
placing an object (or animate being) inside something.
\qry Make sure that /wa:laki/ is not correct. Make sure that Oapan does not have /akia/ as a transitive.
\semref akia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref onahtok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01983
\lxam koska:tlatla:ltsi:n
\lxam_c koska:tlatla:ltsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound Part-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to be yellowish earth-colored
\sense_s ser el color como tierra amarilla
\sense_d Am
\root ko:s
\root tla:l
\nse Reduplication is characteristic of Nahuatl color terminology in the Balsas region; ko:skatlatla:ltik follows this tendency.
\nae Apparently this is derived from the root ko:s'yellow' and tla:l'earth.' The -ka- syllable might be misrepresented as having a short vowel
where a long one is expected if the etymology is from the root for 'yellow.'
\qry Recheck length of /a/ in /ka/ syllable. Recheck meaning and how applied, and also check morphology. The vowel is probably long and and miswritten/heard as short. Check.
\grm Reduplication: Note the reduplication in /ko:skatlatla:ltik/ 'yellowish earth-colored' The reduplication seems to be a generality of color terminology.
\ref 01984
\lxam po:chaktik
\lxam_c po:chaktik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\sense_e to be black and dirty (but from sth that does not include soot)
\sense_s estar negro y sucio (de algo que no sea hollín)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xki:xti motlake:n! Melák po:chaktik, o:titlatla:hlowak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take off your clothes! They are really black and dirty, you got covered with earth.
\phrase_s ¡Quítate la ropa! Estámuy negra y sucia, te cubriste de tierra.
\root po:ch
\disamb Distinguish between the various words that indicate a blackening, e.g. /po:chaktik/, /po:ktik/, /tli:liwi/, etc.
\nse Although Luis Lucena mentioned that po:chaktik refers to something that has become black, but not from soot, the Classical sources give similar words (such as
pochectia) as meaning things such as 'ahumarse, ennegrecerse, tomar el color del humo.' An association with smoke and soot would be expected from the root, so
the definition given above should be checked.
\qry Check to see if this is should be /po:chektik/, from the verb /po:che:wi/, which would put the adjectival formation in the same group as /tetomaktik/, though without the intensifier.
Also, check to determine if /po:chaktik/ does accept the intensifier, which it might well. Check for /po:cha:wak/. Note that Luis Lucena mentioned that /po:chaktik/ is used for sth
that has become black, but when this is not from soot. Check.
\ref 01985
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa teo:lo:tl
\lxoa_c teo:lo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e instrument used to shell maize, consisting of upright corncobs bound together in a tight circle with a metal band (cincho) or rope
\sense_s instrumento para desgranar maíz, que consiste en un círculo de olotes puestos verticales y amarrados apretadamente con un cincho de metal o una soga
\sense_d Oa
\semfld tool
\root o:lo:
\root te
\ilus_note See illustration on original filecard.
\grm Noun compounding: Note that in several cases the order of compounding in Oapan and Ameyaltepec is completely reversed. Thus in the present case Oa has /teo:lo:tl/
whereas Ameyaltepec has /o:lo:tetl/. They both refer to the same instrument for shelling corn. There are other examples. If I remember correctly one of these is /tamaliswatl/
(Oa) and /iswatamahli/ (Am), both of which refer to the wide leaves of corn plants that are used for wrapping up certain types of tamales.
\semref o:lo:tetl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 01986
\lxam maxaktlapa:na
\lxam_c kimaxaktlapa:na
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to split right at the point of bifurcation (e.g., a thick, forked wooden pole, horcón , a branch of a tree, etc.)
\sense_s hendir (p. ej., un horcón, una rama donde se junta al tronco, etc.) justamente en el punto de una bifurcación
\sense_d Am
\root maxa
\root tlapa:
\root_rel -ko
\semref kamachaltlapa:na
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01987
\lxam peto:nilia
\lxam_c kipeto:nilia
\lxoa peto:nilia
\lxoa_c kipeto:nilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to detach for; to loosen for; to unsnag for
\sense_s aflojar o desatar para; desprender para
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to unbutton for (e.g., a shirt [SO] for sb [PO])
\sense_s desabrochar para (p. ej., una camisa [SO] para algn [PO])
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl. with tla-) to lose hold (of sth that one is grasping or holding on to, e.g., a tree that one is climbing)
\sense_s (refl. con tla-) caer al no poder mantenerse agarrado (a algo que uno estásujetando o donde uno estáagarrado, p. ej., unárbol que uno estátrapando)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka timotlapeto:nili:s, tiwa:lwetsis, tikwa:tlapa:ntekos.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't lose hold (e.g., in climbing a tree, a cliff, etc.), you'll fall to the ground, you'll split your head open when you hit the ground.
\phrase_s No te vayas a resbalar (p. ej., al no mantenerte agarrado a algo que estátrepando, como unárbol, risco, etc.), te vas a caer al suelo, te vas a romper la cabeza al estallar
contra el suelo.
\root peto:
\qry Applicative: Note the following interesting use of an applicative and non-specific object: /peto:nilia/ (refl. with tla-) to lose hold of. E.g.. /Ma:ka timotlapeto:nili:s,
tiwa:lwetsis, tikwa:tlapa:ntekos/ 'Don't lose hold (e.g., in climbing a tree, a cliff, etc.), you'll fall to the ground, you'll split your head open when you hit the ground'
\grm Applicative; /tla-/: Note that in /notlapeto:nilia/ one has a trivalent verb that takes two objects. Note the difference between /peto:ni/, intransitive, /tlapeto:nia/, transitive with
a nonspecific object, and /notlapeto:nilia/, which is reflexive and has a nonspecific object /tla-/.
\xref peto:nia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 01988
\lxam sakachocholtsi:n
\lxam_c sakachocholtsi:n
\lxoa saká:choltsí:n
\lxoa_c saká:choltsí:n
\lxgen sakachohcholtsi:n
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn N1
\sense_e type of very short grass
\sense_s tipo de zacate muy corto
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Sakachocholtsi:n | Xtlah para, itlakwal burroh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sakachocholtsi:n : It's not used for anything, it's fodder for donkeys.
\phrase_s Sakachocholtsi:n : No se usa para nada, es comida de burros.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root saka
\root chol
\notes_nature Apparently the use of -chocholtsi:n refers precisely to the shortness of this grass. Ramírez (1991) simply mentions that this is a member of the family
Gramineae and gives its Spanish name as zacate pisado.
\grm Nominalization: Note the use of /tsi:n/ to create nominal forms. Thus from /cholowa/, or the stem of this verb, the /tsi:n/ creates what appears to be a nominal form.
\ref 01989
\lxam ikxine:stok
\lxam_c ikxine:stok
\lxoa ixine:stok
\lxoa_c ixine:stok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\compound N-V1
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e for footprints to be visible (from a human or the back legs of an animal)
\sense_s estar visibles las huellas de pie (de un ser humano o las piernas traseras de un animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ikxine:stokeh, nika:n o:pano:lo:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There are footprints visible, people passed by here.
\phrase_s Se pueden ver huellas de pie, aquípasógente.
\sense_e to have ones legs exposed
\sense_s tener las piernas expuestas
\sense_d Pending
\root kxi
\root ne:si
\ref 01990
\lxam tla:ltextia
\lxam_c tla:ltextia
\lxoa tla:ltextia
\lxoa_c tla:ltextia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to become close to the ground (e.g., sth heavy that is hanging and slowly stretches, getting closer to the ground, a car that is overloaded, etc.)
\sense_s acercarse a la tierra o suelo (p. ej., algo pesado que estácolgado y poco a poco se estira, acercándose a la tierra, un coche con un sobrecargo de gente, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:l
\root_rel -tech
\grm Verbalization /-tia/: here note the use of /-tia/ to verbalize a locative construction with the relational noun /-tech/.
\semref tla:ltechiwi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 01991
\lxam tekamotli
\lxam_c tekamotli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(h)
\sense_e type of camote or sweet potato that is most commonly found in the Chilpancingo and Tixtla areas; still not identified
\sense_s tipo de camote, nativo a los alrededores de Chilpancingo y Tixtla; todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld tuber (pending)
\semfld edible
\root te
\root kamoh
\ency_note kamotli
\notes_nature My notes to date do not indicate whether this type of sweet potato is cultivated or wild.
\ref 01992
\lxam chakayoltik
\lxam_c chakayoltik
\lxoa chakailtik
\lxoa_c chakailtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be pockmarked; to be rough; to be uneven and not smooth; to be bumpy (said of a surface such as that of a good metate)
\sense_s estaráspero; estar rasposo; estar disparejo y no liso; estar cacarañado (se dice de la superdicie de un objeto como la de un metate)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld texture
\root chakayol
\disamb chakayoltik; tesontik, tewistik; tsotsokoltik
\nde Molina has chacayulli 'callos delos pies, o de las manos.' This is a nominal form that is clearly the base for the Balsas region adjectival. However, there is no other
documentation of this root in the sources consulted.
\qry Determine other surfaces that are /chakayoltik/; also determine whether this can refer to ones hands
\mod Add an onomasiological entry on surfaces: rough and smooth: the words used to define these and typical objects.
\grm Note that /chacayohli/ (callos) and /chacayoliui/ (tener durezas, callos) are both in RS. Thus /chakayoltik/ can be considered Adj-part-wi-tik or Adj-denom-tik. A surface of
a good metate is /chakayoltik/.
\grm Oapan phonology: It is not uncommon for Oapan Nahuatl to manifest a change of yo>i. There are other examples, such as /tepailowa/ cf Am /tepayolowa/.
\ref 01993
\lxam nexwah
\lxam_c nexwah
\lxoa nexwah
\lxoa_c nexwah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e type of snake, apparently grey- or ashen-colored, not yet identified
\sense_s tipo de culebra, aparentemente color gris o de ceniza, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld sn
\root nex
\root wah
\nse One consultant, don Luis Lucena, described this snake as tekwitlanextik (i.e., 'ashen' or 'grey') and as te:muhtih('fierce' or, in Spanish, 'bravo'.
\nae Although the etymology of nexwah is uncertain, it apparently contains the element nex 'ash' and a termination -wah that is found with
other snake names, e.g., a:palwah , which apparently comprises this same 'snake' root wah.
\ency_note kowatl
\ref 01994
\lxam mumuwilistli
\lxam_c mumuwilistli
\lxoa mómowilístli
\lxoa_c mómowilístli
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-is
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 1(s)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e fear, fright
\sense_s miedo; susto; terror
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chasik se: mumuwilistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A fear took hold of me.
\phrase_s Me agarróun miedo.
\root mowi
\qry In phrase above, check for correctness of /se:/ as originally recorded in my notes. Check for other uses of this nominalization. Note that originally I had mumuwistli, but C. Flores
corrected this to /mumuwilistli/.
\ref 01995
\lxam che:ncheh
\lxam_alt moche:cheh
\lxam_alt xmoche:ncheh
\lxam_c che:ncheh
\lxoa che:ncheh
\lxoa_alt moche:ncheh
\lxoa_c che:ncheh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan siéntate
\psm Baby
\der V2-loan
\sense_e sit down!
\sense_s ¡siéntate!
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n che:ncheh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sit down here (as used in talking to babies)!
\phrase_s ¡Siéntate aquí(empleado solamente al hablar con bebés)!
\phrase_n Xmoche:ncheh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sit down (baby-talk)!
\phrase_s ¡Siéntate (palabra de niños)!
\semfld baby
\nae Che:ncheh is used in speaking to very young children. It may be used not only in the form listed as the headword but also as moche:ncheh,
and xmochencheh. This word is a borrowing from Spanish 'siéntate' with palatalization, as is common in babytalk.
\semref tla:lintsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 01996
\lxam i:xkwa:tetl
\lxam_c i:xkwa:tetl
\lxoa i:xkwa:tetl
\lxoa_c i:xkwa:tetl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound (N-N)-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e forehead (of both humans and animals)
\sense_s frente (de la cabeza, de tantos los humanos como los animales)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\root te
\nse I:xkwa:tetl is found almost exclusively in the possessed form, e.g., ni:xkwa:tew.
\mod See note below re: grammar.
\grm It is uncertain whether words such as /i:xkwa:tetl/ should be entered in the dictionary with the possessed termination, i.e., as /i:xkwa:tew/ or whether the absolutive form
should be used, even though it might never be heard. My tendency at present is to change the coding and organization. These words should be entered in the absolutive with
a parenthetical code indicating that almost always, or always perhaps, the noun is found in possessed form.
\ref 01997
\lxam pala:ni
\lxam_c pala:ni
\lxoa pala:ni
\lxoa_c pala:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b(ni/ltia)
\trans +Caus/-Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to rot (wood that has gotten wet, plants that are lying on the ground)
\sense_s echarse a perder; pudrirse (madera que se moja, plantas que están tiradas por el suelo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlapala:ni ika iswatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There's been some rotting of the corn leaves.
\phrase_s Se ha pudrido algo de las hojas de maíz.
\root pala:
\qry Check to determine if ?pala:nia exists. Determine all things that can be incorporated. Determine whether intensifier can be used.
\xref pala:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 01998
\lxam tla:ltepi:tsiwi
\lxam_c tla:ltepi:tsiwi
\lxoa tla:ltepi:tsiwi
\lxoa_c tla:ltepi:tsiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for the earth to harden (particularly that of a dirt floor from having been repeated walked on or soaked with water)
\sense_s endurecerse la tierra (particularmente la de un piso de tierra por haber sido mojado muchas veces, o pisada continuamente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nitla:ichwitok para ma tla:ltepi:tsiwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am sprinkling water on the ground so that the earth (floor) gets hard.
\phrase_s Estoy rociando agua para que la tierra quede maciza.
\root tla:l
\root tepi:ts
\ref 01999
\lxam netextik
\lxam_c netextik
\lxoa netextik
\lxoa_c netextik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\trans ~Base
\sense_e to be close together
\sense_s estar juntos; estar pegados; estar cercanos uno al otro
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Netextik xtla:li!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place them close together (e.g., two sacks of maize, etc.)!
\phrase_s ¡Pónlos pegados unos a otros (p. ej., dos costales de maíz)!
\phrase_n Ma:ka we:weka xtla:li, ne:netextik!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't place them far apart, place them close together!
\phrase_s No los coloques muy apartados (o abiertos), pónlos pegaditos (cerca unos a otros)!.
\root netech
\nse Netextik refers to things such as the rods in a roof of a house, mesh wiring, etc. that are placed or woven close together.
\nae Although the transitive netechowahas been documented in both dialects, the associated intransitive ? netechiwi has not been noted, either in
conversation or in any extant text. Classical Nahuatl likewise has netechoa but not ? netechiui.
\qry Check all the things to which /netextik/ can be applied; also check to determine whether the nonreduplicated form can be used, although one of sentences above has such a usage
(recheck). Finally, check for verbal forms. See illustration on original filecard.
\mod Cf. diagram with netestik
\grm Adjectival derivation from intransitive: Statives marked -x are those for which a corresponding intransitive does not exist, although the meaning of the stative and the
derivational process in general is based on intransitives (and unaccusatives). Apparently, as /netextik/ demonstrates, this situation can also occur with adjectivals. That is,
the form /netextik/ is apparently related to an intransitive ?netechiwi. This verb has not been found in the corpus, though perhaps it will be. At any rate, the question is
whether the derivational process illustrated here can be related to"intransitives"that do not exist in the lexicon. Or, viewed another way, are all adjectivals forms from
-iwi/-owa verbs based simply on a stem (withouth the -iwi/-owa) or should they be considered derived from the intransitive. It will be important to determine for all
Adj-part-wi-tik adjectivals whether the intransitive exists. Hence: check for ?netechiwi.
\ref 02000
\lxam xokopepenke:tl
\lxam_c xokopepenke:tl
\lxoa xokó:penké:tl
\lxoa_c xokó:penké:tl
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who gathers up wild plums scattered on the ground
\sense_s persona que pepena ciruelas regadas por la tierra
\sense_d Oa
\root xoko
\root pena
\ref 02001
\lxam pano:ltilia
\lxam_c kipano:ltilia
\lxoa pano:ltilia
\lxoa_c kipano:ltilia
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap[ca]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to pass to; to relay to; to cede to (a material object [SO]); to relate or pass on (a message [SO]) to
\sense_s pasar o ceder (un objeto [SO]) a; relatar (un mensaje [SO]) a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:cha:lpano:ltili un pla:toh, ne:nkah xkipia ite:ko!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pass me that plate over there, it doesn't belong to anyone!
\phrase_s ¡Pásame ese plato alla, no le pertenece a nadie (lit., 'no tiene su dueño)!
\phrase_n Xne:chka:wili, newa nikpano:ltili:s. Nikihli:s ika yo:tiwa:hlah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Leave it to me, I'll pass it on to him! I'll tell him that you've already come.
\phrase_s ¡Déjamelo, yo se lo voy a relatar! Le voy a decir que ya veniste.
\phrase_n Xne:chpano:ltili motla:l!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Give your land to me (in a sale)!
\phrase_s ¡Dáme tu terreno (en una venta)!
\phrase_n A:man bwe:noh tine:chimpano:ltili:skia un tobaki:tas para no: newa nikimpias.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now is a good time for you to pass some of our cows on to me, so that I can also take care of them (in this case said by a man to his elder brother after their father's death,
given that the elder brother had been caring for all the cattle by himself).
\phrase_s Ahora es bueno ahora que me pases algunas de nuestras vacas para que yo también las pueda cuidar (en este caso dicho por un joven a su hermano mayor que había
estado cuidando todas las vacas que su recién fallecido padre les había dejado).
\sense_e to do in excess
\sense_s exc
\root pano:
\xref pano:ltia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02002
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was the entry for /ma:kokoh/. It has been removed and placed as an alternate pronunciation for /ma:kokon/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 02003
\lxam xoto:nia
\lxam_cpend *kixoto:nia
\lxoa xoto:nia
\lxoa_c kixoto:nia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to pile up; to heap up or place in a heap
\sense_s amontonar; apilar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kixoto:ntokeh ikal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are piling up (the pieces of) their house (i.e., after having taken it apart).
\phrase_s Están amontonando (las piezas de) su casa (esto es, después de haberla desbaratada).
\root xoto:
\nse Although this word has been documented in Ameyaltepec, it is more a word used in Oapan. The equivalent Ameyaltepec term, in regards to the taking apart of a house, is
xiti:nia. See also xoto:ntetla:lia.
\ref 02004
\lxam wi:lo:tlama
\lxam_c wi:lo:tlama
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-[tla-V2]
\der V1-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to hunt huilotas(with a net, rifle, slighshot, etc.)
\sense_s cazar huilotas (con una red, rifle, resortera, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\root wi:lo:
\root ma
\ency_note tlama (whole page on hunting, fishing, etc.)
\nse When tlama occurs with noun incorporation, the presence or absence of short vowel reduplication (cf. chapoltlatlama (Am)) indicates the
manner in which the hunting or gathering takes place. For those animals that are collected in groups, the reduplicated form is used, such as occurs with chapoltlatlama
and mixtlatlama. In other cases, with animals that are hunted individually, there is no reduplication, as with masa:tlama. Thus the fact that
wi:lo:tlama occurs without reduplication of the intransitive verbal stem suggests that huilotas are hunted individually.
\qry Check to make sure that in /huilo:tlama/ they are indeed hunted individually; and check whether /wilo:tlatlama/ exists (and is different in meaning).
\semref tlama
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref to:to:tlama
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02005
\lxam kwa:chakwa:nia
\lxam_c kikwa:chakwa:nia
\lxoa kwa:techakwa:nia
\lxoa_c kikwa:techakwa:nia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Op. infix te- (Am) kwa:techakwa:nia ; Lex. infix te- (Oa)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to hit on the head (particularly on the side)
\sense_s golpear en la cabeza (particularmente por el lado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kikwa:chakwa:nitokeh mokone:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are hitting your child on the side of the head (i.e., holding the side of his head and lightly pounding on it with their fists).
\phrase_s Le están golpeando a tu niño por el lado de la cabeza (esto es, agarrándole la cabeza y ligeramente golpeándola con sus puños).
\sense_e (~ i:pan [noun]) to bang or hit the head of against [noun]
\sense_s (~ i:pan [sustantivo]) golper la cabeza contra [sustantivo]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timitskwa:chakwa:ni:s ipan tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will bang your head against the ground (e.g., holding you by your hair and hitting your head against the ground).
\phrase_s Te voy a golpear la cabeza contra el suelo (p. ej., agarrándotela por el cabello y golpeándola contra el suelo).
\sense_e (repr.) to butt heads (e.g., animals in fighting)
\sense_s (repr.); embestirse (p. ej., animales al pelear); darse cabetazos o topetazos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nokwa:chakwa:nian to:ros kwa:k nomailian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When bulls fight they butt their heads together.
\phrase_s Cuando se pelean, los toros se embisten.
\phrase_n O:nokwa:techakwa:nikeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They butted (or banged) their heads together.
\phrase_s Se dieron cabetazos, uno contra el otro.
\semfld contact
\root kwa:
\root chakwa:
\qry Check for how verb should be categorized, as a cognate with /-ni(a)/ lacking the intransitive, or as a basic verb. Check for use of /te-/ which is common in such verbs, i.e.,
/kwa:techakwa:nia/. Check for intransitive since I do have /tsi:nchakwa:ni/ recorded as a lexeme.
\ref 02006
\lxam tesokitl
\lxam_c tesokitl
\lxoa tesokitl
\lxoa_c tesokitl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e heavy clods or balls of mud from black earth (usually formed in planted fields after a heavy rain)
\sense_s terrones de de tierra negra (que generalmente se forman en los terrenos sembrados después de una fuerte lluvia)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld soil
\root te
\root soki
\disamb sokitl; tesokitl
\nse Tesokitl is used to refer to the condition of wet or moist black earth, which forms heavy clods or balls of mud. The term sokitl , on the other hand,
can both refer to the red clay used in ceramics or to the mud that forms on paths after a rain, etc.
\ref 02007
\lxam chichi:k tlako:tl
\lxam_c chichi:k tlako:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of small tree (or perhaps plant) of the family Lamiaceae
\sense_s tipo deárbol chiquito (o tal vez planta) de la familia Lamiaceae
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root chichi:
\root tlako:
\nae The accentual pattern of chichi:k tlako:tl suggests an analysis as two words, as opposed to chichi:hkamotli in which the accentual pattern and change
of /k/ to /h/ suggests a single word analysis.
\qry Check note: The accent pattern indicates two words, as opposed to chichi:hkamotli where accent pattern and change of /k/ to /h/ suggests a single word analysis.
\ref 02008
\lxam amo kwahli
\lxam_c amo kwahli
\lxoa amo kwahli
\lxoa_c amo kwahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e the Devil
\sense_s el diablo; el demonio
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e no good person (an adult who does sth wrong, a mischievous child)
\sense_s sinvergüenza (un adulto que hace mal, un niño latoso)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Amo kwahli tla:katl, o:tine:chtlapa:nilih notepalkaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You no good man! You broke my bowl!
\phrase_s ¡Sinvergüenza!¡Rompiste mi plato!
\root ahmo
\root kwal
\nse Although amo kwahli can be used to refer to the Devil himself, it is is occasionally used as an exclamation or address term (it is never used with a person prefix, e.g.,
t-, even though the following verbal predicate does use a person marker, as in the above illustrative phrase) to express displeasure with a certain person for something he
or she did. The only use of amo that I have documented in Ameyaltepec is in this set phrase used to curse people, adults as well as children (e.g., a mischievous
child). In regard to Oapan, Florencia Marcelino has heard this word (or phrase) used in Oapan but has never understood what it means. Thus the pitch-accent pattern in her
utterance might be in error.
\semref Xye:ktli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02009
\lxam moya:wak
\lxam_c moya:wak
\lxoa moya:wak
\lxoa_c moya:wak
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-k
\sense_e to be muddied (e.g., a river during the rainy season); stirred up and dirty (e.g., a liquid with sediment)
\sense_s estar revuelto y sucio (p. ej., un río durante la temporada de lluvias, un líquido tener su poso, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Moya:wak a:tl, xnima:ti:sneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The water (or river) is dirty (from having sediment on the bottom stirred up), I don't want to go swimming.
\phrase_s El agua (o río) estásucio (por estar revuelto con sedimento), no me quiero bañar.
\phrase_n Xchipa:wak un tra:goh, moya:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That drink isn't clean, its dirty.
\phrase_s Ese trago no estálimpio, estárevuelto y sucio.
\root moya:
\ref 02010
\lxam tla:lkokone:tl
\lxam_c tla:lkokone:tl
\lxoa tlá:lokóne:tl
\lxoa_c tlá:lokóne:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e tlalconete, type of lizard still not identified, said to be poisonous
\sense_s tlalconete, tipo de lagartija, todavía no identificado, que se dice ser venenoso
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld lizard
\root tla:l
\root kone:
\notes_nature Under tlalconete Schoenhals (1988:334) states:"(Bolitoglossaspp.) 'salamander.' A type of salamander to which various repulsive practices are ascribed in folklore.
Bright red-orange with black spots. Also called salamandra.
\qry Check to determine if this is a type of /kowi:xin/.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note the k>0 change. This is not entirely unheard of in Oapan Nahuatl: /kikokowa/ 'it hurts him' and /ne:chokowa/ 'it hurts me.' It is not clear if there is
a specific phonological environment that motivates this change.
\ref 02011
\lxam tsonwa:swia
\lxam_c kitsonwa:swia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to lasso (by hiding in a tree and tossing a lasso down on an animal as it passes)
\sense_s lazar; echarle un laso a (un animal; al esconderse una persona en unárbol y aventarle un laso desde arriba a un animal cuando pase)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kitsonwa:swi:skeh. Kwa:k kasin kaba:yoh kichian ipan kuwtli. Kwa:k panowa, kwa:ltlakalilian rria:tah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are going to lasso it. When they (go to) catch a horse they wait for it in a tree. When it passes by they throw the lasso onto it.
\phrase_s Lo van a lazar. Cuando agarran un caballo, lo esperan en unárbol. Cuando pase, le echan el lazo.
\root tson
\disamb tsonwaswia; tsonwia
\ency_note hunting
\nse Although the nominal tsonwastli , which Molina glosses as 'lazo para caçar algo' is not yet documented in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, the verbalized
tsonwastli is. In terms of the difference between tsonwaswia and tsonwia , one consultant mentioned that" tsonwia, san ipan
tla:hli ,"i.e., that the verb tsonwia is used when the agent is on the ground (implying, it seems, that tsonwaswia is used when the agent is above
ground, for example in a tree waiting for an animal to pass by).
\semref tsowa:stla:lia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref tlá:mekatla:lília
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02012
\lxam a:tlakali
\lxam_c ka:tlakali
\lxoa á:tlakáli
\lxoa_pr á:tlakali
\lxoa_c ká:tlakáli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to throw into the water (sth or sb, either in play or to kill the person, perhaps throwing him off a ledge into the water, tied up or with rocks as weights)
\sense_s aventar al agua (algo o a algn, tal vez jugando o hasta para matar, aventando la persona de lo alto, quizás atada o con piedras amarradas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mitsa:tlakaliskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They will throw you into the water.
\phrase_s Te van a aventar al agua.
\sense_e (refl.) to dive or jump into water (from outside, e.g., the bank of a river)
\sense_s (refl.) clavarse o saltar al agua (desde afuera del agua, p. ej., la ribera de un río)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmotlalo, xma:tlakali! Xkita ke:n miák michin yo:panwetsikon -=yo:panwetskeh-!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Run, throw yourself into the water! Look how many fish have come to the surface (in this case after having used a máquina to fish, stunning them so they
surface)!
\phrase_s ¡Corre, aviéntate al agua!¡Ve que tantos pescados ya subieron a la superficie (p. ej., después de usar una"máquina"para pescar, dejándo a los peces aturdidos)!
\qry Check to determine whether in Oapan this always occurs with pitch accent. For now lxop has been given as /á:tlakáli/
\root a:
\root tlahkali
\ref 02013
\lxam to:ne:wa
\lxam_c kito:ne:wa
\lxoa to:ne:wa
\lxoa_c kito:ne:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\trans Compl
\sense_e to cause a burning pain (from sth spicy such as chile) on the skin of
\sense_s hacer arder la piel de (a causa de contacto con algo picoso como chile)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:xto:ne:wa un chi:hli, o:nikwa:lma:mah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That chile causes my skin to burn, I carried it here on my back.
\phrase_s Ese chile me hace arder la piel, lo carguéa cuestas hacia acá.
\root to:n
\mod Discuss how to etymologize verb forms in /CVCe:wa/. For now the decision has been made not to include the /e:/ in the root.
\ref 02014
\lxam tetso:tsona
\lxam_c kitetso:tsona
\lxoa tetso:tsona
\lxoa_c kitetso:tsona
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to strike or pound repeatedly with a rock (e.g., in order to chip away at sth, to drive in a nail, etc.)
\sense_s golpear repetidas veces con una piedra (p. ej., para desportillar algo, meter un clavo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root te
\root tsona
\nae Only the reduplicated form of this verb has been documented, with a long vowel that indicates repeated action at measured intervals. The verb for striking an object once with a rock
has not been determined, but simply te:tsona has not yet been documented.
\qry Check whether /tetsona/ or /tetsotsona/ exist.
\grm Reduplication: It appears that /tsona/ occurs only in reduplicated form. Note, therefore, that on the one hand one has /tsotsona/ meaning 'to play an instrument (such as
those that involve strumming). On the other hand one has /tetso:tsona/, which refers to the repeated action of striking sth with a stone. Check whether ?/tetsotsona/ exits.
\xref te:tso:tsonilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02015
\lxam tlawe:lxiw
\lxam_c i:tlawe:lxiw
\lxoa tlawe:lchiw
\lxoa_c i:tlawe:lchiw
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-xiw
\infn N2
\sense_e person who makes one [possessor] mad or angry, that irks one, with whom one is constantly engaging in fights and disputes
\sense_s persona que hace enojar a uno [poseedor], con quien uno siempre estápeleando, molesto
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa notlawe:lxiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's the one who makes me mad.
\phrase_s él es el que me hace enojar.
\phrase_n So:lo yewa notlawe:lxiw pa:mpa ne:chkwala:nia de melá:k, melá:k niktlawe:lita.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's the only one who irks me because he really gets me mad, I really despise him.
\phrase_s Sóloél me hace enojar porque me fastidia mucho, lo odio de a de veras.
\root tlawe:l
\qry Make sure that the subject can be both a person or object/event, etc.
\grm Phonology Oapan: Note that in Oapan it is common for fricatives to become affricates in certain phonological contexts. The present is one: x>ch / l __.
\semref tlawe:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02016
\lxam noxi:kwa:n-
\lxam_c noxi:kwa:nyo:lki
\lxoa noxi:kwa:n-
\lxoa_c noxi:kwa:ntlatki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e (~ [noun]) damn [noun]
\sense_s (~ [sustantivo]) pinche [sustantivo]; [sustantivo] escandaloso
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Noxi:kwa:nyo:lki! Xkineki notlama:malti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Damn ! He doesn't want to be loaded up.
\phrase_s ¡Pinche animal! No se deja cargar.
\phrase_n Noxi:kwa:nkone:tl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Damn kid!
\phrase_s ¡Pinche niño!
\root xi:kwa:
\nse Noxi:kwa:n is a term (basically a reflexive verbal form used as a modifier) affixed to a noun and meaning something like 'God-damn' or 'Damn.' In Ameyaltepec I
have heard it used as noxi:kwa:nyo:lki and noxi:kwa:nkone:tl , as the above examples indicate. In Oapan the only documented form to date is
noxi:kwa:ntlatki ; Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez Clearly noxi:kwa:ni thus used is an apocopated form of
noxi:kwa:ni, a name used for the Devil. The loss of the final /i/ of the"agentive"or"eventual" -ni is not uncommon is derivations from these forms (as is
a modifying use).
\nde In Oapan only the form noxi:kwa:ntlatki is used.
\semref noxi:kwa:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02017
\lxam popoí:toh
\lxam_c popoí:toh
\lxoa pópoí:toh
\lxoa_c pópoí:toh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan pollo (?)
\psm N
\der N-loan
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e type of herbaceous plant
\sense_s tipo de planta herbácea
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Popoi:toh | Xiwtli, wel ka:wiltian ko:koneh. Nowapa:wa derechi:toh, xma:s wekapan, wa:n kipia se: yewaltsi:n ipan ikwa:tipan. Wa:n de o:me nasin, timopilo:s, dya
yewan kechkopi:ni, yewa kitla:nin, kimailian.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Gabriel de la Cruz (personal conversation)
\phrase_e Popoi:toh : It is a weed, children can play with it. It grows straight up, it's not too high, and it has a small, round bud on the top. And if two are intertwined,
you pull down and the one that snaps off at the neck, that is the one that is beaten, that is the one that is beaten up on.
\phrase_s Popoi:toh : Es un tipo de maleza, niños pueden jugar con ello. Crece derechito, no es muy alto y tiene un pequeño capullo arriba. Y si dos se entrelazan,
te jalas y el que se revienta por el cuello, a ese le ganaron, a ese le dieron.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\nse Given the description of this plant, it seems to be a clear borrowing from Spanish. One Ameyaltepec consultant mentioned that it is called popoí:toh because if
two are intertwined they fight, a child pulls on one of the two to see which one loses the bud on the top, which snaps off. The two plants are thus said to fight like cocks. There seem
to be several plants with this name.
\ref 02018
\lxam to:ka
\lxam_c kito:ka
\lxoa to:ka
\lxoa_c kito:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Spec
\infv class-4a
\sense_e (with no object marker) to plant
\sense_s (sin marcador de objeto) sembrar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:niksempoloh notlayo:lxina:ch, o:nikto:kak wa:n o:noka:wato itik tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I lost my maize seed forever (i.e., the particular variant or type I was using), I planted it and it never wound up sprouting (lit., 'remained in the earth').
\phrase_s Perdípara siempre la semilla de maíz que estaba utilizando (esto es, la variante que estaba sembrando), lo sembréy nunca germinó(lit. 'se fue a quedar dentro de la
tierra').
\sense_e (refl.) to be planted (a field)
\sense_s (refl.) sembrarse (un campo o terreno)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Notsakwas mo:nteh, ye weka:wi xnoto:ka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It will become overgrown with bushes and weeds, it's been a long time since it's been planted.
\phrase_s Se va volver monte (a cubrirse con maleza y arbustos), ya tiene mucho tiempo que no se siembra.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication and the aspectual ending -tiw, usually used in the imperative or optative) to walk quickly
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta y la terminación -tiw, usualmente utilizado en el imperativo o optativo) caminar rápido
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xtoto:katiw!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Walk quickly!
\phrase_s ¡Camina rápido!
\sense_e (ke:n i:to:ka: on) tip of the tongue phenomenon used in Oapan, particularly in storytelling, when the narrator is momentarily unable to find the correct words
\sense_s (ke:n i:to:ka: on) frase hecha utilizada en Oapan cuando alguien, particularmente el narrador de un cuento, momentariamente no puede encontrar la
palabra o frase adecuada
\sense_d Oa
\root to:ka
\ency_note tla:hli
\nse Note that to:ka meaning 'to plant' does not usually take an object prefix, given that it is most often used in the canonical sense of 'to plant a maize field.' When it does
take an object, it accepts only a specific one, as in a sentence above. In most instances the specific object refers to the seed planted; however I also seem to remember utterances in
which the grammatical object referenced the field, i.e., nikto:kas notla:l. Note, however, that with the meaning 'to bury' an object must be used (hence the separate
entry) including the nonreferential object te:-, e.g., te:to:kalo:s 'a burial will take place.'
\nae Apparently Ameyaltepequeños use the reduplicated form to:to:ka , with a long vowel. This is not a word from Ameyaltepec, but rather from Oapan. However, it is
understood by Ameyaltepequeños who occasionally use it in jest, with the same meaning it has in Oapan. In Oapan, however, there is a short vowel in the reduplicant and no coda
glottal stop {to + to:ka}. This is what FK reports: short vowel reduplication (and no glottal stop), i.e., toto:ca 'to run, to hurry, for illness to worsen / ir de priesa o correr,
empeorar, crecer la enfermedad (M).' Despite the apparent affinity of meaning, this is not derived by reduplication from TOCA 'to pursue someone,' since they differ in transitivity
and in vowel length. C contrasts this with TO:TOCA 'to run after something,' which is a genuine reduplicated derivation from TOCA."The Oapan form agrees with the information in
FK in that the verbal stems is to:ka and there is no glottal stop in the reduplicant. Note, finally, th at in Ameyaltepec there are many verbs of motion that with long vowel
reduplication indicate 'hurrying': Cf. tlaksa , cholowa , nenemia , and weliwin. The use of toto:katiw is
particular to Oapan, although Ameyaltepequeños know this term. The first syllable can be reduplicated (reduced), leading to the form tó:to:katiw.
\qry Check vowel length in /to:to:ka/. Check what the object marker /ki/ refers to in /kito:kas/, i.e., the seed planted or the field planted in (or perhaps either, i.e., either all speakers
accept both, or some speakers accept one and others another).
\mod For a diagram as to the different way in which one plows a field depending on whether one plants on the third or fourth pass, see diagram with o:melia filecard.
\vl The Oapan form xtoto:katiw is definite as recorded (the Ameyaltepec form should be rechecked).
\grm Reduplication with long vowel: cf. /to:to:ka/ here 'to walk quickly' to /cho:cholowa/ 'to walk quickly.' Cf. also /tlaksa/, which manifests the same type/meaning of
reduplication.
\grm Passive: Note the following: /Notsakwas mo:nteh, ye weka:wi xnoto:ka/ 'It will become overgrown with bushes and weeds, it's been a long time since it's been planted.' There
have been many previous examples of passive constructions with inanimate (or non-human) objects. Generally the functional equivalent of a passive with inanimates is a
reflexive construction. Thus /ne:kchi:was/ 'it will be fixed' or /nochi:was mokal/ 'your house will be built.' All these verbs, however, are transitive. With intransitive verbs the
pattern is different."Unaccusatives"(or perhaps in general those verbs with inanimate subjects) take the /tla-/ prefix. Thus /tlakoto:ni/ 'things will become snapped.'
However, this is not a passive since there is no implied agent; likewise the simple /koto:ni/ is an intransitive (with no similarity to a passive). However, note that with the
meaning of sembrar /to:ka/ is often found without any object. Here a zero morpheme, not /tla-/ is the indefinite null complement. Nev e rtheless, with a specific object the
marker /ki-/ can occur. What is interesting is that a"passive"construction does exist with /to:ka/ in which it is the specific, definite field (planted) that is the new subject.
\xref to:kilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02019
\lxam teyo:ti
\lxam_c teyo:ti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to increase in bulk or become abundant (grains such as beans or rice cooked in a pot, or maize planted in a field)
\sense_s llegar a ser abundante, o incrementar en cantidad (granos como frijoles o arroz cocidos en una olla, o maíz sembrado en el campo)
\sense_d Am
\root te
\nse Teyo:ti is often stated to be equivalent to miakia although there is an important difference between the two terms. Teyo:ti suggests an
abundance in general, but not necessarily in an individual count. It seems to be used with mass nouns. Miakia , on the other hand, is apparently reserved for (or
principally applied to) reference to countable objects. Thus, teyo:ti is most commonly used to refer to grains that, when boiled, increase in bulk. For example, one
takes a handful of beans or rice and places them in boiling water. As a result one gets many servings: o:teyo:t yetl , 'the beans become plentiful.' Teyo:ti
may also be used to indicate corn that yields when planted in a fertile field: a few seeds are planted and much corn is the result.
\qry Check potential subjects of /teyo:ti/.
\semref ma:teyo:ti
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02020
\lxam a:matl de un uwe:i
\lxam_alt a:matl de un we:i
\lxam_c a:matl de un we:i
\lxoa a:matl yón wéwé:i
\lxoa_c a:matl yón wéwé:i
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e species of tree of those generically called a:matl
\sense_s especie deárbol de los genéricamente llamados a:matl
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root a:ma
\root we:i
\ency_note a:makuhtli
\notes_nature See entry under a:makuhtli and a:makostli.
\ref 02021
\lxam te:kilia
\lxam_c kite:kilia
\lxoa te:kilia
\lxoa_c kite:kilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to pour (a liquid) onto or into
\sense_s verterle (un líquido) sobre o dentro de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xte:kili a:tl para ma chipa:wi, ma ki:sa yesa:tl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pour water onto it (in this case a wound) so that it gets cleaned, so that the watery blood goes (gets washed) away!
\phrase_s ¡échale agua (en este caso a una herida) para que se limpie, para que salga (para que se lleve por el agua) la sangre aguada!
\fla a:te:kia
\flo a:te:kiya
\root te:ka
\nse With te:kilia , as is often the case, the nonspecific object is used to indicate a"taboo."Here in Ameyaltepec and in speech restricted to men, it has a vulgar reference to
the sexual act as it is performed on a woman. Thus a vulgar use would be O:tikontlate:te:kilitiwets mono:biah 'You had a quickie with your girlfriend' ('Le echaste una
rapadita a tu novia'). The liquid is the semen, which is"poured"by the man [agent] into the woman [recipient].
\nae Te:kilia is a trivalent verb with the primary object being the thing onto or into which a liquid is poured. The secondary object must be overtly expressed or
recoverable from immediate context (e.g., Xte:kilia a:tl moxo:chiw). Thus simple ? Xte:kilia moxo:chiw is infelicitous. An interesting problem is the
relationship between te:kilia and a:te:kilia, which are both ditransitive verbs (i.e., trivalent). However, in the first the primary object is the
object into, onto, or for which a liquid is poured (i.e., a recipient, a flower, a person who benefits from the pouring) and the secondary object is the liquid that is poured. In
a:te:kilia, however, the primary object is the benefactive (the person for whom pouring is down) and the secondary object is the object onto or into which a
liquid is poured (e.g., xne:cha:te:kili noxo:chiw). The liquid that is poured is water and is manifested in the incorporated noun root a:. The
question for grammatical analysis is the relationship of the two forms, te:kilia and a:te:kilia. One analysis would have
a:te:kilia as te:kilia with an incorporated noun that does not reduce valency, i.e., a"modifying"incorporation. However, this would not account
for the different objects of the two verbs under consideration. Another analysis would have a:te:kilia as the applicative of the ditransitive
a:te:kia'to pour water on' yielding 'to pour water on for.' Here the change in valency from a:te:kia to a:te:kilia is
transparent: the increase that is expected in applicative derivations. The question, however, is shifted to another level: the nature of the transitive of a:te:kia and its
relation to te:ka. For this, see discussion under a:te:kia.
\qry For /O:tikontlate:te:kilitiwets mono:biah/ confirm that the reduplication is with long vowel and that it is necessarily.
\xref te:ka
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02022
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /nakaskaki/ which is repeated. Only 01011 has been kept.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 02023
\lxam takalowa
\lxoa takalowa
\lxoa_c kitakalowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e see ta:takalowa
\sense_s véase ta:takalowa
\sense_d Pending
\mod When possible remove the Oapan token from the links. This word, as far as I can tell, is never uttered in a non-reduplicated form.
\ref 02024
\lxam tlai:xwi:hli
\lxam_c tlai:xwi:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e evil eye
\sense_s mal de ojo
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:ki:xwikeh mokone:w. Kipia tlai:xwi:hli, i:xte:nkukwitlaki:sa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They gave your child the evil eye. He is sick from the evil eye, his eyes are runny and mucousy.
\phrase_s Le echaron mal de ojo a tu hijo. tiene mal de ojo, se le escurre un líquido mocoso de los ojos.
\sense_e child or small animal that is the victim of evil eye
\sense_s niño o pequeño animal que ha sido víctima de mal de ojo
\sense_d Am
\root i:x
\nse It is not entirely certain that tlai:xwi:hli can refer to the child or animal who is a victim of evil eye, or only to evil eye itself.
\qry Check to determine if /tlai:xwi:hli/ can indeed refer to the victim of 'evil eye' or whether it refers only to the act of casting evil eye itself. For example, check to determine whether
/nitlai:xwi:hli/ is correct.
\semref i:xwi:hloh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02025
\lxam adobe:tsi:n
\lxam_cpend *adobe:tsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan adobe
\psm Adj
\der Adj-tsi:n
\sense_e to be the color of beige
\sense_s ser el color beige
\sense_d Am
\semfld color
\ency_note colors
\ref 02026
\lxam munye:koh
\lxam_c munye:koh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan muñeco
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e see kweskomatl de munye:koh
\sense_s véase kweskomatl de munye:koh
\sense_d Am
\ref 02027
\lxam chikote:roh
\lxam_c chikote:roh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan chicote
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of small snake not yet identified
\sense_s tipo de culebra pequeña, todavía no identificada, aparentemente llamada chicote
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld snake
\ency_note kowatl
\qry I have here that /chikote:roh/ and /kowi:xkowatl/ are identical. But under
\ref 02028
\lxam te:mpupwa
\lxam_c kite:mpupwa
\lxoa té:mpopówa
\lxoa_pr te:mpopowa
\lxoa_c kité:mpopówa
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\infv Irregular; see pukwa
\infv_d Am
\infv Irregular; see popowa
\infv_d Oa
\sense_e to clean or wipe off the mouth of (e.g., a child who has eaten sloppily, the top of a bottle from which one is to drink, etc.)
\sense_s limpiar la boca de (p. ej., un niño que ha comido sin cuidado, la boca de una botella de que se va a beber, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xte:mpupwa, kwalahki:stok!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Wipe off his mouth, he is drooling!
\phrase_s ¡Límpiale la boca, estábabeando!
\phrase_n ¡Xmote:mpupwa! O:mitsaski ipan mote:n tli:n tihkwatoya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Wipe off your mouth! Something that you were eating is stuck around it.
\phrase_s ¡Límpiate la boca! Algo que estabas comiendo se te quedópegado.
\root te:n
\root po:wa
\ref 02029
\lxam tlakpamona:ntli
\lxam_c tlakpamona:ntli
\lxoa tlahpamona:ntli
\lxoa_c tlahpamona:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound Adj-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e stepmother of ones spouse (wife or husband)
\sense_s padrastra del esposo (mujer o hombre) de uno
\sense_d Pending
\semfld kin
\root tlakpa
\root mon
\root na:n
\ref 02030
\lxam xi:hla:nki:tskia
\lxam_c noxi:hla:nki:tskia
\lxoa xi:hla:nki:tsia
\lxoa_c kixi:hla:nki:tsia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to be with ones arms (or one arm) akimbo (see pitsa:hka:nki:tsia)
\sense_s (refl.) estar con los brazos (o un brazo) en jarras (véase pitsa:hka:nki:tsia)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timoxi:hla:nki:tskitok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are (standing) with your arms akimbo.
\phrase_s Estás con los brazos en jarras.
\root xi:lla:n
\root ki:tski
\qry Note that in my original notes from Am I stated that this verb was used only in the reflexive. However, in elicitation with Florencia Marcelino (Oa) she gave a fully transitive form.
Thus probably it is not used only refllxively, but this should be checked (as well as the meaning of a nonreflexive use).
\vl See note under /xi:hlan/.
\ref 02031
\lxam komo:nia
\lxam_c nokomo:nia
\lxoa komo:nia
\lxoa_c nokomo:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)[+ca]
\trans +Refl/-tran
\lexical Op. pref. te- : tekomo:nia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl., usually with te-) to spread out and ruffle its feathers (a bird such as a turkey; see xi:hkomo:nia)
\sense_s (refl., generalmente con te-) extender y abrir su plumaje (un ave como el guajolote; véase xiñhkomo:nia)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Notekomo:nitok nowexo:lo:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My turkey is spreading out and ruffling its feathers.
\phrase_s Mi guajolote estáextendiendo y abriendo su plumaje.
\phrase_n Notekomo:nia wexo:lo:tl kwa:k yo:isak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The turkey puffs up its feathers when it awakens.
\phrase_s El guajolote extiende y abre su plumaje cuando despierta.
\phrase_n Wexo:lotl notekomo:nia, kitokatinemi cha:ntsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The male turkey puffs up and ruffles its feathers, it is following around after a female turkey.
\phrase_s El guajolote macho se infla y eriza su plumaje, anda siguiendo un guajolote hembra.
\sense_e (refl.) to spread outs its branches and become full and bushy (a plant)
\sense_s (refl.) empezar a extender sus ramas y llenarse de foliaje (una planta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w nokomo:nia nochi:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My chile plants have started to spread out their folliage, becoming full and bushy.
\phrase_s Mis plantas de chile han empezado a extender sus ramas (y llenarse de foliaje).
\root komo:
\nse All examples with the meaning of a turkey opening and ruffling its feathers have the intensifying prefix te-. Indeed, whether or not this verb occurs without the intensifier,
and the degree to which such"non-intensified"forms exist, needs to be determined.
\nde Molina has comonia. mo 'alterarse, o alborotarse la gente' and comonia. nite 'alterar, o alborotar la gente.' For the intransitive comoni he has
'encenderse y echar llama el fuego.' Note that this verb has two transitive, comonia and comonaltia.
\qry Make sure Oa is /xihkomo:nia/ as indicated here in xref. Entry is 06466. Also, determine the degree to which /komo:nia/ occurs without the intensifier, and if there is any precise
semantic distinction between forms with and without (e.g., with only referring to turkeys ruffling their feathers, etc.). Check the differences between /komo:nia/, /tekomo:nia/,
/komo:naltia/, /tekomo:naltia/.
\qry Check other meanings of /komo:nia/ (perhaps for a dress to billow out as a dancer spins?) and whether it is always used in the reflexive. If used with a transitive object determine the
meaning. Note that RS lists all uses: refl"agitarse, moverse, alborotarse, dispersarse, hablando de una multitud; te:-"agitar, amotinar a la gente. tla-"golpear, batir una cosa, sublever a
la multitud. Thus greater care needs to be paid to variation in modern. Also, most of my examples include /te-/. Thus cf. in regards to the turkey: /notekomo:nia/. Check whether this
could also be said without /te-/. In general check for difference between /te-/ and non-/te-/ forms with /komo:ni/ and /komo:nia/. Perhaps there should be separate entries. Check
also difference between /komo:naltia/ and /komo:nia/.
\root_notes Note that in general many meanings of /komo:/ words have to do with things ruffling out in circles (e.g., feathers, a dress billowing, etc.).
\ref 02032
\lxam awia:ya
\lxam_c awia:ya
\lxoa áwiá:ya
\lxoa_pr awia:ya
\lxoa_c áwiá:ya
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to become fragrant or sweet-smelling
\sense_s llegar a ser fragrante y aromático, o oler bien
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to become flavorful; to become good-tasting
\sense_s agarrar un buen sabor; volverse o hacerse sabroso
\sense_d Pending
\root ahwi
\root hya:
\semref a:wiá:k
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref áwiá:k
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02033
\lxam pi:stik
\lxam_c pi:stik
\lxoa pi:stik
\lxoa_c pi:stik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be narrow (an opening in sth such as a sack or bag, an entranceway where sth has to fit through, a pass such as where a river runs, etc.)
\sense_s ser angosto (una apertura como en un costal o saco, una entrada apretada donde algo tiene que pasar, un paso como por donde corre un río, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ti:roh pi:stik ite:n ma:tekon, xikte:ntekoya:wa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The opening of your gourd canteen is really narrow, widen it out!
\phrase_s La boca de tu cantimplora estámuy apretada,¡ensánchale bien!
\sense_e to be tight-fitting (e.g., clothes, shoes, etc.)
\sense_s estar apretado (p. ej., ropa, calzado, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pi:stik itlake:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His clothes are tight-fitting.
\phrase_s Estáapretada su ropa.
\sense_e (pl. with short vowel reduplication) close together; narrow (e.g., furrows plowed in a field, or rows close together between which sth has to pass)
\sense_s (pl. tener reduplicación de vocal corta) juntos; cercanos (p. ej., los surcos hechos en un terreno, o filas muy cercanas en medio de las cuales algo tiene que pasar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pipi:stik -=pipitsa:wak- kwentli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The furrows are close togther (i.e., the mounds in the middle are narrow).
\phrase_s Los surcos están muy juntos (esto es, los montículos en medio se quedaron angostos).
\flao patla:wak
\root pi:ts
\ency_note tla:hli
\nse In the sense of furrows plowed close together, pipi:stik is the antonym of kokoya:wak and papatla:wak.
\ref 02034
\lxam kwa
\lxam_c kikwa
\lxoa kwa
\lxoa_c kikwa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to eat
\sense_s comer
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:n titlakwa:ni, we:i tihkwa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How big an eater you are, you eat a lot!
\phrase_s ¡Quécomelón eres, comes mucho!
\phrase_n Xok tlakwa, yo:tlanaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He doesn't eat anymore, he is in a grave state.
\phrase_s Ya no come, estágrave.
\sense_e to bite
\sense_s morder
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chkwah motskwin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your dog bit me.
\phrase_s Tu perro me mordió.
\phrase_n O:nimokwah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I bit myself (my tongue or lip).
\phrase_s Me mordí(el labio o lengua).
\sense_e to sting (certain insects and other animals, e.g., bees, wasps, scorpions, etc., and certain plants with small fuzzy thorns)
\sense_s picar (algunos insectos y otros animalitos, p. ej., abejas, avispas, alacranes, etc., y ciertas plantas cubiertas con púas pequeñas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mitskwa:s ke:n tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (in this case the te:kwa:nxiwtli) will sting you like a tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n.
\phrase_s Te va a picar (en este caso el te:kwa:nxiwtli) como un tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n.
\sense_e (wel ~) to like the taste of
\sense_s (wel ~) gustar el sabor de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xwel kikwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He can't eat it (in the sense of not being accustomed to the type of food).
\phrase_s No lo puede comer (en el sentido de no estar acostumbrado a comer ese tipo de comida)
\sense_e to burn the skin or surface of (the sun, acid or any similar substance)
\sense_s quemar la piel o superficie de (el sol,ácido u otra substancia parecida)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nima:xixio:t, o:ne:chkwah to:nahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My arm peeled, I got burnt by the sun.
\phrase_s Se me pelóel brazo, me quemóel sol.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to chew; to gnaw; to nibble on (the intensifier te- is acceptable here; for indefinite null complement, see
tlakukwa)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) masticar; roer (el intensificador te- aquíes aceptable; para complemento nulo indefinido, véase tlakukwa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kikukwatok kupahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is chewing gum.
\phrase_s Estámasticando chicle.
\phrase_n ¡Ma:s san un chi:lxoxo:hki, xtekukwa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Even though it's just that green chile, nibble on it!
\phrase_s ¡Aunque sea nada más ese chile verde, másticalo!
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to bark at (a dog at a person; see tlayawa (Am) / tláyawá(Oa))
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) ladrarle a (un perro a una persona; véase tlayawa (Am) / tláyawá(Oa))
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ne:chkwa:kwa motskwin.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Your dog barks at me.
\phrase_s Me ladra tu perro.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) (for scissors, or similar tools) to fail to cut (but simply to"bite down"on the material)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) no poder cortar (tijeras o herramientas parecidas, pero simplemente abrir y cerrar sobre el material)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San kikwa:kwa tlake:ntli, xoh kiteki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (in this case scissors) just bites down on the cloth, it doesn't cut it anymore.
\phrase_s Nada más (en este caso tijeras) muerden la tela, ya no la cortan.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to scar or mark up
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) picar o cicatrizar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Chachakwa:toh, o:kikwa:kwah tso:tso:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has a pock marked face, sores left it scarred up in places (e.g., from a very bad case of acne).
\phrase_s Es cacarizo, su piel se picópor los granos (p. ej., tiene acné).
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to open and close on top of; to move up and down on, or side to side against
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) abrir y cerrar sobre; mover para arriba y abajo contra; o de lado a lado contra
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:kaxa:n noburrosi:yah, san tlakwa:kwatok, mláyo:kaxa:n, ne:chkwa:kwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My burro's saddle has become loose, it is moving up and down (i.e., opening up and away, then closing, from the animal's body). It's really loosened up, it pinches me (as it
moves up and down, i.e., nopan notekwaltia).
\phrase_s La silla de mi burro ya se aflojó, se mueve de un lado a otro (esto es, abriendo y cerrando un espacio entre ella y el cuerpo del animal). De veras estáflojo, me pellizca
(mientras se mueve de un lado a otro, esto es, nopan notekwaltia).
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to bark at (a dog [S])
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) ladrar a (un perro [S])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwa:k yekah panowa, pe:wa tlakwa:kwan, kikwa:kwan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When someone passes by they (dogs) begin to bark, they bark at him.
\phrase_s Cuando alguien pasa, ellos (los perros) empiezan a ladrar, le ladran.
\sense_e (nokwa to:nahli) for there to be a solar eclipse
\sense_s (nokwa to:nahli) haber un eclipse solar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nokwa:s to:nahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There will be a solar eclipse.
\phrase_s Va a haber un eclipse solar.
\sense_e (nokwa me:stli) for there to be a lunar eclipse
\sense_s (nokwa me:stlii) haber un eclipse lunar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nokwa:s me:stli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There will be a lunar eclipse.
\phrase_s Va a haber un eclipse lunar.
\root kwa
\nse The word tlakukwa meaning 'to graze' is used to refer to a pasturing animal that is eating where there is wild grass or bush (i.e., it is xiwioh , 'covered
with grass' or sakayoh 'covered with zacate'). However, if the animal enters into a planted corn field that has not been harvested, the form tlakwa 'to
eat' is used. Thus the difference between kukwa and kwa in regards to animals concerns not so much the action of eating itself, but the material eaten.
With forms such as tlakwa:kwa in relation to an animal opening and closing its mouth, I have been told that only the female donkey does this not, for example, the
cow. Nevertheless, the same long vowel reduplication can be used to indicate a dog barking or people yelling. Finally, according to don Luis Lucena, tla:tlakwa , with
the long vowel reduplication on tla- is the equivalent of the more common tlakwa:kwa , with the long vowel reduplication on the stem.
\qry Re: solar eclipse cf. Flk 1984-05-13.2 I have recorded that a partial eclipse is indicated by /nokwa to:nahli iwa:n sitlalin/ whereas a total solar eclipse is /nokwa to:nahli iwa:n
me:stli/. However, this should be checked.
\qry Re: /tekukwa/. It is not clear whether /tekukwa/ is semantically distinct from /kukwa/, however, it may well be. I have understood /kukwa/ to mean to chew or masticate (i.e. gum, a
cow on its cud, etc.) whereas /tekukwa/ has more the sense of 'nibble'. However, this should be checked. When I asked about /tekukwa/ one person said it is used to refer to the
action of nibbling on chile verd, e.g. with one's tortilla if there is no chile sauce. One person state taht this verb form /-tekukwa/ could also be used to refer to the eating of green
mangos. Check other meanings and decide whether it should be given a separate entry given that unlike other uses (optional) of the intensifier /te/ (e.g. /(te)koto:ni/) in which the
semantics do not change much, here they appear quite different between /-kukwa/ and /- tekukwa/. NOTE: I have decided to give a separate entry under /tekwa/ meaning 'to pinch
or catch something between two things' and thus perhaps /-tekukwa/ should be placed under /te kwa/.
\qry Finally, according to don Luis Lucena, tla:tlakwa , with the long vowel reduplication on tla- is the equivalent of the more common
tlakwa:kwa , with the long vowel reduplication on the stem. This should be checked.
\grm Finally, according to don Luis Lucena, tla:tlakwa , with the long vowel reduplication on tla- is the equivalent of the more common
tlakwa:kwa , with the long vowel reduplication on the stem. Both mean (or can mean) 'to bark' If this is true, then record in the grammar in regards to
reduplication.
\semref tekwa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref kwa:lia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref kwaltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref kwaltilia
\xref_t val_add_applic.caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlakwa; tlakukwa; tlakwa:kwa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tlakwa; tlá:kwá; tlakwa:kwa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02035
\lxam komo:chikuwtli
\lxam_c komo:chikuwtli
\lxoa komo:chikohtli
\lxoa_c komo:chikohtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e 'ape's earing,' or 'blackbead bush,' type of tree with edible fruit (called guamúchil in Spanish)
\sense_s guamúchil, tipo deárbol con fruta comestible que crece cerca de los ríos
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root ko
\root mo:ch
\notes_nature Kuhtli, nokwa itla:kihlo 'It is a tree, its fruit is edible.' Schoenhals (1988:54) states under guamúchil " Pithecolobium spp., e.g.,
P. dulce 'ape's earing,' 'blackbead bush' Relative of the soap-bark tree with edible fruit in twisted pods. Whilte or yello, acacia-type flowers; pods also
resemble those of the acacia. The coiled pods are evidently the source of the English name. Also spelled huamúchil. Also called guajilla, hormiguillo, patzagua,
tenaza."Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this simply as huamúchil. Ramírez (1991) identifies it as Pithecollobium dulce. Guizar N. and
Sánchez V. (1991:109) also identify this as of the family Leguminosae; mimosoideae and the genus-species Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.)
Benth.
\root ko
\root mo:ch
\root kow
\semref komo:chitl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02036
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was removed; it was /tsonaka westok/. Now a single entry is under /tsonakawestok/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 02037
\lxam tsonchichi:wa
\lxam_c kitsonchichi:wa
\lxoa tsó:nchí:wa
\lxoa_c kitsó:nchí:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to arrange the hair of (particularly in reference to a woman braiding her hair; usually used reflexively)
\sense_s arreglarse el pelo o cabello (particularmente en referencia a una mujer poniéndose trenzas; generalmente utilizado en reflexivo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pasoliw itson, xnotsonchichi:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Her hair has become disheveled, she doesn't do her hair (i.e., by combing or braiding it).
\phrase_s Estádesgreñado su pelo, no se arregla el cabello.
\root tson: chi:wa
\ref 02038
\lxam kets kets kets
\lxam_c kets kets kets
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Call
\der Onom
\sense_e ribbit (the sound of a frog)
\sense_s el sonido que hace una rana
\sense_d Am
\semfld sound-animal
\ency_note animal sounds
\nse Documentation of this word to date is always with it being repeated three times, kets kets kets , to imitate the sound a frog makes.
\qry Check to make sure that this is always repeated 3 times.
\mod Check for other animal sounds.
\ref 02039
\lxam nopih
\lxam_c nopih
\lxoa nopih
\lxoa_c nopih
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1(Poss-N2)
\sense_e see -pih
\sense_s véase -pih
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root pih
\ref 02040
\lxam si:tlaltik
\lxam_c si:tlaltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\sense_e to be striped (particularly watermelon and melon)
\sense_s ser rayado (particularmente sandía o melón)
\sense_d Am
\semfld color
\root si:tlal
\nae The only documented form to date is with the intensifier te- ; whether or not ? si:si:tlaltik is correct still needs to be determined. Note, however, that
Oapan cognates apparently have short vowel reduplication and may occur without the intensifier te-. Thus one has Oapan sísi:tláltik and
i:xté:si:tláltik, in which case the te- is part of the noun stem i:xtetl and not the intensifier.
\qry Determine all objects that can be /tesi:si:tlaltik/, if only referring to white spots, etc. Check to determine if this refers only to white spots; check to determine whether it is synonomous
with /tesi:si:tlaltik/. Check as to possible things that can be so described. Check to see if /te-/ is obligatory. Given that Oapan forms have a short rdp, recheck the vowel length here
and correct as necessary. Also, given that this word, tesi:si:tlaltik, is apparently synonymous with /tesi:si:tlaltik/, (check), also the vl there should be checked.
\mod See illustration on original filecard.
\vl Check length of reduplicant and cf. to Oapan.
\semref tesi:si:kwiltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xté:si:tláltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref sísi:tláltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02041
\lxam kwitlap:ihli
\lxam_c kwitlapi:hli
\lxoa kwitlapi:hli
\lxoa_c kwitlapi:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e tail (of an animal)
\sense_s cola (de un animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka xki:tski ikwitlapi:l chichi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't grab the tail of a dog!
\phrase_s ¡No agarres la cola de un perro!
\sense_e (te:kwitlapil) person (usually a child) who always follows others around (i.e., sb's"shadow")
\sense_s (te:kwitlapil) persona (generalmente un niño) que sigue o camina atrás de los demás (como"sombra"de algn)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\root kwitla
\root pi:l
\nse The Oapan expression te:kwitlapi:l is used occasionally and jokingly by parents to describe a child who is always following them around. In Ameyaltepec
kwitlapi:hli is seldom used; rather the Spanish loan ko:lah is common.
\qry Check to determine what animals have /-kwitlapi:l/. Check the effects of grabbing the tail of a dog.
\vl My notes have a short penultimate /i/ in Am and a long one in Oapan. Check Oapan recording and measure.
\ref 02042
\lxam montatli
\lxam_c montatli
\lxoa móntatlí
\lxoa_c móntatlí
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\pitch yes-lex
\infn Stem 1(h)
\sense_e father-in-law
\sense_s suegro
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld kin
\root mon
\root tah
\ref 02043
\lxam tsope:lik xokotl
\lxam_c tsope:lik xokotl
\lxoa tsope:lixokotl
\lxoa_c tsope:lixokotl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex(Am)
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of sweet plum tree as yet not fully identified
\sense_s tipo de circuelo dulce todavía no identificado plenamente
\sense_d Pending
\root tsope:l
\root xoko
\root kos
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\ency_note xokotl
\nse Although Cristino Flores gave several types of tsope:lik xokotl he mentioned that in general they are all referred to simply as tsope:lik xokotl and not
further distinguished, at least not in general conversation.
\nae Whether or not the Oapan tsope:lixokotl should be written as two words or one is not immediately clear. Certainly there is no final /k/ that would inequivocably
indicate the word-final stop. However, final consonants in Oapan Nahuatl often delete in
\notes_nature Several consultants mentioned this as one of the three types of xokotl tsope:lik ; it bears fruit in late summer, during August and September. This is perhaps
the same plum also known as kostik xokotl , although this needs to be clarified. See xokotl tsope:lik.
\ref 02044
\lxam tlaawia:ka:n
\lxam_c tlaawia:ka:n
\lxoa tlaáwiá:ka:n
\lxoa_pr tlaawia:ka:n
\lxoa_c tlaáwiá:ka:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla-ka:n
\infn N1(N2-tla)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e fragrant place; place that is sweet-smelling (e.g., a flower shop)
\sense_s lugar fragrante (p. ej., donde se venden flores)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikinekw ke:n tlaawia:ka:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I smelled how it was a fragrant place.
\phrase_s Olíque tan fragrante era este lugar.
\root ahwi
\root hya:
\ref 02045
\lxam cho:mboh
\lxam_c cho:mboh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-loan (?)
\infn Gender
\sense_e blind
\sense_s ciego
\sense_d Am
\nse The etymology of cho:mboh is uncertain, it is probably borrowed from some word in Spanish.
\ref 02046
\lxam kwepo:nilia
\lxam_c kikwepo:nilia
\lxoa kopo:nilia
\lxoa_c kikopo:nilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make (sth) turn up or back (affecting a person or object)
\sense_s hacer volver o voltear hacia arriba (afectando a una person u objeto)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kikwepo:nilitiki:s yeyekatl ikwe. O:yeyekaka chika:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The wind blew her skirt up in passing. It blew hard.
\phrase_s El viento alzósu falda al pasar. Hubo fuerte viento.
\sense_e to thrash or hit hard with (a switch, lasso, etc.)
\sense_s dar látigos a con (algo como una vara, etc.); golpear fuerte a con (una vara, soga, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kikwepo:nilih ye:i tlako:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He thrashed him three times with a switch.
\phrase_s Le diótres latigazos.
\semfld contact
\root kwepo:
\qry Check for other meanings of /kwepo:nilia/.
\xref kwepo:nia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref kopo:nia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02047
\lxam ne:xtia
\lxam_c kine:xtia
\lxoa ne:xtia
\lxoa_c kine:xtia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to find; to locate (an object)
\sense_s hallar; encontrar; localizar (un objeto)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xok kine:xti:s,itekiw yo:poliw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He won't find it anymore, surely it's gotten lost.
\phrase_s Ya no lo va a encontrar, seguro ya se perdió.
\phrase_n Sana:man kinotla:nilia, sana:man kine:ne:xtiaitomi:ntsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He quickly earns it for himself, right away he turns up a little money here and there.
\phrase_s Rápidamente lo gana para si mismo, luego luego va encontrando su dinerito por ahí.
\sense_e to guess at (for example, the answer to a riddle)
\sense_s adivinar (p. ej., la respuesta a una adivinanza)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:xti ke:ch nokone:wa:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Guess how many children I have!
\phrase_s ¡Adivina cuantos hijos tengo!
\sense_e to solve; to find (a solution to a problem)
\sense_s solucionar; encontrar (la solución a un problema)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtiknexti:s ke:no:n, xtiwelis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You won't find a way (to do sth, to solve a problem), you won't be able (to do it).
\phrase_s No le vas a solucionar, no vas a poder.
\sense_e (refl.) to become or get wealthy
\sense_s (refl.) hacerse o volverse rico
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sana:man riko:ti, kemech none:xtitok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He got rich right away, he is just now getting wealthy.
\phrase_s Luego luego se enriqueció, apenas se estávolviendo rico.
\root ne:si
\xref ne:si
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02048
\lxam ikximo:motsi:ni
\lxam_c ikximo:motsi:ni
\lxoa iximo:motsi:ni
\lxoa_c iximo:motsi:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-l?; Op. te- : ikxitemo:motsi:ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to get cracks in ones legs (e.g., from contact with a damaging substance, from bitter cold, etc.)
\sense_s agrietarsele a uno las piernas (p. ej., de secadura, de frío, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to have a layer of dirt, dust or skin to dry and crack on one's leg
\sense_s secarsele y agrietarsele una capita de mugre, polvo o piel por la pierna a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xonitla:lki:s, san o:nikxitemo:motsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e All the dirt didn't come off (my leg), I was left with a thin layer of dry cracked dirt on my leg.
\phrase_s No saliótoda la mugre (de mi pierna), se me quedóuna capita de mugre secada y agrietada sobre la pierna.
\phrase_n Melánikximo:motsi:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The back of my heel (most commonly, although can refer to other parts of one's foot) is really cracking from dryness.
\phrase_s De veras se me estáagrietando mi talón (o, tal vez, la piel de otras partes del pie) por seco.
\root kxi
\root motsi:
\nse As with most verbs containing the element motsi:ni the usual manifestation in discourse is with some form of reduplication (with short or long vowel) depending on the
circumstances. Often this verbal stem is used to refer to situations such as when after bathing some soap or dirt remains on one's body and it dries, leaving a thin crackled layer or
pattern on ones skin. Or perhaps one has walked through muddy water, and the water dried leaving a thin cake of dirt, which dries and crackles. The verb may also refer to a layer
of dried, cracked skin, such as might occur on one's foot or leg. Apparently this meaning is communicated only with long vowel reduplication.
\nae Documentation to date does not indicate whether only the reduplicated forms exists. Nor is the difference between long and short vowel reduplication clear. It appears that the
Oapan headword form has short vowel reduplication and no pitch-accent, indicative of the lack of underlying {h}; the Ameyaltepec headword according to my original written
notes, has long vowel reduplication. It is possible that this is in error.
\qry Check vowel length in /mo:motsi:ni/ as well as other uses of this term. Check to whether a nonreduplicated form can exist, and the difference between the two types of reduplication,
with long and short vowels. Note: check to see if a transitive form exists. Check etymology, particularly formation of words with /mots.../. In one entry I have a long first /o:/, i.e.
/ikxitemo:motsi:ni/. Recheck vowel length. Also, in this second entry I have /te/ in parentheses, suggesting that it is optional, not required, i.e. that /ikximo:motsi:ni/ is also correct.
Note that for Oapan I had this first recorded as short reduplicant. But after doing the entry for /ma:mo:motsi:ni/, it appears that the /o:/ is long there, therefore I have changed it here,
pending further analysis.
\vl Check vl and p
\ref 02049
\lxam tsi:ntewila:na
\lxam_c kitsi:ntewila:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Op. inf. te- ; tsi:ntewila:na
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (refl.) to drag oneself along the ground on ones rear end, using ones hands to pull the body forward (a young child unable to crawl, an animal such as a pig that has been
shot in the rear and cannot use his hind legs, a person sitting on a river bottom struggling to move against the current, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) arrastrarse por el suelo sobre las nalgas, utilizando las manos para jalar el cuerpo adelante (un niño pequeño, un animal como un marranito que ha sido pegado
con un tiro por las nalgas y no puede utilizar sus piernas de atrás, una persona sentada por un río con un fuerte corriente que se mueve arrastrándose con las nalgas
asentadas sobre el fondo del río, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Wa:lnotsi:ntewila:ntiw. Kemech pe:wa wel ma:nenemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He comes dragging himself along the ground on his butt (a baby still not able to crawl on hands and knees). He's just beginning to learn how to crawl.
\phrase_s Viene arrastrándose por las nalgas (un bebésentado que todavía no sabe gatear). Estáapenas aprendiendo andar a gatas.
\semfld motion
\root tsi:n
\root wila:na
\disamb ma:nenemi
\qry Check whether /tsi:nwila:na/ and /tsi:ntechiwila:na/ are synonymous, at least in some circumstances.
\mod THIS SHOULD BE /kitsi:ntewila:na/ which CF later said was the correct form. Correct if possible.
\semref tsí:ntechiwilá:na
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02050
\lxam a:kin
\lxam_c a:kin kineki
\lxoa a:kin
\lxoa_alt a:'in
\lxoa_cpend a:'in
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Reltz
\der Pr-rel
\sense_e who (as relative pronoun)
\sense_s quien (como pronombre relativo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Nika:nas se: tla:katl a:kin ne:chtlasotlas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to marry a man who will love me.
\phrase_s Me voy a casar con un hombre quien (que) me vaya a querer.
\sense_e who; the one or person who (in a headless relative clause)
\sense_s el que; la persona que (en una claúsula relativa sin cabeza)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Nikwi:kas a:kin kineki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will take whoever wants (to go).
\phrase_s Me voy a llevar a quien quisiera (ir).
\root a:kin
\nse The precise conditions of use of a:kin as a relativizer as opposed to yewan are not clear and need to be completely researched. In Ameyaltepec
a:kin is used both in relative clauses that are headless and those that have a nominal head. Thus one can say niktete:mo:s a:kin ne:chpale:wi:s 'I am
looking for someone who will help me' (in reference to anyone, e.g., man, woman, child, etc.) or one can say niktete:mo:s se: tla:katl a:kin ne:chpale:wi:s 'I am looking
for a man who will help me.' Apparently in Oapan the equivalent
\qry I have the following phrases in my notes, but they should be checked: /akin okse:?/ Who else? Quién más? Check to see if this is correct as I would expect /akinon okse:?/; perhaps
/akin okse:?/ is simply contextually shortened. Likewise, check /akin kineki/, which according to my understanding now is a dependent/subordinate clause, and as a question should
be /akinon kineki?/. Thus, check the correctness of the recorded phrases /akin okse:?/ and /akin kineki/. Perhaps in both cases the use of /akinon/ is called for given the interrogatory
nature of the phrase. Also check vowel length. Note the possible relation to /a:k/. Likewise, check /a:man tikitaskeh akin xto:pa yekos/, which, given its status as a complement, I
would expect to be /a:man tikitaskeh akinon xto:pa yekos/. I have translated /a:man tikitaskeh akin xto:pa yekos/ 'Now we'll see who arrives first'/'Ahora veremos quién llega
primero.' In addition, since I made the sentence up as an example, check /nika:nas se: tla:katl ak in ne:chtlasotlas/. Finally, check for possibility of sequences such as /in akin/.
\vl Check vowel length of /a:/.
\semref yon
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02051
\lxam i:n
\lxam_c i:n tla:katl nikpale:wi:s
\lxoa i:n
\lxoa_c yo i:n tekitl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Pr/Adj(demon)
\der Adj-dem
\sense_e this; these
\sense_s este; estos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka i:n me:sah, un ne:nkah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Not this here table, that one there!
\phrase_s ¡No este mesa, aquella allá!
\phrase_n Xnihkwa:s i:n nakatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm not going to eat this meat.
\phrase_s No voy a comer esta carne.
\phrase_n Ná:wiltiáya: i:n ka:rroh.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He is playing with this car.
\phrase_s Estájugando con este carro.
\root i:n
\nae In some notes I have mentioned that in with a short vowel is used as a demonstrative adjective ('this,' or Spanish este) as in xkwa in
tlaxkahli 'eat this tortilla,' whereas with a long vowel it is used as a demonstrative pronoun ('this one,' or Spanish éste) the vowel is long and stressed, e.g.,
xne:chmaka i:n 'Give this one to me!' However, in other notes I mention that both seem long, both the demonstrative adjective and the associated pronoun.
Nevertheless, this needs to be checked.
\qry Check vowel length of /i:n/, perhaps it should be long. I have noted that /in/ can be used for singular or plural, check. Correct whatever is determined. I was entirely inconsistent in
my recording of this particle. Since then I have standardized, without checking, to /in/. This needs to be checked. My understanding from memory is that as a demonstrative the /i/ is
short, as in /xne:chmaka in tlake:ntli/ 'give me this piece of cloth.' However, unlike Classical, /in/ does not function as a relativizer. Finally, note that Launey discusses the vowel length
of the demonstratives:"La vocal de los demostrativos puede ser facultativamente alargada: /Ca tetl i:n, ca calli o:n, in pilto:ntli i:n, ino:n piltontli (sic), etcetera."All this should be
carefully checked. Note that perhaps as a pronoun there is a long vowel: /nikneki i:n/ as opposed to a demonstrative /nikneki in xo:chitl/. Check.
\mod A subsequent recording of /i:n/ has been made: /yói:n tekitl nikchi:was/.
\vl The Am word was originally written short. It is very hard to determine proper length. At times it seems as if the adjectival element is /in/ and the pronominal is /i:n/, stressed
and phrase-final, but this needs to be thoroughly checked.
\ref 02052
\lxam tlamati
\lxam_c tlamati
\lxoa tlámatí
\lxoa_pr tlamati
\lxoa_c tlámatí
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv Irregular; see mati
\der V1-tla
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be skilled; to be an expert
\sense_s tener habilidad; ser experto
\sense_d Pending
\root hmati
\nae The base verb, {hmati} has not been documented with a specific object prefix. Nevertheless, FK states that the initial /i/ of the underlying form {ihmati}
\qry Make sure that Ameyaltepec has /tlamati/ with this sense, cognate to Oapan /tlámatí/. Also make sure (cf. discussion under /mati/) that this verb occurs only with the /tla-/ prefix and
cannot take specific markers (e.g., for Oapan *kímatí)
\nse This is a defective verb in that it apparently occurs only with the nonspecific object prefix tla-. In Ameyaltepec the underying {h} is lost whereas in neighboring dialects it
is preserved. Thus in Oapan one finds tlámatíwhile in San Juan Tetelcingo one finds tlahmati.
\qry Make sure this occurs only with /tla-/ and that forms such as ?/kihmati/ are not acceptable. Check to see that the /i/ never appears (e.g., /nimati/). Cf. FK (p. 99) who states that the
/i/ is maintained before the reflexive.
\ref 02053
\lxam xi:lo:ti
\lxam_c xi:lo:ti
\lxoa xi:lo:ti
\lxoa_c xi:lo:ti
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to form a xi:lo:tl (i.e., for a maize plant to be at the stage of development where the jilotes are just forming)
\sense_s salirse un jilote (esto es, estar una planta de maíz en el mero momento cuando se le salen los jilotes)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kemech xi:lo:ti. Xe ye:lo:ti, kemech xi:lo:titok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is just forming jilotes. The elotes haven't yet started to form, the jilotes are just starting to emerge.
\phrase_s Apenas están formándose los jilotes. Los elotes todavía no salen, apenas están saliendo los jilotes.
\phrase_n Kemech xi:lo:titok nomi:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My cornfield is just at the stage where the jilotes are forming.
\phrase_s En mi milpa apenas estásaliendo los jilotes.
\semfld plant
\semfld stage
\root xi:lo:
\ref 02054
\lxam chi:chitia
\lxam_c kichi:chitia
\lxoa chi:chitia
\lxoa_c kichi:chitia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to nurse; to breast-feed
\sense_s dar pecho o leche a (un niño)
\sense_d Pending
\root chi:chi
\xref chi:chi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref chi:chitilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 02055
\lxam tlapayawto:to:tl
\lxam_c tlapayawto:to:tl
\lxoa tlapayahto:to:tl
\lxoa_c tlapayahto:to:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of swift, in Spanish golondrina; apparently this term covers birds in the genera Cypseldoides, Streptoprocne, and Chaetura, and
Panptila, though perhaps also the Aeronautes saxatalis. The bird appears in the Oapan area from the south, allegedly from Ostotempan, around May, and
immediately leave. They fly high and cry as they go.
\sense_s tipo de golondrina, aparentemente incluye aves en los genera Cypseldoides, Streptoprocne, Chaeturay Panptila, y quizátambién
Aeronautes saxatalis. El ave aparece en Oapan desde el sur, supuestamente de Ostotempan, en mayo y luego luego se va. Vuela alto, y va gritando cuando va.
\sense_d Pending
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 28, various
\phrase_n Kitowa deke ne:si tlapayawto:to:tl, wa:hlaw. Kwa:hki a:tl. Tlapayawis, kiawis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is said that if a tlapayawto:to:tl appears, it (the rain) will come. It brings the rains. It will drizzle, it will rain.
\phrase_s Se dice que si aparece un tlapayawto:to:tl , va a venir (el agua). Trae las aguas. Va a lloviznar, va a llover.
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root tlapa
\root yawi
\root to:to:
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'golondrina.' Note that in early June 2003 I saw what appeared to be several of these birds (I was alone at the time and could
not consult a native speaker) and they had one white stripe on the underside of each wing.
\ref 02056
\lxam me:mela
\lxam_c me:mela
\lxoa me:mela
\lxoa_c me:mela
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(ap)
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn N1
\sense_e thick oval-shaped tortilla made quickly, often when there is no time to make flat tortillas, and that is generally eaten spinkled with salt
\sense_s tortilla gruesa y ovoide hecha rapidamente, a menudo porque no hay tiempo para hacer tortillas normales, que generalmente se come rociada con sal
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Me:mela, xkakana:wak, titila:wak tlaxkahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A me:mela , it's not thin, it's a thick tortilla.
\phrase_s Una me:mela , no es delgada, es una tortilla gruesa.
\semfld food-maize
\root mela:
\nse The etymology of this is uncertain, but it probably derives from a reduplicated form of mela:wa. Note how reduplication is often used in metaphoric lexemes, although
here the reduplication is with a long vowel. Note, however, that long vowel reduplication (with final /h/) is used in baby talk. Perhaps there is some relationship to these forms here.
\qry Check for presence of final /h/ here. The me:mela is like what is expressed by the Spanish huaraches (a type of tortilla or gordita), but the
me:mela is plain (i.e., it is not made with beans, nor is anything but salt placed on top).
\grm Reduplication: /Me:mela, xkakana:wak, titila:wak tlaxkahli/ In the phrase note how the short vowel reduplication is used with /kana:wak/ and /tila:wak/, and would seem to
indicate"somewhat". Perhaps this should be investigated. Also, however, it is used because the left placement of /me:mela/ indicates a generic sense, and these are not
countable but plural.
\ref 02057
\lxam tlakotia:n
\lxam_c i:tlakotia:n
\lxoa tlákotiá:n
\lxoa_c i:tlákotiá:h
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-dvb-ya:n
\infn N2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e waist
\sense_s cintura
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chkukwa notlakotia:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My waist hurts me.
\phrase_s Me duele la cintura.
\phrase_n Ma nimokaxa:ni, ke:n tili:nki notlakotia:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me loosen my clothes (e.g., a belt), (the clothes around) my waist are really tight (e.g., because I have just eaten a lot)!
\phrase_s ¡Déjame soltar mi ropa (p. ej., un cinturón), (la ropa por) mi cintura estámuy apretada (p. ej., porque comímucho)!
\sense_e middle (of sth long)
\sense_s mitad o parte en medio (de algo largo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's a dress with a seam between two pieces of cloth haflway down.
\phrase_s Es una falda que a la mitad tiene una costura entre dos pedazos de tela.
\phrase_n Pakah ne:, itlakotia:n tlakaltech.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is there, halfway up the steep slope.
\phrase_s Alláestá, a la mitad de la cuesta muy inclinada.
\phrase_n Tetekomasolmeh, tlakotiá:n pipitsaktikeh, tlawe:lekeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The insects called tetekomasolmeh are narrow in the middle, they are fierce (i.e., they bite).
\phrase_s Los insectos llamados tetekomasolmeh son muy delgados por en medio, son bravos (esto es, muerden).
\sense_e halfway point (of a period of time)
\sense_s a mediados (de un periodo de tiempo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yekos itlakotia:n i:n me:stli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will arrive in the middle of this month.
\phrase_s Va a llegar a mediados de este mes.
\semfld body
\root tlahko
\nae Although tlakotia:n has been considered an obligatorily possessed form, in one phrase it appears unpossessed (tlakotiá:n pipitsaktikeh, tlawe:lekeh). I
had also documented it as having final stress in this form. It might be best considered an abbreviation, or perhaps a single word (tlakotia:npipitaktikeh). The absence
of the possessed marker and the final syllable stress need to be checked. Note that in the pronunciation Inocencio Jiménez the final /n/ is clear; Florencia Marcelino, also from
Oapan, utters a final /h/.
\qry Although I have coded this as an obligatorily possessed form (which I will leave as is for now), I have one example where /tlakotiá:n/ is not possessed (and where, moreover, it is
stressed on the final syllable). This should be checked. It might be that /tlakotiá:n pipitsaktikeh/ is simply an acopated form of the possessed. Or it might even be
an"incorporated"form, ?/tlakotia:npipitsaktikeh/. All these possibilities should be checked.
\vl Note that in the pronunciation Inocencio Jiménez the final /n/ is clear; Florencia Marcelino, also from Oapan, utters a final /h/. Check and make sure this is manifested in
the selection of material.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note that in the recording of this word the final /n/ is clear in Inocencio Jimenez; Florencia Marcelino utters this with a final /h/.
\semref tlamia:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref pe:wya:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlamiya:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref pe:hya:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02058
\lxam sa:ndiakokone:tl
\lxam_c sa:ndiakokone:tl
\lxoa sa:ntiá:koné:tl
\lxoa_c sa:ntiá:koné:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e small watermelon that has formed with a long, thin, and curved neck (i.e., a pointed end)
\sense_s sandía que se formócon un cuello largo, delgado y encorvado (esto es, tiene la punta alargada y delgada)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root kone:
\nse Apparently the use of kokone:tl with certain fruits is related to their resemblance to a doll.
\qry Query if this is an actual type of watermelon (i.e., species) or is simply a reference to the fact that it is small and perhaps doll-like in appearance. Check for other fruits/vegetables
that may contain the /kokone:tl/ term. Check the length of the first /a/ in the Oapan form; it may be short.
\ilus_note Illustrate with picture or line drawing.
\semref a:yukokone:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ayó:koné:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02059
\lxam te:siawi:tih
\lxam_c te:siawi:tih
\lxoa te:siawi:tih
\lxoa_c te:siawi:tih
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e to be tiring or exhausting (a task or sth that requires physical exertion); to cause tiredness
\sense_s ser cansado (una tarea o algo que requiere un esfuerzo físico); causar cansancio
\sense_d Pending
\root siawi
\disamb te:siawi:tih; te:kuhtilih etc., i.e., different words that apply to the difficulty of different tasks.
\ref 02060
\lxam chi:chi:le:wi
\lxam_c chi:chi:le:wi
\lxoa chi:chi:le:wi
\lxoa_c chi:chi:le:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\lexical Lex. rdp-l; Op. pref. te- : techi:chi:le:wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to redden or become red
\sense_s ponerse rojo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkitati momi:l! Sa: chi:chi:le:wtok, ye wa:ktok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go take a look at your milpa! It's all turning red, it's already begun to dry up.
\phrase_s ¡Ve a ver tu milpa! Estáquedándose rojo, ya se estásecando.
\semfld color
\root chi:l
\nse It is interesting that the color red (and not brown or black) is used to refer to a milpa that is drying up. This may be compared to the use of the term for 'to become black,'
tlitli:le:wi , which is used to refer to a healthy"green"milpa, particularly one that might result to use of a good fertilizer.
\nae In regard to the variation between chi:chi:le:wi and chi:chi:liwi , many consultants consider them equivalent. However, when questioned about the
phrase Xkitati momi:l! Sa: chi:chi:le:wtok, ye wa:ktok Luis Lucena remarked that sa: chi:chi:liwtok would not be correct.
\semref chi:chi:liwi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02061
\lxam petla:naltia
\lxam_c kipetla:naltia
\lxoa petla:naltia
\lxoa_c kipetla:naltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b(ni/altia)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to shine (e.g., a surface such as that of shoes, a table, etc.); to make sparkle
\sense_s lustrar (p. ej., una superficie como una mesa, etc.) sacarle brillo a; pulir hasta que brille; bolear
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipetla:naltia sapa:tos un kone:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That child shines shoes.
\phrase_s Bolea zapatos ese niño.
\root petla:
\qry Check whether transitive /petla:nia/ exists.
\xref petla:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02062
\lxam tlachi:xtok
\lxam_c tlachi:xtok
\lxoa tlachi:xtok
\lxoa_c tlachi:xtok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be conscious (e.g., after having fainted); to be recovered (e.g., after an illness); to be sober (e.g., after a bout of drinking)
\sense_s ser conciente (p. ej., después de haber desmayado, etc.); ser recuperado (p. ej., después de una enfermedad); estar sobrio (p. ej., después de una borrachera)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ski o:tlai:lo:k, pero yewa xo:tlai:k. Tlachi:xtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Even though people drank, he didn't. He is sober.
\phrase_s Aunque la gente tomaba,él no tomó. Estásobrio.
\sense_e to be looking good; to be looking healthy; to have a good appearance (a person, animal, plant, etc.)
\sense_s verse bien, con saludo; tener buena apariencia (una persona, animal, planta, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Melá:k tetomaktik mokaba:yoh, tlachi:xtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your horse is really hefty, it's looking good.
\phrase_s Tu caballo estámuy robusto, se estáviendo bien.
\phrase_n Xkowili un iyo:lka:w. Yewa tlachi:xtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Buy that animal from him! That one looks to be in good shape (i.e., healthy, robust, filled out, etc.)
\phrase_s ¡Cómprale su animal!ése se ve bien (esto es, con buen salud, llenito, fuerte, etc.).
\phrase_n Ye tlatlachi:xtok nomi:l. Xka:wa, ya:lwa pili:ntoya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My maize field is looking good. You wouldn't have guessed it, yesterday it was drooping.
\phrase_s Mi milpa se estáviendo bien. No lo hubieras pensado, ayer se estaba secando.
\root chiya
\semref tlachia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02063
\lxam sepo:wa
\lxam_c kisepo:wa
\lxoa sepo:wa
\lxoa_c kisepo:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3b(ow)
\sense_e to anesthesize
\sense_s anestesiar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kisepo:was motlan para ma:ka mitskoko:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will anesthesize your tooth so that it won't hurt you (i.e., when he drills into it).
\phrase_s Te va a anestesiar el diente para que no te vaya a doler (esto es, cuando te lo trabaje con la fresa).
\sense_e to cut (with a machete) partially through (the branches of felled trees in order to be able to flatten them down, for example, so that they may serve as a barrier or fence; the
tree, not the branches, is [O])
\sense_s cortar (con un machete) y atravesar parcialmente (las ramas deárboles tumbados para poder aplastarlas y colocarlas cerca del tronco, p. ej., para que sirvan como cerca o
barrera; nótese que elárbol, no las ramas, es el [O])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xiksepo:wa un kohtli! San tlakotipantsi:n xtsonteki, ma kwelpachiwi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Chop through (the branches of) that tree! Just cut halfway through, let them (the branches) fold over!
\phrase_s ¡Córtale (las ramas a) eseárbol!¡Córtale a la mitad nada más para que se puedan doblar!
\root sepo:
\qry Further check meaning. Check inflection carefully. Record and perhaps acoustically measure forms.
\ilus_note Illustrate the reference to tree.
\semref ma:sepo:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02064
\lxam kuch
\lxam_alt uch
\lxam_c kuch
\lxoa kuch
\lxoa_alt uch
\lxoa_c kuch
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan cochino (?)
\psm N; Interj
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e sound used for driving away pigs
\sense_s sonido utilizado para espantar y ahuyentar a marranos
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e piggy
\sense_s marranito
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:nkah kuch!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There's a piggy there!
\phrase_s ¡Hay un marranito allá!
\semfld baby
\nse Kuch might well be derived from Spanish cochino. Its use as a noun apparently derives from, or is at least related to, the sound used to drive away
pigs. As a noun, kuch is used by very young children, before they can talk well. It is also used by adults to talk to children, imitating their speech. Also as a noun,
kuch is equivalent to uch , although one consultant, Juana Rodríguez, mentioned that the former is used by slightly older children and that the youngest,
unable to pronounce the /k/, say uch.
\semref uch
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02065
\lxam wi:tsapo:lin
\lxam_c wi:tsapo:lin
\lxoa wí:tsapó:lin
\lxoa_c wí:tsapó:lin
\lxgen wi:tsakapo:lin
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e small grass still unidentified, of the family Poaceae
\sense_s tipo de sacate pequeño, de la familia Poaceae
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wi:tsapo:lin | Xiwtsi:ntli ke:n akistiwewetsi. Te:sok itla:kihlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Wi:tsapo:lin : It is a small plant like the akistewe:wetsi. It's fruit pierces the skin.
\phrase_s Wi:tsapo:lin : Es una plantita como la akistewe:wetsi. Se puede espinar con su fruta.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root wits
\root apo:l
\nse According to the original notes on this plant, it is the same as another called tsontekomawistli. However, in the first fieldwork session of September-October 2001,
no consultant knew that witsapo:lin was identifical to tsontekomawistli , nor had even heard of this latter plant.
\qry Check stress pattern in Oapan forms as I did not hear the pitch accent in the pronunciation of Silvestre Pantaleón. According to one person in Oapan this is the name given to the
seeds of a certain type (or certain types?) of zacate. Check.
\qry_fon Check vowel length of first /i:/???
\vl Check for all forms/dialects. Extract pronunciation form Silvestre Pantaleón and chec
\ref 02066
\lxam i:xpoye:lia
\lxam_c ki:xpoye:lia
\lxoa i:xpoye:lia
\lxoa_c ki:xpoye:lia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Adj/-Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to sprinkle salt on the surface of
\sense_s echarle sal sobre la superficie de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sam pe:nas xki:xpoye:li. Ma:ka we:i tikte:mili:s, tla:mo ke:n istachichí:k yes.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just sprinkle a little bit of salt on it (in this case the surface of a tortilla). Don't pour a lot on it! If you do, it will get really salty
\phrase_s échale nada más un poquito de sal (en este caso a una tortilla).¡No le pongas mucha, porque de otra manera quedarámuy salado!
\root i:x
\root poye:
\qry Check to see if an intransitive form /i:xpoye:ya/ exists. Provisionally I have marked the /tran field for no adjectival and no intransitive. Check all paradigms for these alternations.
\ref 02067
\lxam mexkahli de kukuwtitlantsi:n
\lxam_c mexkahli de kukuwtitlantsi:n
\lxoa mexkahli yón de kókohtitlántsi:n
\lxoa_c mexkahli yón de kókohtitlántsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-comp
\infn N1
\pitch yes
\sense_e see kukuwtitlantsi:n
\sense_s véase kukuwtitlantsi:n
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld aga
\root mexkal
\root kow
\root_rel -titlan
\ref 02068
\lxam kamane:lowa
\lxam_c kikamane:lowa
\lxoa kamane:lowa
\lxoa_c kikamane:lowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to toss around in ones mouth (e.g., a person sucking on a candy, an animal with a bone in its mouth, etc.)
\sense_s agitar dentro de la boca (p. ej., una persona chupando un dulce, un animal con un hueso en la boca, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (~ tlato:hli) to mumble or not pronounce or articulate clearly (see popoloka)
\sense_s (~ tlato:hli) no pronunciar bien; hablar entre dientes; mascullar (véase popoloka)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kikamane:lowa tlato:hli, xkipanki:xtia kwahli, xtihkakis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He mumbles his words, he doesn't pronounce them clearly, you won't understand what he says.
\phrase_s Habla entre dientes, no pronuncia bien las palabras, no le vas a entender.
\root kama
\root ne:l
\ref 02069
\lxam tsi:tsikiltik
\lxam_c tsi:tsikiltik
\lxoa tsi:tsikiltik
\lxoa_c tsi:tsikiltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e to be in zig-zag (e.g., a line drawn, the edge of certain fruit bowls, some dress hems, etc.)
\sense_s estar en zig-zag (p. ej., una línea dibujada, la orilla de ciertos fruteros, el dobladillo de algunas faldas, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root tsikil
\nse Both tsi:tsikiltik and tsi:tsikiltsi:n refer to zig-zag patterns. However, the diminutive form indicates a more closed pattern, with the lines closer together.
Consultants indicated that tsi:tsikiltiktsi:n is also correct, though less common. However, I do not remember hearing it in natural discourse. In Oapan
tsi:tsikiltik is used to refer to clothes with a zig-zag edge. If the zig-zag is on lace tsi:tsikiltsi:h is used. A ceramic fruit bowl, like those sold in Oapan, is
referred to as te:ntsi:tsikiltik.
\ilus_note Illustrate. See illustration on original 3x5 card.
\vl Check vowel length of first syllable; check whether /tsitsikiliwi/, /tsitsikiltik/ with short first vowel exists.
\grm Adjectivals in /-tik/; diminutives. Note that the diminutive of adjectivals ending in /-tik/ appears to involve simply the replacing of /-tik/ with /-tsi:n/. Thus one has /tsi:tsikiltik/
and /tsi:tsikiltsi:n/.
\ref 02070
\lxam te:kwa:nxiwtli
\lxam_c te:kwa:nxiwtli
\lxoa te:kwa:nxihtli
\lxoa_c te:kwa:nxihtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e type of plant as yet unidentified
\sense_s tipo de planta hasta ahora no identificada
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:kwa:nxiwtli | Mitskwa:s ke:n tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Te:kwa:nxiwtli : It will sting you like a tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n.
\phrase_s Te:kwa:nxiwtli : Te va a picar como un tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root kwa
\root xiw
\ref 02071
\lxam itika:xowa
\lxam_c nitika:xowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans +Refl/-trans; Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) to sink or pull in ones stomach or midsection
\sense_s (refl.) sumirse el estómago o barriga
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xmitika:xo!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Suck in your gut!
\phrase_s ¡Súmete la barriga!
\root hti
\root ka:x
\semref ítiko:pa:xówa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02072
\lxam kwa:tsonawatl
\lxam_c kwa:tsonawatl
\lxoa kwa:tsónawátl
\lxoa_c kwa:tsónawátl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e scalp disease in which a person's hair falls out in a round, expanding area (ringworm?)
\sense_s enfermedad del cabello en que se le va cayendo el pelo en un círculo redondo y expandiendo (tiña?)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld disease
\root kwa:
\root tson
\root ahwa-2-
\qry Check Oapan and San Juan cognates for probable presence of /h/; cf. in Karttunen /ahhuayowa/ 'to have an itch'. In the meantime I have recorded the root as /ahwa/. Also
determine proper name of the disease, which I have temporarily given as ringworm.
\semref kwa:tenextli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02073
\lxam tlakwahli
\lxam_c tlakwahli
\lxoa tlakwahli
\lxoa_c tlakwahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e food
\sense_s comida
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (fig.) bites (of insects)
\sense_s (fig.) piquetes (de insectos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nochi tlakwahli mokxi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your leg is all bites.
\phrase_s Tu pierna es puros piquetes.
\sense_e (tlá:tlakwál) favorite dish of (sb)
\sense_s (tlá:tlakwáli) el antojito de (algn)
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa
\qry Cristino Flores did not accept /nochi tlakwahli mokxi/ but rather /nochi mokxi i:tlakwal sa:yo:lin/.
\semref tlakukwahli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlá:kwahlí
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02074
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xtetla:katsi:n
\lxoa_c i:xtetla:katsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N2
\sense_e colored part (pupil and iris) of the eyes
\sense_s parte de color (pupila e iris) del ojo
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\root i:x
\root te
\root tla:ka
\nse In my notes for Ameyaltepec I have noted that this refers to the pupil, the black center of the eye. However, Florencia Marcelino (Oapan) mentioned that Oapan
i:xtetla:katsi:nrefers to the entire colored part of the eyes. However, Roberto Mauricio stated that this term refers only to the pupil.
\nae There is no reduplication in Oapan i:xtetla:katsi:n, whereas the Ameyaltepec cognate form does manifest reduplication. Note also that whereas the initial stem in Oapan
is i:xte-, in Ameyaltepec it is i:xte:n-
\qry I have noted that the reduplicated vowel is definitely long, although in one entry I had originally recorded it short. Nevertheless, note that in Oapan the /te:/ is long and there is no
reduplication. Recheck Ameyaltepec. I originally had this as pupil, but FM stated that it refers to the entire colored part of the eyes.
\vl Check to make sure no reduced reduplication on /te/.
\semref i:xte:ntla:tla:katsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 02075
\lxam tisi
\lxam_c kitisi
\lxoa tisi
\lxoa_c kitisi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Spec
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to lightly rub against (an object)
\sense_s frotar contra ligeramente (un objeto)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kwa:ltistiah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It came along rubbing lightly against it (e.g., a rope against the saddle of a burro, or water canteens and other objects against ropes to which they are tied)
\phrase_s Venía frotándose contra ello (p. ej., una soga contra la silla de un burro, o cantimploras u otros objetos contra un laso)
\root tisi
\disamb techiki
\qry Determine the exact context in which /tisi/ can be used with the sense of 'to lightly rub against' and check for the difference between /tisi/ so used and /techiki/.
\ref 02076
\lxam kuwsa:watl
\lxam_c kuwsa:watl
\lxoa kosa:watl
\lxoa_c kosa:watl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e generic name for a type of tree, the cazahuate , that includes two types: kuhsa:watland tenexkuhsa:watl
\sense_s nombre genérico para un tipo deárbol, el cazahuate , que incluye dos tipos: kuhsa:watly tenexkuhsa:watl
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e specific type of cazahuate , known simply as kuhsa:watl; tree of the family Convolvulaceae and genus species Ipomoea pauciflora
\sense_s tipo específico del cazahuate, conocido simplemente como kuhsa:watl;árbol de la familia Convolvulaceae and genus species Ipomoea pauciflora
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kuwsa:watl | Xtlah serbi:rowa, san deke timopo:ktla:lili:s. Kana:wak ixiwyo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Kuwsa:watl : It is not good for anything, except if you want to use it to emit smoke around yourself (e.g., to keep mosquitos away while one is sitting). Its
leaves are thin.
\phrase_s Kuwsa:watl : No sirve para nada, solamente si quieres echarte humo (esto es, para ahuyentar a los mosquitos cuando uno estésentado). Sus hojas son
delgadas.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root kow
\root sa:wa
\notes_nature According to Roberto Mauricio there are two types of kosa:watl very similar in appearance and both called by the same name, with no distinguishing clause.
One is found in Oapan and the other near Ameyaltepec, with the latter having slightly thicker leaves than the former. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the
cuasahuate , as does Ramírez (1991), who identifies it as of the family Convolvulaceaeand the genus/species Ipomoea murucoides.
Schoenhals (1988) under the name cazahuate mentions:"(Ipomoea arborescens, I. murucoides) 'morning-glory tree' See palo blanco."Under this entry, she
states:"(Ipomoea arborescens, I. murucoides) 'morning-glory tree' The same genus as morning-glories. Large flowers are white. The tree grows in dry areas such as
Cuautla. Also called cazahuate, ozote, palo bobo, palo cabra, palo de muerto, palo santo. 2. (Acacia willardiana) '[type of] acacia' Tree has thin, white bark and a
hard wood. Found in the coast al mountains of Sonora. 3. (Maytenus phyllantoides) 'Florida mayten' See mangle dulce. 4. (Roseondendron
donnell-smithii) 'spring bellos.' See primavera. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) have two trees that are relevant, both of the family Convolvulaceae. The first (p.
173) is Ipomoea arborescens, known in Spanish by the names of sacamanteca or cazahuate. The second (p. 174) is the Ipomoea
wolvottiana, known in Spanish as cazahuate. According to Lupe Domínguez, the kohsa:watl is considered to
te:ko:ntlapa:nabecause if one grabs its flowers when they have just come into bloom, tiko:ntlapa:nis. However, she did not consider
te:ko:ntlapa:na itself to be the name of a plant.
\qry Check last name of Lupe, wife of Victorico Jimenez.
\qry Check for the presence of /h/ in the Oapan version, i.e., the possibility that the spelling is /kohsa:watl/. I originally had this without /h/ but have since changed it without checking the
recording.
\semref te:ko:ntlapa:na
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02077
\lxam xkaman
\lxam_c xkaman
\lxoa xkaman
\lxoa_alt xkamah
\lxoa_c xkaman
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e never
\sense_s nunca
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xoh kaman wi:ts.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will never come again.
\phrase_s Nunca jamás vendrá.
\phrase_n U:mpa xniá:s kaman, ke:n weka. -=Umpa xkaman niá:s, ke:n weka.-
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will never go there, it's too far away.
\phrase_s Nunca voy a ir allá, es demasiado lejos.
\root kaman
\nae Kaman is almost found in the negative, although the clitic x= may (rarely) be placed before a the verbal head of the phrase, with the adverbial
kaman afterward (e.g., Xniá:s kaman). However, although the negative clitic is at the left end of the verbal predicate, the predicate modifier
kaman can be pre- or postverbal (with the former apparently more common). Thus one can also have both xkaman niá:s or, in a marked form
niá:s xkaman. Nevertheless, the preverbal position is more common and one is much more likely to find xkaman nihkwa nakatl than xnihkwa
nakatl kaman.
\qry Check possible difference in meaning/emphasis between /ompa xniá:s kaman/ and /ompa xkaman niá:s/. Check whether one can say both /xkaman niaw/"I never go"and /xniaw
kaman/. It appears that the future form with /kaman/ at the end and the negative with the verb is the more common syntax. Check vowel length; cf. to /ke:mman/ in other dialects.
\grm The lexeme kaman is only found in the negative, although the clitic x may be placed before a the verbal head of the phrase, with the adverbial
kaman afterward. However, in general this syntax seems limited, and one is much more likely to find xkaman nihkwa nakatl that
xnihkwa nakatl kaman.
\semref kaman
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02078
\lxam chika:hka:no:tsa
\lxam_c kichika:hka:no:tsa
\lxoa chika:hka:no:tsa
\lxoa_c kichika:hka:no:tsa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Part-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to talk to in a loud voice (sometimes for being somewhat annoyed)
\sense_s hablar a en una voz alta (y a veces algo molesto)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kichika:hka:no:tsa, ye kwala:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He speaks to him in a loud tone of voice, he is getting mad.
\phrase_s Le habla algo molesto y en voz muy alta, ya se enoja.
\root chika:
\root no:tsa
\semref yema:nka:no:tsa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02079
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa chi:kanahtik
\lxoa_c chi:kanahtik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\sense_e to be very thin (e.g., a cloth, flat things whose"thickness"can be measured or judged)
\sense_s ser muy delgado (p. ej., una tela, cosas planas que tienen grosor)
\sense_d Oa
\root chi:
\root kana:
\nae The close relationship between te- and chi:- as affixal intensifiers is demonstrated by similarity in meaning between the two terms, Ameyaltepec
tekanaktik and Oapan chi:kanahtik.
\qry Whether or not /tekanaktik/ exists in Oapan needs to be checked, likewise /chi:kanahtik/ in Ameyaltepec. Note that in general the position of /te-/ is obligatory with forms such as
/tekanaktik/ (cf. kana:wak), /tetomaktik/ (cf. toma:wak), etc.
\semref tekanaktik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tekanahtik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02080
\lxam matekia
\lxam_c kimatekia
\lxoa mátekía
\lxoa_pr matekia
\lxoa_f ['ma te 'ki ya]
\lxoa_c kimátekía
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to pour water over the hands of (so that they may wash them)
\sense_s echarle o verterle agua a las manos de (para que las lave)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chmateki, ye titlakwa:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pour water over my hands so that I may wash them, we're about to eat.
\phrase_s Viérteme agua sobra las manos para que las puedo lavar, ya vamos a comer.
\sense_e (refl.) to wash ones hands
\sense_s (refl.) lavarse las manos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmomateki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Wash your hands!
\phrase_s ¡Lávate las manos!
\root mah
\root teki
\nse Although matekia would seem to be related to a: 'water' and te:ka 'to pour' (cf. kwa:te:kia 'to baptize'), the form as
noted has both a short /a/ and short /e/. If this were to hold up under analysis, then the etymology of matekia would be problematical. FK notes under
mahtequia "C[arochi] contrasts this with the imperfect form of ma:tequ(i) 'to cut one's hand.' This would seem to be from ma:(i)-tl 'hand and
a:te:quia: 'to sprinkle water on something,' but the vowel length pattern is completely wrong. Even deriving it with mah the alternative stem of
ma:(i)-tl and te:quia: 'to sprinkel something,' there remains a discrepancy. X[alitla] has ma: for mah. Apparently in Oapan it is more
common to use ma:pa:ka although this should be checked.
\qry Check length of /e/. Check neighboring dialects for /h/ after /a/.
\vl Check vl in both dialects.
\ref 02081
\lxam ma:temetsakia
\lxam_c kima:temetsakia
\lxoa ma:temetsakia
\lxoa_f [ma: te me tsa 'ki a]
\lxoa_c kima:temetsakia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to pound with ones fist on the arm of
\sense_s golpear con el puño el brazo de
\sense_d Pending
\fla temetsakia
\root ma:
\root temets
\root ak
\qry Recheck length of penultimate /a/. Check whether forms such as /temetsakia/, /ma:metsakia/, etc. exist.
\ref 02082
\lxam ka:ldoh
\lxam_c ka:ldoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan caldo
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e clear soup (particularly made of chicken stock)
\sense_s caldo
\sense_d Am
\semfld food
\semref chi:la:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02083
\lxam ma:a:la:wi
\lxam_c ma:a:la:wi
\lxoa ma:a:la:wi
\lxoa_c ma:a:la:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to scrape ones arm or hand
\sense_s rasparse el brazo o la mano
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nima:aga:la:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I scraped my arm (in various places, e.g., in falling).
\phrase_s Se me raspóel brazo (en varios lugares, p. ej., al caerme).
\flao a:la:wi
\root ma:
\root a:la:
\vl Check for glottal stop in Inocencio Jiménez' pronunciation of /ma:a:la:wi/. Also check for /g/ in Am between stem and reduplicant.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note that here and elsewhere Inocencio Jimenez seems to insert a glottal stop or pause between the IN and the V [ma:? a:la:wi]. This should be checked.
\grm Ameyaltepec phonology: in /o:nima:aga:la:w/ note that there is a voiced stop, [g] between the reduplicant and verb stem. This should be confirmed and if it is present, the
contexts in which 0>g occurs should be established.
\ref 02084
\lxam yo:li:k
\lxam_c yo:li:k
\lxoa yo:li:k
\lxoa_c yo:li:k
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\psm Adj
\pss TM; PM
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Intrans;-Trans
\infa pl. yo:li:kmeh, yo:likeh
\sense_e (as adjective) to be slow
\sense_s (como adjectivo) ser lento
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:li:kmeh, ke:n sasa:lmeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They take their time about it, they are slowpokes.
\phrase_s Toman su tiempo, son lentones.
\sense_e (as predicate modifier) slowly
\sense_s (como modificador de un predicado) despacio
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:li:k xyatiw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go along slowly!
\phrase_s ¡Ve yendo despacio!
\phrase_n Yo:li:k o:ne:cheko:tih noburroh, ye siawtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My donkey got me slowly to my destination, it's already tired.
\phrase_s Mi burro he hizo llegar a mi destino muy despacio, ya se cansó.
\sense_e (as predicate modifier) quietly; at a low volume
\sense_s (como modificador de un predicado) bajito; a un volumen bajo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:li:k xtlatsotsona, ma:ka chika:wak!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Play it softly, not loudly!
\phrase_s ¡Tócalo despacito, no fuerte!
\phrase_n Yo:li:k tlatowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He speaks softly (or, 'he speaks slowly').
\phrase_s Habla despacito (en cuanto a volumen o rapidez).
\root yo:l
\nse The utilization of yo:li:k to mean 'softly' or 'at a low volume' might be a calque from Spanish 'despacio,' which also has both meanings.
\nae It is unclear what the best interpretation of the form yo:li:k is. One possibility is to analyze it as a deverbal adjectival, a participial form of the verb
yo:li. Another would be to consider it a denominal adjective (as it has been coded above) along the lines of istá:k , yenkwik ,
etc. However, the problem with this interpretation is that no corresponding verbal forms have yet been documented in the corpus.
\qry Note that originally for Am I had a short final /i/. This has been changed here but should be checked.
\ref 02085
\lxam ma:tetepon
\lxam_c ma:tetepon
\lxoa ma:tetepoh
\lxoa_alt ma:tetepon
\lxoa_c ma:tetepoh
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to be one-armed (usually because one arm has been amputated)
\sense_s ser manco (generalmente a causa de una amputación)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be short-sleeved (a shirt)
\sense_s ser de manga corta (una camisa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tine:cha:lkwi:li:s notlake:n de ma:tetepon.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will bring me my short-sleeved shirt.
\phrase_s Me vas a traer mi camisa de manga corta.
\root ma:
\root tepon
\fl tetepon
\ref 02086
\lxam molo:naltia
\lxam_c kimolo:naltia
\lxoa molo:naltia
\lxoa_c kimolo:naltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to let rot and get fetid (particularly meat)
\sense_s dejar que se eche a perder y agarre un mal olor (en particular la carne)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xniman o:hte:tek un nakatl. O:tikmolo:naltih, o:itlakaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You didn't cut that meat up right away (in order to dry and preserve it). You let it start to smell, it went bad.
\phrase_s No cortaste esa carne luego luego. Dejaste que empezara a pudrir, se echóa perder.
\flao molo:nia
\root molo:
\qry Check whether in ref. to cotton, etc. only the reduplicated form with a long vowel is used. Also, determine what the precise action is. Check for use and meaning of /molo:ni/ and
whether ?molonia exists. Apparently this might be in error and the form /momolo:nia/ more correct.
\grm Causative: /Xniman o:htetek un nakatl. O:tikmolo:naltih, o:itlakaw/ 'You didn't cut that meat up right away (in order to dry and preserve it). You let it start to smell, it went
bad.' Here note how the causative assumes a 'let' semantics (cf. tlanemi:tia). The subject of /molo:naltia/ does not make the meat go bad, but allows this to occur. Note that
the subject of the intransitive is not a potential agent.
\semref momolo:naltia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref molo:nia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02087
\lxam xo:chia:pa:ntli
\lxam_c xo:chia:pa:ntli
\lxoa xo:chiá:pá:ntli
\lxoa_c xo:chiá:pá:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\pitch yes
\sense_e pattern of leaves (only of certain appropriate plants) that are placed as a bedding under the offering of yo:ltamalteh as part of the 'soul-raising ceremony
known as tlakaka:walistli ; the xo:chia:pantli may be in various forms, depending upon the requisites of the ceremony; see
á:pá:ntlí)
\sense_s arreglo de hojas (de solamente ciertas plantas) que se colocan como colchón abajo de la ofrenda de yo:ltamalteh que forman para de la ceremonia de
'levantamiento de sombra' que se conoce en náhuatl como tlakaka:walistli ; el xo:chia:pantli puede estar en varias formas dependiendo de
los requisitos de la ceremonia; véase á:pá:ntlí)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e garland of marigolds or sásanmigé:ltsi:nthat are placed around the necks of saints (syn. Oa á:pá:ntlí)
\sense_s guirnalda de sempoalxochitl o sásanmigé:ltsi:nque se colocan por los cuellos de los santos (sin. Oa á:pá:ntlí)
\sense_d Oa
\root xo:chi
\root a:
\root pa:n
\disamb tlakaka:walistli
\qry Check the vowel length in the Oapan form. During the recording I heard a long vowel in /pa:n/. However, if it were long it should retain the pitch-accent. Thus even though I have
heard it long, I have written short. Check. I have checked this with R. Mauricio and it appears to definitely have a long penult vowel that retains p-a.
\mod In the def. for Ameyaltepec I have a reference at the end:"see á:pantlí. This originally was and nlo tag... but I don't have a lexical entry for Oaá:pantlí. Hence I have
changed this to and no tag. Nevertheless, check this and either create appropriate entry or delete the xref here.
\ref 02088
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry for /xtopa/ has been eliminated as a repete. The speech token from this present word (2088) should be tagged with number 4374.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 02089
\lxam tlatlako:lkwi:lia
\lxam_c kitlatlako:lkwi:lia
\lxoa tlátlako:lkwí:lia
\lxoa_pr tlatlako:lkwi:lia
\lxoa_c kitlátlako:lkwí:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to mock (sb) for being unable to do sth
\sense_s burlarse de (algn) por no poder hacer algo
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:kwetskilih, o:kitlatlakolkwi:lih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He laughed at him, he mocked him for something (e.g., a task or job) that he couldn't do.
\phrase_s Se riódeél, se burlódeél por algo (p. ej., una tarea o trabajo) que no pudo hacer.
\phrase_n Kitlatlako:lkwi:lia, kuwetskilia ke:n xweli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He mocks him for not being able to do something, he laughs at how he can't do it.
\phrase_s Se burla deél por no poder hacer algo, se ríe de comoél no lo puede hacer.
\sense_e to take the sin of (e.g., if one murders sb who has himself murdered another, then the first person will suffer the sin in Hell while the other will be absolved; see
chipawi:lo)
\sense_s cargarse con el pecado de (p. ej., si una persona mata a algn que ha matado, el primero se carga con el pecado y va al infierno a sufrir mientras que la otra, que primero
mató, se absuelve; véase chipawi:lo.
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root htlako
\nse Tlatlako:lkwi:lia refers to the action of mocking someone who is attempting to do something that he can't do well such as dancing, painting, or other activities involving
skill.
\nae It would seem that tlatlako:lwilia would be an applicative of the transitive verb ? tlatlako:lwia. However, this latter has not been yet been documented
in any of the sources used.
\qry Note that in one filecard I had written /tlatlakolwilia/. This might be in error as another filecard had /tlatlako:lkwi:lia/ with the same meaning. This should be checked and corrected.
Cf. also the entry for /wetskilia/ where one of the above phrases is entered. Check whether /tlatlako:lwia/ is a word, in either dialect.
\ref 02090
\lxam sie:mpreh
\lxam_c sie:mpreh
\lxoa sie:mpre
\lxoa_c sie:mpre
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan siempre
\psm Modal
\der Modal
\sense_e in any case; after all; in the end; after all is said and done
\sense_s en todo caso; después de todo; a fin de cuentas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sie:mpreh tiá:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e In any case, you'll wind up going.
\phrase_s En todo caso, vas a ir.
\phrase_n Sie:mpreh se:se:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e After all is said and done, it is still cold.
\phrase_s Después de todo, hace algo de frío.
\nse The Spanish loan sie:mpreh is not used in the sense of 'always' but rather to indicate that 'in the final analysis' something is bound to occur, a certain state is deemed to
exist, etc. Thus it suggests a speaker's evaluation of the probability that an event will occur or that, after much debate, a certain state exists.
\qry Check for glottal stop; originally I had Am with final /h/; this should be checked. Apparently Oa has glottal stop.
\vl Chech the final glottal stop (phonetic) in Oapan [sie:mpre]. Also, do the same in Ameyaltepec.
\ref 02091
\lxam tlamemekawia
\lxam_c tlamemekawia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-d-wia
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2a
\semfld tool
\sense_e to use a string or cord to set a snare trap (for birds, e.g., in a field where sesame has been cut and birds alight to feed)
\sense_s utilizar un mecate para tender una trampa (para atrapar pajaritos, p. ej., en un campo donde se ha cortado anjolin y donde los pájaros van a comer)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:nitlamemekawi:to.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I went to set traps with a string.
\phrase_s Fue a tender trampas con un mecate.
\root me:ka
\disamb hunting
\nse The verb mekawia refers to setting a"trigger"trap, which consists of a noose set on the ground for trapping birds who are caught by tripping a cord.
\nae Although tlamemekawia would suggest a form memekawia or mekawia that would take specific object markers, neither of these has
been yet documented. Note that although it is possible that an unreduplicated form exists ? tlamekawia , this too has not been documented.
\nde An unreduplicated form with specific objects is documented in Classical. Molina has under mecauia. nitla 'caçar fieras con lazos, o ligar algo con cordeles.'
\qry Determine whether specific object can be used. Check to determine whether reduplicated form is the most used. It appears that in the above the reduplicated form was used
because in the situation of utterence various traps were being set. I have only heard this used in reduplicated form; check for the possibility of a nonreduplicated form. Also check the
possibility of a form without /tla-/, e.g., /mekawia/, etc.
\mod Illustrate. Give a description of the various types of traps and hunting/fishing that occurs. Add illustration of how these traps are set.
\semref tlá:maná
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02092
\lxam tla:lte:mia
\lxam_c kitla:lte:mia
\lxoa tla:lte:mia
\lxoa_c kitla:lte:mia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cover with a thin layer of dirt (either on purpose or accidentally); to place dirt on, around, or in
\sense_s cubrir con una delgada capa de tierra (a propósito o por casualidad); colocar tierra alrededor, sobre o en
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:man x'tla:lte:mi, dya xtetso:tsona para ma tepi:tsiwi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now cover it with earth, and then pound it with something heavy so that it (the ground) becomes hard!
\phrase_s ¡Ahora cúbrele con tierra y después golpéalo con algo pesado para que se macice (la tierra)!
\phrase_n X'tla:lte:mi! Ma tili:ni, ma:ka wetsis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Fill it with earth (in this case the space around a post being placed in the ground)! Let it get firmly held in place so that it doesn't fall over!
\phrase_s ¡échale tierra (en este caso alrededor de un horcón recién metido en la tierra)!¡Quése quede apretado para que no caiga!
\phrase_n Xtla:lte:mitiw kwahli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go along covering it nicely with dirt (e.g., while planting, to go along pushing dirt with ones feet to cover the seeds dropped on the ground)!
\phrase_s Ve tapándolo con tierra (p. ej., al estar sembrando, ir empujando tierra con los pies para cubrir las semillas que uno va dejando caer al sembar).
\sense_e to throw dirt on (e.g., a person one is angry with)
\sense_s echarle tierra a (p. ej., una persona con quien se estápeleando)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka xne:xtla:lte:mi! Newa xtlah timitschi:wilia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't throw earth on me! I don't do anything to you.
\phrase_s ¡No me eches tierra (p. ej., sobre el cuerpo, en la cara, etc.)! No te hago nada.
\root tla:l
\root te:m
\nae The valency of tla:lte:mia (and tla:lte:milia) presents an interesting problem. Clearly tla:lte:mia is transitive, taking a subject and object
marked on the verb. It also has an incorporated noun. If this incorporated noun had"saturated"the verb, taking up an argument slot, then te:mia , which has not been
independently documented in the sources for this dictionary, would have to be basically ditransitive. If the incorporated noun root tla:l is"modifying,"then
te:mia would be transitive. This question is discussed to a greater extent in the grammar. Cf. tla:lka:wia and a:te:kia.
\qry Check for other verbs ending with te:mia, e.g., xa:lte:mia.
\xref tla:lte:milia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 02093
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was repeated and has since been removed.
\dt 29/Jan/2002
\ref 02094
\lxam tlampwe:rtah
\lxam_c tlampwe:rtah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) puerta
\psm Adj(ap)
\der N-loan
\sense_e to be missing ones front teeth, particularly the upper front teeth
\sense_s faltarle los dientes frontales, particularmente los de arriba, a (algn [S])
\sense_d Am
\root tlan
\semref tlantra:nkah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref tlantrá:nkatík
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02095
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be kwa:wawa:tsa, but this has been deleted and /kwa:wawatsa/ considered a secondary or alternative pronunciation of /kwa:uwa:tsa/ in Ameyaltepec.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\ref 02096
\lxam tlapalo:ma:ma
\lxam_c kitlapalo:ma:ma
\lxoa tlapalo:ma:ma
\lxoa_c kitlapalo:ma:ma
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to carry (e.g., a young child) behind ones back, horizontally and half-way down the back (or on the shoulders)
\sense_s cargar (p. ej., un niño) por la espalda y horizontalmente, a la mitad del cuerpo (o por los hombros)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld sex
\root tlapalo:
\root ma:ma
\nse My notes for this verb, taken from conversations with male consultants, indicate that the sexual relations are often not with the full consent of the woman. This is not clear, but may
refer to the position, which most men consider to be somewhat"aggressive."
\nae Etymologically tlapalo:ma:ma is derived from a modifying incorporated stem and a verb, ma:ma. The grammatical category of
tlapal, however, is not clear. It does not fall neatly into the nominal or adjectival categories.
\qry Check meaning of this term; also check the meaning of /ma:ma/, which I believe also can involve sexual activity though this signification is not now listed under /ma:ma/. I have
deleted this sense. '(vulg.) to have sexual intercourse with (a woman [O]) horizontally and from behind)'
\ilus_note Ilustrate this. Perhaps a page of all the things that can be done sideways.
\ref 02097
\lxam a:xi:xtekomatl
\lxam_c a:xi:xtekomatl
\lxoa a:xi:xtekomatl
\lxoa_c a:xi:xtekomatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e bladder
\sense_s vejiga
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root a:
\root xi:xa
\root tekoma
\qry Reconfirm that the unpossessed also exists. This would seem to be the case given that in elicitation for the Oapan form I believe that the unpossessed form was given.
\vl Check length of final /o/ and check whether unpossessed form also exists.
\ref 02098
\lxam i:xte:nkoko:pi:liwi
\lxam_c i:xte:nkoko:pi:liwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for ones eyelids to droop; to have bags under ones eyes
\sense_s tener ojeras
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Sa: ni:xte:nkoko:pi:liwtiw ika nikochisneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My eyelids are drooping because I am sleepy.
\phrase_s Tengo ojeras porque tengo sueño.
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root ko:
\root pi:l
\nae Oapan has a cognate form i:xté:xo:pi:liwi
\qry Check to see if there is a transitive form and its possible use. Also, in original notecard /e/ was recorded short: this should be checked. Finally, check etymology, particularly whether
/ko:/ should be a separate root.
\grm /Sa: ni:xte:nkoko:pi:liwtiw i:ka nikochisneki/ 'my eyelids are drooping because I am sleepy' Note the use of /i:ka/ with adverbial phrase, giving the cause of the
\semref i:xté:xo:pi:liwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02099
\lxam ye:ktli
\lxam_c ye:ktli
\lxoa ye:htli
\lxoa_c ye:htli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N(at)
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e sth good; sth well made
\sense_s algo bueno; algo bien hecho
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be good looking (a man or a woman, an animal, etc.)
\sense_s ser bien puesto o puesta (un hombre o una mujer, an animal, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye:ktli un suwa:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That's a good-looking woman.
\phrase_s Es una mujer bien puesta.
\sense_e see xye:ktli (Oapan synonym xkwahli)
\sense_s véase xye:ktli (sinónimo de Oapan xkwahli)
\sense_d Am
\root ye:k
\nse In Oapan ye:htli is rarely used and when it is, almost always by groups of men (as Florencia Marcelino said: nolo:kama:wah) to refer to young women.
\ref 02100
\lxam tlapayawi
\lxam_c tlapayawi
\lxoa tlapayawi
\lxoa_c tlapayawi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\der V0-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to drizzle
\sense_s lloviznar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xsan tlachi:chipi:ni. Tlapayawi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's not that just a few drops of water are falling. It's drizzling.
\phrase_s No es que solamente se están cayendo unas gotas de agua. Estálloviznando.
\semfld weather
\root tlapa
\root yawi
\ref 02101
\lxam kalaki
\lxam_c kalaki
\lxoa kalaki
\lxoa_c kalaki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to enter (an animate being, able to act under its own volition, into a closed space, or an object that goes into a recepticle or container, such as a coin in a piggy bank)
\sense_s entrar; pasar a (un ser animado, capaz de actuar por su propia cuenta, que entra a un espacio como un cuarto, o un objeto que se mete dentro de un recipiente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:kochipan kakalakisnekiya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He repeatedly tried to get in (in this case a man into a woman's hut) while she was sleeping.
\phrase_s Quería entrar cuando estaba durmiendo (en este caso un hombre que trataba de entrar donde una mujer estádurmiendo)
\sense_e to set or go beneath the horizon (the sun or moon, or stars during the course of the night)
\sense_s ponerse o meterse abajo del horizonte (el sol o la luna, o estrellas que se meten abajo del horizonte durante la noche)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I kalakis to:nahli
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sun is about to set.
\phrase_s El sol ya se va a poner.
\sense_e (often with ika or ya) to contribute (e.g., money to a collection) to participate (e.g., with work in a joint effort, etc.)
\sense_s (a menudo con ika or ya) contribuir (p. ej., dinero a una colección); participar (p. ej., con trabajo en un esfuerzo conjunto o comunal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikalakis ika tomi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to contribute with money.
\phrase_s Voy a entrarle con dinero.
\phrase_n Tika:kalakiskeh ika tomi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Each of us is going to contribute money, one after the other.
\phrase_s Cada uno de nosotros va a contribuir con dinero, uno tras otro.
\sense_e to begin a task or job (particularly a cargo, or obligatory community service)
\sense_s empezar un trabajo o comenzar una tarea (particularmente, entrar en un cargo, un trabajo obligatorio de la comunidad)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n De o:me ika onkah, kalakis, tla: xkalakis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There are two possibilities, either he will accept the office (in this case his cargo as juez) or he won't.
\phrase_s Hay dos posibilidades, o va a aceptar el cargo (en este caso el cargo de comisario del pueblo), o no lo acepta.
\sense_e (-tlak ~) to cause delirium (a scorpion bite [S]; cf. Am ki:sa)
\sense_s (-tlak ~) afectar causando dilirio (el piquete de alacrán [S]; véase Am ki:sa)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Notlak o:kalak.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e It affected me causing delirium (a scorpion bite).
\phrase_s Se me trabó(el piquete de un alacrán).
\semfld motion
\ncol kochia:n
\ncol -tech
\ncol -tlak
\root kalak
\qry Recheck correctness of /ika/ and /tla:/ in /de o:me ika unkah, kalakis, tla: xkalakis/. Perhpas /de o:me unkah, kalakis, noso xkalakis/. Check. Check to see if only a scorpion bite can
cause /motlak kalaki/; add same information to Am /motech ki:sa/, under /ki:sa/.
\mod Note use of /tla:/ in /de o:me ika unkah/ also note use of /ika/. Place under both.
\root_notes Perhaps historically the root /kalaki/ is related to both /kal/ and /aki/.
\xref kalaktia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref kalahtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\xref kalakilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\xref kalaktilia
\xref_t val_add_applic.caus
\xref_d Am
\xref kalahtilia
\xref_t val_add_applic.caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02102
\lxam kwa:istaluwitla
\lxam_c kikwa:istaluwitla
\lxoa kwa:istalwí:witlá
\lxoa_pr kwa:istalwí:witla
\lxoa_c kikwa:istalwí:witlá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to pull out the grey or white hairs of
\sense_s arrancarle los canos de la cabeza a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chkwa:istaluwitla!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pull out my grey hairs!
\phrase_s ¡Arráncame los canos!
\root kwa:
\root sta
\root witla
\qry_h kwa:istalwiwitla. Check for /h/ after reduplicant.
\vl Check vl of the Oapan form. I would have expected reduction of the reduplicant and lengthening of the final syllable of the incorporated noun stem /kwa:istal/. It may be
that the final /a/ of /kwa:istal/ should be long, this would explain the lack of reduction. Or it may be that the reduplicant (the first /wi/ of /wiwitla/) is long (i.e., wi:witla).
Note that in other Oapan entries with /wiwitla/ there is no reduction (e.g., /tlawíwitlaké:tl/) there is no reduction; and in some (e.g., /kiwiwitla/) there is no pitch-accent.
These entries should be checked, but the absence of reduction and p-a might be due to the lexicalization of the reduplicated form (even though apparently nonreduplicated
examples, e.g, /witla/, do exist). This verb is somewhat problematical for p-a and it should be extensively discussed. Check all instances of /witla/ as my notation is not
consistent.
\semref tlawí:witláke:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02103
\lxam tsonto:ka
\lxam_c kitsonto:ka
\lxoa tsonto:ka
\lxoa_c kitsonto:ka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to point downward; to make (sth) point downward
\sense_s apuntar o hacia abajo
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl.) to be with ones head bowed down
\sense_s (refl.) estar cabizabajo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmee:kchi:wa, ma:ka san xmotsotsonto:ka!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Look alive, don't just be there with your head bowed over!
\phrase_s ¡Anímate, no estés nada más con la cabeza agachada!
\sense_e (refl.) to dive down headfirst (a bird diving for its prey, a plane in a dive, a firework that heads to earth, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) clavarse de cabeza hacia abajo (una ave buscando su presa, un avión que se desciende en picada, un cohete que se tira hacia abajo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root tson
\root to:ka
\vl There is an extra token, /notsonto:ka/ at 4558.
\qry I originally had this, rejected by C. Flores /O:timotsonto:kak i:tik a:tl./ You dove headfirst down into the water (i.e., while already in the water).
\ref 02104
\lxam cholwia
\lxam_c kicholwia
\lxoa cholwia
\lxoa_f [chol 'wi ya]
\lxoa_c kicholwia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to take quick leave of; to run off to avoid seeing (e.g., in seeing that sb is coming to visit)
\sense_s de repente salir de la companía de; despedirse rápidamente de (algn); huir (al ver a algn acercarse, para evitar hablar conél)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tikincholwih. Inwa:n timonono:stoya wa:n o:tikinka:wte:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You took sudden leave of them. You were carrying on a conversation with them and then you got up and left them behind.
\phrase_s Saliste rápido de su companía. Estabas hablando con ellos y de repente te paraste y los dejaste al salir.
\root cholo
\nae This is an applicative of the intransitive verb cholowa, manifesting the metathesis that Canger (1980) describes.
\grm Apparently this is an applicative of an intransitive, with the metathesis described by Canger. Check if the conditions for such metathesis are filled.
\ref 02105
\lxam tepexiwia
\lxam_c notepexiwia
\lxoa tepexiwia
\lxoa_f [te pe xi 'wi ya]
\lxoa_c notepexiwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to fall down a steep slope
\sense_s (refl.) desbarancarse; caerse por una cuesta muy inclinada
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:notepexiwih nowa:kax.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My head of cattle (e.g., a cow, bull, steer, etc.) fell down a hill.
\phrase_s Mi ganado se desbarrancó.
\fla osto:wia
\root tepexi
\nae The lack of pitch accent in Oapan suggests the absence of an internal {h}. The San Juan Tetelcingo dialect should be checked since underlying {h} is there retained in most cases.
FK remarks for this verb:"This is abundantly attested in T[etelcingo, Morelos], where the internal glottal stop is missing. B[ancroft] has a single attestation with the glottal stop (f. 1v).
The high frequency in T is due to compounding with many possible locations, cuauhtepehxihuia: 'to hurl something down from a tree,' tlapechtepehxihuia: 'to
knock someone out of bed,' etc."Note that FK inserts an {h} in these two forms even though none is present in the original source. North Puebla Nahuatl has an /h/:
quitepehxihuiya.
\disamb tepe:xiwia; osto:wia
\qry Note the use of a derivation with /-wia/ that is not, strictly speaking, an instrumental. Check Launey for his treatment of these forms. The full extension of /-wia/ derivations should be
explored. Check presence of glottal stop and vowel lenght in this word, /tepexiwia/. Also, as with /osto:wia/, make sure that only the reflexive is used. Probably this is not the case,
but examples should be obtained of non-reflexive use. Finally, confirm the difference between /osto:wia/ and /tepexiwia/ as I have noted in the former entry. Check for noun form
/tepe(h)xitl/. Check for nonreflexive use of this verb.
\qry_h Check for /h/.
\vl Check for p-a in Oapan. In other dialects one finds
\ref 02106
\lxam tlakotsi:n
\lxam_c tlakotsi:n
\lxoa tlákotsí:n
\lxoa_alt tlákotsí:h
\lxoa_c tlákotsí:h
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e half; portion, piece, or part (of approximately one-half the total item or size)
\sense_s mitad; porción o sección (de aproximadamente la mitad de todo el objeto)
\sense_d Pending
\root tlahko
\nae The use of tsi:n in a nominalized construction is clear here. However, more research should be conducted on the range of possible syntactic uses of
tlakotsi:n. Cf. the entry under tlákó
\ref 02107
\lxam xihki
\lxam_c xihki
\lxoa xki
\lxoa_alt xkíi:n
\lxoa_c xki
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-man
\sense_e not in this manner; not that way
\sense_s no así; no de esta manera
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xihki! Ma:ka hkó:n xikchi:wa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Not that way! Don't do it that way!
\phrase_s ¡Asíno!¡No lo hagas así!
\phrase_n Xihki ke:n o:nchi:w!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The way I did it (e.g., made sth) is not the right way!
\phrase_s ¡La manera en que lo hice (p. ej., en fabricar algo) no es la correcta!
\root iw
\mod Recheck Oapan form. Originally I had this as /xihki/ but several people have corrected this to simply /xkí/ with the observation that /xihki/ is not from Oapan but, perhaps, an
Ameyaltepec word. However, check the recorded sound token.
\vl Recheck final stress in Oapan, i.e., where stress falls on this word.
\semref ihki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02108
\lxam ista:k xo:chitl
\lxam_c ista:k xo:chitl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Adj-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e white flower (of any plant)
\sense_s flor blanca (de cualquierárbol)
\sense_d Am
\root ista
\root xo:chi
\notes_nature This tree is not in Ramírez (1991). Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as a flower by the name of flor blanca. Although 4 trees in Guizar and Sánchez have
'blanco' in their name, none is readily identifiable as the ista:kxo:chitl.
\ref 02109
\lxam i:xmana
\lxam_c ki:xmana
\lxoa i:xmana
\lxoa_c ki:xmana
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to smooth or level the surface of; to plane
\sense_s nivelar o poner lisa la superficie de; aplanar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ntewitso:ltih nokube:tah. Xo:niki:xman.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I piled my bucket high (e.g. with maize, nixtamahli , etc., leading to the formation of a small mound in the center), I didn't level it off at the rim.
\phrase_s Copeteémi cubeta (p. ej., con maíz, nixtamal, masa, etc., dejando un montículo en medio). No la nivelépara que estuviera plana con la orilla.
\phrase_n Tlai:xmana.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is smoothing over the surface (of something that is uneven, often by running ones hands in small circles, smoothing out sth such as a dirt floor).
\phrase_s Estáaplanando la superficie (de algo, a menudo al mover la mano en círculos chiquitos para alisar algo, como un piso de tierra).
\phrase_n Xki:xmana! Ma:ka ihkón witsiwtok!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Level it off! Don't let it be piled up like that (e.g., a bucket of maize, a cuartillo being measured, etc.)!
\phrase_s ¡Pónlo nivelado!¡Quéno estécopeteado así(p. ej. una cubeta de maíz, un cuartillo de algo medido, etc.)!
\root i:x
\root man
\disamb i:xpetsowa
\nde In Oapan at least, i:xmaniltiarefer to smoothing down a measure of grain with ones hand; when on uses a wooden stick the word i:xtekiis used.
\qry Check in above sentence if /witsiwtok/ should be /witsiwto/
\mod Add entries /witsiwi/ and /(te)witso:ltia/; or check whether they should be added.
\xref i:xmani:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02110
\lxam sepa
\lxam_c sepa
\lxoa sápá
\lxoa_pr sapa
\lxoa_c sápá
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-uncl
\pitch yes
\sense_e again
\sense_s otra vez
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:kito:tokaya isuwa:w pero a:man sepa yo:kipepechoh. Yo:wa:hlah icha:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He had kicked his wife out of the house but now he has brought her back again. She's come back to his home.
\phrase_s Había corrido a su esposa de la casa, pero ya otra vez la trajo. Ya vino (ella) a su casa.
\phrase_n Kwa:k timoxi:ma, petse:wi motsontekon, xok tikwa:kokoloxtik. Pero kwa:k nowapa:wa, sepa pe:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When you get a haircut, your head becomes smooth, you no longer have curly hair. But when it grows out, once again it begins (to get curly).
\phrase_s Cuando te cortas el cabello, tu cabeza se pone lisa, ya no tienes el pelo chino. Pero cuando crezca, otra vez empieza (a salir los chinos).
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w i:xtoma:wi, sepa ye o:stli kas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Her face has already started to fill out, perhaps she's pregnant once again.
\phrase_s Ya se le empezóa llenar la cara, quizás otra vez estáembarazada.
\root sek
\root -pa
\nse Apparently sepa is the same as, an apocopated form of, oksepa.
\qry Check that /oksepa/ and /sepa/ are virtual equivalents. Check length of /e/ in /sepa/ as FK gives a long vowel (but also /seppa/).
\vl There are four tokens of this word associated with entry 03577, which used to have /sápá/ in the /lxo field.
\semref oksepa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02111
\lxam teskaltik
\lxam_c teskaltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e to be tightly woven or stiched, with the threads very close together
\sense_s estar tejido o cosido muy finamente; tener los hilos muy apretados
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Teskaltik, kwe:xtik tlasa:lo:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is tightly stiched, it is finely sewn.
\phrase_s El tejido es apretado, es finamente cosido.
\phrase_n Teskaltik o:tsasa:loh mokósta:l, kwe:xtik o:tikasik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You stiched up your sack with tight stiches, you made them close together.
\phrase_s Cosiste tu costal con puntadas apretadas, lo hiciste muy fino.
\root teskal
\nde RS lists tezcalli as 'marmol.' He does not give the source for this word and gloss; it is not in the vocabularies of Molina or Olmos, nor is it apparently mentioned by
Carochi. It may be that the adjectival meaning of Ameyaltepec teskaltik derives from the primary meaning 'marble' and refers to the glossiness of something tightly
woven.
\ref 02112
\lxam xi:lo:kakamatl
\lxam_c xi:lo:kakamatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) small ear of not fully formed maize that occasionally forms just below the main ear
\sense_s (posesión intrínsica) jilote pequeño que no se forma plenamente y que ocasionalmente sale justamente abajo del jilote principal
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kipia ixi:lo:kakamayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has its little ears of green corn located just below the fully formed cobs.
\phrase_s Tiene sus jilotes vanos ubicados justamente abajo de los elotes bien formados.
\phrase_n Xi:lo:kakamatl, xye:lo:ti. Unkah itik ito:tomo:chio ye:lo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A xi:lo:kakamatl , it doesn't mature into a green ear of corn (i.e., a ye:lo:tl). [Rather], it is found inside the husk of an elote.
\phrase_s Un xi:lo:kakamatl , no madura para convertirse en elote. [Al contrario] se encuentra dentro de las hojas de la mazorca.
\sense_e (fig., rit.; poss. with -w) young tender daughter (so referred to during an Ameyaltepec bride-asking speech when her hand is being sought)
\sense_s (fig., rit.; pos. con -w) hija tierna y joven (asíllamada durante una petición Ameytepequeña de novia cuando se le pide al padre en matrimonio)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:kontakeh moxi:lo:kakamaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your young precious daughter has been noticed.
\phrase_s Se han fijado en tu hija tierna y preciosa.
\semfld plant
\semfld mi:hli
\root xi:lo:
\root kama
\nae The possessive forms of xi:lo:kakamatl illustrate an interesting aspect of Nahuatl possessive structures. First, when it refers to a part of the maize plant and the
possessor is the entire plant, the -yo possessor construction is used, as is to be expected with part/whole relations of plants. However, when it refers to a figurative
kinship relation among human (a daughter in relation to her father), the -w possessed marker is used. Second, although -yo is used to expressed the
possessed relation between a maize plant and its small ear of corn when the word xi:lo:kakamatl is used, when the simple terms xi:lo:tl and
ye:lo:tl are used, only the -w possessed marker is employed (e.g., ye kipia i:xi:lo:w). The reason for this is not clear given that with words
such as iswatl , the -yo possessed marker is used.
\qry Note that here I have stated that the possessed form of /xi:lo:kakamatl/ is /i:xi:lo:kakamayo/. However, note that for /xi:lo:tl/ and /ye:lo:tl/, the possessed is with /-w/: /ixi:lo:w/ and
/iye:lo:w/. All this needs to be checked. Cf. comments in /nae and /grm.
\grm Possession: The possessive forms of xi:lo:kakamatl illustrate an interesting aspect of Nahuatl possessive structures. First, when it refers to a part of the maize
plant and the possessor is the entire plant, the -yo possessor construction is used, as is to be expected with part/whole relations of plants. However, when it
refers to a figurative kinship relation among human (a daughter in relation to her father), the -w possessed marker is used. Second, although -yo is
used to expressed the possessed relation between a maize plant and its small ear of corn when the word xi:lo:kakamatl is used, when the simple terms
xi:lo:tl and ye:lo:tl are used, only the -w possessed marker is employed (e.g., ye kipia i:xi:lo:w). The reason for
this is not clear given that with words such as iswatl , the -yo possessed marker is used.
\semref kakamatl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref ye:lo:kakamatl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02113
\lxam nowitike:tl
\lxam_c nowitike:tl
\lxoa nówitíké:tl
\lxoa_pr nowitike:tl
\lxoa_c nówitíké:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e passer-by, traveler; person who passes by or through a given place
\sense_s caminante; persona que pasa por un lugar sin quedarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:xchinga:rotiki:s nowitike:tl. O:tlauwepe:wtiki:s ika ye:lo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got screwed over by some passer-by (in this case on a path through my cornfield). He plucked off some green corn as he went by.
\phrase_s Me chingóun caminante (en este caso algn que pasópor mi milpa); arrancóunos elotes al pasar.
\root oh
\nae Nowitike:tl is a nominalized form of (o)witia. The form * nowitiki does not occur in the corpus and is probably not acceptable. In
regard to Oapan pitch accent, note that there are two syllables with {h} as coda. This yields three pitch accents on this four-syllable, five-morae word. Note that whereas normally
an underlying ending such as {-witihke:tl} would yield surface wítiké:tl here this is not the case. The pitch accent cannot fall on the wi syllable because of
clash avoidance. There are two ways to analyze this. Either the middle pitch accent shifts from wi to ti because the sequence of two pitch accents on a
bisyllabic trimoraic sequence is less infelicitous than two pitch accents on a bisyllabic bimoraic sequence (i.e., nówí-). Or the middle accent is retained on
tí because it is more infelicitious to shift it left to wi (which would otherwise occur if there were no pre-existing pi tch accen t on the initi al syllable as it
does in other agentives, e.g., te:máxtiké:tl) resulting in two consecutive pitch accents on two monomoraic syllables, than it would be to maintain the pitch accent on
ti.
\qry I have one entry which gives simply /owitikeh/, rather than /nowitikeh/. This is probably in error. Check for acceptability of nowitiki. Check short /i/ before the
causative.
\grm Antipassive: /O:ne:xchinga:rotiki:s nowitike:tl, o:tlauwepe:wtiki:s ika ye:lo:tl/ 'I got screwed over by some passer-by (in this case on a path through my cornfield), he
plucked off some green corn as he went by.' Note again, as in many other examples, how the nonspecific /tla-/ is used and then an oblique phrase introduces the object, that
which was affected by the action of the verb.
\grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent: Note the form /nówitíké:tl/ in Oapan. Here the underlying form is {nohwitihke:tl}. If high p-a is on the nucleus with {h} coda, then there is
no readjustment here: /nówitíké:tl/. Nowitike:tl is a nominalized form of (o)witia. The form *nowitiki does not occur in the
corpus and is probably not acceptable. In regard to Oapan pitch accent, note that there are two syllables with {h} as coda. This yields three pitch accents on this
four-syllable, five-morae word. Note that whereas normally an underlying ending such as {-witihke:tl} would yield surface wítiké:tl here this is not the case.
The pitch accent cannot fall on the wi syllable because of clash avoidance. There are two ways to analyze this. Either the middle pitch accent shifts from
wi to ti because the sequence of two pitch accents on a bisyllabic trimoraic sequence is less infelicitous than two pitch accents on a bisyllabic
bimoraic sequence (i.e., nówí-). Or the middle accent is retained on tí because it is more infelicitious to shift it left to wi (which
would otherwise occur if there were no pre-existing pitch accent on the initial syllable as it does in other agentives, e.g., te:máxtiké:tl) resulting in two
consecutive pitch accents on two monomoraic syllables, than it would be to maintain the pitch accent on ti.
\qry_h Check this and similar words (e.g., /nowitia/) in SJ.
\vl It will be very important to get the pitch-accent contour on the Oapan word since there are two p-a forming segments {nohwitihke:tl}. Check.
\vl For #1534, since deleted, Florencia Marcelino gave two different pronunciations for this word. I believe that the one recorded was nówítiké:tl while the other
was nówitíke:tl. However, this should be checked. If both are there, add to /lxoa field and /grm
\grm Agentive; reflexive: Note that according to C. Flores the 1st person is /nimowitike:tl/ and the 2nd is /timowitike:tl/. NOTE WELL.
\semref owitia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02114
\lxam to:motlaxkahli
\lxam_c to:motlaxkahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of large wild cactus as yet unidentified, like the nopal cactus but not edible, either its flesh nor its fruit
\sense_s tipo de cactus hasta ahora no identificado, como el nopal pero no comestible, ni sus hojas ni su fruta.
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld cactus
\root to:moh
\root xka
\ency_note to:motli
\notes_nature This type of cactus is not mentioned in either Ramírez (1991) or Ramírez and Dakin (1979). It is similar to the nopal cactus, with broad flat leaves, though it is not used for
food. (It may be a variety of this cactus so-called for not growing high off the ground.) For a preliminary list of the cactuses found in the area, see the entry under
to:motli. Its fruit is eaten by the tekoch (i.e., woodpecker).
\mod Note that originally Florencia Marcelino identified the Ameyaltepec form /to:motlaxkahli/ as /tó:motlaxkáhli/, but this has since been corrected since this word in Oapan refers to the
small variety. The large unedible cactus, like a nopal cactus, is /nó:chmatlapáhli/. Note also that at one time Asención Marcelo stated that the San Juan Tetelcingo word was
/mahno:chtlapahli/. However, during fieldwork the form now listed in the headword was given. The correctness of the previous mahno:chtlapahli should be checked.
\qry Confirme absence of /h/ in SJ form.
\semref nó:chmatlapáhli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02115
\lxam Dió:s ipiltsi:n
\lxam_c Dió:s ipiltsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1(N2-NP)
\sense_e see piltsi:n
\sense_s véase piltsi:n
\sense_d Am
\root pil
\ref 02116
\lxam yeski:sa
\lxam_c yeski:sa
\lxoa yeski:sa
\lxoa_c yeski:sa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to bleed
\sense_s sangrar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:timoma:tlakokowilia ka:n o:timotek. Oksepa yo:pe:w yeski:sa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You opened up a wound (that was healing) on your arm where you had cut yourself. Once again it's started to bleed.
\phrase_s Te abriste una herida (que estaba sanando) de tu brazo donde te habías cortado. Otra vez empezóa sangrar.
\root es
\root ki:sa
\xref yeski:xtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02117
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for /onkah/, which is now an alternate form of /unkah/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 02118
\lxam tepa:nyo:tia
\lxam_c kitepa:nyo:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to put or construct a ridge around the walls of a house (that previously had only posts and a roof)
\sense_s (ponerle un risco a una casa (donde la genge puede descansar)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kitepa:nyo:titok ikal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is putting walls on his house.
\phrase_s Le estáconstruyendo paredes para su casa.
\root te
\root pa:m
\nse As in other cases of verbalization with the ending -yo:tia the nominal stem is that without -yo:tia not simply without -tia. Thus the base form is
tepa:ntli and not ? tepa:nyo:tl.
\qry Check to see what the possessed form of /tepa:ntli/ is in a phrase such as 'the wall of your house' (/itepa:n mokal/ or /itepa:nyo mokal/)?
\grm Verbalization; /-tia/ Note the formation /tepa:nyo:tia/ in which an inalienably possessed construction. Similar constructions are found in, for example, /a:yo:tia/ 'to make
watery' in which /a:yo:tl/ does exist (meaning 'broth,' 'juice,' etc.). However, with /a:yo:tia/ I know for a fact that the construction /ia:yo/ exists 'its broth,' 'its caldo,' 'its
juice,' etc. However, I am not certain whether /-tepa:nyo/ exists with a parallel meaning.
\semref china:ntia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02119
\lxam tsi:ntlawi:teki
\lxam_c kitsi:ntlawi:teki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp [N-N]-tla-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Op. infix te- : tsi:ntetlawi:teki
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to push causing to fall on the ground (e.g., a tree that has a rotten bottom and is pushed over and uprooted)
\sense_s empujar hasta tumbar al suelo (p. ej., unárbo que estápodrido por las raíces y se puede tumbar sacudiéndolo y empujándolo)
\sense_d Am
\root tsi:n
\root wi:teki
\nse This word can have a vulgar sexual connotation and is thus seldom used.
\nae It is not entirely clear whether the second syllable te is part of the compound noun tsi:ntetl or the verbal intensifier of the same form, here before the verbal
compound tlawi:teki. Note also that in tlawi:teki the tla- is the nonspecific object prefix incorporated as a modifying element; see
tlawi:teki.
\disamb wi:teki; tlawi:teki; tetlawi:teki; tsi:ntetlawi:teki
\qry Determine whether /tsi:ntetlawi:teki/ is used only in reference to having sexual relations on the ground, etc. I had originally had the definition of /tsi:ntetlawi:teki/ as 'to lay down flat on
the ground (a woman on her back [O] in order to have sexual intercourse)' / 'acostar por la espalda en el suelo (un hombre [S] a una mujer [O] para tener relaciones sexuales)'. I
have removed this; add to the censored section of the dictionary
\ref 02120
\lxam tira:nteh
\lxam_c tira:nteh
\lxoa tra:nteh
\lxoa_c tra:nteh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan tirante
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e ridge beam (although slightly lower, directly on the wall, than ridge beams usually are): thick beams that are placed on the sole:ras or
kontrasole:ras ; they cross the width of a house at a level near the top of the walls, which they serve to hold in, keeping them from leaning and falling
outward
\sense_s tirante (aunque algo más bajo, directamente sobre la pared, de donde generalmente se colocan los tirantes): vigas gruesas que se colocan sobre las soleras o
contrasoleras; cruzan lo ancho de una casa a un nivel cerca del punto más alto de las pareded, que jalan para adentro, evitando que caigan hacia afuera
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia ye:i itira:nteh nokal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My house has three crossbeams.
\phrase_s Mi casa tiene tres tirantes.
\sense_e (poss) the bone at the top of ones shoulder (on which burdens are born, hence the name: e.g., notira:nteh)
\sense_s (poss) el hueso en la parte superior del hombro (y sobre que se cargan cosas, por eso el nombre, p. ej., notira:nteh)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\ency_note kahli
\nse In general the tira:nteh , as pertaining to house construction, refers to part of a thatched-roof hut, not of a house made of brick. Nevertheless, cement houses with
pointed teja roofs do occasionally have the equivalent of wooden tira:ntes , i.e., thick cement beams that cross the width of the house and hold up the posts on which
the high center of the roof is supported. Cement houses with flat roofs do not, however, have tirantes.
\mod Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and the words there listed.
\ilus_note Illustrate this and other house elements.
\ref 02121
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for Am toponym /I:a:pan Peri:koh/ now in a separate database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 02122
\lxam pa:smoh
\lxam_c pa:smoh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan pasmo
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e severe infection associated with convulsions; tetanus
\sense_s severa infección asociada con convulsiones; tétano
\sense_d Am
\sense_e (kasi ~) to get an infection
\sense_s (kasi ~) infectarse
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:ne:chasik pa:smoh. Ne:chkukwa nokxi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got an infection. My foot hurts me.
\phrase_s Me agarróuna infección. Me duele el pie.
\qry Check definition and further define. The definition above is taken from the Real Academia definition of 'pasmo.' Check vl in verbal forms here xref'd and change if needed.
\semref pa:smayowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref pa:smarowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02123
\lxam im-
\lxam_c imina:n
\lxoa i:m-
\lxoa_c i:minakaw
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Pref(pos)
\der Pr-pre-poss
\sense_e their
\sense_s su (de ellos)
\sense_d Pending
\qry A recorded, or noted, a short vowel in Ameyaltepec. Check Oapan variation and cf. to Classical Nahuatl long /i:/. Recheck length for this and for the singular /i-/.
\ref 02124
\lxam pi:na:wilia
\lxam_c kipi:na:wilia
\lxoa pípi:na:wília
\lxoa_pr pipi:na:wilia
\lxoa_c kí:pi:na:wília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e to feel embarrassment in comparison to (sb [O])
\sense_s sentir pena en comparación con (algn [O])
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Yewa ne:chpi:na:wilia pa:mpa ma:s niweli iswate:ka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is embarrassed in comparison to me because I am better at stripping corn leaves off the stalks.
\phrase_s Se siente pena en comparación conmigo porque soy mejor para el zacateo.
\sense_e to feel embarrassment for (sb) and as a result not reveal (sth, e.g, that the person has little to eat, etc.)
\sense_s sentir vergüenza por (algn) y como resultado no revelar algo (que podría causarle pena)
\sense_d Oa
\root pi:na:wi
\qry In the above sentence, check the clause /ma:s niweli iswate:ka/. Or should it be /ma:s weli niswate:ka/ or /ma:s niweli niswate:ka/. The definition of this is that the subject suffers a
feeling of embarrasment in the face of another person (object) who can do something better (adjunct) should be rechecked. Other example sentences obtained.
\grm Comparative; subject clitic and clause structure: /Yewa ne:chpi:na:wilia pampa ma:s niweli iswate:ka/ 'He is embarrassed in comparison to me because I can strip corn
leaves off the stalks better than him.' Note that the comparative is expressed by a Spanish loan /ma:s/, which can be translated as 'better' in the present context, i.e., /ma:s
niweli/ 'I am better able [to verb].' In general, then, a comparative is expressed by /ma:s/ placed before a predicative expression. Thus /ma:s nitla:katl/ 'I am more of a man'
and /ma:s nitlakwa/ 'I eat more' and /ma:s niweli + verb/ 'I can [verb] better.' Also important is the placement of the subject marker: /ma:s niweli niswate:ka/. Here
/iswate:ka/ functions as a non-finite verb, since it is not marked for person. It is important, however, to examine the difference between /wel niswate:ka/ and /niweli
iswate:ka/. Apparently they are similar. Ameyaltepec, if I remember correctly, uses the first form, in which /wel/ is an auxiliary, while a villa ge such as San Juan utilizes
/niweli niswate:ka/, in which there are two finite verbs. However, the form /niweli iswate:ka/ is found in the Ameyaltepec phrase /ma:s niweli iswate:ka/. Perhaps they could
also say /ma:s wel niswate:ka/, although this should be checked. However, the fact that one does find /ma:s niweli iswate:ka/ suggests both the Ameyaltepec Nahuatl has
non-finite verbs and that /ni-/ is a preclitic, placed at the leftmost edge of a predication (including a modifier), although in this case the loan /ma:s/ is left of the verb.
\grm Applicative of intransitive. Note the meaning of /pi:na:wilia/ 'to feel embarrassment in comparison to.' Here the object is the cause or source of the feeling. A similar analysis
could be offered for /cho:kilia/ as in /nikcho:kilia notah/ 'I cry for my father (who recently died)' and /nikwetskilia/ 'I laugh at him (i.e., he is the reason for my laughter).' In
a certain sense, even, an applicative of an intransitive can be considered a type of reversed causative, albeit a mediated causative. That is, in all the following
/ne:chpi:na:wilia/, /ne:chcho:kilia/ and /ne:chwetskilia/ I, the object, am the source or cause of the emotion or event. One can interpret this as the incorporation of an
argument that was an obliquely expressed subordinate adverbial clause. Thus /ne:chpi:na:wilia/ is /pi:na:wi pampa ni+Verb/, /ne:chcho:kilia/ is /cho:ka pampa ni+Verb/,
and /ne:chwetskilia/ is /wetska pampa ni+Verb/. This might be a way to think of applicatives of intransitive verbs.
\ref 02125
\lxam ko:stamal
\lxam_c i:ko:stamal
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e calf
\sense_s pantorilla
\sense_d Am
\semfld body
\root ko:ts
\root tamal
\vl Originally this had /ixia:po:tetl/ for the Oapan entry. However, this word is found in 06249. Thus tag the pronunciations/citations of this word here with the reference
number 06249 and the letters z, y, etc.
\semref ixia:po:tetl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref ixitoma:hka:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02126
\lxam kayo:tl
\lxam_c yo:weka:w kayo:tl
\lxoa kayo:tl
\lxoa_cpend i wéka:wi káyo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Clit
\der Clit
\sense_e ([period of time] ~) of that time (i.e., of the time expressed in the immediately preceding phrase)
\sense_s ([periodo de tiempo] ~) de ese tiempo (esto es, del tiempo expresado anteriormente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Asta de o:me xihpan kayo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is from two years ago (e.g., grain left over after two years from the harvest have passed).
\phrase_s Se queda de desde hace dos años (p. ej., grano que todavía no se ha consumido dos años después de la cosecha).
\phrase_n San se: we:i tikayo:meh
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e We are all of the same age.
\phrase_s Somos todos de la misma edad.
\phrase_n Mi:l nobesie:ntos dos kayo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is from the year 1932.
\phrase_s Es del año 1932.
\phrase_n Ye weka:wi kayo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's from a long time ago.
\phrase_s Es de ya hace mucho tiempo.
\phrase_n Se:pan tikayo:meh, san se: we:i o:titla:katkeh i:pan se: a:nyoh.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e We are of the same age, we were at (or nearly at) the same time in one year.
\phrase_s Somos de la misma edad, nacimos juntos (o casi juntos) durante el mismo año.
\root kayo:
\nse Kayo:tl is a seemingly highly productive clitic often placed after verbs and adverbs. Some Ameyaltepec speakers accepted weka:wkayo:tl , while
others did not, accepting only weka:wikayo:tl. Note that once in Oapan, in reference to a child born on the day of Saint Peter and thus given the name 'Pedro,' a
woman said San Pedro kayo:tl.
\nae Whether or not kayo:tl should be written as part of the previous word or separate has not been definitively determined. More documentation on the phonology
of compound forms needs to be obtained as well as examples of use. However, as the Oapan phrase Se:pan tikayo:meh and San Pedro kayo:tl as well
as Ameyaltepec Mi:l nobesie:ntos dos kayo:tl exemplify, at least in some cases kayo:tl should be written separately, as it apparently was in
Classical.
\nde The Classical equivalent of Balsas region kayo:tl was apparently cauitl, which Molina glosses as 'tiempo.' Carochi (f. 59; Lockart p. 226) gives this
with a long vowel.
\qry Cf. Gram 1985-02-24.1 and 1985-11-12.2 on the use of /kayo:tl/. Note that I have also heard the form /weka:wkayo:tl/ which was accepted by Panfilo Lorenzo but rejected by
Luis Lucena in favor of /weka:wi kayo:tl/.Perhaps a special study should be conducted on this particle to determine the full extent of its productive use. Check. Discuss orthographic
conventions
\mod The recorded entry for this headword was for Oapan /o:mexkayo:tl/. However, /=xkayo:tl/ has now been given a separate entry (#2163) and the elicitation audio file for
/o:mexkayo:tl/ should be linked there.
\grm Note that the use of /kayo:tl/ in the construction /weka:wi kayo:tl/ with the present tense of the verb seems to indicate that /kayo:tl/ should be considered a spearate and
unbound morpheme. Note that I have also heard the form /weka:wkayo:tl/ which was accepted by Panfilo Lorenzo but rejected by Luis Lucena in favor of /weka:wi kayo:tl/.
Kayo:tl is a seeminly productive clitic often placed after verbs and adverbs. Some speakers accepted weka:wkayo:tl , while others did not. In
Oapan in reference to a child born on the day of Saint Peter and thus given the name 'Pedro,' a woman said San Pedro kayo:tl.
\semref -xkayo:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02127
\lxam komo:naltia
\lxam_c kikomo:naltia
\lxoa komo:naltia
\lxoa_c kikomo:naltia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia)
\lexical Op. pref. te- : tekomo:naltia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make (sth such as a drum) emit a booming, thundering sound; to beat (causing a thundering sound)
\sense_s hacer que (alg como un tambor) resuene fuertemente, como un trueño; golpear fuertemente (causando un sonido como de trueño)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n kikomo:naltitok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is beating it (in this case a large drum) nicely, causing it to emit a deep resonating sound.
\phrase_s Lo estátocando bien (en este caso un tambór), haciendo que resuene fuerte.
\phrase_n Kitekomo:naltia, ti:roh chika:wak kwi:teki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He makes it resound heavily from a blow, he really beats it hard (e.g., a drum, an animal or person, or other things that give off a loud sound when beaten).
\phrase_s Le hace resonar fuerte de un golpe, de veras le da golpes muy duros (p. ej., un tambór, un animal o persona, o cualquier cosa que resuene al ser golpeada).
\sense_e to give a thrashing to (sb, hitting them hard with ones hand or some object)
\sense_s darle una tunda a (algn, golpeándolo fuertemente con la mano o algún objeto)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Milá:k o:ne:chtekomo:naltih notah, o:nitla:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My father really gave me a thrashing, (because) I got drunk.
\phrase_s Mi padre me dióuna tunda, (porque) me emborraché.
\semfld sound
\semfld contact
\root komo:
\qry Check the different between /komo:nia/ and /komo:naltia:/. This appears to be one of the few verbs that show such an alternation (but cf. also /(a:)poso:nia/ and /(a:)poso:naltia/) the
precise difference in semantics should be checked and entered into the grammatical notes.
\grm Check the different between /komo:nia/ and /komo:naltia:/. This appears to be one of the few verbs that show such an alternation (but cf. also /(a:)poso:nia/ and
/(a:)poso:naltia/) the precise difference in semantics should be checked and entered into the grammatical notes.
\xref komo:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02128
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be /piya:sowa/. Now this is entered as an alternate pronunciation of /peya:sowa/
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 02129
\lxam tsope:lilia
\lxam_c kitsope:lilia
\lxoa tsope:lilia
\lxoa_c kitsope:lilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to sweeten for
\sense_s endulzar para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmotlatsope:lili!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sweeten it up (sth such as coffee that is already known from context) for yourself!
\phrase_s ¡Endúlcetelo (algo como café)!
\root tsope:l
\nae The morphology of tsope:lilia as an ditransitive applicative is unclear. The sequence tsope:lik , tsope:lia , and
tsope:lilia as adjectival, intransitive verb, and transitive verb is common in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, with -lia functioning as a causative ending. This
pattern is the same as that found in Classical Nahuatl. Thus, for example, Molina has tzopelic 'cosa dulce,' tzopelia. ni 'endulcecerse,' and tzopelilia.
nitla 'endulcecer algo.' This is the pattern found in Ameyaltepec. In Tetelcingo, Morelos, however, there is only a listing for the adjectival tzopielic 'dulce, miel,'
the transitive quitzopielia 'lo endulza,' and the ditransitive application quitzopielilia 'se lo endulza.' Tetelcingo does not list an intransitive form 'to
become sweet' (although such intransitive morphologies do exist, e.g., yemönia, (the dierethis over the /o/ is representative of what in other dialects i s a long /a:/) which
follows the Classical and Ameyaltepec paradigm. Thus, it might be that in Tetelcingo tzopielic is irregular, or there might be an error. Given this caveat it is still not
clear whether Ameyaltepec applicative tsope:lilia (this present entry) as an applicative of a transitive follows the Tetelcingo pattern or whether the Ameyaltepec
ditransitive has been mistakenly recorded for ? tsope:lililia. Further research will clarify this question. Note that in Oapan Roberto Mauricio only accepted
kitsope:lilia as the transitive (V2) form whereas the younger speakers Jeremías Cabrera and Emiliana Domínguez accepted both kitsope:lilia and
kitsope:lia as the transitive. For Roberto Mauricio tsope:lia is only an intransitive and he would not
\qry See /nae field and query /Xmotlatsope:lili/, perhpas it should be /Xmotlatsope:lilili/. On base of answer add /xvb field.
\ref 02130
\lxam masa:tlama
\lxam_c masa:tlama
\lxoa masa:tlama
\lxoa_c masa:tlama
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to hunt deer
\sense_s cazar venado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kwahli masa:tlama
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is good at hunting deer.
\phrase_s Caza venado muy bien.
\root masa:
\root ma
\disamb tlama
\semref tlama
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02131
\lxam tetekets
\lxam_c tetekets
\lxoa tetekets
\lxoa_c tetekets
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am); Lex. rdp-l (Oa)
\sense_e to be always taking breaks, always stopping (e.g., a worker, particularly one who works while walking such as in the harvest, who every few steps stops to rest)
\sense_s siempre tomar descanos, parándose en seguida (p. ej., un trabajador, particularmente uno que trabaja caminando como en cosechar, que seguido se para)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:n titetekets.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You really take a lot of breaks (e.g., while picking squash, harvesting corn, etc.).
\phrase_s De veras tomas muchos descansos (p. ej., al recoger calabaza, piscar maíz, etc.)
\sense_e to be always standing up, unable to sit or lie down (e.g., a person who is nervous, an animal, etc.)
\sense_s estar siempre parado, no sentándose ni acostándose (p. ej., una persona nerviosa, un animal, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root teketsa
\root te
\root ketsa
\nae At least the Oapan variant te:tekets may be analyzed as an apocopated form of the deverbal adjective te:tekestik, apparently derived from the transitive
verb teketsa. In my original dictionary filecards the Ameyaltepec form was noted down with a short vowel and the meaning of 'person who always takes breaks.' This
is slightly different than the definition given by Florencia Marcelino for Oapan te:tekets 'person who is always standing up, unable to sit or lie down.' It might be that
there is a semantic difference based on the different vowel length of the reduplicants. Or, my initial notes for Ameylatepec tetekets might be in error.The Oapan form
te:tekets might be analyzed as an deverbal adjective derived from the perfective form of the verb teketsa(much like te:mihtih'fatal' is
derived from te:mihtia), or it might be considered an apocopated form of a deverbal adjective ending in -tik. However, note that Oapan
tétekéstikhas a different semantic meaning from te:tekets, and it has short vowel reduplication as opposed to the long vowel form of the present entry.
However, it remains to be determined whether there is also a form ? te:tekestik, in which case the present entry might indeed be an apocopated form. Finally, there is
the question of the vowel length of the initial syllable and its morphological analysis. Note that although there is only a transitive form of the verb, teketsa'to
stand upright,' the adjectival forms seem to result from reduplication with no nonspecific prefix that would saturate the verbal valency as is usually required in nominal and adjectival
derivations from verbs. Classical Nahuatl has the deverbal tequetz (i.e., te:kets), which Molina glosses as 'cosa que haze parar al que camina.' This is a
regular formation: clearly the verbal quetza (the Classical cognate of Balsas Nahuatl teketsa) plus the n onspecific human object te:-. It
might be that Oapan te:tekets is simply the modern equivalent (the result of the verbal equivalence of Balsas teketsa having the same meaning as
Classical quetza). However, given the semantic difference between the two terms (Oapan te:tekets does not refer to sth that stops a walking person, but
rather to the person himself), it would appear quite possible that the first syllable te:- in Oapan te:tekets is not the object prefix but a long vowel reduplicant
and the entire form might be an apocopated variant of ? te:tekestik, even though this has not yet been documented. The Ameyaltepec form here has a short vowel as
based on my original filecard documentation. This needs to be checked since it too appears quite distinct in meaning from the adjectival tetekestik.
\qry_fon Check vl of both Am and Oapan entries here. Cf. discussion in /nae.
\qry_h Check for /h/.
\vl There are 8 additional tokens of this word at 6226; these should be tagged as 2131 and should be encoded here, given that the former entry, 6226, was a duplicate of the
Oapan form here. Note that the two linked (f and m) files should be from those that were originally at 6226.
\ref 02132
\lxam tlauwitlake:tl
\lxam_c tlauwitlake:tl
\lxoa tlawí:witláke:tl
\lxoa_pr tlawí:witlake:tl
\lxoa_c tlawí:witláke:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am); Reduced rdp-s(vowel-CV) (Oa)
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e person who pulls out plants, roots and all (either in weeding, for transplanting, or even in harvesting such plants as onions)
\sense_s persona que arranca plantas con las raíz y todo (o para desherbar, para transplantarlas o hasta para cosechar, p. ej., cebollas)
\sense_d Pending
\root witla
\nae The Oapan data suggests two forms of this verb: wiwitla, which has a lexicalized reduplicated stem, and wí:witlá, which has a reduced reduplication on
the first CV syllable of the lexicalized reduplicated stem (what I have called"triplication"). In this sense the forms of wiwitla mirror those of frequentatives such as
pepetlakaand pé:petláka. All show pitch accent, indicative of a reduplicant with final {h}. However, in this entry and in that for
kwa:istalwí:witláit is interesting the Ameyaltepec cognates manifest a short vowel reduplication (apparently without a coda {h} as is common with /w/- or /m/-initial
stems) whereas Oapan forms manifest the"triplication"forms in which the reduplicant of a reduplicated stem receives a lengthened and high-pitched vowel.
\qry The form * tlauwitlaki is not acceptable. Check vowel length of /i/. Check whether this can refer to one who plucks feathers out of hens.
\grmx The Oapan data suggests two forms of this verb: wiwitla, which has a lexicalized reduplicated stem, and wí:witlá, which has a reduced
reduplication on the first CV syllable of the lexicalized reduplicated stem (what I have called"triplication"). In this sense the forms of wiwitla mirror those of
frequentatives such as pepetlakaand pé:petláka. All show pitch accent, indicative of a reduplicant with final {h}. However, in this entry and
in that for kwa:istalwí:witláit is interesting the Ameyaltepec cognates manifest a short vowel reduplication (apparently without a coda {h} as is common with
/w/- or /m/-initial stems) whereas Oapan forms manifest the"triplication"forms in which the reduplicant of a reduplicated stem receives a lengthened and high-pitched vowel.
\qry_h tlawiwitlake:tl. Check for tlawihwiwitlake:tl, etc.
\vl Check length of first /wí:/. It seems long, but this would require an analysis that would differentiate this word from the Am cognate.
\ref 02133
\lxam kamakekexkia
\lxam_c kamakekexkia
\lxoa kamaké:kexiá
\lxoa_pr kamaké:kexia
\lxoa_c kamaké:kexiá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia[k]
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am); Reduced rdp-s(vowel-CV) (Oa)
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have or feel itching in ones mouth
\sense_s escocerle a uno la boca
\sense_d Pending
\root kama
\root kex
\nae The Oapan form manifests vowel lengthening on the first CV syllable of a lexicalized reduplicative form, kekexia, which does not occur unreduplicated (*
kexia). Thus a more accurate translation of Oapan kamaké:kexiá would be 'to have or feel an itching here and there in ones mouth.' Although this form is
undoubtedly the most common (it was the only one recorded) it might be that Oapan ? kamakekexia is also acceptable. This should be checked.
\qry For possible presence of /h/ after reduplication check Oapan or San Juan pronunciations. Check length of final /a:/ in the imperfective, and as with all forms with /kekexkia/, check
whether this is indeed a class 4 irregular 1a verb. For grammar notes, determine in general nature of"causatives"ending in /-lia/.
\vl Check all forms of Oapan /kekexia/ for reduced reduplication on initial CV syllable of reduplicated stem!
\grm Oapan reduplication: Note the following reduplicated form /kamaké:kexiá/. Although I did not elicit the"unreduplicated"form, it is obvious from other entries that this would
be /kamakekexia/ (i.e., cf. /kekexia/). The reduplicated form /kamaké:kexiá/ is similar in structure to that of /pé:petlaka/ (cf. /pepetlaka/) and /né:nemí/ (cf. /ne:nemi/).
Indeed, not reflecting on it the final form is interesting because the basis of /né:nemi/ is probably /ne:nemi/, which is quite different from the relationship of /pepetlaka/ and
/pé:petláka/). Later I noted: The Oapan form manifests vowel lengthening on the first CV syllable of a lexicalized reduplicative form, kekexia, which does not
occur unreduplicated (* kexia). Thus a more accurate translation of Oapan kamaké:kexiá would be 'to have or feel an itching here and there
in ones mouth.' Although this form is undoubtedly the most common (it was the only one recor ded) it might be that Oapan ? kamakekexia is al so a
cceptable. This should be checked.
\xref kamakekexkilia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 02134
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was /tla:kakone:wati/ and has been removed. It still might be checked as a possible word but according to Florencia Marcelino, whose argument made eminent sense, one
would never say this because one never knows if the child is a boy or girl. (And perhaps even if one did know, it wouldn't be expressed in this way but rather analytically).
Nevertheless, ask Am speakers about this word.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 02135
\lxam i:xpapa:ya:ti
\lxam_c i:xpapa:ya:ti
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-ti
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to acquire or become affected by blurry or fuzzy vision (from illness, old age, drunkenness, or simply plain poor eyesight)
\sense_s llegar a tener la vista nublada o borrosa (por enfermedad, vejez, ebriedad, o simplemente por tener la vista mala)
\sense_d Am
\root i:x
\root pa:ya:
\qry I have also heard /i:xte:mpapa:yati/; the correctness of both the forms beginning /i:xte:m-/ and /i:x-/ should be checked.
\semref í:xpapayá:tik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref i:xpa:ya:tilia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\semref i:xte:mpapa:ya:ti
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 02136
\lxam te:nwiwiyoka
\lxam_alt te:nuwiyoka
\lxam_c te:nwiwiyoka
\lxoa te:nwiwiyoka
\lxoa_c te:nwiwiyoka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\infv class-4a
\sense_e for ones lips to tremble (from the cold, fear, sickness, etc.)
\sense_s temblarsele los labios a (por frío, miedo, enfermedad, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tite:nwiwiyokatok, tikwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your lips are trembling, you are sick.
\phrase_s Se te están temblando los labios, estás enfermo.
\root te:n
\root wiyo:
\qry Check to determine whether /te:nwiyo:ni/ is acceptable. If not, determine whether or how to code /xvn in these cases. Perhaps simply null.
\grm Frequentatives: Note that to date (Jan. 2002) I have only documented /te:nuwiyoka/ Am and /te:nwiwyoka/ Oa. The nonfrequentative form /te:nwiyo:ni/ has not been found.
This should be noted in the grammar, much as in many case N-V2 compounds when V2 is of nondirected alternation do not have corresponding N-V1.
\ref 02137
\lxam te:ntsonaka
\lxam_c te:ntsonaka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N/Adj
\compound N-PM
\der Mod
\infn N1
\sense_e person who eats sloppily, letting food or drink fall from the mouth (particularly someone ill)
\sense_s persona que come descuidadamente, dejando caer comida o bebida de la boca (particularmente algn enfermo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tite:ntsonaka, ke:n kone:tsi:ntli titlakwatok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are a sloppy eater, you are eating like a child.
\phrase_s Comes descuidadamente, estás comiendo como un niño.
\root te:n
\root tsonaka
\nae Literally te:ntsonaka is 'mouth-tilted' and follows the usual pattern for possessor raising in which a noun incorporated into a predicate (in this case adjectival) has its
possessor expressed as a core argument of the predication.
\grm Incorporation: The order of incorporation and other elements within compounds needs great exploration. Note that in this case /te:ntsonaka/ it is the modifying element that
is final. This same order is found in many word, e.g., /chi:lposo:nki/, /a:chipa:wak/, etc. The complete list of these should be made, but they seem to be categorized as N-Adj
or, as in the present case, N-Mod (considering /tsonaka/ as a"modifying"element). However, with other types of incorporation, the participial element is first. This is
definitely the case with a verbal predicate: /kwala:nka:no:tsa/. It is also the case with nominal, human predicates: /kaxa:nka:sowa:tl/. The reason for this variation is not
immediately clear and should be investigated (check Launey).
\ref 02138
\lxam e:ktla:lia
\lxam_c ke:ktla:lia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to set right; to fix
\sense_s componer; dejar bien (algo roto, como una máquina, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Oksepa nike:ktla:li:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll set it right again.
\phrase_s Una vez más lo voy a dejar bien.
\root e:k
\root tla:l
\disamb e:ktla:lia; e:kchi:wa; kwaltla:lia
\semref kwaltla:lia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kwehtla:lia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref e:kchi:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref e:hchi:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02139
\lxam tso:tso:yo:tik
\lxam_c tso:tso:yo:tik
\lxoa tso:tsó:yotík
\lxoa_c tso:tsó:yotík
\lxoa_pr tso:tso:yotik
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-tik-yoh
\pitch yes
\lexical Op. pref. te- : tetso:tso:yotik ; tetso:tsó:yotík
\sense_e to have bad spots on its surface (e.g, a fruit from worms)
\sense_s tener parte de la superficie mal (p. ej., una fruta tener gusanos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtihkowaskia. Tetso:tso:yotik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You shouldn't have bought it (in this case some fruit). It's covered with bad spots (e.g., from worms).
\phrase_s No lo hubieras comprado (en este caso unas frutas). Estácubierto de manchas (p. ej., a causa de gusanos).
\root tso:
\nse Oapan tso:tsó:yotík is equivalent to tso:tso:tik. It was used to describe"bubble wrap"for shipping, the surface of certain avocados, etc. Florencia
Marcelino also gave tsótso:tsó:tik although no explanation of the difference with tso:tso:tik was offered. However, the difference is probably parallel to
that between pepetlaka and pé:petláka.
\qry The Am form originally had a long /o:/ in /tso:tso:yo:tik/. I changed thsi but it should be rechecked. Check difference of Oa /tso:tsó:yotík/ from /tsótso:tsó:yotík/. If not on the
recording, tape this latter form.
\grm Triple reduplication The Oapan form tso:tsóyotík is equivalent to tso:tso:tik. It was used to describe"bubble wrap"for shipping, the surface of
certain avocados, etc. Florencia Marcelino also gave tsótso:tsó:tik although no explanation of the difference with tso:tso:tik was offered.
However, the difference is probably parallel to that between pepetlaka and pé:petláka.
\ref 02140
\lxam patiliwi
\lxam_c patiliwi
\lxoa patiliwi
\lxoa_c patiliwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e see patile:wi
\sense_s véase patile:wi
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root patil
\semref patile:wi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02141
\lxam te:mpatiliwi
\lxam_c te:mpatiliwi
\lxoa te:mpatiliwi
\lxoa_c te:mpatiliwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get a twisted mouth, one that goes off to one side
\sense_s tener o adquirir una boca torcida, que va hacia un lado; torcersele los labios
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Seki ma:ski we:i, te:mpatiliwi, pero x itla:katilis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Some, even though they are old, get a twisted mouth, but it is not congenital to them.
\phrase_s A algunos, aunque sean grandes, se les tuercen los labios, pero no es de nacimiento.
\root te:n
\root patil
\disamb te:mpatiliwi; te:nkwepaliwi
\qry Check for other subjects, e.g., a ceramic bowl's lips?
\qry Determine how to write negative forms such as /x itla:katilis/. Elicit minimal pairs such as /x a:tli/ as a negative and /xa:tli/ as an imperative.
\vl Later female token is found at 3946.
\ref 02142
\lxam tlanchachawatik
\lxam_c tlanchachawatik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to have yellowed teeth
\sense_s tener los dientes amarillientos
\sense_d Am
\root tlan
\root chawa
\nse Apparently tlachachawatik and chachawatik are synonyms, the compounded noun stem tlan.
\nde Molina has chachaua 'moho, o vello deárboles'; the use to indicate rottenness of teeth is undoubtedly related to the semantics of the word reported in Classical Nahuatl.
\qry Check presence of /h/ in reduplication. Check whether /chachawa/ is equivalent in meaning. Check for unreduplicated, with /te-/, etc.
\semref chachawatik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tlante:poyotik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02143
\lxam sekwtli
\lxam_c sekwtli
\lxoa sehtli
\lxoa_c sehtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e coldness
\sense_s frío
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye nimiktok ika sekwtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Already I'm freezing to death.
\phrase_s Ya me estoy muriendo del frío.
\sense_e ice
\sense_s hielo
\sense_d Oa
\root se
\root kwi
\nae Whether or not this is a deverbal noun is unclear. The roots seand sekare abundantly attested in words that refer to coldness. The potential root
sekw would, however, be attested only in this present entry, sekwtli or sehtli. Therefore it might well be that this present entry represents a
deverbal noun, derived from the perfective stem of the verb sekwi.
\qry Recheck pronunciation for possibility that this should be /sektli/.
\ref 02144
\lxam temo:ltilia
\lxam_c kitemo:ltilia
\lxoa temo:ltilia
\lxoa_c kitemo:ltilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap[ca]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to take down for; to lower for; to unload for
\sense_s bajar para; descargar para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:cha:ltemo:ltili, newa yo:nisiaw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Reach over here and take it (a load) off me (or, lower it, for example off a beast of burden, for me), I'm tired!
\phrase_s ¡Descárgamelo, ya me cansé!
\sense_e to lower (a price) for
\sense_s reducir (un precio) para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:xtemo:ltili, mlá:k patioh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Lower the price for me, it's really expensive!
\phrase_s ¡Bájame el precio, es muy caro!
\phrase_n O:mistemo:ltilih, mitsikne:lia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He lowered the price for you, he takes pity on you.
\phrase_s Te bajóel precio, te tiene compasión.
\root temo:
\nse Apparently temowia is a synonym of temo:ltia although the former seems much less common.
\xref temowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\semref temowia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 02145
\lxam tsakwa
\lxam_c kitsakwa
\lxoa tsakwa
\lxoa_c kitsakwa
\dt 24/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(kw)
\sense_e to close (a drawer, a chest, etc.)
\sense_s cerrar (un cajón de un mueble, un baúl, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to button (clothes)
\sense_s abrochar (ropa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi. Xkaman kitsakwa itlake:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He goes around in public with his shirt open to the chest. He never buttons his clothes.
\phrase_s Anda en público con su camisa abierta hasta el pecho. Nunca abrocha su ropa.
\phrase_n Niktsatsakwas nokoto:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to button up my shirt.
\phrase_s Voy a abrochar mi camisa.
\sense_e to jail; to lock up (a prisoner)
\sense_s encarcelar; encerrar (un prisionero)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ya:lwa o:kitsahkeh, xe ki:sa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Yesterday he was locked up, he still hasn't gotten released.
\phrase_s Ayer lo encarcelaron, todavía no sale.
\sense_e to close (a cut)
\sense_s curar; cerrar (una herida, una cortada)
\sense_e to block the way of (sb moving in a particular direction, such as when walking along a path); to block the view of
\sense_s estorbar (p. ej., el paso de algn que camina por una senda, o la vista de algn que quiere mirar en algna dirección)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl.) to overgrow and cover completely (plants or trees over a given area)
\sense_s (refl.) cubrir (plantas o arbustos sobre unaárea dada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Notsakwas mo:nteh, ye weka:wi xnoto:ka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It will become overgrown with bushes and weeds, it's been a long time since it's been planted.
\phrase_s Se va volver monte (a cubrirse con maleza y arbustos), ya tiene mucho tiempo que no se siembra.
\phrase_n Notsakwtok notla:lpan un a:yokilhi. San kanatsi:n tlapo:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The squash plants are overgrowing my field. Only in a few places is it (still) clear.
\phrase_s Las plantas de calabaza están apoderándose de mi milpa. Estáabierta en solamente algunos lugares.
\sense_e (refl.-anticaus.) to close (e.g., a door by itself, as when hit by a gust of wind); to heal by closing up (e.g., a wound)
\sense_s (refl.-anticaus.) cerrarse (p. ej., una puerta por si solo, como cuando la empuja algo de viento); sanar y cerrarse (p. ej., una herida)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl. + tlato:hli) for an agreement to be reached (particularly in regard to a marriage)
\sense_s (refl. + tlato:hli) llegar a un acuerdo (particularmente en cuanto a un matrimonio)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:man in to:nahli tio:tlak notsakwas tlato:hli. Notla:li:s kamanon tlai:lo:s, tla: ika mú:sikah noso tla: sahki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Today this day, in the afternoon, an agreement will be reached (in regard to a marriage ceremony). It will be determined when the fiesta will be, if with musicians or just
simple.
\phrase_s Hoy en este día, en la tarde, se va a llegar a un acuerdo, se va a decidir cuando va a ser la fiesta de la boda, si serácon música o solamente sencillo.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication +h) to fill in (e.g., colors within the outlined shapes of an amate or other drawing)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta +h) rellenar (p. ej., los espacios de un dibujo de blanco y negro con colores)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n ¡Ma kitsatsakwa mokone:w!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Have your child fill it in (e.g., an amate painting still not colored)!
\phrase_s ¡Quélo rellene tu hijo (p. ej., un dibujo sobre amate, todavía en blanco y negro).
\phrase_n ¡Tewa xtlatli:lwi:teki, newa nitlatsatsakwas!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You paint the outline in black, I'll fill in the colors!
\phrase_s ¡Tútrazas las figuras en tinta negra, yo las voy a rellenar con colores!
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to shut one after another (e.g., to go around a house shutting all the windows and doors)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) cerrar uno tras otro (p. ej., ir por una casa cerrando las ventanas y puertas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nitlatsa:tsakwas nokal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will close up everything in my house (i.e., shutting all the windows and doors).
\phrase_s Voy a cerrar todo en mi casa (esto es, cerrando todas las ventanas y puertas, una tras otra).
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to close (a door, a bottle, etc.)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) cerrar (una puerta, una botella, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to turn down; to lower the volume of (e.g., a radio)
\sense_s bajar el volumen de (p. ej., un radio)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xtsakwatsi:n mora:dioh!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Turn the volumen down a little on your radio!
\phrase_s ¡Bájale un poquito el volumen a tu radio!
\root tsakwa
\ency_note amate (see /tlakalilia/)
\nse Note that whereas in Ameyaltepec tlatsakwa has the lexicalized meaning of 'to close (a building)' in general, the form tlatsa:tsakwa makes more
specific reference to shutting one thing after another, of going around and closing various objects (such as windows in a house) one after the other. In Oapan, however, the form with
long vowel reduplicated seems to be the more common form used to mean simply 'to shut.' Thus one may simply say xtsa:tsakwa on tewi:lo:tl 'close that small glass
bottle.' Roberto Mauricio said that the two forms, tsakwa and tsa:tsakwa have the same meaning.
\qry The phrase /nitlatsa:tsakwas nokal/ is problematical in that it would appear that as a transitive verb if /nokal/ were to be an argument, one would have /niktsa:tsakwas nokal/.
However, this is also problematical given that it is not really the house that is closed, but the parts of it. What this suggests, and this should be checked, is that /nokal/ indicates more
of a locative, i.e., where the action of 'closing iteratively' takes place. This needs to be checked (i.e., can one say /nitlatsa:tsakwas ipan nokal/, or /niktsa:tsakwas nokal/, etc.
\grm /-tsi:n/: Note the use of /tsi:n/ as a diminutive with the following verb: /Xtsakwatsi:n mora:dioh!/ 'Turn the volumen down a little on your radio!' One can also say:
/xtse:witsi:n/.
\grm Oapan phonology. Note the s>ts in /xtse:witsi:n/ 'turn it down (e.g., the loudness of a radio).
\xref tsakwilia; tsakwililia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlatsakwa; tlatsatsakwa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tlatsakwa; tlá:tsakwá
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02146
\lxam kabe:sah
\lxam_c kabe:sah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan cabeza
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e principal rafter: beams of wood, usually in groups of four, that pass above and behind the sole:ras and kontrasole:ras and go to the part of
a house of palm or grass called kaltsonko , where they are riveted together with a wooden rivet called a nekoxtli that passes through and
joins all four kabe:sas
\sense_s vigas de madera, generalmente en grupos de cuatro, que pasan arriba y atrás de las sole:ras y kontrasole:ras hacia la parte de una casa de
palma o zacate que se llama kaltsonko , donde se fijan todos por un remache de madera, llamado nekoxtli , que atraviesa las cuatro
kabe:sas
\sense_d Am
\semfld construct-part
\ency_note kahli
\ilus_note Cf. illustration and description in Fld-1984-04-29.1 and words there listed. Cf. illustration under entry for /kahli/.
\semref kaltlama:stli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02147
\lxam pe:wa
\lxam_c pe:wa
\lxoa pe:wa
\lxoa_c pe:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to begin
\sense_s empezar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwa:k timoxi:ma, petse:wi motsontekon, xok tikwa:kokoloxtik. Pero kwa:k nowapa:wa, sepa pe:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When you get a haircut, your head becomes smooth, you no longer have curly hair. But when it grows out, once again it begins (to get curly).
\phrase_s Cuando te cortas el cabello, tu cabeza se pone lisa, ya no tienes el pelo chino. pero cuando crezca, otra vez empieza (a salir los chinos).
\phrase_n Newa nipe:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll begin (e.g, a task, telling a story, etc.).
\phrase_s Voy a empezar (p. ej., una tarea, contando una historia, etc.).
\root pe:wa
\qry Check to see if a form such as /kipe:was/ exists. I seem to remember this, but would like to check.
\xref pe:waltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02148
\lxam kuwtlapextli
\lxam_c kuwtlapextli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e scaffold, trunks laid flat on supports to help workers reach high places
\sense_s andamio, ramas o troncos deárboles que se colocan sobre soportes para que los trabajadores pueden alcanzar lugares altos
\sense_d Am
\root kow
\root pech
\qry Make sure that possessed form is correct. I have coded this entry as possibly possessed, but it is not yet documented nor checked with a native speaker.
\ilus_note Illustrate
\ref 02149
\lxam a:kino:n
\lxam_c a:kino:n
\lxoa a:kino:n
\lxoa_alt a:'ino:n
\lxoa_c a:kino:n
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(int)
\der Pr-int
\infn Pl. akinono:meh ; a:kino:meh
\sense_e who? (in terms of the identity of a person)
\sense_s ¿quién? (en cuanto a la identidad de una persona)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:kinon?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Who is it (that is being referred to, that will do sth)?
\phrase_s ¿Quién es (al que se refiere, que haráalguna cosa)?
\phrase_n A:kinono:meh?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Who (pl.) are they?
\phrase_s ¿Quiénes son ellos?
\phrase_n A:kinon tewa?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Who are you? (in the sense of 'Who do you think you are?').
\phrase_s ¿Quién eres tu? (en el sentido de '¿Quién te crees?').
\phrase_n A:kinon kineki?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Who wants (to do) it?
\phrase_s ¿Quién lo quiere (hacer)?
\phrase_n A:kinon nanwameh?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Who (pl.) are you?
\phrase_s ¿Quiénes son ustedes?
\phrase_n A:kinono:meh ya:skeh?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Who are the one who are going to go?
\phrase_s Quiénes van a ir?
\phrase_n A:kinon ia:xka -iwa:xka-?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Whose is it?
\phrase_s ¿De quién es?
\phrase_n A:kinono:meh wa:hlaweh? De nika:meh?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Who (pl.) is coming? Are they from here?
\phrase_s ¿Quiénes vienen?¿son de aquí?
\phrase_n A:kinon iwa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e With whom (e.g., are you going)?
\phrase_s ¿Con quién (p. ej., vas a ir)?
\sense_e to be someone (usually used in the negative, i.e., to be no one important)
\sense_s ser alguien (usualmente empleado negativamente para indicar no ser nadie importante)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Newa xnia:kino:n, ma:ka xne:xchi:wili kwe:ntah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm a nobody, don't pay attention to me.
\phrase_s No soy nadie, no me hagas caso.
\phrase_n Newa xnia:kino:n, newa xnikmati.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm not anybody, I don't know.
\phrase_s No soy nadie, no lo sé.
\phrase_n Xa:kinomeh katkan, xtlah kimatin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They weren't anyone (important), they know nothing about it.
\phrase_s Ellos no son nadie (importante), no saben nada acerca de eso.
\sense_e who (in an embedded question as complement)
\sense_s quien (para introducir una cláusula complementaria)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xnikmati a:kino:n ya:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't know who will go.
\phrase_s No séquien va a ir.
\sense_e what (in reference to animates)
\sense_s que (en referencia a seres animados)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xnihmati a:ino:n!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I don't know what it is (e.g., in reference to an animal such as a bug)!
\phrase_s ¡No séque es! (p. ej., en referencia a un animal como un insecto)!
\ncol ma:san
\ncol ma:si san
\root a:kin
\nse In Oapan the term a:inon or a:kinon can be used in reference to animals. Thus, one can can say a:inon? 'What is it? (i.e., what is its
name).' This usage is only for animates, with inanimates the interrogative tli:nonis used, as it is in Ameyaltepec for all non-humans.
\nae Occasionally some Ameyaltepec speakers will use akino:meh although the majority seem to accept only akinono:meh as the plural. In terms of
agreement, one can say both a:kinon nanwameh and a:kinono:meh nanwameh. Note that the length of the final vowel in Ameyaltepec is problematical.
Inocencio Díaz gave a long final /o:/ for ke:no:n , ka:no:n , tli:no:n and a short final /a/ for kamanon and
a:kinon. These are the forms that have been entered in the lexicon although there seems to be some variation or disagreement among different speakers.
\mod Add reference and sentence to nika:meh under nika:n.
\vl As checked with G. de la Cruz in Aug. '86: /akinon/ was compared at this time with /misto:n/ which has a def. long final /o:/. In a final check of June 1986, the vowel length
of /akinono:meh/ was found as indicated, i.e. with a long final /o:/. This should be the pattern recorded in all entries. At the same time I checked /akinon/ and perceived a
short initial /a/. However, In a recent recording of Oapan Nahuatl I seemed to perceive a long initial /a:/. This should be checked both in Oapan and in Ameyaltepec. For
now the /a/ has been considered long in both dialects. This might be erroneous, at least for Ameyaltepec.
\grm Akinono:meh wa:hlaweh?, de nika:meh? Who (pl.) is coming? Are they from here? Note the pluralization of /nika:n/ here! Thus the form /nika:n/ should be considered an
adjectival.
\grm Animacy: In Oapan the term a:inon or a:kinon can be used in reference to animals. Thus, one can can say a:inon? 'What is it?
(i.e., what is its name).' This usage is only for animates, with inanimates the interrogative tli:nonis used, as it is in Ameyaltepec for all non-humans.
\ref 02150
\lxam tlai:ni
\lxam_c tlai:ni
\lxoa tlai:ni
\lxoa_c tlai:ni
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e alcoholic; person who drinks a lot
\sense_s alcohólico; persona que bebe mucho
\sense_d Pending
\root i:
\ref 02151
\lxam yo:lkwi:tia
\lxam_c kiyo:lkwi:tia
\lxoa yo:lkwi:tia
\lxoa_c kiyo:lkwi:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to take confesion from (e.g., a priest [S] from a believer [O])
\sense_s tomar confesión de (un sacerdote [S] de un creyente [O])
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to get (sb) to reveal their inner feelings or secrets
\sense_s inducir a (algn) a revelar sus sentimientos internos
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl.) to take confession; to confess (in the religious sense of revealing a sin, or in the sense of externalizing ones feelings and emotions)
\sense_s (refl.) confesarse (en el sentido religioso de revelar un pecado, o en el sentido de externalizar los sentimientos y emociones)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwa:k timona:mikti:s, timoyo:lkwi:ti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When you get married your will confess (to a priest).
\phrase_s Cuando te cases te vas a confesar (a un sacerdote).
\root yo:l
\root kwi
\semref kwi:tia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02152
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xi:kama
\lxoa_c xi:kama
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e jicama, type of edible plant still not fully identified
\sense_s jícama, tipo de planta comestible todavía no plenamente identificada
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semfld edible
\root xi:kama
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1988) states"(Pachyrrhizusspp.) 'jicama'. A vine with roots that look like large brown turnips and are good to eat. Pods and seeds are edible when
plant is young."Apparently this is not indigenous to nor cultivated in the Balsas area, but is readily available in local markets.
\vl Check for presence/absence of final /h/.
\semref jí:kamah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 02153
\lxam sampa
\lxam_c sampa
\lxoa sampa
\lxoa_c sampa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-place
\der Adv-pl
\sense_e right there (neither more nor less; e.g., in turning up the heat, in moving in a particular direction, etc.)
\sense_s allímismo nomás (p. ej., en subir la temperatura, en ir moviendo en una cierta dirección, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kakamatsitsi:nteh, sampa itech xi:lo:tl mimikin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The small ears of maize known as kakamatsitsi:nteh , they just dry up at the side of the jilote(i.e., that's the only place they are found).
\phrase_s Los pequeños elotes llamados kakamatsitsi:nteh , allínada más se secan al lado del jilote.
\root sa:
\root on-
\root_rel -pa
\ency_note adverbs, e.g., cf. sampa to ne:, etc.
\fl sayhkó:n
\nse The relationship of sampa to ompa seems quite similar to the relationship of sayhkí:n and sayhkón to
ihkí:n and ihkón , respectively. That is, unlike ompa , sampa indicates that there was a process or progression
(generally spatially but at times also temporally). Thus the semantics of sampa would seem to indicate a compound with sa: and not
san. One test would be to question whether sampa is equivalent to sa: umpa or san umpa ; an equivalent"test"with
saka suggests that the full form is sa: ika and not ? san ika. One consultant suggested that sampa is used in actions such
as the movement of a person in a given direction (sampa would indicate that the process of moving, or even of sth such as increasing the heat of a fire, should not
proceed further). There also exists the form sa: mpa (Oa) or sa: umpa (A m) with a slightly different sense. Thus cf. in Ameyaltepec sampa
xtla:li 'Ponlo alli nada más' (Just put it there!)' and sa:mpa unkah 'Nada más allíhay' (There is just some there, i.e., and nowhere else).'
\qry Check to see if"careful"pronunciation of /sampa/ is /san umpa/ or /sa: umpa/, or perhaps it is simply /san + pa/, with no presence of /ompa/. In general the question might be phrased
as to whether /sampa/ means 'only there' as in 'You will only find it there' (/san ompa tikne:xti:s/), i.e., not in any other location, or whether it means 'just right there (and no further)'
as suggested in the definition and the /nte field.
\root_notes Discuss the fact that combination form of /sa:/ appears to be /sa/ as in /saka/, /sayhki/, /sampa/, etc.
\ref 02154
\lxam mawistlatowa:ni
\lxam_c mawistlatowa:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e (ritual) father of the bride
\sense_s (ritual) padre de la novia
\sense_d Am
\semfld ritual
\root mawis
\root hto
\nse This word is documented only in the bride-asking speech of don Plutarco Ramírez. It is used by the representative of the groom's = father in addressing the bride's father.
Nevertheless, although in the bride-asking speech mawistlatowa:ni is used in a parallel construction with mawistla:katl , don Luis Lucena thought that
mawistlatowa:ni referred to the bridegroom's representative, i.e., the very person who utters the ritual speech. This interpretation seems more in accord with the
meaning of the term, although the only documented use is in a parallel construction with mawistla:katl.
\nae Although the nominal ? mawistli has not been documented in Ameyaltepec or Balsas region Nahuatl, it did exist in Classical: Molina gives 'miedo, o persona digna de
honnra.' For this reason Ameyaltepec mawistlatowa:ni has been considered a N-N compound.
\semref mawistla:katl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 02155
\lxam tlaka:wia
\lxam_c kitlaka:wia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to save or leave (sth such as food, a material object, etc.) for
\sense_s guardar o dejar (algo como comida, bebida, un objeto material, etc.) para
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xne:chtlaka:wi a:chitsi:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Save a little (e.g., food) for me!
\phrase_s ¡Guárdame un poquito (p. ej., de comida)!
\root ka:wa
\nae The argument structure of tlaka:wia seems to involve mechanisms that both increase (applicative) and decrease (the prefix tla-) verbal valency. Thus the
transitive ka:wa has an applicative formation ka:wia , which would thus be a ditransitive verb with three arguments (S, PO, and SO). The prefixation
of tla- marks the secondary object as nonspecific and determines that in the phrase Xne:chtlaka:wi a:chitsi:n! the word a:chitsi:n modifies
the nonspecific secondary object. Note that Molina has cauia. nicno 'dexar algo para siél que reparte algo a otros' and tlacauia. nino 'dexar o guardar algo
para si, merendar, o hazerse fuerza para echar de si el empacho y verguenza.' This argument structure (tlacauia as a transitive) in Classical matches that of Ameyaltepec
except that in Classical only the reflexive use is documented in Molina whereas in Ameyaltepec, to date, only the transitive is documented. Apparently ? ka:wia wi
thout the tla- prefix is not used in Ameyaltepec (whereas Molina does have it, but only documents a reflexive use).
\qry Check to determine whether a phrase such as /ne:chka:wia nakatl/ is correct. Apparently it is not, and one has instead /ne:chka:wilia nakatl/. Cf. other cases, e.g., /tla:lka:wia/ in
which /ka:wia/ is found only with an incorporated noun. Cf. also forms like /a:te:kia/, etc.
\mod There is a good discussion of thsi word under /tlakawilia/ at 7641
\ref 02156
\lxam masa:tlama:ke:tl
\lxam_c masa:tlama:ke:tl
\lxoa masa:tlámaké:tl
\lxoa_c masa:tlámaké:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e deer hunter
\sense_s cazador de venado
\sense_d Pending
\root masa:
\root ma
\nae Apparently the /a/ is short in Oapan and long in Ameyaltepec, though in the latter this word is seldom used. More common in Ameyaltepec is masa:te:roh ; in both
Ameyaltepec and Oapan one also finds masa:te:moke:tl (Am) / masa:té:moké:tl(Oa).
\qry Apparently /masa:tlamaki/ is not acceptable.
\ref 02157
\lxam palowa
\lxam_c kipalowa
\lxoa palowa
\lxoa_c kipalowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to sop or scoop up (e.g., a dish of food with a tortilla); to dunk in and eat (e.g., bread or doughnuts in coffee)
\sense_s sopear (p. ej., una caldo, salsa, frijoles, etc., con una tortilla; cafécon pan o una dona)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xikpalo un tlakwahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Dip your tortilla into that food (to eat it).
\phrase_s Sopéa esa comida con tu tortilla (para comertela).
\phrase_n Seki kipalowan kafé:h ika pa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Some people sop up their coffee with bread.
\phrase_s Algunos sopean el cafécon pan.
\phrase_n Xtlikonexpo:poxo un to:toltetl! San tikpalo:skeh, xkwahli iksis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Push that egg into the hot ashes of the fireplace! We'll just sop it up (the soft-boiled egg), it won't get fully cooked.
\phrase_s ¡Mete ese huevo en las cenizas calientes del hogar! Nada más lo vamos a sopear, no se va a cocinar bien (esto es, no se va a quedar duro).
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to lick
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) lamer
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye nokwiste:wasneki ikone:tsin, pe:wa kipapalowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's child (in this case a calf) wants to stand up (just after birth), she (the mother) is starting to lick him.
\phrase_s Su hijo (en este caso un becerrito) se quiere levantar, ya empieza (su mamá) a lamerlo.
\phrase_n Xotpix kwida:doh, yo:kipapalo:ko chichi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You weren't careful, a dog came and licked it.
\phrase_s No tuviste cuidado, un perro vino a lamerlo.
\phrase_n Nó:palówaíkwá:k nokokowa i:pa i:xi.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e It licks itself when its leg hurts.
\phrase_s Se lame cuando le duele la pierna.
\phrase_n Deke tlai:xwi:lo kone:tsi:ntli, para ki:sa tlai:xwi:hli kipapalowilian i:xkwa:tetsi:n, ixa:yaktsi:n, ipan ima:tsitsi:wa:n, a:kin te:i:xwia. Seki kitowa poyé:k un tlai:xwi:hli,
seki xokó:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If a little child has been given the evil eye, so that the evil eye goes away he should have his forehead, his face, his arms, licked by the person who gives evil eye. Some say
that evil eye tastes salty, some say that it is bitter.
\phrase_s Si un niñito ha sido afectado por mal de ojo, para que desaparezca debe ser lamido por la frente, la carita, las manitas porél que echa mal de ojo a la gente. Algunos
dicen que el mal de ojo sabe salado, otros que es amargo.
\root pal
\nse Note that the reduplicated form of palowa is used in Oapan to indicate the action of an animal that licks itself all over, or on the face. Chickens, however
nó:kwáh and a person licking his lips noté:mpalówa.
\qry Check vowel length of /o:tpix/. Note that originally in /Xtlikonexpo:poxo on to:toltetl! San tiktepalo:skeh, xkwahli iksis./ I had /te/, but C. Flores said this was incorrect. It has thus
been changed, particularly given that this form with /te/ seems unusual here.
\grm Oapan reduplication: Note that the reduplicated form of palowa is used in Oapan to indicate the action of an animal that licks itself all over, or on the face.
Chickens, however nó:kwáh and a person licking his lips noté:mpalówa. Note in /noté:mpalówa/ how reduplication reduces on a long vowel of
an incorporated noun. Again, however, note how the heavy syllable had a nasal as a coda (a characteristic of those heavy syllables that accepted reduced reduplication
manifested by p-a.
\ref 02158
\lxam tlapupwalistli
\lxam_c tlapupwalistli
\lxoa tlá:powalístli
\lxoa_c tlá:powalístli
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn Stem 1(s)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e action of clearing a field of brush and thorn bushes in preparation for planting
\sense_s acción de limpiar un terreno de arbustos y espinas en prepararlo para la siembra
\sense_d Pending
\root po:wa
\ref 02159
\lxam ma:pala:ni
\lxam_c ma:pala:ni
\lxoa ma:pala:ni
\lxoa_c ma:pala:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for one's hand to rot
\sense_s podrirsele la mano a uno
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e for the branch (of a tree) to rot
\sense_s pudrirsele la rama (a unárbol)
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root pala:
\nse It is said in Ameyaltepec, for example, that if one points at a rainbow, ones hand will rot (tima:pala:nis).
\qry Check to determine transitive form of the verb /pala:ni/ and if a transitive form exists with this compound verb. Also redetermine what precisely this means and whether it is used in
other contexts. Check if this verb can be used to refer to tree branches.
\vl For future reference: the initial sound here should be compared to 2939, which seems to devoice.
\ref 02160
\lxam albe:stoh
\lxam_c albe:stoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan asbestos
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e asbestos sheeting used for house roofs
\sense_s lámina de asbesto para techar
\sense_d Am
\semref lá:minah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02161
\lxam nesawahli
\lxam_c nesawahli
\lxoa nesawahli
\lxoa_c nesawahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas-ne
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e fast (from not eating)
\sense_s ayuno
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kite:makaton nonesawal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They went to give word of my fasting.
\phrase_s Fueron a dejar noticias de mi ayuno.
\phrase_n Kinekis nesawahli. Xmosawa para nokwiste:was mokokoxka:w!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (e.g., a particular remedy or curing ceremony) needs (to be accompanied by) fasting. Fast so that the ill member of your family will get better!
\phrase_s Necesita (p. ej., un remedio o ceremonia en particular) que participe alguien en ayunas.¡Ayuna túpara que se levante tu pariente que estáenferma.
\root sawa
\nse The phrase o:kite:makaton nonesawal was uttered by a person who fasted halfoodays (till noon) every Wedensday and Friday, as is the custom with some during
Lent, and whose children went to church on the Saturday after Good Friday to give word of this fasting to the village saint. The father had fasted so that he would not get sick, would
have good luck, etc.
\qry Check that /nesawahli/ can refer to the person who fasts.
\grm O:kite:makaton nonesawal. 'They went to give word of my fasting.' Note that the object here is not something that is actually given, but something about which word is given.
\ref 02162
\lxam tli:hli
\lxam_c tli:hli
\lxoa tli:hli
\lxoa_c tli:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e soot (e.g., at the bottoms of pots and pans, the roofs of kitchens, etc.)
\sense_s tizne; hollín (p. ej., sobre los fondos de ollas y sartenes, en el techo de una cocina, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chasik itli:hlo tli:n o:tlatlaka ka:n o:nitlachinoh. O:nitlitli:hlowak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The soot of what had burned when I set fire to the brush to clear the field got on me. I got covered with soot.
\phrase_s Me alcanzóel hollín de lo que se había quemado cuando quemécampo por limpiar un terreno. Me cubrícon hollín.
\root tli:l
\qry Check meaning of /tli:hli/ as soot. Also check meaning of 'black paint.' I.e., does one say /xtla:lili tli:ltik/ or /xtla:lili tli:hli/. Check all uses and meanings.
\ref 02163
\lxam -xkayo:tl
\lxam_c ye:ixkayo:tl
\lxoa -xkayo:tl
\lxoa_c se:xkayo:tl; o:mexkayo:tl
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N
\infn N1
\compound Num-Clit
\der N-d-kayo:tl
\sense_e to be from the number of years ago indicated by a numeral that in incorporated to this bound verb (particularly used in reference to maize and beans left over from a
harvest the indicated numbers of years ago)
\sense_s ser del número de años que se indica por un número combinado a este verbo (particularmente en referencia a maíz y frijoles que se quedan de desde hace el número de
años indicado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Se:xkayo:tl notlayo:lxina:ch.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My maize seed is one year old (i.e., from last year's harvest).
\phrase_s Mi semilla de maíz tiene un año (esto es, viene del año pasado).
\root xiw
\root kayo:
\nse Apparently se:xkayo:tl is nearly equivalent, if not equivalent, in meaning to pochawistli. In the corpus se:xkayo:tl ,
o:mexkayo:tl , and ye:ixkayo:tl have all been independently documented.
\nae It appears that -xkayo:tl is an apocopated form of xiwkayo:tl , much as se:xtlimight also be as well. In general it appears that
although kayo:tlis best considered a separate lexeme in many cases, it does combine with certain stems (e.g.,
\qry CHECK VOWEL LENGTH! Apparently this can be formed with other temporal terms. Check for possible form /se:xiwkayo:tl/ and whether this is the same or different than
/se:xkayo:tl/. Check /o:mexkayo:tl/ or /o:me xiwkayo:tl/ etc., and which is correct. My original notes give /se:xkayo:tl/ as the same as /pochawistli/. Check the meaning and possible
meaning differences, particularly in collocates. If completely identical, then add each to the /syn field in the other's entry. In one entry I have a long /a:/; this should be checked. Also
in one entry I have a reference to cf. /-xkayo:tl/.
\vl For this entry take the elicitation audio file that was recorded for /=kayo:tl/ (entry 2126), i.e., /o:mexkayo:tl/ and link it here. Check vowel length of all words that have this
/kayo:/ is the root. For /se:xkayo:tl/ it seems short, though acoustically not overly so.
\semref kayo:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02164
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for /tetlawi:teki/ but has been combined with /tlawi:teki/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 02165
\lxam nekwahlo:tl
\lxam_c nekwahlo:tl
\lxoa ne:nkwahlo:tl
\lxoa_c ne:nkwahlo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-yo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of knot (apparently a half-hitch or clove hitch)
\sense_s tipo de nudo (aparentemente un 'cabo de vuelta')
\sense_d Pending
\fla nekwahli
\root kwa
\nae The etymology of this noun, and related forms, is not clear. For now the Ameyaltepec and Oapan entries have been left as one, with the assumption that the difference between one
and the other is phonetically motivated. However, they may reflect two different (re)interpretations. Ameyaltepec might be a nominalization of kwa used reflexively;
Oapan may be a incorporated form with ne:n incorporated into the same verb kwa. Perhaps neighboring dialect form will clear up the nature of this.
\nde No cognate has yet been found in Classical or other Nahuatl dialects.
\qry_h Check SJ here and with all related forms.
\vl Check length here and in all related forms.
\semref nekwahli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ne:nkwahlo
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02166
\lxam chika:hka:miki
\lxam_c chika:hka:miki
\lxoa chika:hka:miki
\lxoa_c chika:hka:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp Part-V
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to die from old age
\sense_s morir de viejo
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to have gotten to a state (an animal that is to be eaten) so that its meat is tough and does not cook rapidly
\sense_s haber llegado a un estado (un animal para comerse) en que la carne se cocina muy despachio
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to get to a state (e.g., a watermelon) in which even though small there is no fruit inside
\sense_s llegar a un estado (p. ej., una sandía) en que aunque pequeño se abre sin tener casi nada adentro
\sense_d Oa
\root chika:
\root miki
\ency_note Perhaps elicit a list of the stages through which a fruit passes.
\qry The precise meaning of the second Oapan definition needs to be clarified: 'to get to a state (e.g., a watermelon) in which even though small there is no fruit inside'
\ref 02167
\lxam tli:ltsapotl
\lxam_c tli:ltsapotl
\lxoa tli:ltsapotl
\lxoa_c tli:ltsapotl
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e black zapote fruit
\sense_s fruta del zapote negro
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e tree from which the black zapote comes, still not definitively identified
\sense_s árbol que da el zapote negro, todavía no identificado definitivamente
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\semfld edible
\root tli:l
\root tsapo
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1988) mentions under zapote negro:"(Diospyros digyna) 'black sapote,' 'Indian ebony persimmon.' See zapote prieto."And under zapote
prieto:""(Diospyros digyna) 'black sapote,' 'Indian ebony persimmon.' Related to the persimmon. Immature fruits are bitter and pucker the mouth. Pulp of the fruit is
'axle-grease black.' Wood is reported to have teh properties of typical ebony. Also called zapote negro."
\ref 02168
\lxam -me:sti
\lxam_c se:me:sti
\lxoa -me:sti
\lxoa_c se:me:sti
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Num-V1
\der V1-d-ti
\lexical var
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to complete the number of month's time indicated by an incorporated numeral
\sense_s completar el número de meses que se indica por un número incorporado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ye wi:kpla o:nise:me:stik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Yesterday I completed one month.
\phrase_s Ayer cumplíun mes.
\phrase_n Nio:meme:stis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will complete two months.
\phrase_s Voy a completar dos meses.
\phrase_n Ye wi:kpla se:me:stitoya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Yesterday was its one-month anniversary.
\phrase_s Ayer cumplía un mes.
\root me:ts
\qry Determine the difference between /o:se:me:stik/ and /se:me:stitoya/.
\ref 02169
\lxam uwelowa
\lxam_c kuwelowa
\lxoa té:welówa
\lxoa_pr té:welowa
\lxoa_pr té:welowa
\lxoa_c kité:welówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am); Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) (Oa)
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to take apart (sth built and put together, such as a house)
\sense_s desarmar (algo construído, como una casa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikuwelo:s nokal, oksepa nimokalti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to take down my house, I'm going to build me a new one.
\phrase_s Voy a desarmar mi casa, me voy a hacer otra.
\sense_e to break (a material object or machine that functions)
\sense_s descomponer (un objeto material que funciona)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with tla-) to put together carelessly so that everything comes apart
\sense_s (con tla-) armar sin cuidado para que todo se derrumbe
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwahli titlatlama:maltitok. Titlauwelo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You aren't loading things up right (e.g., firewood on a donkey or mule). You're doing things in such a way that everything will come apart on you (i.e., the knots, the
firewood, etc., so that it all falls to the ground).
\phrase_s No estás poniendo bien la carga (p. ej., leña a un burro o mula). Estás haciendo las cosas (con tanto descuidado) que todo se te va a derrumbar.
\fla uweliwi
\root wel
\xref uwelowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref té:welowília
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02170
\lxam ikni:wtia
\lxam_c kikni:wtia
\lxoa ihni:htia
\lxoa_c kihni:htia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\der V2-d-tia
\trans Refl>V3(Oa)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to place together in a single space; to merge or join with others of the same (animals in a corral, items in a pile or bag, etc.)
\sense_s juntar cosas iguales en un solo espacio (animales en un corral; objetos sueltos en una pila o bolsa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkikni:wti un yetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place those beans together with the rest (e.g., in a sack).
\phrase_s Junta esos frijoles con los demás (p. ej., en un costal).
\phrase_n O:nikimikni:wtih. O:nikwi:kak ika ikni:wa:n para wa:hla:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I placed them together (in this case animals from one stable that were difficult to manage with other animals from another stable that were more manageable). I took them
along with their mates so that they would come back.
\phrase_s Los junté(en este caso animales de un establo que eran difíciles de arrear con los de otro establo más mansos). Los llevécon sus compañeros para que vinieran juntos.
\sense_e to think that (sb) is the sibling of another person one has seen
\sense_s pensar que (algn) es el hermano de otra persona que uno ha visto
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (refl. with object) to treat and call (sb [O]) as ones sibling (when the person is not in fact)
\sense_s (refl. con objeto) tratar y llamar (a algn [O]) como si fuera hermano (cuando no es de veras)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Kinohni:htia, kitlásotlá.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He treats him as if he were his brother, he loves him.
\phrase_s Lo trata como si fuera su hermano, lo quiere.
\root kni:w
\nse In the case of grains, this word refers to the action of receiving a certain portion and placing it in a sack with other portions of grain that have already been received (e.g., during a
wake when relatives and friends bring grain to help defray the costs of the ceremony). This verb can also refer to the action of writing something on paper and putting this paper with
others that have already been written on.
\nae The Oapan form kinohni:htia manifests a reflexive formation that is benefactive in its sense, since the referent of the grammatical subject/reflexive is at one time both
agent and benefactive. However, there is no overt marker that increases valency. The cognate use in Ameyaltepec has still not been determined (by cf. na:ntia),
i.e., whether one has a form such as ? kinokniwtia or whether the object is expressed obliquely. Also, it has not yet been determined whether variations in valency
such as that of the present verb should be given separate entries. They probably should be, which would mean that the two senses of ihni:htia documented to date
should receive separate entries.
\ref 02171
\lxam kwa:tlapa:na
\lxam_c kikwa:tlapa:na
\lxoa kwa:tlapa:na
\lxoa_c kikwa:tlapa:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to split the head open of
\sense_s descalabrar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kikwa:tlapa:nkeh, o:kikwa:temo:tlakeh ika tetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They split his head open, they threw a rock at his head.
\phrase_s Lo descalabraron, le tiraron una piedra en la cabeza.
\sense_e (refl.) to rack ones brains out
\sense_s (refl.) romperse la cabeza para hallar una solución
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timokwa:tlapa:ntok, xtikne:xtilia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are racking your brains (trying to figure something out), you can't find the solution.
\phrase_s Estás rompiéndote la cabeza (para desifrar algo), no le hallas la solución.
\root kwa:
\root tlapa:
\ref 02172
\lxam se:pa:n
\lxam_c se:pa:n tia:skeh
\lxoa se:pa:n
\lxoa_c se:pa:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-manner
\der Adv-man
\sense_e all together
\sense_s todos juntos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Se:pa:n ma tiá:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let's go all together!
\phrase_s ¡Vamos todos juntos!
\phrase_n Ma tise:pa:nya:ka:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let's go all together!
\phrase_s ¡Vamos todos juntos!
\phrase_n Se:pa:n tia:skeh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We will go all together!
\phrase_s ¡Vamos todos juntos!
\phrase_n Xtikneki tise:pa:nya:skeh?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Do you want us to go all together?
\phrase_s ¿Quieres que vayamos todos juntos?
\phrase_n Se:pa:n tikayo:meh, san se: we:i o:titla:katkeh i:pan se: a:nyoh.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e We are of the same age, we were at (or nearly at) the same time in one year.
\phrase_s Somos de la misma edad, nacimos juntos (o casi juntos) durante el mismo año.
\root se:
\root pa:n
\nse In Ameyaltepec occasionally the sequence se: ipan 'on one' is reduced to se:pan.
\nae The adverbial element se:pa:n may be expressed as a preclitic, preceding the verbal predication, or it may be incorporated adjacent to the verbal stem.
\qry Note that the Nahuatl text to the following sentence was inadvertently deleted: 'Let's eat together!'
\vl Recheck vowel length; check for any utterance with final /h/.
\ref 02173
\lxam pexo:ntok
\lxam_c pexo:ntok
\lxoa pexo:ntok
\lxoa_c pexo:ntok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be filled to the brim (a liquid inside a recepticle); to be overflowing
\sense_s estar lleno hasta el tope; a punto de desbordarse (un líquido dentro de un recipiente)
\sense_d Pending
\root pexo:
\ref 02174
\lxam almo:n
\lxam_c almo:n
\lxoa a:lmo:n
\lxoa_c a:lmo:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan almud
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2); pl. almo:meh ; poss. noálmo:n , noalmó:n.
\sense_e reed basket (typically of o:tlatl) used to hold or transport items, particularly dried ears of maize, shelled maize, ceramics, etc.
\sense_s canasta, tipicamente de otate, usada para guardar o transportar cosas, particularmente mazorca, maíz, cerámica, etc.
\sense_d Pending
\semfld measure
\nse Although originally an almud referred to a particular measure (of 4 cuartillos, which equals 1/24 of a carga; an almud is also
7.568 liters or 6.88 dry quarts), in the Balsas area this term no longer a particular measure but rather a basket that can be various sizes: 4, 5, 6, or more cuartillos; the
largest are 12 or even 25 cuartillos.
\qry Also determine the number of liters in a cuartillo for my notes above.
\vl Check vowel length: one instance had short final /o/. In general vowel length is difficult to record in final /on/. Perhaps accent shift affects length in this borrowing.
Probably the Am form has a long initial /a:/. Check and confirm.
\ref 02175
\lxam a:makuwtli
\lxam_c a:makuwtli
\lxoa a:makohtli
\lxoa_c a:makohtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e generic term for groups of trees, all of which have a:matlin their name
\sense_s nombre genérico por un tipo deárbol, todos los cuales tienen a:matlcomo parte de su nombre
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root a:ma
\root kow
\disamb super a:makuhtli
\nse The following types of a:matl have been documented: a:mai:skitl , a:makostli , and a:matl or
a:makuhtli , also called a:matl de on uwe:i. Consultants varied slightly in their information as to the identification of the a:matl de on
uwe:i , but it seems that this is simply a further specification of the tree called simply a:matl or a:makuhtli , names that apply both to the group
in general and to a specific species within this group. Marcelino Venancio mentioned that there were two types of a:makuhtli that are named by gender: a:matl
de susowa:tl , which has large leaves (we:i i:xiwyo), and a:matl de tlatla:katl , which has small leaves (pi:pitik i:xiwyo).
However, Cristino Flores mentioned that he did not know of the male and female name references.
\notes_nature Under a:matl Ramírez (1991) simply gives the family name Moraceae and the scientific name as Ficussp. However, Guizar and
Sánchez list the following Moraceae: Chlorophora mollis(with no Spanish name given); Ficus cotinifolia(in Spanish texcalamate or
higo); Ficus goldmanii(with no Spanish name given); Ficus mexicana(called in Spanish higo); and Ficus
petiolaris(called in Spanish amate amarillo).
\semref a:matl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref a:matl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02176
\lxam ma:ne:xtia
\lxam_c kima:ne:xtia
\lxoa ma:ne:xtia
\lxoa_c kima:ne:xtia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to find through divination (with cards, copal, or other items that a person throws to the ground, into water, or lays out with his hands)
\sense_s adivinar la suerte de (con naipes, copal u otras cosas que uno"echa"al agua o al suelo con las manos)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to acquire with ones"hands"(i.e., labor)
\sense_s adquirir con las"manos"(esto es, con el trabajo)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root ne:si
\qry Check the range of types of divination covered by this term; apparently all involve items that are scattered by hand and then read. Document meaning.
\xref ma:ne:si
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02177
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /tlanchikol/ with xref to /tlanchikohlo/. It has been removed and the major entry is /tlanchikohlo/. Also /tlanchikohli/ is still an entry.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\ref 02178
\lxam toli:nwia
\lxam_cpend notoli:nwia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to cause oneself suffering for lack of food induced by fasting
\sense_s (refl.) hacerse sufrir por falta de comer a causa de estar en ayunas
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Nimotoli:nwia. Ke:n nimosawa para ma:ka itlah tli:n kokolistli kasis noyo:lka:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I make myself suffer from lack of food. I fast so that no disease affects my animals.
\phrase_s Me hago sufrir por falta de comer. Me pongo en ayunas para que ninguna enfermedad agarre a mis animales.
\root toli:
\nse Cristino Flores did not accept the validity of this word, which he said was from Oapan. However, Oapan consultants also did not know this word. Despite this fact the word
toli:nwia has been retained pending further consultation.
\qry Check for nonreflexive use, other meanings.
\semref toli:nia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02179
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa estapa:do:r
\lxoa_c estapa:do:r
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan destapador
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e bottle opener
\sense_s destapador
\sense_d Oa
\nae Vowel length in Spanish borrowings is often difficult to determine. In the present case the length of /a/ at times appears short, at times not. The final vowel is difficult to determine
given voicing of the syllable-initial stop [d] and the following /r/. In Ameyaltepec the full Spanish loan is used: destapado:r.
\vl Check vowel length.
\ref 02180
\lxam makate:wa
\lxam_c kimakate:wa
\lxoa makate:wa
\lxoa_c kimakate:wa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp V3-asp
\der V3-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to leave in inheritance to
\sense_s legar a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chmakate:w noba:leh kwa:k o:mik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My friend left it to me in inheritance when he died.
\phrase_s Mi amigo me lo dejócomo herencia cuando se murió.
\root maka
\root e:wa
\disamb makate:wa; ka:wilite:wa
\nse Makate:wa may have both the lexicalized meaning of 'to leave in inheritance to' and the more literal meaning 'to give to upon taking ones leave' as in
timitsmakate:was notomi:n kwa:k yeniaw 'I will give you your money when I leave.'
\semref maka
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02181
\lxam pa:ktia
\lxam_c kipa:ktia
\lxoa pa:htia
\lxoa_c kipa:htia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make happy
\sense_s hacer feliz a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chpa:ktia, xnikwelita.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It doesn't make me happy, I don't like it.
\phrase_s No me hace feliz, no me gusta.
\root pa:ki
\qry Determine if this can also mean 'to make healthy' /ne:chpa:ktia reme:dioh/?
\xref pa:ki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02182
\lxam kuwia
\lxam_c kikuwia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to beat with a stick
\sense_s pegar con un palo
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Chichi xkaman tlakaki deke tihkuwia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A dog never understands if you beat it with a stick.
\phrase_s Un perro nunca entiende si la pegas con un palo.
\root kow
\qry Recheck /kowia/
\semref karro:tewiya
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02183
\lxam sokito:ka
\lxam_c nosokito:ka
\lxoa sokito:ka
\lxoa_c nosokito:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e (refl.) to sink into the mud (e.g., up to ones calf, just below the knees, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) hundir en el lodo (p. ej., hasta la pantorilla, la rodilla, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nisokitla:lak pa:mpa ke:n tlasokito:ka, tlayema:nka:n, o:nimosokito:kak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got stuck in the mud because the area is deep with mud (in which things sink), the ground is soft all over, I sunk into the mud.
\phrase_s Me atoréen el lodo porque elárea estácubierto con lodo profundo (en que las cosas se hunden), la tierra estámuy blanda, me hundíen el lodo.
\root soki
\root to:ka
\nse The difference between sokito:ka , sokitla:laki , and sokipolaki is still not clear. For now I have translated sokitla:laki
as more concerned with getting stuck in the mud, and the other two with sinking into it. The construction tlasokito:ka is unusual if sokito:ka is always
considered a transitive (bivalent) verb. However, if it is also acceptable as an intransitive meaning 'to sink into the mud' (in which case a separate entry should be established) then
tlasokito:ka is clearly interpretable as a subjectless impersonal, i.e., 'there is sinking into the mud' or 'the area is deep with mud (into which things sink).' The possibility
of a monovalent sokito:ka should be checked and, if it is so interpretable, the difference between sokito:ka and the reflexive
nosokito:ka should be stated in the lexicon.
\disamb sokipolaki; sokito:ka; sokitla:laki; check meaning of /tlasokito:ka/
\ref 02184
\lxam chi:pi:lin
\lxam_c chi:pi:lin
\lxoa chi:pi:lin
\lxoa_alt chi:pi:lih
\lxoa_c chi:pi:lih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e generic name for a group of plants that include the chi:pi:lin, tepe:chi:pi:lin, and another plant with various names in the Balsas
River basin
\sense_s nombre genérico de un grupo de plantas que incluye chi:pi:lin, tepe:chi:pi:lin y otra planta cuyo nombre varia en la región del
Balsas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e edible plant apparently of the family Leguminosea and genus Crotolaria
\sense_s planta comestible, aparentemente de la familia Leguminosea y género Crotolaria
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (i:xixi:tew ~) frutescence of the chi:pi:lin (and other plants of this genus)
\sense_s (i:xixi:tew ~) frustescencia del chi:pi:lin (y otras plantas de este género)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld edible
\root chi:pil
\qry Note that in one example phrase I have recorded /chi:pi:lin/ in a previous entry example phrase. In other cards I have /chi:pilin/. However, in my botany notes the vowel is long. Also
note that that Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give /chipi:lin/, which they identify as chipil or chipilín. Vowel length should be rechecked.
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1988:42) gives"chipilín de monte (Crotalariaspp., e.g. C. longirostrata) 'rattlepod,', has yellow flowers and grows in the corn fields; the leaves
are eaten like spinach or used as a cooking herb. Also called chepil, tronadora."Ramírez (1991) gives the Spanish name as chipile and the family as
Leguminosae. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the chipil or chipilin.
\ref 02185
\lxam tlanxi:nia
\lxoa tlanxi:nia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2a
\sense_e see tlanxixi:nia
\sense_s véase tlanxixi:nia
\sense_d Pending
\root tlan
\root xi:
\ref 02186
\lxam fa:ltoh
\lxam_alt fa:ltah
\lxam_c fa:ltoh
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\loan falto
\psm Adj
\der Adj-loan
\allomorph Gender
\sense_e foolish; simple (in the sense of mentally challenged)
\sense_s tonto
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ma:ka xfa:ltoh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't be foolish!
\phrase_s ¡No seas tonto!
\grm /ma:ka/; negation: note that /ma:ka/ can be used with nominal predicates. The structure is as indicated: /ma:ka xfa:ltoh/. Check for other occurrence of this negative form
with nonverbal predicates.
\ref 02187
\lxam xihki:xtia
\lxam_c kixihki:xtia
\lxoa xihki:xtia
\lxoa_c kixihki:xtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to weed by passing over the milpa with a plow just after the maize has sprouted
\sense_s desherbar con un arado, volteando la tierra poco después de que brote el maíz
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kixihki:xti:s un imi:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will weed his maize plants.
\phrase_s Va a quitarle la maleza alrededor de sus plantas de maíz.
\sense_e to weed (particularly a cornfield) by hand
\sense_s desherbar (particularmente una milpa) con la mano.
\sense_d Oa
\root xiw
\root ki:sa
\ency_note mi:hli
\nse In Ameyaltepec xihki:xtia refers to the action of using a plow to turn over the earth and kill weeds. In this village ma:teka is the proper word for when
one is using ones hands or a digging stick (witso:ktli) to weed. Xihki:xtia is used in Ameyaltepec, but not in Oapan, to refer to the action of passing
the plow over the field soon after the maize has sprouted. Most often this verb is found with the nonspecific object prefix tla- (e.g., nitlaxihki:xti:s) 'I'm
going to weed (my field with a plow)' although occasionally it occurs with a specific object prefix when a particular field is the topic of discourse. In Oapan the equivalent term for
use with a plow is ó:meliá. Oapan has a synonym for xihki:xtia which is má:kwí. For a fuller discussion of terms used for plowing, see
entry under teki.
\qry Check for /h/ in Oapan /kixih.../ Check why I have this as an entry for Oapan when in the /nse field I mention that this word is not used in Oapan.
\ref 02188
\lxam tlatla:hlowa
\lxam_c tlátla:hlówa
\lxoa tlátla:hlówa
\lxoa_pr tlatla:hlowa
\lxoa_c tla:hlowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\trans Compl
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): ní:tla:hlówa
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to get covered with earth, dirt, grime, etc.
\sense_s llenarse, ensuciarse o cubrirse de tierra o mugre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xki:xti motlake:n! Melá:k po:chaktik, o:titlatla:hlowak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take off your clothes! They are really dirty and black, you got covered with dirt.
\phrase_s ¡Quítate la ropa! Están muy negros y sucios, te llenaste de tierra.
\phrase_n O:nitlatla:hlowak pa:mpa o:nitla:lxi:nih wan tla:ltektlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got covered with dirt because I shoveled earth and it was dusty (i.e., the earth was very loose and dry).
\phrase_s Me ensuciéde polvo porque echétierra con una pala y había mucho polvo (esto es, la tierra estaba muy suelta y seca).
\root tla:l
\nae Although the headword for this intransitive verb and for the other lexical elements of the paradigm (tlatla:hloh and tlatla:hlo:tia are all reduplicated, the
fact that the elicitation form here for the Oapan sound file it is clear that a nonreduplicated form is correct, though undoubtedly rarely if ever used. Nevertheless, despite this fact the
headword here has been entered as reduplicated in order to maintain the paradigmatic relationship with the other forms.
\ref 02189
\lxam kwi:katia
\lxam_c nokwi:katia
\lxoa kwi:katia
\lxoa_c nokwi:katia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to sing
\sense_s (refl.) cantar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wel nokwi:katia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He can (knows how to) sing.
\phrase_s Sabe cantar.
\sense_e (with 3rd-person specific object) to sing (a particlar song or tune [O])
\sense_s (con objeto específico de 3a persona) cantar (una canción o son en particular [O])
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with 3rd-person specific object) to sing about (a person [O])
\sense_s (con objeto específico de 3a persona) cantar acerca de (una persona [O])
\sense_d Oa
\root kwi:ka
\nse My written documentation from Ameyaltepec includes only the reflexive use of this verb, although I seem to remember it being used with a 3rd-person specific object, which is used
to reference the object: the particular song being sung. In this sense it is like ito:tia.
\nde Launey (1992:189) mentions that in Classical Nahuatl the verb cui:catia is one of the two common verbs in which causative morphology (-tia) has an
applicative sense. In Classical, the simple intransitive cui:ca means 'to sing' and the derived causative cui:catia means 'to sing for' (i.e., an"applicative sense").
Thus Classical ¿Cuix tite:chcui:cati:z? means '¿Cantarás para nosotros?' The other principal verb with causative morphology in an applicative sense is
na:mactia 'to sell to.'
\qry I have only wrriten down the reflexive use of this verb, although I seem to remember it being used with a 3rd person specific object, which is used to reference the object: the
particular song being sung. In this sense it is like ito:tia. Also, if used with other objects, make sure to note whether they can be animate, first and second, etc.
Determine whether there is a way of indicating 'to sing to' as in 'she sings to her baby' Whatever the answers to these questions might be, adjust the /cat field accordingly. I have
recorded an Ameyaltepec applicative/causative /kwi:katilia/. Check.
\ref 02190
\lxam na:wati
\lxam_c na:wati
\lxoa na:wati
\lxoa_c na:wati
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to utter a sound; to make oneself heard
\sense_s hacer un sonido; hacerse escuchar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niman o:na:wat.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He spoke up right away.
\phrase_s Luego luego se hizo escuchar.
\phrase_n Xekah na:wati, xekah mitsna:nkilia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e No one speaks up, no one answers you.
\phrase_s Nadie habla, nadie te contesta.
\phrase_n Ma:ka xna:wati, ye wa:hlaw tla:wa:nke:tl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't make a sound, here comes a drunk (i.e., keep quiet so that he doesn't notice us)!
\phrase_s ¡No hagas ruido, acáviene un borracho (esto es, para que no se fije en nosotros)!
\root na:wa
\qry Determine to what types of animals and sounds the word /na:wati/ can be applied. Note that I have checked several times and the initial /a:/ is definitely long.
\xref na:watilia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 02191
\lxam nekoko:hli
\lxam_c * nekoko:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas-ne
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e pain (from an illness or disease, not from physical injuries such as cuts, broken bones, etc.)
\sense_s dolor (de una enfermedad, no de una herida, hueso roto, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kipia nekoko:hli. Kwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is in pain. He is ill.
\phrase_s Tiene dolor. Estáenfermo.
\qry Cristino Flores rejected thsi form.
\root kowa
\ref 02192
\lxam welitilia
\lxam_c kwelitilia
\lxoa welitilia
\lxoa_c kwelitilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp Mod-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to envy the looks of (sth that sb has)
\sense_s tenerle envidia (a algn) de la aparencia de (algo que tiene)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka timotsi:nki:xti:s, sie:mpreh tika:nas mono:biah! Ke:n timitswelitilia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't back out, in the end you'll wind up marrying your girlfriend! I really envy you her good looks.
\phrase_s ¡No te reniegues, siempre te vas a casar con tu novia! De veras te tengo envidia por la guapa que se te ve contigo.
\root wel
\root ita
\qry Check final /h/ of /sie:mpreh/.
\xref welita
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02193
\lxam sakakaltia
\lxam_c kisakakaltia
\lxoa sakakaltia
\lxoa_c kisakakaltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to build a grass thatched roof house for
\sense_s construir una casa con techo de pasto para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwa:k timosakakaltia:yan, yewa tihkwiyan ipan eski:nas. Pani yaw, oksepa nosakate:ma. Xne:stok un tlako:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When we used to build our houses of grass thatching we would use it (me:kotlako:tl) in the corners. It would go on top and then grass was laid down again.
The rod is not visible.
\phrase_s Cuando nos hacíamos las casas de pasto, eso (me:kotlako:tl) lo utilizabamos en las esquinas. Va arriba, y otra vez se coloca pasto. La vara no
estávisible.
\root saka
\root kal
\ref 02194
\lxam kwe:xtia
\lxam_c kwe:xtia
\lxoa kwe:xtia
\lxoa_c kwe:xtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to become finely ground
\sense_s quedarse bien y finamente molido
\sense_d Pending
\root kwe:ch
\nae Though derived through the transitive verbalizing ending tia, there is no nominal root or stem that provides the base for this verbal form. Rather,
kwe:xtia is related to kwe:chiwi, though the difference between the two intransitive verbs is not clear. Note that in the Balsas region verbs
ending in -iwi often lose the entire -iwi ending in derivational forms. Thus from tlatsiwione derives tlatskiand from
kwe:chiwione derives kwe:xtik. Thus it seems that the root or stem of -iwi verbs that feeds into derivational morphology is the
stem without -iwi.
\qry Check for existence of /kwe:xtli/. My original notes say that this word is often used to refer to finely ground chile, or to sand (or other objects) that is not naturally coarse. Check
how this might be used to refer to sand, since one might expect an adjectival, not inchoative.
\grm /-iwi/ verbs: Though derived through the transitive verbalizing ending tia, there is no nominal root or stem that provides the base for this verbal form. Rather,
kwe:xtia is related to kwe:chiwi, though the difference between the two intransitive verbs is not clear. Note that in the Balsas
region verbs ending in -iwi often lose the entire -iwi ending in derivational forms. Thus from tlatsiwione derives
tlatskiand from kwe:chiwione derives kwe:xtik. Thus it seems that the root or stem of -iwi verbs
that feeds into derivational morphology is the stem without -iwi.
\xref kwe:xtilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02195
\lxam tlakwa:lia
\lxam_c kitlakwa:lia
\lxoa tlakwa:lia
\lxoa_c kitlakwa:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to eat the milpa of (sb [O], an animal that enters ones field)
\sense_s comer la milpa de (algn [O] un animal que entra el campo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwa
\nse Like tlakwa, tlakwa:lia may have a lexically specified sense (along with a more context-dependent sense of 'to eat (sth) of sb'). It refers
most often to an animal that enters somone's field and eats his maize, e.g., o:ne:xtlakwalih mowa:kax 'your cattle got into and ate up my field (on me).'
\qry Check meaning and if one can refer to someone eating another's apply, for instance, as /o:kitlakwalikeh/. Also check antipassive.
\xref tlakwa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref kwa:lia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02196
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was originally /o:kpaikniwtli/ 'half-sibling (brother or sister)' but it seems to be in error: The expressions noo:kpaikniw and i:ka o:kpa nokniw
are equivalent. Note that o:kpaikniwtli is rarely found in unpossessed form.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\ref 02197
\lxam tlakwi:xwilia
\lxam_c kitlakwi:xwilia
\lxoa tlakwi:xwilia
\lxoa_c kitlakwi:xwilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make a hissing sound at (e.g., with a 'ts ts' sound in order to call the attention of or to chase away)
\sense_s hacerle un sonido como de silbido a (p. ej., con un sonido como de 'psst' para llamar la atención de o para ahuyentar a algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne.chtlakwi:xwilih pero xo:nikchi:wilih kwe:ntah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He called to me with a hissing sound, but I didn't pay any attention.
\phrase_s Me llamócon un sonido como silbido, pero no le hice caso.
\root kwi:x
\qry Check for the possibility that a form without /tla-/ occurs.
\xref tlakwi:xwia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref tlakwi:xwiya
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02198
\lxam chi:boh
\lxam_c chi:boh
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\loan chivo
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e loan found only in a collocation with itakatl or compounded with the stem of yetl
\sense_s préstamo utilizado solamente en colocación con itakatl o compuesto con la raíz de yetl
\sense_d Am
\ncol itakatl
\semref yechi:boh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ítakachí:boh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02199
\lxam yesa:tli
\lxam_c kiyesa:tli
\lxoa yesa:tli
\lxoa_c kiyesa:tli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-[N-V1]
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a(oni)
\sense_e to drink the blood of
\sense_s chupar o beber la sangre de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kanah u:nkah kuwatl mitsyesa:tli:s. Kihlian tli:lkowatl. Kikalakti:s iko:lah itik moyekatso:l, kwa:kon kiki:xti:s yestli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There's a snake somewhere that drinks your blood. It is called a 'black snake.' It puts its tail into your nose, then it takes out blood.
\phrase_s Hay una culebra en algún lugar que te bebe la sangre. Lo llaman 'serpiente negra.' Mete su cola por la nariz, entonces te chupa la sangre.
\root es
\root a:
\root i:
\nae Like a:tli, yesa:tli can be both intransitive (with incorporated noun as patient) and transitive (with incorporated noun an example of"possessor
raising"and not reducing valency).
\qry Reconfirm that this can be a transitive verb, this would agree with the transitivity of /a:tli/, /po:ki/, etc. which are also both intransitive and transitive.
\ref 02200
\lxam xiwtli
\lxam_c xiwtli
\lxoa xihtli
\lxoa_c xihtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e generic term for herbaceous plant
\sense_s término genérico para planta herbácea
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e weeds
\sense_s maleza
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Miák xiwtli ika tila:wtok nomi:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My corn field is becoming overgrown with weeds.
\phrase_s Mi milpa se estácubriendo con maleza.
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) leaves; foliage (as part of trees, bushes, plants, etc.)
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) hojas; follaje (como parte de unárbol, arbusto, planta, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n ixiwyo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's leaves are pretty.
\phrase_s Son bonitas sus hojas.
\phrase_n Kipia ixiwio un kuwtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That tree has its foliage.
\phrase_s Eseárbol tiene su follaje.
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\root xiw
\nse When asked the definition of xiwtli , Luis Lucena extended his hands flat and made a horizontal sweeping motion. Thus it would appear that one of the defining
features of this term is that the plant grows close to the ground and not high.
\nae Unlike other plant parts such as xo:chitl, which is found as i:xo:chiw (e.g., a flower belonging to a person) and i:xo:chio (e.g., a
flower of a plant), xiwtli (or xihtli) is found only unpossessed, referring in general to herbaceous plants, or with the -yo possessed suffix.
\qry Check Oapa: /i:xo:chyo/ or /i:xo:chiyo/. Where is the stress, etc.
\vl There is an extra female token at 5491.
\ref 02201
\lxam tso:tso:ti
\lxam_c tso:tso:ti
\lxoa tso:tso:ti
\lxoa_c tso:tso:ti
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to get sores or infected pimples on ones skin
\sense_s salirsele llagas o granitos infectados en la piel a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nitso:tso:t. O:ne:chkwah tla:la:jeh; o:nikuwa:n wa:n o:notso:tso:kwep.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got sores on my skin. Ajes bit me; I scratched them and they (the bites) turned to sores.
\phrase_s Se me salieron granos en la piel. Ajes me mordieron; los rasquéy (las mordidas) se volvieron llagas.
\root tso:tso:
\xref tso:tso:tilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02202
\lxam wi:pa:na
\lxam_c kwi:pa:na
\lxoa wi:pa:na
\lxoa_c kiwi:pa:na
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\der V2-alt-ni
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to line up (individual objects) one after another
\sense_s alinear (objetos individuales) una cosa tras otra
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to interlace; to tie together in order, one after another (e.g., the rods of the tlapextli cactus in making a bed)
\sense_s entrelazar; atar una cosa tras otra (p. ej., las varas del cactus llamado the tlapextli al hacer una cama)
\sense_d Pending
\root wipa:
\qry Check for use of /te-/.
\ref 02203
\lxam ma:tsiwi
\lxam_c ma:tsiwi
\lxoa ma:tsiwi
\lxoa_c ma:tsiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become folded or doubled over (sth pliable that gets slightly crushed and folded over)
\sense_s quedarse doblado sobre si mismo (algo suave que se aplasta ligeramente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:pan o:kitla:lilikeh itlah tli:no:n, o:ma:tsiw nosombre:roh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They laid something on top of it, my hat got crushed and doubled over.
\phrase_s Le dejaron algo encima, mi sombrero se quedóapachurado y doblado.
\phrase_n O:ma:tsiw un mange:rah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sides of that hose have gotten crushed together and flattened out (e.g., for having had sth heavy placed on it).
\phrase_s La mangera se quedóaplastada (p. ej., a causa de haber tenido algo pesado encima).
\root ma:ts
\qry In reference to the hose, determine whether this refers to the sides coming together, or to the hose folding in two after getting bent.
\ref 02204
\lxam tla:wiltia
\lxam_c tla:wiltia
\lxoa tla:wiltia
\lxoa_c tla:wiltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-tla
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to ride a bull in a rodeo or jaripeo
\sense_s montar un toro en un jaripeo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tla:wilti:s. Mlá:k tla:katl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will ride a bull (in a rodeo). He's a real man!.
\phrase_s Va a montar un toro (en un jaripeo).¡Quéhombre!
\phrase_n Tla:wilti:lo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There will be a rodeo.
\phrase_s Va a haber un jaripeo.
\root a:wil
\xref a:wiltia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02205
\lxam tlakaka:hke:tl
\lxam_c tlakaka:hke:tl
\lxoa tlá:ká:hke:tl
\lxoa_c tlá:ká:hke:tl
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who performs the ceremony known in Spanish as levantamiento de sombra
\sense_s persona que lleva a cabo la ceremonia conocida como 'levantamiento de sombra'
\sense_d Pending
\root ka:wa
\ency_note tlakaka:wa
\semref tlakaka:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02206
\lxam masa:xokotl
\lxam_c masa:xokotl
\lxoa masa:xokotl
\lxoa_c masa:xokotl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of wild plum and, by extension, the plum tree it grows on
\sense_s tipo de ciruela silvestre y, por extensión, elárbol en que crece
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\semfld edible
\root masa:
\root xoko
\disamb xokotl
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991:175) identifies this only as a member of the family Rosaceae. The masa:xokotl is a specific type of plum whose fruit is green
when young and becomes redder when ripe: tla:ki kware:smah 'it comes to fruit in March to April.' There are two types of ma:saxokotl :
ma:saxokotl and mihka:xokotl. Under ciruelo Schoenhals has two genera: Spondiasand Prunus. The second is
identified as the commercial plum. Re: the former, Schoenhals notes:"(Spondiasspp. e.g. S. purpurea) 'plum', 'hog plum', 'mombin', Plums that grow in a hot
climate. Fruit may be red or yellow. Also called jocote, jobo."The color identification of red or yellow fits in with most of the wild plums of the Balsas River area. Guizar and
Sánchez (1991) seem to have two species of the Anacardiaceaefamily that bear edible fruit. One is the Spondias purpurea Iknown in Spanish as
ciruelo or ciruelita de cerro. Of th is:"El fruto es muy apreciado regionalmente ya que posee un sabor muy agradable cuando maduro; cuando
tiernos se consumen cocidos en salmuera."This is undoubtedly the fruit that is boiled when green and added to beans. The other is Cyrtocarpa proceraknown as
coco de cerro. Of this:"Su madera es ligeramente dura, el fruto es extremadamente dulce, muy apreciado en los mercados regionales."It seems clear that one
of the two is the masa:xokotl and the other is the kopaxokotl. At this point my guess is that of the two the kopaxokotl might well
be Cyrtocarpa procera, while the masa:xokotl would seem to be the Spondias purpurea. See masa:xokotl. See
kopaxokotl.
\qry According to C. Flores there are 4 types of /masa:xokotl/: /masa:xokotl de xokó:k/, /mihka:xokotl/, and /masa:xokotl tsope:lik/ of which there are two types: /kostik/ and
/chi:chi:ltik/. The sweet are found in Tonalapa del Sur, Tecuescontitlan, Xalitla, etc.
\semref xokotl de tlatlastopo:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref masa:xokokuwtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref masa:xokokohtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02207
\lxam kwi:xin pitsaktsi:n*
\lxam_c kwi:xin pitsaktsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e type of large bird, apparently a kwi:xin or gavilán, still not positively identified
\sense_s tipo de ave grande, aparentemente un kwi:xin or gavilán, todavía no identificado plenamente
\sense_d Am
\src_s name given by Cristino Flores
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root kwi:x
\root pitsa:
\ency_note kwi:xin
\semref kwi:xin
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02208
\lxam xkon
\lxam_alt xihkón
\lxam_c xihkón
\lxoa xkión
\lxoa_alt xkon
\lxoa_alt xihkón
\lxoa_c xkión
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-manner
\compound Neg-Adv-Demons
\der Adv
\sense_e not in that way
\sense_s no asíde esa manera
\sense_d Pending
\root iw
\root on
\nse The sense of xihkón or xkiyon is that of a comment by speaker that a certain situation or event is not, in his judgement, how it should be. The difference
between xihkón and xihki appears to be one that is simply of deixis, of the referent of the final demonstrative of these compounds.
\qry_fon Check for the best representation in the orthography for this sound; get from phoneticial precise phonetic transcription of sounds here and perhaps include somewhere in
pronunciation guide.
\vl Recheck p-a pattern for both. Oa stress on /i/ is not written given its penultimate position. There are 4 addition tokens of this word at 5617. They should be tagged with
2208. The link to the present headword should be a soundfile from 05617 since this is better quality sound than the 2208 recordings. I.e., as is usually the case, the later
sounds should be better and therefore the links should be made with the later recordings.
\ref 02209
\lxam kwa:temasol
\lxam_c kwa:temasol
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\sense_e to have disheveled hair
\sense_s tener el cabello despeinado
\sense_d Am
\root kwa:
\root masol
\disamb kwa:temasol; kwa:tepasol
\nse The etymology of kwa:temasol is uncertain, though the similarity in meaning and form to kwa:tepasol is striking. Given this similarity, I have analyzed
the te- of kwa:temasol as the intensifier morpheme, although this decision might be modified with subsequent data. It might be, however, that this present
entry is in error and that the speaker had confused one consonant with another.
\semref kwa:tepasol
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kwa:tépasól
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02210
\lxam pa:lakachowa
\lxam_c kipa:lakachowa
\lxoa pa:lakachowa
\lxoa_c kipa:lakachowa
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to spin (an object) in a circle, around a center point; to make gyrate
\sense_s girar o hacer (a algn) dar vueltas en círculos, alrededor de un punto en medio
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nopa:lakachotok kabai:tos, ipan titleko:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The merry-go-round is spinning around, you'll get on it.
\phrase_s Estádando vueltas el tiovivo, vas a subir.
\phrase_n Se: kone:tsi:ntli, kasin ipanima:tsitsi:wa:n dya wel kipa:pa:lakachowan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A little child, they grab him by his arms and then they can spin him around and around (i.e., either with his feet flying around in a circle, or spinning around while standing
on the ground).
\phrase_s Un niño, lo agarran por las manitas y entonces lo pueden hacer girar (o con sus pies volando hacia afuera, o bien girando con los pies en el suelo).
\semfld motion
\root pa:lakach
\disamb pa:lakachowa; kwepa; malakachowa.
\nse The
\qry Check vl for the Am form; Oa is definitely long.
\ref 02211
\lxam kwa:xtli
\lxam_c kwa:xtli
\lxoa kwa:xtli
\lxoa_c kwa:xtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e type of padding made of palm bark that is placed under wooden saddles used for donkeys and mules
\sense_s tipo de cobija hecho de palma que se coloca abajo de las sillas de madera utilizadas para burros o mulas; cuaxtle;
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e good, old friend (vocative, or possessed as a predicate; often used as a vocative without the absolutive: kwa:ch)
\sense_s buen amigo (vocativo, o poseído como predicado; a menudo utilizado como vocativo sin el absolutivo: kwa:ch)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kwa:xtli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hey buddy!
\phrase_s ¡Amigo!
\phrase_n Yo:yah nokwa:ch, a:man xnikmati a:kino:n iwa:n nima:wilti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My friend's gone, now I don't know whom I'll play with.
\phrase_s Ya se fue mi cuate, ahora ya no sécon quien voy a jugar.
\root kwa:ch
\nse Apparently kwa:xtli is also used as padding in loading shotguns.
\nae Cuaxtle ' is the regional Spanish term for this item. According to Gabriel de la Cruz, the use of nokwa:ch meaning 'my friend' is a re-borrowing from
the Spanish 'cuate' and instead of saying nokwa:teh say nokwa:ch. Thus, according to de la Cruz the usage does not derive from a metaphoric
extension of kwa:xtli. Neverthless, although the original etymology might be from cuate Ameyaltepec speakers have reanalyzed this and made it into a
Nahuatl noun through the use of the absolutive.
\mod If the above proves to be true, i.e., /nokwa:ch/ as a re-borrowing, then a separate entry should be given for /kwa:ch/.
\qry I had"suadero"as /ss, i.e., translation for kwa:xtli. Check if /suadero/ is an accurate term.
\ref 02212
\lxam kechkuwyo:tl
\lxam_c kechkuwyo:tl
\lxoa kechkohyo:tl
\lxoa_c kechkohyo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-d-yo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e neck
\sense_s cuello
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root kech
\root kow
\qry Check for /kechkuhio:tl/ as well as, e.g., /nokechkuh/.
\grm It is interesting that apparently all body parts that end in /kuh/ utilize /-yo/ except penis (which is /nokuh/). Perhaps this is because both 'neck' and 'thigh' (metskuhio) can be
alienably possessed. Note that /h/ is a bilabial fricative allophone. These are the only body parts that use /-yo/.
\root_notes Finally, perhaps /kwaw/ root should be simply given as /kuh/ for easier comparison although it hinders some cross-references with difference dialects. Perhaps in root
dictionary an entry should be made for /kwaw/ and an explanation that this root occurs under /kuh/, or vice versa.
\ref 02213
\lxam arrosi:yoh
\lxam_c arrosi:yoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan arrocillo
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of white maize with large kernels
\sense_s tipo de maíz blanco con granos grandes
\sense_d Am
\ency_note maize
\ref 02214
\lxam tlamantli
\lxam_c tlamantli
\lxoa tlamantli
\lxoa_c tlamantli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e group (e.g., of dancers in religious dances)
\sense_s grupo (p. ej., de danzantes en un baile religioso)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Unkah o:me tlamantli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There are two groups (e.g., of 'danza de bola').
\phrase_s Hay dos grupos (p. ej., de 'danza de bola').
\sense_e offering (e.g., left before a cross or saint)
\sense_s ofrenda (p. ej., dejada frente a una cruz o santo)
\sense_d Pending
\root man
\ref 02215
\lxam terra:yah
\lxam_c terra:yah
\lxoa tera:yah
\lxoa_alt terra:yah
\lxoa_c tera:yah; terra:yah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan atarraya
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e large round fishing net with small lead weights around the bottom of a cuff that is sewn back into the interior of the net; it is cast from the shoulders and spun out so it hits
the water fully extended in a circle, then sinking rapidly to the river's bottom
\sense_s atarraya, tipo de red de pescar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:xo:pi:liwtasik noterra:yah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My atarraya(a woven circular fishing net) wound up oval-shaped as it hit the water.
\phrase_s Mi atarraya quedóen forma ovalda al entrar en el agua.
\semfld tool-hunt
\nae Although occasionally speakers will pronounce /r/ for /rr/, in general the Spanish phonology is used.
\vl In one recorded pronunciation, Florencia Marcelino definitely had an /rr/; it is not clear whether this should be the form of the headword. Check Ameyaltepec forms. Note:
in linking the sound use /tera:yah/ from Florencia, /terra:yah/ from her husband.
\ref 02216
\lxam tsetselowa
\lxam_c kitsetselowa
\lxoa tsétselówa
\lxoa_pr tsetselowa
\lxoa_c kí:tselówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): kí:tselówa
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to shake out (e.g., a blanket of dust, a plant so that the earth falls off its roots, a grain plant so that the seeds or kernels fall to the ground, etc.)
\sense_s sacudir (p. ej., una cobija que tiene polvo, una planta o maleza arrancada para que se le caiga la tierra de las raices, o la planta de un grano para que se caiga la semilla,
etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtsetselo mopetl! Yo:tla:ltekwyowak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Shake out your petate! It's gotten dusty.
\phrase_s ¡Sacude tu petate! Ya se cubrióde polvo.
\phrase_n Xtsetselo moanjóli:n, yo:wa:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Shake your sesame plants (to dislodge the seeds), they have dried.
\phrase_s Sacude tus plantas de anjojolí(para sacar la semilla), ya se secaron.
\sense_e to make (sth) shake (an object or small structure)
\sense_s agitar; hacer vibrar o temblar (un objeto o pequeña estructura)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikonkak a:sta kitsetselotoya tlapextli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I overheard how he even made the bed shake (in this case from having sexual intercourse).
\phrase_s Pude escuchar allácomo agitaba la cama (en este caso por estar haciendo el amor).
\sense_e to make shake or shiver (the cold [S])
\sense_s hacer temblar o tiritar (el frío [S])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:hmat pero a:sta ne:xtsetselotok sekwtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I felt it (in this case the cold), it was so cold as to make me shiver.
\phrase_s Lo sentí(en este caso el frío), hacia tanto frío que me hacía temblar.
\sense_e to strain (e.g., coffee to get the grinds out, atole to remove the thick portions, etc.)
\sense_s colar (p. ej., cafépara quitar los asientos, atole para sacar los desperdicios lo que no se molióbien)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsel
\qry Check spelling of /tla:ltekwyowak/. Make sure applicative has p-a. See note there.
\grm Reduplication: the verb /tsetseliwi/ and /tsetselowa/ is a good example of lexicalized reduplication, a reduplication based on the nature of the action. Similar cases arise with
other verbs that my definition involve repeated actions: /mimiliwi/, /po:poxowa/, etc. The spacing of the repeated action determines whether the reduplication is with long or
short vowel.
\xref tsetselowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref tsétselowília
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02217
\lxam tlimiktilia
\lxam_c kitlimiktilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ap[ca]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to slightly cook for (usually things such as meat that are place on a koma:hli , though occasionally on embers, in order to prevent spoilage from the sun)
\sense_s cocer ligeramente sobre el fuego para (algn, p. ej., carne con el fin de evitar que se eche a perder con el calor)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xne:chtlimiktili para ma:ka itlakawis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Heat it up slightly for me so that it doesn't spoil!
\phrase_s ¡Caliéntelo ligeramente (p. ej., sobre un comal) para mípara que no se eche a perder!
\semfld cook
\root tli
\root miki
\qry Check whether /tlimiki/ exists as an intransitive.
\xref tlimiktia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\semref tlipili:naltilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02218
\lxam tema:tlatl
\lxam_c tema:tlatl
\lxoa tema:tlatl
\lxoa_c tema:tlatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of bag made from maguey fiber (from ka:ka:lo:te:ntli, sakamexkahli, or kukuwtitlantsi:n) and used, in particular,
to carry squash and maize that is being harvested
\sense_s tipo de bolsa hecha de fibra de maguey (de ka:ka:lo:te:ntli, sakamexkahli, o kukuwtitlantsi:n) y empleada
especialmente para cargar fruta en la cosecha de maíz y calabaza
\sense_d Pending
\root te
\root ma:tla
\semfld tool
\semfld medicine
\ency_note ma:tlatl; nets
\nse According to several consultants from Ameyaltepec (check whether this is also true of Oapan), the tema:tlatl is also used in curing mihka:siwi
'whooping cough'; the sick person's body is beaten with the bag as the main action of the cure.
\mod See Flk-1984-03-12.1 for a description of this cure.
\ref 02219
\lxam pasoliwi
\lxam_c pasoliwi
\lxoa pásolíwi
\lxoa_pr pasoliwi
\lxoa_c pásolíwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\lexical Op. pref. te- : tepasoliwi (Am); tépasolíwi (Oa)
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to become tangled; to get knotted up (thread, string, etc.)
\sense_s enredarse; enmarañado (hilo, cuerda, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tepasoliw noi:loh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My string got all tangled up.
\phrase_s Se enmarañómi hilo.
\sense_e to become disheveled and tangled (hair, particularly of women whose braids become undone, or who don't brush their hair for several days)
\sense_s desarreglarse y despeinarse; enredarse (pelo, particularmente de mujeres a quienes se le desatan las trenzas o quienes no cepillan su cabello por varios días)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pasoliw itson un suwa:tl, o:pe:w xixi:kopi:ni. Xnotsonchichi:hka:yoh, kwa:tepasol.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That woman's hair is a mess, it's started to come undone (where it was tied or braided). She doesn't have her hair fixed (e.g., its been 2 or 3 days since she's combed and
arranged it), it's disheveled.
\phrase_s Esa mujer tiene el cabello todo despeinado, se empezóa desatar (las trenzas o donde estaba amarrado). No tiene el pelo arreglado (esto es, ya pasaron dos o tres días
que no se arregla el pelo), estátodo despeinada.
\phrase_n O:pasoliw itson, xnotsonchichi:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Her hair has become disheveled, she doesn't do her hair (i.e., by combing or braiding it).
\phrase_s Estádesarreglado su pelo, no se arregla el cabello (esto es, al cepillarlo o ponerlo en trenzas).
\sense_e to annoy or bother one another (several people in close proximity over long periods of time)
\sense_s molestarse unos con otros (varias personas que están encimadas por un largo tiempo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w pasoliwin. Xka:wa, xkaman nokwala:nia:yan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They've started to annoy each other (e.g., people in one household). You'd never have thought it, they never used to get angry with each other.
\phrase_s Ya empezaron a molestarse (p. ej., varias personas en una sola casa). No se hubiera pensado, no solían enojarse antes.
\sense_e to get mixed up (in a task one is performing); to get sidetracked; to stop progressing in a certain direction or manner (e.g., for a person or a plant to stop growing)
\sense_s confundirse (en la realización de una tarea); distraerse; desviarse (de una dirección en que va; p. ej., una planta que deja de crecer)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ikwa:k tlakwa kwilin, pe:wa pasoliwi mi:hli, xok tla:ki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When worms start to eat, the corn plants begin to stop growing, they don't produce a yield.
\phrase_s Cuando empiezan a comer los gusanos, el maíz empieza a dejar de crecer, ya no rinde.
\root pahsol
\qry Determine precise meaning of /pasoliwi/ when referring to plants, to what plants this can refer. My first understanding was that /pasoliwi/ was used here because it referred to the
leaves become meshed and tangled together. But on reflection the use of /pasoliwi/ seems to refer to a process becoming metaphorically"entangled,"i.e., stopped, to become
sidetracked in a particular task. Check phrases like /yo:pe:w pasoliwin/ 'they've started to annoy each other' and check whether /yo:pe:w nopasolowan/ would be
more"accurate."Certainly the use of the intransitive here seems unusual. Also check dif. between /pasoliwi/, /papasoliwi/ and /tepasoliwi/, etc.
\ref 02220
\lxam xixitika
\lxam_c xixitika
\lxoa xixitika
\lxoa_c xixitika
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq]
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to crumble down or to topple down (e.g., a cliff, pile of rocks, etc.) making a sound as it goes
\sense_s desmoronarse o desbaratarse (p. ej., un peñasco, cerca de piedras, etc.) haciendo un sonido al caerse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikonkak milá:k xixitika tli:nonon, kas notekorral.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I heard something (that I wasn't sure what it was) fall down, perhaps it was my fence of lose stones.
\phrase_s Escuchéalgo (pero no estaba seguro que) desbaratándose, quizáera mi cerca de piedras apiladas.
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w xixitika osto:tl, nikonkaktok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The cliff has started to crumble down, I can hear it over there.
\phrase_s El peñasco empezóa desmoronarse, lo puedo escuchar desde allá.
\phrase_n Tlaxixitikatiw temantli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The stones that had been piled up in rows between the maize plants (in previous years, but have remained in place) go toppling down making a sound as they fall apart (i.e.,
as the plow passes close by, pushing them over).
\phrase_s Las piedras que habían sido amontonadas en línea entre las matas de maíz (en años anteriores, y que se quedaron apiladas) se van desbarratánose (por el paso del
arado) haciendo un ruido al caerse.
\semfld sound
\root xiti:
\qry Check whether /tlaxixitikatiw temantli/ is correct, or whether it should be /tlaxixikatiw ika temantli/. From my understanding of Nahuatl grammar the latter should be the"correct"form;
perhaps I made an error in the transcription of speech. Check spelling of /tekorral/. Check spelling of /tli:nonon/.
\grm /tla-/; impersonal passive: There have been several cases of /tla-/ being prefixed to an intransitive verb where there is a definite subject. I have noticed /nitlachichipi:ni/ and
/tlapepetlaka ba:rah/ (check this last one). Here one finds /Tlaxixitikatiw temantli/ 'The stones that had been piled up in rows between the maize plants (in previous years,
but have remained in place) go toppling down making a sound as they fall apart (i.e., as the plow passes close by, pushing them over).' My feeling is that in general the
statement that /tla + V1/ is an impersonal and subjectless is true. Check with this case, though.
\xref xiti:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02221
\lxam pi:pitik yetl
\lxam_c pi:pitik yetl
\lxoa pi:pitiketl
\lxoa_alt pi:pitihyetl
\lxoa_c pi:pitiketl; pi:pitihyetl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Adj-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of small, black bean that is planted between corn plants
\sense_s tipo de frijól pequeño y negro que se siembra entre el maíz
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root pi
\root ye
\ency_note yetl
\nse In Ameyaltepec pi:pitikyetl is apparently also referred to as pi:pitik yetl de tl:ltiktsi:n. According to my original notes, it used in the following foods:
yetamahli , yepa:paya:n , yexoxo:hka:tsi:n , itakatl , and a:to:hli. In Oapan occasionally the alternate
form yepi:pitikis heard, though it is rare.
\nae In Ameyaltepec the difference in pronunciation between pi:pitik yetl and pi:pitikyetl is stress placement, and this is reflected in the orthography. The
former is [pi:pitik 'yetl] and the latter [pi:pi'tik yetl].
\qry Check to make sure that /pi:pitik yetl/ is the same as /pi:pitik yetl de un tli:ltiktsi:n/. Note that a possessed form might well exist, but I have not coded it so far. This should be
checked.
\vl Note that FM stated /pi:pitiketl/ whereas her husband gave /pi:pitikyetl/
\semref yepi:pitik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02222
\lxam ma:nepanowa
\lxam_c noma:nepanowa
\lxoa ma:nepanowa
\lxoa_c noma:nepanowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans +Refl/-tran
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) to cross ones arms
\sense_s (refl.) cruzarse los brazos
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl.) to clasp ones hands (e.g., as those of a deceased person in a casket; Ameyaltepec synonym ma:nekwahlo:tia)
\sense_s (refl.) agarrarse las manos con los dedos entrelazados (p. ej., como las de un muerto en un ataúd; sinónimo de Oapan ma:nekwahlo:tia)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root nepan
\vl For Am check length of first /a:/ since the file card is a first series one with no vowel length recorded. Nevertheless, Oapan has clear /a:/.
\ref 02223
\lxam nemilia
\lxam_c kinemilia
\lxoa nemilia
\lxoa_c kinemilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to think about
\sense_s contemplar; ponderar; pensar sobre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xok nikiyo:wia ke:n na:wiltia:ni! Xkinemilia para tekichi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I can't put up with the way he fools around anymore! The the idea of working doesn't seem to cross his mind.
\phrase_s ¡Ya no le aguanto lo juguetón! No se le ocurre ponerse a trabajar.
\phrase_n Xnemili!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Think about it!
\phrase_s ¡Piénsalo!
\phrase_n Ne:si xkwahli tli:n kinemilitok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It seems that he's not thinking about anything good.
\phrase_s Parece que no estábien lo que estápensando.
\root nemi
\xref nemi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02224
\lxam yo:lkaxa:nki
\lxam_c yo:lkaxa:nki
\lxoa yo:lkaxa:nki
\lxoa_c yo:lkaxa:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to be weak-willed; to be sensitive (e.g., sb who cannot bear punishment or scolding, or who backs down right away when confronted)
\sense_s ser débil deánimo o espíritu (p. ej., algn que no aguanta el castigo o regaño, o que cede luego luego de que se le enfrenta)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld character
\root yo:l
\root kaxa:
\ref 02225
\lxam tlapi:lia
\lxam_c kitlapi:lia
\lxoa 'tlapí:lia
\lxoa_pr tlapi:lia
\lxoa_c kítlapí:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to take care of; to watch over (e.g., an animal, a field, a house, etc., to make sure sth doesn't happen)
\sense_s cuidar; poner guardia sobre (algo como un animal, un campo, una casa, etc., para asegurar que no pase algo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitlapi:lia nomi:l, milá:k miák ka:ka:lo:meh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is watching over (caring for) my cornfield, there really are a lot of crows (there).
\phrase_s Estácuidando mi milpa, de veras hay muchos ciervos.
\phrase_n Ne:xtlapi:lia ne: nocha:n, kitlapi:lia nokal, nia:s ne:yhka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is watching over my home for me there, he is taking care of my house, I am going away.
\phrase_s Me estácuidando la casa allá, estácuidando mi casa, voy para alláde viaje.
\phrase_n Kitlapi:litok pitso, ke:n tlayehli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is watching over the pig, it's really mischievous.
\phrase_s Estácuidando el marrano,¡quélatoso es!
\phrase_n Sa: tlawe:i xi:ntikah nosen. I niatok, nóntlapí:li:s.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e My mazorcas are just all spread out in one huge area (cleared for the purpose, e.g., o:kitlawe:ika:tílikéh). I'm about to go, to go keep an eye
on it.
\phrase_s Mi mazorca estátodo extendido en un solo lugar (limpiado para tal fin, p. ej., o:kitlawe:ika:tílikéh). Ya me voy a ir, a cuidarla.
\root hpia
\nae The present entry is the applicative of tlápiyá which has an underlying {h}, i.e., {tlahpiya}. Note that in Ameyaltepec there is no way to determine the presence of an
underlying {h}.
\qry Apparently this is the applicative of /tlapia/, which perhaps should be considered as distinct from /pia/, the former meaning 'to watch over' and the second 'to have.' Moreover, the
former would have an underlying {h} whereas the second would not. To determine this, the cognate forms in Oapan and Tetelcingo should be checked. Note also the question of
the object of this word, whether it can be a human for whom the action is done, or the object watched over. Check to determine whether /ne:chtlapi:lilia/ is correct. Check the
correction pronunciation.. Re-record.
\xref tlapia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref tlápiyá
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02226
\lxam ayukihli
\lxam_c ayukihli
\lxoa áyokíhli
\lxoa_c áyokíhli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e the vine and leaves of the squash plant, of any type of squash
\sense_s el tallo rastrero y hojas de la calabaza, de cualquier tipo
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root ayoh
\root kil
\semfld flower
\nde In Oapan only the form áyokíhli is used whereas in Ameyaltepec ones hears both ayukihli and ayuxiwtli.
\qry Determine if this can be possessed: /ia:yokihlo/?? As with all words contained /ayutli/ check length of initial vowel. This is hard to determine in Oapan with the pitch accent.
\semref ayuxiwtli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 02227
\lxam wa:hkihli
\lxam_c wa:hkihli
\lxoa wa:hkihli
\lxoa_c wa:hkihli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound S-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e Amaranthus hybridus, edible plant of the Amaranthaceae family grown in riverbank gardens, called huazontle in Spanish
\sense_s Amaranthus hybridus, planta comestible de la familia Amaranthaceae que se cultiva en huertas ribereñas; comunmente llamada huazontle
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root wa:w
\root kil
\nae In some other dialects this plant is known as wa:wtli ; in the Balsas River villages the {wk} sequence surfaces as [hk].
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) gives the Spanish name of wa:hkihli as wajquelite or quintonil. She states it to be a member of the
Amaranthaceaefamily. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as huajquelite.
\vl Check vowel length.
\ref 02228
\lxam tlatla:lwa:xtsi:n
\lxam_c tlatla:lwa:xtsi:n
\lxoa tlátla:lwa:xtsi:n
\lxoa_alt tlátla:lwá:stsi:n
\lxoa_c tlátla:lwá:xtsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\infn N1
\sense_e type of inedible plant still not identified, like the tla:lwa:xin but different
\sense_s tipo de planta no comestible como el tla:lwa:xin pero diferente; todavía no identificada
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlatla:lwa:xtsi:n | Tlachia ke:n tla:lwa:xin, pero xwe:lik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tlatla:lwa:xtsi:n : It looks like the tla:lwa:xin, but it is not edible.
\phrase_s Tlatla:lwa:xtsi:n : Se ve como el tla:lwa:xinpero no sabe bien.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root tla:l
\root wa:x
\qry_h Check for /h/. Apparently this is plant #124. Note that although Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez apparently knew of this plant and gave it in elicitation, Silvestre
Pantaleón did not. This should be checked with other consultants.
\vl Check vowel length and pitch-accent. Check final sequence.
\ref 02229
\lxam i:xtekoyak
\lxam_c i:xtekoyak
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\sense_e to have empty-eyeballs (insult term used as a vocative)
\sense_s tener las cuencas de los vacíos (vocativo utilizado para insultar)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n I:xtekoyak timikis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Empty-eyeballs, you will die!
\phrase_s ¡Cuenca-de-ojos-vacío, te vas a morir!
\root i:x
\root koya:
\nse There is a belief that a tecolote may call out your name followed by this phrase, announcing your death. It is likely that the te- element is the intensifier te- and
not the noun stem tethat is found in i:xtetl , the word for 'eye.' Note that in the similar term i:xte:ntekoyaktik , cf.
tekoyaktik and not from i:xtetl , as is clearly the case with i:xte:ntekoyaktik.
\nae Note that there is no adjectival form ending in -tik associated with i:xtekoyak.
\qry Recheck whether /te-/ is part of the noun or verb.
\grm Note that apparently adjectives with suppression of /-tik/ indicate a type of insultive name or label.
\semref i:xte:ntekoyaktik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02230
\lxam a:wakakuwtli
\lxam_c a:wakakuwtli
\lxoa a:wakakohtli
\lxoa_c a:wakakohtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e avocado tree
\sense_s árbol de aguacate
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\semfld edible
\root a:waka
\root kow
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) gives this of the family Lauraceaeand the genus/species Persea americana. It is not listed in Guizar and Sánchez (1991). Schoenhals (1988)
under aguacate states:"(Perseaspp., e.g, P. americana) 'avocado,' 'alligator pear.' Refers to the edible varieties. The Guatemala type has thick, warty, and
brittle skin. The West Indian varieyt is a smooth-skinned, enourmous fruit such as can be obtained in Yucatán. The Mexican type is often considered the choiciest. Also
calledlaurelillo, pagua."Apparently this tree is cultivated in the Balsas region, but does not grow wild. According to Marcelino Venancio there is a female and male variety
of this tree.
\vl Vowel length of the first /a/ is hard to determine, but it seems long. A definite comparison should be made of all words with the nominal root /a:waka/.
\semref a:wakatl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02231
\lxam mi:xiwi
\lxam_c mi:xiwi
\lxoa ni:xiwi
\lxoa_c ni:xiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\trans ~Caus
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to give birth (for animals that do not lay eggs; see tlatla:sa)
\sense_s dar a luz (para los animales que no ponen huevos; véase tlatla:sa)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to yield a profit or earning
\sense_s rendir una ganancia
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ari:nah mi:xiwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Flour yields a profit (i.e., buying flour and making bread yields a gain on the money invested).
\phrase_s La harina rinde una ganancia (esto es, el acta de comprar harina y hacer pan rinde una ganancia sobre el dinero invertido).
\root mi:x
\disamb birth (i.e., mi:xiwi, tlatla:sa, kone:wetsi, tlakali -kone:w, etc.)
\nse In regards to giving birth, mi:xiwi is used in reference to women only by very elder speakers, but others it is even considered vulgar when so employed. Some
younger speakers will even say that mi:xiwi is incorrect when used to refer to women. Instead, most Ameyaltepequeños now use the more euphemistic
nopale:wia. In this sense its use parallels that of the Spanish 'parir.'
\grm Oapan phonology: The switch from initial /m/ to /n/ in Oapan is not motivated by any known rules or context. Nevertheless, the /m/- ~ /n/ variation is not unheard of (e.g.,
nochi for mochi, etc.)
\ref 02232
\lxam sese:ya
\lxam_c sese:ya
\lxoa sese:ya
\lxoa_c sese:ya
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\lexical Lex rdp-s*
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to cool off; to become cold or cool
\sense_s enfriarse; refrescarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xikchia, ma sese:ya!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Wait for it, let it cool off (e.g., a hot drink)!
\phrase_s ¡Espéralo, que se enfrie (p. ej., una bebida caliente)!
\phrase_n Ye sese:xtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's already cooling off (getting cold).
\phrase_s Ya se estáenfriando.
\root se
\qry Check whether this can refer to animates, or all possible subjects.
\qry_h Check for /h/ in first syllable coda.
\ref 02233
\lxam ichpokawah
\lxam_c ichpokawah
\lxoa ichpakawah
\lxoa_c ichpakawah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N(ap)
\der N-ap
\infn i-loss; N1/2; Aln (irregular: nochpo:ch ; pl. Am: ichpokameh ; Oa: ichpakameh)
\sense_e young girl or maiden of marriagable age, about 14 to 20 years old
\sense_s jovencita o doncella de una edad apropriada para casarse, como de 14 a 20 años de edad
\sense_d Pending
\semfld age
\root chpo:ch
\ency_note ichpo:xtli
\qry Check difference between /ichpo:xtli/ and /ichpokawa/ if there is any. In another entry I had recorded that the two were synonyms.
\semref ichpo:xtli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02234
\lxam tlakwalo:tla
\lxam_c tlakwalo:tla
\lxoa tlakwalo:tla
\lxoa_c tlakwalo:tla
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-d-tla
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to have a sick person in ones family
\sense_s estar con un miembro de la familia enferma
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nitlakwalo:tla, yewa ika xkanah niaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e One of my family is ill, that is why I don't go anywhere.
\phrase_s Uno de mis gentes estáenferma, por eso no voy a ningún lado.
\root kwa
\qry Check to make sure that this verb is used only with the prefix /tla-/, i.e. check possibility of form /ne:chkwalo:tla/, etc. Also determine whether this refers to the illness of one of ones
family (including those living elsewhere), or only members of ones household.
\grm Note the transivitizing element /-tla/ in /kwalo:tla/, apparently always with /tla-/: nitlakwalo:tla 'one of my family is ill.' Cf.this to causatives. My original notes reported that
this verb only occurs with /tla-/ prefix; i.e., one cannot say ?/kikwalo:tla/. Nevertheless, this should be checked. If only the /tla-/ form occurs, keep the entry under
/kwalo:tla/ and x-ref to /tlakwalo:tla/.
\xref kwalo:tla
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02235
\lxam suwa:montli
\lxam_c suwa:montli
\lxoa siwa:montli
\lxoa_c siwa:montli
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N
\infn N2
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e daughter-in-law
\sense_s nuera
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e wife of ones grandson (more precise is ixwi:wsowa:montli)
\sense_s esposa de un nieto (más preciso es ixwi:wsuwa:montli)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e fiber brush used to dust and clean off the koma:hlibefore using it to cook (particularly tortillas; syn. Am tlai:xtechiko:ni , Oa
tlaí:xtechikó:ni)
\sense_s escobilla de fibras utilizada para limpiar el comal antes de utilizarlo para cocinar (particularmente tortillas; sin. Am tlai:xtechiko:ni , Oa
tlaí:xtechikó:ni)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld kin
\root sowa:
\root mon
\qry Determine all the possible relationships covered by this term.
\semref ixwi:wsuwa:montli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02236
\lxam kamaxikipi:lko
\lxam_c i:kamaxikipi:lko
\lxoa kamaxikipi:lko
\lxoa_c i:kamaxikipi:lko
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loc-k(o)
\infn N2
\sense_e area inside the mouth where the top and bottom jaws meet
\sense_s área dentro de la boca donde se juntan las mandíbulas superior e inferior
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:sa:liw notlaxkal ipan nokamaxikipi:lko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My tortilla got stuck in the inside of my cheeks.
\phrase_s Se atorómi tortilla en la parte interior de las mejillas.
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root kama
\root xikipi:l
\root_rel -ko
\nse My original definition form Ameyaltepec had:"the little pocket inside the mouth, right behind where the upper and lower jaws meet"or"la parte como bolsita al interior de la boca
donde se juntan las mandíbulas."Florencia Marcelino and her husband gave a different definition, the one that I have entered for simply kamaxikipi:hli. It might be
the case that the two villages have different definitions, or that definitions vary across speakers. This needs to be checked.
\qry However, after talking to Florencia and Inocencio it seems clear that the new definition is that used in Oapan. I might have recorded the information wrong in Ameyaltepec, or
perhaps the person I asked did not know. At any rate, check. Cf. to /makachahli/ and /kamachalko/.
\ref 02237
\lxam tla:lxi:nia
\lxam_c tla:lxi:nia
\lxoa tla:lxi:nia
\lxoa_c tla:lxi:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to shovel (earth)
\sense_s echar tierra (con una pala); palear
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pa:lah, ika titla:lxi:ni:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is with a shovel that you shovel earth.
\phrase_s Es con una pala que paleas tierra.
\root tla:l
\root xi:
\disamb tla:lxi:nia; tlachwa
\nse Apparently the verb tlachwa is used for digging with a pick, witso:ktli , or crowbar ('barreta'); tla:lxi:nia is reserved for the
use of a shovel.
\qry Check for intransitive and meaning!
\ref 02238
\lxam -tetl
\lxam_c koxtetl
\lxoa -tetl
\lxoa_c koxtetl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Nomlz
\der Suf
\sense_e suffix used on short verbal stems to indicate an individual with particular characteristics indicated by the verb
\sense_s sufijo utilizado con las raices cortas verbales para indicar a una persona con las características particulares sugeridas por el verbo
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e suffix used to pronominalize numbers
\sense_s sufijo utilizado para pronominalizar números
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San na:wtetsi:n timitskowili:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm just going to buy four (of them) from you.
\phrase_s Solamente te voy a comprar cuatro (de ellos).
\root te
\nse To date, the following words have been documented with this ending: koxtetl, mumuhtetl or muhtetl, and
nakatetl or a:latetl. Note also that this suffix is used with numerals, giving them a pronominal sense: na:htetsi:n 'four' (of a particular
item referenced in the discourse).
\ref 02239
\lxam tlakwilo:hloh
\lxam_c tlakwilo:hloh
\lxoa tlákwiló:hloh
\lxoa_c tlákwiló:hloh
\lxoa_pr tlakwilo:hloh
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denon-yoh
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have writing on it (e.g., a piece of paper)
\sense_s tener escritura (p. ej., una hoja de papel)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye tlakwiloloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It already has writing on it.
\phrase_s Ya estáescrito.
\root hkwil
\qry Check precise meaning. I imagine that it refers to a piece of paper with writing, but it might refer to an event that has been recorded.
\vl Note that the first pairs here are the impersonal forms /tlákwiló:lo/ whereas the second set are those for this headword, /tlákwilo:hloh/. Make sure the proper files are the
ones that are linked.
\ref 02240
\lxam i:xkoihlia
\lxam_c ki:xkoihlia
\lxoa i:xkoihlia
\lxoa_c ki:xkoihlia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-lia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to throw back in the face of; to give a guilt trip to (in the sense of reminding sb of favors that they had received)
\sense_s echar en la cara a (en el sentido de acordarle a algn todos los favores que se le habían hecho)
\sense_d Pending
\root hli
\root_rel -i:xko
\nse I:xkoilia is used when a person confronts another with the favors and help that they had received from this person in the past. For example: Juan has done a lot for
Jorge and then asks Jorge for a favor, if Jorge refuses to help and then Juan reminds him of all he had done for Jorge in the past, then one could say ki:xkoilia.
Or if Juan sees Jorge wearing a shirt that Juan had given him and he reminds him of this fact, then again one can use the verb i:xkoilia.
\nae The present verb, i:xkoilia manifests the verbalization of a relational noun expression. However, the origin of the intermediate /i/ is not clear.
\grm Verbalization; /-lia/: Note the use of /-lia/ in /i:xkoilia/. Check about the morphological basis of the intermediate /i/.
\qry CHECK IN OAPAN WHETHER THE FORM HAS /IHLIA/. IF NOT, CHANGE ENTRY. It clearly has an /h/ in Ameyaltepec.
\ref 02241
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa to:lowatsi:n
\lxoa_alt to:liwatsi:n; tóto:liwátsi:n
\lxoa_c to:lowatsi:n; to:liwatsi:n
\lxgen to:tolo:ktsi:n
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Op. rdp-s
\infn N1
\sense_e wild fruit resembling grapes in appearance
\sense_s fruta silvestre parecida a uvas
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e vine (by extension) on which the former fruit grows
\sense_s bejucco (por extensión) que produce la susodicha fruta
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\fla to:toloktsi:n
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root tol
\nae Whereas the variation between /owa/ and /iwa/ in the various Oapan Nahuatl forms is not entirely unexpected, more problematical is the distinction between the Ameyaltepec and
San Juan Tetelcingo forms on the one hand, and the Oapan forms on the other. Likewise, the etymology of this word is unclear. Although it would seem that there is a common
etymology among the dialect variations, it is not clear what this might be. More comparative evidence is needed from other dialects.
\vl The vowel lenght of the Oapan form needs to be checked. It is unclear why the first syllable here is long but in the cognate forms from other dialects the stem-initial syllable
is apparently short. These should be rechecked. However, note that Oapan Nahuatl frequently deleted intervocalic stops between two identical vowel. Make sure to include
two different pronunciations of the Oapan speakers on linked file. The clearest pronunciation of a long vowel in this word is that of Hoyo de la Rosa on MD
0013_07_000_99 at 19 secs.
\semref to:toloktsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 02242
\lxam mahka:ki:sa
\lxam_c mahka:ki:sa
\lxoa mahka:ki:sa
\lxoa_c mahka:ki:sa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Part-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (usual with aspectual ending -te:wa) to leave in fright
\sense_s (a menudo con la terminación aspectual -te:wa) salir de miedo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:mahka:ki:ste:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He suddenly got up and left in fright.
\phrase_s De repente se paróy salióde miedo.
\root mawi
\root ki:sa
\qry Check translation and other uses of /mahka:ki:sa/.
\ref 02243
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be /wa:lki/, but it has been changed to an alternate and rare pronunciation of /wa:hki/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 02244
\lxam pi:na:wistli
\lxam_c pi:na:wistli
\lxoa pi:na:wistli
\lxoa_c pi:na:wistli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e type of non-biting insect still not identified
\sense_s tipo de insecto que no muerde, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (often reduplicated with short vowel: pipi:na:wistli (Am)) shame
\sense_s (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta: pipi:na:wistli (Am)) vergüenza
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to be full of shame (a person)
\sense_s sentir pena o vergüenza (una persona)
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root pi:na:
\nae The possible motive for naming an insect pi:na:wistli is not clear: no obvious link with the deverbal noun pi:na:wistli (or the verb
pi:na:wi) is apparent.
\ref 02245
\lxam chi:koya:wi
\lxam_c chi:koya:wi
\lxoa chi:koya:wi
\lxoa_c chi:koya:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp M-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. pref. te- : techi:koya:wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to develop a long, open split; to open up wide (e.g., a hole in cloth, a thatched roof, an opening in the ground, etc.)
\sense_s abrirse en forma ancha o ensanchándose; partirse a lo largo, quedando muy abierto (p. ej., un agujero en una tela, un techo de zacate, una abertura en la tierra, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root chi:-
\root koya:
\ref 02246
\lxam le:cheh a:to:hli
\lxam_c le:cheh a:to:hli
\lxoa lé:chea:tó:hli
\lxoa_pr le:cheh a:to:hli
\lxoa_c lé:chea:tó:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) leche
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of atole made with milk and tixtli (and sometimes beans)
\sense_s tipo de atole hecho con leche y masa (y a veces frijoles)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food
\root a:to:l
\ency_note a:to:hli
\qry Check for possibility of possessed form.
\mod See entry under /a:to:hli/ for types of this dish.
\ref 02247
\lxam tla:lmiki
\lxam_c tla:lmiki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to be frightened in ones sleep and temporarily remain immobilized in bed, unable to move or shout (see kochsotla:wi)
\sense_s estar asustado entre sueño y quedar en la cama momentariamente sin poder moverse ni gritar (véase kochsotla:wi)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:nitla:lmik, o:ne:chmamuwtih nokochis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I became frightened in my sleep, unable to move or shout, it scared me in my sleep.
\phrase_s Me asustéentre sueño quedando sin poder mover ni gritar, me asustóen mi sueño.
\root tla:l
\root miki
\nse Some Ameyaltepec consultants translated tla:lmiki as 'to get dirty or covered with earth,' the meaning it has in Oapan. However, others denied this interpretation and
proposed the one given above about being frightened in ones sleep. Unfortunately there is no documentation in the corpus of this use and meaning.
\qry Get text on /tla:lmiki/. Review meaning.
\ref 02248
\lxam tesomoka
\lxam_c tesomoka
\lxoa tésomóka
\lxoa_c tésomóka
\lxoa_pr tesomoka
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref-s)
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to snort (a pig, dog, snake, wild boar, etc.)
\sense_s bufar; resoplar (un marrano, perro, culebra, jabalí, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tesomokatok un pitso pa:mpa kwala:ni. Xe tiktlakwaltia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That pig is snorthing because it is mad. You haven't fed him yet.
\phrase_s Ese marrano estábufando porque estáenojado. Todavía no le has dado de comer.
\sense_e to hiss (a snake)
\sense_s sisear (una culebra)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld sound-animal
\root tehsomo
\nse In general tesomoka refers to the sound made by breathing out through ones throat and nose. Consultants mentioned that the only animals to which this verb can
apply are pigs and snakes.
\nae The etymology of tesomoka or tésomóka is unclear. Tetelcingo, Morelos has tesomo:ni, glossed simply as gruñe, ronca.
Often, verbs of this phonological form are related to frequentatives, with an open-syllable as reduplicant, vowel shortening of the stem-final /o:/, and a /-ka/ termination. The Balsas
form does not manifest the reduplication that would occur with a frequentative (i.e., ? tetesomoka). Yet clearly the Balsas and Morelos forms are closely related. There is
also the question of the source of Oapan pitch-accent. The Tetelcingo, Morelos, cognate shows no underlying {h}, but this is not a decisive fact. Nor would the Oapan form seem to
be the result of reduplication; if it were the underlying form would have to be {te + rdp-s + somoka}, which does not seem likely. It would also require that the initial syllable have a
long pitch-accented vowel té:. This might be the case as the length of the initial syllable might in fact be l ong (m ore analysis is pending). Another possibility is that
there is an underlying {h}; the form would have to be ?{tehsomoka}, ?{tesohmoka}, or ?{tesomohka}. Given the lack of comparative evidence no determination is possible,
although the elicitation of a cognate form from San Juan Tetelcingo would clarify matters.
\qry_h Get SJ or other forms to determine whether there is an underlying {h}. Check the length of the first syllable in the Oapan form.
\vl Recheck vowel length of first syllable in Oapan form.
\ref 02249
\lxam tlapi:stika:n
\lxam_c tlapi:stika:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(loc)
\der N-loc
\infn Loc
\sense_e narrow place (such as a corredor or passageway)
\sense_s lugar apretado o angosto (como un corredor o pasillo)
\sense_d Am
\root pi:ts
\disamb tlapi:htsi:n; tlapi:tsko, etc.
\qry Apparently this is a diminutive of a locative formation, /tlapi:tska:n/. Determine whether this is a regular process, i.e., whether most or a lot of locative formations with /-ka:n/, derived
from verbs, can take a diminutive like this. Also, recheck the form.
\grm /-tsi:n/: It seems that /tlapi:htsi:n/ is a definitive derived diminutive though the source is not clear. It is probably /tlapi:tsko/.
\semref tlapi:tsko
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02250
\lxam mapil bie:joh
\lxam_c i:mapil bie:joh
\lxoa mápil bié:joh
\lxoa_c mápil bié:joh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e thumb
\sense_s dedo pulgar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root mah
\root pil
\vl Check citation form for Oapan.
\semref mapil we:i
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref mápil wéi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02251
\lxam kwa:kuwtetekestik
\lxam_c kwa:kuwtetekestik
\lxoa kwa:kohtétekéstik
\lxoa_c kwa:kohtétekéstik
\lxoa_pr kwa:kohtetekestik
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-pref-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have (an animal, usually cattle) horns that point straight upward
\sense_s teniendo (un animal, generalmente ganado) cuernos que apuntan directamente hacia arriba
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root kow
\root te
\root ketsa
\ency_note kwa:kuhtli
\mod Cf. illustration on back of original 3x5 card.
\nae Although in Oapan Nahuatl reduplicants usually reduce on a preceding short vowel, this does not occur in kwa:kuhtétekéstik. This is probably because /u/ is a derived
phoneme (i.e., historically derived from another sequence) and this letter does not manifest a meaningful length distinction.
\ref 02252
\lxam kamatekoyakxiw
\lxam_c i:kamatekoyakxiw
\lxoa kamatekoyaxiw
\lxoa_c i:kamatekoyaxiw
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-Adj-xiw
\der Suf-poss
\infn N2
\sense_e big drinker, eater, or talker like (possessor)
\sense_s uno que bebe, come o habla tanto que (el poseedor)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa nokamatekoyakxiw, yewa no: tlai:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's a big drinker like me, he also gets drunk often.
\phrase_s Es tan bebedor como yo,él también se emborracha.
\root kama
\root koya:
\root -xiw
\qry It is not clear whether this refers only to liquids, or can also be used to refer to eating (or even"blabbing"). This should be checked. And even if referring only to drinking, check to
see if it applies to all liquids.
\vl Check for absence of /h/, etc. before /-xiw/ in Oapan form. Check for presence of /k/ in Ameyaltepec. Check.
\ref 02253
\lxam sa:sa:ne:hli
\lxam_alt sa:sa:ni:hli
\lxam_c sa:sa:ne:hli
\lxoa sa:sa:ni:hli
\lxoa_c sa:sa:ni:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e riddle
\sense_s adivinanza
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e charm; spell; any short saying, utterance, or prayer meant to affect a certain situation or person (see sowa:sa:ne:hli)
\sense_s hechizo; encanto; dicho o pequeña oración para influir o afectar una situación o persona en particular (véase suwa:sa:ne:hli)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa weli isa:sa:ne:l ko:lo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She knows the scorpion's spell (meant to counter the effects of a scorpion bite)
\phrase_s Ella sabe el hechizo para alacranes (dicho para que no se le trabe a uno el piquete de un alacrán)
\sense_e short, amusing stories
\sense_s cuentitos; historias cortas y graciosas
\sense_d Pending
\semfld speech
\ency_note types of speech; and link to Tlalocan text on adivinanzas
\root sa:ne:l
\nae The pronunciation sa:sa:ni:hli is common in Xalitla and Oapan though extremely rare in Ameyaltepec, where I heard it only once in various years. The standard
form in Ameyaltepec is sa:sa:ne:hli.
\vl There are four extra tokens of this word at 5165. Those from 5165 should be tagged with the reference for 2253. Note that the tokens that should be linked are those
originally from 5165, not here at 2253, because the later tokens have cleaner sound.
\semref suwa:sa:ne:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02254
\lxam tsi:na:kan
\lxam_c tsi:na:kan
\lxoa tsona:ka
\lxoa_c tsona:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(ap)
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e bat, species still not identified
\sense_s murciélago, especie todavía no identificada
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld mammal
\root tsina:kan
\nae In Ameyaltepec what was historically a final {n} surfaces as /h/. In compositions, however, the final /n/ appears. In Oapan the cognate form is vowel final: tsona:ka.
Note that Tetelcingo, Morelos, and Northern Puebla both have tsina:katl, which indicates a lack of final /n/ or /h/, as occurs in Oapan (which also has no absolutive
suffix).
\qry Check final /h/. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) have /tsina:can/.
\ref 02255
\lxam kosta:l
\lxam_alt kostá:l
\lxam_c kosta:l
\lxoa koxta:l
\lxoa_c koxta:l
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan costal
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e sack
\sense_s costal
\sense_d Am, Oa
\grm Phonology: Note the very long and drawn out vowel in the Oapan form, close to 180 ms. Also, the palatalization of /s/ is noteworthy, perhaps the result of an early
borrowing from Spanish.
\ref 02256
\lxam a:michin
\lxam_c a:michin
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e type of small fish that sparkles, still not identified but perhaps the platilla
\sense_s tipo de pescadito que brilla, todavía no identificado pero quizáel que se conoce como platilla
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n A:michin, yewa pepetlaka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The fish named a:michin , they sparkle (glitter).
\phrase_s El pez llamado a:michin , brilla.
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\root a:
\root mich
\qry Confirm that /a:michin/ is identical to /michpe:petla:ni/.
\semref michpe:petla:ni
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref michpe:petla:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02257
\lxam rrea:lixtli
\lxam_c rrea:lixtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) real
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e type of hemp fiber that yields long strands (see to:to:lasi:toh)
\sense_s tipo de fibra de maguey que rinde hebras muy largas (véase to:to:lasi:toh)
\sense_d Am
\semfld material
\root ich
\qry Note that it possible that my comments that this is related to /to:to:lasi:toh/ are equivocated. They should be checked and /to:to:lasi:toh/ should be more carefully documented,
checked as to meaning.
\ref 02258
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlá:mpatíhli
\lxoa_c tlá:mpatíhli
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N
\infn N1
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-iwi
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e row of crooked teeth
\sense_s hilera de dientes chuecos
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tlan
\root patil
\nae Given the semantics of this compound, that more than one tooth is crooked, it has only been documented with a reduplicated verb root, here reduced to lengthening on the previous
short vowel of an incorporated noun stem. The Oapan form tlá:mpatíhli was given by Florencia Marcelino as equivalent to Ameyaltepec tlampapatil.
However, it might be semantically (as well as obviously morphologically) distinct. The Oapan form is clearly nominal; it might then refer to a crooked row of teeth and not to a
person who has crooked teeth. This will need to be clarified. The Ameyaltepec form, on the other hand, seems to follow the general pattern of"apocopated"adjectivals, and is related
to the nearly synonymous tlampapatiltik.
\qry Make sure that the nasal is actually an /m/ and not an /n/, since the sequence /np/ does seem to occur in other cases.
\ref 02259
\lxam nomaxtike:tl
\lxam_c nomaxtike:tl
\lxoa nomáxtiké:tl
\lxoa_c nomáxtiké:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e cantor (of a church); one who leads prayer
\sense_s cantor (de la iglesia); uno que encabeza las oraciones religiosas
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e student
\sense_s estudiante
\sense_d Pending
\root mati
\nse The most common acceptation of nomaxtike:tl is that of 'cantor.' In fact, the most common way to express the concept of 'student' is simply through the reflexive:
Nomaxtia nokone:w 'my son studies (i.e., is a student).' Perhaps this is because an agentive is used more for permanent statuses and being a student is a temporary
state.
\nae * Nomaxtiki was not accepted by any consultant.
\qry Check for possible possessed form.
\grm Note that nomaxtike:tl uses the reflexive particle for verbs, and not the form used in nominalizations, ne. Check to determine whether ?
nemaxtike:tl is acceptable. Also interesting is the use of /no-/ in the nominalized form, as opposed to /ne-/. This should be discussed in the grammar. The most
common acceptation of nomaxtike:tl is that of 'cantor.' In fact, the most common way in which the concept of 'student' is expressed is simply through the
reflexive: Nomaxtia nokone:w 'my son studies (i.e., is a student).' Apparently this is because an agentive is used more for permanent statuses and being a
student is a temporary state.
\ref 02260
\lxam a:poso:nki
\lxam_c a:poso:nki
\lxoa a:poso:nki
\lxoa_c a:poso:nki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\infn N1
\sense_e water that has been boiled
\sense_s agua hervida
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n A:poso:nki, yo:posonka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is boiled water, it had already boiled (but is now not boiling, or maybe not even hot).
\phrase_s Es agua hervida, ya se había hervido (pero ahora no estáhirviendo, puede ser que ni estácaliente).
\root a:
\root poso:
\qry Check for possible possessed ?na:poso:nka:w. If this is correct change /infn coding.
\grm A:poso:nki, yo:posonka. It is boiled water, it had already boiled (but is now not boiling, or maybe not even hot). Note how the pluperfect is used here to indicate that the
water had been boiled; it is boiled, but not boiling, water.
\ref 02261
\lxam kaltori:toh
\lxam_c kaltori:toh
\lxoa kalto:roh
\lxoa_c kalto:roh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) toro
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of small thatched roof hut, low to the ground and perhaps 3 to 4 meters wide, with low walls
\sense_s tipo de casita con techo de palma o zacate, muy pegada al suelo y tal vez solamente 3 a 4 metros de ancho, con paredes muy bajitas
\sense_d Pending
\root kal
\ency_note kahli
\qry Check reason for naming this /kaltori:toh/, perhaps relationship to /tori:toh/ firework structure.
\ref 02262
\lxam ekwania
\lxam_c kekwania
\lxoa ékwaniá
\lxoa_pr ekwania
\lxoa_alt íkwaniá
\lxoa_c kékwaniá
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to move from one spot or place to another (generally so that the object moved is no longer in the way)
\sense_s mover de un lugar a otro (generalmente para que el objeto movido ya no estorbe)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkekwani! Nika:n nipano:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Move it out of the way! I'm going to pass through here!
\phrase_s ¡Quítalo!¡Aquívoy a pasar.
\sense_e (refl.) to move oneself (from one spot to another, e.g., a person changing homes or simply sliding down a little at a table, or animals left to graze who go to a new location, a
\sense_s (refl.) moverse (de un lugar a otro, p. ej., una persona que cambia de residencia o que simplemente se hace a un lado alrededor de una mesa, o también un animal dejado a
apacentar que va a un nuevo lugar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmekwani, nika:n ma nimotla:li!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Move over, let me sit here!
\phrase_s ¡Hazte a un lado, aquíme voy a sentar!
\semfld motion
\root hkwani
\qry Etymology uncertain. Check.
\xref ekwanilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref ékwanília
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\xref tlayekwania
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tláyekwánia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02263
\lxam ixkwa:ki:tskia
\lxam_c nixkwa:ki:tskia
\lxoa i:xkwa:ki:tsia
\lxoa_alt i:xkwa:ki:tia
\lxoa_c ni:xkwa:ki:tsia; ni:xkwa:ki:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to grab ones forehead; to put ones forhead in ones hands
\sense_s (refl.) agarrarse la frente; descansar la frente en las manos
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\root ki:tski
\nae Oapan forms vary in pronunciation. The dropping of the [s] in the affricate [ts] leaves the sequence /tia/, which palatalizes, as is noticeable in Inocencio Jiménez's pronunciation in the
recording.
\qry Check whether transitive form can be used. Also, determine two different types of coding: for reflexive verbs such as /tlalowa/ that are transitivized (perhaps +Refl/+Caus and for
verbs that are generally used reflexively (perhaps +Refl/-trans).
\ref 02264
\lxam kokoxoktik
\lxam_c kokoxoktik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ni-k-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to be loose and floppy; to be baggy (e.g., clothes)
\sense_s holgado y flojo (p. ej., ropa, o algo como una bolsa poco llena)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to be loosely packed (sth that is filled with items or material that moves from side to side)
\sense_s estar medio vacío y poco apretado
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xsan kokoxoktik kosta:les.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sacks were not just loosely filled (i.e., they were tightly stuffed or packed).
\phrase_s Los costales no eran nada más medio llenos (esto es, no estaban llenados hasta apretarse).
\root koxo:
\disamb tata:nah; tata:natik; kokoxoktik
\nse In general it seems as if Ameyaltepec uses kokoxoktik whereas Oapan uses tekoyahtikas a modifier with which nouns have been compounded. The
relevant word go far beyond the few that are listed above; a search on the relevant forms (e.g., kokoxoktik, tekoyak, etc.) will reveal more lexical items.
\semref kwe:kokoxoktik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref kalso:nkokoxoktik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref kwe:tekoyak
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref kotontekoyak
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02265
\lxam tla:ltso:ltik
\lxam_c tla:ltso:ltik
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\infn N1
\sense_e worked land that has short furrows
\sense_s tierra trabajada con surcos muy cortos
\sense_d Am
\semfld domesticatedivated land
\root tla:l
\root tso:l
\ency_note tla:hli; mi:hli
\qry Check for other shapes of land: short, long, narrow, wide. Note that /tla:lwe:yaktli/ is a nominalization and /tla:ltso:ltik/ is an N-Atributive compound. Check for other forms
(?/tla:lpitsa:wak/ or /tla:lpitsa:ktli/, etc.) Check also whether /tla:lwe:yaktli/ can be expressed as /tla:lwe:yak/.
\ref 02266
\lxam tsonakate:ka
\lxam_c kitsonakate:ka
\lxoa tsonakate:ka
\lxoa_c kitsonakate:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp PM-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to tilt to the side (p. ej., a bottle to serve its contents); to push or move sideways into a position closer to the ground
\sense_s inclinar o acostar (hacia una posición más horizontal, p. ej., una botella para servir su contenido); empujar hacia un lado para que quede en una posición más pegado a
la tierra
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtsonakate:ka moara:doh! Xtlanekwilwi, ma:ka kasis un kuwtsontetl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tilt your plowshare over to the side! Make it (the plow) move around it so that it doesn't hit that stump!
\phrase_s ¡Empuja la reja de tu arado a un lado!¡Desvíalo para que no le pegue a ese tocón!
\phrase_n Xtsonakate:ka para na:tli:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tilt it over to the side (in this case a filled water jug) so that we can drink!
\phrase_s ¡Inclínalo hacia un lado (en este caso un cántaro de agua) para que podamos beber!
\sense_e (refl.) to lie down on ones side (e.g., a person going to sleep)
\sense_s (refl.) acostarse por el lado (p. ej., una persona al dormir)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmotsonakate:ka na:nika!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Lie down on your side facing this way!
\phrase_s ¡Acuéstate por el costado, mirando hacia acá!
\semfld motion
\root te:ka
\ref 02267
\lxam tla:kawi:ka
\lxam_c tla:kawi:ka
\lxoa tla:kawi:ka
\lxoa_c tla:kawi:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to go around with men (e.g., a young maiden)
\sense_s andar o salir con muchos hombres (p. ej., una doncella o muchacha)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kel ichpokawah. Xmilá:k! Tla:kawi:katinemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They say that she is a maiden (i.e., virgin). It's not true! She goes around with a lot of men.
\phrase_s Dicen que es doncella (esto es, virgen).¡No es verdad! Anda con muchos hombres.
\root tla:ka
\root wi:ka
\qry The Oapan definition appears erroneous, or at least unclear. It should be further specified or investigated. I had also for Oapan /to not be able to get along with men (e.g., a
husband)/
\ref 02268
\lxam tlapayawtli
\lxam_c tlapayawtli
\lxoa tlapayahtli
\lxoa_c tlapayahtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e drizzle
\sense_s llovizna
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld weather
\root tlapa
\root yawi
\ref 02269
\lxam sakate:ma
\lxam_c kisakate:ma
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-mi
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to thatch a house roof with grass
\sense_s techar una casa con zacate
\sense_d Am
\root saka
\root te:ma
\semref te:ma
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02270
\lxam_notes zzz
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\mod This entry for /Tepona:sko/ has been removed and placed in the topofinal database.
\ref 02271
\lxam xkwahli
\lxam_c xkwahli
\lxoa xkwahli
\lxoa_c xkwahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Neg-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e (~ tla:katl) Devil
\sense_s (~ tla:katl) diablo
\sense_d Am
\sense_e Devil (Ameyaltepec synonym: xye:ktli)
\sense_s diablo (sinónimo en Ameyaltepec: xye:ktli)
\sense_d Oa
\nse In Oapan xkwahli is occasionally used to name the Devil, though it is most often simply a negative of kwahli. There are several Ameyaltepec terms for
the Devil, including xye:ktli. Apprently the collocation xkwahli tla:katl is also used in Ameyaltepec as a term for the Devil.
\ref 02272
\lxam lije:roh
\lxam_c lije:roh
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan ligero
\psm Adv-manner
\der Adv-loan
\sense_e suddenly; without warning
\sense_s de repente; inadvertidamente
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:ne:chkwetla:nih chika:wak un ma:choh, lije:roh o:nokwetla:tsoh, o:ne:chpitsa:hka:nkaxa:nih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The mule whipped me around hard, it bucked without warning, it made my lower back sore.
\phrase_s El macho me zangoloteófuerte, se encabritósin aviso, me lastimóla parte baja de la espalda.
\qry Check other uses and meanings of /lige:roh/. Note that at first I had in the /cfo field /ísihtími/, which should perhaps be /ísitími/. However, this word seems quite different in meaning.
\ref 02273
\lxam tlatskapa:ni
\lxam_c tlatskapa:ni
\lxoa tlatskapa:ni
\lxoa_alt tlatskopo:ni
\lxoa_c tlatskapa:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp S-V1
\der V1-b(ni/ltia)
\trans +Caus
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to make a slapping, wet sound (like wet clothes being washed and slapped against a flat stone to get the soap out, mud or dough being slapped down on a hard surface, or
two pieces of leather or skin coming together hard, such as occurs when bodies slap against each other during sexual intercourse)
\sense_s emitir un sonido como de palmada (como ropa mojada que al lavarse se azota contra una piedra plana para que salga el jabón, o de lodo o masa al golpearse contra una
superficie dura, o de cuero o piel que se golpea fuertemente, como ocurre con dos cuerpos durante el acto sexual)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlatskapa:ntiw mowera:ch, ke:n kaxa:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your sandal goes along making a slapping sound, it is loose (as the sole goes flopping along against the ground).
\phrase_s Tu huarach va haciendo un sonido como de palmada, estáfloja (y la suela se va golpeando el suelo).
\root tlats-2-; kapa:
\disamb kapa:naltia; tlatskapa:naltia
\root_notes The root tlats is found in Classical Nahuatl in tlatscotoni , which RS glosses as 'estallar, romperse, hablando de un hilo.' For
tlatscotona , the same author has nite pellizcar, irritar, hostigar a alguien.. Nitla o nic romper, cortar un hilo.'
For both entries he lists the root tlatz followed by a question mark.
\xref tlatskapa:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02274
\lxam we:ilia
\lxam_c kwe:ilia
\lxoa we:ilia
\lxoa_c kiwe:ilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to enlarge; to make bigger
\sense_s hacer grande
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikuwe:ilia ni:xtewa:n kwa:k niktlatlata.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I make my eyes bigger (to him) when I stare at him.
\phrase_s Le hago los ojos grandes cuando le clavo la vista.
\root we:i
\xref we:ililia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02275
\lxam xaxakwaxtik
\lxam_c xaxakwaxtik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be wrinkled (clothes and cloth, paper)
\sense_s estar arrugado (ropa, papel)
\sense_d Am
\root xakwach
\disamb xakwach-; xakwal-. Note that apparently /xakwach-/ only occurs in Ameyaltepec.
\qry Check to make sure that this only occurs in reduplicated form.
\semref texoloxtik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02276
\lxam i:xte:nkwitlanex
\lxam_c i:xte:nkwitlanex
\lxoa i:xte:nkwitlanex
\lxoa_c i:xte:nkwitlanex
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to have ones eye covered with a thin white film
\sense_s tener carnosidad en un ojo
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root kwitla
\root nex
\qry Determine whether there is a form /i:xte:nkwitlanextik/ and, if so, the difference with this form. Also determine whether /i:xte:nkwitlanex/ is only used as an address term.
\ref 02277
\lxam tsi:na:la:wi
\lxam_c tsi:na:la:wi
\lxoa tsi:na:la:wi
\lxoa_c tsi:na:la:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\lexical Op. infix te- ; tsi:ntea:la:wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to scrape ones rear end
\sense_s rasparse las nalgas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nitsi:nteaa:la:w ipan burroh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I scraped my rear end badly (by riding) on a donkey.
\phrase_s Se me rasparon mucho las nalgas (al ir montado) sobre el burro.
\root tsi:n
\root a:la
\disamb tsi:na:la:wi; tsi:nxi:pe:wi
\nae Ameyaltepec has a phonological rule that velarizes nasals in word final position or before words that are vowel-initial. In Oapan /n/ drops in certain prevocalic contexts not yet fully
defined; they also weaken in word-final position, at times going to [h] and at times even disappearing (as a result leading to the insertion of a glottal stop in phrase-final position).
However, velarization also sometimes occurs. This is the case in the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez of this headword (see above). In Ameyaltepec a voiced velar stop is
occasionally inserted between two /a/'s (e.g., [ o:nitsi:nteaga:la:w]).
\vl Note velarization: Make sure that Inocencio's sound clip is the one that is velarized /tsi:nga:la:wi/.
\ref 02278
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixipantaló:ntekwíxtok
\lxoa_pr ixipantalo:ntekwixtok
\lxoa_c ixipantaló:ntekwíxtok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) pantalón
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\lexical Reduced rpd-s(prev-s)
\infv Durative
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e having ones trousers rolled up
\sense_s con los pantalones arremangados
\sense_d Oa
\root tehkwia
\nae The verb 'tekwíyaalways assigns pitch-accent on the syllable preceding the verbal stem given that there is an {h} in the underlying stem {tehkwiya}. With
ixipantaló:ntekwíxtok, however, the verbal stem is reduplicated given the nature of the action involved (rolling up ones pants); but given the fact that the final vowel of
the incorporated noun stem is short, the verbal reduplication is reduced onto this vowel, which is lengthened and assigned pitch accent.
\semref ixikasó:ntekwixtok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref ixikaso:ntepai:lihtok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref ixipantalo:ntepai:lihtok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref pantalontetekwixtok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 02279
\lxam para:kah
\lxam_c para:kah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan paraca
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of tree of the family Leguminosae, called in Spanish paraca
\sense_s tipo deárbol de la familia Leguminosae
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Para:kah | Bwe:noh para ti:mbreh. Kitetsotsonan para xixi:pe:wi. Ki:sa ikakawayo, konamakan ika kosta:les ina:k kurtidó:r.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Para:kah : It is good for timbre. They pound it with a rock so that it peels. Its bark comes off, they go sell it in sacks to a leather worker.
\phrase_s Para:kah : Es bueno para timbre. Lo golpean con una piedra para que se pele. Sale su cáscara, la van a vender en costales a un curtidor.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\nse This tree is found in the higher regions around Ameyaltepec. Thus although during fieldwork in September 2001 a small tree of this type was found by the river at A:molo:nka:n, the
consultants at that time (Silvestre Pantalón, Inocencio Díaz, and Asención Marcelo) all agreed that the seed must have been washed down from the hills to the north during the rainy
season.
\notes_nature This name is common in the Nahuatl of the region, though it is a borrowing from Spanish. Ramírez (1991) gives this as of the family Leguminosae, of the
genus/species Cassia sp.and, in Spanish, paraca. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) give a tree named paraca of the family Leguminosae;
caesalpinioideaeand the scientific name Senna (ex Cassia) skinneri. Schoenhals (1988) does not list this species, but does have several other trees of the genus
Cassia.
\ref 02280
\lxam po:nia
\lxam_c nopo:nia
\lxoa po:nia
\lxoa_c nopo:nia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)[ca]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to suddenly reappear
\sense_s (refl.) aparecer de repente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:nkah tsi:kameh o:tikpawika, oksepa o:nopo:nikeh, oksepa o:pe:w kikwan mi:ltsi:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Those tsi:kameh there, you had poisoned them, [but] once again they've showed up, again they've started to eat the young maize plants.
\phrase_s Estos tsi:kameh que están por allá, ya los habías envenenado, [pero] otra vez se hicieron aparecer, otra vez empezaron a comer las plantas chiquitas de
maíz.
\root po:
\qry Check for other meaning of /po:nia/ and determine precise nature of difference between /po:nia/ and /po:naltia/.
\vl Make sure that the sound files linked here are of the singular, with final glottal stop.
\xref tlapo:nia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02281
\lxam tsakwililia
\lxam_c kitsakwililia
\lxoa tsakwililia
\lxoa_c kitsakwililia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V4
\der V4-d-ap[ap]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (often with long vowel reduplication) to block the way of for (e.g., an animal that is trying to escape a roundup, etc.)
\sense_s (a menudo con reduplication de vocal larga) atajar o bloquear el camino a (p. ej., un animal) para (p. ej., un vaquero o chivero que para su jefe estátratando de bloquear
la salida a un animal que quiere escapar o salir)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:xtsakwilili noburroh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Head off my donkey for me (i.e., block its way so that it doesn't get by)!
\phrase_s ¡Córtale el paso a mi burro para mí(para que no vaya o no se escape)!
\root tsakwa
\qry Check for /kitlatsa(tsa)kilia/, perhaps in the sense of 'to fill sth in for sb' (e.g., nextlatsatsakwilia, newa san nitlatli:lwi:tekis).
\qry Indefinitive null complement; Applicative: There seem to be a few cases of applicatives of applicatives, i.e., verbal predicates with four arguments. One case is the following:
/Xne:xtsakwilili noburroh!/ 'Head off my donkey for me (i.e., block its way so that it doesn't get by)!' The base verb is /tsakwa/ (2 arguments) which has an applicative form
/tsakwilia/. Note that /tsakwilia/ however, is a divalent verb based solely on its derivational morphology. The secondary object seems to be implied in the acceptation of
/tsatsakwilia/ as 'interfering with'. Thus /ne:chtsakwilia un kuhtli/ the implied second object is 'where I want to see' (as in 'that tree blocks my vision (lit., 'blocks it to me (where 'it' is
'from where I want to see'). Likewise in the sense of 'to head off/block the path of' the secondary object is implied. Thus in one sense one may question whether a verb phrase such
as /Xiktsakwili noburroh!/ is in fact a ditransitive, or whether it should be considered a semantic t ransitive (with 2 arguments). Thus, perhaps an argument could be made that
/tsakwilia/ is a ditransitive morphologically but semantically acts as both a ditransitive (xne:chtsatsakwili noa:maw) and a transitive (kitsakwilia noburroh). It is in this second sense
only that a further transitivization can occur. One test would be to determine whether the second sense of /tsakwilia/ can overtly express the secondary object, i.e., cna one say
/kitsakwilia noburroh otli/ or /kitsakwilia noburroh ka:n yaw/, etc.
\grm Indefinitive null complement; Applicative: There seem to be a few cases of applicatives of applicatives, i.e., verbal predicates with four arguments. One case is the following:
/Xne:xtsakwilili noburroh!/ 'Head off my donkey for me (i.e., block its way so that it doesn't get by)!' The base verb is /tsakwa/ (2 arguments) which has an applicative form
/tsakwilia/. Note that /tsakwilia/ however, is a divalent verb based solely on its derivational morphology. The secondary object seems to be implied in the acceptation of
/tsatsakwilia/ as 'interfering with'. Thus /ne:chtsakwilia un kuhtli/ the implied second object is 'where I want to see' (as in 'that tree blocks my vision (lit., 'blocks it to me
(where 'it' is 'from where I want to see'). Likewise in the sense of 'to head off/block the path of' the secondary object is implied. Thus in one sense one may question whether
a verb phrase such as /Xiktsakwili noburroh!/ is in fact a ditransitive, or whether it should be considered a semantic t ransitive (with 2 arguments). Thus, perhaps an
argument could be made that /tsakwilia/ is a ditransitive morphologically but semantically acts as both a ditransitive (xne:chtsatsakwili noa:maw) and a transitive
(kitsakwilia noburroh). It is in this second sense only that a further transitivization can occur. One test would be to determine whether the second sense of /tsakwilia/ can
overtly express the secondary object, i.e., cna one say /kitsakwilia noburroh otli/ or /kitsakwilia noburroh ka:n yaw/, etc.
\xref tsakwa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02282
\lxam te:telowa:ni
\lxam_c te:telowa:ni
\lxoa te:telowa:ni
\lxoa_alt te:telowa:ne
\lxoa_c te:telowa:ne; te:telowa:ni
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e fighter; bully; person who goes around beating up on people
\sense_s peleador; bravucón; persona que anda golpeando o peleándose con la gente
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tel
\semref tlatelowa:ni
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02283
\lxam kili:n
\lxam_alt kilí:n
\lxam_c ikili:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N2
\sense_e bristly hairs found on the back of some jabalís (and, in the past, allegedly on some bulls)
\sense_s creda sobre el lomo de los jabalís (y, en el pasado, supuestamente sobre algunos toros)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n ikilí:n kuwpitso
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e the bristles on the back of the jabali
\phrase_s la creda sobre el lomo de los jabalís.
\root kili:n
\nse The etymology of this word is uncertain; perhaps the word is related to kilitl.
\mod This word was not heard by any of the workshop participants. It is probably a Spanish borrowing.
\ref 02284
\lxam te:nka:yoh
\lxam_c xte:nka:yoh
\lxoa te:nka:yoh
\lxoa_c xte:nka:yoh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg(intrans)
\sense_e (x ~) to be insatiable; to be unable to get full (an animate, with food)
\sense_s (x ~) ser insaciable; no poderse llenar nunca (un ser animado, con comida)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtite:nka:yoh, xtikmati tixwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You never get your fill (you are a bottomless pit), you don't know what it is to be satiated (with food).
\phrase_s Tienes panza de músico, no sabes quedar satisfecho (con comida).
\root te:m
\nse This form is derived from the verb te:mi 'to get or become filled' and not from the nominal te:ntli.
\ref 02285
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was originally /atopa kayo:tl/ but has been deleted as it is a repeat of entry 3564.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\qry Check /ixto:pakayo:tl/, whether it is an alternative form, as I may have simply misrecorded it for /axto:pakayo:tl/; cf. Gram 1984-04-30.2 Recheck vowel lengths. Several entries had
a long /ka:/ although it sounds short in the Oapan elicitation. Also, my notes varied occasionally with a short /o/ and sometimes a long /o:/ in the second syllable.
\vl This entry has been removed; tag all speech tokens to 03564
\ref 02286
\lxam tepayolsa:lowa
\lxam_alt tepayelsa:lowa
\lxam_c kitepayolsa:lowa
\lxoa tepayolsa:lowa
\lxoa_c kitepai:lsa:lowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to hogtie (a hog or steer, or even a drunk to keep him from going anywhere)
\sense_s atar de pies y manos (en particular un marrano o becerro, o hasta un borracho para que no se vaya a ningún lado)
\sense_d Pending
\root te
\root payol
\root sa:l
\nde Classical Nahuatl has tapa- for Balsas Nahuatl tepa-. Thus the etymological division here, of teand payolis not
entirely coincident with the Classical forms although the presence of te'stone' in the etymology of words having to do with roundness would not be surprising.
\vl Check vowel length; /i/ of /pail/.
\semref tepayoltik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02287
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /xoxo:pantsi:n/ with a xref to /xo:pantsi:n/, but it has been deleted.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 02288
\lxam techichikiliwi
\lxam_c techichikiliwi
\lxoa téchichikilíwi
\lxoa_pr techichikiliwi
\lxoa_c téchichikilíwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to become haggard and drawn; to waste away (a person or animal, generally from a lack of food and nutrition, though perhaps from not having grown to full size)
\sense_s demacrarse; quedarse raquítico o enclenque; consumirse (una persona o animal, generalmente por falta de comida y nutrición)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:techichikiliw. Kwalo, xok tlakwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has wasted away (to skin and bones). He is sick, he no longer eats.
\phrase_s Se consumió(hasta quedarse enclenque). Estáenfermo, ya no come.
\root te-
\root chikil
\vl Check p-a in Oapan for all words with /techichikil-/. I originally had this entry written without p-a. Here p-a should be marked.
\semref techichikile:wi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref téchichikilé:wi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02289
\lxam papatlaka
\lxam_c papatlaka
\lxoa papatlaka
\lxoa_c papatlaka
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to flap repeatedly (e.g., from the wind or from the movement of the subject); to make a noise of flapping and rustling
\sense_s revoltear o aletear repetidamente (p. ej., por el viento, por el movimiento del sujeto); hacer el sonido de un revolteo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Melá:k papatlakatiw nokoto:n pa:mpa nimotlalotiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My shirt is really flapping around because I am running along.
\phrase_s Mi camisa se va revolteando mucho porque voy corriendo.
\phrase_n Tlapapatlaka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is a fluttering sound all over (e.g., of wings as many birds take flight at the same moment).
\phrase_s Hay un sonido de revolteo por todos lados (p. ej., de alas cuando muchos pájaros toman vuelo al mismo tiempo).
\root patla:
\nse This verb can be used for clothes flapping in the wind, certain birds (such as chickens, zopilotes, wexo:lo:tl, etc.), paper, sheets, a nylon sheet, etc.
\nae In Oapan one can reduce the reduplication of the impersonal: ta tla:patlaka 'there's even a fluttering of wings all over.'
\grm Reduplication: In Oapan one can reduce the reduplication of the impersonal: ta tla:patlaka 'there's even a fluttering of wings all over.'
\vl Link last two.
\xref patla:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02290
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was for Am /axka/, which had no definition, etc. It has been placed as a headword to record 6529.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 02291
\lxam xoxoko:ktsi:n
\lxam_c xoxoko:ktsi:n
\lxoa xóxokó:htsi:n
\lxoa_c xóxokó:htsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex rdp-s
\infn N1
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e type of small herbaceous plant still unidentified, but apparently of the Oxalidaceae family
\sense_s tipo de pequeña planta herbácea todavía no identificada, pero aparentemente de la familia Oxalidaceae
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xoxoko:ktsi:n | Xiwtsitsi:nteh, san ye:i ixiwyotsitsiwa:n kipia, seki nana:wi. Xokó:k ixiwyotsi:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Xoxoko:ktsi:n : They are little plants with just three leaves, some have four. Its leaves taste sour.
\phrase_s Xoxoko:ktsi:n : Son plantitas con solamente tres hojitas, algunas tienen cuatro. Sus hojitas son agrios.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root xoko
\notes_nature Asención Marcelo of San Juan Tetelcingo was not familiar with this plant. However, we did collect a plant that he later called by this name; cf. #288. Check.
\ref 02292
\lxam ichpo:chkwa:naka
\lxam_c ichpo:chkwa:naka
\lxoa ichpo:chkwa:naka
\lxoa_c ichpo:chkwa:naka
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N(ap)
\compound N-(N-N)
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e young hen that is not yet laying eggs
\sense_s gallina joven que todavía no pone
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld domes
\root chpo:ch
\root kwa:
\root naka
\ency_note kwa:naka; perhaps on barnyard animals, hens, etc.
\qry Check for possibility of possessed form.
\ref 02293
\lxam ma:s
\lxam_c ma:s nikneki
\lxoa ma:s
\lxoa_c ma:s
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan más
\psm Adj
\der Adj-compar
\sense_e more
\sense_s más
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Newa ma:s niwe:i.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am bigger.
\phrase_s Yo soy más grande.
\phrase_n Ma:s awiá:k ki:sa tlakwahli pa un de tla:hli, wa:n de wa:n un pan tepostli ne:kchi:wa
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 02293_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 13:54
\phrase_e Food tastes better when made in [pots] of clay, [better] than that which is made in metal pots.
\phrase_s Más sabrosa sale la comida de las [ollas] de barro, [más] que la que se prepara en ollas de metal.
\sense_e (~ [predicate] ma:ka [independent pronoun]) to be more [predicate] than
\sense_s (~ [predicado] ma:ka [pronombre independiente]) ser más [predicado] que
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tewa ma:s tiwe:i ma:ka newa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are older than I am.
\phrase_s Eres más grande que yo.
\phrase_n Ma:s we:i Oapan ma:ka Ameyaltepec.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Oapan is bigger than Ameyaltepec.
\phrase_s Oapan es más grande que Ameyaltepec.
\sense_e (xma:s) not much; not that
\sense_s (xma:s) no mucho; no tan
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xma:s nikochisneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm not very tired.
\phrase_s No tengo mucho sueño.
\phrase_n Kwalowa:ya. A:man ye tlachia, xok ma:s kwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He used to be ill. Now he's recuperating, he's not that sick anymore.
\phrase_s Estaba enfermo. Ahora ya se estárecuperando, ya no estátan enfermo.
\nae The loan ma:s is most often used in pronominal function to indicate"more"of a given item, understood in the discourse: Xne:xte:kili ma:s 'Pour me
some more.' It is also often used in a comparative function: Newa ma:s niweli 'I am better able (to do it)' or Newa ma:s niweli ma:ka tewa 'I am better
able (to do it) than you.' Note, finally, that in Ameyaltepec ma:s is often found as ma:san and interrogative pronouns (e.g., ka:non, ke:non,
tli:non, katlewa, akinon); these phrases function like the -everwords in English, and may be subordinators, indefinite pronouns, or headless relative clauses in
Nahuatl syntax. Thus note: Xtla:li ma:san ka:non 'Put it down wherever (in any place you desire).' Or, Ma:san ke:non tikneki, kon nikchi:was 'I
'However you want it, that is how I will do it,' in which ma:san ke:non introduces a subordinate clause. In the phrase Ma:san akinon kichi:was ,
'Anyone will do it,' th e phrase ma:san akinon functions as a headless relative clause, here the subject completement of the verb phrase kichi:was.
And in the phrase Xne:chaka ma:san katlewa! the function of ma:s san katlewa is that of a headless relative clause which is a object complement.
Note, however, that although Ameyaltepec has ma:san , Oapan has ma:si san. This suggests that ma:san is not derived from the
Spanish loan ma:s plus Nahuatl sa:n , but from Nahuatl ma:ski (Oapan ma:si).
\qry Check other uses of /ma:s/.
\grm Comparison: Note the comparative, first 'more' and then 'more than' with the /wa:n de wa:n un.../. Note /Ma:s awiá:k ki:sa tlakwahli pa un de tla:hli, wa:n de wa:n un pan
tepostli ne:kchi:wa/ 'Food tastes better when made in [pots] of clay, [better] than that which is made in metal pots.
\semref ma:san
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02294
\lxam te:toma:w
\lxam_c *te:toma:w
\lxoa te:toma:w
\lxoa_c te:toma:w
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-part
\sense_e to be fattening; to cause weight gain
\sense_s ser engordante; causar que la gente se engorde
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitowa ito:toltew tortugah, te:toma:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is said that tortoise eggs are fattening.
\phrase_s Se dice que los huevos de tortuga engordan.
\root toma:
\nse Here, as in many cases, the simple verbal form may be used to the same semantic effect, i.e., Kitowa ito:toltew tortugah te:toma:wa.
\grm Adjectivals; verbs Note that consultants gave the phrase /Kitowa ito:toltew tortugah te:toma:w/ as equivalent to /Kitowa ito:toltew tortugah te:toma:wa/. This indicates a
problem of analysis between participals that act as modifiers and a verbal form. Perhaps one way to consider the difference is between /is + adjectival/ vs. /verb
predication/. In this framework the perfective form /te:toma:w/ would be 'It is said that tortoise eggs are fattening' whereas the fully verbal form does not have the copula: 'It
is said that tortoise eggs fatten people.' Note that in the workshop Roberto and Chen both accepted /te:toma:w/ as an adjectival, but Emiliana did not recognize it. Instead
she used /te:toma:wa/. The use of the perfective seems to be limited (or getting lost).
\ref 02295
\lxam kwa:tlastopo:naltia
\lxam_c kikwa:tlastopo:naltia
\lxoa kwa:tlastopo:naltia
\lxoa_c kikwa:tlastopo:naltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-[Mod-V2]
\der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia)
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to crack over the head (i.e., with a stick or similar object, making a loud, sharp sound)
\sense_s darle un golpe fuerte sobre la cabeza a (p. ej., con un palo u otro objeto parecido, causando un fuerte chasquido)
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root tlats-2-; topo:
\qry Check if an intranstive form exists.
\ref 02296
\lxam kokoxka:ti
\lxam_c kokoxka:ti
\lxoa kokoxka:ti
\lxoa_c kokoxka:ti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to become ill
\sense_s enfermarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kokoxka:t pa:mpa xo:tma:lwih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It got ill because you didn't take good care of it.
\phrase_s Se puso enfermo porque no lo cuidaste bien.
\root koya
\disamb kwalo
\qry Check difference between /kokoxka:ti/ and /kokoxka:tia/. Check why 'it' in the example; can it refer to an animal? Perhaps, in fact, both /kokoxka:ti/ and /kokoxka:tia/ refer to
animals. Check.
\semref kokoxka:tia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref kokoxka:tilia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02297
\lxam kasti:yoh
\lxam_c kasti:yoh
\lxoa kasti:yoh
\lxoa_c kasti:yoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan castillo
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e tower of fireworks made of reeds upon which the fireworks (such as spinning wheels of color) slowly move up and around the structure till reaching the top
\sense_s castillo de cohetes
\sense_d Am, Oa
\ref 02298
\lxam sentla:lia
\lxam_c kisentla:lia
\lxoa sentla:lia
\lxoa_c kisentla:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to gather or collect in one place (things that are scattered and disperse, usually referring to things of one kind)
\sense_s juntar y poner en un solo lugar (cosas esparcidas y dispersas, generalmente en referencia a cosas de un solo tipo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niá:s nomi:hlan, niksentla:li:s ayotli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to my milpa, I'm going to collect squash.
\phrase_s Voy a mi milpa, voy a juntar calabaza.
\phrase_n Xikse:sentla:li moyew!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Put your beans together in one place (in an open space such as the ground or a mat, in a sack, etc.)!
\phrase_s ¡Junta tu frijol en un solo lugar (en un espacio abierto como sobre el suelo o un petate, o en un costal, etc.)!
\sense_e to collect (a liquid in a depression)
\sense_s juntarse (un líquido en una depresión)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nosentla:lia a:tl nika:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Water collects here (e.g., in a puddle).
\phrase_s Aquíse junta el agua (en una depresión donde se puede estancar).
\sense_e (recipr.) to meet; to get together (a group of people)
\sense_s (recipr.) reunirse; juntarse (un grupo de gente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mo:stla nosentla:li:lo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There will be a meeting tomorrow.
\phrase_s Mañana habrájunta.
\root sem
\root tla:l
\nae The long vowel reduplicated form is used for actions such as gathering squash into piles during harvest, creating mounds of squash throughout the milpa. The short vowel
reduplicated form may be used for actions such as gathering together ceramics that have been left off at peoples' houses to be painted. The merchant goes from house to house
collecting the finished product and placing them in his truck.
\grm Reduplication: Note the difference in meaning and use of the following, with different reduplicative patterns: The long vowel reduplicated form is used for actions such as
gathering squash into piles during harvest, creating mounds of squash throughout the milpa. The short vowel reduplicated form may be used for actions such as gathering
together ceramics that have been left off at peoples' houses to be painted. The merchant goes from house to house collecting the finished product and placing them in his
truck.
\disamb se:ntla:lia; sepantla:lia
\xref sentla:lilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02299
\lxam te:mi:ltia
\lxam_c kite:mi:ltia
\lxoa te:mi:ltia
\lxoa_c kite:mi:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to fill up; to top off
\sense_s llenar; terminar de llenar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Se:xtli xo:nte:mi:ltika, a:man 'te:mi:lti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Last year I didn't fill it up (in this case a field being planted with maize seed), now (i.e., this year) I'll fill it up (i.e., plant the entire field).
\phrase_s El año pasado no le llenépor completo (en este caso un terreno con maíz), ahora (este año) lo voy a llenar por completo.
\phrase_n Xte:ma, xte:mi:lti kwahli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Fill it up, fill it all the way to the top!
\phrase_s ¡Llénalo, llénalo bien!
\fla te:ma; te:mi:tia
\root te:m
\disamb te:mi:ltia; te:mi:tia; te:ma.
\nae The deletion of subject and object in the phrase a:man 'te:mi:lti:s (for a:man nikte:mi:lti:s) is marked with an appostrophe. This same illustrative phrase
Se:xtli xo:nte:mi:ltika, a:man 'te:mi:lti:s also clearly shows the use of te:mi:ltia to indicate the filling up of a space (in this case a field for planting); the first
year it was not"filled up"and the second year it was. The verb te:ma is not correct here, although the precise lines of distinction between te:ma,
te:mi:tia, and te:mi:ltia are not entirely clear.
\qry Check vowel length of /te:mi:ltia/, long /i:/?
\grm Null complement; pluperfect; the phrase /Se:xtli xo:nte:mi:ltika, a:man te:mi:lti:s/ 'Last year I didn't fill it up (in this case a field being planted with maize seed), now (i.e., this
year) I'll fill it up (i.e., plant the entire field)' illustrates several interesting aspects of Nahuatl morphosyntax. First, note the use of the pluperfect. This is because the effects
of the action (here"not completely planting an area") are no longer present, given that the field has this year, now, been completely filled). Note also the complete deletion
of /nik/ from /te:mi:ltia/. This type of suppression seems to be partially conditioned by the phonology and partially by tense/aspect system. It needs to be further explored.
\xref te:mi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02300
\lxam kwepaltik
\lxam_c kwepaltik
\lxoa kopaltik
\lxoa_c kopaltik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be warped (a record, a ceramic bowl along the edges)
\sense_s estar combado; estar alabeado (un disco, un plato hondo de cerámica)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be twisted; to be bent (a long stick or rod)
\sense_s estar torcido (un palo o vara)
\sense_d Pending
\root kwepal
\qry Elicit other items to which this can refer.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note kw>ko here in Oapan.
\ref 02301
\lxam yo:ltsi:n
\lxam_c i:yo:ltsi:n
\lxoa yo:ltsi:n
\lxoa_c i:yo:ltsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N2
\sense_e heart
\sense_s corazón
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:tekwi:ni toyo:ltsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Our heart beats strongly and continually (e.g., after hard exercise).
\phrase_s Nuestro corazón late fuerte y continuamente (p. ej., después de hacer ejercicio).
\sense_e beloved (said of ones romantic partner)
\sense_s amado (dicho de la pareja amorosa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Me:roh yewa noyo:ltsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's him who is my beloved.
\phrase_s Esél quien es mi amado.
\sense_e seed (in diminutive, of almost any fruit that does not have a single pit)
\sense_s semilla (en diminutivo, de casi cualquier fruta que no tiene hueso)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e heartwood (often in nondiminutive form)
\sense_s madera dura del centro del tronco (a menudo en forma no diminutiva)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant-part
\root yo:l
\nse The word for 'heart' is either yo:hlo or yo:ltsi:n. The former is used in the figurative sense, as in koxtok i:ka i:yo:hlo 'he is
peacefully sleeping' (lit. 'with his heart'). The latter is used in the sense of the body organ (of a person or animal). In regard to plants, either the nondiminutive or diminutive form may
be used, though the former is perhaps more common.
\nse Yo:hlo is the virtual synonym of yo:ltsi:n though the latter, as a diminutive, perhaps has a slightly more affective content.
\qry Check for occurrence of nonpossessed form, e.g., /yo:ltsi:ntli/. Check for difference between /noyo:hlo/ and /noyo:ltsi:n
\semref yo:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02302
\lxam tlikonexpo:poxowa
\lxam_c kitlikonexpo:poxowa
\lxoa tlikonexpo:poxowa
\lxoa_c kitlikonexpo:poxowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to push into the ashes of a hearth by wiggling (the item [O] back and forth, e.g., a chickens foot to be able to peel it)
\sense_s meter y agitar en las cenizas calientes del hogar (el objeto [O]) de un lado a otro, p. ej., las patas de gallinas para poder pelarlas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlikonexpo:poxo un to:toltetl! San tiktepalo:skeh, xkwahli iksis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Push that egg into the hot ashes of the fireplace! We'll just sop it up (the soft-boiled egg), it won't get fully cooked.
\phrase_s ¡Mete ese huevo en las cenizas calientes del hogar!
\root tli
\root nex
\root pox
\root_rel -ko
\qry_fon Check vowel length for all words in /popoxowa/. I had first head it long, but certain evidence from Oapan suggests a short vowel. All entries with this should be checked;
also, it is possible that there are two forms and that speakers have varied between one and the other. Check thoroughly.
\vl Check vl of verb stem reduplicant /po:poxowa/. In other instances of this lexically reduplicated stem it seems to be long, here that is not clear. Check all words with
/po:poxowa/ to get a comparison with different noun incorporations.
\ref 02303
\lxam nemi
\lxam_c nemi
\lxoa nemi
\lxoa_c nemi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e (with an overt or implied locative or adverbial of place) to be present at; to be at
\sense_s (con un locativo o un adverbial de lugar manifiesto o implícito) estar; estar presente a o en
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n nemilo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e People live here (e.g., a house that is occupied, or a place that is inhabited).
\phrase_s Aquívive gente (p. ej., una casa que estáocupada o un lugar que estáhabitada).
\phrase_n A:i:xko nemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It floats on the surface of the water.
\phrase_s Flota sobre la superficie del agua.
\phrase_n Xakah nemi, xakah a:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e No one is around (here), no one is present.
\phrase_s Nadie está(aquí), nadie se encuentra.
\phrase_n U:mpa ne:nemis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will be around there occasionally (i.e., not always or continuously, but at times).
\phrase_s Va a andar por allíocasionalmente (esto es, no va a estar allícontinuamente, pero solamente de vez en cuando).
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication and an overt or implied locative or adverbial of place) to spend a short time at (the place indicated)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga y un locativo o un adverbial de lugar manifiesto o implícito) estar presente (en el lugar indicado) por un breve periodo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nika:n ma tine:nentoka:n!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Let's stay here for a short time!
\phrase_s ¡Vamos a quedarnos aquípor un rato!
\sense_e to be alive
\sense_s estar vivo; vivir
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ok nemi motah?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Is your father still alive?
\phrase_s ¿Todavía vive tu papá?
\sense_e (~ i:pan + [noun]) to be engaged in (what [noun] signifies); to be doing a job in relation to (the indicated [noun]); to be concerned with (what [noun] signifies)
\sense_s (~ i:pan + [sustantivo]) andar en (p. ej., un trabajo relacionado con [sustantivo]); hacer un trabajo relacionado con (el sustantivo expresado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:mantsi:n nemi ipan iswate:kilistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now he is occupied in stripping the corn leaves from the stalks.
\phrase_s Ahorita anda en el zacateo.
\phrase_n Xi:pan tinemin, pero niktete:mo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We aren't concerned with that right now (in this case two people are doing sth and one brings up sth such as a debt, which was not the topic of the conversation), but I'll
look for it (i.e., money to repay the debt).
\phrase_s Ahorita no andamos en esto (en este caso dos personas trabajan y uno sale con algo, una deuda por ejemplo, que no venía directamente al caso), pero lo voy a buscar
(p. ej., dinero con que pagar la deuda).
\sense_e (with intraverse directional) to be born
\sense_s (con direccional intraversa) nacer
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ya:lwa o:nemiko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He was born yesterday.
\phrase_s Nacióayer.
\phrase_n Tla:lme:stli, deke panowa motlampa, i:ksan o:tinemiko:ya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A tla:lme:stli ,' if it passes under you (i.e., between your legs) you were been born a long time ago (i.e., you will soon die).
\phrase_s Un tla:lme:stli ', si pasa abajo de tí(esto es, entre tus piernas), ya hace mucho te naciste (esto es, pronto te vas a morir).
\phrase_n Ke:itlah xtiwa:lnemi -=xo:tinemiko-.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's as if you weren't born.
\phrase_s Es como si no hubieras nacido.
\root nemi
\nse In Oapan nemi is used where in Ameyaltepec the verb ka ('to be (at a location)') is used.
\nae Oapan Nahuatl shows a double reduplication (reduced) of this verb with the meaning 'to live/reside.' Thus one finds né:nemí with the meaning of san
wá:waká, i.e., 'to live spaced out/far apart.' The use of the intraverse directional to indicate 'to be born' usually has the suffixes when possible. However, some Oapan
consultants did accept o:wa:lnen 'he was born' as an alternative to the more common o:nemiko.Long vowel reduplication in a phrase such as pa
ne:nemis indicates that the subject will be visiting, going here and there, to people's houses. Given the semantic difference, nenemi / nénemíis
listed as a separate entry.
\grm Reduplication: Note that the long vowel reduplication can have the meaning of a shorter or mitigated action: Cf. Nika:n ma tine:nentoka:n 'let's stay here for a short time!'
\semref nenemi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref nénemí
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref nenemi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref nemi:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref nemilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02304
\lxam kose:wi
\lxam_c kose:wi
\lxoa kose:wi
\lxoa_c kose:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to turn yellow (e.g., certain plants from drying, blight, or too much water; or other things as part of a natural process, e.g., lemons, grapefruits, squash, etc.)
\sense_s amarillarse; amarrillentarse (ciertas plantas al secarse o ahogarse; u otras cosas naturalmente, p. ej., limones, toronjas, calabaza, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kose:wi momi:l, yo:pe:w kimailia a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your cornfield is turning yellow, the (excess of) water has started to harm it.
\phrase_s Tu milpa ya se pone amarilla, ya le empezóa hacer daño el agua (esto es, la abundancia de agua).
\phrase_n Yo:tlaki:s, yo:pe:w kose:wi kuwxiwtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The rainy season has ended, the bushes have started to turn yellow.
\phrase_s Ya se acabóla temporada de lluvia, los arbustos ya empezaron a amarillarse.
\sense_e (with tla-) for things to turn yellow all over
\sense_s (con tla-) amarillarse todo, por todos lados
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sa: tlatepe:wtok ika chi:hli, o:kwihlowa itik. O:tlakose:w ipan tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The ground is scattered all over with chile, it (the chile plant) got worms in it (causing the chile to fall off). The ground has turned yellow (from the chile that has fallen and
turned yellow).
\phrase_s El suelo estáregado de chile, adentro se agusanó(la planta del chile, haciendo que se cayera el fruto). El suelo estátodo amarillo (por el chile que se cayóy amarrillentó).
\root kos
\qry Check absence of transitive form *kose:wia and cognate intransitive *kosiwi
\grm The etymology and classification of those verbs which manifest a physical characteristic such as color, surface, etc. and which contain /e:wi/ instead of or in addition to
/iwi/ should be examined. It does seem that many of the /-e:wi/ verbs do related to color or other physical characteristics. This should be checked, perhaps by eliciting, if
possible, verbs that end in /-e:wi/.
\ref 02305
\lxam tlayawa
\lxam_alt tlayewa
\lxam_c tlayawa
\lxoa tláyawá
\lxoa_pr tlayawa
\lxoa_alt tláiwá
\lxoa_c tláyawá, tláiwá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to howl or bark (a dog, coyote, etc.)
\sense_s aullar o ladrar (un perro, coyote, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:ixtakakwa:ni, xtlayawa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It bites without warning, it doesn't bark.
\phrase_s Muerde sin aviso, no ladra.
\phrase_n Tlayawatokeh chichimeh, o:kinsa:lo:ton mi:hlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Dogs are barking, they went to tie them up in the corn fields (to scare away animals that might eat the corn).
\phrase_s Los perros están ladrando, fueron a amarrarlos en las milpas (para espantar a los animales que podrían comer la milpa).
\root hyawa
\nse This verb refers to barking or howling but not at anyone (or anything) in particular. To express the concept of 'to bark at' the reduplicated (with long vowel) form of
kwais used in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan: ne:chkwa:kwa motskwin 'your dog barks at me.' Tlayawa apparently includes
the nonspecific object marker tla- : a transitive form has not been found in the corpus. According to Pánfilo Lorenzo, tlakwa:kwa means 'to bark several
times with a short interrupted sound' whereas tlayewa refers to a steady howling or extended sound, like that of a coyote or dog. Although more information needs to
be gathered, it appears that tlayewa is more common than tlayawa in Ameyaltepec.
\nae The Classical cognate appears to be uaualoua, which Molina gives only with nonspecific object markers: uaualoa. nitla 'ladrar el perro' and uaualoa.
nite 'ladrar el perro a alguno.' Carochi (see Lockhart p. 280) gives ne:chhuàhualtza 'me ladra'; tlahuahualtza 'ladra.' There is perhaps an error here since
in the former, with a specific object, the coda of the first syllable is a glottal stop (marked in Jesuit orthography with the grave accent in word-internal position) while the second form
has an open syllable. It is not clear which is correct. In the Balsas region the cognate term includes Ameyaltepec tlayawa and Oapan tláyawá. The
source of the pitch-accent in the Oapan form is not immediately apparent, it most like derives from an underlying {h} although if the annotation is erroneous and the initial syllable is
lengthened (i.e., tlá:yawá) then the source might be a reduplicant. For now the root analysis posits hyawa, but this will undoubtedly change with
future data and analysis. Other dialect variants from the region should be determined to better understand the etymology of this word.
\qry_h Check SJ for location of /h/ if there is one. If /tlahyawa/ then make sure a separate entry. If /tlayahwa/ then perhaps combine 08088 with /awa/ 'to scold'.
\qry_fon Check vowels.
\vl There are 4 additional tokens at 4019.
\root_notes The analysis of tlayewa as containing the root yewawill perhaps result a temporary solution to the question of etymology pending further
comparative data. Classical Nahuatl has uaualtza or uaualowa, probably related to the Ameyaltepec form.
\ref 02306
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be /kweya:ya/ but was in error for /kweya:wa/. It has thus been eliminated.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 02307
\lxam iki:saya:n to:nahli
\lxam_c iki:saya:n to:nahli
\lxoa i:ki:saya:n to:nahli
\lxoa_c i:ki:saya:n to:nahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-dvb-ya:n
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e the east
\sense_s el oriente
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld space-earth
\root ki:sa
\root to:na
\root_rel -ya:n
\nae The citation form includes i:- a prefix cross-referencing the possessor, in this case to:nahli. The length of the middle /i/ of i:ki:saya:n
seems rather short, but this acoustic information would not seem to negate the fact that this is an underlyingly long vowel.
\qry Check for any other use of /ikisa:yan/, similarly for /ikalakia:n/.
\mod Make sure to check all possessives /i/ for length when this is finally determined.
\grm Make note for orthography that /iya/ is used whether the /i/ is stressed, otherwise /ia/, as in /ikalakia:n/ which is [ikalákia:n].
\ref 02308
\lxam tsope:lik xokotl de kokostik
\lxam_alt tsope:lik xokotl de un kokostik
\lxam_c tsope:lik xokotl de kokostik
\lxoa tsope:lik xokotl yón kókostík
\lxoa_c tsope:lik xokotl yón kókostík
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\pitch yes
\sense_e type of plum that includes several subvarieties
\sense_s tipo de ciruelo que incluye algunos variantes
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root tsope:l
\root xoko
\notes_nature Consultants did not entirely agree on the number of the subvarieties. All gave the tsope:lik xokotl de popo:xa as one subvariety. Some others mentioned the
tsope:lik xokotl de kokostik while others mentioned tsope:lik xokotl de konserbe:roh. Several consultants mentioned all three varieties. All
these plums bear fruit in late summer.
\ref 02309
\lxam pipi:liwi
\lxam_c pipi:liwi
\lxoa pípi:líwi
\lxoa_pr pipi:liwi
\lxoa_c pípi:líwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s(sem)
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to hang down in clumps (particularly strands of sth wet that sticks together such as hair, hemp fiber, and wet clothes, such as those hung out to dry that are rained upon)
\sense_s estar colgado y pegado (particularmente algo mojado que se pega junto como cabello, fibra de maguey, y ropa mojada, como la que estácolgada y se moja por la lluvia)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pipi:liw mokoto:n. O:tikpa:tsoh, xok wel patla:wi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your shirt is hanging down in a clump.You let it get wet, it can't be spread out flat anymore.
\phrase_s Tu camisa estácolgada todo juntada. Lo dejaste mojar, ya no se puede ponerse plana.
\phrase_n Se: xiwtli san tikwiyo:ni:s, tikonaxili:s, wetsi ipan tla:hli, kochi, ke:itlah pipi:liwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is a wild plant that you just move it, you just brush by it, it falls over to the ground, it droops, it's like it (its leaves) just fold and hang down in a clump.
\phrase_s Hay una planta silvestre, nada más la mueves, la alcanzas ligeramente, cae a la tierra, duerme, es como si se encoge y se pone mustio.
\root pi:l
\disamb pipi:ltia; ko:pi:liwi; pipi:liwi
\qry Determine whether unreduplicated form occurs, and if there is a transitive.
\nse Pipi:liwi (and pipi:ltia) refer to such things as the way clothes hang down in strands after getting wet. These verbs may also refer to how plants look
when withering, or to hair that is washed and left hanging down in strands. In regard to hair, see koko:pi:liwi.
\root_notes Discuss the root /pi:l/ in /pipi:liwi/, /koko:pi:liwi/ and /pipi:ltia/ and cf. to /pil/ in /pilkatok/. Make sure vowel length is correct as recorded in each.
\semref tsompipi:liwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tsó:mpi:liwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02310
\lxam ma:rkah de jue:goh
\lxam_alt ma:rkah de fwe:goh
\lxam_c ma:rkah de jue:goh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan marca de fuego
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e brand used on small animals
\sense_s hierro o marca de hierro candente utilizado con animales pequeños
\sense_d Am
\semref tepostli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02311
\lxam yestlami
\lxam_c yestlami
\lxoa yestlami
\lxoa_c yestlami
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to lose blood until dying from loss of blood
\sense_s perder la sangre hasta morir de la pérdida de sangre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:yestlan, o:kitsopi:nikeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He died of blood loss, he got stabbed.
\phrase_s Se murióde pérdida de sangre, lo acuchillaron.
\root es
\root tlami
\disamb yestlami; yeska:wa
\qry Check for causative? or applicative? /kiyestlamia/ or /kiyestlamilia/.
\ref 02312
\lxam xi:nilia
\lxam_c kixi:nilia
\lxoa xi:nilia
\lxoa_c kixi:nilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to throw or toss (sth, e.g., the ground or some flat surface) for or in relation to (i.e., tossing corn cobs [SO] out from a sack [PO], cutting the branches [SO] off of a tree
[PO], etc.)
\sense_s aventarle al suelo (algo) de o para (algo, p. ej., aventar mazorcas [OS] a un costal [OP], sacándolas o metiéndolas, o tirándole ramas [OS] a unárbol [OP])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwa:tetepolo:ti in kuwtli, ma:ka kimaili:s in tomi:l, xkwa:lxi:nili imawa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go cut the branches of the top of this tree. Don't let it strike our cornfield (by casting a shadow on it, considered harmful to the growth of maize) Cut its top branches down!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a córtale las ramas en la parte alta de esteárbol!¡Quéno vaya a pegar (elárbol con su sombra, que se considera dañina) a nuestra milpa! Córtale sus ramas más
altas!
\phrase_n Ma nxi:xi:nilitiw yo:li:k!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me go along slowly sprinkling it (in this case the insecticide called polidor) on it (maize plants to kill worms that had infected them)!
\phrase_s ¡Déjame ir rociándoselo despacio (en este caso polidor, una insecticida, a la milpa)!
\root xi:
\qry Check the phrase /Xkwa:tetepolo:ti in kuhtli, ma:ka kimaili:s in tomi:l, xkwa:lxi:nili imawa:n/ for on one file card I had written /xkwa:xini:li/ in which the first element would be /kwa:-/
'head' and the equivalent would be /kikwa:xini:lia/. If there first element is /wa:l-/ then the form is /kwa:lxi:nilia/ in which /kwa:l-/ = {k + wa:l}. Check.
\xref xi:nia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02313
\lxam ke:nkah
\lxam_c san ke:nkah
\lxoa ke:nkah
\lxoa_c san ke:nkah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\der Adv-man
\sense_e (san ~) as always
\sense_s (san ~) como siempre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Hkon o:h'ne:xti:to san ke:nkah notekwixtok.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 02313_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 18:26
\phrase_e I went to find him like that, as always wrapped up (in his blanket, i.e., he still hasn't gotten out of bed).
\phrase_s Asílo fui a encontrar como siempre envuelto (en una cobija, esto es, todavía no se levanta).
\phrase_n San ke:nkah kwahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is good as always.
\phrase_s Estábien, como siempre,
\phrase_n Mela:k xikxakwalo, san ke:nkah a:laxtik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Really scrub them (e.g., clothes full of soap), they're still as soapy as ever.
\phrase_s Restriégala bien (p. ej., ropa), tiene tanto jabón como antes.
\phrase_n San ke:nkah ichpokawah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She's an unmarried girl, just as she was.
\phrase_s Es una doncella, tanto como era.
\phrase_n San ke:nkah tsokwile:wtok. Ya:lwakayo:tl, xe nopapa:ka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's as filthy as it was (in this case a plate of food). It's from yesterday, it still hasn't been washed.
\phrase_s Es tan mugriento como estaba (en este caso un plato con comida). Es de ayer, todavía no se lava.
\root ke:n
\nse To date I have only heard ke:nkah uttered when preceded by san. In Oapan apparently before statives san ke:n is used
instead of san ke:nkah. Thus one finds san ke:nkah we:i but san ke:n pilkatok or san ke:n te:ntok. However, this is uncertain
and needs further study.
\nae Although one might write ke:n kah as two words, for the moment I have decided to write them as one, consistent with other cases such as
na:nkah, nika:nkah, etc.
\mod Although perhaps the entry should be /ken kah/ I have decided in all cases of words ending in /kah/ to write them as one. Add the /san ke:n/ to /ke:n/.
\semref ke:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02314
\lxam tlatswi:teki
\lxam_c kitlatswi:teki
\lxoa tlatswi:teki
\lxoa_c kitlatswi:teki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp PM-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to whip; to give a thrashing to; to hit hard (especially with a rope, whip, switch, etc.)
\sense_s azotar; dar una paliza a (particularmente con un laso, látigo, vara, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root tlats
\root wi:teki
\disamb tlatskowa; wi:teki; tlatswi:teki; telowa
\nse According to one consultant, tlatswi:teki is the same as wi:teki. However, the possibility that the former indicates a harder blow should be considered
likely at this point.
\ref 02315
\lxam to:kilia
\lxam_c kito:kilia
\lxoa to:kilia
\lxoa_c kito:kilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\trans +Spec
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to plant for
\sense_s sembrar para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:xto:kili:ti noyew! San tikxi:nitia:s, xtikikxito:kas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go plant my beans for me! You'll just go along dropping them on the ground, you won't (have to) use your feet to cover them over with dirt.
\phrase_s ¡Ve a sembrarme mi frijol! Simplemente vas a ir dejándolos caer al suelo, no vas a (tener que) taparlos con tierra usando los pies.
\root to:ka
\qry Check to see if one can state, e.g., /nikto:kili:s yetl nomi:hlan/.
\xref to:ka
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02316
\lxam kwihlo:tl
\lxam_c kwihlo:tl
\lxoa kwihlo:tl
\lxoa_c kwihlo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-yo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e wattle: the rods made of tlapextlithat are laid down horizontally in the frame of the roof of a thatched house and to which the thatching (palm or grass)
is attached. The kwihlo:tl are placed on the inside of the house, attached to the a:kapilo:hli, before the thatching process begins. Once
the thatching process begins, these same types of rods are laid on the outside part of the roof, on top of the thatching to hold it in place.
\sense_s cañas o varas hechas de tlapextlique se colocan horizontalmente dentro del armazón del techo de una casa de palma o zacate, y al que se ata el
material del techo. Los kwihlo:tl se colocan adentro de la casa, atados a los a:kapilo:hliantes de empezar a poner el techo. Después,
durante el proceso de atar el zacate o palma, se van colocadando más varas de kwihlo:tl afuera de la casa y encima del zacate o palma, para mantenerlo en
su lugar.
\sense_d Pending
\root kwi
\ency_note kahli
\nse The nominalization kwihlo:tl seems to be derived from the verb kwi, probably given that it is to the kwihlo:tl that the zacate and
palma is tied.
\qry Note that Tetelcingo, Morelos has /kwilo:tl/ meaning 'stick' or 'palo.'.
\mod Cf. notes in Fld 1984-04-29.1 Illustrate.
\ref 02317
\lxam yeyekayoh
\lxam_c yeyekayoh
\lxoa yéye:káyoh
\lxoa_c yéye:káyoh
\lxoa_pr yeye:kayoh
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): tí:ye:káyoh
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be affected by the aires
\sense_s ser afectado por los aires
\sense_d Pending
\fl yeyekatl
\root e:ka
\fl yeyekatl
\ref 02318
\lxam ma:xakwaliwi
\lxam_c ma:xakwaliwi
\lxoa ma:xakwaliwi
\lxoa_c ma:xakwaliwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for ones arm to get weak and rubbery from weakness and exhaustion
\sense_s quedarse el brazo débil y agotado, como"hule", quizápor un sobrecargo de trabajo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nima:xaxakwaliw, yo:nitekichi:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My arm has gotten weak and exhausted, I did some work.
\phrase_s Mi brazo se quedóagotado, hice trabajo.
\sense_e for ones arm to get scraped (e.g., from a hard fall)
\sense_s rasparse la mano (p.ej., de una fuerte caida)
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root xakwal
\disamb ma:kuhtia
\nde In Oapan at least, and perhaps in Ameyaltepec, this word can also be used to descrobe the effect on ones arm after repeatedly hitting a object.
\mod In general check for all the different words that refer to some sort of body exhaustion: /kuhtia/, /xakwaliwi/, /kwetlaxiwi/, etc. Perhaps include this in a section on the cultural
encyclopedia referring to bodily"functions."
\root_notes Check for possibility of further dividing morpheme /xakwalV/.
\ref 02319
\lxam tlakwalchi:hke:tl
\lxam_c tlakwalchi:hke:tl
\lxoa tlakwalchi:hke:tl
\lxoa_c tlakwalchi:hke:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e cook; person who prepares food (as a job)
\sense_s cocinera(o); persona que prepara la comida (como oficio)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwa
\root chi:wa
\qry Check whether this is the same as /molende:rah/. Make sure that the possessd form is possible; I have coded /infn as N1/2 based on my feeling of the possibility of a possessed
form, not on any such form that is documented.
\ref 02320
\lxam chi:lwa:ktli
\lxam_c chi:lwa:ktli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e chile huajillo, a type of dried red chile
\sense_s chile huajillo, un tipo de chile seco y rojo
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root chi:l
\root wa:
\qry Recheck the entries for /lxa: chi:lwa:hki, chi:lwa:ktli, and chi:hli de wa:ktli. Make sure that the definitions I gave were correct. Check for possessed form.
\semref chi:hli de wa:ktli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref chi:lwa:hki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02321
\lxam ma:tsaya:nia
\lxam_c kima:tsaya:nia
\lxoa ma:tsaya:nia
\lxoa_c kima:tsaya:nia
\dt 23/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to split or pull apart at a point of bifurcation (e.g., where a branch joins the trunk of a tree)
\sense_s jalar y partir en el punto de una bifurcación (p. ej., una rama donde se junta con el tronco de unárbol)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xma:tsaya:ni se: tlako:tl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Rip off a switch (pulling on the thin branch of a tree or bush so that it splits or rips off)!
\phrase_s Sácale una varita (jalándole una ramita de un arbolito o arbusto para que se divida)!
\root ma:
\root tsaya:
\mod Cf. illustration with original filecard.
\qry Check other possible meanings. Check also if intransitive form exists.
\ref 02322
\lxam tso:lowa
\lxam_c kitso:lowa
\lxoa tso:lowa
\lxoa_c kitso:lowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\lexical te-
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to make shorter; to make smaller (removing sections or parts of)
\sense_s acortar; achicar (generalmente quitando partes o secciones de)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtso:lo moka:ltson, ke:n weyak!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take up (the legs of) your cotton pants (calzones), they are really long!
\phrase_s ¡Haz más cortos a (las piernas de) tus calzones, son muy largos.
\phrase_n Xtso:lo morria:tah! Ma:ka a:sta ihkón weyak xka:wili ika tiktila:na!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make your rope shorter! Don't let it be so long for pulling it (in this case a donkey) along!
\phrase_s ¡Acorta tu laso!¡No lo dejes tan largo para irlo jalando (en este caso a un burro)!
\phrase_n Xtso:lo un ma:choh, milá:k weyak sa:liwtok!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Shorten (the tether on) that mule, (the rope with which) it is tied up is really long!
\phrase_s ¡Acórtale (el laso con que estáatado) ese macho, de veras estámuy largo!
\sense_e to reduce; to cut back (e.g., a salary or other sort of compensation)
\sense_s reducir; bajar (p. ej., un sueldo u otro tipo de remuneración)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:htso:loh notlaxtla:wi:l!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You cut back my salary!
\phrase_s ¡Redujiste mi sueldo!
\root tso:l
\qry Check vl in /ka:lson/ in above example.
\semref pi:tsowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref tso:lowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02323
\lxam toto:nka:kochi
\lxam_c toto:nka:kochi
\lxoa toto:nka:kochi
\lxoa_c toto:nka:kochi
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\incorp Part-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a(ch)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to sleep nice and warm
\sense_s dormir bien calientito
\sense_d Pending
\root to:n
\root kochi
\ref 02324
\lxam kwitlakuwtli
\lxam_c kwitlakuwtli
\lxgen kwitlakohtle
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e tree identified as Gyrocarpus jatrophifoliusDomin of the Hernandiaceae family
\sense_s árbol identificado como Gyrocarpus jatrophifoliusDomin de la familia Hernandiaceae
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Bwe:noh para ta:blas, para si:yah. Para tlapechbanki:tos no: bwe:noh; de ka:mpa peya:stik para mori:yoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (the kwitlakuwli) is good for boards, for saddles. It is also good for the base of beds; and if it is straight, it's good for beams.
\phrase_s (El kwitlakuwtli) es bueno para tablas, para sillas (de animales). Y también es bueno para las bases de cama; y si es derecho, es bueno para morillos.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root kwitla
\root kow
\semref papatla:ntsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02325
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be the entry for /mehkasiwi/ but the correct form is /mihka:siwi/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 02326
\lxam tlaxtla:wihli
\lxam_c tlaxtla:wihli
\lxoa tlaxtla:wi:hli
\lxoa_c tlaxtla:wi:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e salary; pay; recompense (for labor)
\sense_s sueldo; pago (por trabajo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xo:ne:chma:keh notlaxtla:wil.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They didn't give me my pay.
\phrase_s No me dieron mi sueldo.
\root xtla:
\vl Check vl here against other /-wihli/ endings. Note that in general the second formant just increases across the articulation of the vowel.
\ref 02327
\lxam ma:xi:lo:w
\lxam_c i:ma:xi:lo:w
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e large biceps
\sense_s bíceps grandes;"conejos"
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Niktla:kaita ima:xi:lo:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm amazed at his large biceps.
\phrase_s Me asombran sus bicéps grandes.
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root ma:
\root xi:lo:
\nse In this metaphor, a persons biceps, when large, are likened to a xi:lo:tl. Occasionally this will be pronounced without a final /w/.
\qry Recheck if /ima:xi:lo/ is also correct. If both are, determine which, in either, is more common. Make sure link to /ma:a:po:te/ (Oa) is corrected as necessary.
\semref ma:a:po:te
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref ma:ponchá:doyó
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02328
\lxam -ko:ya
\lxam_c o:tekipano:ko:ya
\lxoa -ko:ya
\lxoa_c o:tekitiko:ya
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Suf
\der Dir
\sense_e inverse directional suffix used in the"pluperfect"; it indicates that the subject of the verbal predicate has come and gone
\sense_s sufijo direccional de acción inversa utilizado en el"pluscuamperfecto"; indica que el sujeto del predicado verbal había venido y ya salido
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:wi:tsa, o:tlakwa:ko:ya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He came and went, he came to eat (and has now left).
\phrase_s Vino y ya se fue, vino para comer (y ya se fue).
\nae This suffix, which has a plural -ko:yan in Ameyaltepec and -ko:yah in Oapan, is in paradigmatic relation with -kiand
-ko. The form -ko:ya has a definite long vowel and is probably composed of the direccional (-ko) compounded with the
past perfective marker -ya. The perfective ending -ya may have originally been part of the present-day pluperfect -ka. In addition there are a few
cases in which -ya is still the perfective as in o:to:kaya instead of the expected * o:to:kaka for 'he planted (and has since taken in the
harvest).' This contrasts with to:kaya 'he used to plant' (the imperfect) and o:to:kak 'he planted (and the plants are still unharvested in the
field).' Note that the -ya of o:to:kaya has a parallel meaning to the -ya of -ko:ya in that the effects of the action (in the
first case 'planting' and in the second c ase 'coming') are no longer i n effect (i.e., the plants have been harvested and the person has left after having come).
\ref 02329
\lxam tlapetla:nahli
\lxam_c tlapetla:nahli
\lxoa tlapetla:nahli
\lxoa_c tlapetla:nahli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e lightening (heat or bolt)
\sense_s relámpago; rayo
\sense_d Pending
\semfld weather
\root petla:
\qry Determine all the different types of thunder, lightening, etc. Weather phenom. in sky. It might not be that these two types of lightening are synonyms. Check and adjust as needed.
\vl In one case the final /a/ vowel of Florencia seems long, but it should be short by derivational morphology.
\semref tlapetla:nalistli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02330
\lxam tlikwi:ltilia
\lxam_c kitlikwi:ltilia
\lxoa tlikwi:ltilia
\lxoa_c kitlikwi:ltilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap[ca]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to light (a fire) for; to light a candle for (e.g., a saint)
\sense_s prender (un fuego) para; prender una vela para (p. ej., un santo).
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to turn on (e.g., a light, an electric appliance) for
\sense_s encender (p. ej., un foco, un aparato eléctrico) para
\sense_d Pending
\root tli
\root kwi
\qry The phrase /Nikwentia notlayo:l. Nochi nosemi:yah nikontlatlikwi:ltilia ipan se: ilwitl/ is highly problematic. I'm not sure what /wentia/ means, i.e., either 'to give in offering' or 'to make
an offering to.' This should be checked. Also, my original filecard had /nochi nosemi:tas/ rather than /nochi nosemi:yas/. I assumed this was a typo, but it may have been correct and
should be checked. Also, the precise meaning and use of /tlatlikwi:ltilia/ is not clear. Apparently it means 'to light (a candle in offering) for'; but this too should be checked. Recheck
to make sure that the Oapan form is with an /l/ before the causative.
\qry Check Oapan and Am forms for all these verbs. Also check all links. I originally had /tlikwi:ltia/ and /tlikwi:ltilia/ for both dialects, but entry 2330 was checked and Oa has
/tlikwi:tilia/. Whatever the answer is, /-tia/ or /-ltia/ for the causative check, and discuss if there is a difference in one form.
\xref tlatlikwi:ltilia
\xref_t val_reduce2
\xref_d Am
\xref tlatlikwi:tilia
\xref_t val_reduce2
\xref_d Oa
\xref tlikwi:ltia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02331
\lxam i:xmumuwi
\lxam_c i:xmumuwi
\lxoa í:xmomówi
\lxoa_pr i:xmomowi
\lxoa_c í:xmomówi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be afraid of heights
\sense_s tener miedo a la altura
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root mawi
\qry Make sure that Am /i:xtlamomowi/ is semantically equivalent to Oa /í:xmumúwi/. Get full range of contexts, uses, situations, etc.
\grm See comment under /i:xtlamati/. Ask Michel about the etymology of both /i:xtlamomowi/ and /i:xtlamati/.
\root_notes Comment on root /mawi/, which in Ameyaltepec and other pueblos of the Balsas River basin, is realized as /mowi/.
\semref i:xtlamumuwi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 02332
\lxam kwa:komitl
\lxam_c kwa:komitl
\lxoa kwa:komitl
\lxoa_c kwa:komitl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e antlers; horns (only unpossessed, i.e., not part of a live animal)
\sense_s cuernos; cornamento de un animal (solamente no poseido, esto es, no parte de un animal vivo)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\semfld animal
\root kwa:
\root omi
\nse Kwa:komitl refers only to animal horns when they are not possessed, e.g., deer antlers that are lying around the house. The presence of the /k/ is interesting. In
Oapan the word for 'bone' is komitetl, apparently for both possessed and unpossessed forms (i.e., nokomiteyo). The form kwa:komitl in
Ameyaltepec suggest that the presence of /k/ might not be wholly idiosyncratic to Oapan. It might even be a reduced form of the stem kuh, i.e., that
kwa:komitl is reduced from ? kwa:kuhomitl. Note that when possessed by the animal (i.e., 'its horns') the form kwa:kuh(tli) is
used.
\qry Check other language cognates for presence of /k/. Also determine the difference, or recheck the difference, between /kwa:komitl/ and /kwa:kuhtli/.
\semref kwa:kohtli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02333
\lxam a:tl tsope:lik
\lxam_c a:tl tsope:lik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Intrans; ~Trans
\infn N1
\sense_e sweet water
\sense_s agua dulce
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Bwe:noh para kafé:h, para a:tl tsope:lik. Noposo:nia ixiwio.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (in this case damia:nah) is good for coffee, for sweet water. Its leaves are boiled in water.
\phrase_s Es (en este caso damia:nah) es bueno para café, para agua dulce. Se hierven sus hojas en agua.
\root a:
\root tsope:l
\grm Noun incorporation; compounding
\ref 02334
\lxam pino:hli
\lxam_c pino:hli
\lxoa pino:hli
\lxoa_c pino:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e pinole , or corn flour ground with other ingredients
\sense_s pinole, o maíz molido con otros granos molidos
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e any finely ground grain
\sense_s cualquier grano finamente molido
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (intrinsic possess) sawdust or powder (of a log or piece of wood [Poss] that is eaten by bugs, woodworm, termites, etc.)
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) el polvo que se forma (sobre o en un pedazos de madera o tronco [Pos] que se empieza a carcomer por la polilla, gusanos, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia ipino:hlo. Yo:pe:w pino:lxi:ni, yo:pe:w kukwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has powder (e.g., a piece of wood, a beam, etc.). It's started to get powdery in spots, it's started to get eaten (by termites or other small bugs).
\phrase_s Ya estácarcomido (un pedazo de madera, una viga). Yya empezóa llenarse de polvillo, ya empezóa carcomerse.
\semfld food
\root pino:l
\qry Determine the precise ingredients of /pino:hli/.
\ref 02335
\lxam chia:wilia
\lxam_c kichia:wilia
\lxoa chia:wilia
\lxoa_c kichia:wilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to put grease on (e.g., a certain spot [SO] of a material object [PO])
\sense_s echarle grasa a (p. ej., una cierta parte [SO] de un objeto material [PO])
\sense_d Pending
\root chiya:
\nae The Oapan vowel in the first syllable of the stem is much further back, and lower, than the Ameyaltepec vowel. Perhaps it should be written as /i/ anyway. But for now phonetic
considerations have led to writing this as indicated.
\qry Determine if correct: Applicative: Note how the use of an applicative may at times signify affecting part of a larger object. The part is the Secondary Object and the whole is the
Primary Object. Thus cf. /nikchiya:was noko:n/ 'I will grease my pot' to /nikchiya:wili:s noko:n/ 'I will grease (a part of) my pot.' At least this is the impression I have of the difference
in meaning. It should be carefull checked.
\grm Applicative: Note how the use of an applicative may at times signify affecting part of a larger object. The part is the Secondary Object and the whole is the Primary Object.
Thus cf. /nikchiya:was noko:n/ 'I will grease my pot' to /nikchiya:wili:s noko:n/ 'I will grease (a part of) my pot.' At least this is the impression I have of the difference in
meaning. It should be carefull checked.
\vl Vowel quality of first vowel in Oapan.
\xref chia:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref chia:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02336
\lxam kwa:polokayoh
\lxam_c kwa:polokayoh
\lxoa kwa:popolokayoh
\lxoa_c kwa:popolokayoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-d-yoh
\trans ~Trans
\sense_e to have dandruff
\sense_s tener caspa
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root poloka
\ref 02337
\lxam tlakpana:ntli
\lxam_c tlakpana:ntli
\lxoa tlahpana:ntli
\lxoa_c tlahpana:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound Ajd-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e stepmother
\sense_s madrastra
\sense_d Pending
\semfld kin
\root tlakpa
\root na:n
\ency_note kin: have kin terminology, marriage customs, etc.
\ref 02338
\lxam temotso:lowa
\lxam_c notemotso:lowa
\lxoa temotso:lowa
\lxoa_c notemotso:lowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans +Refl/-trans; Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) to huddle over; to curl up in a ball (as if in pain, for example mice that have been poisoned)
\sense_s (refl.) acurrucarse; encogerse (como de dolor, p. ej., ratoncitos que han sido envenenados)
\sense_d Pending
\root temo
\root tso:l
\qry Check p-a since /'motso:lówa/ does have p-a in Oapan.
\ref 02339
\lxam tlai:xmatki
\lxam_c tlai:xmatki
\lxoa tlai:xmatki
\lxoa_c tlai:xmatki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ki
\infn N1
\sense_e person who knows how to read; literate person
\sense_s persona que sabe leer; alfabetizado
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) person knowledgeable about many things
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) persona que sabe de muchas cosas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlatlai:xmatki katka JoséGarcía.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e JoséGarcía was knowledgeable about many things (knowing how to read and write).
\phrase_s JoséGarcía sabía de muchas cosas (sabiendo leer y escribir).
\root i:x
\root mati
\qry Determine the difference between /tlai:xmatki/ and /tlatlai:xmatki/. My notes suggest that the latter indicates someone who is knowledgeable about many things. This might be related
to /tlahmati/. Check.
\qry_h Check /tlai:xmatki/ and /tlatlai:xmatki/.
\semref a:mai:xmatke:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02340
\lxam xi:kotli
\lxam_c xi:kotli
\lxoa xí:kotlí
\lxoa_c xí:kotlí
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(h)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of large, black stinging insect, still not identified but perhaps a type of bee
\sense_s tipo de insecto grande y negro, y que pica, todavía no identificado pero quizáun tipo de abeja
\sense_d Pending
\src_s DT#8: 248
\phrase_n To:ma:ya:tl iwa:n xi:kotli, san se: tlachialistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The to:ma:ya:tland the xi:kotli have the same (have one) appearance (i.e., both are black).
\phrase_s El to:ma:ya:tly el xi:kotli tiene la misma (una sola) apariencia (los dos son negros).
\phrase_n Xi:kotli, nemi ipan kuwtli. Kikoyo:nia, itik cha:nti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The xi:kotli lives in trees. It makes holes in them, it lives in them.
\phrase_s El xi:kotli habita losárboles. Les agujerea, vive en ellos.
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root xi:koh
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'jicote, animalito que agujera la madera.'
\ref 02341
\lxam tlatsotsona
\lxam_c tlatsotsona
\lxoa tla:tsona
\lxoa_c tla:tsona
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-tla
\infv class-3a
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\sense_e to play the guitar (or other instruments that are strummed or played with a bow)
\sense_s tocar la guitara (u otros instrumentos que se rasguean o se tocan con un arco)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to play music on an instrument (generic term including all types of instruments, from drums to horns)
\sense_s tocar música con un instrumento (término genérico que incluye todos tipos de instrumentos, de tambores a trompetas)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to play music (through an electronic device such as a radio, record player, etc.)
\sense_s tocar música (un aparato electrónico como un radio, tocadiscos, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root tsona
\ency_note music
\nse In its generic sense, tlatsotsona includes the playing of instruments that may be indicated by other, more specific verbs. Thus wi:tekiis used for
drums and other instruments that are beaten; and pi:tsais used for wind instruments.
\qry Check other words for other instruments.
\xref tsotsona
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02342
\lxam kwa:tekwia
\lxam_c kikwa:tekwia
\lxoa kwa:tekwía
\lxoa_pr kwá:tekwia
\lxoa_f ['kwa: te 'kwi a]
\lxoa_c kikwá:tekwía
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3c(pia)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to wrap the head of up (particularly with cloth)
\sense_s envolver la cabeza de (particularmente con tela)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:mitskwa:tekwixkeh. Saihkón xyeto!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They wrapped your head up (e.g. with a blanket or cloth). Just stay that way!
\phrase_s Te envolvieron la cabeza (p. ej. con una cobija o tela).¡Quédate así!
\phrase_n Xkwa:tekwiaka:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Wrap his head up!
\phrase_s ¡Envuélvele la cabeza!
\root kwa:
\root te
\root hkwiya
\qry Recheck preterite form. Recheck vowel length of /saihkón/ and similar words; if the /o/ is found to be long, then it should be changed through a search and replace.
\ref 02343
\lxam xi:hla:n
\lxam_c ixi:hla:n
\lxoa xi:hla:n
\lxoa_alt xi:hla:h
\lxoa_pr xi:hla:n
\lxoa_c i:xi:hla:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e flank; side (the lower part of a human torso that covers ones lower ribs; the corresponding part of animals)
\sense_s costado; flanco (la parte del cuerpo al lado de las costillas inferiores; la parte correspondiente de los animales)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root xi:lla:n
\nse Most people state that this word refers to ones flank, the area on either side of the navel. However, a few others have given this word to mean the part of ones body directly in front,
i.e., the abdomen.
\nae The length of the final vowel still needs to be made definite through further analysis and comparison of all the contexts (compounds) in which this word occurs. A preliminary analysis
of Oapan xi:hlan shows that the initial /i:/ is definitely long; the length of the /a/ appears short, but measurements are made difficult by the preceding liquid and following
aspiration (in Oapan). More study should resolve this issue. FK notes in regard to this word:"There is disagreement across sources on vowel-length patterning for this item. It is
attested twice in B[ancroft], both times with the vowel of the second syllable marked long, once with the first vowel specifically marked short. C[arochi] follows suit once in marking
the vowel of the second syllable long, but in four other attestations leaves both vowels of the stem unmarked. T[etelcingo, Morelos] consistently has the reflex of a long vowel in the
first syllable and a short vowel in the second, xi:llantli. If the second el eme nt is the postposition -tlan 'beneath,' the /a/ should be short.'
\qry Determine vowel length. Note that RS has the absolutive form /xillantli/. In my notes I have the phrase /xunkah un xi:hla:n patli tikoni:skian?/ 'Is there any 'trago' we were going to
drink?' I don't now understand the meaning or translation and these should be checked.
\root_notes The roots of this is unclear; FK reports great variation across dialects in vowel length.
\ref 02344
\lxam tlako:wia
\lxam_c kitlako:wia
\lxoa tlako:wia
\lxoa_f [tla ko: 'wi ya]
\lxoa_c kitlako:wia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to hit with a rod, switch, or flexible stick
\sense_s pegar con una vara o palo flexible
\sense_d Pending
\semfld contact
\root tlako:
\nae The length of /o:/ in Oapan is definitely long. The Ameyaltepec cognate needs to be rechecked after recording, but it might also be long.
\vl I originally had this comment"Although in Ameyaltepec tlakowia meaning 'to hit with a rod' and tlakowia meaning 'to divide in half between'
are homophonous, this is because of two general phonological rules in Ameyaltepec. The first form, 'to hit with a rod,' manifests neutralization of the long /o:/ before /w/;
hence underlying {tlako: + wia} surfaces as tlakowia. The second form, 'to divide in have between,' manifests loss of {h} in non-phrase final position; hence
underying {tlahko + wia} surfaces as tlakowia."However, this is unclear and it should be checked, i.e., whether the /o/ of this entry is indeed short. And
whether
\ref 02345
\lxam kuwtsotsoyoktli
\lxam_c kuwtsotsoyoktli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-?
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e sap of firewood that seeps out when it is burning
\sense_s savia de leña que fluye y sale cuando se estáquemando
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant ant-part
\root kow
\root tso
\nse In Oapan when sap runs out of firewood as it is burning the verb a:yo:ki:sais used, with the firewood as subject, e.g., a:yo:ki:sa tlikuhtli.
\nae The etymology of kuhtsotsotl is not clear, but the final sequence may be related to tsotl, which enters into various words having to do with the sap or resin
of trees (e.g., Molina has quauhocotzotl as 'resina deárbol'). Whether the Ameyaltepec -tsotsoktli is a deverbal noun or not is also not clear, although the
form seems similar to that of words like poposoktli.
\nde In Oapan when sap runs out of firewood being burnt the verb a:yo:ki:sais used (e.g., a:yo:ki:sa tlikuhtli).
\ref 02346
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ka:ka:walxihtli
\lxoa_c ka:ka:walxihtli
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e type of herbaceous plant with a large yellow flower that blooms in the summer; member of the Asteraceae family plants
\sense_s tipo de planta herbácea con una flor grande y amarilla, miembro de la familia Asteraceae
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld fl
\root ka:wa
\root xiw
\semref kostik xo:chitl uwe:i
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 02347
\lxam te:-
\lxam_c te:pale:wia
\lxoa te:-
\lxoa_c te:pale:wiya
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Prefix
\der Pr-pre-obj
\sense_e prefix indicating an nonspecified human object, i.e., 'someone'
\sense_s prefijo que indica un objeto humano no especificado, a veces traducible como 'alguien'
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mo:stla nite:pale:wi:s, a:man san nimose:wi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tomorrow I'll help (sb known from context), today I'm just going to take it easy.
\phrase_s Mañana voy a ayudar (a algn conocido por el context), hoy nada más voy a descansar.
\ref 02348
\lxam toponwia
\lxam_c kitoponwia
\lxoa tópowía
\lxoa_pr topowia
\lxoa_f ['to po 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kitópowía
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to cause swelling to develop at the side of the neck or throat of
\sense_s hacer salir un hinchazón al lado de la garganta o cuello de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kitoponwih kwa:tes.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Twins caused swelling to developed at the side of his throat.
\phrase_s Gemelos le hicieron salir un hinchazón por el lado de la garganta.
\semfld disease
\fla topontli
\root tohpon
\grm Oapan phonology: Note n>0 in Oapan before the verbalizing ending. Apparently the /n/ of the noun /tópontlí/ is lost in Oapan before /wiya/. The question is whether the p-a
is the result of a reinterpretation of /n/ as {h}. This might well be the case, as appears to occur with /í:xmotlí/. Check.
\ref 02349
\lxam witskuwtli
\lxam_c witskuwtli
\lxoa witskohtli
\lxoa_c witskohtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e thorny tree, i.e., tree or bush with thorns
\sense_s árbol espinoso, esto es, con muchas púas o espinas
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e alternate name, less commonly used, for the witspatlaxtli , a member of the Leguminosea family
\sense_s nombre alternativo, menos común, del witspatlaxtli , miembro de la familia Leguminosea
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root wits
\root kow
\notes_func Just used for firewood.
\qry Check to make sure that this is indeed the same as /witspatla:xtli/. Also note that according to my research there are two types of /witspatla:xtli/. It needs to be determined whether
/witskuhtli/ refers to both.
\semref witspatla:xtli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02350
\lxam yekah
\lxam_alt yakah
\lxam_c yekah
\lxoa yekah
\lxoa_alt ya'ah
\lxoa_alt yakah
\lxoa_c yekah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(indef)
\der Pr-indef
\sense_e someone
\sense_s alguien
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xok yekah kimati.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Nobody knows anymore.
\phrase_s Ya no sabe nadie.
\phrase_n Xnikneki yekah kimatis i:n tlato:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't want anyone to know this word.
\phrase_s No quiero que nadie sepa esta palabra.
\root ak
\nse For the negative form of this pronoun, see xakah (Am) or xikah(Oa). Oapan has a shortened form, yah, as in yah
wa:hla:s 'someone is coming.'
\vl There are 4 additonal tokens of this word at 5729. They might be better recordings, but use your judgement.
\semref yá:h
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02351
\lxam to:roh
\lxam_c to:roh
\lxoa to:roh
\lxoa_c to:roh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan toro
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e bull
\sense_s toro
\sense_d Pending
\ref 02352
\lxam tlikonexpachowa
\lxam_c kitlikonexpachowa
\lxoa tlikonexpachowa
\lxoa_c kitlikonexpachowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to cover with the hot ashes of a hearth or fire (e.g., sweet potatoes in cooking them)
\sense_s cubrir o tapar con las cenizas calientes de un hogar o fogón (p. ej., camotes al cocinarlos)
\sense_d Pending
\root tli
\root nex
\root pach
\root_rel -ko
\disamb tlikonexto:ka; tlikonexpachowa; tlikonexakia; tlikonexpo:poxowa
\semref tlikonexakia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 02353
\lxam chi:ltlama:tsowahli
\lxam_c chi:ltlama:tsowahli
\lxoa chi:ltlama:tsowahli
\lxoa_c chi:ltlama:tsowahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e taco made of a tortilla folded over while hot, with chile sauce spread in the middle
\sense_s taco hecho de una tortilla caliente doblada con salsa de chile en medio
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food
\root chi:l
\root ma:ts
\qry Although a possessed form has not been documented, I have included it as part of the code in the /infn field. Nevertheless, this should be checked.
\root_notes Rootnote for /ma:tsiwi/: this is undoubtedly related to the root for hand, /ma:/ or /mah/. Either this should be added as a note to both roots ma:tsV and ma: or ma:tsV should
be considered a secondary root.
\semref chi:ltoto:roh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 02354
\lxam elpo:tsa
\lxam_alt ilpo:tsa
\lxam_c nilpo:tsa
\lxoa ípó:tsa
\lxoa_pr ipo:tsa
\lxoa_c nípó:tsa
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\incorp S-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl; +Caus
\infv class-3a(ts)
\pitch yes
\sense_e (refl.) to burp; to belch
\sense_s (refl.) eructar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nimelpo:ts, we:i o:nikoni:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I burped, I drank a lot.
\phrase_s Eructé, bebímucho.
\semfld functions
\root l
\root po:tsa
\nae Although both elpo:tsa and ilpo:tsa are utilized in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, the latter is much less common. The pitch accent of the Oapan form
ípó:tsa probably derives from underlying {h} (which might be present in San Juan Tetelcingo). Note that Tetelcingo, Morelos, Zacapoaxtla, and Northern Puebla all
have ihpo:tsa.
\qry Check to see whether /ilpo:tsa/ or /elpo:tsa/ is more common. Check also length of final /a/. Check to see if specific object indicates place: ne:chilpo:tsa? The reason for the
pitch-accent in Oapan is not clear. This should be rechecked. The possibility that I obtained a"reduplicated"form should be checked.
\qry_h Check for /h/
\root_notes Note the variation between /il/ and /el/. Note the general correspondence between words that begin in /el-/ and those in /il-/ (e.g., elpo:tsa and
ilpo:tsa , elka:wa and ilka:wa , elna:mik and ilna:miki , etc. Yet considering the lose of /i/ after
the nonspecific object marker (e.g., in tlalna:miktia) the /i/ of /il/ has been considered epenthetic.
\vl There are four extra tokens of this word at entry 3992 (which has been deleted as a duplicate). There are also 4 additional tokens of this word from 7138, which should
also be tagged s 2354.
\xref ilpo:tsaltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref ípo:tsáltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02355
\lxam pixkilistli
\lxam_c pixkilistli
\lxoa pixkilistli
\lxoa_c pixkilistli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e maize harvest
\sense_s cosecha del maíz
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nemi ipan pixkilistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is involved in the harvest.
\phrase_s Estátrabajando en la cosecha.
\sense_e action of husking maize
\sense_s acción de quitar la chala al maíz cosechado
\sense_d Pending
\root pixka
\disamb Enter under activities associated with planting.
\qry Determine whether this refers only to action in regards to maize, or also with beans, etc.
\ref 02356
\lxam maka
\lxam_c kimaka
\lxoa maka
\lxoa_c kimaka
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-b
\infv Irregular; see maka
\sense_e to give (sth) to
\sense_s dar (algo) a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kima:keh tomi:n, we:i kiwi:kilia:yan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They gave money to him, they owed him a lot.
\phrase_s Le dieron dinero, le debían mucho.
\phrase_n Xakah kimakas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He won't give it to anyone (or, without contextual clarification, 'no one will give it to him').
\phrase_s No se lo va a dar a nadie (o, sin clarificación contextual, 'nadie se lo va a dar').
\phrase_n Mitsma:makaskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They will give it to you (i.e. several people [S] in several places, over time).
\phrase_s Te los van a estar dando (esto es, varias personas [S] en varios lugares, a través del tiempo).
\sense_e (with 3rd-person sg object) to give (implicitly, something valuable) to
\sense_s (con objeto de 3a-persona sg) dar (implicitamente, algo valioso) a
\phrase_n
\phrase_e
\phrase_s
\sense_e (with a directional prefix and te:-) to send (e.g., money, a letter, etc.) with someone (toward or away from a deictic point of reference)
\sense_s (con un prefijo direccional y te:-) mandar (algo como dinero, una carta, etc.) con algn (hacia un punto de referencia deíctica o alejándose de tal punto)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kwa:lte:mak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He sent it back here with someone (i.e., gave it to someone there so that they could bring it back).
\phrase_s Se lo dióa alguien para traer acá.
\sense_e (te:maka, with no second specific object) to fight
\sense_s (te:maka, sin otro objeto específico) pelear
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n On toba:leh milak te:makani.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e That friend of ours really gets into a lot of fights.
\phrase_s Ese amigo es bien peleonero..
\sense_e (with a directional prefix and te:-) to give word of
\sense_s (con un prefijo direccional y te:-) dar noticias de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kite:makaton nonesawal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They went to give word of my fasting.
\phrase_s Fueron a dejar noticias de mi ayuno.
\sense_e (with deletion of specific second object) to give"it"(taboo: sex, ones body) to
\sense_s (con supresión del objeto secondario) darle (sexo, el cuerpo) a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kile:wia notomi:n, ne:chmakas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She covets my money, she will give it (her body) to me.
\phrase_s Desea mi dinero, me lo va a dar (su cuerpo).
\semref makate:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref makilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref tlamaka
\xref_t val_reduce2
\xref_d Am, Oa
\root maka
\nse In Ameyaltepec (and perhaps Oapan, check) the root-initial /m/ often deletes after affricate-final object prefixes: ne:ch-, mits-, te:ch-, and (a)me:ch :
ne:chakas tomi:ntsi:n 'he will give me some money.' The verb maka is often used, when uttered by a man to a woman, in a sexual sense. Thus a man in
walking by a woman may say xtine:chmakas? 'Will you give it (sex) to me?' (similar to the use of 'it' in English in 'Can we do"it"?') The use of a directional prefix with
te:maka often means 'to send [O] with sb toward/away from.' This is particularly true in the tenses and aspects that use a directional prefix. Thus
o:nikonte:mak can only mean 'I sent it along there with someone.' However, nikonte:makas may either mean 'I will send it along there with someone'
or 'I will go there to give it to someone.'
\nae The verb maka is irregular in that it may be used in both. Oapan and Ameyaltepec as a simple transitive verb with the nonspecific object prefix te:-.
Thus one may say kite:ma:maka nakatl 'He gives meat to people (one by one).' However, at times this verb is used without a specific object prefix:
nite:ma:makas or nite:makas. A conversation might go, according to Roberto Mauricio (Oa) as follows, on toba:leh te:makas,
--- tli:non kite:makas?, kite:makas tomi:n. It would seem that the deletion of the second object is not simply when it is unspecified, although the origin of
this deletion might be the fact that tlamaka has be lexicalized as 'to feed'. Thus the form te:tlamaka has the culturally specific meaning in both
Ameyaltepec and Oapan of 'to feed', it cannot be used simply to indicate that something not specified is given to people. Thus in a certain sense it might be that
te:maka (or te :ma:maka can be used in lieu of te:tlamaka or te:tlama:maka given that this latter
form has acquired a culturally specific meaning.
\qry Determine extent of loss of /m/ after objects. One of the few bitransitive basic verbs. Cf. Gram 1985-08-12.1. I have added the definition of /tlamaka/ based on my own memory of
Nahuatl. This should be checked.
\grm Note word order: /Xakah kimakas/ 'he won't give it to anyone.' As far as I can tell, the order ?kimakas xakah, with the object following is not correct. This might have to do
with the nature of the preclitic /x-/. This clitic modifies the entire phrase and thus must be at the left. Possible is, however, /xkimakas yekah/.
\grm Transitivity alternations: The verb maka is irregular in that it may be used in both. Oapan and Ameyaltepec as a simple transitive verb with the
nonspecific object prefix te:-. Thus one may say kite:ma:maka nakatl 'He gives meat to people (one by one).' However, at times this verb is
used without a specific object prefix: nite:ma:makas or nite:makas. A conversation might go, according to Roberto Mauricio (Oa)
as follows, on toba:leh te:makas, --- tli:non kite:makas?, kite:makas tomi:n. It would seem that the deletion of the second object
is not simply when it is unspecified, although the origin of this deletion might be the fact that tlamaka has be lexicalized as 'to feed'. Thus the form
te:tlamaka has the culturally specific meaning in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan of 'to feed', it cannot be used simply to indicate that something not
specified is given to people. Thus in a certain sense it might be that te:maka (or te:ma:maka can be used in lieu of
te:tlamaka or te:tlama:maka given that this latter form has acquired a culturally specific meaning.
\ref 02357
\lxam tetsoko
\lxam_c tetsoko
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. te- ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te)
\sense_e to be short (in stature)
\sense_s ser bajo (en estatura)
\sense_d Pending
\root te-
\root tsoko
\disamb tetsoko; tetsapa
\nae The Balsas River forms have a cognate in Classical tsoco, which RS glosses as 'pequeño, muy pequeño.' He does not indicate his source, but it is in the
Spanish-Mexicano side of Molina. Ameyaltepec tetsoko would seem to be the same word, with the te- intensifier element as a prefix. In Oapan the stem
seems to be reduplicated, with the reduplication reduced on the intensifying element te-. In addition, it would appear that the intervocal /k/ is deleted and a final
yo added (or perhaps tsoko reduces to tso:yo). At any rate the terms from each village seem closely related.
\nse For Classical Nahuatl RS reports tetsocoton as a diminutive adjective meaning 'pequeño, muy pequeño.' This suggest that the te- is
the"intensifier"common in Ameyaltepec. Consultants gave tetsoko as the equivalent of tetsapa.
\qry Check whether simply /tsoko/ exists. This should be given a separate entry in Oapan.
\vl The four tokens here should be tagged as 6538. The Oapan entry/word that was elicited here at 2357 has been deleted as a duplicate of 6538.
\qry_h Check for reduplication and presence of /h/. Check as many other dialects are possible.
\semref té:tso:yótik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref té:tsó:yo
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref tetsapa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02358
\lxam se:to:nalowa
\lxam_c se:to:nalowa
\lxoa se:to:nalowa
\lxoa_c se:to:nalowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Num-V1
\der V1-d-owa
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to spend the whole day (doing sth)
\sense_s pasar todo el día (haciendo algo)
\sense_d Oa
\root se:
\root to:na
\qry Check for transitive form
\semref to:nalowa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref to:nalwia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 02359
\lxam kwa:i:xiwinti
\lxam_c kwa:i:xiwinti
\lxoa kwa:i:xiwinti
\lxoa_alt kwa:i:xiwinti
\lxoa_c kwa:i:xiwinti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-ti
\lexical Op. infix te- : kwa:tei:xiwinti
\infv class-4a
\sense_e for ones head to spin; to feel dizzy (from being ill; from alcohol, etc.)
\sense_s girarle a uno la cabeza; sentir mareos o vértigo (por una enfermedad, por el alcohol, etc.).
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w nikwa:i:xiwinti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My head has started to spin.
\phrase_s He empezado a sentir mareado.
\phrase_n Mo:stla yes kwahli xoxo:hki, kwa:ixiwi:ntis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tomorrow he'll be real hungover, his head will be spinning.
\phrase_s Mañana va a estar bien crudo, se le va a estar revolviendo la cabeza.
\root kwa:
\root i:x
\root iwin
\qry Check root whether /iwin/ or /win/.
\vl The length of the initial /a:/ and /i:/ are difficult to determine accoustically. The length of the segments /kwa:i:-/ is slightly over 200 ms., perhaps somewhere around 230.
This strongly suggests the possibility of one, probably two, long vowels.
\ref 02360
\lxam kwalka:n
\lxam_c kwalka:n
\lxoa kwalka:n
\lxoa_c kwalka:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-ka:n
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e the following day in the morning
\sense_s el día siguiente en la mañana
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tine:chpale:wi:s kwalka:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will help me tomorrow in the morning.
\phrase_s Me vas a ayudar mañana en la mañana.
\phrase_n Mo:stla kwalka:n tia:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We will go tomorrow in the morning.
\phrase_s Vamos a ir mañana en la mañana.
\sense_e (ye:wa ~) this morning
\sense_s (ye:wa ~) hoy en la mañana
\sense_d Pending
\root kwal
\root_rel -ka:n
\nse Although my memory suggests that kwalka:n refers to a period very early in the morning, my notes mentioned that the time period is about 3:00 am to noon. Note
that often kwalka:n refers to the morning of the following day.
\semref kwalka:ntipan
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02361
\lxam a:mo:hli
\lxam_c a:mo:hli
\lxoa á:mó:hli
\lxoa_c á:mó:hli
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e Ziziphus amole(Sessé & Moc.), tree of the family Rhamnacea whose fruit is crushed and, once dried, used as shampoo or soap
\sense_s Ziziphus amole(Sessé & Moc.), arbol de la familia Rhamnacea cuya fruta es triturada, y una vez seca usada como champúo jabón
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e shampoo (by extension from the basic meaning)
\sense_s champú(por extensión de su significación básica)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\semfld medicine (pending)
\root ahmo:l
\nae If the long initial vowel in Ameyaltepec is confirmed, it would apparently reflect lenition of {h}, which would then have two reflexes: pitch accent in Oapan and length in
Ameyaltepec. However, all long initial vowels in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl have to be carefully confirmed.
\mod Note that the cultural encylopedia will have an ethnobotanical section under which the description and application of /a:mo:hli/ will be indicated. Note that originally for Ameyaltepec
I had a long vowel here; given comparative documentation from the region I have temporarily changed this to a short vowel.
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this as amole, of the family Romnaceae and the genus/species Stegnosperma halimifolium. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give
the Spanish name as amol. Guizar and Sáchez (1991) have two trees that might correspond. One (p. 158) is the the family Sapindaceae and genus/species
Sapindus saponaria; they state that the Spanish name is coyul. The other is a species (p. 159) with amolein its name, the Ziziphus
amoleof the family Rhamnaceae, which they state is called capulincito in Spanish.
\qry_fon Check first vowel of Am form. In C. Flores' pronunciation it appears long.
\vl Initial /a/ of Am uncertain in length.
\ref 02362
\lxam se:wia
\lxam_c kise:wia
\lxoa se:wia
\lxoa_f [se: 'wi ya]
\lxoa_c kise:wia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi(a)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to put out (a fire, embers)
\sense_s apagar (un fuego, brazas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xsese:wi un tekohli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Put out those embers!
\phrase_s ¡Apaga esas brazas!
\sense_e to turn off (e.g., an electrical aparatus, a motor, a stove or burner, a light, etc.)
\sense_s apagar; cerrar (p. ej., un aparato eléctrico, un motor, una estufa o parilla, una luz, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl.) to rest
\sense_s (refl.) descansar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nimose:wi:s nika:n mocha:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to rest here in your house.
\phrase_s Voy a descansar aquíen tu casa.
\phrase_n Xmose:wi:ki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Come in (and rest, i.e., sit down for a while)!
\phrase_s ¡Pásale (esto es, ven a descansar un rato)!
\sense_e (refl.) to calm down (a person who is agitated)
\sense_s (refl.) calmarse (una persona agitada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmose:wi! Sie:mpreh kite:powili:s, yo:kinek.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Calm down! In the end he will tell the story (i.e., what happened), he's agreed to it.
\phrase_s ¡Cálmate! De por si lo va a contar (esto es, hacer público), ya estuvo de acuerdo.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to put out (e.g., a fire, such as that of a house burning, a wood stove, etc.)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) apagar (p. ej., un fuego, como la de una casa en llamas, un hogar, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to cool (e.g., a hot liquid by pouring it from one container to another)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) enfriar (p. ej., un líquido caliente al vertirlo de un recipiente a otro)
\sense_d Pending
\root se:
\qry Check to determine whether /nose:wia/ can be used with a subject that is a disease or pain, e.g. /nose:wi:s kokolistli/, etc. Check final /h/ in /sie:mpreh/ in one of the example
sentences above.
\root_notes Note that there is an obvious connection between /sektli/, /setl/, etc. on the one hand, and /se:wa/, /se:wi/, and /se:wia/ on the other. Perhaps a long vowel should be given as
a root. Or two roots should be given (e.g., {se} and {se:}). The problem here is that of establishing a common root in /se:wi/ and /se:wa/. For now, the root determination of
/se:wi(a)/ follows that for /-wi/ verbs in general.
\grm Plural; reduplication: note that in the phrase /xsese:wi un tekohli/ 'Put out those embers' the reduplicated form is used, according to one consultant, because there are
various coals. According to Inocencio Díaz, the nonreduplicated form is used only in reference to lights (apparently only in reference to things that are put out all at once).
For things that involve a repeated action of"putting out"apparently the reduplicated form is most often used, although a non-reduplicated form may also be used, e.g.,
xse:wi or xsese:wi. However, for lights and other electrical appliances only the non-reduplicated form is used.
\xref se:wilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02363
\lxam xola:wa
\lxam_c noxola:wa
\lxoa xila:wa
\lxoa_c noxila:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans +Refl/-trans; ~Intrans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (refl.) to slip (as on a slippery surface or slope, ones feet flying out from under)
\sense_s (refl.) resbalarse (p. ej., sobre una superficie o piso resbaloso, una cuesta con la tierra floja, con los pies yendo rápidamente por adelante o atrás)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nimoxola:w, tlapa:stika:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My feet slipped out from under me, the whole area is wet.
\phrase_s Se me fueron los pies desde abajo, toda laárea estaba mojada.
\phrase_n Tlaxola:wa, ma:ka timoxola:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The area is slippery (e.g., an incline covered with loose earth, or that is wet, or that is smooth and hard, etc.), don't let your feet slip out from under you.
\phrase_s Es unaárea resbalosa (p. ej., una cuesta mojada, o cubierta con tierra suelta, o con una superficie lisa y dura), no te vayas a resbalar.
\semfld move
\root xola:
\disamb xola:wa; peya:wi
\nse Xola:wa has only been documented in reflexive form. Thus Molina gives xolaua. nino. 'resvalar.' RS adds a metaphoric use of tlaxolaua from
Olmos tla- en s.f. respetar una cosa; tla-xolaua in ichantzinco in Dios (Olm.), 'la casa de Dios es venerada.' In its primary sense the verbal action refers to that
of slipping on a wet surface, such as a slippery floor, and having ones feet slide out from under. The reflexive form (as opposed to an intransitive ? xola:wi most likely
reflects that fact that this is a"one-person event"in which agent and patient reference the same individual.
\nae Oapan shows a vowel change from /o/ to /i/. The use of tlaxola:wa is a locative sense (e.g., a place that is slippery) is not entirely clear and should be further
researched.
\qry One filecard has /sola:wa/. This is probably in error, but check. Check for possible transitive form with specific object. In one entry I had /sola:wa/. I have changed this: check. Also,
determine the grammatical nature of /tlaxola:wa/, perhaps it is 'place that 'makes people slip''.
\grm Re: anticausative and nondirected alternation (also voice). Note that this verb apparently exists only in the transitive, but is used exclusively, or almost exclusively (this
should be checked) in the reflexive. Certainly it would be a good idea to determine the nondirected alternation verbs that have only a transitive form often used reflexively
to indicate a"one-person"event. Cf. /ala:wi/ and note that used intransitively it refers to things falling down (as in an avalanche type motion).
\grm Oapan phonology: Note change of o-to-i in /xila:wa/; other dialects have /xola:wa/.
\root_notes Note that both xola:wa and a:la:wa have meanings related to sliding and slipping. It would seem possible that xola:wa
contains the root xo , related to 'foot' or 'leg.'
\ref 02364
\lxam temantli
\lxam_c temantli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e rows of stones that have been lined up in-between the maize plants of a milpa
\sense_s hileras de piedras que han sido puestas en fila en medio de las matas de maíz de una milpa
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tlachachalakatiw, kixiti:nitiw temantli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is a hollow ringing sound going along, it (the plow in this case) goes along knocking down the rows of stones that have been placed in the corn field.
\phrase_s Va habiendo un sonido hueco, (la yunta y el arado) va desbaratando las piedras que han sido alineadas entre las matas de maíz.
\semfld domesticatedivate
\fla temana
\root te
\root man
\disamb temantli; tewipa:ntli
\nse These rows of stones are placed along the mounds separating the furrows, in-between the maize plants. Often, after a field has been abandoned for several years, the
temantli (rows of stones), are left behind on the surface, a visible reminder that the land had once been planted.
\qry My notes here are unclear. Under /lxo I have originally written"see temantli"; but this is not an entry for Oapan Nahuatl. Perhaps I had meant to write /temana/.
\ref 02365
\lxam yekachi:lmo:lkwaltia
\lxam_c kiyekachi:lmo:lkwaltia
\lxoa yekachi:lmo:lkwaltia
\lxoa_c kiyekachi:lmo:lkwaltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-[N-N]-V3
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\trans ~Intrans
\sense_e to give a bloody nose to
\sense_s sacarle sangre a la nariz de
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root yeka
\root chi:l
\root mo:l
\root kwa
\disamb yekachi:lmo:lkwaltia; yekayeski:xtia
\qry Make sure that both /yekachi:lmo:lkwaltia/ and /yekachi:lmo:ltia/ are correct and identical in meaning.
\semref yekachi:lmo:ltia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02366
\lxam sakawa:wtli
\lxam_c *sakawa:wtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-N
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e type of grass not yet identified
\sense_s tipo de zacate o pasto todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Sakawa:wtli | Wekapan, xkanah nokwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sakawa:wtli : It is tall, it's not used anywhere.
\phrase_s Sakawa:wtli : Es alto, no se usa en ningún lado.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root saka
\root wa:w
\nse Although this name was in my notes from Ameyaltepec, Cristino Flores (Aug. 2001) stated that he was not familiar with this type of grass. None of the three consultants during the
first botanical fieldwork session (Sept. 2001) were familiar with this grass. If no confirmation is forthcoming the entry should be removed.
\qry Check whether this is actually a type of /sakatl/. I had it recorded in only one place. If it is confirmed, then add it to the /ncx field under /sakatl/.
\ref 02367
\lxam tsakwtok
\lxam_c tsakwtok
\lxoa tsahtok
\lxoa_c tsahtok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e closed (a drawer, chest, etc.)
\sense_s cerrado (un cajón, baúl, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e jailed; locked up; incarcerated
\sense_s encarcelado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tsakwa
\xref tlatsakwtok
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Am
\xref tlatsahtok
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02368
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was originally /tlatlamanilia/. It has been deleted, at least temporarily, pending further research as to whether it needs a separate entry from /tlamanilia/. Check both
/kitlatlamanilia/ and /tlatlamanilia/, etc.
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\ref 02369
\lxam kwepa
\lxam_c kikwepa
\lxoa kopa
\lxoa_c kikopa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\trans ~Intrans
\sense_e to turn over (sth lying flat, such as a tortilla on a koma:hli, a pillow on a bed, clothes inside-out, etc.)
\sense_s voltear (algo echado horizontalmente, como una tortilla sobre un comal, una almohada sobre una cama, ropa de adentro para afuera, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwepa, tla:mo tlatlas!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Turn it over (e.g., a tortilla on a griddle), if you don't it'll burn!
\phrase_s ¡Voltéelo (p. ej., una tortilla sobre un comal), si no, se va a quemar!
\phrase_n Xmokwepa, xkita!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Turn around, look at it!
\phrase_s ¡Voltéate, velo!
\sense_e to return (e.g., sth borrowed)
\sense_s regresar (p. ej., algo pedido prestado)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to change; to shift; to modify (a position, an opinion, sth said that one no longer maintains, etc.); to overturn (a decision)
\sense_s cambiar; modificar (una posición, algo dicho que ya no mantiene, etc.); voltear (una decisión)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl. + [noun]) to turn into [noun]
\sense_s (refl. + [sustantivo]) convertirse en [sustantivo]; volverse [sustantivo]
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nopo:poxowa, nokwepa chichi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He rolls back and forth on the ground, she turns into a dog.
\phrase_s Se menea sobre la tierra, se vuelve perro.
\sense_e (with tlato:hli or another indication of a communicative speech event) to translate; to interpret
\sense_s (con tlato:hli u otra indicación de un evento comunicativo) traducir
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa kikwepas motlato:l, weli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will translate your words, he can do it.
\phrase_s él va a traducir tus palabras,él puede.
\phrase_n Kikwepas tli:n nikito:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He'll translate what I say.
\phrase_s Va a traducir lo que digo.
\sense_e (refl. with intraverse directional prefix) to turn back; to start out and then turn back to where one departed
\sense_s (refl. con prefijo direccional intraverso) volverse (a medio camino); partir y regresar hacia donde se había salido
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ikwa:k o:mitsitakeh, o:wa:hnokopkeh.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e When they saw you, they turned back (to the place from which they had departed)
\phrase_s Cuando te vieron, regresaron (hacia donde habían partido).
\phrase_n Ipan o:me to:nahli o:niwa:lmokwep.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I headed back after two days (there).
\phrase_s Regresédespués de dos días.
\sense_e (refl. with extraverse directional suffix) to go and come back
\sense_s (refl. con prefijo direccional intraverso) irse (a un lugar) y regresar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n San o:nokwepato, xo:wekaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just went and came back, he didn't spend a long time there.
\phrase_s Sólamente se fue y regresó, no tardóallá.
\sense_e (with tlato:hli or another indication of a communicative speech event) to miscommunicate; to change the meaning of
\sense_s (con tlato:hli u otra indicación de un evento comunicativo) cambiar en significado de
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl.) to turn around (e.g., a person, to look in a new direction)
\sense_s (refl.) voltearse (p. ej., una persona, para mirar en una dirección nueva)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to rotate or turn around; to toss and turn (e.g., while sleeping)
\sense_s (refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta) dar vueltas; girar; agitarse, de un lado a otro (p. ej., en la cama al estar durmiendo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nokukwepa un letre:roh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That sign rotates.
\phrase_s Ese letrero gira.
\phrase_n Timokukwepa ika yewahli. Xkwahli tikochi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You toss and turn from one side to the other during the night. You don't sleep well.
\phrase_s Das vueltas de un lado a otro durante la noche. No duermes bien.
\sense_e (refl. with long vowel reduplication) to go back and forth (e.g., walking in one direction then turning around and going back, moving to one side and then back to another,
etc.)
\sense_s (refl. con reduplicación de vocal larga) ir de un lado a otro (p. ej., caminando primero en una dirección para después voltearse hacia la otra, deslizándose a un lado y
después al otro, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San timokwe:kwepa, nochipa itlah tikelka:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You just go back and forth (come and leave), you are always forgetting something.
\phrase_s Nada más vas y vienes, siempre se te olvida algo.
\phrase_n Nokwe:kwepa, kaxa:nki moburroh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It slides from one side to the other (in this case a load tied on both sides of a donkey that wobbles, starting to fall over to one side, and then to the other), the load on your
donkey is loose (i.e., the saddle to which it is tied).
\phrase_s Se desliza de un lado a otro (en este caso una carga sobre un burro and va de un lado a otro), la carga estáfloja (esto es, estáfloja la silla a que estáamarrada).
\phrase_n Tli:no:n o:kelka:w. Segi:doh nokwe:kwepa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e What has he forgotten? He is always going back and forth.
\phrase_s ¿Quése le habráolvidado? seguido va y viene.
\phrase_n San onokwe:kwepa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just goes there making trips back and forth (in this case from his house to the well, back and forth, one trip after another).
\phrase_s Nomás va y viene, haciendo viajes hacia allá(p. ej., de su casa a un pozo, yendo y viniendo, un viaje tras otro).
\sense_e (refl. with long vowel reduplication) to have second thoughts; to oscillate back and forth (in ones opinion or decision; though often this is given as
noyo:lkwe:kwepa)
\sense_s (refl. con reduplicación de vocal larga) dudarse (en hacer algo); debatir con si mismo (en cuanto a tomar alguna acción; a menudo se da este como
noyo:lkwe:kwepa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pe:wa nokwe:kwepa. Kamantika xoh kineki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She's begun to have second thoughts (in this case about marrying her boyfried). Occasionally she no longer wants it (the marriage).
\phrase_s Ha empezado a tener dudas (en este caso de que si quiere casarse con su novio). De vez en cuando ya no quiere.
\sense_e (refl. with long vowel reduplication) to rotate; to revolve (e.g., a sign on a post)
\sense_s (refl. con reduplicación de vocal larga) revolver; girar (p. ej., un anuncio sobre un poste)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld motion
\root kwepa
\disamb kweya:wa, etc.
\nse The difference between forms such as o:wa:lnokwep and o:nokwepato is difficult to precisely specify. It seems that the first is used more, particularly
in Oapan, to indicate a situation in which the subject heads off in a certain direction and turns back before arriving at his or her destination. The second form seems to indicate that
the subject arrived and then came back rapidly. However, the two forms may overlap in signification as indicated by the Ameyaltepec phrase Ipan o:me to:nahli
o:niwa:lmokwep. Perhpas the difference rests on the intentionality or purpose of the subject, with the prefixed form indicating a turning back from a trip that had no specific
goal whereas the suffixed form indicates going and coming back after achieving an intended purpose. Inocencio Díaz (Am) accepted the form o:nokwep as indicating
a turning back whereas Roberto Mauricio (Oa) stated that o:nokop is used only to indicate a turning over in a single place.
\qry Check the wide ranges of meanings. Check whether /kwepa/ is used for turning clothes inside out, or whether one uses /i:xkwepa/. Check the meaning of nokweptok and whether it
is only a progressive or can also mean something like a tortilla that is turned over, e.g., on a griddle.
\grm Oapan phonology: note kw>ko here, as in many places.
\xref kwepilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref kopilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02370
\lxam kamanon
\lxam_c kamanon
\lxoa kamano:n
\lxoa_c kamano:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-interog
\der Adv-int
\sense_e when? at what time?
\sense_s ¿cuándo?
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kamanon tia:skeh?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When will we go?
\phrase_s ¿Cuándo vamos a ir?
\sense_e when (with embedded questions)
\sense_s cuando (con preguntas enterradas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xeniktla:lilia kamanon niá:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I still haven't made a final decision as to when I will go.
\phrase_s Todavía no he puesto la fecha para cuándo voy a ir.
\ncol ma:san
\ncol ma:si san
\root kaman
\qry Check difference between /kamaniá:n/ and /kama:ntika/ and recheck vowel length. This will be applicable to /kamanon/.
\vl Vowel length of initial /a/ is problematic. It appears to be short, however. Nevertheless, this needs to be carefully studied as in one pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino the
acoustic duration seemed rather high for a short vowel. Check in other forms such as /kamantika/, /kamaniá:n/, etc. Definitely much study needs to be done on the length of
final /on/ sequences.
\grm Oapan phonology: The final /o/ of Oapan Nahuatl /kamano:n/ seems definitely long. Whether this reflects a phonological rule for lengthening is not clear.
\ref 02371
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was for /kuwtlatlatsi:n/ and it has been deleted as a duplicate.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 02372
\lxam te:tsotsopits
\lxam_c te:tsotsopits
\lxoa te:tsó:tsopíts
\lxoa_c te:tsó:tsopíts
\lxoa_pr te:tso:tsopits
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\pitch yes
\sense_e to be prickly
\sense_s causar picor; picar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:tsotsopits xi:lo:motsontli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Corn tassles are prickly (e.g., when they enter ones eyes).
\phrase_s Los pelos de elote causan picor (p. ej., al entrar en los ojos).
\root tsopi:
\qry Check out all perfective base adjectivals.
\grm Adjectivals: Note /te:tsotsopits/, which is a perfective participle of /tsotsopitsa/. The grammatical formation is the same as that of /te:miktih/, etc. In general elicit all deverbal
adjectivals by departing from transitive verbal bases.
\ref 02373
\lxam ekwanilia
\lxam_c kekwanilia
\lxoa ékwanília
\lxoa_pr ekwanilia
\lxoa_c kékwanília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to move (sth) for or on (sb)
\sense_s mover (algo) para, de o a (algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nitsi:ntechakwa:n, o:ne:chekwanilikeh nosi:yah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I banged my rear hard (on the ground), they pulled my chair out from under me.
\phrase_s Me golpeédura las nalgas (sobre el suelo), me quitaron la silla.
\root hkwani
\grm tla-; indefinite null complement. Note that following phrase: /Xne:xtlayekwanili! O:kse: la:doh xkinsa:lo noyo:lka:wan!/ 'Move them for me! Tie up my animals in another
place.' In the first sentence or phrase the nonspecific object marker /tla-/ is used. Here it is not a case of
\xref ekwania
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref ékwaniá
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02374
\lxam ma:ki:xtia
\lxam_c kima:ki:xtia
\lxoa ma:ki:xtia
\lxoa_c kima:ki:xtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to save (from danger, an attack, etc.)
\sense_s salvar (de un peligro, un ataque, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to free from an obligation (e.g., by performing community cargo service for, for taking on the obligations of, etc.)
\sense_s librar de una obligación a (p. ej., al cumplir con el cargo de, o asumir la obligación de algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kima:ki:xtitok, ipa:mpa tekiti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is assuming an obligation for him (in this case a village cargo), he is working (performing service) in his stead.
\phrase_s Estácumpliendo con una obligación deél (en este caso un cargo del pueblo), estátrabajando (haciendo servicio) en su lugar.
\root ma:
\root ki:sa
\nse This verb is often used to refer to holding a cargo for someone else, either as a favor (for a relative or household member) or for pay.
\qry Note that I originally had a note that the verb /ma:ki:xtia/ was used ONLY to refer to holding a cargo in someone's stead. However, it would seem that the meaning of 'to save' is
also valid. I have added this on the basis of my own understanding of Nahuatl, but it should be checked with a native speaker.
\xref ma:ki:sa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02375
\lxam plo:wetia
\lxam_alt pro:betia
\lxam_c plo:wetia
\lxoa pró:wetiá
\lxoa_pr pro:wetia
\lxoa_alt poró:wetiá
\lxoa_c pró:wetiá, porówe:tiá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (Nah) pobre
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\pitch yes
\sense_e to become poor, broke, or destitute
\sense_s empobrecerse; quedarse sin dinero
\sense_d Am, Oa
\vl There are 4 additonal tokens from 5432. These should be tagged with 2375. As well, the four tokens from 5432 should provide the two that are linked here, since the quality
of the recordings are better toward the end. Note that the 2nd male token from 5432 should be linked, as an example of /porówetiá/.
\xref plo:wetilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\semref pro:beti
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref pró:wetí
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02376
\lxam kukwepoka
\lxam_c kukwepoka
\lxoa kokopoka
\lxoa_c kokopoka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to bubble up (particularly water from a spring)
\sense_s burbujear (particularmente agua de un manantial)
\sense_d Pending
\root kwepo:
\xref kwepo:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02377
\lxam nekwilkochi
\lxam_c nekwilkochi
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp S(iwi)-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(ch)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to sleep crookedly
\sense_s dormir chueco
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:ninekwilkoch, ne:chkukwa nokechpan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I slept crookedly, my upper back hurts.
\phrase_s Dormíchueco, me duele la parte superior de la espalda.
\root nekwil
\root kochi
\grm Determine how to record the morphology (com category) of these types of compounds. Perhaps /-iwi/ verbs that form adjectives in /-tik/ incorporate in this manner. I do not
remember any cases of /-iwi/ verbs that incorporate with the /-ka:/ participial form. Nor, for example, does /kochi/ incorporate with a participial form. In general all X-V
forms should be analyzed and then a determination on compounding should be made. Certainly the most common are N-V and V-ka:-V; but S-V (where S= not noun/not
participal) should be investigated.
\semref kechnekwilkochi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02378
\lxam monexe:wi
\lxam_c monexe:wi
\lxoa mónexé:wi
\lxoa_pr monexe:wi
\lxoa_c mónexé:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. pref. te- : temónexé:wi (Oa)
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to get dusty; to get covered with dust (particularly from white, dusty earth)
\sense_s empolvorearse; cubrirse de polvo (particularmente de tierra blanca y polvorosa)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to fade (e.g., clothes)
\sense_s desteñirse (p. ej., ropa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:monexe:w motlake:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your clothes have faded.
\phrase_s Tu ropa se ha desteñido.
\root mohnex
\disamb monexe:wi; nexe:wi; tla:ltekwi:lo; kwitlanextla:lia;
\nse Cf. note for this root under ma:temonex.
\qry Check whether /monexiwi/ is correct and has an identical meaning. Check and compare to /nexe:wi/. Apparently these two words, /monexe:wi/ and /nexe:wi/ are synonyms. Also, it
appears that /temonexe:wi/ and /temonexiwi/ are also equivalent to /monexe:wi/, but check. It is interesting that there are 3 forms: /nexe:wi/, /monexe:wi/ and /temonexe:wi/ that seem
synonymous. Check carefully.
\root_notes Obviously /nex/ is a root as in /tlikonextli/, etc. The form /temonexe:wi/ is also found with the same apparent sense. However, to my knowledge /nexe:wi/ is not correct. Also
note that a code for words ending in /e:wi/ should be developed. Check for the transitive form of this verb and whether if follows /tli:liwi/, /tli:le:wi/ and /tli:lowa/, or
/chichi:liwi/, /chichi:le:wi/ and /chichilowa/. See also /nexe:wi/.
\semref nexe:wi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref monexiwi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref mónexíwi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02379
\lxam cholowa
\lxam_c cholowa
\lxoa cholowa
\lxoa_c cholowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\trans +Caus
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to flee; to run away
\sense_s fugarse; huir
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:choloh, o:nomamuwtih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He ran away, he got frightened.
\phrase_s Huyó, se espantó.
\sense_e (often with -wa:n) to elope (with)
\sense_s (a menudo con -wa:n) fugarse (con)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:wa:n cholo:s ino:bioh; itekiw kwala:niskia itah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She will elope with her boyfriend; her father would have gotten mad at any rate.
\phrase_s Se va a fugar con su novio; de todos modos se hubiera enojado su papá.
\sense_e (-pan ~) to run over; to trample
\sense_s (-pan ~) atropellar; pisotear
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmekwani! Ma:ka mopan cholo:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Get out of the way! Don't let it trample you (e.g., an animal)!
\phrase_s ¡Quítate!¡Quéno te vaya a atropellar (p. ej., un animal)!
\sense_e (-pan ~) to disobey; to counter and challenge (an authority such as parents)
\sense_s (-pan ~) desobedecer; desafiar; afrontar o arrollar (una autoridad como los padres)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nopan o:choloh nokone:w. Xok ne:xtla:kamati, kimati san yewa tla:katl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My son has challenged me. He doesn't obey me anymore, he think's that he's the only man (e.g., in this household).
\phrase_s Mi hijo ya me afrontó. Ya no me obedece, el cree que el es elúnico hombre (p. ej., en esta casa).
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to walk or move fast
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) caminar a prisa
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ma:ka timoka:was! Xcho:cholo!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't lag behind! Get a move on!
\phrase_s ¡No te quedes rezagado!¡Apúrate!
\phrase_n Ticho:cholo:s para ma:ka mistlakaltiki:san.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will walk fast (in this case between a team of mules while plowing a field) so that they don't knock you down as they go.
\phrase_s Vas a caminar a prisa (en este caso atrás de una yunta de mulas) para que de paso no te avienten.
\phrase_n Deke tito:kas ika ma:chos, melá:k ticho:cholo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If you plow with a team of mules, you'll be moving quickly (behind them).
\phrase_s Si siembras con una yunta de machos, vas a estar corriendo (atrás de ellos).
\semfld motion
\root cholo
\qry Get all motion verbs that reduplicate with a long vowel to show fast motion.
\grm Note that the reduplication with a long vowel for certain verbs of movement indicates to move quickly, cf. /xne:nenemi/ and /xtla:tlaksa/, In Oapan I believe is /xto:toka/,
check. I have not run into this use of long vowel reduplication elsewhere. Cf. my notes in Gram 1986-08-14.1. Cf. /cholwia/ and determine whether applicative in
/cholowilia/ exists.
\xref cholo:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02380
\lxam ikxinekwil
\lxam_c ikxinekwil
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N(proper)
\infn N1
\der N-ap
\sense_e see ikxinekwilin
\sense_s véase ikxinekwilin
\sense_d Am
\semfld heavens
\root kxi
\root nekwil
\ency_note ci:tlalin
\semref ixinekwilih
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02381
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was /xi:tekwetlaxio/ 'scrotom.' It has been removed from the dictionary.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Only male: isolate but do not link in final dictionary version.
\ref 02382
\lxam tlatska:kwi:tia
\lxam_c kitlatska:kwi:tia
\lxoa tlatska:kwi:tia
\lxoa_c kitlatska:kwi:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Part-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to infect (sb such as a work partner) with ones laziness
\sense_s contagiar (algn como un compañero de trabajo) con flojera
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mlá:k tine:chtlatska:kwi:tia, ke:n titlatski!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You really infect me with your laziness, you are really lazy.
\phrase_s De veras me contagias con tu flojera, eres muy flojo.
\sense_e to cause one to not want to work or carry out a task or chore (particularly tasks [S] that cause either physical or mental exhaustion)
\sense_s darle flojera a (particularmente tareas o acciones [S] que causan agotamiento físico o mental)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chtlatska:kwi:tia, ne:chkwa:xo:tlaltia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It makes me not want to do it, it exasperates me.
\phrase_s Me da flojera hacer, me exaspera.
\root tlats
\root kwi
\nse Tlatsiwiliaand tlatska:kwitia are in some ways similar, with the task being the grammatical object of the former and the grammatical subject of the
latter.
\grm Compound forms of verbs; participles: Note that in /tlatska:kwi:tia/ the first element is a shortened participial form of /tlatsiwi/. This shortening seems to occur only, or
mostly, with /-iwi/ intransitives.
\ref 02383
\lxam polo:ltia
\lxoa polo:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e see tlapolo:ltia
\sense_s véase tlapolo:ltia
\sense_d Pending
\root pol
\nae Polo:ltia is a causative of the transitive polowabut has not been documented yet in the Balsas region without the nonspecific object prefix
tla-. However, Classical Nahuatl (Molina) gives many acceptations of pololtia, all as trivalent verbs: pololtia. nicno 'desechar, o olvidor el enojo, o
pena que tenía' and pololtia. nicte 'hazer desechar a otro el enojo, o el vicio que tiene.'
\qry Perhaps this entry should be removed.
\xref tlapolo:ltia
\xref_t val_reduce2
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02384
\lxam xoko:hka:poyé:k
\lxam_c xoko:hka:poyé:k
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound Part-Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\sense_e to taste bitter and salty
\sense_s ser amargo y salado
\sense_d Am
\root xoko
\root poye
\nse In the one documented case of xoko:hka:poyé:k , it was used to refer to the taste of Alka-Seltzer.
\ref 02385
\lxam yo:ltepi:stik
\lxam_c yo:ltepi:stik
\lxoa yo:ltepi:stik
\lxoa_c yo:ltepi:stik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be tough of character; to be hard-hearted; to be tenancious; to be able to endure adversity (e.g., a person who does not cry or break down when scolded or beaten, or
who shows little tendency to back down when their compasion is appealed to)
\sense_s tener un caracter duro; estar firme en el parecer; ser tenaz; no perder el control; tener un caracter que no se rinde y no se da por vencido (p. ej., algn que no llora y no
pierde el tenertrol al ser regañado o golpeado, o que no cambia de parecer frente a súplicas que buscan compasión)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld character
\root yo:l
\root tepi:ts
\root_notes Mention the possibility of this root containing /te/ of /tetl.
\ref 02386
\lxam ma:imati
\lxam_alt ma:yemati
\lxam_c noma:imati
\lxoa má:yemáti
\lxoa_pr ma:yemati
\lxoa_c nomá:yemáti
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv Irregular; see mati
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl.) to have hands that are accustomed (e.g., to a given sequence of motions or tasks, to a certain tactile situation, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) acostumbrarsele las manos a (algn, p. ej., a una dada secuencia de movimientos o tareas, a una cierta sentir de las cosas, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nimoma:imat, o:nikelka:w o:kekwanikeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My hands have gotten accustomed (in this case to the presence of an object in a given place), I forgot that they moved it.
\phrase_s Mis manos se acostumbraron (en este caso a la presencia de un objeto en un lugar dado), se me olvidóque lo movieron.
\root ma:
\root hmati
\nae It is not clear which of the two pronunciations (with /ye/ or /i/) is more common; my impression at this point is that the former is more common. In the example sentence above the
original transcription has ma:imati and this has been retained here for now. It also seems for the Oapan form that the
\qry Check meaning again. Perhaps 'to be agile with ones hands'
\qry_h Check form for presence of /h/: mahihmati, ma:ihmati??? etc.
\vl Check vl as carefully as possible. The sound on both of FMs pronunciation is very tinny and this word should be re-recorded.
\mod Note the problem of cross-referencing roots of words that have a form with and without an initial /h/. Thus there is /pia/ and /hpia/, /mati/ and /hmati/, and /chinowa/ and /hchinowa/.
Probably the best would be to have separate entries for each, with cross-referencing. Thus /ma:imati/ will have /hmati/ as a root, with a note in the root section to see /mati/.
Likewise /mati/ will have a reference to /hmati/
\grm Cf. notes under Gram 1985-07-22.1. Note the problem of cross-referencing roots of words that have a form with and without an initial /h/. Thus there is /pia/ and /hpia/,
/mati/ and /hmati/, and /chinowa/ and /hchinowa/. Probably the best would be to have separate entries for each, with cross-referencing. Thus /ma:imati/ will have /hmati/ as a
root, with a note in the root section to see /mati/. Likewise /mati/ will have a reference to /hmati/
\ref 02387
\lxam tekimiktia
\lxam_c kitekimiktia
\lxoa tekimihtia
\lxoa_c kitekimihtia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to exhaust from overwork; to overwork
\sense_s agotar con trabajo a; hacer trabajar demasiado causando agotamiento a; sobrecargar de trabajo a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitekimiktia isuwa:w, kikokoxka:tilia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He overworks his wife, he makes her sickly.
\phrase_s Hace trabajar demasiado a su esposa, la hace enfermar.
\root teki
\root miki
\qry Check for intransitive form of this verb. Perhaps get a less offensive illustrative phrase.
\ref 02388
\lxam tlama:kwe:cho:hli
\lxam_c tlama:kwe:cho:hli
\lxoa tlama:kwe:cho:hli
\lxoa_c tlama:kwe:cho:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e sth ground up in ones hands (such as dried hot red peppers)
\sense_s algo molido o triturado en las manos (como chile rojo)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root kwe:ch
\qry Check to determine that the ending is /-chihli/ and not /cho:hli/. Recheck length.
\ref 02389
\lxam xa:yakamomotsowa
\lxam_c kixa:yakamomotsowa
\lxoa xa:ya:te:motsowa
\lxoa_c kixa:ya:te:motsowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. infix te- (Oa); Op. infix te- (Am): xayakatemomotsowa
\lexical rdp-s
\lexical_d Am, Oa
\lexical te-
\lexical_d Oa
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to grab and scratch the cheek or face of (e.g., in a fight)
\sense_s jalar o rasgar la mejilla de (p. ej., en una pelea) o a la cara de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xikxa:yakamomotso!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Grab him by the cheek!
\phrase_s ¡Agárrale por la mejilla!
\root xa:yaka
\root mots
\nse According to Florencia Marcelino the form xakayamomotsowa is not correct because momotsowa refers to the action of pulling out completely (e.g., in
weeding). However, in this case with te:motsowa one only grabs at.
\nae This entry, along with several others containing the verbal stem momotsowa manifest several interesting aspects of Oapan phonology. In the present case,
intervocalic /k/ is lost, leaving what appears to be a long vowel, at least acousticallly. It has so been transcribed. Consultants in Ameyaltepec indicated that the intensifier
te- is possible in this construction as a infix to the left of the verbal stem. However, in Oapan it seems to have been lexicalized as functions here as a"dummy"morpheme,
manifesting the reduplicant as a lengthened vowel in the syllable te:-.
\qry Particularly important here will be to determine whether there is an underlying {h} in /momotsowa/.
\qry_h Check for /h/; it should be absent.
\vl Second female pronunciation is better than first.
\ref 02390
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was originally /tlatekokopi:nilia/ with the sense of 'to give a hand job to.' I have eliminated it and need to check its correctness.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\qry Perhaps thsi word should be eliminated. Check with Christino. I do not have the meaning; if this is eliminated, also eliminate the xref to it in entry #5425.
\ref 02391
\lxam tlatla:sa
\lxam_c tlatla:sa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to abort (an animal)
\sense_s abortar (un animal)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:tlatla:s moburrah, o:kone:wets.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your donkey aborted, it lost its offspring.
\phrase_s Tu burra abortó, perdiósu cría.
\sense_e to lay eggs (birds and fowl)
\sense_s poner huevos (pájaros y aves)
\sense_d Am
\ency_note birth (i.e., mi:xiwi, tlatla:sa, kone:wetsi, tlakali -kone:w, etc.)
\root tla:sa
\disamb birth (i.e., mi:xiwi, tlatla:sa, kone:wetsi, tlakali -kone:w, etc.)
\qry Determine whether /tlatla:sa/ can be used for snakes, turtles, and other animals that lay eggs.
\xref tla:sa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 02392
\lxam pawia
\lxam_c kipawia
\lxoa páwiá
\lxoa_pr pawia
\lxoa_f ['pa wi 'a]
\lxoa_c kipáwiá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to sprinkle poison on (e.g., an anthill to kill the ants); to sprinkle pesticide on (plants)
\sense_s echar o rociar veneno a (p. ej., un hormiguero para matar a las hormigas); echar o rociar pesticida a (plantas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipawi:s un tsi:kameh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's going to sprinkle poison on those ants.
\phrase_s Va a rociarle veneno a esas hormigas.
\sense_e to poison; to give poison to (e.g., animals such as dogs)
\sense_s envenenar (p. ej., a animales como perros)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to fertilize; to place fertilizer on or around (plants; particularly with tsina:kankwitlatl or tsontekwitlatl)
\sense_s fertilizar; echar fertilizante a (plantas; particularmente con tsina:kankwitlatl o tsontekwitlatl)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipawi:s ichi:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will place fertilizer on his chile.
\phrase_s Le va a echar fertilizante a su chile.
\root pah
\ency_note agriculture (perhaps have a special section on fertilizers, etc.)
\nse In Ameyaltepec pawia is used most commonly to refer to the action of sprinkling some sort of poison on an anthill of tsi:kameh in order to kill them, or
on other animals to kill them or make them go away. One may also use pawia to refer to the action of poisoning a dog, with patli. Note that
pawia refers to the action of killing something with"yerba"and not to the action of curing with medicine. However, it is also used to indicate the action of fertilizing a
plant, apparently by sprinkling fertilizer at its roots (much as one does with pesticide). Finally, note that Florencia Marcelino gave Oapan pátlías the semantic
equivalent of Ameyaltepec tsina:kankwitlatl.
\qry On one file card I mention that when ants are poisoned, they are poisoned with /patli/, which consists of panela and tlayoltixtli. Check this.
\grm Oapan orthography: A distinction should be made between the orthography used in the lexicon and the practical orthography. One convention might be for p-a lexical items
that are two-place predicates (or transitive verbs). When these are consonant initial then it seems that a preceding apostrophe might be appropriate as the p-a will always
fall on the preceding morpheme (usually an object marker).
\ref 02393
\lxam kabaye:teh
\lxam_c kabaye:teh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan caballete
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e tie beam: in a zacate or palm-roofed house, the small"beam,"usually made of rods from the inside of the cactus called tlapextli , that are bundled together in
a roll and placed so that they run along at the very top of the house, above the part called kaltsonko
\sense_s caballete, en una casa de palma o zacate la"viga", a menudo hecho de una racima de varas de lo interior de un tipo de cactus llamado tlapextli , que corre
por donde los dos lados del techo se juntan, arriba de la parte conocida como kaltsonko
\sense_d Am
\semfld contruct-part
\ency_note kahli
\nse Occasionally the kabaye:teh is made of a bundle of tlapextli wa:n sakatl 'cactus rods and straw.'
\qry Note that FM and IJ gave /tsopilote:rah/ as equivalent to Am /kabaye:teh/. However, in the entry for Am /tsopilote:rah/ there is also Oa /tsopilote:rah/. Thus it may well be that the
two terms are equivalent and that the Oapan equivalent of /kabaye:teh/ is distinct. Check. Check for possessed form.
\mod Cf. illustration under /kahli/ and Fld 1984-04-29.1
\semref tsopilote:rah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02394
\lxam chachakwa:toh
\lxam_alt chachakwa:tah
\lxam_c chachakwa:toh
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-hisp
\allomorph Gender
\infn Spanish plural
\sense_e to have a rough or pockmarked face (a person)
\sense_s ser cacariso(a)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Chachakwa:toh, o:kikwa:kwah tso:tso:tl
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has a pockmarked face, pimples (i.e., a bad case of acne) roughened up his skin.
\phrase_s Es cacariso, las espinillas que se le salieron (por la cara) le dejaran la piel muyáspera.
\root chakwa:
\nse Apparently chachakwa:toh is derived from Nahuatl chachakwaka. There is Spanish influence in the vowel lengthening and -toh
ending, as well as in the plural formation and gender specificity. The meaning is probably related to chachakwa, which RS glosses as 'ser salpicado, mancharse, hablando
de un objeto.' Molina does not list this intransitive but has chachaquatza. nitla 'chapatear en el lodo.'
\qry Check to make sure this can only refer to humans. Also elicit the word /chachakwa/ and cf. to RS definition:"ser salpicado, mancharse, hablando de un objeto."Determine whether
any other iterative forms are nominalized.
\root_notes Perhaps /kwa/ of /chakwa/ is related to the root /kwa/ 'eat:' Cf: entry under /chakayolowa/.
\semref ta:takaltik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02395
\lxam tomioh
\lxam_c tomioh
\lxoa tómióh
\lxoa_c tómióh
\lxoa_pr tomioh
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\pitch yes
\sense_e (usually reduplicated with short vowel) to be hairy; to be fuzzy (an animate)
\sense_s (por lo común reduplicado tener vocal corta) ser pelludo (un ser animado)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (usually reduplicated with short vowel) to be fuzzy (objects such as felt)
\sense_s (por lo común reduplicado tener vocal corta) ser pelludo (objetos como el terciopelo)
\sense_d Pending
\root tohmi
\qry Check that felt can be described as /totomioh/.
\ref 02396
\lxam ki:xtia
\lxam_c kiki:xtia
\lxoa ki:xtia
\lxoa_c kiki:xtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to take out or remove (from inside a container, as a rabbit from a hat, or a person from a house)
\sense_s sacar (de un recipiente, como un conejo de un sombrero, o de un lugar encerrado, como una persona de una casa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kwa:lki:xtih itomi:n, yewa kitlaxtla:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He took out his money, he will be the one to pay.
\phrase_s Sacósu dinero, va a serél quien paga.
\sense_e to obtain a good result from; to successfully complete (a task)
\sense_s obtener un buen resultado de; cumplir conéxito (una tarea)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xo:kiki:xtih kwahli, a:man oksepa kichi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He didn't get a good result (of sth he was attempting to do or make, i.e., it didn't turn out well for him), now he's going to have to do it again.
\phrase_s No le salióbien la primera vez (algo que estaba intentando hacer), ahora le toca volverlo a hacer.
\sense_e (refl.) to engender a child with ones looks (said of the mother or father; lit. 'to copy oneself')
\sense_s (refl.) engendrar un hijo con la apariencia de uno (dicho de la madre o del padre, lit. 'copiar a si mismo')
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:noki:xtih, pa:mpa san no: yewa itlachialis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e (It is said that) he (or she) o:noki:xtih because he (the child) has the same appearance (as the parent).
\phrase_s (Se dice que)él (o ella) o:noki:xtih porque (el niño) tiene la misma apariencia (que el padre o madre).
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication, and often with tla-) to repeatedly take out and show (particularly merchandise sold itinerantly)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta, y a menudo con tla-) sacar y mostrar repetidas veces (particularmente mercancía vendida por ambulantes)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nitlakiki:xtia, xnitlamoya:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I go around selling itinerantly (i.e., taking merchandise out and repeatedly showing it to people), I do not spread my wares out (on the ground or a table).
\phrase_s Ando vendiendo (esto es, como itinerante, repetidamente sacando la mercancía para mostrarla), no pongo (la mercancía) plano (sobre una mesa o el suelo).
\sense_e (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to glean (particularly mazorcas that have fallen in a field after harvest; also pieces of wood, for firewood, that have
been left in a field cleared for planting)
\sense_s (refl.) espigar; recoger lo dejado en el campo (particularmente mazorcas que se ha quedado atrás en la milpa después de la cosecha, o leña que se recoge tirada en un
campo apenas limpiado para sembrar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nimokiki:xti:s, nitlayo:wia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will glean the field, I am poor.
\phrase_s Voy a espigar, soy pobre.
\semfld motion
\semfld agriculture
\root ki:sa
\ency_note agriculture; merchandizing
\xref ki:sa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref ki:xtilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02397
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa we:weh
\lxoa_c we:weh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-b
\sense_e to be large (in size)
\sense_s ser grande (de tamaño)
\sense_d Oa
\root we:weh
\nse The extent of the use of we:weh to indicate largeness needs to be fully explored. It is often used in noun-adjectival compounds to indicate the largeness of the noun,
e.g., michwe:weh'large fish.' However, it does seem that occasionally Oapanecos will use we:weh in the sense ascribed to it in Ameyaltepec, although
in general the former tend to use ma:nohin such circumstances. The true range of use of we:weh in Oapan still needs to be investigated.
\semref bie:joh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 02398
\lxam i:sah
\lxam_c ma:ka i:sah
\lxoa i:sah
\lxoa_c ma: i:sah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e (ma:ka ~) not right away (i.e., Don't do it right away!)
\sense_s (ma:ka ~) no luego luego (esto es, no lo hagas luego luego)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka i:sah! Tutoh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't do it (in this case touch it) right away! It's hot (speaking to child)!
\phrase_s ¡No lo hagas (en este caso tocarlo) luego luego!¡Estácaliente (hablando a un niño)!
\phrase_n Ma:ka i:sah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just a moment (not right away)!
\phrase_s ¡Un momento (no luego luego)!
\root i:san
\qry Check the etymology of this word. Also note problem of usage, I only have negative occurrences as in the above examples, but this should be rechecked, i.e., is a non-negative
acceptable. Obtain other examples. Finally, although I have recorded this with final /n/ I am not so certain whether this is a correct transcription. In another case I have recorded
/isah/: /ma:ka isah/ contrasts with /ma:ka isa/ 'Don't let him wake up' (i.e. a person who is in the process of waking up) although the form /ma:ka isas/ meaning 'Don't let him wake up'
(if the person is not yet stirring) is more common an dused, perhaps to avoid confusion with /ma:ka isah/.
\vl Florencia Marcelino first gives /ma:í:sá/ characterized by high pitch on the final vowel, and a phrase-final glottal stop. The meaning of this phrase is not entirely clear. It
might be a (reduced) reduplicated form of /ísá/ with the negative optative preceding it. The final 3 utterances are all of this entry: /ma: i:sah/, however the first of the 3 is
more of an interrogatory and should not be linked. One of the last two, perhaps the penultimate is the most indicated. The /i:/ seems long, although this too needs to be
thoroughly checked. When reviewing this dictionary the CD/sound should be reviewed.
\ref 02399
\lxam wicha:chin
\lxam_c wicha:chin
\lxoa wicha:chih
\lxoa_c wicha:chih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e tree in Spanish called huizache, member of the Malvaceae family
\sense_s huizache, tipo deárbol de la familia Malvaceae
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root wicha:
\nae The etymology of wicha:chin is uncertain, though it may contain the root for 'thorn' (wits).
\notes_nature Schoenhals states, under huizache:"1. (Acacia farnesianna) 'acacia,' 'sweet acacia,' 'sponge tree.' A common tree in warm, arid areas. The acacia whose fragrant,
yellow, puff-ball blooms give the only note of color to the dry central plateau in January and February. Also called binorama, espinillo, subín, mimosa, vinorama. 2.
(Caesalpinia coriaria, C. cacalaco) 'bird-of-paradise.' See cascalote."Ramírez (1991) identifies this as Acacia farnesianaand, in Spanish, as
huisache. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:100) have the same identification of the huizache, of the family Leguminosae; mimosoideaeand the
genus/species Acacia farnesiana.
\ref 02400
\lxam je:nteh
\lxam_c je:nteh
\lxoa je:nteh
\lxoa_c je:nteh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan gente
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e generous or good person (one that is willing to share what they have with others)
\sense_s persona generosa o buena (uno que estádispuesto a ayudar a otros, a prestarles lo que tiene)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa je:nteh, mitspale:wi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's a good person, he'll help you.
\phrase_s Es una buena persona,él te va a ayudar.
\sense_e people
\sense_s gente; personas
\sense_d Pending
\vl For Florencia Marcelino use 2nd token.
\nae Plural in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan is je:ntes, never ? je:ntewa:n.
\ref 02401
\lxam tsi:ntebo:lah
\lxam_c tsi:ntebo:lah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) bola
\psm Adj
\der Adj-loan
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\sense_e to have a fat ass
\sense_s tener las nalgas grandes o gruesas
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Titsi:ntebo:lah, xtonakis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You have a fat ass, you're not going to fit in (to a space).
\phrase_s Tienes las nalgas grandes, no vas a caber.
\root tsi:n
\nse Tsi:ntebo:lah is apparently the opposite of both tsi:npitentsi:n and tsi:nkanawa:k. It has only been documented in reference to women.
\semref tsi:ntewe:i
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02402
\lxam pai
\lxam_c pai
\lxoa páí
\lxoa_pr pai
\lxoa_c páí
\dt 03/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a(oni)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to drink a herbal remedy
\sense_s beber un brebaje medicinal
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:mah, no: [o:]nikwalo:ka wa:n no: [o:]nipai:ka.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 02402_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 48:58
\phrase_e I also have gotten ill and I've also taken a herbal remedy.
\phrase_s También me he enfermado y también he bebido un brebajo medicinal.
\phrase_n Pai:tok, ma:ka tikno:tsas!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is taking herbal medicines, don't talk to him!
\phrase_s ¡Estátomando un brebaje medicinal, no le vayas a hablar!
\root pah
\root i:
\nse Pai is used in reference to taking certain types of local herbal medicines,"de monte,"such as chikimolin or sese:ktsi:n , which affect ones
senses and are used to combat the effects of witchcraft.
\qry Determine precisely those medicines that are considered to be taken and referred to by the verb /pai:/. This is definitely a short /a/ and derived from /pahtli/, as evidenced in the
pronunciation in S. Juan Tetelcingo: /-pahi:/ and /pahi:tia/.
\vl Use first token from Florencia (FM).
\xref pai:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref 'paí:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02403
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for Am toponym /Ia:pan Po:yoh/, now in a separate database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 02404
\lxam tlaxi:kopi:nahli
\lxam_c tlaxi:kopi:nahli
\lxoa tlaxi:kopi:nahli
\lxoa_c tlaxi:kopi:nahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e shedded skin (e.g., of a snake)
\sense_s piel mudada (p. ej., de una serpiente)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e flaky sections of skin (e.g., like those on a newborn baby)
\sense_s secciones de piel hojaldrada (p. ej., como la de un niño recién nacido)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mokone:w yo:pe:w xixi:kopi:ni, yo:pe:w xixio:ti. Kipia itlaxi:kopi:nahlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your (in this case newborn) child has started to have parts of his protective skin covering (with which he was born) come loose, it has started to flake off. He has a thin
covering of skin (with which he was born).
\phrase_s A tu niño (en este caso recién nacido) ya se le empezóa desprender parte de la piel (con que nació), ya empezóa pelarse. El tiene como una capa de su piel.
\root xi:
\root kopi:
\nae Almost identical in meaning to the headword tlaxi:kopi:nahli is an abstract form tlaxi:kopi:nahlo:tl, which has an inalienable-type possessed
construction: i:tlaxi:kopi:nahlo. Note that this is also analyzable as the present headword plus the intrinsic possessed suffix -yo.
\qry Original sentence re: /kipia i:tlaxi:kopi:nahlo/ did not have /-yo/ ending (ie. was /i:tlaxi:kopi:nal/. However. C. Flores said this was incorrect.
\semref tlaxi:kopi:nahlo:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02405
\lxam tla:lnekwtli
\lxam_c tla:lnekwtli
\lxoa tla:lnehtli
\lxoa_c tla:lnehtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e honey made by the insects called tla:lnehtihor tla:lnekwteh
\sense_s miel hecha por los insectos llamados tla:lnehtiho tla:lnekwteh
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food-wild
\root tla:l
\root nekw
\semref tla:lnekwteh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02406
\lxam si:marrón
\lxam_alt si:marrón kuwtli
\lxam_c si:marrón
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan cimarrón
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e tree of the Bursera family, with red flowers that bloom in the dry season; also called si:marrón xo:chitl
\sense_s tipo deárbol con flores rojas; también llamado si:marrón xo:chitl
\sense_d Am
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) has an entry for tetekolo:tsi:n simarron although this is said to have white flowers. She states that it is of the family Rubiaceaeand in
Spanish is called granjel. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) have as granjel a tree of the Rubiaceaefamily named Randia echinocarpa.
While these might be the tetekolo:tsi:n simarron , this may well not be equivalent to this entry, si:marrón. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify
this as the simarrón.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\semfld flower
\qry Check to determine whether this is the same as /si:marrón xo:chitl/ or whether the second refers only to the flower. Check vowel length of final /o/ since in many filecards I have
recorded a long vowel. Also make sure that it is accented and that the proper form is not /si:márron/.
\semref kohxio:tlámó:hli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02407
\lxam tlano:kia
\lxam_c tlano:kia
\lxoa tlano:kia
\lxoa_c tlano:kia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V1-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to have diarrhea
\sense_s tener diarrea
\sense_d Pending
\semfld disease
\root no:ki
\disamb tlano:kia; a:pi:tsa
\nse Tlano:kia derives from the verb no:kia with the nonspecific prefix tla- (here an indefinite null complement) and that has been lexicalized to
mean 'diarrhea.' No:kia is found in other compounds, such as tsono:kia , but has not to date been documented as an independent verb. However,
Classical does have the verb listed, as in Molina's two entries noquia. nic 'tener enfermedad de camaras' and noquia. nitla 'verter o derramar alguna cosa
líquida.' Note that to signify 'to have diarrhea' Classical seems to use the specific object k- where Ameyaltepec and Oapan have the nonspecific object.
\qry Check to see if the verb /no:kia/ is found in the simple form. If it is, add it to an /xbtl field for this entry.
\grm Indefinite null complement; /tla-/: Note the verb /tlano:kia/ in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl meaning 'to have diarrhea.' Molina has noquia. nic 'tener enfermedad de
camaras.' Although a contextual use of the latter is not given, the implication of the entry is that /nicnoquia/ means 'I have diarrhea.' If this is the case, then Classical has the
3rd-person specific object marker as an indefinite null complement here, whereas Ameyaltepec Nahuatl has the nonspecific /tla-/. In general /ki-/ is not used for this purpose
in Ameytepec, though cases do arise (e.g., /kipia/ 'he has money'; and /kite:tlane:wtia/ 'she lends it (i.e., sex) to people').
\ref 02408
\lxam Wepan
\lxam_alt Wa:pan
\lxam_c Wepan
\lxoa Wa:pan
\lxoa_alt Wa:pah
\lxoa_c Wa:pan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-pan
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e Oapan
\sense_s Oapan
\sense_d Pending
\semfld toponym
\root owa
\root a:
\root_rel -pan
\vl Use final token of FM.
\ref 02409
\lxam ko:tsmatiltik
\lxam_c *ko:tsmatiltik
\lxoa ko:tsmatiltik
\lxoa_alt kó:tsmatíltik
\lxoa_c ko:tsmatiltik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to have a bad leg that drags behind the other in walking (more commonly used in reference to animals than humans)
\sense_s tener una mala pierna, que se arrastra atrás de la otra (utilizado más comunmente en referencia a animales que a humanos)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be constantly tripping over ones own leg
\sense_s estar siempre enredándose y tropezándose con su propia pierna
\sense_d Pending
\root ko:ts
\root matil
\qry Check vowel length of /a/. Recheck the correctness of the second gloss, of someone who constantly trips over his leg. Check for possible verbal forms.
\vl Use first token from FM
\ref 02410
\lxam poxa:wi
\lxam_c poxa:wi
\lxoa poxa:wi
\lxoa_c poxa:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\trans Compl
\sense_e to become loose (a rope or cord tightly twined and twisted whose strands have started to come apart)
\sense_s aflojarse (una soga o cuerda cuyos hilos estaban apretados pero que se han empezado a aflojar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tetsi:ltik katka, pero a:man yo:poxa:w, ye isoliwtiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It was tightly wound (the strands of a rope), but now it's become loose, it's getting old and worn out.
\phrase_s Estaba apretada (una soga), pero ahora ya se aflojó, ya se desgastando.
\root poxa:
\disamb xiti:ni; poxa:wi
\qry Check other potention subjects of /poxa:wi/, such as braids? Orig. I had 'to crumble (e.g., a rock or stone of brittle consistency, such as tla:la:mo:hli , a hardened,
green clay)' but C. Flores denied that this was correct.
\mod Note that many words of the -wi/wa alternation preceded by a long /a:/ have the following forms: toma:wi, toma:wa, (te)tomaktik, toma:wak. Check all such words and make sure
all entries are in the dictionary where applicable. If a form is missing, note this.
\grm Note that many words of the -wi/wa alternation preceded by a long /a:/ have the following forms: toma:wi, toma:wa, (te)tomaktik, toma:wak. Check all such words and make
sure all entries are in the dictionary where applicable. If a form is missing, note this.
\ref 02411
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa se:
\lxoa_c se:
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\der Interj
\sense_e interjection used by women from Oapan to express surprise at what another has said, somewhat like English 'humph'
\sense_s interjección utilizada por mujeres de Oapan para expresar sorpresa por lo que otra persona ha dicho, algo como el español 'caray'
\sense_d Oa
\semfld Gender: female
\nae Contrary to what I had previously thought, this interjection is characterized by a long /e:/ (the total is over 150 ms in some utterances).
\vl This is a female word and therefore all 4 4 tokens are by FM; use the 4th, and last, as a token for this entry.Later, compare the acoustics of this interjection to the numeral
/se:/.
\ref 02412
\lxam peroh
\lxam_c peroh
\lxoa pero
\lxoa_alt 'ero
\lxoa_c pero
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Coord
\der Coord
\sense_e but
\sense_s pero
\sense_d Pending
\vl Note that the last token of FM appears to be the best; avoid all that sound like questions. Vowel length is uncertain here.
\ref 02413
\lxam na:miki
\lxam_c kina:miki
\lxoa na:miki
\lxoa_alt na:mi'i
\lxoa_c kina:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to meet
\sense_s encontrar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Me:roh yewa te:na:miki ika mú:sikah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's the very one who greets the musicians (e.g., receiving them with, for example, drink or mescal as they enter a village for a fiesta).
\phrase_s Esél mero quien espera a los músicos (p. ej., recibiéndolos con mescal o bebida, por ejemplo, cuando llegan al pueblo durante una fiesta).
\sense_e to be right for; to be appropriate for; to be just compensation for
\sense_s ser justo para; ser apropiado para; ser correcto para (dada las circumstancias); ser lo merecido para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwahli ne:chna:na:miki para nihkwa:s i:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It suits me well to eat this.
\phrase_s Me queda bien comer este.
\phrase_n Xkina:miki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's not right (i.e., it's not the appropriate response or action in the circumstances, perhaps it was an overreaction).
\phrase_s No le es apropiado (p. ej., no es la reacción apropiada en las circumstancias).
\phrase_n Ihkón kina:miki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That's what he deserves.
\phrase_s Esto es lo que merece.
\phrase_n Xkina:miki tli:n tikchi:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e What you are doing is not appropriate.
\phrase_s No le viene lo que estás haciendo.
\phrase_n Seki niman kite:maka tli:n kipia, ya despwé:s xok kitlakwaltian, wa:niba:les niman kihlian,"ihkón mitsna:miki. Tle:ka niman o:tmak tli:n tikpia?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Some (in this case men) give away (to their children in inheritance) what they have right away. Later they (the children) don't feed him (the father) and his friends then say
to him,"That's what you deserve. Why did you give him what you had right away? (i.e., you should have waited until you were on your deathbed).
\phrase_s Algunos (en este caso hombres) luego luego dan (a sus hijos en herencia) lo que tienen. Después ya no le dan de comer. Y sus amigos luego le dicen,"Asílo mereces.¿Por
quéle, diste lo que tenías luego?"(esto es, hubieras esperado hasta que estuvieras a punto de morir).
\sense_e to be the right size for
\sense_s ser la talla correcta para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chna:miki nowera:ch, kwahli ne:chasi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My sandal fits me, it's just the right size.
\phrase_s Me queda mi huarach, me queda bien.
\phrase_n Xkita deke kina:mikiite:ntsahka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e See if its top is the right size for it.
\phrase_s Ve si le queda su tapón.
\sense_e (recipr.) to meet; to meet up (persons)
\sense_s (recipr.) encontrarse; reunir (personas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne: timona:mikin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We'll meet up there.
\phrase_s Allínos encontramos.
\sense_e (recipr.) to border (e.g., one piece of property on the other)
\sense_s (recipr.) compartir un lindero; encontrarse (dos terrenos, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne: nona:mikin un toba:les ikainkorrá:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is where our friends' fences meet.
\phrase_s Allíes donde se encuentran las cercas de nuestros amigos.
\phrase_n Ka:sta nona:mikin?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where exactly (how far away) do they meet (in this case the border between two pieces of land)?
\phrase_s ¿Precisamente hasta dónde se juntan (en este caso una límite entre dos terrenos)?
\sense_e (-wa:n plus refl.) to border on; to meet up with
\sense_s (-wa:n con refl.) lindar con; encontrarse con
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tetetlan iwa:n nona:miki A:poye:ka:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tetetlan borders on Apoyecan.
\phrase_s Tetetlan linda con Apoyecan.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to help out (in a task that requires that one is constantly helping another complete minitasks)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) ayudar (en una tarea que require que uno siempre estáayudando a otra persona acabar con repetidas tareas pequeñas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kinana:miki ii:joh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His son helps him out (in this case in a task in which the son meets up with his father repeatedly, such as stripping corn leaves from the stalk, starting from the opposite end
of each furrow and heading toward his father).
\phrase_s Su hijo le ayuda (en este caso a cumplir una tarea, yendo a encontrar a su padre una vez tras otra, por ejemplo en el zacateo, empezando al lado contrario del surco).
\root na:miki
\nae There are several verbs in Oapan that reduce the final two syllables to one in certain non-present tenses. Often this occurs in sequences of /-aka/ as in tlanamá:s for
tlanamakas, or tlapá:s for tlapa:kas. However, there are other cases in which the reduction is not the result of a final /aka/ sequence and in
which the verb form is also found in the present. This is the case with kiní: for kineki and kina:mí: for kina:miki.
\qry /Me:roh yewa te:na:miki i:ka músikah./ 'He's the very one who greets the musicians (e.g., receiving them with, for example, drink or mescal as they enter a village for a fiesta).'
Recheck the translation. Here /i:ka músikah/ refers to the object, the people received. In this sense it is much like an antipassive with /tla-/. However, another reading would have it
being"he greets (people) with music"and here"music"would be the music and musicians who go out as part of the greeting party. The translation needs to be checked.
\qry Check the example with short vowel reduplication (should it be long?). Also check whether a separate meaning sense is appropriate for long vowel reduplication. Check meaning of
/ne:chna:na:miki para nihkwa i:n/ and if this would be correct without the reduplication with long vowel (or what the difference would be without any reduplication).
\grm Oapan abbreviation/acopation: There are several verbs in Oapan that reduce the final two syllables to one in certain non-present tenses. Often this occurs in sequences of
/-aka/ as in tlanamá:s for tlanamakas, or tlapá:s for tlapa:kas. However, there are other cases in which the
reduction is not the result of a final /aka/ sequence and in which the verb form is also found in the present. This is the case with kiní: for kineki
and kina:mí: for kina:miki.
\root_notes Cf. entry under /na:maka/ in regards to root analysis and etymology.
\semref nana:mik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref na:miktia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref na:mihtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02414
\lxam tenexkokoyá:k
\lxam_c tenexkokoyá:k
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound (N-N)-S-Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans
\sense_e to have too much lime
\sense_s estar pasado de cal
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tenexkokoyá:k nonextamal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My nextamahli has too much lime in it.
\phrase_s Mi nixtamal tiene demasiado cal (estápasado de cal).
\root te
\root nex
\root koko
\root hya:
\root_notes The root /koko/ might be related to the root /koko:/ in words such as /koko:ya/ and /kokó:k/.
\semref tenextésokwíya:k
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02415
\lxam nepane:wi
\lxam_c nepane:wi
\lxoa nepane:wi
\lxoa_c nepane:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to be on top of; to lay across or cross over the top (p. ej., one piece of fabric that crosses over and on top of another)
\sense_s estar sobrepuesto; cruzar (e.g., un pedazo de tela que cruza y se coloca sobre otro)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa nepane:wis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That one will lay across (in this case in reference to the part of a calzón , or its counterpart in a wrap-around skirt, that crosses over in front of the body)
\phrase_s Ese va a estar sobrepuesto (en este caso la parte de un calzón, o de una falda que se cierne sobre la cintura, que cruza enfrente y se coloca sobrepuesto a la otra parte)
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to be piled or placed one on top of another
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) estar apilado, amontonado, o colocado uno sobre el otro
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlanne:nepantik un yewa de itlan, pa:mpa u:nkah seki ne:nepane:wi itlan.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 02415_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 20:45
\phrase_e Tlanne:nepantik that's about his teeth, because there are some whose teeth grow on top of each other.
\phrase_s Tlanne:nepantik es acerca de sus dientes, porque hay algunos cuyos dientes salen uno arriba del otro.
\root nepan
\nse See notes under nepaniwi.
\vl One token of FM is mistaken: it is /nepaniwi/ and not /nepane:wi/, which is the entry here.
\semref nepaniwi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref nepaniwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02416
\lxam kamapolowa
\lxam_c nokamapolowa
\lxoa kamapolowa
\lxoa_c nokamapolowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) to stumble over ones words, mispronouncing them
\sense_s (refl.) enredarsele la lengua a uno
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nokamapolowa, xkipanki:xtia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He stumbles over his words, he doesn't pronounce them right.
\phrase_s Se le enreda la lengua, no pronuncia las palabras bien.
\root kama
\root pol
\ency_note tlatowa: document types of speech
\mod Perhaps discuss here different ways of speaking: /popoloka/, /nokamapolowa/, /nenepochiwi/, /pi:tskatlatowa/, etc.
\qry Check to see if only reflexive form is used; also check to see if intransitive is used.
\ref 02417
\lxam ke:itlah
\lxam_alt ke:tlah
\lxam_c ke:itlah
\lxoa ké:tlá
\lxoa_c ké:tlá
\lxoa_pr ke:tla
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm Subord
\pitch yes
\sense_e as if; just like; like for example
\sense_s como si; como por ejemplo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Wetsi ipan tla:hli. Kochi, ke:itlah pipi:liwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (in this case a plant) falls over to the ground. It lays flat out on the ground, it's like it folds and shrivels up.
\phrase_s Se cae (en este caso una planta) al suelo. Queda tirado sobre el suelo, es como que se encoge y se marchita.
\phrase_n San ke:itlah newa nikoni:skia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's as if I would have drank it.
\phrase_s Es como si yo lo hubiera bebido.
\phrase_n Ke:itlah xtiwa:lnemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's as if you weren't born.
\phrase_s Es como si no nacieras.
\phrase_n Ke:itlah...
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Like for instance...
\phrase_s Como, por ejemplo...
\sense_e like; you know (i.e., a word used as a crutch)
\sense_s como (esto es, una palabra utilizada como muleta)
\sense_d Pending
\nae The etymology of this form, and the reason for the pitch-accent in the Oapan cognate ké:tlá is not clear. It is possible that the derivation is from ke:n +
itlah, although more likely perhaps would be an analysis that included tla:, 'if' in many dialects. This second possibility would yield an etymological analysis of
ke:(n) + tla:, which would account for the long /e:/ and the absence of final /h/, although problematical would be the alternate Ameyaltepec pronunciation
ke itla (which should nevertheless be rechecked). The Oapan form has a definite long initial vowel /e:/. and pitch accent on both syllables. Neighboring dialects should
be checked for cognate forms. The Ameyaltepec situation will become clarified upon recording and analysis.
\qry This form and the proper orthography should be thoroughly checked. It seems that often the pronunciation in Ameyaltepec is /ke: itla/ (or perhaps /ke: itlah/, check for final /h/).
However, in Oapan the form /ké:tlá/ seems to be correct. Check. Also the etymology of this is not clear. The same may be said for /kea:man/, where the /e/ seems short.
\qry Check for final /h/ and possibility of long final /a:/. I originally had this analyzed as /ke:/ plus /itlah/ and thus wrote it with a final /h/. However in listening to a few recordings I think
that there might be a final glottal stop.
\qry Check this word carefully, i.e. whether /ke:/ or /keh/ (or possibly /ke:h/. I once recorded that the /e/ is definitely short followed by /h/ which shows up phrase finally. However, this
should be rechecked, cf. /ke:san/ which, thus, should perhaps be /keh san/. In one filecard I mention that I had check /ke:/ carefully with Gabriel de la Cruz as to whether the spelling
should be /ke:/ instead of /keh/; Luis Lucena's pronunciation coincided with /ke:/. Note that this word is definitely distinct from /ke:n/ This final note and correction is dated Aug.
1986, and should be taken to supercede all previous notes and corrections on the spelling of this word. But at any rate, careful attention should be devoted to the distinction in form
and meaning of /ke:/ and /ke:n/, e.g. /ke: a:man/ and /ke:n a:man/ (I think the latter enters into phrases such as /ke:n a:man i:n/ 'at the same time as today.' Also, an added note re: /ke:
itlah/. I am now unsure as to whetehr there is a final /h/. In seve ra l recordings I seem tohear a final glottal stop. This should be checked. Check also if /kiya:man/ is /ke: a:man/ or
/ke:n a:man/ in careful pronunciation.
\qry_h Check if /h/ is in SJ form.
\vl The problem of final vowels is getting difficult to resolve. They definitely do not seem unusually short. Indeed, final vowels followed by a glottal stop still seem long.
\ref 02418
\lxam tlamachilistli
\lxam_c tlamachilistli
\lxoa tlamachilistli
\lxoa_c tlamachilistli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e knowledge; wisdom; understanding; common sense
\sense_s conocimiento; entendimiento; sabiduría; sentido común; juicio
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkipia itlamachilis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has no common sense.
\phrase_s No tiene sentido común.
\sense_e opinion; point of view; thought
\sense_s opinión; punto de vista; pensamiento
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San se: itlamachilis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He can only think of one thing (i.e., has a one-track mind, has only one thought).
\phrase_s Solamente puede pensar en una cosa (esto es, solamente tiene un pensamiento).
\phrase_n San se: totlamachilis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We have the same ideas (are of one mind).
\phrase_s Tenemos las mismas ideas (somos de un solo parecer).
\root mati
\nae The length of the vowels are definite as recorded, which differ from Carochi who has the /i:/ of /chi:/ marked long (Lockhart p. 208; Carochi fj. 54) in tlamachi:liztli
'sabiduría' as well as tlamachi:lizyo:tl and tlamachi:lizço:tl.
\ref 02419
\lxam na:wtetsi:n
\lxam_c na:wtetsi:n
\lxoa ná:htetsí:n
\lxoa_alt ná:htetsí:h
\lxoa_c ná:htetsí:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Num
\der Pr-num
\sense_e (just) four (objects, referring back to sth that is already a topic of discourse)
\sense_s (solamente) cuatro (objetos, refiriéndose a algo que es tópico del discurso)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chnamakili nokoya:res, san na:wtetsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sell my necklaces for me, but just four of them.
\phrase_s Vende mis collares para mí, pero solamente cuatro de ellos.
\root na:wi
\root te
\nse The precise semantics (and morphophonology) of -tetsi:n still needs to be determined, i.e., the difference between na:wi and na:htetsi:n.
The first element of the ending may be related to the old numerical classifier tetl, found in Classical Nahuatl. It also appears that whereas numerals may be used in a
modifying function, the numerals with -tetsi:n may not.
\nae The presence of pitch accent on the Nahuatl form for all numerals endings in tetsi:n is hard to explain. The easiest explanation would be if the underlying form were {na:wi
+ teh + tsi:n}. Note that all other numerals that in Oapan end in tetsi:n manifest a pitch-accent pattern suggestive of undering {h}.
\qry Determine the possibility of /na:htetl/ and its meaning as opposed to /na:htetsi:n/. Finally, determine the use of /tetl/ with numerals, apparently only used to refer to inanimate objects:
sentetsi:n, o:ntetsi:n, etc.
\ref 02420
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry has been moved to the toponym database: /Kuhxoxokioh/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 02421
\lxam tlama:chichi:wtli
\lxam_c tlama:chichi:wtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e handmade
\sense_s hecho a mano
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tlama:chichi:wtli, xtlakowahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is handmade (i.e., locally), it isn't store bought.
\phrase_s Es hecho a mano (localmente), no es comprado (esto es, fabricado).
\root ma:
\root chi:wa
\nae Although the nominal derivation tlama:chichi:wtli has been documented in Ameyaltepec, the verbal base, ? ma:chichi:wa is not. The opposite is true for
Oapan, which has a documented verbal form, má:chichí:wa, but no apparent nominalization.
\semref má:chichí:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02422
\lxam te:tsa:wia
\lxam_c kite:tsa:wia
\lxoa te:tsa:wia
\lxoa_f [te: tsa: 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kite:tsa:wia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to have a foreboding or premonition about
\sense_s tener un mal agüero o premonición sobre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Koyo:cho:ka motskwi:n pa:mpa miste:tsa:wia. Timikis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your dog is howling like a coyote because he has an evil foreboding about you. You will die.
\phrase_s Tu perro aulla como coyote porque tiene un mal agüero acerca de tí. Te vas a morir.
\phrase_n Ma:ski xmiki, kicho:kilia itah. Kitete:tsa:wia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Even though he hasn't died, his father cries for him. He has an evil omen about him.
\phrase_s Aunque no se ha muerto, su papállora porél. Tiene un mal agüero sobreél
\phrase_n Nimistete:tsa:wia. O:ne:chasik a:tinteh, o:na:tiyowak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have a premonition about you. Lice got on me, I've gotten full of lice.
\phrase_s Tengo un mal agüero sobre tí. Me cubríde piojos, me empiojé.
\phrase_n O:note:tsa:wih, a:man o:mik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He had a premonition about himself, and now he has died.
\phrase_s Tiene una premonición sobre si mismo, y ahora se murió.
\root te:tsa:
\nse In general te:tsa:wia refers to the act of having a bad omen about the death of someone close, particularly a family member such as a parent, wife, child, sibling,
cousin, or aunt or uncle.
\qry Originally I had the following notes:"The subject of this verb may be either the person who has or perceives the bad omen, or to the sign itself, which announces a foreboding
occurrence."However, this should be checked.
\ref 02423
\lxam ikximelaktik
\lxam_c ikximelaktik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\sense_e to have a stiff leg that can't be bent
\sense_s tener una pierna tiesa que no se puede doblar
\sense_d Am
\root kxi
\root mela:
\qry Apparently identical in meaning to /ikxito:pi:ltik/. This should be checked.
\mod Add an ono entry for all types of foot positions, etc. /ikxikwepaltik/, /ikxito:pi:ltik/, /ikximelaktik/, etc.
\semref ikxito:pi:ltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ixipeya:stik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02424
\lxam tlatkitia
\lxam_c kitlatkitia
\lxoa tlatkitia
\lxoa_c kitlatkitia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to request of (that sth be brought back)
\sense_s encargar (algo que se va a traer) a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma nimistlatkiti a:sukar!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me ask you to get (buy and bring back) some sugar for me!
\phrase_s ¡Deja que te encargue azúcar (para que me lo traigas)!
\phrase_n Nikte:tlatkitia nochi:l, xok nikpia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've asked someone to acquire chile for me, I don't have any more.
\phrase_s Le pedía alguien que me consiguiera chile, ya no tengo.
\sense_e (refl.) to make oneself responsible; to assume responsibility
\sense_s (refl.) hacerse responsable; asumirse la responsabilidad
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Notlatkitia yewa para ma kwa:hki tli:n kona:watian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He takes the responsibility of bringing back what he has been told to.
\phrase_s Asume la responsabilidad de traer lo que se le ordenó.
\sense_e (refl.) to take as ones own (the property of another; Ameyaltepec synonym: wa:xka:tia)
\sense_s (refl.) adueñarse de (tomando la propiedad o pertenencias de otro; sinónimo Ameyaltepec wa:xka:tia)
\sense_d Oa
\root tki
\nae The derivational process for tlatkitia is not entirely clear. It is apparently a ditransitive verb, with two objects, as clearly indicated in nikte:tlalkitia
nochi:l (where the primary object is te: and the second object is nochi:l , with both overtly marked). Nimistlatki:tia a:sucar also has
two objects, a primary one in the second person and a second object (a:sukar) not overtly marked on the verb. However, since itki is transitive and
the causative itkitia (found in Classical) would be ditransitive, one might expect tlatkitia to be simply transitive, with the nonspecific object marker
tla- reducing the valency of itkitia by one argument. This does not seem to be the case. The other possibility is that tlatkitia is a denominal
verb derived from tlatkitl 'property' or 'material good' (itself a deverbal nominal derived from itki). But here too, considering the usual valency of
denominal tr ansitive verbs using -tia one would expect a simple transitive. Thus the problem of derivation remains unsolved. Finally, note that in Ameyaltepec it is
unusual for reflexive forms of ditransitive verbs to manifest an object marker on the verbal stem. Thus one finds nokowilia nakatl 'he buys meat for himself' rather than
kinokowilia nakatl , which is a form found in other dialects (such as that of Oapan). Thus the reflexive use notlatkitia might well be a complement
taking verb, with the complement clause being the responsibility assumed. Note that in Classical Nahuatl, it appears clear that there are two derivational processes yielding
tlatkitia. As a transitive verb it is apparently denominal. Thus Molina has tlatquitia. nite 'enagenar algo, o embiar alguna cosa a otro.' The use of
-tia in this construction is identical to its use in words such as kaltia , i.e., 'to provide [Noun] to.' However, there is also a reflexive and tra n sitive
form: tlatquitia. nicno 'usurpar, o aplicar para si alguna cosa.'
\qry In /timitsontlatki:ti:s/ determine whether the object is to be brought back, or whether the subject (agent) moves to given the request"there,"etc. Also, determine true valency. Note
that RS has tlatquitia. ninotla or nicno as"apropriarse de una cosa, usurparla."Nicnotlatquitia in teaxca 'me apropio los bienes de otro.' Also, Nite or nic- 'vender, enajenar una cosa
de alguien' as nic-tlatquitia in teaxca in nopiltzin 'doy los bienes ajenos a mi hijo.' In this sense the derivation seems to be a denominal verb: tlatkitl + tia in the sense of 'provide Noun
for' (as in /kaltia/, /cha:ntia/, etc.). Check to see if this denominal meaning occurs in Balsas Nahuatl. If so, perhaps create two entries, one for the V2-tla form and the other for the
V2-d-tia. Check what the meaning of /nimitsontlatkiti:s/ is. Is the charge sent to sb at a distance, or does the person charged (primary object) travel outwards, or does the subject
move. Check with Michel re transitivity here.
\xref itkitia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 02425
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry, /ko:ntrasole:rah/, was eliminated as a replicate.
\dt 26/Apr/2002
\ref 02426
\lxam kwa:tlase:ka:wihlow
\lxam_c i:kwa:tlase:ka:wihlow
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e hat
\sense_s sombrero
\sense_d Am
\root kwa:
\root se:w
\nse This word is never used in conversation but simply as a"test,"by some people (who probably heard it elsewhere), to see how"mexicano"one really is. There are other"test words"for
hat, however. Note how the possessed marker -w is present, even though nouns with final -o:tl generally do not overtly mark possession with a suffix.
\nae Vowel length in kwa:tlase:ka:wihlow is uncertain.
\ref 02427
\lxam papayotsi:n
\lxam_c papayotsi:n
\lxoa pápáyotsí:n
\lxoa_pr papayotsi:n
\lxoa_alt pápayótsí:n
\lxoa_c pápáyotsí:h; pápayótsí:h
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): tí:páyotsí:h
\infn N1
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e someone who is crazy; someone who has lost his senses
\sense_s loco; persona que ha perdido los estribos
\sense_d Oa
\root pahpa
\qry Check for /papayotl/; however, in general this seems to be paired with /papayotik/. Check vowel length.
\qry_h Check: either /pahpahyotsi:n/ or /pahpayohtsi:n/. If the former change to /pahpah/, or better, /pah/ as root, with redupicant yielding /pahpah/.
\nae Whereas apparently Florencia Marcelino (Oa) gives two identical pronunciations of /pápáyotsí:n/, her husband, Inocencio Jiménez, gives two slightly distinct forms: /pápáyotsí:n/ and
/pápayótsí:n/. The location of {h} in the underlying form is not entirely clear. Probably the reduplicant has a coda {h}, and another underlying {h} closes the penultimate syllable.
This would yield underlying {pah pa yoh tsi:n}. If this is the case, one would expect that the more common surface form, /pápáyotsí:n/ reflects stress readjustment in the common
pattern that is also found in tétéyotík. However, it appears that in one pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez there is no leftward shift of pitch accent off the penultimate
syllable, and the surface form is left at /pápayótsí:n/. The differences are difficult to hear and an analysis and graphic representation of the fundamental frequency seems the best way
to document the two forms. Nevertheless, the utterances/speech tokens should be carefully r echecked.
\qry Check for /payoh/ and /payo:tl/. Cf. my query under /wetsa/ regarding these words. Check for presence or absence of stress on first /pa-/.
\grmx Pitch accent; stress reassignment. Note that /pápáyotsí:n/ has 3 high pitches on a 4 syllable (5 mora) word. Whereas apparently Florencia Marcelino (Oa) gives two
identical pronunciations of /pápáyotsí:n/, her husband, Inocencio Jiménez, gives two slightly distinct forms: /pápáyotsí:n/ and /pápayótsí:n/. The location of {h} in the
underlying form is not entirely clear. Probably the reduplicant has a coda {h}, and another underlying {h} closes the penultimate syllable. This would yield underlying {pah
pa yoh tsi:n}. If this is the case, one would expect that the more common surface form, /pápáyotsí:n/ reflects stress readjustment in the common pattern that is also found in
tétéyotík. However, it appears that in one pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez there is no leftward shift of pitch accent off the penultimate syllable, and the
surface form is left at /pápayótsí: n/. The differences are difficult to hear and an analysis and graphic representation of the fundamental frequency seems the best way to
document the two forms. Nevertheless, the utterances/speech tokens should be carefully rechecked.
\semref kwa:papayoh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 02428
\lxam tekpa:ntla:lia
\lxam_c kitekpa:ntla:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (recipr.) to line oneself up (e.g., persons who are going to start work in a field when they line up at the end of each furrow they are to work, racers at the beginning of a
race)
\sense_s (recipr.) colocarse en línea (p. ej., trabajadores antes de empezar a entrar a una milpa, cuando todavía están frente al surco donde van a empezar a trabajar, corredores
al principio de una carrera)
\sense_d Am
\root tekpa:n
\disamb tekpa:na; tekpa:ntla:lia; wi:pa:na
\qry Determine the difference between /tekpa:na/ and /tekpa:ntla:lia/; the only filecard I have of the latter discusses the reflexive use in which individuals line themselves up at the start of
working in furrows in the /iswatekilistli/. There is no mention in the original card of lining up at the start of a race, although this would seem to fit the characteristics of the documented
definition. However, uses should be determined and and difference with /tekpa:na/ clearly stated. Also determine nature of /cat field for this entry. Should it be N-V2; if so,
determine whether /tekpa:ntli/ exists as a noun.
\semref tekpa:na
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02429
\lxam kwa:sa:lowa
\lxam_c kikwa:sa:lowa
\lxoa kwa:sa:lowa
\lxoa_c kikwa:sa:lowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to tie a cloth around the forehead of; to wrap around the head (figuratively speaking) of
\sense_s ceñirle una tela a la frente (a veces hablando metafóricamente) de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:timokwa:sa:loh, mitskukwa motsontekon.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You tied a cloth around your forehead, you have a headache.
\phrase_s Amarraste una tira de tela por la frente, te duele la cabeza.
\phrase_n Xkwa:sa:lo momulah para tiksi:yati:skeh, mahki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tie a cloth around the forehead of your mule (and pull it down over her eyes) so that we can saddle it, it is skittish.
\phrase_s Amárrale una tela por la frente de tu mula (y jálala para que le tape los ojos) para poderle poner la silla, es asustadiza.
\phrase_n Nowe:ilia, nochi ta kikwa:sa:lowa.
\snd_oa 02429_01_oa
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e It (in this case the Sorrelvine, Cissus trifoliata) grows long, all of it, until it wraps around the upper parts (of a tree or bush it is growing on).
\phrase_s Crece largo (en este caso la planta Cissus trifoliata) todo, hasta le envuelve la parte superior (de un árbol o arbusto sobre el cual está creciendo).
\sense_e to tie (e.g., palm) end to head
\sense_s atar (p. ej., la palma) cabo a cabo
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\root sa:l
\qry Check for intransitive form. In second phrase check vowel length in /tiksi:yati:skeh/ and in /mahki/.
\ref 02430
\lxam i:xpi:na:wi
\lxam_c i:xpi:na:wi
\lxoa í:xpipi:ná:wi
\lxoa_c í:xpipi:ná:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to look embarrassed or to have an embarrassed look on ones face (e.g., because of sth one has done); to be embarrassed or timid to show ones face (and reluctant to
speak, be seen, or be spoken too, etc.)
\sense_s tener una cara de avergonzada (p. ej., por algo hecho); tener pena en dejarse ver (y tener vergüenza de hablar o conversar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:xpi:na:wi, mono:biah katka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is ashamed to show her face, she was your girlfriend.
\phrase_s Le da pena mostrarse la cara, fue tu novia.
\root i:x
\root pi:na:
\nse Apparently this verb usually occurs in reduplicated form, i:xpipi:na:wi.
\qry Check if reduplicated form is more common and whether, indeed, both occur. Cf. to /pipina:wi/, which apparently does not occur in non-reduplicated form.
\ref 02431
\lxam kuwxiwtlan
\lxam_c kuwxiwtlan
\lxoa kohxihyoh
\lxoa_c kohxihyoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Loc
\compound N-N
\der N-loc-1
\sense_e place with many bushes or shrubs
\sense_s lugar con muchos matas y arbustos
\sense_d Pending
\root kow
\root xiw
\root_rel -tlan
\ref 02432
\lxam sanki
\lxam_cpend sanki o:mik
\lxoa sankina:mah
\lxoa_c sankina:mah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e just recently; just a short time ago
\sense_s apenas; recientemente; hace poco
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sanki o:mik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just died (a short time ago).
\phrase_s Se murióhace poco.
\phrase_n Sanki o:yah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just left.
\phrase_s Apenas se fue.
\root san
\nse All consultants gave sanki o:mik as the equivalent of san kimich o:mik ; thus it may that the former is an abbreviated form of san kimich.
Sanki has been entered as one word since the sequence /ki/ does not seem to occur independently. Moreover, sanki appears to be fairly uncommon.
I only remember hearing it once, on 16 Mar. 1984, after several years of fieldwork. Cristino Flores stated that it is not a word used in Ameyaltepec.
\semref kemech
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02433
\lxam aí:k
\lxam_c aí:k
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e never; never again (emphatic)
\sense_s nunca; (nunca) jamás (enfático)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Aí:k wa:hlaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He never comes anymore.
\phrase_s Nunca viene.
\phrase_n Aí:k nikita.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I never see him at all.
\phrase_s No lo veo nunca.
\root ah
\root i:k
\disamb xkaman
\ref 02434
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tó:moa:stílin
\lxoa_c tó:moa:stílin
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-in
\infn Stem 4
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of cactus as yet unidentified
\sense_s tipo de cactus hasta ahora todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root to:moh
\root a:stil
\notes_nature Silvestre Pantaleón (of Oapan) mentioned this type of cactus, for which no cognate has been registered from Ameyaltepec or San Juan Tetelcingo.
\ref 02435
\lxam ontestok
\lxam_c ontestok
\lxoa ontestok
\lxoa_c ontestok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e (san kwahli ~) to be in a good, tight fit (in a small given space, such as a peg in a hole)
\sense_s (san kwahli ~) caber bien apretado (en un espacio reducido, como una estaquilla o clavija en un agujero)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San kwahli ontestok, xkaxa:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is a good fit, it isn't loose.
\phrase_s Justamente cabe, no estáflojo.
\phrase_n Xikxixi:ma se: klabi:jah, san kwahli ma ontesto -=ma tili:nto, ma tili:ntia, etc.-!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Cut a rivet that is a good, tight fit!
\phrase_s ¡Corta un remache que va a caber bien apretado!
\root on-
\root tes
\nae The etymology of ontestok is uncertain. On- is clearly a deictic prefix, referring to the fact that the fitting is 'in there.' However, given the fact that in
Ameyaltepec /ts/ before /t/ becomes /s/, the underlying root may be either tes or tets. To date no comparative evidence has been found that might resolve this
question. Ontestok (which takes any of the inflections found with -tok) refers to an object, the grammatical subject, that fits tightly into a space.
Apparently ? wa:ltestok does not exist.
\qry In one of my notes I have /san kwahli ontestoya/, which I have noted as the same as /san kwahli ontestiah/ 'it went to fit right in'. Determine whether the /-tiah/ ending is the past of
/-tiw/ and, if so, whether /-tiw/ may also be used, as in /ontestiw/. Check if /ontestitiw/ is correct.
\semref onaktok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02436
\lxam mekato:ktli
\lxam_c mekato:ktli
\lxoa mekato:htli
\lxoa_c mekato:htli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e beam temporarily placed horizontally on the outside of the roof of a thatched hut that enables workers to stand on it and attach the thatching to parts they could not
otherwise reach
\sense_s viga que se coloca horizontalmente sobre la parte exterior del techo de una casa de palma o zacate; los trabajadores se paran sobre ello para poder alcanzar las partes
altas del techo donde tienen que colocar palma o zacate
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tool
\root me:ka
\root to:ka
\ency_note kahli
\nse The etymology of mekato:ktli is uncertain, although it seems that meka 'twine' is a part of this word.
\qry Check vowel length of the final /o/. Also check occurrences of /-to:ktli/.
\mod Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and words there listed.
\ilus_note Make illustration
\ref 02437
\lxam isihka:n
\lxam_c isihka:n
\lxoa íská:pan
\lxoa_pr iska:pan
\lxoa_c íská:pan
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-tm
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e right away, rapidly
\sense_s luego luego; pronto
\sense_d Pending
\root hsi
\nae The Oapan form is often found in the diminutive: íska:pántsi:n. The etymology of this word seems related to isiwi or ísiwí.
\qry Check first vowel; is this a possessed form with /ka:n/
\semref karre:rah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kare:rah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02438
\lxam xi:ni
\lxam_c xi:ni
\lxoa xi:ni
\lxoa_c xi:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to fall and scatter on the ground (or other flat surface, objects such as seeds, precipitation, etc.); to fall out (e.g., small objects from their natural locations)
\sense_s regarse, caerse esparcido por el suelo (u otra superficie plana, cosas como semillas, lluvia u otros tipos de precipitación); caerse (objetos pequeños de sus posiciones
naturales)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w xixi:ni notlayo:l, yo:tetsomo:n noxikipi:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My corn has started to spill out onto the ground, my sack has gotten a big rip in it.
\phrase_s Mi maíz empezóa regarse por el suelo, se rompiófeo mi costal.
\phrase_n Xok mlá:k kiawis, sa: puroh a:pi:si:hli xi:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It won't really rain anymore, just a fine misty spray is coming down.
\phrase_s Ya no va a llover de veras, ya nada más estácayendo una brizna fina.
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w xi:xi:ni tlapayawtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's started to drizzle on and off (in reference to a very light, intermittent drizzle).
\phrase_s Ya empezóa lloviznar por ratos (se refiere a una llovizna muy ligera e intermitente).
\phrase_n O:tlan tlankopi:ni, ye bie:joh, o:tlan xi:ni itlanwa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has finished losing his teeth, he's already old, his teeth have winded up all falling out.
\phrase_s Se acaba de perderse los dientes, ya es viejo, terminaron de caer sus dientes.
\phrase_n O:tlaxixi:n ika tlayo:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Maize spilled out all over.
\phrase_s Se regómaíz por todos lados.
\sense_e to fall over onto the ground (e.g., plants with blight); to get completely exhausted (people and animals from illness or overwork, etc.)
\sense_s tirarse por el suelo (p. ej., plantas con peste); agotarse (personas o animales de enfermedades o sobretrabajo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:xi:nkeh, o:noma:kokokeh, xoktekitiskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They gave out, their legs started to hurt them, they won't work anymore (e.g., animals pulling a plow).
\phrase_s Se agotaron, quedaron adoloridos de las piernas, ya no van a trabajar (p. ej., animales jalando un arado).
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w kwitlati notlapacho:l, yo:pe:w pa:ti ika xi:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My seed garden has started to rot; it's started to get wet and putrid because it's fallen over (i.e. the seedlings got affected by a blight and fell over onto the ground, starting
to rot).
\phrase_s Ya se empezóa pudrirse mi huertita, ya comenzóa disolverse y pudrirse porque se cayó(esto es, las plantas se doblaron al suelo al enfermarse).
\sense_e (~ kwilimeh) for worms [S]) to cover or infest the surface (e.g., of meat, plants, etc.)
\sense_s (~ kwilimeh) cubrirse o infestarse la superficie de gusanos (p. ej., algo como carne, plantas, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ski xi:niskeh kwilimeh, nomi:l ye tlapati:hloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Even though worms might get on my maize plants, they've already been treated (so that they don't become infested).
\phrase_s Aunque les cayera gusanos, mis plantas de maíz ya están tratadas (para que no se coman).
\root xi:
\disamb xiti:ni; xi:ni
\nse The verbs xi:ni and xiti:niare similar though have slightly distinct meanings. Xi:ni is used mostly to refer to 'falling and
scattering' on the ground or other flat surfaces, particularly in reference to many small, indistinguishable objects, generally mass nouns (e.g., seeds, coins, grass fodder, etc.). Thus
things that fall out of bags, precipitation that falls on the ground, teeth that fall out of ones mouth, etc., are events that are all described by the verb xi:ni. As a
transitive verb, xi:niarefers mostly to scattering, such as the action involved in tossing maize and copal during divination ceremonies. On the other hand,
xiti:ni seems more to be reserved for actions such as those that occur when a wall crumbles, or the rocks on the surface of a cliff start to come loose and fall
down.
\nae The verb xi:ni is found with the incorporated noun kwilin (worm) to indicate a material object (the subject of the compounded verb) whose surface
becomes covered with worms (e.g., kwilxi:nis un nakatl 'that meat will get covered with maggots'). Apparently this use of xi:ni is related to its signifying
'to scatter'; cf. xi:nia.
\grm Antipassive: /O:tlaxixi:n ika tlayo:hli/ 'Maize spilled out all over.' The difference between this and /o:xixi:n notlayo:l/ is difficult to determine. Apparently the antipassive
form highlights the situation, and the intransitive highlights the subject. Other than that it is difficult to determine the difference.
\grm Reduplication with long vowel: Note /Yo:pe:w xi:xi:ni tlapayawtli/ 'It's started to drizzle on and off (refers to a very light drizzle)' My notes for this phrase indicate simply
that the reference is to a light drizzle. However, apparently this derives from the fact that the rain is on and off, scattered over time. This should be checked, but would
agree with the meaning of long vowel reduplication in such forms as /tli:tlikwi/, which has been documented elsewhere (see /tlikwi/).
\xref xi:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02439
\lxam tlatetekestiw
\lxam_c tlatetekestiw
\lxoa tlá:tekétsotíw
\lxoa_pr tlá:teketsotiw
\lxoa_c tlá:tekétsotíw
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2-asp
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv Irregular; see -tiw
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to fall over backward, head over heels (with ones feet flying up in the air)
\sense_s caerse hacia atrás con los pies volando para arriba
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tlatetekestiah; o:wets chika:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He fell backward head over heel; he fell down hard.
\phrase_s Se cayófuertemente hacia atrás con los pies volando hacia arriba; cayófuerte.
\root te
\root ketsa
\nae The morphology of the Ameyaltepec and Oapan forms are slightly different. The Ameyaltepec term derives from an aspectual marking on the transitive verb teketsa
with short vowel reduplication and an indefinite null complement, tla-. The Oapan form apparently derives from an alternate transitive verb teketsowa that
has not been documented elsewhere. The lengthening and pitch accent on the initial syllable, the prefix tla-, derived from reduced reduplication. The final high-low-high
pitch sequence derives from an underlying {h} in the short (perfective) stem of the -owa -final verb.
\qry Check for /teketsowa/.
\xref teketsa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02440
\lxam tlakakalastiw
\lxam_c tlakakalastiw
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2-asp
\der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq]
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv Irregular; see -tiw
\sense_e (fig.) to die (lit. 'to go along making a rattling sound')
\sense_s (fig.) morir (lit. 'ir haciendo un sonido de traqueteo')
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n De ka:mpa xo:nitlakakalastiah, oksepa niwi:ts.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e In the event that I didn't die, I'll be back.
\phrase_s Si no me morí, voy a venir de regreso.
\root kala:
\xref kakalatsa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02441
\lxam chi:chiwa:tsi:n
\lxam_c chi:chiwa:tsi:n
\lxoa chi:chiwa:tsi:n
\lxoa_c chi:chiwa:tsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn N1
\sense_e type of tree of the family Burseraceae that when cut excretes a milk-like sap
\sense_s tipo deárbol de la familia Burseraceae que al cortarse sale savia parecida a la leche
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root chi:chi
\nae Although the derivational process of this word is not completely clear, it obviously is related to the root found in chi:chi.
\qry Derivational process unclear although obviously contains root /chi:chi/.
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the árbol lechero.
\qry_fon C. Flores def. has long final /a:/.
\vl Check length of /a:/ and first /i:/.
\ref 02442
\lxam tla:ltekwyoh
\lxam_c tla:ltekwyoh
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-h/wa/tia
\trans Compl
\sense_e to be dusty
\sense_s ser polvoroso; estar cubierto de polvo
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Mlá:k tla:ltekwyoh, ye kipia ye:i to:nahli xnotsetselowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's really dusty (e.g., a blanket), it's been three days since it's been shaken out.
\phrase_s Estámuy polvoroso (p. ej., una cobija), ya tiene tres días que no se sacude.
\root tla:l
\root tekw
\qry Check pronunciation and orthography. My original filecard had /tla:ltekwioh/, which would have /kw/ as onset. Also note that C. Flores here and elsehwere seems to pronounce
/tla:ltekwiyoh/.
\semref tla:ltemolohyoh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02443
\lxam tlampaya:ni
\lxam_c tlampaya:ni
\lxoa tlampaya:ni
\lxoa_c tlampaya:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for ones teeth to crumble and fall apart (from decay)
\sense_s desbaratarsele los dientes a (al pudrirse)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlampapaya:ni, xok wel tlakwa:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His teeth has started to crumble and rot, he won't be able to eat well anymore.
\phrase_s Se le desbaratan y pudren los dientes, ya no va a poder comer bien.
\root tlam
\root paya:
\nae Note that whereas tlampaya:ni is entered without a reduplicated verbal stem, tlampapaya:na is found with a reduplicated stem. The reason is the
semantic role of the incorporated noun. In tlampaya:ni the incorporated noun is essentially the thematic patient of an unaccusative verb and, moreover, is possessed
by the grammatical subject. Thus verbal reduplication represents the plurality of the incorporated noun (i.e., when more than one tooth has crumbled, e.g.,
nitlampapaya:ni 'several of my teeth have crumbled,' or 'I have several crumbled teeth.' In the incorporated form tlampapaya:na the noun is essentially
the instrument of a transitive construction, in this case that with which an object (the grammatical object and semantic patient) is crushed. Since the action of crushing is inevitably a
repeated action, the verbal stem is always found reduplicated; hence the entry under tlampapaya:ni.
\grm Note that whereas tlampaya:ni is entered without a reduplicated verbal stem, tlampapaya:na is found with a reduplicated stem. The reason is
the semantic role of the incorporated noun. In tlampaya:ni the incorporated noun is essentially the thematic patient of an unaccusative verb and, moreover,
is possessed by the grammatical subject. Thus verbal reduplication represents the plurality of the incorporated noun (i.e., when more than one tooth has crumbled, e.g.,
nitlampapaya:ni 'several of my teeth have crumbled,' or 'I have several crumbled teeth.' In the incorporated form tlampapaya:na the noun is
essentially the instrument of a transitive construction, in this case that with which an object (the grammatical object and semantic patient) is crushed. Since the action of
crushing is inevitably a repeated action, the verbal stem is always found reduplicated; hence the entry under tlampapaya:ni. This case would represent an
interesting example o f the problems of lexicography with nominal incorporation.
\semref tlampapaya:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02444
\lxam sa:ntokupahli
\lxam_c sa:ntokupahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) santo
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e resin from a copal tree (known in Oapan as kopalpo:tsahli
\sense_s resina delárbol conocido como el kopalpo:tsahli
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\root kopal
\ref 02445
\lxam chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl
\lxam_c chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N
\infn N1(dom)
\der N-complex
\sense_e type of flower
\sense_s tipo de flor
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl, ki:sa kwa:k yo:kiaw; deke yo:ixwak ipan ma:kwi:hli to:nahli yo:po:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The flower known as chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl appears after it has rained; if it has already come up, by the fifth day it has bloomed.
\phrase_s La flor llamadaas chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl aparece después de la lluvia, síya brotóla semilla, florece dentro de cinco días.
\semfld plant
\semfld fl(pend)
\root chi:l
\root xo:chi
\nse Although Florencia Marcelino thought that Oapan a:skalxo:chitl was the same as Ameyaltepec chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl , she was not sure. Fieldwork will be
necessary to sustain or negate this identification.
\semfld flower
\qry Florencia Marcelino thought, but was not certain, that the /a:skalxo:chitl/ is the same as the /chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl/. However, th
\semref a:skalxo:chitl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02446
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry had been for /kalwa:xin/ but this is duplicated at record 06356. Number all pronunciations here in sequence for 06356.
\vl This entry had been for /kalwa:xin/ but this is duplicated at record 06356. Number all pronunciations here in sequence for 06356.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 02447
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was for /Sakakomolko/, now on the Am toponym database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 02448
\lxam ma:to:ne:wa
\lxam_c kima:to:ne:wa
\lxoa ma:to:ne:wa
\lxoa_c kima:to:ne:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi[e]
\compound +Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to cause a burning pain (from sth spicy such as chile) on the arm or hand of
\sense_s hacer el brazo o mano arder a (a causa de contacto con algo picoso como chile)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kima:to:ne:wa. Xwel chi:lkwe:chowa, noso kaxa:nki itla:kayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It makes her hands burn. She can't grind chile, or perhaps her body is not tough.
\phrase_s Le quema las manos. No puede moler chile, o tal vez su cuerpo estáflojo.
\root ma:
\root to:n
\mod Discuss how to etymologize verb forms in /CVCe:wa/. For now the decision has been made not to include the /e:/ in the root.
\ref 02449
\lxam te:lpo:chchika:wi
\lxam_c te:lpo:chchika:wi
\lxoa te:lpo:xchika:wi
\lxoa_c te:lpo:xchika:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to pass (a male) beyond the customary age for marrying
\sense_s rebasar (un hombre) la edad apropiada para casarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:tite:lpo:chchika:w, xe timona:miktia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You've become a mature young man (some 20 to 25 years of age), you still haven't gotten married.
\phrase_s Ya eres un hombre maduro (de como 20 a 25 años de edad), todavía no te has casado.
\semfld age
\root te:lpo:ch
\root chika:
\ency_note te:lpo:xtli
\nse After passing the age at which a man has undergone the change of state indicated by te:lpo:chchika:wi he enters the state at which he is referred to as
te:po:chwe:we:ntsi:n , i.e., some 25 or 30 years of age, with little chance of marrying.
\semref te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02450
\lxam aka
\lxam_c xne:chaka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\sense_e see maka
\sense_s véase maka
\sense_d Am
\root maka
\nae Aka is an Ameyaltepec alternative form of the ditransitive verb maka. It is used when immediately to the left of the verb stem there is an object prefix
that ends in a non-nasal consonant: ne:ch-, mits-, te:ch-, and (a)me:ch, e.g., Ne:chakas i:burroh 'He will give me his donkey.' The shortened
aka is not used in Oapan.
\ref 02451
\lxam tli:lowa
\lxam_c kitli:lowa
\lxoa tli:lowa
\lxoa_c kitli:lowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to till the earth of (a field being prepared with a plow for planting)
\sense_s labrar el suelo de (un terreno con un arado en preparación para la temporada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:tlan kitli:lowa itla:l. San tli:liwtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has finished turning over the earth of his field, it just looks totally black (from the fresh upturned earth).
\phrase_s Ya terminóde arar su terreno, estáquedando todo negro (por la tierra recién volteada).
\root tli:l
\ency_note mihli
\nse Another transitive verb (tli:hlo:tia) derived from the nominal root tli:hli does not communicate this sense of 'to till,' which is limited to
tli:lowa , the transitive alternate to tli:liwi.
\qry Note on one file card states that /tli:lowa/ is definitely correct, not /tli:hlowa/. It seems that the former is the transitive alternate to /tli:liwi/ whereas the latter is the inchoative, of the
causative /tli:hlo:tia/. Check all meanings.
\ref 02452
\lxam to:ka:yo:tl
\lxam_c to:ka:yo:tl
\lxoa to:ka:yo:tl
\lxoa_c to:ka:yo:tl
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N
\infn N2(dom)
\der N-d-yo:tl
\sense_e name
\sense_s nombre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San se to:ka:yo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is just one name (e.g., for a given object, or for two people with an identical name).
\phrase_s Solamente hay un nombre (p. ej., para un objeto en particular, o para dos personas con el mismo nombre).
\root to:ka:
\qry Check for possibility of possessed form /ito:ka:yo/ (with glottal stop, not /h/).
\mod Make sure link is to only word of this spelling.
\semref to:ka
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02453
\lxam ye:rbah de o:lpeh
\lxam_alt ye:rbah de go:lpeh
\lxam_c ye:rbah de o:lpeh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan golpe
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e type of herbaceous plant of the Laminaceae family, still not identified
\sense_s tipo de planta herbácea de la familia Lamiaceae, todavía no identificada
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ye:rbah de o:lpeh | Deke o:tiuwets, ika ipotokyo mistoto:ni:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Costa Venancio
\phrase_e Ye:rbah de o:lpeh : If you fell hard, its steam will be applied to you (where you have the bruise or golpe).
\phrase_s Ye:rbah de o:lpeh : Si caiste fuerte, su vapor se te aplica para calentarte (en el lugar del golpe).
\nse Luis Lucena mentioned that he had heard the name of this plant although he does not know it, nor would be able to recognize it. He thought is was a type of xiwtli.
Apparently this is because this plant is more commonly referred to as ye:rbah de bese:rroh in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semref ye:rbah de bese:rroh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02454
\lxam samach
\lxam_c samach kón
\lxoa semach
\lxoa_c sa: semach
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv
\sense_e so indeed
\sense_s asíde veras
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Samach tewa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e So indeed it was you!
\phrase_s ¡Asíque fuiste tú!
\sense_e (sa: ~ [verb]) every moment
\sense_s (sa: ~ [verbo]) a cada rato
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Sa: semach tlakwa.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He eats very often.
\phrase_s Come muy seguido.
\root san mach
\nae The etymology of Ameyaltepec samach and Oapan semach appears to be san plus mach although the relation of this derivation
to the meaning of phrases like Oapan sa: semach is not entirely clear. More examples of use and meaning will need to be obtained.
\nde RS lists under mach, çan mach 'nada más', tla ximo-cahuacan,çan mach an-tlatoa (Car.), 'acabad, no hacéis más que hablar.'
\qry Check whether this is always used with /sa:/ in both villages.
\ref 02455
\lxam te:pa:ktih
\lxam_c te:pa:ktih
\lxoa te:pa:htih
\lxoa_c te:pa:htih
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e to be pleasing; to make people happy
\sense_s ser agradable; ser algo que da placer o gusto
\sense_d Pending
\root pa:ki
\vl Check devoicing of vowel.
\ref 02456
\lxam koko:hli
\lxam_c i:koko:l
\lxoa kókohlí
\lxoa_c nó:kó:l
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes
\sense_e (as vocative: koko:l) 'grandfather'; term of address used with ones grandfather and great-grandfather, as well as the same relatives in relationship to ones
spouse, or the father and grandfather of ones godparents
\sense_s (como vocativo: koko:l) 'abuelo'; término para dirigirse al abuelo o bisabuelo de uno o de su coyuge, y al padre o abuelo del padrino o madina de uno)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e (arc.: koko:l) address term that Ameyaltepequeños formerly used to an elder man of the village
\sense_s (arc.: koko:l) término que anteriormente Ameyaltepequeños usaban para dirigirse a ciudadanos de mayor edad
\sense_d Am
\sense_e grandfather
\sense_s abuelo
\sense_d Pending
\root ko:l
\ency_note kin and fictive kin
\nse Note that although Ameyaltepequeños used to use koko:l as a term of greeting for elder men of the village (as tióin San Juan and ma:noh
in Oapan), it is now no longer used, having been replaced by we:weh. In Oapan, however, one may also use the 1st-person possessed form nó:kó:l as
a greeting, e.g., ka:n tiaw nó:kó:l (note the reduction of the reduplicant on the light syllable of the prefix). Finally, an important point to consider will be the degree to
which the term koko:hli or kókó:hli is extended in different villages, both among real and fictive kin/
\qry_h Elicit San Juan form.
\ref 02457
\lxam tlanxi:pe:wi
\lxam_c tlanxi:pe:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to grin (lit. 'for ones teeth to become uncovered')
\sense_s sonreirse bonachonamente (lit., 'pelarsele los dientes a')
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xkaman tlanxi:pe:wi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He never breaks into a smile.
\phrase_s Nunca se sonríe.
\root tlan
\root xi:p
\disamb xi:pe:wi; a:la:wi
\semref i:xwe:wetska
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02458
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry, for /Ina:k Tsopi:lo:tl/, is now in the toponymic database.
\dt 30/Jan/2002
\ref 02459
\lxam ke:chkitsi:n
\lxam_c ke:chkitsi:n
\lxoa ke:chkitsi:n
\lxoa_c ke:chkitsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-int
\sense_e how much?
\sense_s ¿cuánto?
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:chkitsi:n? Xne:chihli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How much? (e.g., should I serve you of a particular food). Tell me!
\phrase_s ¿Cuánto (p. ej., al estar ofreciendo o sirviendo a algn)?¡Díme!
\sense_e (~ ka / ya [quality such as weight, thickness, etc.]) how [quality] is it?
\sense_s (~ ka / ya [calidad como peso, grosor, etc.])¿quétan [calidad] es?
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikneki nikmatis ke:chkitsi:n ika yetí:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I want to know how heavy it is.
\phrase_s Quiero saber quétan pesado es.
\phrase_n Ke:chkitsi:n ika weyak?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How long is it?
\phrase_s ¿Quétan largo es?
\root ke:ch
\qry Continue to inquire how one can ask questions in comparatives: how long? how hot is it? (?ke:chkitsi:n ika to:na?). Also, how big? how short? how fast? etc. (?ke:chkitsi:n ika
tlaksa)?
\grm Problems of etymology: It would be interesting to be able to explain the presence of /-ki/ here, as opposed to *ke:chtsi:n.
\vl Use second, last token of Inocencio.
\semref ke:ski
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ke:ch
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02460
\lxam tewa:ki
\lxam_c tewa:ki
\lxoa tewa:ki
\lxoa_c tewa:ki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ki/tsa
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to lose weight; to become thin (an animate being)
\sense_s adelgazar; quedar flaco o enflaquecer (un ser animado)
\sense_d Pending
\root tewa:
\disamb tewa:ki; kana:wi
\nse Te:wa:hki seems to refer exclusively to a physical state of animate beings, never to inanimate objects. It is not entirely clear that the stem te:wa:k
derives from wa:kalthough at least provisionally this is the analysis that has been adopted.
\root_notes Discuss relationship of /tewa:ki/ to /wa:ki/ and the possibility that the"root"/tewa:/ is related through an intensifier to /wa:/ 'dry.'
\vl Note that Inocencio mispronounces his first utterance before the complete, correct final round. He mistakenly says /tewa:hki/ for /tewa:ki/. Don't use /tewa:hki/ but tag with
number 597.
\ref 02461
\lxam tsi:nkekex
\lxam_c tsi:nkekex
\lxoa tsi:nkekex
\lxoa_c tsi:nkekex
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N
\infn N1
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e person who likes to have a lot of fund (e.g., big dancer; person who likes to dance a lot)
\sense_s persona a quien le gusta mucho divertirse (p. ej., bailar)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e person with a lot of lovers
\sense_s persona con muchos amantes
\sense_d Pending
\root tsi:n
\root kex
\nae The final /x/ in Oapan tsi:nkekexkia is the expected form. Most occurrences of the stem meaning 'itch' is with a final /x/. The only exceptions noted so far are the
present form from Ameyaltepec, tsi:nkekech and kekechka:po:ni , which has a participial form. The presence of /ch/ in both these lexemes needs to be
checked, but if confirmed would demonstrate the occasional reinterpretation of final and underlying /x/ to underlying {ch}.
\qry Check for any other meaning. I seem to remember that it may be used to indicate someone who is"alegre,"i.e., someone who likes to have a good time in a sexual way. Cf.
\qry Elicit Oa plural and make sure to define.
\root_notes Their are various words that end include the sequence kekex, kekech, or kekel. All seem to be related in some way. The two words
which show a syllable-final /ch/ both deal with energetic and celebratory activities: kekechka:po:ni 'to break out and become a live wire or a lot of fun' and
tsi:nkekech 'big dancer; person who likes to dance a lot.' There is also kekextli , usually in the diminutive, meaning 'live wire; party-goer; one
who is a barrel of fun; full of energy.' Here it is possible to assume that the /x/ results from underlying {ch} before /tl/. Note also that all but one of the words that have
syllable-final /x/ have to do with itchiness and are related to kekexkia. Nevertheless, note that kekexioh , with kex and not
kech means 'party-goer; one who is a barrel of fun; full of energy' which is the meaning associated elsewhere with kech and not kex,
relating to itchiness. The fact that kekexioh means 'party-goer' (cf. tsi:nkekech) and not 'itchiness' suggests that there is a close connection
between kexand kech(2).
\ref 02462
\lxam se:pa:ntla:lia
\lxam_c nose:pa:ntla:lia
\lxoa se:pa:ntla:lia
\lxoa_c kise:pa:ntla:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to sit down together; to gather together in a meeting
\sense_s (refl.) sentarse juntos; juntarse en una reunión
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nose:pa:ntla:li:lo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There will be a meeting (i.e., people will come together).
\phrase_s Va a haber una junta (esto es, la gente se va a reunir)
\sense_e to place together (what was scattered); to mix or put together (e.g., things such as the ingredients for bread)
\sense_s juntar (lo que estaba regado); mezclar o juntar (p. ej., cosas que se juntan para hacer algo, como los ingredientes para pan)
\sense_d Pending
\root se:
\root tla:l
\root pa:n
\nse Although I had documented the definition of 'to place together...' from Ameyaltepec, from the comments of Cristino Flores it appears that for this meaning sentla:lia
is used and se:pantla:lia is reserved for human objects.
\disamb sentla:lia; se:pantla:lia
\qry Determine whether there is a word -pantla:lia, as in kipantla:lia. Determine whether /se:pantla:lia/ can be used with inanimate objects such as occurs with /sentla:lia/.
\vl Use 2nd token from Florencia, note first, because of the more accurrate vowel pronunciation of the second.
\ref 02463
\lxam cha:nwia
\lxam_c kicha:nwia
\lxoa cha:wia
\lxoa_f [cha: 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kicha:wia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to pay a call on (particularly at a home, in order to make a request or present some information, to request a specific item in loan, to request a specific favor, to say sth in
particular).
\sense_s visitar a; hacer una visita a (particularmente a una casa, para pedir algo o comunicar o informar sobre algo en particular).
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kicha:nwi:ton.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They went to pay him a visit (in this case to request a specific item in loan, to request a specific favor, to say sth in particular).
\phrase_s Fueron a visitarlo (para pedirle algo o un favor, para informar sobre algo en particular).
\root cha:n
\nae In this as in many other cases, Oapan Nahuatl shows a loss of /n/. It appears here (and other instances will need to be checked) that there might be some compensatory lengthening
for the lost nasal segment. Only precise accoustical measurements of vowel length after loss of /n/ will determine this to any degree of certainty.
\grm Oapan phonology: note the loss of /n/ n>0.
\ref 02464
\lxam tlako:hke:tl
\lxam_c tlako:hke:tl
\lxoa tlako:hke:tl
\lxoa_c tlako:hke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e buyer
\sense_s comprador
\sense_d Pending
\root ko:wa
\ref 02465
\lxam to:ko:nwia
\lxam_c kito:ko:nwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to plant (a field) with a digging stick (and not with a plow)
\sense_s sembrar (un terreno) con un coa (y no con yunta)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kito:ko:nwia, xi:ka bwe:yeh to:ka, san ika to:ko:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He plants it (a field) with a digging stick, he doesn't plant with a team of oxen, just with a stick.
\phrase_s Lo siembra (un terreno) con una coa, no con bueyes, solamente con una coa.
\root to:ka
\ency_note mi:hli
\nse According to Pánfilo Lorenzo, to:ko:nwia also refers to the action of going over a field tilled with a plow and using a digging stick (to:ko:ni) to plant a
seed in places where the seeds sowed the first time (with a plow) did not sprout. By this time the land has hardened and one cannot replant simply by using ones foot. Note that in
Oapan the verb to:ko:nwia does not exist. Instead, one would say simply kito:ka sa ya to:kontli (i.e., kito:ka san i:ka to:kontli).
\grm Oapan phonology; orthography. In Oapan the verb to:ko:nwia does not exist. Instead, one would say simply kito:ka sa ya to:kontli (i.e.,
kito:ka san i:ka to:kontli). Note that in /kito:ka sa ya to:kontli/ the actual pronunciation is /kito:ka sayan to:kontli/. I think that the best analysis here is that
the underlying sequence is /san i:ka/ but that as in many cases n>0 / __ #. There is another rule, 0>n / __ # C(+dental?). The nature of the consonant that motivates /n/
insertion is not clear and should be determined from actual texts.
\ref 02466
\lxam tla:lmotsi:ni
\lxoa tla:lmotsi:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e see tla:lmo:motsi:ni
\sense_s véase tla:lmo:motsi:ni
\sense_d Pending
\root tla:l
\root motsi:
\ref 02467
\lxam ka:wilia
\lxam_c kika:wilia
\lxoa ka:wilia
\lxoa_c kika:wilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (~ [ ma + VP]) to allow (sb) to [VP]; to permit that (sb [O] does [VP])
\sense_s (~ [ ma + VP]) permitir; dejar que (algn haga algo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chka:wili ma nikwi:ka!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me take it away!
\phrase_s ¡Déjame llevarlo!
\sense_e (with directional affix) to leave or drop (sth [SO]) off for
\sense_s (con afijo direccional) dejar (algo [OS]) para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n o:timitska:wili:ko Tona:n To:naka:yow.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here I have come to leave off for you 'Our Mother Maize.'
\phrase_s Aquíte he venido a dejar 'Nuestra Madre Maíz'.
\root ka:wa
\qry I have the following sentence on a filecard that might be in error: /xne:chte:ka:wilia diyós para ma nitlayo:wi:s/ 'God does not permit (allow) me to suffer' (i.e., God does not abandon
me so that I suffer)."I have not entered this in the example sentences because with the trivalent /-ka:wilia/ I would expect the object to be inanimate (i.e., the thing that is permitted, or
not permitted, as in /xnote:ka:wilia/ 'it is not allowed'). Thus I would have expected /xne:chka:wilia diyó:s para ma nitlayo:wi:s/. This should be checked and the proper entry/phrase
put into the lexicon. Also check /to:naka:yow/ and make sure it is not /to:naka:yo/.
\semref ka:wilite:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlaka:wilia; tlakaka:wilia; te:ka:wilia
\xref_t val_reduce2
\xref_d Am
\xref tlaka:wilia; tlá:ka:wília; te:ka:wilia
\xref_t val_reduce2
\xref_d Oa
\xref ka:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02468
\lxam cho
\lxam_c cho tlakwatok
\lxoa cho
\lxoa_alt chi
\lxoa_c cho nika:ntsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-man
\sense_e very
\sense_s muy
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Cho nika:ntsi:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e It is very close.
\phrase_s Estámuy cerca.
\sense_e (~ [verb; often progressive] just (i.e., to be just doing [verb] and nothing else); simply (doing [verb] and nothing else)
\sense_s (~ [verb; often progressive] simplemente (esto es, estar simplemente [verbo]); nomás; pasarsela [verbo]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nochipa cho tlake:nxixi:ntok
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Clothes are just dropping off of it all the time (in this case the kohxio:tl, a tree with peeling bark, as mentioned in a riddle).
\phrase_s Nomás se le estátirando ropa todo el tiempo (en este caso el kohxio:tl, unárbol con cáscara que se pela, como se menciona en una adivinanza).
\phrase_n Cho titlakwatok wa:n ne: a:kin iwa:n titekiti, yewameh ye tekipano:tokeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are just totally involved in eating and there your work partners, they are already working.
\phrase_s Nada más te la pasas comiendo, y allátus compañeros de trabajo, ellos ya están trabajando.
\phrase_n Cho ye:watoya, wa:n o:wets.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He was just sitting there (minding his business), and he fell over.
\phrase_s Estaba no más sentado, y se cayó.
\phrase_n San cho poti:xatsi:n, yo:pi:tso:t.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has a little bloated belly (in this case a young child), he has sibling rivalry.
\phrase_s Tiene la barrigita hinchadita (en este caso un niño pequeño), tiene chípil.
\sense_e (~ [adjectival]) almost; nearly [adjectival]
\sense_s (~ [adjectival]) casi; aproximadamente; un poquito [adjectival]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San cho kostiktsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's just a little yellowish (i.e., sth like palm that is white but has a yellow tint, not really yellow).
\phrase_s Es solamente algo amarillo (p. ej., algo como la palma que es blanca pero que tiene un matiz amarillo, pero no es amarillo de a deveras)
\root cho
\nse Cho is often pronounced with the back vowel [u].
\qry Both the derivation and the precise meaning are uncertain. Above I have it indicating to be doing nothing but X (action signified by the verb). Phrase is from a riddle. Perhaps it
signifies to be doing something like (but not actually) X. Check definition of /cho/ i.e. whether it is 'something like', 'really', etc. I.e. is it an intensifier or better understood as referring
to something which is like X but not
\grm Diminutive: /tsi:n/: Note the use of /tsi:n/ in the phrase from Oapan: /cho nika:ntsi:n/. 'It is really quite close.'
\ref 02469
\lxam tlake:npani
\lxam_c i:tlake:npani
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-PM
\der PM
\infn N1
\sense_e blouse that goes over another, worn by married women (syn. /sa:koh/)
\sense_s blusa que va encima de otra (sinón. /sa:koh/)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa isa:koh, itlake:npani.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is her saco,, it is an overgarment.
\phrase_s Es su"saco,"es la ropa (blusa) que pone sobre otra.
\sense_e clothing that goes over other clothing (e.g., a man's shirt that goes over another)
\sense_s ropa que se pone sobre otra ropa (p. ej., una camisa que se pone sobre una playera)
\sense_d Pending
\root ke:m
\root pani
\ency_note clothes
\nae Original notes for this word show /n/, not /m/, before the bilabial /p/. Although this needs to be checked, in general it does appear that Balsas Nahuatl does not always show
assimilation of nasals to the point of articulation of a following stop. For a discussion of word division, see kwe:pani.
\qry For word division, get plural.
\semref kwe:pani
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02470
\lxam a:katl
\lxam_c a:katl
\lxoa a:katl
\lxoa_c a:katl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e reed; cane
\sense_s carrizo
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (tsatsi ~) for there to be a fancy wedding with contracted village musicians (música de viento) who take bread and chocolate to the bride's
family home in a long procession
\sense_s (tsatsi ~) haber una boda elegante con músico de viento contratado que lleva pan y chocolate a la casa de los padres de la novia
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tli:no:n o:nitoh? Sahkó:n, noso tsatsis a:katl?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e What was said? Will it be simple (e.g., a wedding with only pork), or will there be a fancy wedding with musicians, bread, and chocolate?
\phrase_s ¿Quése dijo?¿Va a ser sencilla (una boda con sólo carne de puerco) o más bien va a ser algo en grande con música, pan y chocolate?
\phrase_n Pero nikneki tsatsis a:katl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e But I want there to be a grand wedding (i.e., the type of wedding called xo:chitlai:hli , with musicians, bread, and chocolate)!
\phrase_s ¡Pero quiero una boda grande (esto es, el tipo boda llamada xo:chitlai:hli , con músicos, pan y chocolate)!
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root a:ka
\ency_note bodas
\nse Tsatsi a:katl refers to the fanciest wedding, in which musicians are contracted, and bread and chocolate consumed. These weddings are also referred to by the
impersonal verb xo:chitlai:lo or the nominalization xo:chitlai:hli. Whereas there were still a few of these weddings in Ameyaltepec in the early 1980s
they have gradually come to an end, being replaced by the borrowed customs of the dominant Spanish society.
\notes_nature Under carrizo, Schoenhals (1988) writes:"1. (Arundo donax) '[type of] bamboo,' giant reed.' 2. (Phragmites communis) 'reed grass,' 'cane'; a
cane used for house roofing in Chiapas. 3. (Bambusa vulgaris) 'bamboo.' See bambú.Under bambú, Schoenhals simply notes the
scientific name again, Bambusa vulgaris, while mentioning that these are of the hollow stem varieties, also called carrizo.
\ref 02471
\lxam tili:nki
\lxam_c tili:nki
\lxoa tili:nki
\lxoa_c tili:nki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e tight or tightened (e.g., clothes on a person's body, a saddle on an animal, a bag or sack stuffed full, etc.)
\sense_s apretado; ajustado (p. ej., ropa sobre el cuerpo, una silla sobre un animal, un costal muy lleno, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma nimokaxa:ni, ke:n tili:nki notlakotia:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me loosen my clothes (e.g., a belt), (the clothes around) my waist are really tight (e.g., because I have just eaten a lot)!
\phrase_s ¡Déjame soltar mi ropa (p. ej., un cinturón), (la ropa por) mi cintura estámuy apretada (p. ej., porque comímucho)!
\sense_e in a tight curve
\sense_s en una curva apretada
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Tili:nki notsonto:ka.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e It (a bird) dives down at a sharp angle.
\phrase_s Se tira hacia abajo (una ave en vuelo) en unángulo cerrado.
\root tili:
\nae The construction Ma nimokaxa:ni manifests a pattern of transitivity alternation with reflexives that is not uncommon, where a reflexive creates a sort of applicative
meaning. An identical process can be observed with koto:naand a phrase such as o:nokoto:n moburroh 'your donkey snapped loose (breaking
its teather).'
\grm Note that when talking to FM and IJ they would repeatedly use /tili:ntok/ and not /tili:nki/ even though they said both were the same. However, when IJ uttered /tili:nki
xtsa:lo/ it appeared that this might be some difference. I.e., that /tili:ntok/ is a resultative or stative while /tili:nki/ could be a modifier. Note also that the following words
were used /tili:nka:sa:lowa/ and /tlakotili:nia/.
\grm Applicative; valency: The construction Ma nimokaxa:ni manifests a pattern of transitivity alternation with reflexives that is not uncommon, where a reflexive
creates a sort of applicative meaning. An identical process can be observed with koto:naand a phrase such as o:nokoto:n moburroh
'your donkey snapped loose (breaking its teather).'
\ref 02472
\lxam iya:nilia
\lxam_c kiya:nilia
\lxoa i:ya:nilia
\lxoa_c ki:ya:nilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to hide for or from
\sense_s esconderle a o de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chiya:nilih itomi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He hid his money from me (e.g., ones child, or partner perhaps, so that I would not find it).
\phrase_s Me escondiósu dinero (p. ej., el niño o socio de algn, para que no lo encuentre).
\root i:ya:na
\qry Check for maintenance of /i/ after /tla-/ in Oapan. Also check other various forms.
\xref i:ya:na
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02473
\lxam cha:ntla:kah
\lxam_c nocha:ntla:kah
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N
\infn Oblig poss
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\sense_e male fellow-citizen (from the same place, or reference point, as the possessor)
\sense_s paisano (un hombre del mismo lugar, o punto de referencia, que el poseedor)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nocha:ntla:kah, no: nika:n icha:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is my fellow citizen, his home is also here.
\phrase_s El es mi paisano, también es de aquí.
\root cha:n
\root tla:ka
\nse Possessed forms such as nocha:ntla:kaw are not used given the sense of possessed tla:katl as 'lover' (e.g., notla:kaw 'my
man/boyfriend'). For the same reason the plural possessed form is with the borrowed Spanish morpheme -s: nocha:ntla:kas and not ?
nocha:ntla:kawa:n. In Oapan, apparently because of the connotations of tla:kah, the form cha:ntla:kah is not used. Rather one finds
cha:nihni:w.
\qry Apparently /-cha:nsowah/ is always possessed. Recheck this. Also check the possition of subjects: /nocha:n tisowah/ or /tinocha:nsowah/? FM stated that /i:cha:ntla:kah/ sounds
bad, apparently referring to the fact that it is often used to indicate a lover.
\semref cha:nsowah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref cha:nsowah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref cha:ni:hihni:htli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02474
\lxam tamahli
\lxam_c tamahli
\lxoa tamahli
\lxoa_c tamahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e generic name for tamal
\sense_s nombre genérico para el tamal
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e dolls of boiled tixtli used in the ceremony called te:tlakaka:wilistli
\sense_s muñecas de masa hervida utilizadas en la ceremonia llamada te:tlakaka:wilistli
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food-maize
\root tamal
\ency_note tamahli; check FM's tapes.
\nse To date, the following types of tamal have been documented: (see individual entries for a discussion of each): a:yotamahli or á:yutamáhli,
chi:ltamahli, tamahli de kuwnextli or tlikonextamahli, tamahli de telolotsi:n or tamaltelolotsi:n,
tetamahli or tatamahli , xokotamahli , ye:lo:tamahli, iskitamahli, tamahli de
papatlaxtsitsi:nteh and yetamahli. See also yo:ltamalteh.
\ref 02475
\lxam araba:toh
\lxam_c araba:toh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan garabato
\psm Adj
\der Adj-loan
\sense_e curved (used to refer to machetes)
\sense_s encorvado (aplicado a machetes)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Mache:teh araba:toh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is a curved machete.
\phrase_s Es un machete encurvado.
\semref mache:teh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02476
\lxam nelowilia
\lxam_c kinelowilia
\lxoa nelowilia
\lxoa_c kinelowilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to stir for; to mix for
\sense_s batir para; revolver para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:cha:lnelowili na:to:l!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Reach over here and stir my atole for me!
\phrase_s ¡Báteme mi atole (al estirarte hacia acá)!
\root nel
\nse Like the base verb nelowa, the applicative form preceded by the nonspecific object tla- has a vulgar sense, referring to sexual intercourse. The
subject of such constructions is male and the primary object female, e.g., kitlanelowilia 'he screws her.'
\xref nelowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02477
\lxam tlayo:lmaka
\lxam_c kitlayo:lmaka
\lxoa tlayo:lmaka
\lxoa_c kitlayo:lmaka
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V2-b
\infv Irregular; see maka
\sense_e to give maize to eat to (an animal, generally mammals)
\sense_s darle maíz para comer a (un animal, generalmente mamíferos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitlayo:lmaka imulah, kitekipano:lti:s a:man xo:pantlah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He feeds his mule maize, he will work him (in the fields) this summer.
\phrase_s Le da de comer maíz a su mula, la va a trabajar (en el campo) este verano.
\root o:ya
\root maka
\ref 02478
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /a:yekaxtsi:n/ as an alternate pronunciation of /a:yakaxtsi:n/. However, it is not used and has been eliminated.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 02479
\lxam kwitlapanka:xiwi
\lxam_c *kwitlapanka:xiwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for ones back to give in (curving under a weight)
\sense_s rendirsele la espalda a (algn, pandeándose bajo un peso)
\sense_d Am
\root kwitla
\root ka:x
\root_rel -pan
\nse In Oapan an equivalent semantic sense is communicated by the verb ka:xowa with the intensifying prefix te-, e.g.,. noteka:xowa.
\qry Check for transitive form, which undoubtedly exists, and obtain example sentences.
\semref ka:xowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02480
\lxam chokola:teh
\lxam_alt chikola:teh
\lxam_c chokola:teh
\lxoa chokola:teh
\lxoa_c chokola:teh
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\loan (Sp) chikola:tl
\psm N
\infn N1
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\semfld food
\sense_e chocolate (candy)
\sense_s chocolate (dulce de)
\sense_d Pending
\root chikol
\nae The lexemes in this entry are back-borrowings from Spanish. They refer only to chocolate in the hard form, not liquid, for which chikola:tlis used.
\ref 02481
\lxam tlatsatsakwalo:ni
\lxam_c tlatsatsakwalo:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-instr-ni
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\sense_e ceramic bowl with a handle protruding from the middle of the bottom, and used upside-down for covering pots in which foods such as elotes and tamales are
cooked with steam; in Ameyaltepec the tlatsatsakwalo:ni often has three ring-like legs, rather than one handle in the middle
\sense_s plato hondo de cerámica con una manga que sale de por medio de la parte inferior; se pone boca abajo sobre una olla donde se estácocinando con vapor cosas como
elotes y tamales; en Ameyaltepec los tlatsatsako:ni a menudo tienen tres pies, como astas pequeñas, en lugar de una en medio
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tool-cook
\root tsakwa
\nse The original notes gave Ameyaltepec tlatsatsakwalo:ni and tlatsatsako:ni as synonymous while stating that the former is much more common.
However, in Oapan the equivalent form, tlá:tsekó:ni, is a version of the latter.
\semref tlatsatsako:ni
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tlá:tsekó:ni
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02482
\lxam tlachichi:wa
\lxam_c tlachichi:wa
\lxoa tlá:chí:wa
\lxoa_pr tlá:chi:wa
\lxoa_c tlá:chí:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der Vb-2
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes
\sense_e to cause a pregnancy (particularly an animal as agent, though humans can also be subjects of tlachi:wa); to become pregnant (a woman or female animal)
\sense_s ser la causa de un embarazo (particularmente un animal como agente, aunque también un hombre); quedarse embarazada (una mujer o hembra de animal)
\sense_d Pending
\root chi:wa
\nae The Ameyaltepec form is simply the transitive verb chi:wa with the nonspecific object prefix tla-. In Oapan, on the other hand, the same meaning is
conveyed through a reduplicated verb stem, reduced onto the previous light syllable of tla-.
\xref chi:wa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02483
\lxam o:ilia
\lxam_c ko:ilia
\lxoa o:ilia
\lxoa_c ko:ilia; kó:iliá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to shell (maize, with an o:lo:tetl or teo:lo:tl) for
\sense_s desgranar (maíz, con un o:lo:tetl o teo:lo:tl) para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:xtlao:ilikeh nokone:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My children shelled (maize) for me.
\phrase_s Mis hijos desgranaron para mí.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to shell (maize, by hand) for
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) desgranar (maíz) para
\sense_d Pending
\root o:ya
\nae In both the base form o:ya and the applicative form o:ilia, reduplication is used to indicate shelling by hand, and nonreduplicated form is used
to indicate shelling by a tool made of corncobs tightly bound together. However, it is not yet clear how the reduplication manifests itself. For the base verb, for example,
Ameyaltepec tlatlao:ya is realized in Oapan as tlaó:ya (in other words, the reduplication in Ameyaltepec is of the nonspecific prefix, in Oapan of the
vowel-initial verbal stem). Unfortunately for the applicative the nature of reduplication in Ameyaltepec has not yet been determined. For Oapan it remains, as with the base verb,
reduplication of the vowel-initial stem.
\vl Make sure the sequence /ko:ilia/ /kó:iliá/ is uttered, first these two words by the female, then by the male. Note that on the sound tape the first set of four is the first
pronunciation, the second set of four is the second (reduplicated with pitch-accent) pronunciation. Probably the sound files of two words will have to be joined together for
each speaker before linking to the lexicon.
\xref o:ya
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02484
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be Am /tepa:ntok/ and Oa /tehpa:ntok/ It is a duplicate of 5857 and has been removed.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 02485
\lxam ichpo:xtli
\lxam_c ichpo:xtli
\lxoa ichpo:xtli
\lxoa_c ichpo:xtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e young girl or maiden of marriagable age, about 14 to 20 years old
\sense_s jovencita o doncella de una edad apropriada para casarse, como de 14 a 20 años de edad
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nochpo:ch, ye nitlai:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She's my daughter, I'm going to have a wedding feast soon.
\phrase_s Es mi hija, pronto voy a tener una fiesta de bodas.
\semfld age
\root chpo:ch
\ency_note ichpo:xtli
\semref ichpokawah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ichpakawah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02486
\lxam i:xte:mpapa:ya:tl
\lxam_c i:xte:mpapa:ya:tl
\lxoa i:xté:mpá:ya:tl
\lxoa_c i:xté:mpá:ya:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-l)
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e see i:xte:mpapa:ya:tsi:n
\sense_s véase i:xte:mpapa:ya:tsi:n
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root pa:ya:
\nae The Oapan form of this lexeme manifests reduction of short vowel reduplication (with accompanying pitch accent from the underlying {h} as a coda of the reduplicant). This occurs
even though the underlying vowel of the previous syllable, the incorporated noun i:xte:n, is long. Note also that the second high-pitched syllable is one the immediately
adjacent syllable, which is also heavy. There is no rightward shift. By contrast, when the diminutive -tsi:n is added there is rightward shift: i:xté:mpa:yá:tsi:n.
\grmx Oapan reduplication: The Oapan form of this lexeme (/i:xté:mpá:yatl/) manifests reduction of short vowel reduplication (with accompanying pitch accent from the
underlying {h} as a coda of the reduplicant). This occurs even though the underlying vowel of the previous syllable, the incorporated noun i:xte:n, is long.
Note also that the second high-pitched syllable is one the immediately adjacent syllable, which is also heavy. There is no rightward shift. By contrast, when the diminutive
-tsi:n is added there is rightward shift: i:xté:mpa:yá:tsi:n. The reason why certain heavy syllables accept reduction of the reduplicant is not
clear. Perhaps in these cases it is the maintenance of the nasal that marks"extra length."Or perhaps these are lexically specific terms. More work needs to be done.
\ref 02487
\lxam pilowa
\lxam_c kipilowa
\lxoa pilowa
\lxoa_c kipilowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to hang; to hang up
\sense_s colgar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xpilo ne:!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hang it up there!
\phrase_s ¡Cuélgalo allí!
\phrase_n Xpilo, ma:ka san chapa:ntos
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hang it up, don't let it just be hanging down on the ground (e.g., sth long that stretches out over the ground)!
\phrase_s ¡Cuélgalo, no lo vayas a dejar tirado sobre el suelo (p. ej., algo largo que queda estirado por el suelo)!
\sense_e to throw a birthday party for
\sense_s festejar el cumpleaños de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xwa:hla i:n to:nahli, newa ne:chpilo:skeh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Come on this day, they are gonig to throw a birthday party for me!
\phrase_s ¡Venga este día, me van a festejar mi cumpleaños!
\sense_e (refl.) to pull down hard (e.g., on a strap that needs tightening, or on sth that needs to be pulled out, snapped, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) jalar fuertemente (p. ej., sobre un tirante o soga que se necesita apretar, o para desprender o reventar algo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmopilo, kaxa:nki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pull down hard, it's loose!
\phrase_s ¡Jala fuerte, estáflojo!
\sense_e (refl.) to hang back; to be reluctant (to do sth, go somewhere, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) colgarse; ser poco inclinado o indispuesto (a hacer algo, a ir a algún lado, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ti:roh timopilowa. Kas titlatsiwi, xtia:sneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You really hang back. Is it that you're feeling lazy, that you don't want to go?
\phrase_s Te estás colgando.¿Seráque te sientes flojo, que no quieres ir?
\sense_e (refl.) to hang straight down, perpendicular to the ground
\sense_s (refl.) colgarse, perpendicularmente al suelo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:kwitlaxkol dia:bloh, nopilowa ipan kohtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e [The vine called] i:kwitlaxkol dia:blohhangs straight down from trees.
\phrase_s Desde losárboles [la enredadera llamada] i:kwitlaxkol dia:blohse cuelga hacia la tierra.
\sense_e (refl. + a:tl) to rain heavily
\sense_s (refl. + a:tl) llover fuertemente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pe:w nopilowa a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's begun to rain heavily.
\phrase_s Empezóa llover fuertemente.
\semfld motion
\root pil
\qry Check meaning of /nopilowa a:tl/ meaning 'to rain heavily' and determine whether the 'heavily' is indeed accurrate.
\grm Nondefinite object deletion: With tla-, the verb pilowa refers to various actions (e.g., making totopos and hanging hooks on
stakes placed in shallow water. In regard to totopos (a sweet, thin toasted tortilla made for Santa Cruz), the verb refers to how they are made. The
masa is ground very thin on a metate and then pushed off the edge as another woman gathers it on top of a cloth, then placing it on a griddle to be toasted.
The verb pilowa is apparently used because the masa is pushed till it is made to hang off the edge of the metate. Note the use of
/tla-/ here with several noncontextualized meanings.
\xref pilowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlapilowa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02488
\lxam totomi
\lxam_c totomi
\lxoa tótomí
\lxoa_pr totomi
\lxoa_c tótomí
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-mi
\infv class-3a(m)
\pitch yes
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\sense_e see tomi
\sense_s véase tomi
\sense_d Pending
\root tom
\qry Determine best entry for this word and all related forms: with reduplication or without.
\ref 02489
\lxam koxtlatsiwi
\lxam_c koxtlatsiwi
\lxoa koxtlatsiwi
\lxoa_c koxtlatsiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp S-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to feel lazy because of sleepiness (often because of having just woken up)
\sense_s sentir flojera por el sueño (particularmente por haberse apenas despertado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Koxtlatsiwi. Kemech o:isak. Ok tlatsiwtok, xkwahli o:koxtlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is feeling lazy from the effects of sleep. He just woke up. He's still feeling lazy, he didn't get enough sleep.
\phrase_s Siente flojera por el sueño. Apenas se despertó. Todavía siente flojera, no terminóde dormir bien.
\phrase_n Xo:timitsna:nkilih pa:mpa nikoxtlatsiwtok. Xka:wa, nihkaktok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I didn't answer you in the affirmative because I'm feeling lazy with sleep. But indeed (contrary to what you might think) I do hear it (what you are saying, asking).
\phrase_s No te contestéen lo afirmativo porque siento flojera por el sueño. Pero si (contrariamente a lo que se podría pensar), lo estoy escuchando (lo que me dices).
\root kochi
\root tlats
\qry With /tlatsiwi/ unclear whether this should be considered a basic verb, obtain in elicitation transitive form.
\mod For purposes of analysis, parsing, certain verb forms should be given additional stems for participial forms. One such verb is /kochi/, which enters into compounds with /koch-/.
\ref 02490
\lxam mihka:tsontekomatl
\lxam_c mihka:tsontekomatl
\lxoa mihka:tsontekomatl
\lxoa_c mihka:tsontekomatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Part-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e skull (of humans)
\sense_s calavera (de seres humanos)
\sense_d Pending
\root miki
\root tson
\root tekoma
\grm Oapan phonology; phonetics The surface realization of the underlying {kk} of the participial verb form needs acoustic analysis. I would have expected an aspiration
[ihka:], but this does not seem to be the case. Rather, the acoustics seem more that of a double stop. Check and add notes here.
\vl Use second token of female.
\ref 02491
\lxam pi:tsowa
\lxam_c kipi:tsowa
\lxoa pi:tsowa
\lxoa_c kipi:tsowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to narrow or partly close (an opening, such as that of a bag, sack, etc.); to congest or block the way through; to make smaller (a passageway, tunnel, or opening where
things pass through)
\sense_s hacer más angosto (una apertura, como la de un saco o costal, etc.); congestionar o estorbar; hacer más cerrado (un paso, tunel o apertura por donde pasan cosas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xniman o:kitakeh. O:tlapi:tsiw, o:xiti:n, o:nopi:tsoh otli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They didn't see it right away (in this case the place where a path had passed through a wide opening in a stone fence). Everything (e.g., the opening) had become narrower,
it (the wall around the opening) had fallen down, the path had gotten narrowed (by stones falling into an opening where the path had passed through).
\phrase_s No lo vieron luego (en este caso la apertura por donde pasaba una senda de un lado al otro de una cerca de piedra). Todo (esto es, la apertura) había quedado más
estrecho, se había derrumbado (la cerca), el camino quedóhecho más angosto.
\phrase_n Tlapi:tsowan un burros.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Those donkeys block the way (in this case leaving only a narrow space for other to pass through on a road).
\phrase_s Estorban esos burros (en este caso dejando solamente un espacio angosto donde la gente que camina por una senda puede pasar).
\sense_e to take in (clothes such as pants at the waist, or shirts around the body)
\sense_s meter para reducir la talla de (p. ej., un pantalón por la cintura, una camisa, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipi:tso:s ikoton pa:mpa ke:n koya:wak. Ma pi:tsiwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will take in his shirt because it's too loose. It needs to be taken in.
\phrase_s Va a meterle a su camisa, es muy holgada. Debe ser más apretada.
\sense_e (often with short vowel reduplication) to narrow (the space between rows, such as furrows in a plowed field)
\sense_s (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer más angosto (el espacio entre filas como los surcos de un campo de sembrar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kimpipi:tsoh surkos. Kokoya:hkeh katkan, a:man ka, a:man o:kimpipi:tsoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He narrowed the furrows. They were wide and far apart (e.g., from plowing during a previous year), now they aren't, he narrowed them (by plowing closer together this
year).
\phrase_s Hizo los surcos más angostos. Estaban muy abiertos (de haber sido arado asíen años anteriores), ahora no lo son, los hizo más angostos (o cerrados).
\semfld distort-shape
\root pi:ts
\disamb tso:lowa; pi:tsowa
\grm Oapan phonology; phonetics: The length of the /i:/ in this verb stem is unusually long and this word could well serve as a paradigmatic example of vowel lenght, particularly
if compared to another verb with a /pits/ sequence and a short /i/ vowel.
\grm Reduplication; pluralization: Pluralization of objects of transitive verbs often involves reduplication of the verbal stem. The phrase /O:kimpipi:tsoh surkos. Kokoya:hkeh
katkan, a:man ka, a:man o:kimpipi:tsoh/ 'He narrowed the furrows. They were wide and far apart (e.g., from plowing during a previous year), now they aren't, he narrowed
them (by plowing closer together this year)' illustrates this. The reduplication apparently reflects the fact that this is a repeated action, that it is only by plowing back and
forth that the furrows are narrowed, one after another.
\ref 02492
\lxam tlayeka:nke:tl
\lxam_c tlayeka:nke:tl
\lxoa tlayeka:nke:tl
\lxoa_c tlayeka:nke:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person, usually a small child, who walks as a guide or target in front of a team of oxen that are just being trained to follow the furrows when pulling a plow
\sense_s persona, generalmente un niño pequeño, quien camina como guía directamente adelante de una yunta que apenas se estáadiestrando para seguir los surcos al jalar el
arado
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e type of village official, responsible for barrio tasks, in Oapan
\sense_s tipo de servidor, que hay en cada barrio de Oapan
\sense_d Oa
\root yek
\root a:na
\ency_note government
\nse Only in Oapan is this term used to refer to a village official.
\nae The form ? tlayeka:nki has not been documented.
\qry Determine full range of meanings
\vl Use second token of female speaker.
\ref 02493
\lxam xo:chitemimihli
\lxam_c xo:chitemimihli
\lxoa xo:chimimiltsi:n
\lxoa_c xo:chimimiltsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\lexical Lex. rdp-s; Lex. infix te- (Am)
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e flower bud (of a plant)
\sense_s capullo (de una planta o flor)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye kipia ixo:chitemi:mihlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It already has its flower bud.
\phrase_s Ya tiene su capullo.
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\root xochi:
\root mil
\disamb xo:chitemimihlo; totopoyo; mimihlo; etc.
\nse The unpossessed form of the headword, at least in Oapan, is often found in the diminutive. In this village another term, temimihlo (and occasionally it seems, also
temimihlo) is also often used, though the precise difference between the two terms, if there is one, is not yet clear.
\ref 02494
\lxam i:xko:kopi
\lxam_c i:xko:kopi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to flicker or flutter (a light)
\sense_s centellear o fulgurar (una luz)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n San i:xko:koptok, xkipia ma:s itlachialis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's just fluttering on and off, it isn't very bright.
\phrase_s Nada más estácentelleando, ya no tiene mucho brillantez.
\root i:x
\root hkopi
\nse In Oapan one finds tlítlikwí for 'to flicker or flutter (a light).'
\qry Note that form entered is long reduplication. Check to see if non- reduplicated form exists: /i:xkopi/, or if short vowel reduplication occurs.
\grm Re: Phonology: if an underlying /h/ exists in /hkopi/, then where does it go in /i:xkopi/. Re: reduplication of /ihCV/ words check possibilities of /ihCV(:)CV/, loss of /h/ etc.
Check cognates in Oapan and San Juan. The problem here is of hC-initial verbal stems when there is an incorporated noun (cf. kalpixki and hpia). Evidence from Oapan
and SJ is needed. However, from various sources it appears that initial verb-stem {h} deletes with CVC noun incorporation.
\ref 02495
\lxam sentlamantli
\lxam_c sentlamantli
\lxoa sentlamantli
\lxoa_c sentlamantli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Mod-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e melancholy; sadness
\sense_s melancolía; tristeza
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sentlamantli ika nemi, xonkah ika iyo:hlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is melancholic and sad, he isn't content.
\phrase_s Estámelancólico y triste, no estácontento.
\phrase_n Tle:ka sentlamantli?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Why is there sadness? (i.e., Why is he sad?)
\phrase_s ¿Por quéhay tristeza? (esto es,¿Por quéestátriste?)
\semfld emotions
\root sen
\root man
\nse Sentlamantli refers to a sadness that takes over a person who for one reason or another, perhaps from being scolded, appears sad and unhappy, thinking about
something. Perhaps this"distanceness"is the basis for the etymology and meaning. Note that Molina glosses this word 'una cosa, un negocio, o una parte, o un par.' There is no
indication here, or in other sources, of a basis for the present meaning in the Balsas area. Nevertheless, simple tlamantliis similar to the classical sense.
\qry The etymology or basis for this meaning is unclear.
\vl Check vowel length of initial /e/; it appears somewhat long in the Oapan examples, but if etymologically from /sen/, then it would be short.
\grm Subordinator: /Sentlamantli i:ka nemi, xunkah i:ka i:yo:hlo/ 'He is melancholic and sad, he isn't content.' The syntax of the subordinate adverbial clauses is interesting in
that it is very much like in Classical. The first clause is /sentlamantli ika nemi/ This seems very much like Classical in which /ic/ is used preverbally to indicate that the verbal
predicate has an associated subordinate clause. This example should be used and compared to Classical syntax. The following clause shows a postverbal use of the
subordinator: /xunkah ika iyo:hlo/ 'he isn't content (lit., 'with his heart').
\ref 02496
\lxam kompa:ltatli
\lxam_c kompa:ltatli
\lxoa kompá:ltatlí
\lxoa_c kompá:ltatlí
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\loan compadre
\psm N
\infn N2
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e godfather
\sense_s padrino
\sense_d Pending
\root tah
\nse Apparently, unlike other terms of relational kin, the stem of this term, kompa:ltah is not used as a vocative, for which pa:pali:noh is employed in
Ameyaltepec. In Oapan the address term seems to be ta:tah.
\qry Check if the absolutive form can be used, e.g. perhaps /newa nikompa:ltatli/.
\ref 02497
\lxam ka:no:non
\lxam_c ka:no:non
\lxoa ka:no:non
\lxoa_alt ka:no:noh
\lxoa_c ka:no:noh, ka:no:non
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Pr
\der Pr-indef
\sense_e where is it? (refering to the place at which an event might take place, etc.)
\sense_s ¿dónde está? (en referencia al lugar donde ubicación de un objeto material)
\sense_d Pending
\root ka:n
\nse The difference between ka:non, ka:nono:n, and katlihneeds more study. Apparently katlih is used
to indicate the location of a movable material object, it is followed by a noun referencing such an object in a copular construction: katlih COPULA NOUN (e.g.,
Katli motlapech? 'Where is your bed?' On the other hand, ka:non is an interrogatory pronoun used before verbal predicates or before nouns
that may be mobile or that indicate places where an event is the principal focus: Ka:non titlakwa:s? 'Where are you going to eat?' or Ka:non
mocha:n? 'Where is your house?' Note that ka:non may also be used as a complementizer for complement taking verbs (e.g., Xnihmati ka:non
kitla:lia? 'I don't know where he puts it?') Ka:nono:n (the length of the final vowel is uncertain) is written as one word though undoubtedly derived from
ka:non and on. It refers back to the loc ation of something that has already been mentioned in the discourse. I have only heard it used in
the present tense, so it may be considered a zero copular construction: ka:non COPULA on ? 'Where is it (lit. 'that')? Finally,
ka:n is used in relative clause constructions. Note that a similar paradigm of relative clause marker, relative clause marker + on, and relative
clause marker + on and on is found elsewhere (e.g, tli:n, tli:non, and tli:nono:n).
\qry As with /akinono:n/ check length of final vowel. Also determine precise meaning (as opposed to /ka:non/) and whether these forms ending in /-ono:n/ should be given a separate
entry. Also decide whether /o:n/ (or /on/) should be listed in the root field. Recheck length with program and measurement.
\vl Check vowel length carefully. It is hard to determine.
\ref 02498
\lxam -tlampa
\lxam_c i:tlampa
\lxoa -tlampa
\lxoa_c i:tlampa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N(rel)
\der Rel-poss-com
\infn N2(rel)
\sense_e underneath
\sense_s debajo de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wel tikasi michin saka tetl. Tiktepacho:s se: tetl itlampa pakah michin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You can catch fish with nothing more than rocks. You throw a rock hard against a rock under which there are fish (and the fish will emerge).
\phrase_s Puedes pescar con piedras nada más. Le tiras una piedra contra otra abajo de la cual hay peces (y van a salir).
\phrase_n Ma:se:kapochik, notla:lia itlampa tetl, tikontas melá:k ke:n toma:se:katson, xtokatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The ma:se:kapochik , it makes its home underneath rocks, they look just like armpit hair. They are not considered tokatl.
\phrase_s Los ma:se:kapochik viven abajo de las piedras, los ves como pelo de axilas. No se consideran tokatl.
\sense_e at the base of (e.g., a tree)
\sense_s en la base de (p. ej., unárbol)
\sense_d Pending
\root_rel -tlan; -pa
\disamb tsi:ntlan; i:kxitlan; tlampa
\grm Phonology: the recording of this by FM is preserved in the phonetics file as a particularly clear example of long initial /i:/.
\grm Folklore: Note according to the example sentence that follows, the daddy-longlegs is not considered a spider: /Ma:se:kapochik, notla:lia i:tlampa tetl, tikontas melá:k ke:n
toma:se:katson, xtokatl./.
\ref 02499
\lxam Tsi:nkwalkaxtsi:n
\lxam_c *Tsi:nkwalkaxtsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e constellation of about a dozen stars in the form of a small triangle, still not identified
\sense_s constelación de como una dozena de estrellas en forma de un pequeño triángulo, todavía no identificada
\sense_d Am
\semfld -es
\root tsi:n
\root kwalkax
\ency_note si:tlalin
\qry Add definition of /tsi:nkwalkaxtli/, ?haunch?
\ref 02500
\lxam tlayo:lpepenk:etl
\lxam_c tlayo:lpepenke:tl
\lxoa tlayó:lpepénke:tl
\lxoa_c tlayó:lpepénke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e person who gathers up corn kernels scattered on the ground
\sense_s persona que pepena maíz regado por la tierra
\sense_d Oa
\root o:ya
\root pena
\qry Check for possessed form, if it is possible. Temporarily I have coded this noun as N1/2.
\ref 02501
\lxam mori:yoh
\lxam_c mori:yoh
\lxoa mori:yoh
\lxoa_c mori:yoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan morillo
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e main roof beam of a house with a teja roof
\sense_s morillo en una con techo de teja
\sense_d Pending
\ency_note kahli
\ref 02502
\lxam a:yo:tia
\lxam_c ka:yo:tia
\lxoa a:yo:tia
\lxoa_c ka:yo:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to add water to (e.g., broths, beans, other substances that have some water but need more)
\sense_s agregarle agua a (p. ej., caldo, frijoles, substancias que tienen algo de agua pero que les hace falta más)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl.) to blister (in reference to blister with watery liquid inside)
\sense_s (refl.) ampollarse (en referencia a ampollas con un líquido aguado adentro)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:xhkukwa nowera:ch, yo:na:yo:tih nokxi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My sandals hurt me, my feet have become blistered.
\phrase_s Me aprietan los huaraches, ya me salieron ampollitas.
\sense_e (refl.) to get infected (i.e., with pus)
\sense_s (refl.) infectarse (esto es, con pus)
\sense_d Pending
\root a:
\qry Determine difference between /a:yo:ki:sa/ and /a:yo:tia/, if one exists. Also check for the various words that indicate 'to become watery,' 'to make watery,' etc. (perhaps do a search
for root /a:/). Check for intransitive /a:yowa/, or other equal intransitives. A problem is to determine the difference between /a:yo:tia/ and /a:yo:tilia/. The former is glossed in many
places as 'to add water to (broth, beans, other substances that have some water but need more)' as it is above. However, I also have the applicative with the same meaning. The
difference between /xka:yo:ti moyew/ and /xka:yo:tili moyew/ should be checked, as indeed should the question as to whether both are correct. Cr. Flores denied the correctness of
/Toto:nka:pachiwtok noma:se:katitlan, yo:pe:w na:yo:tia./ 'My armpit is hot and cramped, it's started to get wet from sweat.' I had defined this as '(refl.) to get wet from sweat' and
have since removed it. Check.
\mod Add disambiguation notes as necessary.
\grm /-tia/: note the difference between /a:tia/ 'to become watery' and /a:yo:tia/, which is a transitive verb meaning 'to water down' or 'to add water to.'
\xref a:yo:tilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02503
\lxam kekexka:po:ni
\lxam_c kekexka:po:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Part-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to get a sudden and strong itch
\sense_s salirsele comezón de repente a una parte del cuerpo
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to break out and become a live wire or a lot of fun (i.e., to stop being a wallflower at a party, to start getting loose and able to enjoy things)
\sense_s alivianarse; empezar a divertirse
\sense_d Am
\fla tsi:nkekex
\root kex
\root po:ni
\nse Kekechka:po:ni was said jokingly. It is obviously related to the root kekexkia and to what occasionally appears as kekexiwi.
Nevertheless, the change from fricative to affricate is unusual and not regular. It is mirrored, however, in the affricate at the end of Ameyaltepec tsi:nkekech. These
are the only two cases in which /ch/ appears for /x/ in kekexkia.
\qry However, the change from fricative to affricate is unusual and should be checked, perhaps the correct entry should be /kekexka:po:ni/. Check also for transitive or causative forms.
\ref 02504
\lxam semi:tah
\lxam_c semi:tah
\lxoa semi:tah
\lxoa_c semi:tah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan cemita
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e certain type of bread made in Oapan
\sense_s cierto tipo de pan hecho en Oapan
\sense_d Am
\sense_e bread (of any type)
\sense_s pan (de cualquier tipo)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld food
\nse Ameyaltepequeños use the word semi:tah specifically in reference to the type of bread made in Oapan. However, in Oapan it is the generalized term for bread
(though some speakers use the borrowing pa:n) regardless of type.
\qry Determine recipe.
\semref pa:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02505
\lxam a:xo:lo:tl
\lxam_c a:xo:lo:tl
\lxoa a:xo:lo:tl
\lxoa_c a:xo:lo:tl
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N
\infn N1(dom)
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e tadpole, type of water animal that turns into the frog called mariantsi:nin Oapan
\sense_s reinacuajo, tipo de animal acuático que se vuelve rana llamado mariantsi:nen Oapan
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\root a:
\root xo:lo:
\nse Translation is still uncertain although various individuals have said that the a:xo:lo:tl becomes (nokwepa) a rana(frog). Roberto Mauricio
(Oa) classified the a:xo:lo:tl as a type of michin.
\ref 02506
\lxam surka:rowa
\lxam_c kisurka:rowa
\lxoa surka:rowa
\lxoa_c kisurka:rowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan (Nah) surcar
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to plow after having barbechado the land
\sense_s surcar después de haber barbechado la tierra
\sense_d Pending
\ency_note Differentiate and discuss under land: plow techniques: /surka:rowa/, /barbe:chowa/, /te:teki/, /sakamowa/, /o:melia/, /ye:ilia/, etc.
\qry Determine the differences between /surka:rowa/, /barbe:chowa/, /te:teki/, /sakamowa/, /o:meilia/, /ye:ilia/, etc.
\ref 02507
\lxam yema:nilia
\lxam_c kiyema:nilia
\lxoa yema:nilia
\lxoa_c kiyema:nilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to soften (cloth, dough, clay, etc.)
\sense_s ablandar (tela, masa, barro, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwahli kiyema:nilia itson.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It softens her hair up nicely.
\phrase_s Le suavice bien su cabello.
\sense_e to loosen up (e.g., earth or anything tightly packed together)
\sense_s aflojar (p. ej., la tierra u otras cosas apretadas y duras)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma timitsyema:nili motla:l!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me loosen up the ground on your land for you (by plowing it for the first time in the season)!
\phrase_s ¡Déjame aflojar la tierra de tu terreno para tí(al ararlo la primera vez en la temporada)!
\root yema:n
\fl yema:nia
\nae The applicative form yema:nilia is derived from
\mod Make sure /fl field is connected to yema:nia as a transitive V2.
\xref yema:nia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02508
\lxam i:xtakao:sti
\lxam_c i:xtakao:sti
\lxoa i:xtakao:sti
\lxoa_c i:xtakao:sti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Adv-V1
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to become pregnant out of wedlock
\sense_s quedar embarazada fuera del matrimonio
\sense_d Pending
\root i:xtaka
\root o:s
\qry Again, check for possibility of two word compound.
\nae More work will need to be done, but at least acoustically, the initial vowel in Oapan i:xtakao:sti appears long. Comparatively (cf. FK's entry under ichtaka)
this is found with a short vowel and affricate for Balsas area fricative /x/. Pipil also has ichtaka. On the basis of this evidence and considering the difficulty in determining
the lenght of word-initial vowels, perhaps the orthographic representation as a long vowel here should be reconsidered. Definitely all occurrences of ixtaka or
i:xtaka should be considered before a final orthographic decision is reached.
\qry Consider all vowels for /ixtaka/, etc.
\vl This 4 token sequence is repeated twice, the first time had too much background noice.
\semref i:xtakakoné:watí
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02509
\lxam xo:pan
\lxam_c xo:pan otli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-pan
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e preclitic added to few nouns as a modifier (e.g., xo:panpo:cho:tl or xo:panotli) that can be translated as 'summer' or 'rainy season' (from
June to September, when things are green)
\sense_s preclítico agregado a unos pocos sustantivos como modificador (e.g., xo:panpo:cho:tl or xo:panotli) y que se puede traducir como 'de
verano' o 'de la temporada de lluvias'
\sense_d Am
\sense_e in the summer
\sense_s en el verano
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tla:lwa:xkohtli, ihkón kihlian ma:ski xkohtli. Xo:pantla:ki, ipan ago:stoh. Nokwa
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tla:lwa:xkuwtli , that's what it is called even though it is not a kuwtli ('tree'). It bears fruit in Augusto. It is edible.
\phrase_s Tla:lwa:xkuwtli , asíle dicen aunque no es un kuwtli ('árbol'). Sale su fruta en agosto. Es comestible.
\root xo:
\root_rel -pan
\nae Apparently xo:pan is rarely used except as an attributive noun in a very few cases of noun compounding. However, there is at least one documented case of its
independent use, the phrase tla:ki xo:pan 'it comes to fruit in the summer.' Here it would appear that it is simply an apocopated form of xo:pantlah.
\semref xo:pantlah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02510
\lxam pió:n
\lxam_c pió:n
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\loan peón
\psm N
\infn N2
\der N-loan
\sense_e manual worker
\sense_s peón
\sense_d Pending
\semref tla:ke:wahli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02511
\lxam xelowa
\lxam_c kixelowa
\lxoa xelowa
\lxoa_c kixelowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to divide (e.g., ones land before dying); to distribute (e.g., items that are sold)
\sense_s dividir (p. ej., un terreno antes de morir); distribuir (p. ej., objetos materiales al venderlos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikxelo:s notlayo:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to divide up my maize (all at one time, given portions out to various people).
\phrase_s Voy a repartir mi maíz (todo al mismo tiempo, dándoles parte a varias personas).
\phrase_n Yo:li:k kixe:xelotiw itlayo:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He slowly goes along giving out his maize (e.g., selling it bit by bit, or lending it out to friends, etc.).
\phrase_s Despacio va distribuyendo su maíz (p. ej., vendiéndolo poco a poco, o dándolo en préstamo a amigos, etc.)
\phrase_n A:man pe:was kixexelo:s so:ya:tl fiská:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now the fiscal will start to distribute the palm (i.e., on Palm Sunday, in reference to an Ameyaltepec custom).
\phrase_s Ahora el fiscal va a empezar a distribuir la palma (esto es, en Domingo de Ramos, en referencia a una costumbre de Ameyaltepec).
\sense_e (recipr.) to part ways; to take different paths
\sense_s (recipr.) partir camino; ir cada quien por su cuenta
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pa timoxelo:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There we will part ways (in this case you will take one fork in the road and I another).
\phrase_s Allácada quien va a tomar su camino (en este caso tu vas a tomar una senda y yo otra).
\root xelo
\disamb tlakoxelowa; xelowa; tlakowia, xelowilia, tlakoxelowilia
\nse In Oapan the form with long vowel reduplication, xe:xelowa can be used to refer to actions such as
\qry Determine difference between /xexelowa/ and /xe:xelowa/. Also see about /xexe:lowa/. Note that one file card for the meaning 'to part ones hair' has a long /e/: /kixe:lowa itson/. This
should be checked; for the moment I have included this meaning under /xeliwi/ (with a short /e/), but this is uncertain, as are all the various meanings of /xeliwi/ and /xe:liwi/ including
their cognate transitives and the reduplicated forms. Make sure that this is the correct form.
\vl Do not use very first token of Female. After the beep the utterances are fine.
\xref xelowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlaxelowa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02512
\lxam ikxipil nepantlah
\lxam_c i:kxipil nepantlah
\lxoa ixipil nepantlah
\lxoa_c i:xipil nepantlah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn i-loss; N1
\sense_e middle toe
\sense_s dedo medio del pie
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root kxi
\root pil
\root_rel nepantlah
\qry Check plural: note that I think C. Flores stated /nokxipilwa:n de nepantlah/!! Add to grm
\vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 04543. Of the 04543 tokens one female and one male should be used as a link to the lexicon, they are probably better
sounding than the 2512 tokens.
\ref 02513
\lxam oo:xin
\lxam_c oo:xin
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N
\infn N1(dom)
\der N-b-in
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e fruit of the oo:xkuwtli
\sense_s fruta del oo:xkuwtli
\sense_d Am
\sense_e by extension, the tree that bears this fruit
\sense_s por extensión, elárbol que da este fruto
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root o:x
\notes_nature This tree is not found near Ameyaltepec; consultants mentioned that it grows near Coacoyula.
\mod Apparently it is common for fruit trees to mark the tree as opposed to the fruit with /kuhtli/. Thus /wa:xin/ and /wa:xkuhtli/, etc., etc. This does not seem to occur with other trees,
e.g., /kuhxio:tl/. Check. However, /kuhtli/ might refer to the wood itself also, e.g., of trees whose wood is commonly used. Check all this.
\ref 02514
\lxam tla:ltia
\lxam_alt tla:tlia
\lxam_c tla:ltia
\lxoa tla:ltia
\lxoa_c tla:ltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to make candles
\sense_s hacer velas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:man xnika:xilia: pa:mpa nitla:lti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Today I do not have time because I will make candles.
\phrase_s Hoy no tengo tiempo porque voy a hacer velas.
\phrase_n Nika:n nikpa:tlatok nose:rah para nitla:lti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm melting down my wax here in order to make candles.
\phrase_s Aquíestoy derritiendo mi cera para hacer velas.
\root a:
\xref a:ltia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02515
\lxam tlatopo:ni
\lxam_c tlatopo:ni
\lxoa tlatopo:ni
\lxoa_c tlatopo:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for there to be fireworks (particularly in the setting off of a castillo, or the firing off of two rockets when sb dies, etc.); for a rocket or a few rockets to be set
off (e.g., at the end of rosario or when sb dies)
\sense_s haber fuegos artificiales (p. ej., al quemarse un castillo o a veces otros tipos de cohetes); haber un cohete (p. ej., después del rosario o cuando algn se murió)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlatopo:nis, ma titlamawiso:tin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There will be fireworks (e.g., a castillo), let's go have a good time.
\phrase_s Va a haber fuegos artificiales (p. ej., un castillo), vamos a ir a divertirnos.
\root topo:
\xref topo:ni
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02516
\lxam mixtlatlamake:tl
\lxam_c mixtlatlamake:tl
\lxoa mí:xtlámaké:tl
\lxoa_alt míxtlatlámaké:tl
\lxoa_pr mí:xtlamake:tl
\lxoa_c mí:xtlámaké:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-d-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e fisherman
\sense_s pescador
\sense_d Pending
\root mich
\root ma
\nae The unusual pitch accent pattern in Oapan Nahuatl is derived from the presence of two underlying {h} segments that create high pitch. One is on the reduced reduplicant, the
mí:x syllable that reflects what in other dialects would be the reduplication, with coda {h}, of the initial syllable of the verb stem tlama. The second
sequence of pitch accents derives from the final {h} of the shortened stem of tlama, a class 1 verb. In many other dialects one would find -tlamahke:tl ; in
Oapan one has -tlámaké:tl. The result is a four-syllable word with three high-pitched syllables, derived from underlying {mix - tlah - tlamah - ke:tl} which can be
realized in Oapan either as míxtlatlámake:tl or as mí:xtlámaké:tl
\qry Cf. /mixtlatlama/ for questions.
\grmx Oapan pitch-accent; reduplication. The unusual pitch accent pattern in Oapan Nahuatl is derived from the presence of two underlying {h} segments that create high pitch.
One is on the reduced reduplicant, the mí:x syllable that reflects what in other dialects would be the reduplication, with coda {h}, of the initial syllable of the
verb stem tlama. The second sequence of pitch accents derives from the final {h} of the shortened stem of tlama, a class 1 verb. In many other
dialects one would find -tlamahke:tl ; in Oapan one has -tlámaké:tl. The result is a four-syllable word with three high-pitched syllables, derived
from underlying {mix - tlah - tlamah - ke:tl} which can be realized in Oapan either as míxtlatlámake:tl or as mí:xtlámaké:tl
\ref 02517
\lxam ye:i ikosti:yah
\lxam_c ye:i ikosti:yah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e see komekatl de ye:i i:kosti:yah
\sense_s véase komekatl de ye:i i:kosti:yah
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\ref 02518
\lxam ko:kobande:rah
\lxam_c i:ko:kobande:rah
\lxoa kó:kobandé:rah
\lxoa_c i:kó:kobandé:rah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) bandera
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e uvula
\sense_s úvula
\sense_d Am
\semfld body
\semfld human
\sense_e Adam's apple
\sense_s nuez de la garganta
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root ko:koh
\disamb ko:koh; ko:kobande:rah, etc.
\mod In general the way that body part entries should be organized is that they should remit to a part of the Nahuatl Cultural Encyclopedia. This will avoid having a long list of synonyms,
cognates, etc. in each entry.
\qry Although I recorded /i:ko:kobande:rah/ for Oapan and both speakers uttered it. This appears to be an error (I forgot to erase the entry from /lxo and it appeared o the promt
screen). There is a good chance that FM and IJ just read this, and that it is not a word actually from Oapan. Recheck.
\semref buchih
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ko:kobuchih
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ko:koh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kechtolopochyo
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref a:ko:kotolopochyo
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02519
\lxam pe:waltia
\lxam_c kipe:waltia
\lxoa pe:waltia
\lxoa_c kipe:waltia
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to begin; to commence; to start (e.g., an activity, etc.)
\sense_s empezar; emprender; comenzar (p. ej., una actividad, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kimahka:ita un tekitl. Xwel kipe:waltia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is daunted by (the size of, the difficulty of, etc.) that job. He can't start it.
\phrase_s Se amilana ante ese trabajo (p. ej., lo difícil que es, lo grande, etc.). No lo puede empezar.
\phrase_n Sa: a:chitsi:n tikpe:walti:skeh, ok ma tlaxi:ka. Melá:k sokitl, a:chitsi:n ma i:xakawa:ki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e In just a short time we'll start it (in this case plowing), but first let the water filter down (into the earth after a heavy rain). It's all mud, let the surface dry off a little.
\phrase_s En un poco de tiempo vamos a empezar (en este caso a arar), pero primero que se escurra el agua hacia abajo (de la tierra, después de una fuerte lluvia). De veras es
todo lodo, que se seque la superficie un poquito.
\phrase_n O:te:n iswakuwtli. A:man xpe:walti ikahlo, ma:ski kiawis, xok ma:s kalakis a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tree used for storing corn leaves (iswatl) has gotten filled. Now begin making a roof for it, even if it rains, water won't get in anymore.
\phrase_s Elárbol en que se guardan las hojas de maíz (iswatl) ya se llenó. Ahora empiece a hacer su toldo, asíaunque llueve ya no va a entrar el agua.
\root pe:wa
\nde Whereas Ameyaltepec has both pe:waltia and e:waltia with identical meanings, Oapan (according to Florencia Marcelino) has only
pe:waltia.
\disamb pe:waltia; e:waltia; e:wi:tia
\xref pe:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\semref e:wiltia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02520
\lxam chacha
\lxam_c chacha
\lxoa cháchá
\lxoa_pr chacha
\lxoa_c cháchá
\lxgen chihcha
\lxvar Ahuep
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to spit
\sense_s escupir
\sense_d Pending
\semfld functions
\root chihcha
\grm Oapan phonology: Note /i/-to-/a/ in this case.
\ref 02521
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was previously /kimichih tlakwa:w/. However, an identical entry was 1208. Therefore this entry has been deleted. Words uttered here should be assigned numbers of
1208...
\vl After tagging all pronunciation tokens, assign them numbers of 1208, as this is a repeated entry.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 02522
\lxam te:ito:tike:tl
\lxam_c te:ito:tike:tl
\lxoa té:itó:tiké:tl
\lxoa_c té:itó:tiké:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e dancemaster (i.e., teacher or organizer of religious dances); musician (particularly a violinist or flautist) who plays for religious dances
\sense_s maestro de danza; músico (particularmente un violinista o flautista) que toca para danzas religiosas
\sense_d Pending
\root hto:ti
\nae The pitch accent pattern of Oapan te:ító:tiké:tl, which has three high-pitched syllables on one five-syllable word, reflects the effects of two underlying {h}'s as codas:
{te: + ihto:tih + ke:tl}.
\qry Check to determine whether ?/te:ito:tiki/ is acceptable Check with program the pitch contour of Oapan form.
\grmx Oapan pitch-accent: Note the following: /te:ító:tiké:tl/. The two pitch accent patters are derived from the syllables /ih/ and /tih/. The pitch accent pattern of Oapan
te:ító:tiké:tl, which has three high-pitched syllables on one five-syllable word, reflects the effects of two underlying {h}'s as codas: {te: + ihto:tih + ke:tl}.
This would be a good example for an online account of pitch accent.
\ref 02523
\lxam ichkayoh
\lxam_c ichkayoh
\lxoa ichkayoh
\lxoa_c ichkayoh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to be full of cotton (e.g., clay that has been mixed and prepared with the cottony fibers of the po:cho:tltree)
\sense_s estar lleno de algodón (p. ej., barro que ha sido preparado y mezclado con fibras de pochote)
\sense_d Pending
\root chka
\qry Determine what else is /ichkayoh/.
\qry_fon Note that with C. Flores he corrects my pronunciation, from /ichka:yoh/ to /ichkayoh/. This should be used in the page on vowel length.
\ref 02524
\lxam tla:katele:le
\lxam_c tla:katele:le
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e foolish man; man who always forgets
\sense_s hombre sonso; hombre que siempre olvida
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Titla:katele:le. San tewa tixole:nkoh, xtlah tekitl tiweli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are a fool. You are a real idiot, you can't do anything (i.e., any task or job, e.g., because you always forget).
\phrase_s Eres un sonso. Tu eres un tonto, no puedes hacer nada (esto es, ningún trabajo o tarea).
\root tla:ka
\root tele:le:
\nae The etymology of tla:katele:leh is still not entirely clear although the root tla:ka is apparent. The final sequence might be the possessor marker
-eh although the presence of a final long /e:/ in tele:le:tik suggests the possibility that tla:katele:leh is an acopated noun, manifesting a
relation to -tik adjectivals that has been noted elsewhere.
\qry Check for final /h/ or glottal stop. Make sure link to /tla:katele:le:tik/ is correct as vowel length might change.
\qry_fon Recheck for final sound. In the recording studio I heard C. Flores utter this with a final glottal stop. Recheck.
\semref tele:letik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02525
\lxam kwa:tekakaya:wa
\lxam_c kikwa:tekakaya:wa
\lxoa kwa:té:kayá:wa
\lxoa_pr kwa:té:kaya:wa
\lxoa_c kikwa:té:kayá:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. infix te- ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te)
\pitch yes-rdp
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to fool; to play a joke on; to pull the leg of
\sense_s vacilar a; hacerle una broma a; tomarle el pelo a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kitoh o:kichi:w se: tekitl. Xka:wa! Xo:kichi:w, kikwa:tekakaya:wa itah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He said he did a job. It's not the case! He didn't do it, he's fooled his father.
\phrase_s Dijo que hizo un trabajo.¡No es así! No lo hizo, engañóa su padre.
\root kwa:
\root kaya:
\disamb kakaya:wa
\qry Check for possible use without internal intensifier /te/, i.e., /kwa:kakaya:wa/. Also, disambiguate between /kwa:tekakaya:wa/ and /kakaya:wa/.
\grm /O:kitoh o:kichi:w se: tekitl. Xka:wa, xo:kichi:w, kikwa:tekakaya:wa itah/ 'He said he did a job. It's not the case! He didn't do it, he fooled his father' Note that O follows V,
as is usually the case.
\vl Use second token from male speaker.
\ref 02526
\lxam a:miki
\lxam_c a:miki
\lxoa a:miki
\lxoa_c a:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to be thirsty (prototypically for water, but also used to indicate a desire to drink sth alcoholic)
\sense_s tener sed (protipicamente por agua, pero también se utiliza para indicar un deseo para beber algo alcohólico)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Na:miki, xne:chaka a:chitsi:n ma:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am thirsty, give me a little bit of your water.
\phrase_s Tengo sed, dáme un poquito de tu agua.
\root a:
\root miki
\qry Check imperfective form with this verb and all /i/-final verbs.
\mod Determine the best way to xref words with rdp verb-stem.
\grm Note how reduplication here occurs on the verb stem; this should be discussed in regards to both reduplication and noun incorporation. That is, it would seem to be rare for
the incorporated element to reduplicate (this is also the case with
\semref a:mi:miki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref a:miktia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref a:mihtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02527
\lxam kwentli
\lxam_c kwentli
\lxoa kwentli
\lxoa_c kwentli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(m)
\sense_e furrow
\sense_s surco (no el montículo de tierra pero el espacio hundido entre las lomitas donde se siembra el maíz)
\sense_d Pending
\root kwem
\ency_note tla:hli
\nse There remains a question as to whether kwentli (in Classical cuemitl) refers to the furrow or the long mound between the furrows (or, in Spanish,
whether it refers to the surco or the haza). Although in Classical Nahuatl cuemitl could refer to the worked field in its entirety, Molina gives
'heredad, tierra labrada, o camellón,' the latter apparently the mound between the furrows. It might retain this final meaning, in which case the translation of 'furrow' and
'surco would be in error; or the meaning may have changed.
\root_notes Perhaps the stem /kwem/ is related to a series of apparent stems with /kwe/ indicating a folding over or doubling aspect: /kwepa/, /kwelpachiwi/, /kwetli/, /kwepo:ni/, etc. The
/m/ might be related to a plural marking here. I have recorded this as meaning furrow/surco, i.e. the space that is plowed between the rows of plants, such as corn, in a field.
However, the possibility that this refers to the plowed up section, i.e. rows of mounds where the plants are should be considered.
\ref 02528
\lxam tsompa:ntli
\lxam_c tsompa:ntli
\lxoa tsompa:ntli
\lxoa_c tsompa:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e type of tree with very light wood, still not definitively identified, perhaps the colorín
\sense_s tipo deárbol con madera muy ligera, todavía no identificado, quizáel colorín
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tsompa:ntli | Kaxa:nki, a:kawtik, bwe:noh para ipan ta:pano:s, no: para ba:lsah. Bwe:noh para xaxa:yakatl, para sa:ntotsitsi:nteh. Na:ni:ka xtlah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tsompa:ntli : It is soft, it is light, it is good to use for crossing (floating) over water, also for a raft. It is good for masks, for small (carved) saints. There is
none in this area.
\phrase_s Tsompa:ntli : Es (su madera) blanda, es ligera, es buena para cruzar agua (flotando) y para las balsas. Es buena para máscaras, para santitos
(tallados). No hay de esta madera en estaárea.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root tson
\root pa:n
\nse The tsompa:ntli is a tree whose wood is most coveted for masks, given that it is light, soft, does not split over time, and does not get eaten by termites. It is
better than the xi:lo:xo:chitl, which often splits over time. Tsompa:ntli is found east and northeast of Ozomatlán.
\ref 02529
\lxam iksi
\lxam_c iksi
\lxoa isi
\lxoa_c isi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to get or become cooked (food)
\sense_s cocinarse (una comida)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to get ripe (a fruit or vegetable)
\sense_s madurarse (una fruta o verdura)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San se: tie:mpoh tlaksi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They all get ripe at the same time (e.g., various types of fruit that ripen together, all over the countryside).
\phrase_s Todas maduran al mismo tiempo (p. ej., varios tipos de frutas que maduran a la vez, en la misma temporada, por todo el campo).
\sense_e to get fired (ceramics)
\sense_s cocerse (barro o cerámica)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (kwahli ~) to get soft-boiled (an egg)
\sense_s (kwahli ~) quedar algo cocido (un huevo cocido en agua hirviendo que todavía puedes sopear)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma kwahli iksi, poliwitsi:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let it get soft boiled, it still has a little time to go!
\phrase_s ¡Quése cuezca algo, todavía falta poquito!
\root ksi
\nse Given the quite specialized meaning of teiksi , this has been accorded a separate entry.
\nae The aspectual marker -tok with iksi tends to have a progressive meaning (a diagnostic of unergative verbs). Thus the stative/resultative is usually
expressed by the perfective, e.g., yo:iksik , literally 'it has cooked' but translatable as 'it is cooked.'
\nde Classical Nahuatl has icuci for Ameyaltepec iksi and Oapan isi.
\grm Impersonal: /San se: tie:mpoh tlaksi/ 'They all get ripe at the same time (e.g., various types of fruit that ripen together, all over the countryside)' Note the use of /tla-/ here.
\grm Stative/resultative; perfect: Note that the aspectual marker -tok when combined with iksi tends to have a progressive meaning (a diagnostic of
unergative verbs). Thus the stative/resultative is expressed by the perfect, yo:iksik , literally 'it has cooked' but translatable as 'it is cooked.' Cf. the discussion
on the perfect and the stative/resultative in Nedjalkov. The same can be said of the unergative /miki/ 'to die.' This verb passes the test of unergative verbs by forming a
morphological causative (miktia). It also has /-tok/ as a progressive: /miktok/ 'he is dying.' And, finally, the perfect is used as a stative: /yo:mik notah/ 'my father has died' or,
'my father is dead.' This type of division (-tok as progessive and perfect as stative/resulative) seems to affect only certain verbs. However, other unergative verbs (perhaps
those more classically or typologically unergative) have a true perfect meaning with the perfect: /yo:cho:kak/ 'he has cried'. (?he is c ried).
\semref teiksi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref teisi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref ikxitia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref ixitia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02530
\lxam mela:wtok
\lxam_c mela:wtok
\lxoa mela:htok
\lxoa_c mela:htok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be lying down (an animate, though usually in reference to a person, not animal)
\sense_s estar acostado (un ser animado, por lo común una persona aunque ocasionalmente un animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n mela:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He (or it) is lying down here.
\phrase_s él estáacostado aquí.
\sense_e to be open and spread out (e.g., bed that has been opened up)
\sense_s estar abierto y extendido (p. ej., una cama que has sido abierta)
\sense_d Oa
\root mela:
\nse The difference between mela:wtok and nomela:wtok is not entirely clear, and there might well be a difference in Ameyaltepec and Oapan as to how
the two terms are used. My impression is that in Ameyaltepec mela:wtok is commonly used in reference to animates and inanimates, and that the reflexive
nomela:wtok might well carry a more progressive sense. In Oapan it seems more common to use the reflexive, nomela:htok. The nonreflexive form
mela:htok is rarely used, but Florencia Marcelino did give the example of a bed that has been opened up. Note that for animals, the verb
te:kaused reflexively is the term for 'to lie down.' Since there is no intransitive of this verb, the stative is expressed as note:katok in what is
essentially an antipassive formation. Finally, at least in Oapan, for something such as a piece of meat on a griddle the form so:wtokis most often used.
\qry Statives: Note that in several cases I have used the code Stat-x to indicate that the stative form is based on an intransitive that does not exist (e.g., /antok/). The absence of *te:katok
shows quite clearly that even when there is no intransitive, the stative with /-tok/ is based on an intransitive, for if the transitive were the base, then the reflexive would be used. Thus
cf. /mela:wtok/ to /nomela:wtok/ (and determine the precise difference between the two, which is not altogether clear; see discussion under /mela:wa/). Cf. discussion in query under
/nomela:wtok/ and check the difference in meaning between /mela:wtok/ and /nomela:wtok/.
\grm Statives: Note that in several cases I have used the code Stat-x to indicate that the stative form is based on an intransitive that does not exist (e.g., /antok/). The absence of
*te:katok shows quite clearly that even when there is no intransitive, the stative with /-tok/ is based on an intransitive, for if the transitive were the base, then the reflexive
would be used. Thus cf. /mela:wtok/ to /nomela:wtok/ (and determine the precise difference between the two, which is not altogether clear; see discussion under /mela:wa/).
\semref mela:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref mela:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02531
\lxam me:sto:na
\lxam_c me:sto:na
\lxoa me:sto:na
\lxoa_c me:sto:na
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0(cop)
\incorp N-V0
\der V0-b
\infv Copular
\sense_e for there to be moonlight
\sense_s haber luz de la luna
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikchi:w kwa:k me:sto:na katka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I did it when there was moonlight
\phrase_s Lo hice cuando habáluz de luna.
\phrase_n A:man chikwe:i ye me:sto:na yes.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A week from now there will already be moonlight.
\phrase_s En una semana ya habráluz de luna.
\semfld weather
\root me:ts
\root to:na
\nae In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan this word is inflected for tense aspect with the copula clitic: e.g., ya:lwa me:sto:na katka or mo:stla me:sto:na yes.
\grm Copula; verb inflection: In Oapan this word is inflected for tense aspect with the copula clitic: ya:lwa me:sto:na katka or mo:stla me:sto:nayes.
\ref 02532
\lxam te:nsa:lowa
\lxam_c kite:nsa:lowa
\lxoa te:ntsa:lowa
\lxoa_pr te:nsa:lowa
\lxoa_c kite:ntsa:lowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to tie shut the top opening of (e.g., a sack or bag)
\sense_s amarrar cerrado la boca o apertura de (p. ej., un costal o bolsa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xte:nsa:lo un kostá:l, ye tiaweh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tie up the top of that sack, we're on our way!
\phrase_s ¡Amárrale al costal, ya nos vamos!
\sense_e to place or tie a protective cloth around the mouth of
\sense_s colocar o amarrar una tela protectora por la boca de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xte:nsa:lo mokone:w, te:ntso:tso:ti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tie a protective cloth around your child's mouth, he has sores there!
\phrase_s ¡Amárrale una tela protectiva por la boca de tu niño, allítiene granitos.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication; te:nsasa:lowa) to sew the edge of
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta; te:nsasa:lowa) coser la orilla de
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root sa:l
\nae Oapan Nahuatl appears to have a rule of /s/>/ts/ / n ___ V. If this is predictable and it leads to a high number of noncanonical forms, then perhaps the /ts/ need not be written, even
though it is a phoneme of the language and would usually be written (much as /x/ is written for /ch/ based on the rule /ch/>/x/ ___ t, tl, ts.
\qry Check whether this is an affricate or fricative after the nasal, adjust spelling and commentary as needed.
\grm Incorporation; reduplication; lexical inheritance: note that in many cases with incorporated nouns, it is the verb base that is reduplicated. Indeed, the degree of
lexicalization can in part be deteremined by the nature of reduplication. It is rare for the incorporated noun to reduplicate.
\grm Oapan phonology; orthography: Oapan Nahuatl appears to have a rule of /s/>/ts/ / n ___ V. If this is predictable and it leads to a high number of noncanonical forms, then
perhaps the /ts/ need not be written, even though it is a phoneme of the language and would usually be written (much as /x/ is written for /ch/ based on the rule /ch/>/x/ ___
t, tl, ts. It may be a good rule that a shift of affricate to fricative is written down, but not the other way around (i.e., if /ch/ surfaces as /x/, then this is written; but if /x/
surfaces as /ch/ it is not). Check and think about this.
\ref 02533
\lxam amanka:kwi:tia
\lxam_c kamanka:kwi:tia
\lxoa ámanka:kwí:tia
\lxoa_pr amanka:kwi:tia
\lxoa_c kámanka:kwí:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Part-V3
\infv class-2a
\der V2-d-ca
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to bother; to annoy; to upset; to make mad
\sense_s molestar; enfadar; hacer enojar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chamanka:kwi:tih, san tli:mach o:ne:chihlih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He annoyed me, he just said whatever he felt like to me.
\phrase_s Me hizo enfadar, me dijo cualquier cosa que se le ocurriera.
\root ahmana
\root kwi
\qry Check valency pattern of /kwi:tia/.
\grm Causative differs from the simple transitive /amanka:kwi/ not in regards to valency (both are monotransitive) but rather in regards to the relationship of subject to object. In
the non-causative apparently only reflexive is employed and relationship is that of co-reference. It involves a change in emotional state. In the causative it appears that the
reflexive is probably rarely if ever used, and subject-object relation is that of agent to patient. Finally note that the relationship of /amanka:/ to /kwi/ is one of modification,
the valency of /kwi/ and /amanka:kwi/ is not changed syntactically although it is changed in that it can no longer take a patient. With /kwi:tia/ the difference is noted. A
grammatical section should be devoted to these verbs (e.g., /yo:lkwi:tia/, which can be reflexive or transitive: /ne:chyo:lkwi:tia/ and /nimoyo:lkwi:tia/). The question here is
whether causativization actually increases valency or simply changes the relationship of subject to object. And many comments should be devoted to the effect on valency
of V-ka:-V compounds. Cf. comments under /amanka:kwi/. Cf. also /iyo:kwi/.
\vl Use second token of female speaker, not first.
\xref amanka:kwi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref ámanká:kwi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02534
\lxam kamanenepoch
\lxam_c kamanenepoch
\lxoa kamanenepoch
\lxoa_c kamanenepoch
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N/Adj
\infn N1
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e to have a lisp; to have bad pronunciation
\sense_s ser algn que sisea; ser algn que no pronuncia bien
\sense_d Pending
\root kama
\root nene
\root poch
\nae The etymology of kamanenepoch is uncertain, except for the initial element kama. However, the nene element might well be
related to nenepi:hliwhereas the final element, poch may well be related to the same root as in pochi:nki, which
perhaps can best be translated as 'fuzzy.'
\semref nenepoch
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref nenepoxtik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tláto:lnenépoch
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref nenepoch
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref nenepoxtik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02535
\lxam a:petla:nwia
\lxam_c ka:petla:nwia
\lxoa a:petla:nwia
\lxoa_alt a:petla:wia
\lxoa_f [a: pe tla: 'wi a]
\lxoa_c na:petla:nwiya, na:petla:wiya
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to flood or innundate (a field)
\sense_s inundar con agua (un terreno)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:ka:petla:nwih itla:l, kibarbe:cho:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He innundated his field, he will plow it it for planting.
\phrase_s El inundósu campo, lo va a barbechar.
\sense_e (refl.-anticaus.) to become flooded (a place); to get flooded and washed away (land by a river)
\sense_s (refl.-anticaus.) inundarse (un lugar); innundarse y arrastrarse (un terreno, por un río crecido)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:na:petla:nwih ka:n o:nito:kak pa:mpa o:kalak we:i a:tl, o:we:iak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The place where I planted got washed away, the swollen river entered into it (the field), it (the river) got big.
\phrase_s El lugar donde sembrése arrastrópor el río crecido que le entró, se subió(el río).
\phrase_n O:na:petla:nwih nokalitsi:n. O:kalahka a:tepe:ya:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The inside of my house got innundated and washed away. Flood waters entered into it (but have now subsided).
\phrase_s Se inundóy se arrastróel interior de mi casa. Entraron las aguas torrenciales de la lluvia (pero ya bajaron).
\root a:
\root petla:
\nse Most documented uses of this verb are in the reflexive (anticausative) form, referring to land washed away by a river, flood waters, or similar processes. In fact, in Oapan only the
reflexive is found. However, in Ameyaltepec it may apparently may be used as a simple transitive, at least by some speakers, to refer to the intentional flooding of a field. But this use
might be idiosyncratic.
\nae Note that in Oapan speakers vary in whether the nasal deletes before /w/. In the speech samples Florencia Marcelino retains /n/ whereas in the speech of Inocencio Jiménez it is
deleted.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note optional loss of /n/ in this word.
\vl Make sure that the clearest examples of the difference between female (first) and male speech is present: female retains /n/, male loses it.
\ref 02536
\lxam chi:lmante:ka
\lxam_c chi:lmante:ka
\lxoa chi:lmante:ka
\lxoa_c chi:lmante:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) manteca
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e type of chile sauce made by boiling chile in lard (and occasionally adding egg)
\sense_s tipo de salsa de chile cocida con manteca (y a veces con huevo echado)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food
\root chi:l
\ency_note mo:hli
\nse This sauce is made by heating the pork fat (manteca) with onions and then adding the chile (previously ground in a molcajete). If there is corriander available, it too is
added and then, finally, a very few scrambled eggs.
\qry Check final sound of AM for glottal stop or /h/. Check to see if this is classified/categorized as a type of /mo:hli/. Check whether it can be possessed.
\mod Add a section on food. Note that FM apparently taped an account of this.
\ref 02537
\lxam tlapoliwi
\lxam_c tlapoliwi
\lxoa tlá:políwi
\lxoa_pr tlá:poliwi
\lxoa_c tlá:políwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp tla-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) (Oa)
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e (usually with the associated motion marker -tiw; in Oapan with short vowel-/h/ reduplication) for everything to get hazy, as when a hard rain is coming
over a plain
\sense_s (generalmente con el marcador de movimiento asociado -tiw; en Oapan con reduplicación de vocal corta y /h/) verse todo borroso como, por ejemplo,
cuando viene una lluvia fuerte por el llano
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wa:ltlapoliwtiw, wa:lkiawtiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Everything is starting to get hazy, the rain is coming.
\phrase_s Todo viene haciéndose borroso, viene la lluvia.
\root pol
\nae The Ameyaltepec form and the Oapan form differ in that the latter is reduplicated, with the reduplicant reduced to vowel lengthening and high pitch on the short vowel of the
impersonal prefix.
\xref poliwi
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02538
\lxam a:tlapachiwi
\lxam_c a:tlapachiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to be or become innundated or flooded
\sense_s inundarse; anegarse; quedarse inundado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:a:tlapachiw nomi:l pa:mpa chika:wak o:kiaw. Ipan o:pano:k a:tepe:ya:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My field got flooded with water because it rained very hard. Rushing flood waters passed right over it.
\phrase_s Se inundómi milpa porque lloviófuerte. pasódirectamente sobre ella un torrente de agua de lluvia.
\phrase_n A:tlapachiwtok nomi:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My corn field is innundated.
\phrase_s Mi milpa estáinundada.
\root a:
\root pach
\qry Check existence or absence of /a:tlapachowa:/. According to Luis Lucena /a:tlapachiwi/ is the same as /a:pachiwi/ althoug this equivalence should be checked. Check the difference
and set up an onomasiological entry for a:pachiwi, a:tlapachiwi, and a:petlanwia. Apparently a:pachiwi refers to an item that is in sth like a bucket of water, some small material
object covered with or surrounded by water. However, a:tlapachiwi seems to refer to the flooding of a place. Finally, a:petlanwia seems to refer to location that is washed out from
having been flooded.
\grm /tla-/ Note the difference between /a:tlapachiwi/ 'for an area to get innundated' and /a:pachiwi/ 'for sth (an object) to get covered with water.'
\semref a:pachiwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref a:petla:nwiya
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02539
\lxam tlapetla:ni
\lxam_c tlapetla:ni
\lxoa tlapetla:ni
\lxoa_c tlapetla:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp tla-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for there to be lightening (but not bolts)
\sense_s haber relámpago (but no visible bolts)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld weather
\root petla:
\disamb tlapetla:ni; tlapepetlaka
\qry Determine all different types of lightening.
\xref petla:ni
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 02540
\lxam koto:nki
\lxam_c koto:nki
\lxoa koto:nki
\lxoa_c koto:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to be snapped (a strap, a rope, or any type of object that through wear can spontaneously snap)
\sense_s estar reventado (un tirante, laso o soga, o cualquier tipo de objeto que por desgastado puede reventarse)
\sense_d Pending
\root koto:
\grm /-ki/ vs. /-tok/: Discussion of difference is here with C. Flores. Study!! It seems /-ki/ is used for physical conditions, /-tok/ for a resultative.
\semref koto:ntok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02541
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry has been removed as a duplicate.
\dt 13/Jul/2002
\ref 02542
\lxam temachi:wa
\lxam_c kitemachi:wa
\lxoa temachi:wa
\lxoa_c kitemachi:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp S-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to measure (particularly the length or size of sth, or the boundaries of a land area; also occasionally used for the action of weighing)
\sense_s medir (particularmente lo largo o el tamaño de algo, o los límites de un terreno; a veces se usa para la acción de pesar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tiktemachi:was de kwelpaxtik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You'll measure it when it's folded in half (e.g., a waistband of a trouser).
\phrase_s Lo vas a medir cuando estédoblado (p. ej., la cintura de unos pantalones).
\root tema
\root chi:wa
\nse Temachi:wa is most often used to indicate the measure of the size of an object (such as its length or perimeter) or the distance between two points. For weighing,
the Spanish loan pesa:rowa is more common, although temachi:wa is occasionally used with this sense.
\nae The etymology of temachi:wa is uncertain. The first vowel is /e/ in the Balsas River region and in Tetelcingo, Morelos; in other dialects, including Classical, North
Puebla, and Pipil, it is /a/. Since an undivided stem would be temachi:wa , which is long for a Nahuatl stem, it is likely that there are two elements here. The best guess
at present is tamaor tema, and chi:wa. However, more comparative evidence is needed.
\qry Make sure /temachi:wa/ can be used to indicate the weighing of sth.
\semref pesa:rowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02543
\lxam tlayeltia
\lxam_c kitlayeltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to turn the stomach of; to disgust; to make sick to the stomach
\sense_s revolver el estómago a; darle asco a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:tikitak xtikwe:lilia, mistlayeltia, mitsiso:tlalti:sneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You've seen that you don't like its taste, it turns your stomach, it makes you want to vomit.
\phrase_s Ya viste que no te agrada su sabor, te da nausea, hace que quieras vomitar.
\phrase_n Ne:chtlayeltia, niktlayelita, xnihkwa:sneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It turns my stomach, I find it disgusting, I don't want to eat it.
\phrase_s Me da asco, lo hallo asqueroso, no me lo quiero comer.
\sense_e (refl.) to feel nausea; to feel sick to ones stomach
\sense_s (refl.) sentir asco
\sense_d Pending
\semfld emotions
\root tlahyel
\disamb tlayeltia; e:lmoya:wa
\qry_h Get SJ form.
\qry_fon Check vowel length of Am form.
\semref tlayelita
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref e:lmoya:wa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref e:lmoya:wa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02544
\lxam tsope:lia
\lxam_c tsope:lia
\lxoa tsope:lia
\lxoa_c tsope:lia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to become sweet
\sense_s endulzarse; quedarse dulce
\sense_d Pending
\root tsope:l
\ref 02545
\lxam ara:joh
\lxam_cpend ara:joh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan carajo
\psm Interj
\der Interj-loan
\sense_e shit; damn it
\sense_s carajo; chin; maldita sea
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ara:joh ikwitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Fucking shit!
\phrase_s ¡Carajo!
\phrase_n Ara:joh ikwitl! Mejó:r newa nikontekis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Shit man! It would be better for me to (just) go and pick it myself (e.g., a fruit).
\phrase_s ¡Chin! Mejor voy yo mismo a cortarla (p. ej., una fruta).
\phrase_n Ara:joh ikwitl, xmlá:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Shit! it isn't true.
\phrase_s ¡Chin!¡no es verdad!
\phrase_n Ara:joh itik ina:ntsi:n! xmlá:k!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Screw his mother! It's not true!
\phrase_s ¡Chinga a su madre!¡No es verdad!
\sense_e (~ miktlan + [adjectival]) god-damned [adjectival]
\sense_s (~ miktlan + [adjectival]) piche [adjectival]
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ara:joh miktla:n tlatski un ne:nkah tla:katl. Xkaman kanah yaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That guy's a God-damned lazy bum. He never goes anywhere.
\phrase_s Ese tipo es un piche holgazán. Nunca va a ningún lado.
\nse Note that ara:joh, i:kwitl is used mostly as an interjection if one does not like the sound of something that someone has said.
\mod Add in entry under /kwitlatl/.
\grm Syntax; negation; /kanah/: Note syntax in /Xkaman kanah yaw/ 'He never goes anywhere'. The negation is at the leftmost point of the
\grm Note syntax: Xkaman kanah yaw 'he never goes anywhere'.
\ref 02546
\lxam ó:rganoh
\lxam_c ó:rganoh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan órgano
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e generic name for two large cactus plants: ó:rganoh para tlapextli and ó:rganoh de uwe:i i:to:moyo
\sense_s nombre genérico para dos cactus grandes: ó:rganoh para tlapextli and ó:rganoh de uwe:i i:to:moyo
\sense_d Am
\sense_e ó:rganoh de uwe:i i:to:moyo a type of large cactus with edible fruit, also called ó:rganoh we:i
\sense_s ó:rganoh de uwe:i i:to:moyo tipo de cactus grande con fruta comestible, también llamado ó:rganoh we:i
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:rganoh | Nokwa itla:kihlo, to:motli, ino:chio, iteono:chio bwe:noh para china:ntli, bwe:noh para tikikxiti:s pan, para tenexko:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e O:rganoh : Its fruit is edible. It is a to:motli , its inner rods are good for woven fences, they are good for (firewood used in) baking bread, in
lime ovens.
\phrase_s O:rganoh : Su fruta se come. Es un to:motli , sus varas interiores son buenas para hacer las cercas de chinamitl, son buenas para
cocer pan, para hornos de cal.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\nse Another word for the generic type is to:motli. There are the following types of ó:rganoh : ó:rganoh , to:moiswatl ,
to:motsotsohli , to:moichkatl , to:motlaxkahli , and ó:rganoh de tlapextli. According to Eusebio Díaz all of the
preceding bear the fruit called to:motli except the ó:rganoh de tlapextli , in regards to which he was not sure. Finally, in one entry I have distinguished
organi:toh from ó:rganoh we:i. This might well be different, in which case both should be listed under the group glossed ó:rganoh or
to:motli. Thus it is unclear if there are three lexemes with ó:rganoh (organi:toh,ó:rganoh, and ó:rganoh we:i) or only two.
\qry Check to make sure that /ó:rganoh/ is a synonym of /to:motli/.
\notes_nature Underórgano, Schoenhals (1988) has"1. (Pachycereus marginatus formerly Marginatocereus marginatus) 'organ cactus' Cultivated as fences
almost everywhere in drier climates. 2. (Cereus thurberi) 'organ-pipe cactus' See pitahaya dulce."And under pitahaya dulce, she has
written"(Cereus spp., e.g., C. thurberi) 'organ-pipe cactus' Cactus from the northwest with a very sweet fruit. Also called marismeña,órgano."
\semref to:motli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02547
\lxam damia:nah
\lxam_c damia:nah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan damiana
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of small bush not yet identified
\sense_s tipo de arbusto todavía no identificada
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Bwe:noh para kafé:h, para a:tsope:lik, noposo:nia ixiwio.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Luis Lucena (personal communication)
\phrase_e It (the damia:nah) is good for coffee, for sweet water, its leaves are boiled in water.
\phrase_s (Damia:nah) es bueno para café, para agua dulce, se hierven sus hojas en agua.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semfld medicine
\nse Damia:nah is used as a remedy for stomach ailments, i.e., when your stomach hurts (mitskukwa mitik).
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1988:43-44)"1. *Turnera diffusa)"turnera"Fragrant leaves; yellow flowers; fruit is a capsule. Used as a tonic and an aaphrodisiac. 2. (Haplopappus
venetus)"[family] aster"An alpine shrub of exposed rocky places. Also called falsa damiana. 3. (Chrysactinia mexicana)"[family] aster"A bush with many branches and
yellow flowers. Also called falsa damiana, hierba de San Nicolás."
\ref 02548
\lxam nakasmomotsowa
\lxam_c kinakasmomotsowa
\lxoa nakaste:motsowa
\lxoa_c kinakaste:motsowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Op. infix te- : nakastemomotsowa); Reduced rdp-s*(prev-te)
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to grab and pull at the ears of (a person or animal)
\sense_s agarrarle y jalarse las orejas a (una persona o animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka xne:chnakastemomotso!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't grab my ears (in this instance, in talking to a baby who is grabbing at one's ears).
\phrase_s ¡No me jales las orejas (en este caso al hablar a un niño que le estáagarrando las orejas).
\root nakas
\root mots
\qry Determine whether the reduplication is only used when the action affects both ears (i.e., whether it indicates the plurality of the object), or whether it refers to the repetition of the
action. Also determine the precise meaning of the intensifier /te-/ in this circumstance. Cf. /nakastila:na/.
\vl Use first pronunciation of male.
\semref nakastila:na
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02549
\lxam -techkopa
\lxam_c i:techkopa
\lxoa -techkopa
\lxoa_c i:techkopa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(rel)
\der Rel-poss-com
\infn N2(rel)
\sense_e in regards to; about
\sense_s en cuanto a; acerca de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Motechkopa namana, tikwi:kilia:ya wa:n xtikneki tiktlaxtla:wili:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your attitude bothers him, you owed him (money) and you don't want to pay him back.
\phrase_s Se molesta contigo, le debías (dinero) y no se lo quieres pagar.
\root_rel -tech
\root_rel -kopa
\disamb -ka; -na:k; -techkopa; -tech
\qry In the phrase /Motechkopa namana, tikwi:kilia:ya wan xtikneki tiktlaxtla:wili:s/ 'Your attitude bothers him, you owed him (money) and you don't want to pay it back to him.' I
inquired whether /moka/ could be used instead of /motechkopa/ and was told that it could not. Recheck this and determine the precise difference between locative/relational
constructions such as /-ka/, /-tech/, /-pal/, /-techkopa/, /-na:k/, etc. My notes are unclear, but I seem to have from C. Flores: /motechkopa kwala:ni/, check!
\ref 02550
\lxam xi:ma
\lxam_c kixi:ma
\lxoa xi:ma
\lxoa_c kixi:ma
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to plane; to carve (e.g., wood or similar material); to cut a surface layer off of (e.g., in cutting off the kernels of maize from a cob)
\sense_s cepillar; trabajar (p. ej., madera o materiales parecidos); quitar la superficie o una capa de (p. ej., al cortar y quitar el maíz tierno de un elote para hacer atole)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xikxixi:ma ye:lo:tl para tike:kchi:was ye:lo:a:to:hli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Cut the kernels of corn off the green ear to make atole de elote!
\phrase_s ¡Quítales los granos de maíz del elote para hacer atole de elote!
\sense_e to cut the hair of; to shave
\sense_s cortarle el pelo a; afeitar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chxi:mas notah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My father will give me a haircut.
\phrase_s Mi papáme va a cortar el pelo.
\sense_e (refl.-mid.) to get a haircut; to get ones hair cut
\sense_s (refl.-mid.) cortarse el pelo; hacer que algn le corte el pelo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmoxi:ma!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Get your hair cut!
\phrase_s ¡Córtate el pelo!
\root xi:ma
\nse When referring to actions performed on wood, xi:ma refers to the action of planing a surface to make it smooth, to working wood, as one does with carving masks,
making axe handles or yokes, or even to removing the bark, although apparently xi:pe:wa is more commonly used in the latter case.
\nae The reflexive use of xi:ma in reference to a haircut does not mean that one cuts ones own hair, but that one gets ones hair cut. This is like a"get"passive in English in
which the subject has some responsibility or volitionality in the action but is not the agent. At the same time, he is not a patient in the prototypical sense.
\qry For removing the bark of a tree or piece of wood, check to determine whether /xi:pe:wa/ or /xi:ma/ is more commonly used.
\ref 02551
\lxam kwa:iwiyo
\lxam_c i:kwa:iwiyo
\lxoa kwá:yowíyo
\lxoa_c i:kwá:yowíyo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-yo
\infn N2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e feather headdress used by dancers (e.g., of danza de corona , kone:joh , and others)
\sense_s corona de plumas utilizada por danzantes (p. ej., de danza de corona , kone:joh y otras)
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root hwi
\qry Check to see what types of headdresses fall under this term.
\ilus_note Make illustration of various cases.
\grm Possession: /kwa:iwiyo/ 'feather headdress used by dancers.' Note the use of the inalienably possessed marker /-yo/ here, even though it is not part of the body. Clearly, by
being worn and becoming part of ones dress, the /-yo/ marker is used. The use of /-w/ with feather refers only to features that are possessed in the hand, used for drawing,
etc.
\ref 02552
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was the entry for /sakatl de sié:nigah/, deleted as a duplicate.
\dt 20/Jan/2005
\ref 02553
\lxam chachalaka
\lxam_c chachalaka
\lxoa chachalaka
\lxoa_c chachalaka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to make or have a hollow ringing sound; to clatter (e.g., flat stones clattering together as one plows over stony land, or gravel as a car passes over it); to jingle (e.g., money
in a bag)
\sense_s sonar hueco; chacolotear (p. ej., piedras algo planas en un terreno cuando pasa sobre ellas el arado, grava al pasar un coche); tintinear (p. ej., monedas en una bolsa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlachachalakatiw kwa:k titekipanowa. Tepachakahloh, noso ka:n teteyoh, tila:wak tetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is a hollow ringing sound that goes along when you work the team of oxen (or mules). There are a lot of flat, slatey stones, or it (might occur) where it is rocky, (with)
stones thick on the ground.
\phrase_s Va chacoloteando cuando trabajas la yunta (de bueyes o mulas). Hay mucha piedra plana, o bien es un lugar pedregosa, hay muchas piedras (sobre la tierra).
\phrase_n Tlachachalakatiw, kixiti:nitiw temantli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is a hollow ringing sound going along, it (in this case a plow) goes along knocking down the rows of stones that have been made in the corn field.
\phrase_s Va saliendo un sonido hueco, (en este caso la yunta y el arado) va desbaratando las piedras que han sido alineadas entre las matas de maíz.
\semfld sound
\root chala:
\nse Some Ameyaltepequeño consultants denied that chachalaka is a correct form, except as the Spanish name of a bird locally referred to as chalto:n.
They stated that the correct form is chachalka. Nevertheless, Pánfilo Lorenzo insisted that chachalaka is correct and is in most cases equivalent to
chachalka (he did not indicate when they might be different). Note that the Spanish borrowing of the bird name is chachala:kah.
\qry Find additional uses of this term. Make sure that this is a class 3.
\grm In the two phrases (Tlachachalakatiw kwa:k titekipanowa. Tepachakahloh, noso ka:n teteyoh, tila:wak tetl) (Tlachachalakatiw, kixiti:nitiw temantli) /tlachala:ntiw/ is not
correct for /tlachachalakatiw/ although often, without /tla-/, /chachalaka/ and /chala:ni/ are virtually equivalent. Apparently /chala:ni/ does not easyly accept the prefix
/tla-/.
\xref chala:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02554
\lxam kuwxio:tl
\lxam_c kuwxio:tl
\lxoa kohxiotl
\lxoa_c kohxiotl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e generic name for a type of tree, the cuajiote , of which there are apparently 6 types
\sense_s nombre genérico para un tipo deárbol, el cuajiote, del cual hay aparentemente 6 tipos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yema:nki, bwe:noh para kwexomatl, para tikikxiti:s pa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (the kuwxio:tl) is soft, it is good to make trays, for baking bread.
\phrase_s Es (el kuwxio:tl) blando, es bueno para hacer bateas, para cocer pan.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root kow
\root xi
\ency_note kuhxio:tl
\qry Check for others and recheck to make sure that the /kuhxio:tl/ is not only the generic name but a specific type as well. The vowel length has to be carefully checked. I perceived the
final vowel as short during the recording. I have not changed this pending a check with the program and precise measurements. Cf. also to /kuhxio:tl/ in other contexts. Also, check
the presence of /h/ as indicated in the orthography. The utterance of this word is in the phonetics directory.
\notes_nature This refers to a group of trees as well as a specific type within this group. Three types of cuajiote identified so far are kuhxio:tl ;
kuhxio:tl pa:pa:lo:tl , also known as kuhxio:tl chi:chi:ltik ; and kuhxio:tl de un istá:k or /istá:k kuhxio:tl. It
may also be used to fire ceramics in the absence of cow dung. The kuhxio:tl is commonly used to make kwexomameh , although according to
Emigdio Rosendo kopalchi:noh may also be used. Ramírez (1991) has no tree listed as kuhxio:tl. Schoenhals (1988) under cuajiote colorado
states:"(Burseraspp., e.g., B. excelsa, B. simaruba, B. bipinnata) 'copal tree,' bursera,' 'gumbo-limbo.' See copal. Then, under copal:""(Burseraspp.,
e.g., B. excelsa, B. simaruba, B. bipinnata) 'copal tree,' bursera,' 'gumbo-limbo.' Tree has red bark and edible fruit. Incense from the dried sap is used in religious
activties. Branches are used for fence post s since plantng s will sprout. Also called cuajiote colorado, indio desnudo, jiote, mulato, palo mulato, papelillo, torote."Guizar
and Sánchez (1991) have several trees whose Spanish name is or includes cuajiote; all are in the family Burseraceae: 1) Bursera
apteraknown as the cuajiote amarillo or cuachitlal; 2) Bursera bicolorknown as tecomate, cuajiote, tecomaca,or
marqueto; 3) Bursera fagaroidesknown as cuajiote blanco; and 4) Bursera lancifoliaknown as cuajiote; and 5)
Bursera longipesknown as cuajiote rojo.
\notes_func There are apparently 5 types of kuhxio:tl. The first is called ka:kawana:n. Its wood is used for kwexomatl. In Ameyaltepec
Cristino Flores called this kuhxio:tl para kwexomatl. The second is called kuhxio:tl chi:chi:ltik. In Oapan this is also called
tsi:kapakohtli. The third type is called kuhxio:tl pa:pa:lo:tl. Finally there are, according to Asención Marcelo of San Juan, two types of
kuhxio:tl ista:k. One has smooth bark; the other also has white wood but has sap that forms hard balls of resin: kipia i:a:xi:xmi:skiyo. See
notes under specimen #97; it might be that these are the same tree at different stages.
\root_notes As to the etymology of kuhxio:tl and the root xi , there are many words which have the element /xi:/ or /xi/ and that refer to peeling actions:
/xi:pe:wa/, /xi:ma/, /xiti:ni/, etc. Check for and mention possible connections.
\ref 02555
\lxam tlakwatsi:n
\lxam_c tlakwatsi:n
\lxoa tlakwatsi:n
\lxoa_c tlakwatsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e tlacuache, or Mexican opposum (Didelphis marsupialis)
\sense_s tlacuache (Didelphis marsupialis)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld mammal
\root kwa
\nse The species identification is take from Leopold (1959:325).
\nae The reborrowing from Spanish tlacuache has a long /a:/ and short final vowel: tlakwa:chin.
\notes_nature This animal is not considered edible.
\ref 02556
\lxam tsonkowatl
\lxam_c tsonkowatl
\lxoa tsonkowatl
\lxoa_c tsonkowatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e parasitic worms (in the intestines)
\sense_s lombrices (intestinales)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld xiwtli
\root tson
\root kowa
\qry Check for possessed form. For all final /-watl/ words, check for vowel length.
\ref 02557
\lxam i:xna:miki
\lxam_c ki:xna:miki
\lxoa i:xna:miki
\lxoa_c ki:xna:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to challenge (face to face); to stand up to; to directly answer or contradict; to confront (e.g., in answering a charge, or in order to identify someone as quilty)
\sense_s desafiar (cara a cara); contradecir directamente; enfrentarse a; encarar o pararse frente a (para contestar una acusación o para identificar a una persona como culpable)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ki:xna:miki itah, xok kitlaka:mati.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He stands up to (i.e., talks back to, or challenges the authority of) his father, he no longer obeys him.
\phrase_s Se enfrenta a su padre (esto es, le contesta o contradice, desafía su autoridad), ya no lo obedece.
\phrase_n O:ki:xna:mik, pa:mpa mlá:k ino:biah
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He stood up to her charges (in this case in regards to his behavior) because she really was his girlfriend.
\phrase_s La enfrentócontestando sus acusaciones (en este caso en cuanto a su comportamiento) porque de veras era su novia.
\sense_e to serve as the other half of; to pair up with or complement (to complete a task or provide the complete pair required in a certain situation)
\sense_s hacer pareja con; complementar (para completar una tarea o ser la otra mitad requerida en algunas situaciones)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:man yo:hne:xtih tli:n ki:xna:mikis nobwe:yeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now I've found the animal that will pair up with my ox (to complete the team).
\phrase_s Ya encontréel animal que le harápareja a mi buey (para completar la junta).
\root i:x
\root na:miki
\xref i:xna:miktia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref i:xna:mihtia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02558
\lxam polokatl
\lxam_c polokatl
\lxoa popolokatl
\lxoa_c popolokatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s* (Oa)
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e chaff (particularly of maize)
\sense_s ahechaduras; tamo (particularmente de maíz)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n ipolokayo tlayo:hli
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e the chaff of maize
\phrase_s ahechaduras de maíz
\root poloka
\nae Polokatl and popolokatl are apparently related to the same root polas in poliwi ; note that RJC also lists
polokatl under the root pol. Nevertheless, the precise derivational process is not immediately transparent. Note that whereas the Ameyaltepec form is not
reduplicated, the Oapan equivalent is. Both are listed here under one entry.
\qry Etymology is uncertain, perhaps from /pol-/ of /poliwi/, etc. Note that it should be determined that this word does not exist in the abstract, i.e., *polokayo:tl, but that only a /-yo/
possessed form exists. Check. Also check for other uses, etc.
\root_notes The root poloka is apparently related to pol as in poliwi , though the precise derivational process is not clear.
\ref 02559
\lxam xi:kahli
\lxam_c xi:kahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e jícara, type of round, circular gourd, often cut in half to use for scooping out water (e.g., in washing clothes)
\sense_s jícara, tipo de calabaza redonda y circular, a menudo cortada en mitades, que se utiliza para sacar agua de una tinaja, pozito, etc.
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e any of many types of plastic bowls used as a jícara
\sense_s cualquier recipiente de plástico utilizado como jícara
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semfld tool-house
\root xi:kal
\fl wekahli
\qry Determine whether this should be considered a plant.
\semref wekahli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref wákahlí
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02560
\lxam a:pilowa
\lxam_c a:pilowa
\lxoa a:pilowa
\lxoa_c a:pilowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-b
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to be tipped toward the horizon and in a waning crescent (the moon)
\sense_s estar inclinada hacia el horizonte y de cuarto menguante (la luna)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:pilowa me:stli; tsonakatsi:n unkah. Kito:sneki kiawis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tip of the crescent moon is dipping down toward the horizon, it's on its side. This means that it's going to rain.
\phrase_s La punta de la luna de cuarto menguante estáinclinada hacia el horizonte; estáde lado. Eso quiere decir que va a llover.
\semfld weather
\root a:
\root pil
\mod Cf. Flk 1984-07-31.1 and add to entry.
\grm Incorporation; The verb /a:pilowa/ is an interesting case of incorporation. It appears that the incorporated noun is in essence a thematic patient.
\ref 02561
\lxam nakastli
\lxam_c nakastli
\lxoa nakastli
\lxoa_c nakastli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e ears
\sense_s orejas; oidos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n tonakas
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e the (lit. 'our') ears
\phrase_s las (lit. 'nuestras') orejas
\sense_e handles (e.g., of a jug, mug, cup, etc.)
\sense_s asas (p. ej., de un cántaro, taza, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n inakas tso:tsokohli
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e the handles of a three-handled water jug
\phrase_s las asas de un cántaro con tres asas
\semfld body
\root nakas
\grm Possession: Intrinsice: /-yo/: Note that in general body parts when possessed, even when referring to a part of a material object, do not accept the use of /-yo/ (i.e., even
when a part/whole). Thus even the handles ('ears') of a water jug are referred to as /i:nakas/ and not */i:nakasyo/.
\ref 02562
\lxam koto:nilia
\lxam_c kikoto:nilia
\lxoa koto:nilia
\lxoa_c kikoto:nilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to snap or break (sth long that can be streched or pulled) for or in regards to
\sense_s reventar o romper (algo largo que se puede estirar) a o para
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (often with long vowel reduplication) to pull apart or pull off into pieces (a fruit or vegetable) and toss into; to shred and toss into
\sense_s (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal larga) desmenuzar o despedazar y echar a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xko:koto:nili xonakatl moyetsi:n para tikwelili:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Break off pieces of onion into your beans so you'll like the taste of them!
\phrase_s ¡Despedázale cebolla a tus frijoles para que gustes de su sabor!
\root koto:
\nse In a phrase such as Xko:koto:nili xonakatl moyetsi:n para tikwelili:s the primary object is the dish into which pieces are being thrown, not the person for whom (in
whose benefit) the action is taking place. However, this can also occur: Xne:chko:koto:nili xonakatl 'Break off some pieces of onion for me' (e.g., I'm the one doing
cooking and you are my helper).
\qry Check to see if /koto:nilia/ can accept the intensifier /te/. Another important question is the meaning of /welilia/. I had first translated this as 'to like the taste of,' which I have kept in
the translation. However, RS translates as 'hacer comidas buenas, sabrosas,' This would be the expected transitive of the paradigm /welik/, /weliya/ and /welilia/.
\grm Note that in a phrase such as Xko:koto:nili xonakatl moyetsi:n para tikwelili:s the primary object is the dish into which pieces are being thrown, not the
person for whom (in whose benefit) the action is taking place. However, this can also occur: Xne:chkotooto:nili xonakatl 'Break off some pieces of onion for
me' (e.g., I'm the one doing cooking and you are my helper).
\xref koto:na
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02563
\lxam tsi:ntla:ltesokitl
\lxam_cpend tsi:ntla:ltesokitl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e clumps of moist, muddy earth stuck to the roots of uprooted plants
\sense_s terrones de tierra huméda y lodosa que queda pegado a las raíces de plantas desarraigadas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Seki kipia itsi:ntla:ltesokiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Some (in this case plants) have clumps of muddy earth stuck to their roots.
\phrase_s Algunas (en este caso plantas) tienen terrones de tierras lodosa pegados a sus raíces.
\root tsi:n
\root tla:l
\root te
\root soki
\nae It is interesting that whereas in Ameyaltepec tsi:ntla:ltesokitl
\semref tsi:ntla:hlo
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02564
\lxam de
\lxam_c de nocha:n
\lxoa deh
\lxoa_c deh
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\loan de
\psm Subord
\der Subord
\gloss_e from
\gloss_s de
\sense_e from
\sense_s de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n De ka:no:n tiwa:le:wa?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where are you from?
\phrase_s ¿De dónde vienes?
\sense_e (de o:me) two forms
\sense_s (de o:me) dos formas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n De o:me kipia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has two forms
\phrase_s Tiene dos formas.
\ref 02565
\lxam chichi:k to:motli
\lxam_c chichi:k to:motli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 1(h)
\sense_e type of prickly pear cactus, to:motli or ó:rganoh
\sense_s tipo de tuna o cactus, to:motli o ó:rganoh
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld cactus
\root chichi:
\root to:moh
\nse This cactus was not identified during the fieldwork trip of October 2001 by any of the consultants.
\semref tó:mokóhtli xokó:k
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02566
\lxam te:mpatil
\lxam_c te:mpatil
\lxoa te:mpatil
\lxoa_c te:mpatil
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to have a twisted or crooked mouth or lips (that goes off to one side)
\sense_s tener la boca (o labios) torcida o chueca (que sale hacia un lado)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root patil
\ref 02567
\lxam okseki
\lxam_c okseki
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\psm Pr
\der Pr-indef
\infn pl. o:ksekimeh
\sense_e still another; more still; a little more
\sense_s otro todavía; otro más
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Okseki xne:xte:kili!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Serve me still a little more (e.g., food, drink, etc.)!
\phrase_s ¡Sírveme un poquito más todavía (p. ej., comida, bebida, etc.)!
\phrase_n Nihkowas okseki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll buy some others still.
\phrase_s Voy a comprar otros más todavía.
\root ok
\root seki
\nse Whether or not okseki can function in a modifier capacity in prenominal position is not clear; more texts are needed to clarify this situation. Note that at present I have
two entries for seki , one as a pronominal and the other as a term modifier.
\qry Check vl for future and elicit.
\semref seki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02568
\lxam petlaso:lkuwatl
\lxam_c petlaso:lkuwatl
\lxoa petlá:solkówatl
\lxoa_c petlá:solkówatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e centipede
\sense_s ciempiés
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Petlaso:lkowatl, xkowatl, ke:n kowatsi:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The centipede, it is not a snake, (though) it's like a small snake.
\phrase_s El ciempiés, no es una culebra (aunque) es como una pequeña serpiente.
\phrase_n Deke o:mitskwah petlaso:lkowatl tipatis saka tikoni:s sié:n pla:tos de a:to:hli, ma:s san agachitsi:n, ma:ski ma:ka ma tete:ntia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If a centipede stings you, you will get better only if you drink 100 bowls of atole, even if it's just a little bit from each, even if they aren't all full.
\phrase_s Si te pica un ciempiés, te vas a aliviar solamente si tomas cién platos de atole, aunque sea nada más un poquito de cada uno, aunque no estén todos llenos.
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root petla
\root sol
\root kowa
\nae The etymology of petlaso:lkuwatl and petlá:solkówatl is uncertain although the presence of petla and kowatl seems clear.
The origins or meaning of the sol element is, however, unclear. The Ameyaltepec pronunciation of Cristino Flores seems to have a definite long /o:/, which is not
clearly present in the Oapan forms (though it cannot be ruled out, particularly in the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino). Note also that Oapan Nahuatl
petlá:solkúwatl manifests pitch accent that would seem to be related to a reduplicant, perhaps the adjectival termination -sósohlí. But this would leave
the long vowel in the Ameyaltepec pronunciation unexplained. It could be that Oapan speakers reinterpret the /-sol/ syllable as related to the /-sol/ of té:sohlí.
\qry Tetelcingo has a short vowel here. Also, check etymology and whether /petlaso:hli/ also exists.
\grm Reduplication: Note the following: /Deke o:mitskwah petlaso:lkowatl tipatis saka tikoni:s sié:n pla:tos de a:to:hli, ma:s san aga:chitsi:n, ma:ski ma:ka ma tete:ntia./ 'If a
centipede stings you, you will get better only if you drink 100 bowls of atole, even if it's just a little bit from each, even if they aren't all full.'
\grmx The etymology of petlaso:lkuwatl and petlá:solkówatl is uncertain although the presence of petla and kowatl
seems clear. The origins or meaning of the sol element is, however, unclear. The Ameyaltepec pronunciation of Cristino Flores seems to have a definite long
/o:/, which is not clearly present in the Oapan forms (though it cannot be ruled out, particularly in the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino). Note also that Oapan Nahuatl
petlá:solkúwatl manifests pitch accent that would seem to be related to a reduplicant, perhaps the adjectival termination -sósohlí. But this
would leave the long vowel in the Ameyaltepec pronunciation unexplained. It could be that Oapan speakers reinterpret the /-sol/ syllable as related to the /-sol/ of
té:sohlí.
\ref 02569
\lxam a:te:nki
\lxam_c a:te:nki
\lxoa a:te:nki
\lxoa_c a:te:nki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to be almost ripe; to be just somewhat juicy (a fruit between being green and being ripe)
\sense_s estar casi madura o a la sazón; estar algo jugoso (una fruta que estáentre verde y madura)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye pe:wa chika:wi, a:te:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is beginning to get ripe, it is getting a little juicy
\phrase_s Estáa punto de madurarse; estáponiéndose algo jugoso.
\phrase_n A:mantsi:n kemech a:te:nki, xe iksi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is just now getting somewhat juicy, it isn't ripe yet.
\phrase_s Ahorita estáponiéndose algo jugoso, todavía no estáa sazoón.
\root a:
\root te:n
\nae The plural form of adjectivals such as a:te:nki is manifested through reduplication. Given that the Oapan adjectival is vowel initial, the reflex of reduplication is
pitch accent: á:té:nki
\qry Obtain Oapan plural form á:té:nki and add to /lxoc field.
\grm Adjectives; nouns; deverbal: note the difference in words such as /a:poso:nki/ and /a:te:nki/. In the first the part of speech is a noun, which is followed by an attributive
adjective. The meaning is"boiled water."In the second it is the subject that is filled"with water"(the incorporated noun). The IN is not the subject that is predicated upon, but
is a peripheral argument to the verb phrase. Thus in /a:te:nki/ it is S that is filled (participal) WITH WATER. Thus in my coding there should be a difference between /com
N-Adj that is an adjective ps and that which is a noun.
\ref 02570
\lxam buchih
\lxam_c i:buchih
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan buche
\infn N2
\sense_e Adam's apple
\sense_s nuez de la garganta
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\qry Note that this is the same (or similar, check) to /ko:kobuchih/ and /ko:kobande:rah/.
\semref ko:kobuchih
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ko:kobande:rah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kechtolopochyo
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref a:ko:kotolopochyo
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02571
\lxam ye wi:kpla kayo:tl
\lxam_alt ye wi:ptla kayo:tl
\lxam_c ye wi:kpla kayo:tl
\lxoa i wi:ptla kayo:tl
\lxoa_c i wi:ptla kayo:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e something from two days ago
\sense_s algo de desde hace dos días
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:a:kwitlaya:yak monextamal. Asta ye wi:kpla kayo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your nextamahli has become foul-smelling (from sitting too long). It's already two days old.
\phrase_s Tu nixtamal ha agarrado un mal olor por haberse quedado en agua estancada. Ya es de antier.
\root wi:ptla
\root kayo:
\nse Given the semantics of -kayo:tl'from the time of,' or something similar, with wi:ptla it only occurs with a preceding ye or
i, 'already' (i.e., since something can not be ?'from the day after tomorrow')
\nde At least in Oapan this form is only used with the preceding i 'already.'
\ref 02572
\lxam sema:na
\lxam_c kisema:na
\lxoa sema:na
\lxoa_c kisema:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp S-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to buy, and store (particularly in order to resell)
\sense_s comprar y guardar o almacenar (particularmente para volver a vender); revender; rescatar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlase:mana, kipia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He buys and sells (i.e., is a shopowner), he has it (money)
\phrase_s Compra y revende (esto es, es un tendero), tiene.
\root sem
\root a:na
\ref 02573
\lxam ikxikukwetlaxiwi
\lxam_c ikxikukwetlaxiwi
\lxoa ixí:kwetlaxíwi
\lxoa_pr ixí:kwetlaxiwi
\lxoa_c ixikwetlaxiwi, ixí:kwetlaxíwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s): ixí:kwetlaxíwi
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e for ones leg to get exhausted and weak or rubbery
\sense_s cansarsele o enflaquecersele a uno la pierna, o quedarsele débil
\sense_d Pending
\root kxi
\root kwetlax
\nse This verb is used to refer to the manner in which ones legs give out from walking very far, from running a lot, i.e. when ones legs become weak and are about to give out.
\nae Both the unreduplicated ikxikwetlaxiwi or ixikwetlaxiwi and reduplicated ikxikukwetlaxiwi or ixí:kwetlaxíwi forms are
correct. The former refers to this effect on one leg, the latter to the same effect on both legs. The Oapan reduplicated form shows phonological reduction of the reduplicant onto the
short final vowel of the incorporated noun stem ixi. The verb is usually found with reduplication given that it is usually the result of an action that affects both legs at the
same time.
\qry Check for transitive form. Check for unreduplicated form; also with /ma:/??
\grm Note that two words referring to feet/legs getting tired, etc. are entered in the headword category in two different ways. Thus /ikxikutia/ does not have redpulication because
it can easily happen to just one leg, as in the example. However, /ikxikukwetlaxiwi/ is the result of actions that almost inevitably affect both legs.
\ref 02574
\lxam chiko
\lxam_c chiko
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-man
\sense_e uneven in growth (height or length, e.g., hair, grasses, plants, etc.); crooked
\sense_s de crecimiento disparejo (en lo alto o lo largo, p. ej., pelo, zacate, plantas, etc.); chueco
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San chiko we:weyak nowapa:wa itson.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His hair grows unevenly (some parts growing faster than others, leaving the hair of unequal lengths).
\phrase_s Su cabello crece disparejo (algunas partes crecen más rápido que otras, dejando el cabello disparejo).
\phrase_n Chi:chiko ya:s un mi:hli, seki wekapan wa:n seki pi:pitik ika tikye:kpowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Those maize plants are uneven (in height), some are tall and some are short because you replanted where some seeds planted the first time did not come up.
\phrase_s Esas plantas de maíz están disparejas, algunas son altas y otras cortitas con esto de que volviste a sembrar donde las semillas sembradas al principio no brotaron.
\root chiko
\nae Chiko is a modifier that signifies 'crooked,' 'uneven,' or 'off to one side.' Apparently Ameyaltepec chiko is used before a verbal predicate, which it
modifies. Thus one finds Chi:chiko ya:s un mi:hli , in which chi:chiko 'crookedly' modifies how the maize plants grow. The phrase san chiko
we:weyak is more complex, chiko modifies the adjectival we:weyak with a meaning like 'to be crookedly long.' However, on another original
filecard I had documented chi:chiko we:weyak i:tson. The full range of contexts in which chiko is used needs to be determined.
\qry Check length of first vowel in /wewe:yak/ in the phrase: /San chiko weweyak nowepa:wa itson/ as it seems that in similar uses of the same word the reduplicated vowel is long.
Check. In another file card (with vowel length not marked), I have /chichiko weweyak itson/. Also, I had /weweyak/ but I think that the first vowel of the root is long (i.e., /we:yak/).
Also, with /chikoki:sa/ determine whether one or two words, if two, then one would find /chi:ko niki:sa/.
\qry Elicit all other forms wth /chiko/: cf. Karttunen, /chikokaki/, etc. Cf. /tsonaka/ and whether this should be analyzed as cliticized.
\semref chikotik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref chikotia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02575
\lxam pri:moh
\lxam_c pri:moh
\lxoa pri:moh
\lxoa_alt pri:mon
\lxoa_c pri:moh
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\loan primo(a)
\psm N
\infn N2
\der N-loan
\sense_e (poss.) cousin
\sense_s (pos.) primo(a)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (voc.) cousin
\sense_s (voc.) primo(a)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ka:n tiaw pri:moh?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where are you going cousin?
\phrase_s ¿Dónde vas primo?
\semfld kin
\qry As for all kin terms, determine the range of referents, and whether this is extended to fictive kin as well as genealogical kin. Check final segment /n/ or /h/.
\semref ne:neh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02576
\lxam tetilaktik
\lxam_c tetilaktik
\lxoa tetelahtik
\lxoa_alt tetelaktik
\lxoa_c tetelahtik, tetelaktik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\sense_e to be very thick (e.g., cloth, blankets, boards, the soles of sandals, etc.)
\sense_s ser muy grueso (p. ej., tela, cobijas, tablas, las suelas de huaraches, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root tila:
\nse Apparently this derivation of tila:wiis used only to refer to the physical thickness of objects, and not to the overgrown nature of a field or patch of earth. Note
that there are a group of vines called nakastetititilak , nakasté:tilák, and, in San Juan Tetelcingo, nakastetihtilak; the name derives from
the thickness of their leaves.
\qry Check use of /tetilaktik/ to indicate overgrown. Note also and check the phonology of the Oapan form; I heard /k/, particularly in IJ's pronunciation, after /la-/. Finally, check
/tetelahtik/ vs. /tetilahtik/ in Oapan, i.e., /e/ vs. /i/. Get pronunciations of several people.
\grm Adjectivals: one key point that needs to be examined is the relationship between forms such as /toma:wak/ and /tetomaktik/, /pitsa:wak/ and /tepitsaktik/, etc. All /-a:wi/ verbs
should be checked for these derivations, particularly if both do indeed occur. Then a check should be made as to whether the form without /te-/ exists (e.g., /tilaktik/). My
impression is that while it may be"grammatically correct"and accepted by some speakers, it is rarely found in discourse. Then, after a list of all the pairs is made, an effort
should be made to determine the difference in meaning. For /tetilaktik/ my feeling is that it cannot refer to fields that are overgrown with weeds (as /tila:wak/ can), but only
to the physical thickness of material objects.
\vl Check: apparently the male pronunciation is closer to final /k/ closing the 3rd and penultimate syllable.
\ref 02577
\lxam kone:miki
\lxam_c kone:miki
\lxoa kone:miki
\lxoa_c kone:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to have a child of ones die (usually refers to a death within a few weeks or months of birth)
\sense_s morirsele a un su niño (generalmente se refiere a una muerte dentro de unas pocas semanas o meses de haber nacido)
\sense_d Pending
\root kone:
\root miki
\nse Apparently this word refers to a parent (man or woman) who have a child that dies at a very young age, not living past the first few weeks or months.
\qry Check. I have no filecard on this word, but seem to remember it's correctness. It is a word in Oapan; recheck Ameyaltepec.
\semref kone:nemi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02578
\lxam itipo:xatik
\lxam_c itipo:xatik
\lxoa ítipó:xatík
\lxoa_c ítipó:xatík
\lxoa_pr itipo:xatik
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\loan bolsa (?)
\psm Adj
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have a big, swollen or inflated belly; pot-bellied (a person or animal)
\sense_s ser panzón; tener una gran y hinchada barriga; tener panza de músico (una persona o animal)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to have a large bulbous middle (e.g., ceramic vases, water containers, large jugs)
\sense_s tener una parte en medio muy bulbosa (p. ej., cerámica, jarrones, tinajas o cualquier recipiente con esta forma)
\sense_d Oa
\root hti
\nae Oapan ítipó:xatík is semantically equivalent to Ameyaltepec itipoti:xah , mirroring the general alternation between Ameyaltepec poti:xah
and Oapan pó:xatí.
\qry The etymology of this should be checked, apparently the root /poti:xa/ does not exist in other dialects. It is also unclear whether this should be classified as noun or adjective. Check
length of /o/. Also, L. Lucena gave form with final /h/; check to see if there is a final /h/ or whether it is a glottal stop. Possibly both forms exist. The presence of /te-/ is not
documented directly from /itipoti:xah/ but for the intransitive verbal /iti(te)poti:xatia/. Check.
\semref itipoti:xa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 02579
\lxam koyo:tl
\lxam_c koyo:tl
\lxoa koyo:tl
\lxoa_c koyo:tl
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N
\infn N2
\der N-b
\sense_e coyote (Canis latrans)
\sense_s coyote (Canis latrans)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (fig,) light-skinned and well-dressed person; non-Indian who is well off (e.g., a licenciado , doctor, politician, but not simply a rich person).
\sense_s (fig.) persona güera y bien vestida (p. ej., un licenciado, doctor, politico, pero no simplemente una persona rica)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld mammal
\root koyo:-2-
\nse Figuratively, koyo:tl does not simply refer to a rich person, but to someone with some social and political clout, who can do things and get things done. However, no
matter was his status and skills, a dark-skinned rich person is never a koyo:tl. It has, therefore, ethnic and class connotations.
\notes_nature Identification of species taken from Leopold (1959).
\ref 02580
\lxam tlai:tia
\lxam_c kitlai:tia
\lxoa tlai:tia
\lxoa_c kitlai:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give (an alcoholic beverage) to drink to
\sense_s darle de beber (una bebida alcohólica) a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timistlai:ti:s, nikneki mowa:n nitlai:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will give you something alcoholic to drink, I want to drink with you.
\phrase_s Te voy a dar una bebida alcohólica para beber, quiero tomar contigo.
\root i
\xref tlai
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref oni:tia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02581
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:nka
\lxoa_c i:a:nka
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-ka
\infn N2
\sense_e sth adjoining, adjacent or contiguous to, or joined with (sth else [Poss], e.g., to a plot of land, etc.)
\sense_s algo junto o aundado a (otra cosa [Pos], p. ej., en referencia a una parcela de tierra, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root a:na
\nse A:nka, an obligatorily possessed deverbal noun, was given by Florencia Marcelino as equivalent to Ameyaltepec a:nahlo , also obligatorily possessed.
However, a precise definition of the former was not given and it remains to be determined how equivalent the two terms are.
\qry Determine difference between /ia:nahlo/ and /iwa:n a:ntok/.
\semref a:nahlo
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref a:ntok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref a:ntok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02582
\lxam yeyeka
\lxam_c yeyeka
\lxoa yéyé:ka
\lxoa_pr yeye:ka
\lxoa_c yéyé:ka
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\der V0-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e for there to be wind
\sense_s haber viento
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:yeyekawi:lo:k nomi:l, o:pe:w yeyeka chika:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My corn field got blown over by the wind, the winds started to blow hard.
\phrase_s Se arrastrómi milpa por el viento, el viento empezóa soplar fuerte.
\semfld weather
\root e:ka
\nae For a discussion of etymology and vowel length, see entry under yeyekatl (Am)
\vl There is another token at 3908.
\semref yeyekatia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 02583
\lxam kalpan
\lxam_c kalpan
\lxoa kalpan
\lxoa_alt kalpah
\lxoa_c kalpah, kalpan
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-pan
\infn N1
\sense_e large village
\sense_s aldea grande
\sense_d Pending
\root kal
\nse Often kalpan seems to refer to a home or mother village, as viewed from an offshoot or outlying section. Thus Xalitecos sometimes refer to Ameyaltepec as
kalpan , and those of Analco call Oapan kalpan. More generally kalpan refers to any large village.
\vl Use the first token from the female speaker for the /kalpah/ utterance (with final /h/); then use second utterance of male for /n/-final version.
\ref 02584
\lxam tepe:iyo:tl
\lxam_c tepe:iyo:tl
\lxoa tepé:yoyó:tl
\lxoa_alt tepé:iyó:tl
\lxoa_c tepé:yoyó:tl
\lxgen ihyo:tl tlako:tl
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of tree of the Leguminosea family, still not identified
\sense_s tipo deárbol de la familia Leguminosea, hasta ahora no identificado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tepe:iyo:tl | San para tlikuwtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tepe:iyo:tl : It is just for firewood.
\phrase_s Tepe:iyo:tl : Es solamente para leña.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root tepe:
\root hyo:
\nae Pitch accent in Oapan tepé:yoyó:tl stems from the underlying {h} of {ihyo:tl}.
\qry Note that one consultant stated that this was a /kuhtli/. Check.
\vl Use second token of male speaker, it appears to have less background noise.
\ref 02585
\lxam tenexko:ntli
\lxam_c tenexko:ntli
\lxoa tenexko:ntli
\lxoa_c tenexko:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(m)
\sense_e lime kiln: a large vertical hole that is dug next to a short cliff, with an upper (large) and lower (small) compartments of equal diameter. In the larger, upper section rocks
are placed to the top; the lower hole is stoked with firewood for several days from. A slit is cut between the two compartments in order to allow heat to rise from the lower to
the upper sections, cooking the rocks and converting them to lime.
\sense_s horno para hacer cal: un pozo grande y vertical excavado cerca de la orilla de un risco con un compartamento superior grande y otro inferior más pequeño, los dos del
mismo diámetro. El compartamento superior se llena de piedras hasta el top; el inferior se llena con leña que se que por varios días. Un rendija entre los dos
compartamentos se hace para permitir que el calor suba, cocinando las piedras y convertiéndolas en cal.
\sense_d Pending
\root te
\root nex
\root ko:m
\ilus_note Illustrate
\nse In Oapan, the vertical lime kilns that are excavated in rock have three named parts: i:ko:nyo, the large cylindrical hole, some two or more meters deep, into which
rocks are placed; i:estri:boh, the shelf like division of rock, with two large perpendicular slots through which the heat rises, cut of rock left between the large upper
cylinder where the rocks are placed and the lower part of the cylinder where wood is stoked; and i:xi:k, the bottom part of the cylinder, some 50 cm high, into which
firewood is placed to cook the rocks. Note that, as expected, the body-part metaphor part of the kiln, i:xi:k does not take the intrinsic possessive suffix
-yo, while the possessed stem ko:n-, from ko:ntlidoes take the suffix.
\grm Possession; -yo : In Oapan, the vertical lime kilns that are excavated in rock have three named parts: i:ko:nyo, the large cylindrical hole, some
two or more meters deep, into which rocks are placed; i:estri:boh, the shelf like division of rock, with two large perpendicular slots through which the heat
rises, cut of rock left between the large upper cylinder where the rocks are placed and the lower part of the cylinder where wood is stoked; and i:xi:k, the
bottom part of the cylinder, some 50 cm high, into which firewood is placed to cook the rocks. Note that, as expected, the body-part metaphor part of the kiln,
i:xi:k does not take the intrinsic possessive suffix -yo, while the possessed stem ko:n-, from ko:ntlidoes take the suffix.
\ref 02586
\lxam wekapania
\lxam_c wekapania
\lxoa wákapánia
\lxoa_pr wakapania
\lxoa_c wakapánia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to grow tall (a person, a tree, etc.)
\sense_s crecer alto (una persona, unárbol, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xok tiwe:iyas, xok tiwekapanias ika titlatlantsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You won't get big, you won't get tall because you ask so many questions.
\phrase_s No vas a crecer, no vas a ser alto porque eres muy preguntón.
\sense_e to get higher or taller (e.g., a building being built)
\sense_s subir en altura (p. ej., un edificio en construcción)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to flare up high (a fire)
\sense_s subir (un fuego que empieza a flamear)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n On tlitl o:wepaniak, o:koma:w un so:ya:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That fire has flared up, it spread to the palm (setting it on fire).
\phrase_s El fuego ha llameado, se propagóhacia la palma (incendiándola).
\root wehka
\root_rel -pan
\grm Use of /i:ka/ and /pa:mpa/: The difference or similarities between the two need to be determined. Note in the following the use of /i:ka/ to indicate a cause: /Xok tiwe:iyas,
xok tiwekapanias i:ka titlatlantsi:n/ 'You won't get big, you won't get tall because you ask so many questions.'
\ref 02587
\lxam a:chitsi:n
\lxam_c a:chitsi:n
\lxoa á:chitsí:n
\lxoa_c á:chitsí:n
\lxoa_pr a:chitsi:n
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm Quant
\der N-tsi:n
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e a little
\sense_s poquito
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chmaka a:chitsi:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Give me a little (e.g., of food or drink)!
\phrase_s ¡Dame un poquito (p. ej., de comida o bebida)!
\phrase_n Xne:chmaka ok a:chitsi:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Give me a little bit more!
\phrase_s ¡Dáme un poquito más!
\phrase_n San a:chitsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just a little (i.e., just give me a little).
\phrase_s ¡Un poquito nada más (esto es, dáme solamente un poquito más).
\phrase_n A:chitsi:n ma:w!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e (Give me) a little bit of your water!
\phrase_s ¡(Dáme) un poquito de tu agua!
\sense_e for a short time
\sense_s por poco tiempo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:chitsi:n nikochi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He sleeps justs a little.
\phrase_s Duerme solamente un poquito.
\sense_e (sa: ~) a short time (from now; syn. Am/Oa sa: te:tepitsi:n)
\sense_s (sa: ~) dentro de poco (tiempo desde ahora; sin. Am/Oa sa: te:tepitsi:n)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Sa: a:chitsi:n wi:ts.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will come a short time from now.
\phrase_s Dentro de poco viene.
\root a:chih
\nse Note the difference in meaning, in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, between san a:chitsi:n 'just a little bit' (e.g., of food) and sa: a:chitsi:n 'in just a little while
(from now).' The equivalent of the latter in Oapan is san te:tepitsi:n.
\nae The presence of {h} is indicated by pitch accent in Oapan (though without comparative evidence it would be unclear where the {h} was located). The length of the first vowel is still
problematic, as the length of word-initial vowels are sometimes difficult to determine. However, both Roberto Mauricio (Oa) and Inocencio Díaz (Am), of the literacy workgroup,
were quite certain that the first vowel of this word is long, and it has so been recorded here and in all illustrative sentences. The same observation applied to a:chi
(Am).
\qry Check this adjectival use given that I have added this entry based on some other similar phrases in the corpus.
\qry Check vowel length. I have changed all entries and illustrative phrases with /a:chitsi:n/ (Am) to a standard of /achitsi:n/. The Oapan entry appears to have a short initial vowel,
however, this is the vowel that needs to be fully and definitively determined.
\ref 02588
\lxam po:so:hli
\lxam_c po:so:hli
\lxoa po:so:hli
\lxoa_c po:so:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e pozole
\sense_s pozole
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food-maize
\root po:so:l
\ency_note po:so:hli
\nse There are two types of po:so:hli documented in my notes: ye:lo:po:so:hli and po:so:hli de nextamahli.
\qry Check vowel length. Although this word would seem to be related to the verb /poso:ni/, the difference in vowel length is problematical, for this derivation would suggest at least a
short initial vowel, if not two short vowels. The only other source of vowel length is Ramírez and Dakin (1978), which is not trustworthy on vowel length. Check derivation and
adjust cat field accordingly.
\ref 02589
\lxam iksan
\lxam_c iksan
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e a long time ago
\sense_s hace mucho tiempo, antiguamente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:te:chnono:tskeh iksan totawa:n ika wi:tseh, wi:ts teposto:to:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A long time ago, our ancestors told us that they would come, that an airplane would come.
\phrase_s Hace mucho tiempo, nuestros antepasados nos platicaron que vendrían, vendría un avión.
\phrase_n Tla:lme:stli, deke panowa motlampa, iksan tinemiko:ya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A tla:lme:stli , if it passes between your legs, you had been born a long time ago (i.e., you will die soon).
\phrase_s Un tla:lme:stli , si pasa entre tus piernas, ya hace mucho tiempo que habías nacido (esto es, vas a morir pronto).
\root iksan
\qry Oapan has the nominal form i:san kayo:tlthough not the adverbial i:san, at least not in the speech of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez.
\qry Recheck length of initial vowel, although in a later entry I have recorded as a note:"the first vowel is definitely long and should be recorded or changed to such in all entries."
\semref iksan kayo:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02590
\lxam istlakatki
\lxam_c istlakatki
\lxoa istlakatki
\lxoa_c istlakatki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ki
\infn N1
\sense_e liar
\sense_s mentiroso
\sense_d Pending
\root stlaka
\qry Check etymology. Check length of first vowel.
\ref 02591
\lxam tlamanilia
\lxam_c kitlamanilia
\lxoa tlamanilia
\lxoa_c kitlamanilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to patch (sth such as clothes or similar material objects)
\sense_s remendar (algo, como una prenda de vestir u otros materiales similares) para (algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tiktlamanili:s nokoto:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are going to patch up my shirt.
\phrase_s Me vas a remendar mi camisa.
\sense_e to leave an offering for (e.g., a deceased relative for All Saint's Day)
\sense_s dejar una ofrenda para (p. ej., un pariente fallecido para Todos Santos)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld clothing
\root man
\nae One case say, as in the transitive entry for tlamanilia, niktlamanili:s nokoto:n. In this construction the base verb manilia has a
ditransitive meaning of, more or less, 'to lay (sth) on or for (sth).' Thus the meaning 'to"lay"a tortilla on (a griddle) for you' and well as 'to patch,' i.e., 'to lay (a piece of cloth) on (top
of the hole) of my shirt.' In niktlamanili:s nokoto:n , tla- is the secondary object (what is laid down, i.e., the patch) and the specific object is the primary
object (here the wornout shirt). However, it also appears that tlamanilia itself may be a ditransitive verb, as in ne:chtlamanili:s nopá:ntalon 'she will fix
my pants for me,' where ne:ch is the primary object and nopá:ntalon is the secondary object. In this use, if there is no specific secondary object,
tla- is used, with the resultant form ne:chtlatlamanili:s 's/he will mend (sth) for me.' The fact that this occurs sug gests that tlamanilia as a
ditransitive itself should be a separate entry and not listed under the ditransitive manilia. Thus in niktlamanili:s nokoto:n it would appear that
manilia is ditransitive and the tla- reduces the valency, leaving the object fixed, i.e., 'my shirt,' as the only object. Here, in the terminology of noun
incorporation, tla- is a"saturating"and occupies the slot of an argument, reducing the valency of the resultant verb (tlamanilia is monovalent). However, in
the case of ne:chtlamanili:s nopá:ntalon 'she will fix my pants for me,' the tla- does not reduce the valency of manilia , and
the"compound"remains bivalent (the primary object is ne:ch and the secondary object, not marked on the verb since it is specific, is nopá:ntalon). Thus
this represents"modifying"incorporation, or Mithun's Type II. However, if this is the case it is interesting that in e ffect that tla- does not appear to"modif y"anything.The
valency of tlamanilia is problematic. In many cases (cf. homophonous entry) it seems obviously to be a bivalent (and simple transitive) verb. However, in the
illustrative sentences here it appears trivalent. Thus tine:chtlamanili:s nokoto:n seems to have two objects. The primary object (1st- person singular) is overtly
expressed; when specific, the secondary object is not overtly marked on the verb (as in the example just given). However, it may be overtly expressed as a nonspecific object (e.g.,
tlatlamanilia), in which case the secondary object may only be expressed as an oblique. This is the case with, for timistla:ke:was, tine:chtlatlamanili:s i:ka
notlake:n.
\nde Note in Oapan that kitlamanilia refers to an offering to the saints or deceased whereas kitlá:manília refers to putting patches on clothes. The object may
be either the clothes themselves or the owner.
\qry After discussing with C. Flores I have removed: /Ne:chtlatlamanili:skeh ika nokoto:n./ 'They will patch up clothes for me, my shirt.' and /Timistla:ke:was, tine:chtlatlamanili:s ika
notlake:n./ 'I'm going to hire you to patch my clothes up for me.'
\mod NOTE that according to C. Flores one usually says sth like /xtlamanili nokoto:n/, but it is also possible to use the double applicative /xne:xtlamanili nokoto:n/.
\xref tlamanililia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref mana
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02592
\lxam kaxa:nka:suwa:tl
\lxam_c kaxa:nka:suwa:tl
\lxoa kaxa:nka:siwa:tl
\lxoa_c kaxa:nka:siwa:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Part-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e sickly woman; woman who easily becomes ill or weakened from work
\sense_s mujer enfermiza, que luego luego se enferma o se debilita (e.g., a causa de un exceso de trabajo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kaxa:nka:suwa:tl, san kukwalo:tok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is a weak, sickly woman, she is always just getting ill.
\phrase_s Es una mujer débil, enfermiza, siempre anda enfermándose.
\root kaxa:
\root sowa:
\disamb poxa:hka:sowa:tl; kaxa:nka:sowa:tl
\nse This word, kaxa:nka:sowa:ti to a woman who is unable to work, who gets sick easily from work.
\qry Perhaps in phrase /san kukwalo:tok/ /sa:/ and not /san/ is correct and should be used.
\semref tepi:tska:suwa:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tepi:tka:siwa:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref poxa:hka:suwa:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 02593
\lxam ta:natli
\lxam_c ta:natli
\lxoa tá:natlí
\lxoa_c tá:natlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(h)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e large bag of woven palm
\sense_s espuerta o bolsa grande hecha de palma tejida
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (rare: by extension) any large bag
\sense_s (raro: por extensión) cualquier bolsa grande
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tool
\root ta:nah
\nse The ta:natli was much more commonly used in the past. It has two handles and flaps, all of palm, that close over each other. Ameyaltepequeños used to buy these
from sellers from Tlamacazapa. The ta:natli has been replaced by the modern, plastic morrali:nas , commonly used in Mexico for shopping in markets.
\ilus_note Buy and illustrate.
\semref tata:nah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tátá:nah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02594
\lxam pa:ntalontetekwixtok
\lxam_c pa:ntalontetekwixtok
\lxoa pantaló:ntekwíxtok
\lxoa_pr pantalo:ntekwixtok
\lxoa_c pantaló:ntekwíxtok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\compound N-Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv Durative
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be with ones trousers rolled up
\sense_s estar con los pantalones enrollados y subidos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niktetemo:lti:s nopantalón, xohkó:n nipantalontetekwixtos.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to roll down my trousers, I won't have them rolled up like that anymore.
\phrase_s Voy a desenrollar mis pantalones, ya no los voy a tener arremangados así.
\root te
\root hkwiya
\nse This stative has only been documented in reduplicated form, as given in the headword.
\qry Note that with /ma:tetekwia/ I have this documented as a reflexive (and possibly transitive). Since my only documented example of /pa:ntalontetekwixtok/ is the stative, check the
form /pa:ntalontetekwia/ and if it is intransitive or transitive/reflexive. If the former, change Stat-x to Stat.
\qry Check /pa:ntalontetekwixtok/. If only a reflexive/transitive exists along with the stative, then add a section in the grammar on clearly transitive verbs that form a stative without any
saturation of the valency or argument slots. However, this should be compared to a reflexive stative that I have documented elsewhere: /koxtok, notekwixtok/. Check to see if
/nimopa:ntalontetekwixtos/ is also correct.
\qry_fon Here check vowel length carefully, both dialects. I seem to have heard the first /a:/ as longest in the pronunciation of C. Flores.
\grm Check /pa:ntalontetekwixtok/. If only a reflexive/transitive exists along with the stative, then add a section in the grammar on clearly transitive verbs that form a stative
without any saturation of the valency or argument slots. However, this should be compared to a reflexive stative that I have documented elsewhere: /koxtok, notekwixtok/.
Check to see if /nimopa:ntalontetekwixtos/ is also correct.
\semref ixikasó:ntekwíxtok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02595
\lxam yeyekameh
\lxam_c yeyekameh
\lxoa yéye:kámeh
\lxoa_alt yéye:kámih
\lxoa_c yéye:kámeh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\pitch yes
\sense_e see yeyekatl (Am)
\sense_s véase yeyekatl (Am)
\sense_d Pending
\ref 02596
\lxam inekwi
\lxam_c kinekwi
\lxoa ínekwí
\lxoa_pr inekwi
\lxoa_c kínekwí
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(kw)
\allomorph i-epen
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to smell (either a good or bad fragrance)
\sense_s oler (algo que puede oler bien o mal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikinekw ke:n tlaawia:ka:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I smelled how this was a fragrant place.
\phrase_s Olíquétan fragrante era este lugar.
\phrase_n O:nikinekw fie:roh. Xkwahli, ke:n tlamolo:nka:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I smelled something bad. It wasn't good, it was a real bad-smelling place!
\phrase_s Olíalgo mal. No era bueno¡quélugar de mal olor!
\phrase_n Yekaxokwi:chiwi. O:kinekw tli:n xawiá:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He turns up and wrinkles his nose. He smelled something unpleasant.
\phrase_s Frunce la naríz. olióalgo desagradable.
\root hnekwi
\nae In Oapan the 3rd-person object prefix is frequently surpressed in surface forms with an overt preceding subject prefix. By orthographic convention, this is presently written as, e.g.,
n'inekwi (or, in full form, nikínekwí. Note that the 2nd-person plural is n'ínekwíh (or, in full form, >ninkínekwíh).
\grm Re: anticausative. Note that for certain verbs that seem to form a basic transitive there is an intransitive form. This is the case with /inekiw/, which has an intransitive in
/nekwisti/. Thus the reflexive is only used for a passive construction. Note that /inekwi/ can refer to either smelling a good or a bad smell. However, /nekwisti/ refers to bad
smells.
\qry I have removed the anticausatve? definition: (refl.-anticaus.) to give of a smell; to smell. This was from the phrase 'Xo:nonekw deke o:tlamiktih.' Note that the intransitive is
/nekwisti/.
\semref nekwisti
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ínekwísti
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref inekwilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 02597
\lxam tekon
\lxam_c i:tekon ba:kah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e udder filled with milk (of a cow, goat, donkey, but not a dog, cat, etc.; i.e., said of animals with udders that get large when birth is near)
\sense_s ubre lleno de leche (de una vaca, chiva, burra, pero no una perra o gata; esto es, se dice de animales que tienen ubres que se hacen grande cuando ya estápor parir)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye kipia itekon, ye mi:xiwis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She has a full udder, she's about to give birth.
\phrase_s Ya tiene un ubre lleno, estápor parir.
\semfld body
\root tekoma
\nae To date tekomatl has been documented only in this obligatorily possessed form, or compounded with nominal stems (e.g., a:tekomatl).
\qry Check to see if /tekomatl/ exists as tecomate. I have removed this definition: 'breasts filled with milk (of a woman who is about to give birth or nursing)' Recheck.
\semref chi:chiwaltekon
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref tekomatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02598
\lxam ma:ka:wilia
\lxam_c kima:ka:wilia
\lxoa ma:ka:wilia
\lxoa_c kima:ka:wilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to let loose for (e.g., in letting out a rope for sb)
\sense_s soltar para o a (p. ej., en ir soltando un laso para algn)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to raise the volume of (a radio, record player, etc.); to turn up (the level of an electrical appliance); to speed up or accelerate (a car being drive, an animal being ridden,
etc.)
\sense_s subirle el volumen a (un radio, tocadiscos, etc.); hacer trabajar más fuerte a (un aparato eléctrico); accelarar (un coche manejado, un animal montado, etc.
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xma:ka:wili, xkakisti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Turn it up (in this case the volume on a radio), it's not audible!
\phrase_s ¡Súbele el volumen (en este caso a un radio), no se oye!
\sense_e to exhale in the face of (e.g, smoke)
\sense_s exhalar en la cara de; soltar (humo, etc.) en la cara de
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root ka:wa
\qry Check meaning of 'to exhale in the face of,' as this was entered from memory. I have also eliminated this def. as C. Flores did not agree to its validtiy: 'to free (a prisioner) for; to let
out in the custody of'
\xref ma:ka:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02599
\lxam ma:poche:roh
\lxam_c ma:poche:roh
\lxoa ma:poche:roh
\lxoa_c ma:poche:roh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (Sp) ma:poxtli
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn Gender; N1
\sense_e person who is left-handed
\sense_s persona surda, que escribe con la mano izquierda
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root opoch
\nse The fact that a Spanish loan ending (-ero/a) occurs here might have affected the length of the previous vowel, /o/, which seems short in the Ameyaltepec form
ma:poche:roh. As to the initial /o/ of the putative stem opoch, the fact that it deletes following ma: suggests that it was underlying
short, although this is a very thin evidence in regard to vowel length one way or the other. FK compares various dialects and in most the /o:/ is long.
\ref 02600
\lxam te:mposteki
\lxam_c kite:mposteki
\lxoa te:mposteki
\lxoa_c kite:mposteki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to break off the point of (e.g., a pencil, a pick, or other similar objects with a long point)
\sense_s romperle el punto a (p. ej., un lápiz, un pico, u otros objetos con un largo punto)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root posteki
\disamb te:mposteki; te:ntlapa:ni
\ref 02601
\lxam okwihlowa
\lxam_alt kwilinyowa
\lxam_c okwihlowa
\lxoa kwikwihlowa
\lxoa_c kwikwihlowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to get full of worms
\sense_s agusanarse
\sense_d Oa
\root okwil
\nse Inocencio Díaz gave the form kwilinyowa , but this has not yet been documented with other speakers.
\nae Oapan kwikwihlowa, which occurs in various compounds, shows reduplication without a final {h} in the coda of the reduplicant (at least as suggested by the absence
of pitch accent, a reflex of coda {h}. The reason for this is not clear.
\qry Check for the occurrence of a transitive form. Check for the possibility of reduction /ni:kwihlowa/??.
\qry_h Check for /h/ in kwikwihlowa/ or /kwihkwihlowa/, etc.
\semref kwikwilxi:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref okwihlowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 02602
\lxam i:xtakatsi:n
\lxam_c i:xtakatsi:n
\lxoa i:xtakatsi:n
\lxoa_c i:xtakatsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-manner
\der Adv-man
\sense_e see i:xtaka
\sense_s véase i:xtaka
\sense_d Pending
\root i:xtaka
\ref 02603
\lxam tsotsomoka
\lxam_c tsotsomoka
\lxoa tsotsomoka
\lxoa_c tsotsomoka
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to emit a sound like that of cloth or paper ripping
\sense_s emitir un sonido como lo de tela o papel que se rasga
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tsotsomokatias mokoto:n de ka:mpa timopilo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your shirt will start tearing apart (lit. 'go along making a ripping sound') if you pull hard.
\phrase_s Tu camisa se va a ir rompiendo (lit. 'ir haciendo un sonido al rasgarse') si te jalas fuerte.
\semfld sound
\root tsomo:
\nae Tsotsomoka often occurs with the aspectual marker -tiw.
\xref tsomo:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02604
\lxam tatia
\lxam_c kinotatia
\lxoa 'tatiá
\lxoa_pr tatia
\lxoa_c kinótatiá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-tia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl) to claim or treat (sb) as one's father (e.g., an illegitimate child who has not previously recognized his genitor and who now begins to refer to this genitor as a father)
\sense_s (refl) reclamar o tratar a (algn) como padre (p. ej., un hijo ilegítimo que anteriormente no había reconocido, o no había sido reconocido por, su padre biológico y ahora
empieza a referirse aél como padre)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San kemech o:notatih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just recently claimed his genitor (as father)
\phrase_s Apenas reconocióa su padre biológico (como su padre).
\root tah
\nae As expected the Oapan form has both objects marked; Ameyaltepec has only the reflexive, which coreferences the subject, the child who takes an adult as a father. It is still not
clear how Ameyaltepec Nahuatl would express the object, i.e., the person who is taken for a father.
\nde Classical tatia. nicno is glossed in Molina as 'tomar o otro por padre' (note that RS has, probably an error, tatia. nino, i.e., missing the specific 3rd-person
object prefix).
\qry Check for /na:ntia/. Check for meaning of /tatia/; does it mean to take sb for ones father, or does it make to reclaim/recognize one as one's father. This is important. Perhaps both
are correct. Check how Am expresses object.
\grm Note that Am does not express the secondary object with the reflexive only when it is 3rd person and not at the beginning. Thus one has /nimotatia/ but /kinotatia/. Also
/nimitsnotatia/, etc.
\semref na:ntia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref ikni:wtia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref suwa:wtia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ihni:htia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref siwa:wtia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02605
\lxam tepachakahloh
\lxam_c tepachakahloh
\lxoa tepachakahloh
\lxoa_c tepachakahloh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to be covered with flat stones and rocks, about the size of a fist or smaller, of the type called tepachakahli (a field, or soil; with the result that the stones
inhibit the passing of a plow when the land is being worked)
\sense_s estar lleno de piedras anchas y delgadas, como el tamaño de un puño o más pequeno, de las que se llaman tepachakahli (un terreno, con el resultado que
tales piedras estorban el arado al trabajar la tierra de estos terrenos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tepachakahloh motla:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your land is full of the small flat stones called tepachakahli.
\phrase_s Tu terreno estálleno de las piedras pequeñas y planas llamadas tepachakahli.
\semfld soil
\fla tepachakahli
\root te
\root pachaka
\semref techachahloh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref té:chahlóh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02606
\lxam ma:ko:tsi:liwi
\lxam_c ma:ko:tsi:liwi
\lxoa ma:ko:tsi:liwi
\lxoa_c ma:ko:tsi:liwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get a cramp in ones arm or hand
\sense_s tener o sentir un calambre en el brazo o la mano
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root ko:tsil
\qry Check for possible transitive form ?ma:ko:tsilowa.
\qry_fon Recheck/confirm vowel length.
\ref 02607
\lxam nomuwti:hli
\lxam_c nomuwti:hli
\lxoa nemohti:hli
\lxoa_c nemohti:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e fear
\sense_s miedo
\sense_d Oa
\root mawi
\nae As would be expected from Classical grammars and forms, Oapan Nahuatl manifests the use of ne- in nominalizations. (Note that the length of the final vowel should be
further examined for final determination.
\grm Nominalization/deverbalization: Note the use of /ne-/ in /nemuhti:hli/, from Oapan, but /no/ in Ameyaltepec.
\semref mahka:listli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref mahka:listli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 02608
\lxam poyaktik
\lxam_c poyaktik
\lxoa poyahtik
\lxoa_c poyahtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\sense_e dark grey
\sense_s griso oscuro
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:n ko:lo:tsi:ntli, xma:s we:i, pe:nas tli:ltiktsi:n, poyaktsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (the tliko:lo:tl) is like a small scorpion, it's not too big, it's just a little blackish, darkish.
\phrase_s Es (el tliko:lo:tl) es como un alacrancito, no es muy grande, es algo negrito, algo oscuro.
\semfld color
\root poya:
\nse This term is often used in the diminutive, which in Ameyaltepec is poyaktsi:n and Oapan poyahtsi:n. In one set of notes I mentioned that this term refers
to a darkish, dull color. It may have a reddish or brown tone; it is not black but sort of dark brownish.
\qry Although this has the form of other adjectivals such as /tetomaktik/, my only documentation of this word is in the diminutive, with /-tsi:n/ substituting for /-tik/. Check the possibility of
/poyaktli/ as well as the possibility (or necessity) of /te-/, e.g., /tepoyaktik/.
\ref 02609
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kámoxé:poh
\lxoa_c kámoxé:poh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) cebo
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of sweet potato still unidentified
\sense_s tipo de camote todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\root kamoh
\ency_note kamotli
\nse When asked if kamotli de un istá:k was a word in Oapan, Florencia Marcelino (Oa) gave its equivalent as kámoxé:poh. Fieldwork will determine if the
two terms are equivalent.
\qry My notes do not clearly indicate whether this is cultivated or not; check for this and other swet potatoes.
\semref kamotli de un istá:k
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 02610
\lxam kekeleh
\lxam_c kekeleh
\lxoa kekeleh
\lxoa_alt kekelih
\lxoa_c kekeleh, kekelih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-posr-eh
\infn N1
\sense_e person who is ticklish
\sense_s algn que tiene cosquillas
\sense_d Pending
\root kel
\qry Check for any possible difference between /kekeleh/ and /kekeltik/. Note that Inocencio Jiménez pronounced this /kekelih/.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note that Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez often differ in the pronunciation of final /i/ and /e/. Thus Florencia gives most agentives ending in
/-ni/ as [ne], e.g., /tlakwa:ne/. And Inocencio will often use /i/ where Florencia has /e/, as in the present case.
\vl Use first male token for /kekelih/, female (either) for /kekeleh/.
\semref kekeltik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref kekel
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02611
\lxam iso:tla
\lxam_c niso:tla
\lxoa ísó:tla
\lxoa_pr iso:tla
\lxoa_c nísó:tla
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/dif)
\der V2-refl
\trans +Refl/+trans
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl.) to vomit
\sense_s (refl.) vomitar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:niso:tlak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He threw up.
\phrase_s Vomitó.
\sense_e (trans) to cough or spit up (sth specific, a liquid such as blood)
\sense_s (trans) expectorar, esputar (algo en particular, como sangre)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kiso:tla yestli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He spits (coughs up) up blood.
\phrase_s Expectora sangre.
\sense_e (trans) to spill the beans (i.e., say or reveal sth that had been a secret)
\sense_s (trans) revelar (algo dicho en privado)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld functions
\root hso:tla
\qry Check to determine whether only reflexive is used; cf. causative form with different agent/patient. Note, usually used in reflexive but occasionally with object. Cf. other verbs that
may take a reflexive and an object with changes in sense: /ito:tia/, etc. Also, check whether one can say /ka:xi:xa yestli/, /kixi:xa tomin/, etc. I.e., not only a locative but patient.
Determine a type of coding for these verbs.
\grm Reflexive verbs; transitivity; causatives: Note that there is a difference in these two transitive forms: /kiso:tla/ in which the object is that which is vomitted up, and
/kiso:tlaltia/ in which the object is the person who is made to vomit. Note that the reflexive verbs that indicate bodily functions occasionally take an object, but when they do,
this object is not a causative object (underlying or thematic patient) but rather a material that is affected, or a person (as in /ne:cha:xi:xa nokone:w/). The causative
changes this to adding a new agent and making the previous agent a patient.
\xref iso:tlaltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref íso:tláltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02612
\lxam a:yema:nia
\lxam_c a:yema:nia
\lxoa a:yema:nia
\lxoa_c a:yema:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4b(ya-x; long)
\sense_e to get soft from being in water or having water added (e.g., earth that is soaked in or mixed with water)
\sense_s ablandarse por estar en el agua o por agregarsele agua (p. ej., tierra a que se le ha agregado agua para que se ponga más suave)
\sense_d Pending
\root a:
\root yema:ni
\disamb a:yema:nia; a:pochi:ni
\nse For example, when one is using earth to fill in the spaces in a stone wall, it may be mixed with water in order to soften it. One then can say yo:a:yema:niak when
the moistened earth is ready to be used.
\ref 02613
\lxam kokolisioh
\lxam_c kokolisioh
\lxoa kokolisioh
\lxoa_c kokolisioh
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e to be chronically or continually ill
\sense_s estar siempre enfermo; ser enfermizo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sa: tikukwalo:tinemi. Tikokolisioh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You just go around feeeling sick. You are chronically ill.
\phrase_s Nomás andas enfermo. Eres enfermizo.
\semfld disease
\root koko
\semref kokolistli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02614
\lxam tolopochiwi
\lxam_c tolopochiwi
\lxoa tolopochiwi
\lxoa_c tolopochiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to swell up into a hard ball (e.g., on ones skins)
\sense_s salir un hinchazón dura (p. ej., en la piel)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to become bumpy or rough (the surface of things such as roads, ceramics that are not polished, amate paper not well made, etc.)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) ser o llegar a seráspero y no plano (la superficie de cosas como caminos, cerámica no pulida, papel amate toscamente hecho, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:to:tolopochiw ka:n mihkasiwi, o:ta:tapale:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has gotten bumpy (the skin) where he has mihkasiwi (a type of skin rash), it has gotten reddish bumps.
\phrase_s Se pusoáspera (la piel) donde se le salió mihkasiwi (un tipo de sarpullido), salieron ronchas rojas.
\semfld texture
\root tolopoch
\disamb tewistik; tsotsokoltik; chakayoltik; tolopochiwi; tolopoxtik
\nse Most documentation of this word, and its derivatives, is with long stem-initial reduplication, perhaps reflective of the fact that the bumps are widely spaced and that several always
occur together (never one alone). The difference between the various words that refer to bumpy or uneven surfaces is not entirely clear. However, tolopochiwi seems
to refer to gentle, smooth bumps, not those that emerge suddenly and sharply from a given surface (see tla:lto:tolopochka:n).
\nde To:tolopochiwi , or any potential cognate, seems absent from other dialects. However, note that Tetelcingo, Morelos has to:tolontik 'gordito' (note here
also the reduplication of the initial syllable with a long vowel). It is also quite possible that the wild, grape-like fruit known as to:tolo:ktsi:nis from a similar root as
to:tolopochiwi.
\qry If a form such as /totolopochiwi/ or simply /tolopochiwi/ is found, then change main entry to /tolopochiwi/ and xref at /to:tolopochiwi/, etc.
\vl There are 4 additional tokens at 5079. These tokens at 5079 should be tagged as 2614. Also, the two tokens selected as the linked words should be chosen from among the
4 word tokens recorded at 5079.
\ref 02615
\lxam tetekumasol
\lxam_c tetekumasol
\lxoa tekómasólin
\lxoa_c tekómasólin
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N
\infn N2
\compound Lex. rdp-s (Am)
\der N-ap (Am); N-b-in (Oa)
\pitch yes
\sense_e type of honey-making and stinging insect that live in nests hanging from trees; in appearance they have a small midsection and in size are slightly larger than
tla:lnekwteh
\sense_s tipo de insecto que hace miel y pica y que hace su nido colgado deárboles; en apariencia tienen una cintura delgada y en cuanto a tamaño son un poquito más grande que
tla:lnekwteh
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tetekomasolmeh, tlakotiá:n pipitsaktikeh, tlawe:lekeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The insects called tetekomasolmeh are narrow in the middle, they are fierce (i.e., they bite).
\phrase_s Los insectos llamados tetekomasolmeh son muy delgados por en medio, son bravos (esto es, muerden).
\phrase_n Tetekomasol, boli:tah ikal. Pi:pitikeh un yo:lka:tsitsi:nteh pero tlawe:lekeh, deke tikwiyo:ni:s xiska:n mitskaka:waskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tetekomasol , it's nest is round. These insects are very small but fierce, it you shake them (i.e., their nest), they won't leave you alone for a long time.
\phrase_s El tetekomasol , tiene su nido como bolita. Estos insectos son muy pequeños pero bravos, si los agitas (esto es, su nido) no te dejan (de perseguir)
pronto.
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root tekoma
\root -sol
\ency_note nekwtli
\nae The etymology of this animal's name is uncertain, although probably it is somewhat descriptive (if so, a description of the animal might help clarify the etymology; it probably has
something to do with tekomatl, perhaps because of the shape of its nest). The pitch accent in Oapan might be related to the ending -sol, perhaps related to
-sósohlí. Interestingly, however, the final /a/ of tekoma- is not lengthened. In Oapan the plural is tekómasolímeh while in Ameyaltepec it is
tetekumasolmeh. These are considered a type of chi:lpa:n.
\qry_h Check location of /h/ if any in SJ
\ref 02616
\lxam kwalakme:ya
\lxam_c kwalakme:ya
\lxoa kwalahme:ya
\lxoa_c kwalahme:ya
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to drool; for ones mouth to water
\sense_s babear
\sense_d Pending
\root kwala:
\root me:ya
\disamb kwalahki:sa; kwalakmeme:ya
\nae The progressive forms manifest surface /x/ for underlying {y}: kwalakmeme:xtok.
\vl Use the second tokens of each persons utterance as these have clearer /h/ before the nasal.
\ref 02617
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for /xoxio:ti/ which was an alt. pronunciation of /xixio:ti/. But since /xixio:ti/ has beenchanged to /xoxio:ti/ this present entry has been deleted.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\vl Assign utterences from Oapan the number 6503, which will thus have two sets of tokens.
\ref 02618
\lxam tso:tso:tilia
\lxam_c kitso:tso:tilia
\lxoa tso:tso:tilia
\lxoa_c kitso:tso:tilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cause sores or infected pimples on the skin of
\sense_s hacer salir llagas o granitos infectados sobre la piel de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mistso:tso:tili:skeh sa:yo:lin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Mosquitos will make infected pimples break out on your skin (i.e., the bites may become infected).
\phrase_s Los mosquitos te van a hacer salir como llagitas en la piel (esto es, las mordidas se pueden infectar con el tiempo).
\root tso:tso:
\xref tso:tso:ti
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02619
\lxam tio:tlakih
\lxam_c tio:tlakih
\lxoa tio:tlakih
\lxoa_alt tio:tlakeh
\lxoa_pr tio:tlakih
\lxoa_c tio:tlakeh, tio:tlakih
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\psm Interj
\der Interj
\allomorph Plural: tio:tlakikeh
\sense_e Good afternoon (from noon to vespers)!
\sense_s ¡Buenas tardes (desde mediodía hasta la hora de oración)!
\sense_d Pending
\root tio:
\root_rel -tlak
\ency_note greetings
\nse In Ameyaltepec, the afternoon greeting tiotlakih is the only one with a reverential form: tiotlaki:ltih. In Oapan it is much more common to hear
tlakehor tlakih.
\nae The vowel length distinctions are not altogether clear in the Oapan material analyzed to date as there is not much difference in the quantity of the first two vowels. These should be
checked.
\qry Check for final /h/ in this and other terms. Get a set of greetings from all villages in the Balsas region. Record and place online.
\grm Oapan phonology: here as in other cases, Inocencio Jiménez has final /i/ where Florencia has /e/. Note problems of vowel length
\ref 02620
\lxam tepe:wtok
\lxam_c tepe:wtok
\lxoa tepe:htok
\lxoa_c tepe:htok, tepe:ktok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be scattered on the ground
\sense_s estar esparcido por el suelo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tetepe:wtok moyew.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your beans are scattered all over the ground
\phrase_s Tus frijoles están regados por todo el suelo.
\root tepe:
\nae Oapan usually has [h] in this position, although speakers will vary and occasionally have various sorts of velar or glottal closure. An example of the former is the pronunciation of
Inocencio Jiménez given for this entry, in which [k] appears as a coda to the middle syllable.
\vl Use the first male token as an example of /tepe:ktok/.
\xref tlatetepe:wtok
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Am
\ref 02621
\lxam a:i:xko
\lxam_c a:i:xko
\lxoa a:i:xko
\lxoa_c a:i:xko
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Loc
\compound N-N-ko
\der N-loc-1-k(o)
\sense_e on or near the water's surface
\sense_s sobre o cerca a la superficie del agua
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:i:xko nemi un michin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That fish is close to the surface of the water.
\phrase_s Aquel pez anda cerca de la superficie del agua.
\phrase_n A:i:xko ninemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I float on the surface of the water.
\phrase_s Floto sobre la superficie del agua.
\root a:
\root_rel -i:xko
\grm Clitics; stress: Oapan: note that when /yaw/ is added to verbs of location it is fully cliticized: /a:i:xkóyaw/.
\ref 02622
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod Here the word /kuhchi:mahli/ has been removed from the dictionary.
\dt 25/Jan/2005
\ref 02623
\lxam ila:makuwtli
\lxam_c ila:makuwtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e generic name for a group of trees that includes two types, differentiated by the color of their fruit
\sense_s nombre genérico para un grupo deárboles que incluye dos tipos, diferenciados por el color de su fruta
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\semfld edible
\root ila:mah
\root kow
\qry Check status of initial /i/ as to whether epenthetic. ila:mah. Although Florencia Marcelino gave /tsapokohtli/ as the Oapan equivalent, this might be in error given that Silvestre
Pantaleón, during the Oct. 2001 field session, did not identify the /ila:mah/ that we saw. Also, check vowel length as in my botany notes I have a long initial /i/.
\semref ila:mah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 02624
\lxam ko:skaxa:hli
\lxam_c ko:skaxa:hli
\lxoa ko:skaxa:hli
\lxoa_c ko:skaxa:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e seed beads, small glass beads for embroidering
\sense_s chaquira
\sense_d Pending
\root ko:s
\root xa:l
\nae The initial /o:/ of the Oapan data is not overly long (4 examples vary between 93 and 98 ms) but still this length is well within the range of long vowels.
\ref 02625
\lxam o:mexkayo:tl
\lxam_c o:mexkayo:tl
\lxoa o:mexkayo:tl
\lxoa_c o:mexkayo:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-kayo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e see -xkayo:tl
\sense_s véase -xkayo:tl
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root o:me
\root xiw
\root kayo:
\qry Check vowel length of the final /o:/. Perhaps it should be short.
\ref 02626
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for /tepayelowa/. Now eliminated; cf. /tepayolowa/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 02627
\lxam koya:wa
\lxam_c kikoya:wa
\lxoa koya:wa
\lxoa_c kikoya:wa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to widen or stretch out (affecting a round or roundish opening, e.g., the opening of a sack)
\sense_s ensanchar una apertura o agujero (que es redondo o algo redondo, p. ej., la boca de un costal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkoya:wa a:chitsi:n para kalakis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Open it up a little (e.g., the opening of a sack) so that they (in this case mazorcas) fit in!
\phrase_s ¡ábrele un poquito (p. ej., la boca de un costal) para que entren (las mazorcas)!
\phrase_n Ma:ka tiktekoya:was, ke:n titotoma:wak!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't stretch it out (in this case clothes being tried on) you're quite fat!
\phrase_s ¡No lo estires (en este caso ropa que se prueba), eres algo gordo!
\root koya:
\xref koya:wilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02628
\lxam xomilin
\lxam_c xomilin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e jumil, type of edible insect
\sense_s jumil, tipo de insecto comestible
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\semfld edible
\root xomil
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1988) under jumil states:"(Fam. Pentatomidae) 'stink bug.' See chinche de jardín. 2. An insect of the central plateau that was toasted and eaten by the
indigenous people."
\qry On one file card I note that all vowels are definitely short.
\ref 02629
\lxam koko:xotik
\lxam_c koko:xotik
\lxoa ko:xotik
\lxoa_c ko:xotik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan cojo
\psm Adj
\der Adj-loan
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am)
\sense_e lame or with a limp
\sense_s cojo
\sense_d Pending
\nae The absence of pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl is due to the fact that the loan ko:xo(from Spanish cojo) does not end in final /h/.
\vl Ignore the first pronunciations of /kokoxohtik/. Do not tag. In later documentation is this proves to be the Oapan form for 2264, /kokoxoktik/ in Ameyaltepec (which FM
said had no Oapan cognate), then these two tokens might be sought and then tagged. But for now, don't tag them.
\semref ikxikoko:xoh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ixiko:xo
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02630
\lxam sakatsontetl
\lxam_c sakatsontetl
\lxoa sakatsontetl
\lxoa_c sakatsontetl
\lxgen sakatsontetl
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of grass, member of the Poaceae family, still not identified
\sense_s tipo de zacate, miembro de la familia Poaceae, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sakatsontetl | Bwe:noh para kahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sakatsontetl : It is good for houses (i.e., roofs).
\phrase_s Sakatsontetl : Es bueno para casas (esto es, los techos).
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root saka
\root tson
\root te
\notes_nature According to Juan de la Rosa, sakatsontetl is called pelillo in Spanish. Ramírez (1991) simply gives this as a member of the
Gramineaefamily, named in Spanish zacate de zonteta.
\ref 02631
\lxam tla:wi:lpantia
\lxam_c tla:wi:lpantia
\lxoa tla:wi:lpantia
\lxoa_c tla:wi:lpantia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to become illuminated (an area or internal space)
\sense_s llegar a illuminarse (unaárea o espacio interno)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma nitlatlikwi:lti, ma tla:wi:lpantia!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me turn on the lights (or, e.g., light a candle) so that the place will be illuminated!
\phrase_s Déjame prender las luces (o, p. ej., encender una vela) para que quede iluminado.
\root tla:wi:l
\qry Check to determine whether /tla:wi:lpantli/ is a word, FM uttered it. If so, add. However, the form /tla:wi:.pan/ is already in the lexicon.
\vl Use the first token of the female speaker and last token of the male. Do not tag /tla:wi:lpantli/, the first erroneous female utterance.
\ref 02632
\lxam lamatsi:n
\lxam_c lamatsi:n
\lxoa lámatsí:n
\lxoa_c lámatsí:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\pitch yes-lex
\infn N0/1
\sense_e address term for wife
\sense_s término para dirigirse a la esposa
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e old woman (in the sense of age)
\sense_s vieja (en cuanto a edad)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye lamatsi:n, xok wel nenemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She's already an old woman, she can't walk well anymore.
\phrase_s Ya es una vieja, ya no puede caminar bien.
\root lamah
\nse The Ameyaltepec form, at least, may be palatalized to lamachi:n , apparently this intensifies the age of the subject, i.e., a 'very old woman.'
\nae Apparently this diminutive form is rarely, if ever, possessed. On the other hand, the non-diminutive lamahmay be possessed in the figurative sense of 'my old
lady.'
\grm Palatalization; intensification: The Ameyaltepec form /lamatsi:n/, at least, may be palatalized to lamachi:n , apparently this intensifies the age of the subject,
i.e., a 'very old woman.'
\semref lamah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02633
\lxam -te:nko
\lxam_c i:te:nko
\lxoa -te:nko
\lxoa_c i:te:nko
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N(rel)
\der Rel-stem/poss-com
\infn N2(rel)
\sense_e the edge of (a material object such as a plate, a piece of cloth, etc.)
\sense_s la borde de (un objeto material como un plato, una tela, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e the border of (an area such as a planted field, a river, etc.)
\sense_s la orilla de (unárea como un terreno, un río, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nimowitih ne:, ite:nko nomi:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I took the path there, at the edge of my milpa.
\phrase_s Toméel camino allá, por la orilla de mi milpa.
\root te:n
\root_rel -ko
\semref kalte:nko
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlate:nko
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02634
\lxam ko:lo:tlan
\lxam_c ko:lo:tlan
\lxoa ko:lo:tlah
\lxoa_pr ko:lo:tlan
\lxoa_c ko:lo:tlah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-tlan
\infn N(loc)
\sense_e place with many scorpions
\sense_s lugar con muchos alacranes
\sense_d Pending
\root ko:lo:
\root_rel -tlan
\ref 02635
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be /i:xte:mpecha:koh/ but has been removed since C. Flores denied it was an acceptable term. The def. I had was: 'completely blind in an eye that from disease or injury
has shriveled up and become physically deformed inside the socket'
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 02636
\lxam toka
\lxam_c kitoka
\lxoa toka
\lxoa_c kitoka
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to follow (in a physical sense, as in walking behind sb)
\sense_s seguir (en sentido físico, p. ej., al caminar atrás de algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nite:tokas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will tag along behind the others.
\phrase_s Voy a seguir a los demás.
\phrase_n Tiaweh! Timistokas, xyekastiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let's go! I'll follow you, go along in the lead!
\phrase_s ¡Vámonos! Yo te sigo,¡vete como puntero!
\phrase_n Notokatiweh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They go along following one another in line.
\phrase_s Van seguiéndose, uno tras otro en línea.
\phrase_n On ne: yaw, sa: tlatoka, yo:noka:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That one going there, he's just following along behind, he got left behind.
\phrase_s Ese que va allá, nomás sigue a los demás, se quedóatrás.
\phrase_n Sa: tlatoka, xsan seknek yaweh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just trails behind (the others), they aren't all going together (in a single, separate group).
\phrase_s Nomás sigue a los demás, no van todos juntos (en un grupo aparte).
\sense_e to follow (in birth order or other temporal sequences)
\sense_s seguir (en orden de nacimiento u otras secuencias temporales)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Newa naxtopa, yewa sa: tlatoka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm firstborn, he just follows (though he's not necessarily the last).
\phrase_s Soy yo el primogénito,él nada más sigue (aunque no es necesariamente elúltimo).
\sense_e (often with short vowel reduplication) to chase after; to attack (e.g., an animal such as a bull that charges against animals or people)
\sense_s (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) atacar; correr hacia (p. ej., un animal como un toro que carga contra animales o personas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlatotoka moto:roh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your bull is fierce (i.e., it runs after people trying to gore them).
\phrase_s Tu toro es bravo (esto es, carga contra la gente, tratando de cornearlos).
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to kick out (from a house, from a position of responsibility or job, etc.)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) correr; sacar (de una casa, de una responsibilidad o trabajo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:cha:ltotokak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He kicked me out so that I would come back here (e.g., he sent me home from a place I was visiting).
\phrase_s Me corrióhaciendo que me viniera acá(p. ej., me mandóa casa de un lugar donde estaba visitando).
\phrase_n O:kitotokak ikone:w, o:kipachiwi:tih. Xok kineki iwa:n cha:ntis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He kicked his child out (of his house), he told him to go away. He doesn't want to live with him anymore.
\phrase_s Corrió a su hijo (de la casa), le dijo que se fuera. Ya no quiere vivir en la misma casa conél.
\phrase_n Xtotoka, ma:ka sampa ma ye!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Chase him out, don't let him just stay there!
\phrase_s ¡Córrelo, que no se quede allánada más!
\phrase_n Motech nimopepecho:s tí:oh. Nocha:n ne:xtotokan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will come to live with you, uncle. They are chasing me out of my house.
\phrase_s Me voy a venir contigo, tio. Me corren de la casa.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to fire (from a job)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) despedir (de un trabajo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kitotokakeh nokone:w, xok kipia ka:n tekiti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They fired my child, he no longer has a place to work.
\phrase_s Despidieron a mi hijo, ya no tiene donde trabajar.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to pursue; to chase or run after (i.e., to follow from one place to another, such as an animal being chased down)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) perseguir (esto es, seguir de un lugar a otro); correr atrás de (p. ej., un animal que uno estátratando de agarrar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xto:toka!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Chase after it!
\phrase_s ¡Corre trás de ella (persiguiéndolo)!
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w kito:toka ibese:rrah, kasisneki. Ma tikpale:wi:tin!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's started to chase his calf, he wants to catch it. Let's go help him!
\phrase_s Empezóa perseguir su becerra, la quiere agarrar.¡Vamos a ir a ayudarlo!
\phrase_n San no:wián tine:xto:toka!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You pursue (follow or chase after) me everywhere!
\phrase_s ¡Me persigues por todos lados!
\phrase_n Xto:toka para tikasis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Chase after it to catch it!
\phrase_s ¡Persíguelo para agarrarlo!
\phrase_n I:wa:n timoto:tokas mowa:kax.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will run along chasing after your cow.
\phrase_s Vas a ir corriendo trás tu ganado.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication and often on-) to start (sb) on their way (e.g., by taking hin part of the way, e.g, through ones yard, and then having him
continue alone)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga y a menudo on- encaminar al llevar hasta un punto en medio (p. ej., llevar a algn por el pueblo para dejarlo continuar
solo a su pueblo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Sampú:n o:nikonto:tokak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I just accompanied him there to set him on his way.
\phrase_s Sólo lo acompañé hasta allípara encaminarlo.
\semfld motion
\root toka
\nse This verb is often used in the reduplicated form, with various senses. Both reduplicated forms, to:toka and totoka (Am) / tótoká
(Oa) can both be used (in both villages) to mean 'to kick out' (e.g., as in a child who is kicked out of home). The form with long vowel reduplication may be used to indicate 'to
chase away' (as in a pig that is chased out of ones yard). It may also be used to refer to the action of chasing after a burro (or similar animal) in trying to catch it. In the former sense
it is the same as pe:wia. For chasing after the long vowel reduplicant form is used only when the animal runs away and stops, then runs away and stops again,
etc. If one runs continually after an animal the form totoka (Am) / tótoká is used. This form may also be used when for example, one chases a pig away
and then sics a dog on it, that runs after the pig as it flees. Or, if one runs after a pig or donkey that is continuously r unning aw ay, the s hort vowel reduplicant form is used. Finally,
if one person departs and another leaves later, trying to catch up, the same short vowel reduplicant form is used. Finally, in a story told by Joaquín Herrera (Oa), the form
kito:to:toka is used. This double reduplicative form is not acceptable in Ameyaltepec. In Oapan such forms exist. In this case the apparent meaning is that the action of
to:toka, i.e., chasing after an animal, is repeated many times in different places. This is the only case I have noted of a long vowel reduplicant being used as the second
reduplicant of a verbal form.
\qry Check difference between /tikto:tokas mowa:kax/ and /iwa:n timoto:tokas mowa:kax/. Also check for the difference between /o:ne:chtotokakeh/ and /o:ne:chto:tokakeh/, etc. Check
/sa:/ (should it be /san/?) in /newa naxto:pa, yewa sa: tlatoka/. Check orthography of /no:wiá:n/
\qry At one time FM gave a good example of the use of different reduplication forms with /toka/: /kito:toka/ and /kí:toká/. Also, the difference between forms such as /noto:tokatiw/ and
/nó:tokátiw/, etc.
\grm Argument structure; reflexivity; transitivity; causativity: /I:wa:n timoto:tokas mowa:kax./ 'You are running around chasing after your cow.' Note here how a reflexive
construction of a transitive and an oblique object is used instead of a direct transitive form. Unfortunately, the difference between /tikto:tokas mowa:kax/ and /i:wa:n
timoto:tokas mowa:kax/ is not entirely clear. The first seems more"transitive"in the sense that the cattle there is directly represented as the object/goal of the verbal
predicate. The reflexive construction would perhaps indicate that the cattle is not the immediate object/goal of the verbal action; but again this needs to be clarified. Note
that in a construction such as /nihkwala:nia/ and /i:wa:n nimokwala:nia/ the first obviously has an agentive/patientive structure and can be felicitiously translated as 'I
make him angry.' The second construction, however, indicates little in terms of agentivity. It can be translated as 'I get angry with him.' The f o cus here is on a relation of
anger that exists between two parties, with little direct indication of causation. With /tikto:tokas mowa:kax/ and /iwa:n timoto:tokas mowa:kax/ the distinction is less clear.
The first seems to clearly indicate that the subject is pursuing the cattle, and that the goal is apparently the seizure of the animal. However, the second is not so clearly an
agentive construction. My original filecards have thetranslation:"You are going to run along chasing after your cow."Only a discussion with speakers can clearly articulate
the difference.
\grm Reduplication with long and short vowels: There are two forms that at times seem similar: /totoka/ and /to:toka/. I have some notes on the subject from my original filecards.
There I mention that reduplication with a long vowel refers to the action of chasing someone around, either to catch him (or it) or to chase him (or it) away. The focus,
therefore, is on the action or process of pursuit. And, it would appear, the long vowel reduplication indicates that the action of following takes place at separated intervals.
In contrast, /totoka/ indicates the simple action of kicking someone out of a place for once and for all (as in firing from a job). This seems to be the general difference,
although more precise information should be obtained from native speakers.
\grm /tla-/ Note the following phrase /Newa naxto:pa, yewa sa: tlatoka./ 'I'm firstborn, he just follows (though not necessarily the last).' In this one finds the use of /tla-/ even
though context makes clear that the object of /toka/ must be a human. I would imagine (though this should be checked) that /te:-/ would also be correct here, i.e., /Newa
naxto:pa, yewa sa: te:toka./ would also be correct.
\xref tlatoka
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02637
\lxam sawa
\lxam_c nosawa
\lxoa sawa
\lxoa_c nosawa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-refl
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (refl.) to fast
\sense_s (refl.) ayunar; ponerse o estar en ayunas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nochipa nosawtokeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are always fasting.
\phrase_s Siempre están ayunando.
\root sawa
\xref nesawilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02638
\lxam malakatl
\lxam_c malakatl
\lxoa malakatl
\lxoa_c malakatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e spindle-whorl
\sense_s malacate
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tool-house
\root malaka
\ilus_note Illustrate
\root_notes Undoubtedly related to the verb /mali:na/ in some way. Check etymology and other words with /mal/ that seem to indicate twisting.
\ref 02639
\lxam chichi:ya
\lxam_c chichi:ya
\lxoa chichi:ya
\lxoa_c chichi:ya
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\infn ~Trans
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to become bitter; to acquire a bitter taste
\sense_s amargarse; adquirir un sabor amargo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tle:ka xtikoni:tiwetsi? Chichi:xtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Why don't you just drink it down? It's getting bitter (e.g., a beer left standing).
\phrase_s ¿Por quéno lo tomas de una vez? se estáponiendo amargo (p. ej., una cerveza que se sirvióy no se tomóluego).
\phrase_n O:chichi:yak inakaw, o:topo:n ichichi:kaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Its meat has become bitter, its gall bladder burst open.
\phrase_s Su carne agarróun amargo sabor. se le reventósu vesícula biliar.
\root chichi:
\qry Determine transitive form. Recheck vowel length in /kichichiya/; is final /i/ long?
\vl Recheck vowel length in /chichi:ya/. It appears long in Oapan Nahuatl, but a comparison must be made to other /-ia/ final verbs.
\ref 02640
\lxam texokotl
\lxam_c texokotl
\lxoa texokotl
\lxoa_c texokotl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of plum tree, in Spanish called tejocote
\sense_s tipo de ciruelo, llamado tejocote
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root te
\root xoko
\ency_note xokotl
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the tejocote, a member of the family Rosaceaeand the genus/species Crataegus mexicana. Ramírez and Dakin
(1979) identify this as the jocote.Under tejocote, Schoenhals (1988) mentions the following:"(Crataegus mexicana, C. pubescens) 'Mexican
hawthorn.' A tall, thorny shrub or tree related to hawthorn. Orange fruit; jelly resembles that of quince. Tree has thorns at the branch nodes. It is common at higher
electations in drier climates, especially in clearings in the pine/oak forests. Also called manzanillo, texocotl."
\ref 02641
\lxam patli
\lxam_c patli
\lxoa pátlí
\lxoa_c pátlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(h)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e venom; poison (particularly that used to kill tsi:kameh)
\sense_s veneno (particularmente la que se emplea para matar a los tsi:kameh)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e natural remedy
\sense_s remedio natural
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e natural fertilizer of bat dung (see tsina:kankwitlatl (Am))
\sense_s fertlizante natural del estiercol de murciélago (véase tsina:kankwitlatl (Am))
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root pah
\nse When I asked Gabriel de la Cruz how it is that the same word is used for both 'medicine' and poison' he responded wistli saka wistli ki:sas 'a thorn is removed by
another thorn.'
\ref 02642
\lxam ko:rteh
\lxam_c ko:rteh
\lxoa ko:rteh
\lxoa_c ko:rteh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan corte
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e a piece of cloth (usually about 2 to 3 meters in length)
\sense_s corte (de tela, generalmente 2 a 3 metros de largo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikwa:hkis se: ko:rteh de tlake:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will bring back a piece of cloth.
\phrase_s Voy a traer una corte de tela.
\sense_e (la ~) bathroom; john
\sense_s (la) baño
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niaw la ko:rteh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to the john.
\phrase_s Voy al baño.
\ref 02643
\lxam wetskani
\lxam_c wetskani
\lxoa wetskani
\lxoa_alt wetskane
\lxoa_c wetskane, westkani
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e person who smiles a lot; person who is cheerful and good-natured
\sense_s persona que es risueña, que se ríe fácilmente y de buen humor
\sense_d Pending
\root wetska
\vl Make sure to use female token for /wetskane/ and male for /westkani/.
\ref 02644
\lxam í:n
\lxam_c nihkwisí:n
\lxoa i:n
\lxoa_alt i:h
\lxoa_c i:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Pr
\der Pr-dem
\sense_e this one
\sense_s éste
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tikonka:ka:was i:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You're going to go leave this in various places.
\phrase_s Vas a dejar esto en varios lugares.
\phrase_n Tihkwa:si:h
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e You are going to eat this!
\phrase_s ¡Vas a comer este!
\root i:n
\qry Check all uses and pronuncations of the demonstrative /i:n/ (or ?/in/) in regards to vowel length and stress.
\nae As a demonstrative pronoun, i:n in Ameyaltepec is apparently usually phrase final and stressed. The length of the vowel still needs to be confirmed. It differs in
syntactic function from i:n , a demonstrative adjective that seems to always precedes a noun. In Oapan the demonstrative pronoun is extrametical, in that is doesn't
take stress it is fused to the verb, as in the example sentence. Perhaps in a later orthography this will be written tihkwa:sí:n, with the observation in orthographic rules
that this term (along with the copula yes) is not stressed. In Oapan, if the demonstrative is fronted to the beginning of the phrase it appears with the shortform
independent pronoun yo as in yo i:n tihkwa:s.
\grm Demonstratives; word order; fronting: As a demonstrative pronoun, í:n in Ameyaltepec is apparently usually phrase final and stressed. The length of the
vowel still needs to be confirmed. It differs in syntactic function from in , a demonstrative adjective that seems to always precedes a noun. In Oapan it is
fused to the verb, as in the example sentence. If it is fronted to the beginning of the phrase is appears with the shortened independent pronoun yó as in
yóí:n tihkwa:s.
\ref 02645
\lxam kextlan
\lxam_c i:kextlan
\lxoa kextlan
\lxoa_alt kextlah
\lxoa_c i:kextlah, i:kextlan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-tlan
\infn N2
\sense_e throat; front of the neck
\sense_s garganta; parte anterior del cuello
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chkukwa nokechtlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My throat hurts me.
\phrase_s Me duele la garganta.
\sense_e neck (of a material object such as a vase, jug, etc.)
\sense_s cuello (de un objeto material como un jarro, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root kech
\root -tlan
\nse This term apparently refers to either the inside or outside of the throat, although it seems to specifically target the front of the neck.
\vl Use first female token for /i:kextlah/.
\ref 02646
\lxam kamaniá:n
\lxam_c kamaniá:n
\lxoa kamaya:n
\lxoa_c kamaya:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e at times; once in a while
\sense_s a veces; de vez en cuando
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kamaniá:n niknemilia nomocha:nti:s nomi:hlan pa:mpa ke:n weka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e At times I think of going to set up my house near my milpa because it's so far away.
\phrase_s A veces pienso ir a quedarme por mi milpa por lo lejos que es.
\root kaman
\root_rel -ya:n
\qry According to all I have been able to gather /kamaniân/ is equivalent to /kamantika/. However, this should be checked.
\qry_fon Note the velarization of the final /n/, much more pronounced on the male speaker.
\grm Note /kamaniá:n/, which seems to be derived from /kaman/ and /-ya:n/. If so, discuss this in the section on uses of /-ya:n/. Cf. also /nowiá:n/, etc.
\vl There are 4 additonal tokens of this word at 5441. These should also be tagged as 2646. Note that the sound tokens that are to be linked to the headword should be taken
from the later recordings from 5441 as these are of better quality.
\semref kamantika
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref kamaya:ntika
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02647
\lxam tlawi:kpa:ntli
\lxam_alt tlawi:pa:ntli
\lxam_c tlawi:kpa:ntli
\lxoa tlawi:pa:ntli
\lxoa_c tlawi:pa:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e something interwoven (sth stiff, long and narrow, like the rods of a bed or of a chinamíl fence, constructed of rods placed horizontally and interwoven,
alternately in front and in back, through posts sunken into the ground)
\sense_s algo entrelazado (como las varas de una cama o de un tipo de chinamíl fabricado de varas colocadas horizontalmente y entrelazadas (alternando, primero
en frente de y después atrás) entre estacas empotradas en la tierra
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e something lined up (particularly the cactus rods of a bed of tlapextli , but also bricks stacked in a line, etc.)
\sense_s algo alineado (particularmente las varas de cactus entrelazadas y atadas para una cama, o tabiques puestos asípara guardarse)
\sense_d Oa
\root wi:pa:
\ency_note kahli
\nde Florencia Marcelino also gave teo:lo:tlas an example of a material object covered by the term tlawi:pa:ntli.
\qry My original entry for Am had /tlawi:kpantli/. I have simply assumed that this is in error, or an alternate pronounciation of /tlawi:pa:na/. Note that there is perhaps an alternation
between /wi:pa:na/ and /wi:kpa:na/ that should be checked.
\qry_fon Check length of /i/. I hear it long (paused), but the acoustic measurements are not conclusive. Note that C. Flores give /tlawi:kpa:ntli/ as the noun but the verb is always
/wi:pa:na/. Check with other speakers whether the noun is always /tlawi:kpa:ntli/ or whether some people say /tlawi:pa:ntli/ as I had originally noted.
\vl There are an addition four tokens from 6921, which was a duplicate. Note that the two linked sound files at 2647 should be the ones originally from 6921 as the sound is
better.
\root_notes Discuss all the terms that have /wi:k-/ or /wi:-/ and that refer to some form of interweaving.
\semref china:ntli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref tlawi:pa:nahli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02648
\lxam tlato:lkwepa
\lxam_c kitlato:lkwepa
\lxoa tláto:lkópa
\lxoa_pr tlato:lkopa
\lxoa_c kitláto:lkópa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to change the mind of (reflected in a different verbal manifestation of a position)
\sense_s cambiarle de idea a (reflejado en una manifestación verbal de una posición u opinión distinta)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (refl.) to change ones mind (as manifested in the verbal expression of this change); to retract (from an expression opinion)
\sense_s (refl.) cambiarse de idea u opinión (como manifestado verbalmente); retractarse (de una opinión expresada)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl.) to have ones language undergo change (either by adopting a different language, by taking in many loans, or by general historical shift)
\sense_s (refl.) cambiarsele la lengua a uno (o al adoptar otra lengua, incorporar préstamos o por el proceso natural de cambio diacrónico)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:notlato:lkwepkeh, a:man xihki ke:n tlatowa:yan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Their language has changed, now it's not how it used to be.
\phrase_s Se les ha cambiado su lengua, ahora no es como hablaban.
\root hto
\root kwepa
\grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent: note the following: /kitláto:lkópa/ as reflective of the underlying form {ki + tlahto:lkopa}. It is important to note that there is no leftward
shift of the p-a, as might be expected. Rather, it is maintained on the initial syllable of the verb stem. This might be evidence that a major"optimality"condition is maintenance
of p-a on the syllable with coda {h}, and that another optimality condition is the identity of input (verb stem) and output.
\xref tlato:lkwepilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 02649
\lxam munye:kos
\lxam_c munye:kos
\lxoa munye:kos
\lxoa_c munye:kos
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan muñecos
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e parts of a castillo , or firework display, referring to the batteries of fireworks set up at the four corners and that shoot fireworks across the
castillo , from one side to the other
\sense_s parte de un castillo de cohetes; se refiere a las baterías de cohetes que se colocan sobre el suelo en las esquinas donde se atan los lasos que aseguran el castillo y que tiran
cohetes de una esquina a otra, atravesando donde estáel castillo parado
\sense_d Pending
\ilus_note Illustrate
\ref 02650
\lxam toma:wak
\lxam_c toma:wak
\lxoa toma:wak
\lxoa_c toma:wak
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-k
\sense_e fat; filled out (in the sense of fat, e.g., a person or animal)
\sense_s gordo; lleno (en el sentido de gordo, una persona o animal)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e thick (sth round and long, such as a stick or trunk)
\sense_s gordo (algo redondo y largo, como un palo o tronco)
\sense_d Pending
\root toma:
\qry Check for other potential subjects and meanings of /toma:wak/. Also check for difference between /totoma:wak/, /tomawa:keh/ (if it exists) and /totoma:hkeh/. My notecard shows
/toma:hkeh/ and /totoma:hkeh/ as the plurals and not ?/toma:wakeh/, which might not even be grammatically correct. Apparently the plural of /toma:wak/ is /totoma:hkeh/ and not
?/toma:wakeh/. Check for this and for all other similar formations and their plurals (e.g., /pitsa:wak/ and /pipitsa:hkeh/ or /pitsa:wakeh/, etc.).
\ref 02651
\lxam mekatl
\lxam_c mekatl
\lxoa mekatl
\lxoa_c mekatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e (unpossessed) twine; cord
\sense_s (no poseído) mecate; cordón
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) tether; drawstring or cord (e.g., of certain types of clothes, such as calzones, used to hold them up); cord attached to or woven around a
gourd or other object;; strap (in general any cord attached to sth, which is referenced as the possessor of the mekatl)
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) soga o cuerda utilizada para amarrar un animal (p. ej., a unárbol o poste); mecate o cordón (de varios tipos de ropa); mecate tejido alrededor de un
calabazo o tecomate
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:koto:n imekayo noburroh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My donkey's tether snapped.
\phrase_s Se reventóel mecate de mi burro.
\phrase_n Yewa imekayo:tsi:n mokalso:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is the waistcord of your cotton peasant pants.
\phrase_s Es el cordoncito de tus calzones.
\sense_e (alienable possession) male lover (of a woman [Poss])
\sense_s (posesión enajenable) amante (masculino, de una mujer [Pos])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa imekaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is her lover.
\phrase_s El es su amante (de una mujer).
\phrase_n O:ne:chihlih tle:ka ne:chkwaltsi:ntili:s, tla:mo mitswelitas momekaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He (a husband, in this case) said to me why should he make me look good (by buying me a new dress)?"Just so your lover can admire you?"
\phrase_s ¿El (un esposo, en este caso) me preguntópor quéme iba a embellecer (al comprarme un nuevo vestido)?"¡Solamente para que te admire tu amante!"
\sense_e (i:mekayo yo ya nosa:lowa) part of an apron, the cloth"strap"that goes around and ties in the back
\sense_s (i:mekayo yo ya nosa:lowa) parte de un delantal, la tira de tela que va por atrás y alláse ata
\sense_d Oa
\root me:ka
\nse When referring to a tether, the drawstring on clothes, or a cord used to carry something such as a gourd, the possessed form with -yo is always used, with the object to
which the cord"belongs"being the possessor. When mekatl is used to refer to a woman's male lover, the possessed form with -w is always used.
\qry Check use of /tla:mo/ in !O:ne:chihlih tle:ka ne:chkwaltsi:ntili:s, tla:mo mitswelitas momekaw/.
\ilus_note aprons
\grm I have also recorded an entry /mekawtli/ meaning 'lover' (male lover of a woman). Obviously this is a nominalization of the possessed form, but it should be rechecked.
Nevertheless, although it perhaps might not be common, it was documented.
\ref 02652
\lxam ma:tlatlaxkalowa
\lxam_c noma:tlatlaxkalowa
\lxoa ma:tlaxkalowa
\lxoa_c noma:tlaxkalowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-refl[ca]
\trans +Refl/-trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am)
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) to clap ones hands; to applaud
\sense_s (refl.) aplaudir
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pa:ki, noma:tlatlaxkalowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is happy, he is clapping his hands.
\phrase_s Estáfeliz, estáaplaudiendo.
\root ma:
\root xka
\nae Although tlaxkalowa'to make tortillas' is a denominal intransitive verb, ma:tlaxkalowa is reflexive. Ma:tlatlaxkalowa , however, is
a transitive verb with an incorporated noun (ma:) as an instrumental. Thus we are dealing with two different derivational processes involving a similar over form,
tlaxkalowa one intransitive and the other transitive. It might be that the change in valency of the verbal stem is related to reduplication with a short vowel, which
changes tlaxkalowa , meaning 'to make tortillas,' to a metaphorical extension, in this case involving an action that mimics that of making tortillas. However, given that
the Oapan form is not reduplicated, this analysis would seem to be deficient.
\qry Check whether nonreduplicated form is correct in Am. Also check for nonreflexive use and for causative.
\mod Check for other similar verbs ending in /-owa/ that are related to nominal roots and perhaps determine a separate code for these.
\grm Noun incorporation; valency; transitivity: Note the affect of semantic shift on valency/object markers. The verb /tlaxkalowa/ is derived from /tlaxkal-/, the stem for 'tortilla'
and the verbalizing /-owa/. The derivation, however, is intransitive, and means 'to produce tortillas.' Yet when this verb is used metaphorically to indicate clapping or
appluading, the verb becomes reflexive. Thus, in a sense, NI increases the valency of the verb. The reason seems to be semantic: the form /ma:tlaxkalowa/ signifies an action
that directly affects the subject, much like, running, etc. and other bodily events.
\ref 02653
\lxam tla:lko:ntli
\lxam_c tla:lko:ntli
\lxoa tla:lko:ntli
\lxoa_c tla:lko:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(m)
\sense_e grave
\sense_s sepultura
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San mischia tla:lko:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A grave is just waiting for you.
\phrase_s Una sepultura sólo te estáesperando.
\sense_e large hole in the ground
\sense_s hoyo en la tierra
\sense_d Pending
\root tla:l
\root ko:m
\qry Make sure that this form can be possessed. I have removed this def: 'cavity excavated in the ground (made by animals such as pigs and dogs in order to give birth)'
\ref 02654
\lxam chikola:i
\lxam_c chikola:i
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a(oni)
\sense_e to drink a chocolate beverage
\sense_s beber agua de chocholate
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Chikola:i:lo:s, nona:mikti:lo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There will be drinking of chocolate, there will be a wedding
\phrase_s Se beberáchocolate, va a haber una boda.
\root chikol
\root a:
\root i:
\root_notes Note that the division of /chikola:tl/ into /chikol/ and /a:/ is perhaps problematical.
\ref 02655
\lxam tetlapa:na
\lxam_c tetlapa:na
\lxoa tetlapa:na
\lxoa_c tetlapa:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-alt-ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to break up or split rocks
\sense_s romper o quebrantar piedras
\sense_d Pending
\root te
\root tlapa:
\ref 02656
\lxam tlapalowa
\lxam_c kitlapalowa
\lxoa tlápalówa
\lxoa_pr tlapalowa
\lxoa_c kitlápalówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to greet (formally, with a shake of the hand or other overt greeting)
\sense_s saludar (formalmente, con un apretón de la mano u otro saludo articulado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:te:tlapalotasik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He greeted people upon his arrival.
\phrase_s Saludóa la gente a su llegada.
\root tlahpal
\disamb tla:tlawtia; tlapalowa
\grmx Oapan phonology; pitch-accent: Note that /kitlápalówa/, like /kitláto:lkópa/ has the accent on the first syllable of the verb. It does not shift to the left. The situation in these
two words is the same, and together they seem to confirm the importance of I/O concordance. If p-a was the result of a boundary establishing device (h>#, or sth similar).
\xref tlapalowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref tlápalowília
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02657
\lxam sokitia
\lxam_c sokitia
\lxoa sokitia
\lxoa_c sokitia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to turn into or become mud
\sense_s hacerse lodo
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to become thick (like mud, e.g., beans being cooked, mole, etc.)
\sense_s espesarse (como lodo, p. ej., frijoles as cocinarse, mole, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root soki
\nse In Oapan, the concept of 'to turn into or become mud' is expressed by phrases such as sokititlan yes or sokititlan noka:was.
\qry Check to see exactly what this means, i.e., does it refer to fields that become muddy, etc. Note that /sokiyowa/ and /sokiyoh/ were both only documented in reduplicated forms,
check this with /sokitia/ also.
\ref 02658
\lxam mo:monteh
\lxam_c mo:monteh
\lxoa mo:montih
\lxoa_c mo:montih
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N
\infn N1
\der N-b
\sense_e irregular plural; see montli
\sense_s plural irregular; véaes montli
\sense_d Am, Oa
\ref 02659
\lxam wi:teki
\lxam_c kwi:teki
\lxoa wi:teki
\lxoa_c kwi:teki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Op. prefix te- : tewi:teki
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e thrash; to whip; to beat (e.g., with a stick, rope, etc.)
\sense_s darle una paliza a (p. ej., con una vara, laso, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tiktla:tlawtia, tle:ka xtikteuwi:teki? Xmistla:kamati, mitsnana:nkilia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You pity him (in this case an insolent child), why don't you give him a thrashing? He doesn't obey you, he gives you lip.
\phrase_s Le tienes lástima (en este caso a un niño insolente),¿por quéno le des una paliza? No te obedece, te es insolente.
\sense_e to beat (e.g., a bass drum or similarly resounding instrument)
\sense_s golpear (p. ej., un tambor u otro instrumento parecido)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlauwi:tekilo:tok, nosentla:li:lo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are beating the drum (the bass drum used by musicians), there will be a town meeting.
\phrase_s Se estátocando el tambor (él que se emplea por los músicos), va a haber una junta del pueblo.
\sense_e to knock or tear down; to topple (e.g., a house, a fence, or similar types of constructions)
\sense_s derrocar; derrumbar (p. ej., una casa, cerca, u otras construcciones parecidas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kwi:tehkeh un kahli. O:isoliw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They knocked down that house. It had become dilapidated.
\phrase_s Derrumbaron esa casa. Yo estaba muy deteriorado.
\sense_e to strike or hit against (e.g., wind against a stationary object, the sun against a surface, etc.)
\sense_s pegar contra (p. ej., viento contra una pared, el sol contra un objeto parado, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\src_s DT #8: 360
\phrase_n Te:cha:lwi:tektok tlasese:hlo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The cold aire (draft) is hitting us.
\phrase_s El aire frío nos estápegando.
\phrase_n Te:cha:lwi:tektok toto:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hot air is striking against us.
\phrase_s Nos estáviniendo a pegar aire caliente.
\phrase_n Xok tili:ntok un ichkatl, kwi:teki yeyekatl, o:pe:w nakukwi, momolo:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That cotton is not tight (in balls) anymore, that wind is hitting it and it's started to rise up, to open and fluff up.
\phrase_s Ese algodón ya no estáapretado (en bolitas), el viento le estápegando y ya empezóa alzarse, a abrirse y ponerse suave y sedoso.
\sense_e (refl. + -ka) to suddenly move and hit hard against (sb, e.g., a startled donkey)
\sense_s (refl. + -ka) moverse de repente y golpearse contra (algn, p. ej., un burro asustado)
\sense_d Pending
\root wi:teki
\disamb wi:teki; tlawi:teki; tetlawi:teki; wi:soki
\nse Wi:teki indicates the action of beating with something long and flexible, such as a rope, lasso, stick, rod, belt, etc.). If a hard and inflexible stick
(garrote) is used, then, in Ameyaltepec, the Nahuatl verb kowia is employed (in Oapan, apparently, the partial loan garro:tewiyawould
be used).
\xref tlawi:teki
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02660
\lxam pola:n
\lxam_c pola:n
\lxoa pola:n
\lxoa_c pola:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan plátano
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e generic name for banana
\sense_s nombre genérico del plátano
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\ency_note plá:ntanoh
\qry Check to determine whether this can be posessed.
\mod Note the following types of /plá:ntanoh/: /plá:ntanoh chi:chi:l/, /a:pola:n/, /mansa:noh/, and /patrio:tah/. Many of these are probably borrowed from Spanish. This should be checked.
\ref 02661
\lxam bara de san josé:h
\lxam_c bara de san josé:h
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan vara de san José
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e domesticated flowering herbaceous plant, still not identified
\sense_s planta herbácea doméstica que florea, todavía no identificada
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli(pend)
\qry Check /rr/, perhaps, should be /r/. Check length of final /e/.
\ref 02662
\lxam -wa:n
\lxam_c i:wa:n tiá:s
\lxoa -wa:n
\lxoa_c i:wa:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(rel)
\der N-b
\infn N2(rel)
\sense_e with
\sense_s con
\sense_d Pending
\src_s CF Nakas 1:33
\phrase_n O:nikne:xtih a:kin wa:n nicha:ntis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I found the one with whom I will live.
\phrase_s He encontrado con quien voy a vivir.
\root wa:n
\nae The precise pattern of use for -wa:n is difficult to establish. Apparently quite often it is reduced (like i:ka to ka) though it might be
that this does not occur when it has the meaning of 'with (a particular person, expressed as possessor).' In elicitation Florencia Marcelino did not accept the reduced form
wa:n. Whereas this may be a distinct characteristic of Oapan Nahuatl (as compared to Ameyaltepec), it may also reflect the fact that the relational noun status of
wa:n is such that speakers are reluctant to consider the abbreviated form, used as a conjunction, as correct.
\ref 02663
\lxam kamoyo
\lxam_c i:kamoyo
\lxoa kámoyó
\lxoa_alt í:kamóyo
\lxoa_c í:kamóyo; i:kámoyó,
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-yo
\infn N2
\pitch yes
\sense_e bulb or tuber of (e.g., a tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n)
\sense_s bulbo o tuber de (e.g., el tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia ikamoyo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has its bulb.
\phrase_s Tiene su bulbo.
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\root kama
\nse The phrase kipia i:kamayo is said of a perennial, a flower or plant that sprouts up again and again in the same spot year after year. I have also heard the form
kipia i:kamotsi:n , but the form given in this entry appears more usual, if not more correct.
\nae As in various cases Oapan Nahuatl shows two alternate stress patterns, e.g., i:kámoyó and í:kamóyo. The former shows no stress shift from the
absolutive pattern of kámotlí whereas the latter manifests a shift leftward to the prefix. This creates penultimate word stress but, at the same time, differs from
the"input"of the nominal absolutive form. It appears that the former, with the pitch accent not shifted left, is more common.
\qry Recheck to determine whether indeed the form /ikamayo/ is correct, or whether it should be /ikamoyo/. My original note had /ikamayo/, but this is probably in error.
\grm Oapan phonology: As in various cases Oapan Nahuatl shows two alternate stress patterns, e.g., i:kámoyó and í:kamóyo. The former shows no
stress shift from the absolutive pattern of kámotlí whereas the latter manifests a shift leftward to the prefix. This creates penultimate word stress but, at the
same time, differs from the"input"of the nominal absolutive form. This should be discussed in the framework of optimality theory, etc. However, cf. the discussion on the
tape. Although FM and IJ accept and utter both patterns of p-a, they seem much more inclined to accept /i:kámoyó/.
\vl There are two sequences of this possessed noun. The first is /i:kámoyó/, this is the more usual or regular form. The second is /í:kamóyo/, which is less common. Both should
be linked to the lexicon. Paste together the female speech tokens and then paste together the male speech tokens so that each sound file has two utterances by the speakers.
\ref 02664
\lxam tlayeka:nilia
\lxam_c kitlayeka:nilia
\lxoa tlayeka:nilia
\lxoa_c kitlayeka:nilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to guide a team of oxen (that are being trained to follow the furrows of a field) for (sb) by walking in front of it
\sense_s guiar una yunta de bueyes (que estásiendo adiestrada para seguir los surcos de un terreno sembrado) para (algn) al caminar enfrente de ella
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niktlayeka:nili:s notah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will guide a team of oxen for my father (who is plowing) so that they follow the furrows.
\phrase_s Voy a guiar una yunta de bueyes para mi papá(que estátrabajando el arado) para que sigan los surcos.
\phrase_n Ne:xtlayeka:nilia ya: nowa:kax.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He guides my team of oxen for me.
\phrase_s Guía la yunta para mí.
\root yeka
\root a:na
\nse As is often the case with verbs that have a culturally specific and non-context dependent meaning of tla-, the same verb can be used without tla- and, instead,
a direct reference: ne:chyeka:nilia nowa:kax.
\xref yeka:nilia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02665
\lxam -tsi:n
\lxam_c chichitsi:n
\lxoa -tsi:n
\lxoa_c chichitsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Suf
\der Suf-adjval
\sense_e diminutive and affective suffix added to noun stems (p. ej., chichitsi:n 'little dog')
\sense_s sufijo diminutivo y afectivo que se le agrega a raíces sustantivales (p. ej., chichitsi:n 'perrito')
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (rare) reverential suffix added to noun stems (e.g., mihka:tsi:ntli 'deceased person')
\sense_s (raro) sufijo reverencial que se le agrega a raíces sustantivales (p. ej., mihka:tsi:ntli 'persona fallecida')
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e diminutive suffix added modifiers (predicate or term modifiers) that lesses the degree of the modification (p. ej., we:itsi:n)
\sense_s sufijo diminutivo que se le agrega a modificadores (de predicados o de sustantivos) que atenua el grado de la modificación (p. ej., we:itsi:n)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e diminutive suffix added to verbal predicates to mitigate the verbal signification (e.g., poliwitsi:n)
\sense_s sufijo diminutivo que se le agrega a predicados verbales para atenuar el significado del verbo (p. ej., poliwitsi:n)
\sense_d Pending
\nse A more complete description of this suffix is found in the grammar. However, it may be noted that the most common use of -tsi:n is with nominal stems, where it
has both a diminutive and affective meaning. There are few cases in which it has a reverential meaning, and in these instances (e.g., mihka:tsi:ntli) the form is
lexicalized and does not alternate with a non-reverential form. Likewise, there are few verbs that accept this ending, although it has been documented.
\ref 02666
\lxam kiawa:tl
\lxam_c kiawa:tl
\lxoa kiaha:tl
\lxoa_c kiaha:tl
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N
\infn N1(dom)
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e rainwater
\sense_s agua de la lluvia
\sense_d Pending
\root ki
\root yawi
\root a:
\nse Kiaha:tl is usually used to refer to rainwater that has been collected (or become collected) and may be used for various purposes, such as drinking.
\nae The spelling of the Oapan entry is problematical since the /h/ represents a syllable-final devoicing of the preceding vowel. The precise motivation or phonological rules that motivate
this is unclear, but the etymology is clearly the compounding of two nominal stems {kiaw + a:tl}. The underlying /w/ of kiawi is realized phonetically as [h] as
devoicing in the coda position (i.e., not an onset to the following syllable a:tl). Perhaps a simply orthographic/phonological rule that /h/ is always syllable final
would clarify the relationship between the orthographic spelling and sound.
\qry Check phonology of middle /h/. Perhaps root of /kiawtli/, /kiawi/, etc. should be /kia/ and not /kiawi/. Check and decide. Check sound file with phonetitian to determine
representation.
\grm Phonology; orthography: The spelling of the Oapan entry is problematical since the /h/ represents a syllable-final devoicing of the preceding vowel. The precise motivation
or phonological rules that motivate this is unclear, but the etymology is clearly the compounding of two nominal stems {kiaw + a:tl}. The underlying /w/ of
kiawi is realized phonetically as [h] as devoicing in the coda position (i.e., not an onset to the following syllable a:tl). Perhaps a
simply orthographic/phonological rule that /h/ is always syllable final would clarify the relationship between the orthographic spelling and sound.
\ref 02667
\lxam tsi:ntotopoka
\lxam_c tsi:ntotopoka
\lxoa tsi:ntotopoka
\lxoa_c tsi:ntotopoka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to backfire repeatedly (a motor vehicle)
\sense_s producir repetidas detonaciones por el escape; petardear mucho (un vehículo)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld sound
\root tsi:n
\root topo:
\xref tsi:ntopo:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 02668
\lxam tli:hlo:tia
\lxam_c kitli:hlo:tia
\lxoa tli:hlo:tia
\lxoa_c kitli:hlo:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-para-h/wa/tia
\infv class-2a
\trans ~Adj
\sense_e to blacken (e.g., with soot)
\sense_s ennegrecer (p. ej., con tizne o hollín)
\sense_d Pending
\root tli:l
\disamb tli:lowa; tli:hlo:tia
\qry Check whether /tli:hloh/ is correct, if so, add and then change /tran entry in this entry and that for /tli:hlowa/.
\ref 02669
\lxam ichpo:chlamatsi:n
\lxam_c ichpo:chlamatsi:n
\lxoa ichpo:chlámatsí:n
\lxoa_c ichpo:chlámatsí:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e young woman who is past traditional marrying age; spinster
\sense_s mujer joven que ya rebasóla edad tradicional para casarse; solterona
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ichpo:chlamatsi:n, xok nona:mikti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She's a spinster, she won't ever get married.
\phrase_s Es solterona, ya no se va a casar.
\semfld age
\root chpo:ch
\root lamah
\ency_note age; ichpo:xtli
\nse An ichpo:chlamatsi:n is a woman of some 22, 23, or more years who is past the traditional age of marrying and who, at least in the past, would probably never marry.
\nae The pitch accent of Oapan ichpo:chlámatsí:n is reflexive of underlying {h} in the root lamah, which with the diminutive suffix -tsi:n is no longer
word final and is thus realized as pitch accent. Note that the pitch accent does not shift leftword over the stem boundaries.
\qry In one entry I state that an /ichpo:chlamatsi:n/ should be over 25 years old), past marrying age. Check. Check for possessive form.
\grmx Oapan phonology: pitch accent; : The pitch accent of Oapan ichpo:chlámatsí:n is reflexive of underlying {h} in the root lamah, which with the
diminutive suffix -tsi:n is no longer word final and is thus realized as pitch accent. Note that the pitch accent does not shift leftword over the stem boundaries.
This is another case of I/O correspondence seemingly holding sway over"regular"pitch accent over a whole compound or polysynthetic form. It may also reflect other
limitations, such as reassignment on a grid that is limited to one slot to the left or right. Finally, it might suggest that syllable counting takes place from the right of the word,
and that the favored pattern is one of alternating stress. But the final suggestion is that demarcative stress and pitch accent coincide on the same (penult) syllable and that
there is a subsequent adjustment to the left and right. Or, one could posit that pitch accent is penultimate and that clash is avoided by shif tin g str ess rightward:
{ichpo:chlámátsi:n} shifts to /ichpo:chlámatsí:n/. All these possibilities should be explored.
\vl Use first male token.
\semref ichpo:xchika:wi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02670
\lxam tlako
\lxam_c tlako
\lxoa tlákotsí:n
\lxoa_c tlákotsí:n
\lxoa_pr tlakotsi:n
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (often preceding a [noun]) half (of [noun])
\sense_s (a menudo ante de un [sustantivo]) mitad (del sustantivo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chnamakilti tlako motlayo:l!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sell me half your maize!
\phrase_s ¡Véndeme la mitad de tu maíz!
\root tlahko
\nse Tlako is usually used in a modifying function, e.g., yo:taskikeh tlako otli 'we've arrived at the half-way point' or 'we've covered half the distance.' Even
at times when it seems like a nominal, the construction may perhaps be better considered elliptical. Thus Xne:chmaka san tlako can be interpreted as
Xne:chmaka san tlako motlaxkal , or something equivalent; see entry for tlako as a noun. Yet the difference between tlako and
tlakotsi:n still needs to be researched. In Oapan tlákotsí:n is used both as a noun and adjective to an extent much greater than in Ameyaltepec. Indeed,
some consultants (such as Emiliana Domínguez) stated that they do not use the form tlákó (instead using tlákotsí:n although others (such as Roberto
Mauricio)
\qry Determine how to say: /sell me half your maize/ 'Xne:chna:makilti tlako motlayo:l' is how I would say it. Check; although I have provisionally entered it. Also, get very clear examples
of how /tlako/ is used in context. Get very clear examples of the difference between /tlako/ and /tlakotsi:n/, from both dialects.
\grm /-tipan/: /tlako/ vs. /tlakotipan/: This is a good discussion by C. Flores of the difference between the two. Check and document.
\semref tlákotípan
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02671
\lxam panki:xtia
\lxam_c kipanki:xtia
\lxoa panki:xtia
\lxoa_c kipanki:xtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp S-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to audibly and clearly pronounce (a word)
\sense_s pronunciar claramente (una palabra)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San popoloxtik. Xkipanki:xtia tlato:hli, xtihkakis tli:n kiitowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He mumbles. He doesn't pronounce his words clearly, you won't understand what he says.
\phrase_s Habla entre dientes. No pronuncia bien las palabras, no puedes entender lo que dice.
\phrase_n Kipanki:xtia kwahli, xsan nenepoxtik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has good pronunciation, he does not just mumble (or have a lisp, stutter, etc.).
\phrase_s Tiene buena pronunciación, no es que habla entre dientes (o sisea, tartamudea, etc.)
\phrase_n De yon tlapanki:xtia, waka:xnema:ke:tl, pero yon xtlapanki:xtia... wa:xnema:ke:tl.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e With someone who pronounced well, it is waka:xnema:ke:tl, but someone who doesn't pronounce clearly... wa:xnema:ke:tl.
\phrase_s De alguien que pronuncia bien, es waka:xnema:ke:tl, pero de alguien que no pronuncia bien,... wa:xnema:ke:tl.
\root pan
\root ki:sa
\qry Determine whether the correct entry should be /panki:xtia/, as here recorded, or /ipanki:xtia/. Perhaps check for initial vowel with an applicative. Check, indeed, if there is an
applicative. Check also for an intransitive; I have temporarily indicated in the /tran field that there is none. Check.
\ref 02672
\lxam pia
\lxam_c kipia
\lxoa pia
\lxoa_c kipia; kí:piá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3c(pia)
\sense_e to have (material possessions, a disease or illness, a physical or mental state, etc.)
\sense_s tener (posesiones materiales, una enfermedad, un estado mental o físico, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikpia tlayo:hli pero chachaya:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have (i.e., own) maize but it is distributed (with portions in several people's houses).
\phrase_s Tengo maíz (esto es, soy dueño) pero estáesparcido (con porciones en las casas de varias personas).
\phrase_n Nikpia o:me pe:sos, xtlah wel nihkowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have two pesos, I can't buy anything.
\phrase_s Tengo dos pesos, no puedo comprar nada.
\phrase_n Ki:stok ikwalak, kipias kamaye:rbah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Saliva is coming out of his mouth, he probably has kamaye:rbah (a type of mouth infection or fungus).
\phrase_s Se le estásaliendo saliva por la boca, a lo mejor tiene kamaye:rbah (un tipo de infección o hongo en la boca).
\phrase_n Tli:no:n kipia? Milá:k kwalahki:sa, kipias kamatso:tso:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e What's wrong with him? He's really drooling, he must have sores in his mouth.
\phrase_s ¿Qué tiene? Está babeando de a deveras, debe tener úlceras en la boca.
\phrase_n Kipia amantli pa:mpa itlah tli:no:n o:kihlikeh wa:n xo:kwelkak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is all worked up because they said something to him that he did not like.
\phrase_s El está enfadado porque ellos le dijeron algo que aél no le pareció.
\phrase_n De o:me kipia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has two forms.
\phrase_s Tiene dos formas.
\sense_e (ki- ~ with no expressed complement) to be rich
\sense_s (ki- ~ con complemento no expresado) ser rico
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mlá:k kipia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is really rich (lit., 'He really has it').
\phrase_s Es muy rico (lit., 'De veras lo tiene')
\sense_e (ki- ~ + [time period]) to be the age of [time period] (an animate); to have been [time period] (e.g., since an event had occurred)
\sense_s (ki- ~ + [periodo de tiempo]) ser de edad de [periodo de tiempo] (an animate); haber pasado [time period] (p. ej., desde que algo pasó)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia o:me xihpan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is two years old.
\phrase_s Tiene dos años.
\phrase_n Ke:ch a:nyos kipia?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How old is he?
\phrase_s ¿Cuántos años tiene?
\phrase_n Kipia ye:i xihpan xnikita.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's been three years since I saw him.
\phrase_s Ya tiene tres años que no lo veo.
\sense_e (refl.) to save oneself (as a girl maintaining her virginity)
\sense_s (refl.) guardarse (como virgen, p. ej., una joven adolescente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nopixtok un ichpokawah. Xa:wilnemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That girl is saving herself. She doesn't fool around.
\phrase_s Esa muchacha está cuidando su virginidad. No anda suelta.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to keep an eye on; to watch over; to spy on
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) vigilar; espiar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chpipia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He keeps an eye on me (he spies on me).
\phrase_s Me vigila (me espian).
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to set an ambush for; to wait in hiding for (e.g., a hunter for his prey)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer una emboscada a (p. ej., un cazador a su presa)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n O:kimí:npixkéh to:to:meh.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e They waited to ambush the birds (i.e., hunters with their firearms).
\phrase_s Les tendieron una emboscada a los pájaros (p. ej., cazadores con sus armas de fuego).
\ncol kipia para
\ncol kipiya para
\root piya
\qry Determine meaning of /kipixtok/ as 'he is keeping it' or/and 'he is watching over it.' In Cristino Flores story, check meaning of /nochipa nopi:xtokeh, nochipa nosawtokeh/.
\qry Note that in /kipixtok/ the vowel is definitely short. However, in words like /ma:pi:xtli/ it is definitely (according to my observations to date) long. Note also that the short final /a/ in
/kipiaya/ is definite according to my data. In other notes I have recorded that the /i/ in /pia/ is definitely short in all forms: /kipixtok/, /o:kipix/, /tlapixke:tl/. However, I also note that in
/chia/ the /i:/ is long in corresponding forms: /kichi:xtok/ and /o:kichi:x/.
\vl There are additional tokens of this word at 05120. Actually, there are two sets of 4 tokens: /kipiya/ and /kí:piyá/. The tokens to be linked should be selected from these later
tokens (i.e., those originally recorded at 5120 and retagged 2672). The pattern should be F-M of /kipiya/ and then F-M of /kí:piyá/.
\semref tlapia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlápiá
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref pialia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref pii:lia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02673
\lxam te:ka:wilia
\lxam_c kite:ka:wilia
\lxoa te:ka:wilia
\lxoa_c kite:ka:wilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp te:-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to let (sb [O]) to treated (in a certain way by others)
\sense_s permitir a (algn [O] que sea tratado por otro de una cierta manera)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkite:ka:wilia itah para tekitis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His father does not let him work (as a tekitla:katl , or household head with work and financial obligations to the village)
\phrase_s Su papáno lo deja trabajar (en este caso como tekitla:katl , o cabeza de familia con obligaciones de trabajo y dinero al pueblo)
\sense_e (refl., often in the negative) to be allowed; to be permitted
\sense_s (refl., a menudo en el negativo) permitirse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xnote:ka:wilia, xakah wel ya:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is not permitted, no one can go.
\phrase_s No se permite, nadie puede ir.
\root ka:wa
\disamb ka:wilia; te:ka:wilia
\qry Make sure the phrase /Xkite:ka:wilia i:tah para tekitis/ is correct. Perhaps it should be /Xkika:wilia i:tah para tekitis/ or sth similar. Make sure the difference between phrases such as
/ne:chka:wilia/ and /ne:xte:ka:wilia/ are clear.
\xref ka:wilia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02674
\lxam mawistik
\lxam_cpend mawistik
\lxoa mawistik
\lxoa_c mawistik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be serious, reserved and even-tempered; dignified (sb who not only doesn't laugh or joke, but who doesn't get mad at people)
\sense_s ser serio y reservado, calmado; decoroso (que no se ríe ni bromea, pero tampoco se enoja con la gente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nochipa mawistik, xkaman ma:s wetska.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is always serious, he doesn't ever smile.
\phrase_s Siempre estáserio, no se ríe nunca.
\root mawis
\nse According to Roberto Mauricio this word is used more in reference to women, particularly young women, who do not laugh a lot (at or with people), who do not drink or party,
who will pass by people without talking and are generally not talkative.
\nae To date the intransitive verb form that the adjectival mawistik is derived from has not been documented. Note that Molina has mauizti. ni 'ser
estimado' and mauiztic 'cosa maravilosa y de estima.'
\qry Determine the difference between /xkaman wetska/ and /xkaman ma:s wetska/, determine whether it is the same as I have indicated above.
\ref 02675
\lxam tesiwi:lo
\lxam_c tesiwi:lo
\lxoa tésiwí:lo
\lxoa_pr tesiwi:lo
\lxoa_c tésiwí:lo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-pas
\infv class-4a(pass)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to get hailed upon (e.g., a field that is thereby greatly harmed)
\sense_s tener granizo caer sobre si (p. ej., una milpa que asíresulta muy dañada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tsotsomi:ntik nomi:l, xwel nowapa:wa, xkwahli tla:hli, ma:s o:tesiwilo:k. O:kitlamilih un tesiwtli iswayo:tsi:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The maize plants in my field are bare of leaves, they can't grow, the earth is no good and moreover, they got hailed upon. The hailstones finished off their leaves.
\phrase_s Las plantas de maíz en mi milpa quedaron peladas, no pueden crecer, el suelo no estábien y además les cayógranizo encima. Las piedras de granizo terminaron con sus
hojas.
\root te
\root hsi
\qry_h Check for /h/: /tehsiwi/??
\vl Use first token of female speech.
\ref 02676
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod was Am /A:poye:hka:n/, changed to toponym database.
\dt 27/Jan/2002
\ref 02677
\lxam tlakwalka:n
\lxam_c tlakwalka:n
\lxoa tlakwalka:n
\lxoa_c tlakwalka:n, tlá:kwalká:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla-ka:n
\infn N1(N2-tla)
\sense_e place that is good (e.g, a nice, flat area for building a house, etc.); place that is pretty and well arranged
\sense_s lugar que es bueno (p. ej., un lugar plano y bonito para construir una casa, etc.); lugar bonito y bien arreglado
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e peaceful place; place where people get along
\sense_s lugar pacífica; lugar donde la gente no se enoja uno contro otro
\sense_d Pending
\root kwal
\root_rel -ka:n
\grm Oapan phonology: In the elicitation tape for this word the velarization of Inocencio Jiménez's pronunciation is clear. It is not clear, however, how often final /n/'s are
velarized in Oapan Nahuatl nor under what (if any particular) circumstances.
\vl Make sure to distinguish between the pronunciations. First the female pronounces /tlá:kwalká:n/, then I interrupt and the solicited form is correctly uttered twice by each
speaker: /tlakwalka:n/. Then there is another set of four utterance that return to the first form, /tlá:kwalká:n/. Make sure that the regular form /tlakwalka:n/ is tagged as
tokens a and b of each speaker (female and male). Then make sure that /tlá:kwalká:n/ is tagged with letters"c"and"d"for each speaker. Finally, these can be linked to the
second word in the /lxoc field.
\ref 02678
\lxam ikxinelotiki:sa
\lxam_c kikxinelotiki:sa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2-asp
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to get ones feet or legs tangled up in (those of another person while trying to step over him)
\sense_s enredarse los pies o pierna con (las de otra persona al tratar de pisar sobre ella)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mopan o:pano:tiki:s, o:mitsikxinelotiki:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He passed over you (e.g., while you were lying stretched out on the ground), his feet got tangled up yours as he stepped over you.
\phrase_s Pasósobre ti (esto es, mientras que estabas acostado en el suelo), sus pies se enredaron con los tuyos al pisar sobre tí.
\phrase_n O:timitsikxinelotiki:s, pero xmlá:k mopan o:nicholotiki:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got my feet tangled up in yours (e.g., I was walking in the dark and did not see you lying there), but I didn't really step on you (i.e., I jumped to the side to avoid this).
\phrase_s Se enredaron mis pies con los tuyos (p. ej., estaba caminando en la obscuridad y no te vi acostado), pero no te piséde veras (esto es, brinquéa un lado).
\root kxi
\root nel
\qry Check to see if this verb can occur without the aspectual ending. If it doesn't, remark on this in the /nae field. Also check if the intransitive /ikxineliwi/ exists. Apparently, though,
because of the definite 'agentive' quality of this action, *neliwi is not used or does not exist.
\semref ikxia:ntiki:sa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ixia:ntiki:sa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02679
\lxam a:yawtitlan
\lxam_c a:yawtitlan
\lxoa a:yahtlah
\lxoa_c a:yahtlah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Rel-titlan
\der N-loc-1-titlan
\infn N1
\sense_e area that is foggy or misty
\sense_s área con mucha neblina o brizna
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e something fuzzy or out of focus (i.e.,"foggy")
\sense_s algo se se ve borroso o fuera de foco
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San a:yawtitlan titlachia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You just see everything fuzzy (i.e., because of your bad eyesight).
\phrase_s Ves todo no más borroso (p. ej., a causa de tu mal vista).
\phrase_n Ne:si san a:yawtitlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Everything looks out of focus.
\phrase_s Todo parece fuera de foco.
\phrase_n Ke:n a:yawtitlan tlachia, san tlaa:yawtitlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Things look fuzzy, it's fuzzy all over.
\phrase_s Se ve borroso, es todo borroso.
\root a:yawi
\root_rel -titlan
\qry Check other possible meanings. Also recheck this meaning and the correctness of the phrases given above.
\xref tlaa:yawtitlan
\xref_t plus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 02680
\lxam kuwiya:katl
\lxam_c kuwiya:katl
\lxoa kóyé:katl
\lxoa_alt kóyá:katl
\lxoa_c kóyé:katl
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N
\infn N1(dom)
\compound N-N?
\der N-b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of tree of the Leguminoseae family, as yet unidentified
\sense_s tipo deárbol de la familia Leguminoseae, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Deke me:dioh xok titlakaki, titsatsati, tikonkwis, tiktepa:paxo:s ika tetl dya un ia:yotsi:n tikonchipi:ni:s itik monakas.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Luis Lucena
\phrase_e If you have sort of lost your hearing, you've become hard of hearing, you go get it, you grind up up slowly with a rock and you drip its juice into your ear.
\phrase_s Si como has perdido algo de tu capacidad para oir, si ya estás algo sordo, lo vas a traer, lo apachurras con una piedra y te echas su aguita como gotas dentro de las
orejas.
\phrase_n Deke titoto:nia, mitskukwa motsontekon tikxipe:was ikakawayo kowia:ka:tl, ki:sa we:weyak wa:n pitsa:wak. Timotla:lili:s ipan mi:xkwa:tew, se:wis titoto:nia.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Emiliano Ramírez
\phrase_e If you have fever, your head hurts you, you shave off the bark of the kowia:katl in long, narrow shavings. You place them on your forehead, your fever will
subside.
\phrase_s Si tienes calentura, te duele la cabeza, cepillas la cáscara del kuwia:katl para que salga virutas largas y angostas. Las pones sobre la frente, se baja tu
calentura.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root ko
\root hya
\nse From the name it would seem that the etymology includes the root hya , for foul-smelling objects.
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) gloss this as"árbol hediondo"giving an orthography of cuyaca:tl. Ramírez (1991) does not list this tree. I have been unable to
find any other reference to this. However, Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:93) have a plant that they described as"papayo cimarrón, palo hediondo, hediondillo"that is
identified as family Hernandiaceae and genus-species Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq. However, they also have another"palo
hediondo"identified as of the family Rutaceae and the genus-species Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg.
\qry Recheck spelling of this and /kowiya:wtli/ as to whether it is /kowi/ or /ku/, etc. Also question whether root is actually /kwaw/ which has changed. A good indication might be
cognates in other dialects. Recheck vowel length. In one notecard I have recorded that the second /a:/ seems definitely long, i.e. /kowiya:ka:tl/. In this tree and /kowiya:wtli/ check
for presence of glide.
\ref 02681
\lxam tlekuwaya:n
\lxam_c tlekuwaya:n
\lxoa kékowá:ya:n
\lxoa_c kékowá:ya:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-dvb[imp]
\infn N(loc)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e upward slope (e.g., of a hill)
\sense_s subida; inclinación hacia arriba (en una cuesta)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld topography
\root tlehko:
\qry For some reason the Oapan word is included here, although it probably should not be. Check this and probably remove the Oapan reference. It should, I think, be taken as a token
of word 1660, a transitive, here in the imperfective.
\qry Other words used include tla:ltechor tlakaltech , and pilkatok.
\ref 02682
\lxam te:tsa:wa:tiowa
\lxam_c te:tsa:wa:tiowa
\lxoa te:tsa:wa:tiowa
\lxoa_c te:tsa:wa:tiowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to get covered with white lice (particularly on ones shirt and clothes)
\sense_s cubrirse o llenarse con piojos blancos (particularmente sobre la camisa u otra ropa)
\sense_d Pending
\flao te:tsa:wa:tintli
\root te:tsa:w
\root a:t
\nse When these lice invade ones clothes it is held to be a sign of poverty. They are particularly prone to appear on ones shirt. At the same time, getting covered with these white lice is
considered a te:tsa:wtli or bad omen; see te:tsa:wtli.
\nae The /a:/ of the third syllable appears shorter than expected if the final element is a:tintli. Nevertheless a full study of all related words with this etymology will be
needed to help determine at least the acoustic range of duration for these words.
\qry Check for verbal form (intransitive and transitive), which probably also exist.
\ref 02683
\lxam kone:joh
\lxam_c kone:joh
\lxoa kone:joh
\lxoa_c kone:joh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan conejo
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e rabbit, probably the brush rabbit (Sylvilagus bachmani)
\sense_s conejo, probablemente el (Sylvilagus bachmani)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld xiwtli
\notes_nature Information on the species from Leopold (1959).
\semref to:chin; to:xtli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02684
\lxam kone:nemi
\lxam_c kone:nemi
\lxoa kone:nemi
\lxoa_c kone:nemi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to be able to procreate children that live beyond early childhood
\sense_s poder engendrar niños que sobrevivan más alláde una tierna edad
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tewameh xwel tikone:nemin. Pero a:man tlanemi:tia nosuwa:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We have not been able (i.e., couldn't in the past) to have children who would live beyond early childhood. But now my wife has been able to have a child that has survived.
\phrase_s No hemos podido (en el pasado) tener hijos que sobrevivan más alláde la niñez. Pero ahora mi esposa ha tenido un hijo que se mantiene con vida.
\root kone:
\root nemi
\semref kone:miki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref tlanemi:tia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 02685
\lxam tso:tsokohli
\lxam_c tso:tsokohli
\lxoa tso:tsokohli
\lxoa_c tso:tsokohli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e water jug (used for carrying water from one place to another, either from a well to ones home, or on a trip; the ones used regionally have are made in Tuliman although in
Oapan some residents use tso:tsokoltih made in this village)
\sense_s cántaro (utilizado para llevar agua de un lugar a otro, o del pozo a la casa o en un viaje; los que se utilizan regionalmente se hacen en Tuliman, aunque en Oapan a veces
se utilizan tso:tsokoltih hecho en este pueblo)
\sense_d Pending
\root tsokol
\nse Tulimani water jugs have rounded bottoms, two handles through which a rope is passed, and a traditional design recognized by all. There are two general sizes. The large ones are
for drawing water from a well and transporting it home; the smaller ones are for taking on a trip through the countryside (e.g., to chop wood). These jugs are famous and used
throughout the region. In Oapan, however, large water jugs are made for drawing water; they have pointed bottoms and three handles through which rope is passed. Speakers state
that the pointed and tapering bottom is designed to fit into the small of ones back, making them easier to carry with the tumpline (they are seldom if ever used with a beast of
burden).
\ilus_note Illustrate with drawing and photo.
\vl Use first male token.
\ref 02686
\lxam pano:ltih
\lxam_c pano:ltih
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\der Interj
\sense_e Good mourning (from midmorning to noon)
\sense_s Buenos días (desde mediados de la mañana hasta mediodía)
\sense_d Pending
\root pano:
\nse The plural form is pano:ltikeh.
\ency_note greetings: e.g., tlapoya:wilih
\semref a:ti
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02687
\lxam chi:chiwahli
\lxam_c chi:chiwahli
\lxoa chi:chiwahli
\lxoa_c chi:chiwahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e teat; breast (typically of a woman, but it can also be said of a man).
\sense_s seno o pecho (típicamente de mujer pero también podría ser de hombre)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (maka ~) to breast feed
\sense_s (maka ~) dar pecho a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikmakas chi:chiwahli noi:joh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to breast feed my young child.
\phrase_s Voy a darle pecho a mi hijito.
\sense_e udder (of a cow or other animal)
\sense_s ubre (de una vaca u otro animal)
\sense_d Pending
\root chi:chi
\nae The derivational process for this noun is unclear, although obviously the word contains the root chi:chi. The ending wahli is of unclear history and
etymology. Moreover, the precise length of the /a/ is also uncertain. To best ascertain its quanity, all words with this nominal stem should be examined.
\qry For this and all derivates for /chichiwal/, check vowel length. I originally had it recorded as /chi:chiwahli/ in Ameyaltepec, but evidence from Oapan suggests perhaps /chi:chiwa:hli/.
\ref 02688
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mi:nilia
\lxoa_c kimi:nilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to prop up with a stick or pole (e.g., a house or wall that is falling down, or a fruit-laden branch of a tree, etc.)
\sense_s apuntallar con un palo u horcón (p. ej., una casa o pared que estáa punto de caerse, o una rama de unárbol cargada de fruta)
\sense_d Oa
\root mi:na
\nae See the discussion under mi:naltilia in regard to the question of valency in regard to Oapan mi:nilia and its Ameyaltepec cognate
mi:naltilia.
\qry For the second phrase in regard to the weed, check the precise meaning of /mi:naltilia/. Check also for simple causative /mi:naltia/.
\mod See drawing on original filecard.
\nse Note that although mi:na is a transitive verb, here the double derivation of causative plus applicative is used. Apparently the applicative is formed on a transitive
mi:naltia , which is not in my corpus. Moreover, if it were, it would seemingly be ditransitive, and thus the applicative would have an additional argument. However, it
appears that the verb mi:naltilia is ditransitive, thus the causativization and addition of an applicative marker on a basic transitive does not seem to add the number of
arguments that one would expect.
\semref mi:naltilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 02689
\lxam te-
\lxam_c tekoto:ni
\lxoa te-
\lxoa_c tekoto:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Prefix
\der Pre-adverbial
\sense_e prefix to certain verbs that indicates an intensity or suddenness to the action
\sense_s prefijo adverbial para algunos verbos que indica más intensidad o lo repetino de la acción
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e affix to some adjectivals that indicates an unusual or unexpected state or characteristic
\sense_s afijo a algunos adjectivales que indica un estado o característica por usual o esperado
\sense_d Oa
\root te-
\nse The intensifier te- may be used with only some of the various acceptations of a given verb. Thus, for example, with koto:niand
koto:nait is used when referring to the snapping of an object, but not to the dividing of land or ending of litigation. Verbs that accept the use of te-
have been coded with"optional te- "in the /aff field. Cases in which te- has become fully lexicalized are listed separated (e.g., Oapan
té:welíwi).
\mod Establish hypertext link with cgi query for aff contains /te-/ or /-te-/.
\ref 02690
\lxam te:patike:tl
\lxam_c te:patike:tl
\lxoa té:patíké:tl
\lxoa_c té:patíké:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e doctor
\sense_s doctor
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e healer (curandero)
\sense_s curandero
\sense_d Pending
\root pah
\nse * Te:patiki is not acceptable. A te:patike:tl usually refers to a Western doctor although it is also used for some curanderos, particularly
those who massage people to cure them (te:papachowa). It is not applied to those who pray or who use herbal remedies.
\grm Agentives: Note that in many cases an agentive is formed with /-ke:tl/ and does not have an alternative form in /-ki/. This is the case with the present entry (/te:patike:tl/) and
also with forms such as /te:maxtike:tl/. However, it is not clear if in all cases a /-ki/ form for those agentives documented with /-ke:tl/ is unacceptable. A study must be made
on a case-by-case basis. In addition, it seems that many of the /-ki/ 'agentives' are in fact more adjectival. The full range of such forms needs to be investigated.
\grmx Oapan phonology; double pitch accent: Note that /té:patíké:tl/ is another example of a two pitch-accent word. It perhaps provides a good example of the influences or
factors that lead to stress (pitch) reassignment. If we assume that the basic factor affecting pitch is the presence of {h} coda, then underlying {te:pahtihke:tl} would yield
[te:pátíké:tl], with the final pitch accent based on a lexical/phrasal boundary. The result of shift is what is to be expected: /té:patíké:tl/. Note, however, that this is different
than cases such as /o:kí:pólokéh/. The difference perhaps rests on the fact that /ke:tl/ is bimoraic and thus can accept an adjacent pitch easier than the monomoraic /-keh/.
Nevertheless, the pitch patterns should be investigated and, in particular, /té:patíké:tl/ should be checked with an expert.
\qry_fon Have SG check the p-a pattern on this word.
\ref 02691
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry for /toto:roh/ has been eliminated as a duplicate entry.
\dt 16/Jun/2002
\ref 02692
\lxam tlasese:hlo:tl
\lxam_c tlasese:hlo:tl
\lxoa tlasese:hlo:tl
\lxoa_c tlasese:hlo:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-d-yo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e cold air; draft of cool air
\sense_s aire fresco y algo frío
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:cha:lwi:tektok tlasese:hlo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p DT #8: 360
\phrase_e The cold air (draft) is hitting us.
\phrase_s El aire frío nos estápegando.
\phrase_n Mejó:r ma nikalaki kalitik, nepa u:nkah tlasese:hlo:tl kia:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is better that I go inside my house, there outside it is cool.
\phrase_s Mejor que entre en mi casa, alláafuera hay un brisa algo frío.
\phrase_n Xka:ichwi un tla:hli para ma ye tlasese:hlo:tl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sprinkle some water on the ground so that the place cools off!
\phrase_s ¡Rocíale agua sobre el suelo para que estémás fresco!
\phrase_n Xmose:wi nika:n, u:nkah tlasese:hlo:tl, kemech yo:nitla:ichwih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Come rest here, it is cool, I just sprinked water (on the ground to cool it off)!
\phrase_s ¡Ven a descansar aquí, hay frescura, apenas le rociéagua (a la tierra para refrescarla)!
\root se
\root_notes Check the way in which this root should be given: /se/ or /se:/.
\ref 02693
\lxam_notes zzz
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\mod This used to be the entry for /Iskatsi:n Itik/, since transferred to the toponym lexicon.
\ref 02694
\lxam a:tostik
\lxam_c a:tostik
\lxoa a:tostik
\lxoa_c a:tostik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be gushy; to be watery (a mixture of sth to which water is typically added but which should be thick)
\sense_s estar aguado (una mezcla de algo a que típicamente se le agrega agua pero que debe ser espeso)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mela:k a:tostik notix, xwel nikmana.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My masa is really watery, I can't make tortillas with it (lit., 'I can't lay it down').
\phrase_s Mi masa estámuy aguada, no puedo echar tortillas con ella (lit., 'no la puede poner plana').
\phrase_n A:tostik, o:pano:k de a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is watery, it has too much water (e.g. mud or clay for ceramics, masa, etc.).
\phrase_s Estáaguado, se pasóde agua (barro para cerámica, masa, etc.).
\semfld consist
\flao a:totsiwi
\root a:
\root tots
\nde No cognate words have been found in other dialects. Although the root element a:'water' is clear in this compound, the other part ? tos or
tots is not.
\qry Roots and composition uncertain. Cf. entry under /a:totsiwi/ and /a:tki/.
\mod Disambiguate /a:tostik/, /a:tki/, /a:yoh/, and any others that might later come to mind.
\mod A:tostik, o:pano:k de a:tl. Add this use of /panowa/.
\ref 02695
\lxam a:chi:wia
\lxam_c na:chi:wia
\lxoa a:chi:wia
\lxoa_f [a: chi: 'wi a]
\lxoa_c na:chi:wia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-refl
\trans +Refl/-tran
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to add water to a mixture or dough-like substance that one is using (particularly to nextamahli while grinding it on a metate, but also in kneading
dough to make bread, or in kneading clay for ceramics)
\sense_s (refl.) agregar agua a una masa que uno estáusando para suavizarla (particularmente al nextamal para molerlo sobre un metate, pero también hacerle lo mismo a masa
para hacer pan o a lodo para hacer cerámica)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n On suwa:tl na:chi:witok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That woman is using water in grinding nextamahli on a metate (i.e., she is using her a:chi:wihli).
\phrase_s Esa mujer estáusando agua para moler nixtamal sobre un metate (esto es, estáusando su a:chi:wihli).
\phrase_n Na:chi:wia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She takes water from bowl in order to use it in grinding (nextamahli when making tortillas, or in kneading clay for ceramics, etc.).
\phrase_s Ella toma agua de una taza para emplearla en moler (el nixtamal al hacer tortillas, en en amasar barro para cerámica, etc.).
\root a:
\root chi:wa
\nse Prototypically this verb refers to the use of water in grinding nixtamal, but is extended metaphorically to refer to other uses of water in softening mixtures. The
etymology of this verb is unclear but is probably are related to chi:wa 'to do or make.'
\qry Apparently only used in reflexive. This should be checked. In general note that there are a series of alternations in which the -ia form alternates with a -CV form:
-te:ma and -te:mia ; -chi:wa and -chi:wia , -ka:wa and -ka:wia , etc. All of these have an
incorporated noun: -tla:lte:mia and, in Classical I believe, -tla:lka:wia.
\ref 02696
\lxam a:wixtlan
\lxam_c a:wixtlan
\lxoa á:wixtlán
\lxoa_alt á:wixtláh
\lxoa_pr á:wixtlán
\lxoa_c á:wixtlán
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-tlan
\infn N1(loc)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e place with a lot of dew, or water from rain, that covers plants on the ground
\sense_s lugar con mucho rocío, o agua que viene de la lluvia, que cubre las plantas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Milá:k a:wixtlan. O:ne:chpaltilih. San puroh a:wixtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There was a lot of dew on the ground. It got me soaked. It was pure dew.
\phrase_s Había mucho rocío sobre la tierra. Me hizo empapar. Fue puro rocío.
\semfld weather
\root ahwich
\root_rel -tlan
\nae The pitch accent in the Oapan form is a reflex of an underlying {h} that closes the first syllable. The Classical stem shows this (cf. FK). However, it is unclear whether vowel
lengthening has also occurred, either through lenition of {h} or through reanalysis of the etymology as containing the root for 'water' (a:). Nevertheless, a careful
analysis of the length of word-initial /a/ in many lexemes, including those that manifest pitch accent, will be useful for a final determination.
\qry Check short /a/ in /paltia/ and final /h/ in /puroh/.
\vl Lenght of initial /á/ is unclear. Historically it is short, but it appears to be long here. Check.
\ref 02697
\lxam xtlah
\lxam_c xtlah
\lxoa xtlah
\lxoa_alt xitlah
\lxoa_alt xtlan
\lxoa_c xtlah, xtlan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(indef)
\compound Neg-Pr
\der Pr-indef
\sense_e nothing; not... anything
\sense_s nada
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlah weli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He can't do anything.
\phrase_s No puede hacer nada.
\root itlah
\nse In Oapan xtlah is used mostly as an argument of a predicate, e.g., xtlah kineki 'He doesn't want anything' or xtlah tomi:n 'There is no
money.' In contrast, xitlah is used by itself, with the meaning 'There is nothing' or, in reference to something that is already a topic of discourse, 'There is none of it.'
Thus in response to a question ¿O:nkah tomi:n? one can respond either Xitlah or, repeating the noun, Xtlah tomi:n.
\vl Make sure to use first token of female for /xtlah/, and then male for /xtlan/.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note that the tendency to insert /n/ for /h/ in phrase-final position is heard here, where IJ always has a final nasal and FM has it in one of her tokens.
\semref itlah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02698
\lxam te:nkwalkaxtli
\lxam_c i:te:nkwalkax
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-S-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(x)
\sense_e jawbone
\sense_s mandíbula
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root te:n
\root kwal
\root kax
\nse Two of the elements in te:nkwalkaxtli are transparent: te:n 'lip or edge' and kax 'bowl.' The middle element, kwal is
unclear. Perhaps a comparison of a cognate word from other dialects will clarify the issue since there might have been a minor phonological change in the Ameyaltepec word.
\semref te:nkomitetl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref te:nkokaxtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02699
\lxam tekwi:naltia
\lxam_c kitekwi:naltia
\lxoa tekwi:naltia
\lxoa_c kitekwi:naltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca[ni]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make flare up or blaze (a fire)
\sense_s hacer llamear o brotar (un fuego)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:niktekwi:naltih, yo:niktlatokilih un koma:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I made it flare up, I stoked wood under that griddle.
\phrase_s Lo hice llamear, le avivéel fuego (echándole leña) abajo de ese comal.
\phrase_n Xkakawi! Xtekwi:nalti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Fan it (a fire)! Make it flare up!
\phrase_s ¡Abanícalo (un fuego)!¡Hazlo llamear!
\root tekwi:
\xref tekwi:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02700
\lxam topontli
\lxam_c topontli
\lxoa tópontlí
\lxoa_pr topontli
\lxoa_c tópontlí
\dt 23/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e swelling (usually at the side of the throat or neck, or in the place where ones thigh meets the hip. or under ones arms)
\sense_s hinchazón (al lado de la garganta o cuello, o en el ingle, o por las axilas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia topontli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has a swelling at the side of his throat
\phrase_s Tiene un hinchazón al lado de la garganta.
\root tohpon
\nse Ameyaltepec consultants mentioned that twins can cause a topontli to develop on a person that they hate or envy, particularly when the victim is eating something that
they (the twins or one of them) desire.
\nae The etymology of topontli is still not entirely clear; although it would seem to be related to the root topo:and the verb topo:ni I seem
to remember having checked in the dialect of San Juan Tetelcingo and heard an /h/ closing the first syllable. However, my notes do not indicate this and it should be checked in the
future.
\qry_h Check for /h/.
\vl Use second female token.
\ref 02701
\lxam i:xtakakwa
\lxam_c ki:xtakakwa
\lxoa i:xtakakwa
\lxoa_c ki:xtakakwa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp PM-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to bite without warning (e.g., a dog that doesn't bark but simply attacks without warning)
\sense_s morder sin previo aviso (p. ej., un perro que no ladra pero que simplemente ataca sin avisar)
\sense_d Pending
\root i:xtaka
\root kwa
\nae Here as in some other cases of words with ixtaka as part of the compound, the initial /i/ seems to show long duration, about 100 ms. However, given that in
possessed forms the /i/ drops out (e.g., noxtakakone:w) it would seem that the /i/ would be epenthetical and thus short. It has so been recorded in all entries with
the stem ixtaka pending further analysis.
\ref 02702
\lxam tlatskwepo:nteko
\lxam_c tlatskwepo:nteko
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp V1-Asp
\der Asp
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to hit the ground hard, making a loud sound
\sense_s caerse sobre el suelo haciendo un gran estrépito
\sense_d Am
\root tlats-2-; kwepo:
\nde Florencia Marcelino denied that this was a proper word given that what falls (e.g., a person) xpa:stik 'is not wet.' The proper word according to her is
komó:ntekó.
\qry Check for transitive alternation ending in /-nia/; cf. /kwepo:nia/.
\ref 02703
\lxam ilpo:tsaltia
\lxam_alt elpo:tsaltia
\lxam_c kilpo:tsaltia
\lxoa ípo:tsáltia
\lxoa_pr ipo:tsaltia
\lxoa_c kípo:tsáltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp S-V3
\der V2-d-ca
\trans from reflective
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e to make burp
\sense_s hacer eructar a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chilpo:tsaltih serbe:sah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The beer made me burp.
\phrase_s La cerveza me hizo eructar.
\fla elpo:tsa
\root l
\root po:tsa
\fla ilpo:tsa
\qry Check to see if /elpo:tsaltia:/ also exists.
\vl Use second token of female speaker and first token of male speaker.
\xref elpo:tsa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref ípó:tsa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02704
\lxam chichikiltik
\lxam_c chichikiltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Op. prefix te- ; Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to be haggard and drawn; to be skin and bones; to be puny (a person or animal, generally from a lack of food and nutrition, though perhaps from not having grown to full
size)
\sense_s estar demacrado; estar raquítico; estar enclenque (una persona o animal, generalmente por falta de comida y nutrición)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to be puny; to be tiny (a fruit that is poorly formed and not filled out)
\sense_s ser chiquita (una fruta muy mal formada y seca)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Chichikiltik un xokotl, xe totoma:wi, xe a:te:mi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That plum is puny, it hasn't started to fill out, it hasn't started to ripen.
\phrase_s Esa ciruela es chiquita, todavía no se ha llenado, todavía no se madura.
\root chikil
\nse Although chichikilti is acceptable and the te- element appears to be an intensifier, the form with te- is far more common than without, thus it
has been accorded a separate entry. Other than this one entry, all other forms heard in conversation and documented are with the te- element.
\qry Check if the form /chichikiltik/, without /te-/ can only be used in reference to fruit. Perhaps this entry should be eliminated and joined to /techichikiltik/. At the same time, all entries
with /chichikil.../ should be studied for alternate forms and meanings.
\mod Add to this entry, data for /techichikil(tik)/.
\semref techichikiltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref téchichikíltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02705
\lxam tepa:xin
\lxam_c tepa:xin
\lxoa tepa:xin
\lxoa_c tepa:xin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e type of lizard, Phrynosomasp., commonly called 'chameleon'
\sense_s tipo de reptile, Phrynosomasp., comunmente conocido como 'camaleón'
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Deke se: ichpokawah kineki ma kwaltsi:n ni:xakokwi itlaxkal ipan komahli, tlaxkalowa ika tepa:xin. Kima:mana wa:n kima:ka:wa. Ihkón kwaltsi:n ni:xakokwis
itlaxkal, kipias kanaktsi:n i:xa:mayo itlaxkal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If a young girl wants her tortillas to puff up nicely on the griddle, she acts as if making tortillas with a chameleon in her hands. She moves it from one hand to another and
then lets it go. In this way her tortillas will puff up nicely, they will have a nice thin skin on one side.
\phrase_s Si una muchacha quiere que se alzen bien sus tortillas sobre el comal, echa tortillas con un camaleón. Lo va cambiando de una mano a otra y después lo suelta. Asísus
tortillas se van a alzar bien, van a tener una delgada capa por un lado.
\semfld animal
\semfld lizzard
\root tepa:x
\ref 02706
\lxam telkechilia
\lxam_c kitelkechilia
\lxoa telkechilia
\lxoa_alt tekechilia
\lxoa_c kitelkechilia; kitekechilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp S-V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to prop up (with a stick, pole, etc.)
\sense_s apuntalar (algo cayéndose, con un palo, poste, horcón, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitelkechilia para ma:ka sa: tsonaka ya:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He props it up (in this case a post leaning over with another stick) so that it doesn't just lean over.
\phrase_s Lo apuntala (en este caso un horcón que estácayéndose con un palo) para que no vaya de lado.
\root tel
\root kechi
\disamb kuwkechilia; telkechilia
\nse In Oapan telkechilia is also found as tekechilia. It differs from kohmi:niin that with the propping described by the former the stick or piece
of wood used to prop up the structure is placed vertically, whereas with kohmi:niit is an an angle.
\vl There are 6 total tokens of the alternate pronunciation /kitekechilia/ at 6235. These should all be tagged as 2706 and then two should be linked to the 2nd pronunciation:
/kitekechilia/. Thus the final concatenated sound sequence here at 2706 should have 2 pronunciations and 4 tokens.
\ref 02707
\lxam tlakwa:te:ki:l
\lxam_c i:tlakwa:te:ki:l
\lxoa tlakwa:te:ki:l
\lxoa_c i:tlakwa:te:ki:l
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn N2
\sense_e godchild
\sense_s ahijado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa notlakwa:te:ki:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is my godchild.
\phrase_s El es mi ahijado.
\root kwa:
\root a:
\root te:ka
\qry Check length of final /i/ as the record I have for this word does not indicate vowel length.
\ref 02708
\lxam yekoka:tl
\lxam_c yekoka:tl
\lxoa yékoké:tl
\lxoa_c yékoké:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ka:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e visitor; guest (from another village, i.e., xcha:neh)
\sense_s visita; huéspeded (de otro pueblo, esto es, xcha:neh)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n niyekoka:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am a visitor here (e.g., in this village).
\phrase_s Aquíestoy de visita (p. ej., en este pueblo).
\phrase_n Nochipa nikintlakwaltia noyekoka:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I always feed my guests.
\phrase_s Siempre doy de comer a mis huéspedes.
\root ehko
\qry Check phrase /Nochipa nikintlakwaltia noyekoka:wa:n/ which I created for this entry.
\semref te:í:také:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02709
\lxam ko:sama:lo:tl
\lxam_c ko:sama:lo:tl
\lxoa kó:samá:lo:tl
\lxoa_c kó:samá:lo:tl
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N
\infn N1
\der N-b
\sense_e rainbow
\sense_s arco iris
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Deke o:me o:notekets ko:sama:lo:tl noteketsa a:tl, xok kiawis. O:me, se: na:nika iwa:n se: na:nika.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If two rainbows appear the rain will stop, it will not rain anymore. Two (appear like this), one over here (pointing), and one over here (pointing to the other side of the sky).
\phrase_s Si aparecen dos arco iris, se va a parar la lluvia, ya no va a llover. Dos (aparecen así), uno acá(apuntando) y uno acá(apuntando al otro lado del cielo).
\semfld weather
\root ko:s
\root ahma:lo
\nae The etymology of ko:sama:lo:tl or kó:samá:lo:tl is unclear. One possible element is ko:s, perhaps related to
ko:skatl'necklace,' which would make sense given the context. The remaining sequence is not, however, transparent. Another perplexing issue is the pitch
accent noted in the Oapan version. All documented cognates of this word in other dialects do not manifest any underlying {h} or glottal stop, which is the only factor that motivates
pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl. Moreover, given that a sequence of long vowel and {h} as coda is not found in Nahuatl, the only possible syllable that is a candidate for coda {h} is
{sah}. For the preceding reasons the etymology has been given as {ko:s + ahma:lo:}. Perhaps comparative data from nearby villages where there is a surface manifestation of {h}
would clarify matters.
\nse The etymology uncertain. Probably related to /ko:s/ 'necklace' but the remainder of the etymology is uncertain.
\qry_h Check for /h/: p-a of Oapan form of unclear origin.
\ref 02710
\lxam a:te:kia
\lxam_c ka:te:kia
\lxoa a:te:kia
\lxoa_c ka:te:kia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to water or pour water on (e.g., a plant or seedlings, or even a person)
\sense_s regar (p. ej., una planta o planta de semillero, o hasta a una persona)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tle:ka xtika:te:kia? Yo:pili:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Why don't you water it? It's already withered up.
\phrase_s ¿Por quéno le echas agua? Ya se marchitó.
\phrase_n Nitla:te:kitok nika:n ika nowe:rtah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm here watering in my garden.
\phrase_s Estoy regando aquíen mi huerta.
\flao te:kilia
\root a:
\root te:k
\nae The valency of this verb is discussed in the grammar, along with that of tla:lka:wia and tla:lte:mia. Apparently a:tekia is an applicative
form of te:ka , with an incorporated noun a:. Launey (1992:188) notes that applicatives ending in -(l)huia are most common with verbs
that end in -ca or -hua. However, in Balsas Nahuatl note that there is as yet no documented form ? a:te:ka, which would be an intransitive. Rather
one has the"applicative" a:tekia , which is ditransitive te:kia (not documented in stand-alone form) with valency reduced to one argument after the
incorporation of a nominal root: a:te:kia 'to pour water on' and then made into an applicative a:te:kilia, which would have a different derivation
from te:kilia : the former is an applicative of the -ia -applicative a:te:kia while the latter is an applicative of the transitive
te:ka.
\qry Etymology/roots uncertain. Cf. root analysis of this word as compared to /se:wia/.
\mod Nitla:te:kitok nika:n ika nowe:rtah."I'm here watering in my garden."Note use of /ika/. Add to grammar and to definition of /ika/ in dictionary.
\grm Nitla:te:kitok nika:n ika nowe:rtah."I'm here watering in my garden."Note use of /ika/. Add to grammar and to definition of /ika/ in dictionary.
\xref a:te:kilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02711
\lxam michpe:petla:ni
\lxam_c michpe:petla:ni
\lxoa michpe:petla:n
\lxoa_alt michpe:petla:h
\lxoa_c michpe:petla:n
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N
\infn N1(dom)
\der N-dvb-0 (Am); N-dvb-perf (Oa)
\sense_e type of fish, like the fish called platilla in Spanish, still not definitively identified
\sense_s tipo de pez, parecido al que se llama platilla, todavía no identificado definitivamente
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\root mich
\root petla:
\nae The Oapan form michpe:petla:n manifests the apocopation that is common in animal names, although here it is also equivalent to the short stem of a verb
(petla:ni).
\qry Make sure Am has /a:michin/ and /michpe:petla:ni/ as synonyms.
\semref a:michin
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 02712
\lxam malaí:k
\lxam_c malaí:k
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\der Modal
\sense_e (often followed by a verbal phrase headed by ma or x) may it be that never; who cares if never (in reference to an event or action)
\sense_s (a menudo seguido por una frase verbal encabezado por ma o x)¡ojaláque nunca!¡aunque nunca! (en referencia a un evento o acción)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Malaí:k wits!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e May he never come!
\phrase_s ¡Ojaláque nunca venga!
\phrase_n Malaí:k ma weli! Itekiw xya:s eskwe:lah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e May he never learn! He's surely not going to go to school.
\phrase_s ¡Quénunca aprenda! De por si nunca va a ir a la escuela.
\phrase_n Malaí:k xne:chaka! Yo:tine:chawak!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e May you never it it to me! You already scolded me (that is, you already angrily told me that you wouldn't give it to me)!
\phrase_s ¡Quénunca me lo des!¡Ya me regañaste (esto es, ya me dijiste que no me lo ibas a dar)!
\phrase_n Malaí:k xne:chpale:wi:ti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't ever both to go and help me at all (said in anger, for example, if a person has promised to help me and then not showed up, I might utter the previous)!
\phrase_s ¡Entonces, que nunca me vayas a ayudar (dicho con enojo, por ejemplo si algn ha prometido ayudarme y después no apareció, quizápodría yo decir lo anterior)!
\root ma
\root ah
\root i:k
\nse 'Malaí:k is often translated into Spanish by 'aunque no...,' i.e., if someone asks for something and is not given it, the person who had first requested the item may say,
Malaí:k xne:chaka 'Don't ever give it to me then (see what I care)' (or something similar).' It seems clear that the first element of aí:k is the negative
particle without the coda glottal stop. FK notes under ai:c that 'the first element of this is from the negative particle ah- and is often written ay. If
i:k is related to i:ka, then it is not difficult to assume that /k/ deletes in Oapan Nahuatl, leading to the aya sequence noted in the headword.
Finally, although the first element is undoubtedly the optative, the meaning or origin of the /l/ is not clear.
\nae Malaí:k and mala:ya probably derive from the optative particle ma and the adverbial aí:k (Note that Molina lists
ayc 'nunca, o en ningún tiempo.' The question of vowel length in the latter form is discussed under the Oapan headword entry.
\qry Recheck first vowel since in one entry filecard I have recorded /ma:laí:k/.
\vl Tag the Oapan tokens here as additional tokens for 5651.
\root_notes a:(2) is to be xrefd with /ah/ 'negative'.
\semref mala:ya
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02713
\lxam tlamaka
\lxam_c kitlamaka
\lxoa tlamaka
\lxoa_c kitlamaka
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-b
\infv Irregular; see maka
\sense_e to give fodder to (an animal)
\sense_s alimentar (un animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n ¡Kontlamakas iburroh, xikchia!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's going to go feed his donkey, wait for him!
\phrase_s Va a ir a darle de comer a su burro,¡espéralo!
\phrase_n Tlatlamakatinemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He goes around feeding (animals).
\phrase_s Anda dando de comer (a los animales).
\sense_e (with a directional affix) to drop food off for
\sense_s (con afijo direccional) ir a dejar o llevar comida a
\sense_d Oa
\root maka
\nse When used with a domesticated animal such as a young calf, tlamaka refers to the action of feeding it while it is tied up or, at least, not grazing. If one takes such an
animal out to graze (even while watching closely over it), the word used is tlakukwaltia. With a human subject the verb tlamaka (as in nontlamakas
nowe:wentsi:n (Oa)) is used when one takes a meal or food to someone (such as a family member working in the field, or a compadre to be prepared for a fiesta). The food
or provisions are dropped off. When one feeds someone in the house or takes food to be eaten jointly, tlakwaltia is used.
\mod Check meaning in Am and Oa
\grm Object /tla-/. Note that the form /tlatlamaka/ 'to be feeding (animals)' shows the use of two nonspecific nonhuman object markers. Cf. to te:tlamaka
\xref maka
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02714
\lxam tsi:nkomoltik
\lxam_c tsi:nkomoltik
\lxoa tsi:nkomoltik
\lxoa_c tsi:nkomoltik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to have a big butt (in reference to a butt so big that it sticks out and is slightly flat and concave at the top as a result)
\sense_s ser nalgona (en referencias a nalgas tan grandes que salen mucho y son algo planos y concavos en sus partes superiores)
\sense_d Pending
\root tsi:n
\root komol
\nse The only documentation of this word, as well its apocopated form tsi:nkomol, is in reference to heavy-set older women.
\ref 02715
\lxam yestili:ni
\lxam_c yestili:ni
\lxoa yestili:ni
\lxoa_c yestili:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to get its fill of blood (an animal that bites and sucks blood)
\sense_s llenarse de sangre (un animal que la chupa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:yestili:n un xaxa:yakatl, o:kikwah noburroh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That horse fly has gotten its fill of blood, it bit my donkey.
\phrase_s Ese tábano se lleno de sangre, mordióa mi burro.
\root es
\root tili:
\ref 02716
\lxam i:xwetska
\lxam_c i:xwe:wetska
\lxoa i:xwetska
\lxoa_c i:xwe:wetska
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-4a
\sense_e (usually with long vowel reduplication) to start to smile or have traces of a smile on ones face (e.g., of sb embarrassed to laugh or openly smile)
\sense_s (generalmente con reduplicación de vocal larga) vislumbrarsele o dibujarsele una sonrisa en la cara a (p. ej., de algn a quien le da pena reir o reirse abiertamente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:mpipi:na:wi, i:xwe:wetska.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is timid (in this case covering her mouth and embarrassed to laugh aloud), she is just showing the beginnings of a smile.
\phrase_s Es tímida (en este caso tapando la boca con la mano para no reír en voz alta), estánada más sonriendo entre dientes.
\root i:x
\root wetska
\nse This verb refers to a slight smile on the face of someone embarrassed to laugh or smile openly.
\nae The vowel duration of the first reduplicated syllable is unclear. I originally had it transcribed as long, but acoustic measurements on the Oapan data do not necessarily confirm this
and I have since changed this to a light syllable with a short vowel. The fact that the reduplicant of we- -initial stems in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl is simply /u/, suggests that
the reduplicant might well be a long vowel, even though the acoustic evidence so far does not confirm this. More checking is needed.
\qry Recheck vowel length and check that the lexicalized form with long vowel reduplication is the only form used. Thus a check should be made for forms such as /i:xwetska/ and
/i:xuwetska/; or /i:xwe:wetska/ vs. /i:xwewetska/. Check. Also check for /i:xwetska/. Note that this should probably be incorporated in the entry for /i:xwetska/.
\ref 02717
\lxam tsakwilia
\lxam_c kitsakwilia
\lxoa tsakwilia
\lxoa_c kitsakwilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to get in the way of (the intended motion toward a destination of an animate being or, at times, an inanimate); to block or impede the path of
\sense_s estorbar (el movimiento de algún ser animado o, a veces, de un objeto); cerrar o impedir el paso a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:xtsakwilih a:te:ntli, melá:k we:i.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The river blocked my way, it is really big.
\phrase_s El río me cerróel paso
\sense_e to block the view of
\sense_s estorbarle la vista a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chtsakwilia, ma nteki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It blocks my field of vision (in this case a branch of a tree), let me cut it off!
\phrase_s Me estorba la vista (en este caso la rama de unárbol),¡déja que lo corte!
\phrase_n Tlane:si. De nika:n kwahli ne:stok, xtlah ne:chtsakwilia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is a clear view. It is easily visible from here, nothing obstructs my view.
\phrase_s Hay una buena vista. De aquíaparece bien, nada me estorba la vista.
\sense_e to stop before a destination is reached (e.g., in putting a bucket to catch a flow of water from a leaking bucket, in stopping a person along a path, etc.)
\sense_s detener (algo) antes de que llegue a su destino (p. ej., al colocar una cubeta abajo de un agujero en una pipa, peról, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San o:tsetseliw un yestli, xo:kitsakwilikeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The blood just sprinkled out onto the ground (in this case with the killing of an animal). They didn't catch it (i.e., cut off its path) with anything (e.g., a bowl or bucket).
\phrase_s La sangre nada más se rociópor el suelo (en este caso al matar un animal). No le pusieron nada para detenerlo.
\sense_e (often with long vowel reduplication) to block the way of (e.g., a boy courting a girl as she tries to pass by, an animal that is trying to escape a roundup, etc.)
\sense_s (a menudo con reduplication de vocal larga) atajar o bloquear el camino a (p. ej., un joven que le bloquea el paso a una muchacha que quiere cortejar, un vaquero o
chivero que estátratando de bloquear la salida a un animal que quiere escapar o salir, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xiktsakwili noburroh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Head off my donkey (i.e., block its way so that it doesn't get by)!
\phrase_s ¡Córtale el paso a mi burro (para que no vaya o no se escape)!
\phrase_n Melá:k ne:chtsa:tsakwilia i:n te:lpokawah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That young man really tries to block my way (stop me as I am going somewhere in order to court me).
\phrase_s Ese joven de veras me sale al paso (tratando de detenerme o bloquearme el camino para cortejarme).
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to fill in for (e.g., colors within the outlined shapes of an amate or other drawing)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) rellenar para (p. ej., los espacios de un dibujo de blanco y negro con colores)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:xtsatsakwilia noa:mawa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He fills in my amates for me with colored paint.
\phrase_s Me rellena mis amates con colores.
\phrase_n A:kinon tiktsatsakwilia ia:maw?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e For whom are you filling in the amate?
\phrase_s ¿Para quién estás rellenando el amate?
\root tsakwa
\xref tsakwililia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlatsatsakwilia
\xref_t val_reduce2
\xref_d Am
\xref tlá:tsakwília
\xref_t val_reduce2
\xref_d Oa
\xref tsakwa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02718
\lxam tlakukwi:lia
\lxam_c kitlakukwi:lia
\lxoa tlá:kwí:lia
\lxoa_pr tlá:kwilia
\lxoa_c kitlá:kwí:lia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-tla
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to pick out or off from (i.e., separating bad, rotten food or grain from the rest)
\sense_s arrancar o quitar de (p. ej., separando fruta pudrida o los granos picados de lo demás)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nitlakukwi:lih notlayo:lxina:ch.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I picked out the bug-eaten kernels from my maize seed.
\phrase_s Quitélos granos picados del maíz que voy a utilizar para semilla.
\phrase_n O:nimotlakukwi:lih ka:n o:ne:chasik sasa:lik xiwtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to pull off the pricky balls of the sasa:lik xiwtli(from where they have stuck to my clothes).
\phrase_s Voy a arrancarme las bolitas del sasa:lik xiwtli (de donde que están pegadas a mi ropa).
\root kwi
\vl Use first token of female speaker.
\xref kwi:lia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02719
\lxam tla:katilistli
\lxam_c tla:katilistli
\lxoa tla:katilistli
\lxoa_c i:tla:katilis
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e sth from birth; sth congenital
\sense_s algo de nacimiento; algo congénito
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Seki ma:ski we:i, te:mpatiliwi, pero xi:tla:katilis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Some, even though they are old, get a twisted mouth, but it is not congenital.
\phrase_s A algunos, aunque sean grandes, se les tuercen los labios, pero no es de nacimiento.
\root tla:ka
\nse In Oapan i:tla:katilis is used to refer to something (e.g., a skill, an ability with witchcraft, etc.) that was acquired from birth, not learned.
\qry Unclear whether /i:tla:katilis/ can also refer to genetic defects, etc.
\ref 02720
\lxam kwaltla:lia
\lxam_c kikwaltla:lia
\lxoa kwehtla:lia
\lxoa_alt kwaltla:lia
\lxoa_c kikwehtla:lia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to fix (an instrument or machine that is out of kilter, or sth poorly made such as cloth poorly sewn, ceramics poorly made, a crooked furrow); to make better
\sense_s arreglar (un instrumento o maquina que anda mal); componer (algo mal hecho, como ropa mal cosida, cerámica mal hecha, un zurco no derecho, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwaltla:li noyugoh. Newa xwel nihkwaltla:lia, san tetsatsapaltik, san ta:takaltik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Fix my yoke (in this case by working the wood so that it is straight and evenly planed). I can't fix it, its bumpy and uneven.
\phrase_s Arregla mi yujo (en este caso haciendo que va derechito y bien cepillado). No lo puedo arreglar yo, estádisparejo y no muy plano.
\phrase_n Xkwaltla:li ke:n titlakwilo:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Fix up your writing!
\phrase_s Mejora como escribes!
\phrase_n San o:tihkwa:kwaltla:lih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You just fixed it up (patched it up) here and there.
\phrase_s No más lo arreglaste en partes (no completamente, pero solamente en varios lugares donde hacia falta).
\sense_e (refl.) to get or become settled (e.g., a judicial dispute, an argument, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) llegarse a un acuerdo (p. ej., un litigio, eun argumento, acerca de lo que se iba a dar a la familia de una novia, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xenokwaltla:lia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has not been arranged yet (i.e., an agreement has not yet been reached)
\phrase_s Todavía no se ha arreglado.
\sense_e (recipr.) to settle or come to a settlement (two or more people who are disputing sth)
\sense_s (recipr.) arreglarse; llegar a un acuerdo (dos o más personas que están litigando o en desacuerdo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timotla:tla:ntokeh, xwel timokwaltla:lian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We are arguing back and forth, we can't settle it (come to an agreement).
\phrase_s Estamos discutiendo uno alegando después de otro, no nos podemos arreglar.
\root kwal
\root tla:l
\disamb kwaltla:lia; kwaltilia
\nae The motiviation for the vowel shift in the Oapan form kwehtla:lia is not clear, but the etymology of this form and that from Ameyaltepec is undoubtedly the same.
\vl Use second male token.
\semref e:ktla:lia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 02721
\lxam tlapilowilia
\lxam_c kitlapilowilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to hang hooks on stakes placed in a shallow river bottom for (in order to fish)
\sense_s colgar para (algn o algo) anzuelas de estacas metidas en las partes poco profundas de un río
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:ntlapilowili:to michin ika answe:loh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I went to hang hooks for (to catch) fish.
\phrase_s Fue a colgar anzuelos para (pescar) peces.
\sense_e to hanging nets or ropes in the trees for (in order to hunt certain birds or catch certain animals)
\sense_s colgar redes o lazos en losárboles para (algn, o para ciertos pájaros que se cazan o animales que se quieren atrapar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlapilowili nokone:w ika noma:tl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hang my net (e.g., for catching huilotas) for my child!
\phrase_s ¡Cuélga mi red (p. ej., para cazar huilotas) para mi niño!
\phrase_n Ma niktlapilowili, abe:r tla: kalaki nika:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me hang a noose down from a tree for it (e.g., a mule, donkey, or other animal that one is trying to catch), let's see if it comes through here (and gets caught)!
\phrase_s ¡Deja que le cuelgue un laso de unárbol (p. ej., para una mula, burro u otro animal que se quiere atrapar), vamos a ver si pasa por aquí!
\sense_e (~ ika totopoxtli) to make totopoxtli for
\sense_s (~ ika totopoxtli) hacer totopos para
\sense_d Am
\root pil
\nae Note that the primary object of tlapilowilia may either be the human beneficiary of the action (in one example, a child) or the fish or game that is the object of the trap.
In the case of hanging a noose from a tree in an effort to catch an animal, the idea is to use this strategy for animals that are difficult to trap normally. The noose is hung in a narrow
place and the animal is then chased through there in the hope that its neck catches in the noose as it runs through.
\mod Illustrate an example sentence, perhaps /Ma niktlapilowili, abe:r tla: kalaki nika:n!/
\xref tlapilowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02722
\lxam yekaxokwi:chiwi
\lxam_c yekaxokwi:chiwi
\lxoa yekaxokwi:chiwi
\lxoa_c yekaxokwi:chiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to wrinkle up ones nose or make a face (e.g., when smelling sth bad, or in thinking about sb's bad injury)
\sense_s fruncir la nariz (p. ej., al oler algo mal o en pensar en la herida de algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yekaxokwi:chiwi. O:kinekw tli:n xawiá:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He turns up and wrinkles his nose. He smelled something unpleasant.
\phrase_s Frunce la naríz. olióalgo desagradable.
\sense_e to snarl (e.g., an angry dog)
\sense_s gruñir (p. ej., un perro enojado)
\sense_d Pending
\root yeka
\root xokwich
\semref te:nxokwi:chiwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02723
\lxam kelo:nia
\lxam_c kikelo:nia
\lxoa kelo:nia
\lxoa_c kikelo:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cause a bad sprain or bruise to
\sense_s torcerle parte del cuerpo a; causarle un dolor de golpe a
\sense_d Pending
\flao kelo:ni
\root kelo:
\nse Although this transitive verb was in my original notes, Florencia Marcelino stated that it was not correct, even though she and her husband Inocencio Jiménez pronounced it during
the recording session. Apparently the signification of the intranstive kelo:niis something to the effect of 'to get sprained' and, as Florencia stated, given that this
cannot be purposefully caused the transitive is not correct. The validity of the transitive in Ameyaltepec should, therefore, be carefully checked.
\qry Check the correctness of this very carefully. Make sure ample illustrative sentences are available.
\mod Florencia Marcelino stated that since these severe strains are never purposefully caused, the transitive is not correct. Perhaps remove this entry. Even though I recorded this, later
FM stated that it should not be an entry.
\ref 02724
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be for Oapan /tla:lto:nka:miki/, but another entry for this exists and the two have been combined. Information here is tagged to 4403.
\vl Note that this entry has been eliminated. Tag words here for word 4403, higher letters (e.g., f, g, etc.)
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\ref 02725
\lxam xi:kopi:na
\lxam_c kixi:kopi:na
\lxoa xi:kopi:na
\lxoa_c kixi:kopi:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp S-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\lexical Op. prefix te- : texi:kopi:na
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to slip off or down (e.g, pants or skirts that are too large); to loosen or undo (by slipping one part or section loose)
\sense_s desprender; zafar (deslizando una cosa de otra)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xikxi:kopi:na moka:ltson!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Slip your pants off!
\phrase_s ¡Bájate los calzones!
\sense_e to pull out (e.g., money from a pocket or wallet, a knife from its sheath, etc.)
\sense_s sacar (p. ej., dinero de una bolsa o billetera, un cuchillo de su vaina, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ti:roh xikxi:kopi:na motomi:n deke tikpia!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Show your money (peeling off the bills from a wad of money) if you have any!
\phrase_s ¡Saca tu dinero (desprendiéndo los billetes de la billetera) si tienes!
\root xi:
\root kopi:
\disamb Distinguish between /xi:kopi:ni/, /kaxa:ni/, /peto:ni/, /totomi/, etc.
\nse FK reports Tetelcingo xi:copi:ni as meaning"se zafa, se chispa,"which she translates as 'to make jokes' (sic) and xi:copi:na as 'se zafa, se chispa,' translated as
'to joke; to tease someone.' This is an unfortunate translation of 'zafarse' 'to slip (off)' and 'chisparse,' which is colloquial Spanish for 'to come loose' (see The Oxford Spanish
Dictionary). The true meaning of xi:kopi:ni (and its transitive form) has to do with 'to come loose.' It is used for materials and objects that slip down or off a
given area, such as pants slipping down one rear, braids slipping loose from their weave and knots slipping apart, or zacate, rods and other similar material objects that slip out of a
bundle, etc. This verb is another example of a quite common case in which the only other documented case of a word found in Ameyaltepec and the Balsas region is from
Tetelcingo, Morelos.
\nde This word is used for, e.g., slipping iswatl, so:ya:tl, tekono:xtli, etc., out of a bundle,
\qry Apparently the meaning here refers to something slipping out (e.g., a knot?)
\qry Find out what other nouns can function as the subject of /xi:kopi:ni/.
\root_notes It seems clear that /xi:kopi:/ involves /kopi:/ and /xi:/. Hence it has been so entered. It might well be that the /xi:/ here refers to a"covering"that slips.
\ref 02726
\lxam i:xmonwe:weyak
\lxam_c i:xmonwe:weyak
\lxoa í:xmowe:wéyak
\lxoa_pr i:xmowe:weyak
\lxoa_alt í:xmowe:wíyak
\lxoa_c í:xmowe:wéyak,í:xmowe:wíyak
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\pitch yes
\sense_e to have long (straight) eyelashes
\sense_s tener pestañas largas (y derechas)
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root -mon; weya
\qry In original notes I had long first /e/ as: /i:xmonwe:weyak/. Check.
\vl Check p-a with all entries containing Oapan /í:xmotlí/.
\grm Note that in the paradigmatic set of k/ya/lia in many cases the /k/ form is lost in the verbalizations. Thus /yema:nki/ but /yema:nia/, or /ista:k/ and /ista:ya/. However, with
/weyak/ there is no such loss: /weyakia/. This suggests that the /k/ here had been reinterpreted as part of an adjectival bases.
\ref 02727
\lxam tso:tso:tl
\lxam_c tso:tso:tl
\lxoa tso:tso:tl
\lxoa_c tso:tso:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e skin sores or ulcers; infected pimples (or any skin eruption with a liquid inside, including those that result from scrapes); scab
\sense_s llaga;úlcera de la piel; grano o granito infectado (cualquier erupción de la piel con un líquido adentro, incluyendo llagas causadas por abrasiones); costra (de una
herida)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tine:xtotopo:naltih notso:tso:w.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p DT#8: 024
\phrase_e You popped my pimple.
\phrase_s Hiciste reventar mi granito.
\root tso:
\nse Tso:tso:tl refers to a skin condition that presents a"sore,"perhaps from something having rubbed against the skin.
\qry Check valency of /totopo:naltia/ in sentence above and correct here if necessary. Check whether /itso:tso:yo/ is ever correct. Pánfilo Lorenzo said it was, but used only for animals. I
have never heard it, though.
\ref 02728
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlapeya:wahli
\lxoa_c tlapeya:wahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\sense_e type of tree still not identified nor collected
\sense_s tipo deárbol todavía no identificado ni colectado
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root peya:
\qry Etymology uncertain, check.
\nse This name was given by Florencia Marcelino; apparently it is in error since all other individuals I have consulted with give the name as tlaye:wahli. If
tlapeya:wahli is a word, its meaning should be rechecked.
\notes_nature The wood of this tree is good for the handle of an axe (a:chkuhtli), the beam of a plow (timó:n), and the main beams of houses
(mori:yoh).
\grm Oapan phonology: Note the shift of /m/ from Am to /p/ of Oapan. Check other dialects for equivalent and then discuss which way the shift has moved. I would imagine that
Oapan is an innovation m>p.
\semref tlamia:wahli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 02729
\lxam tlampatla
\lxam_c notlampatla
\lxoa tlampatla
\lxoa_c notlampatla
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e (refl.) to lose ones baby teeth for permanent ones
\sense_s (refl.) cambiar los dientes de niño por los de adulto
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pe:w notlampatla.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He (a baby) has started to get his permanent teeth.
\phrase_s Se le empezaron a salir (a un niño) los dientes permanentes.
\root tlan
\root patla
\nse This word has occasionally been documented as tlanpatla.
\ref 02730
\lxam i:xmantok
\lxam_c i:xmantok
\lxoa i:xmantok
\lxoa_c i:xmantok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be laying flat and spread out on a surface
\sense_s estar extendida y tendida sobre el suelo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San i:xmantok a:tl, o:te:n iowi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The water is extended along the ground (over a plain or some level ground), its channels got filled (and the water overflowed onto the land).
\phrase_s El agua estátendida sobre el suelo cubriendo todo, se llenósu canal (y por eso inundóla area a su alrededor).
\sense_e to be smooth-surfaced; to be level
\sense_s estar plano o nivelado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlatetewitska:n -=tla:ltetewitska:n-, xi:xmantok
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's bumpy all over (the ground, with a lot of small bumps all over) its surface is not smooth.
\phrase_s Estátodo lleno de baches y bolitas (el suelo), no estáplano.
\root i:x
\root man
\nse According to Florencia Marcelino mantok is used for water spread out over a surface whereas i:xmantok is used for other objects that are similarly
spread out.
\qry Here it will be important to determine the
\xref tlai:xmantok
\xref_t plus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02731
\lxam techichikilka:miktia
\lxam_c kitechichikilka:miktia
\lxoa téchichikilka:míhtia
\lxoa_pr techichikilka:mihtia
\lxoa_c kitéchichikilka:míhtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Part-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\lexical Lex. prefix te-
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e to let (e.g., an animal) waste away and die
\sense_s dejar (p. ej., un animal) consumirse y morir
\sense_d Pending
\root chikil
\root miki
\nse Techichikilka:miktia (and techichikilmiktia) are causative formations with the semantics of"let."The action referred to is one of lack of attention (in this
case to the feeding of an animal) that results in the final state indicated by the stem verb: death through attrition and wasting away.
\nae According to Cristino Flores only techichilmiktia is correct, and not * techichilka:miktia.
\vl Check p-a in Oapan for all words with /techichikil-/. I originally had this entry written without p-a.
\grm Causative: Techichikilka:miktia (and techichikilmiktia) are causative formations with the semantics of"let."The action referred to is one of
lack of attention (in this case to the feeding of an animal) that results in the final state indicated by the stem verb: death through attrition and wasting away.
\vl Use second male token.
\xref techichikilka:miki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref téchichikilka:míki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02732
\lxam melo:nyo:hli
\lxam_c melo:nyo:hli
\lxoa melo:yo:hli
\lxoa_c melo:yo:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) melón
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e melon seeds
\sense_s semilla de melón
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\root yo:l
\nae The vowel lenght of melo:yo:hli is not entirely clear. It appears that the liquid /l/ is quite long, perhaps longer than the preceding and following vowels. Nevertheless, the
initial perception that both /o:/s of melo:yo:hli were long has been maintained here in the orthography.
\semref yo:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref yo:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02733
\lxam tla:lto:tolopochka:n
\lxam_c tla:lto:tolopochka:n
\lxoa tla:lto:tolopochka:n
\lxoa_c tla:lto:tolopochka:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla-ka:n
\lexical Lex. rpd-l
\infn N1(N2-N)
\sense_e land that is bumpy
\sense_s tierra con topecitos; lugar no plano
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Notsitsi:nkestiw fle:chah, tla:lto:tolopochka:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The bus goes along bouncing along up and down, the earth is full of bumps.
\phrase_s El camión va traquiteando, la tierra estállena de baches y topecitos.
\root tla:l
\root tolopoch
\root_rel -ka:n
\nse Tla:lto:tolopochka:n refers to a place such as a road or path with smooth, low-lying bumps that are more like slight rises in the land's surface than clearly demarked
bumps. It contrasts with tlatetewistika:n , which refers to areas that have sharper and more defined, pointed bumps.
\disamb tlatetewistika:n
\qry Check vowel length of the first /o/ given that in the filecard entry for /tlato:tolopochka:n/, which is clearly identical in meaning and construction, the /o:/ is long.
\vl Use first speech token by female speaker, either one of male.
\grm Reduplication; locatives: Note that there are many locatives formed with the prefix /tla-/ and the locative /ka:n/. In some cases there is a reduplication (short vowel) of the
stem, in others there is not. Thus cf. /tlapitsa:hka:n/ and /tlato:tolopochka:n/. The reason for the difference in reduplicative pattern seems to be the nature of the surface
described. If the physical feature is repeated, reduplication occurs. If it is not repeated (or not necessarily repeated), then there is no reduplication. This observation
should, however, be confirmed.
\ref 02734
\lxam istachichi:k
\lxam_c istachichi:k
\lxoa istachichi:k
\lxoa_c istachichi:k
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans
\sense_e to be overly salty
\sense_s estar demasiado salado; estar pasado de sal
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sam pe:nas xki:xpoye:li. Ma:ka we:i tikte:mili:s, tla:mo ke:n istachichí:k yes.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just sprinkle a little bit of salt on it (in this case the surface of a tortilla). Don't pour a lot on it! otherwise, it will get really salty.
\phrase_s échale nada más un poquito de sal (en este caso a una tortilla).¡No le pongas mucha, porque de otra manera quedarámuy salado.
\root sta
\root chichi:
\qry Check to see if meaning is simply 'salty' or 'overly salty'. Also, in my original filecard the final vowel is simply long, not stressed. This should be checked. Determine other ways of
expressing over abundance. Cf. for example, /a:josmolo:nki/; query for the way of saying that it has too much sugar or is overly sweet.
\ref 02735
\lxam a:tpatli
\lxam_c a:tpatli
\lxoa á:tpatlí
\lxoa_c á:tpatlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(h)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of herbaceous plant not yet identified
\sense_s tipo de planta herbacea todavía no identificado
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kuwtsi:ntli
\root a:t
\root pah
\nse According to some people this may be used as a remedio for a:tintli , lice. Although Inocencio Díaz did not recognize this plant, I had previously recorded its name
during my early fieldwork. Thus most likely it is a plant known in Ameyaltepec.
\root_notes Not use of root /a:t/ instead of full form /a:tem/, indeed, it might well be that the original form of /a:temitl/ was /a:tin/ with the root /a:t/.
\ref 02736
\lxam xokotamahli
\lxam_c xokotamahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e wild plum tamal made of sweet plums (xokotl de un tsope:lik that is mixed with tixtli and cooked in a corn husk)
\sense_s tamal de ciruela silvestre, (cocido del (xokotl de un tsope:lik que se mezcla con la masa y se cuence en hojas secas de mazorca)
\sense_d Am
\semfld food
\root xoko
\root tamal
\ency_note tamahli
\qry See entry under /tamahli/.
\ref 02737
\lxam ikxikoko:xo
\lxam_c ikxikoko:xo
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) cojo
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-loan
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am)
\sense_e to be lame; to have bad legs (particularly as the result of having them slightly twisted or crooked)
\sense_s ser cojo; tener las piernas malas (particularmente por estar algo chuecos o torcidos)
\sense_d Am
\root kxi
\nae Although ixiko:xo is apparently accepted in Oapan, it is not common. Much more usual is simply ko:xo, a full borrowing from Spanish.
\qry Note reduplication and check if only /ikxikoko:xoh/ is used or whether one can also have /ikxiko:xoh/. Also check possible gender. Remove this entry for Oapan; more common is
/ko:xotik
\qry_fon Check. Note that in the recording session I heard a final glottal stop in Cristino Flores' (Am) pronunciation. However, check the form /koko:xo/ if it exists.
\vl Although this entry, /ixiko:xo/ was elicited and the tokens should be tagged, later I came to understand that the form was produced more as a result of elicitation. It has been
removed. The word should still be tagged and form part of the archive, but it should not be linked.
\semref koko:xotik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ko:xotik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02738
\lxam kokoxka:tsitsi:nteh
\lxam_c kokoxka:tsitsi:nteh
\lxoa kokoxka:tsitsi:ntih
\lxoa_c kokoxka:tsitsi:ntih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ki
\infn N1
\sense_e apostoles
\sense_s apóstoles
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlakwa:skeh kokoxka:tsitsi:nteh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The apostles will eat (during the passion play of Holy Week).
\phrase_s Van a comer los apóstoles (durante la representación de la pasión de Semana Santa).
\root koya
\nse The term kokoxka:tsitsi:nteh refers to those who play the role of the apostles during the Holy Week passion play in Oapan. According to Cristino Flores, they eat 12
dishes, in the atrium of the church on Thursday evening, the Last Supper. Note that this term, kokoxka:tsitsi:nteh , was documented in Ameyaltepec as being used to
refer to the apostles. Although the word was elicited in Oapan, the precise meaning should be rechecked.
\qry Determine the 12 dishes that the apostles eat.
\vl Use first token from male.
\ref 02739
\lxam sa:lowa
\lxam_c kisa:lowa
\lxoa sa:lowa
\lxoa_c kisa:lowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. prefix te- ; cf. tesa:lowa
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to tie (e.g., a rope or knot)
\sense_s atar (p. ej., una soga o nudo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwahli xiksa:sa:lo un eskale:rah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tie the rungs on that ladder well!
\phrase_s ¡átale bien los travesaños a esa escalera!
\sense_e to tie up (e.g., an animal to a post or tree)
\sense_s amarrar (p. ej., un animal a un poste oárbol)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to sew (with large stitches, more like tying together with loops made with a needle and twine)
\sense_s coser (con puntadas grandes, más parecido a atar o amarrar con aguja y cuerda)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa kwa:xte:roh, wel kisa:lowa kwa:xtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is a maker of kwa:xtli s, he can weave them together.
\phrase_s El hace cuaxtles, los puede fabricar (cosiéndolos).
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to sew (particularly cloth with a needle and thread)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) coser (particularmente tela con aguja e hilo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chkoya:wili nokoto:n, newa xwel nitlasasa:lowa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let out my shirt for me, I can't sew!
\phrase_s ¡Hazme la camisa más holgada, yo no puedo coser!
\phrase_n Ma:ka san we:weka tiksasa:lo:s un notlake:n, kineki xkasi pi:si:ltik!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't sew my clothes with open stiches, you need to use fine stiching!
\phrase_s ¡No vayas a coser mi ropa con puntadas muy abiertas, se necesita hacerlo con puntadas finas.
\phrase_n Milá:k xole:nkah un suwa:tl. Xkita ke:n nochipa koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi.¿Tle:ka xkisasa:lowa?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That woman is a real dimwit! Look how she goes around with her blouse torn open in front! Why doesn't she sew it up?
\phrase_s ¡Quémensa esa mujer!¡Mira cómo anda con su blusa abierta por el pecho!¿Por quéno se la cose?
\phrase_n Pi:si:ltik xiksasa:lo, ma:ka san tewe:wekatik!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sew it finely, don't just use a real open stitch!
\phrase_s ¡Cóselo con una puntada cerrada, no una muy abierta!
\sense_e (with intensifier te-) to sew with a buttonhole stitch (i.e., sewing and knotting each stitch instead of simply passing the thread through the cloth)
\sense_s (con el intensificador te-) coser con la puntada utilizada para ojales (esto es, cosiendo y amarrando cada puntada en lugar de simplemente pasar el hilo a
través de la tela)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl.) to take hold (a plant)
\sense_s (refl.) echar raices (una planta)
\sense_d Pending
\root sa:l
\qry Note and query the difference between /sa:lowa/ and /tesa:lowa/, and perhaps check the difference between /sa:liwi/ and /tesa:liwi/. Perhaps separate entries should be given for the
/te-/ forms, particularly when there is an important semantic difference. Find out why one says /sa:lowa/ with /kwa:xtli/. Also, recheck correctness of the meaning 'to tie up' (as in an
animal to a post, etc.' I seem to remember this meaning but do not have it in my notecards. Check also the meaning of /kisa:lowa kwa:xtli/
\grm Reduplication: long vowel: /Kwahli xiksa:sa:lo un eskale:rah!/ 'Tie the rungs on that ladder well!' Note the use of long-vowel reduplication in this instance, given that the
rungs are evenly spaced and the action is repeated in an evenly spaced (temporally and spatially) manner.
\xref sa:lowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02740
\lxam tlankwa
\lxam_c kitlankwa kwilin
\lxoa tlankwa
\lxoa_c kitlankwa kwilin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to trap inside an opening by closing (e.g, a tree [S] when an axe is struck deep into it and it closes in upon the blade, making it get stuck)
\sense_s atrapar dentro de una abertura que se cierra (p. ej., unárbol [S] cuando una hacha se le entra fuerte y la parte cortada delárbol se cierra apretadamente sobre la hoja)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:kitlankwah noa:chah i:n kuwtli. Yo:sa:liw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e This tree has tightened up around my axe (where I struck it). It's gotten stuck.
\phrase_s Eseárbol quedóapretado alrededor de mi hacha (donde le metífuerte). Se atoró.
\sense_e (~ kwilin / kwilih) to create a cavity in the tooth of; to get a tooth cavity (particularly the molars; lit., 'a worm [S] eats the tooth of')
\sense_s (~ kwilin / kwilih) picar el diente de; tener caries en el diente (particularmente en las muelas; lit., 'un gusano le come el diente a'')
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:ne:xtlankwah kwilin, xok nikpia notlankoch.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got a cavity, I no longer have my molar.
\phrase_s Se me hizo caries en un diente, ya no tengo mi muela.
\root tlan
\root kwa
\nse The first definition seems to derive from the fact that the opening of the tree is like a mouth that closes in (i.e., 'eats') the axe with which it had been struck. This usage is not found in
Oapan. Nor was it accepted by Cristino Flores, who instead said the proper term is simply o:kikwah kuwtli noa:chah. Nevertheless, for now this meaning has been
left. Note that the most common use of tlankwa is as a collocation with kwilin, 'worms,' as the subject.
\nde In Oapan this verb is only used in the complex form tlankwa kwilih.
\qry Check for other meanings of this word, and other uses. Check whether /kwilin/ is a necessary subject of /tlankwa/ with the sense of 'to cause cavities.'
\ref 02741
\lxam tla:kapuwa
\lxam_c notla:kapuwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3b(ow)
\sense_e (refl.) to act like a big shot; to be ostentatious (e.g., in regards to money) (used only with male grammatical subjects)
\sense_s (refl.) fanfarronear; comportarse en una manera ostentosa, como hombre de poder y dinero (empleado solamente con hombres como sujetos gramticales)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Notka:kapuwa saka kipia tomi:n. Xka:wa, xmilá:h.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He acts like a big shot only because he has money. Contrary to what you'd think, it isn't true.
\phrase_s Se comporta en una manera ostentosa simplemente porque tiene dinero. No es lo que piensas, no es verdad.
\sense_e (refl.) to act like a man (a woman [S])
\sense_s (refl.) portarse como hombre; actuar como hombre (una mujer [S])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Notla:kapuwa. Xkineki tla:katl, suwa:neki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She acts like a man (in this case said of a lesbian). She doesn't want a man, she wants a woman (as a sexual partner).
\phrase_s Se porta como hombre (en este caso dicho de una lesbiana). No quiere un hombre, quiere una mujer (como pareja sexual).
\root tla:ka
\root po:wa
\semref tla:katilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02742
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /papayo:tl/ but C. Flores corrected this and said the only term used is /papayoh/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 02743
\lxam tlamastiw
\lxam_c tlamastiw
\lxoa tlamastiw
\lxoa_c tlamastiw
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\compound V2-asp
\der V2-asp
\infv Irregular; see -tiw
\sense_e (~ -na:k or -tech) to go or head toward; to be directed to (a given location or person)
\sense_s (~ -na:k o tech) ir hacia; ir dirigido (a cierta lugar o persona)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:n a:matl wa:ltlamastiw ina:k preside:nteh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e This letter comes directed to the president.
\phrase_s Esta carta viene dirigida al presidente.
\phrase_n Motech wa:ltlamastiw un toba:leh, kitowa itlah tiktlane:wti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That friend of ours is coming straight to you, it's said that you might lend him something (e.g., an ox, donkey, money, etc.)
\phrase_s Ese amigo nuestro viene directo a tí, dicen que quizále vas a prestar algo (p. ej., un buey, burro, dinero, etc.).
\root mati
\ref 02744
\lxam iyo:te:ma
\lxam_c kiyo:te:ma
\lxoa íyo:té:ma
\lxoa_pr iyo:te:ma
\lxoa_c kíyo:té:ma
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-mi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(m)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to fill with air
\sense_s llenar con aire
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl.) to suck in air and fill one's belly; to expand one's belly with air
\sense_s (refl.) jalar aire para adentro, expandiendo la barriga
\sense_d Pending
\root hyo:
\root te:m
\qry Recheck and confirm use as a transitive, since my only filecard showed simply a reflexive.
\ref 02745
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwákwa:kohtsi:n
\lxoa_alt kwákwa:kóhtsi:n de tótó:roh
\lxoa_c kwákwa:kóhtsi:n
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N
\infn N1(dom)
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e Proboscidea fragans, a bush, member of the Pedaliaceae family, whose fruit is called toto:roh and which has a purplish flower that blooms in
September
\sense_s Proboscidea fragans, un arbusto, miembro de la familia Pedaliaceae, cuya fruta se llama toto:roh y que tiene una flor moradita que se pone en
septiembre
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root kwa:
\root kow
\nse The etymology of this plant name is not clear, but for now it has been given as kwa:, the root for 'head' used in compounds, and kow'tree.'
\semref cha:nko:kopi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 02746
\lxam miktia
\lxam_c kimiktia
\lxoa mihtia
\lxoa_c kimihtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to kill
\sense_s matar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kimiktikeh para ma:ka itlah kito:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They killed him so that he wouldn't say anything.
\phrase_s Lo mataron para que no dijera nada.
\sense_e (often with tla-) to have (a child) die on one
\sense_s (a menudo con tla-) morirsele (un niño) a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kinemi:tia ikone:w, xmiki, xkimiktia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She cares for her child, he hasn't died, she hasn't had him die on her.
\phrase_s Cuida a su hijo, no se muere, no se le muere.
\root miki
\grm Causative: Note that the causative in /tlamiktia/ does not mean so much 'cause to die' or 'kill' but to be allow or have some responsibility in the death of a child. In this sense
it is like /tlanemi:tia/, and both have an applicative sense in the sense that the subject is affected by the action of death or living.
\xref tlamiktia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tlamihtia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\xref miki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref miktilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref mihtilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02747
\lxam na:watilia
\lxam_c nona:watilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to make a sound with ones voice; to make oneself be heard (with speech or other sounds)
\sense_s (refl.) hacer un sonido con la voz; hablar; hacerse oir (con palabras u otros sonidos)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xmona:watili!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Say something!
\phrase_s ¡Di algo!
\phrase_n Xmona:watili! Ma:ka mopan nicholo:s, tlaiwatok!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make a sound (in this case so that your location becomes apparent)! Don't let me step on you, it's dark!
\phrase_s ¡Haz ruido (en este caso para que tu ubicación se hace evidente)!¡No dejes que te pise, estáoscuro!
\phrase_n Ma:ka xmona:watili!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't make a sound!
\phrase_s ¡No hagas un sonido!
\phrase_n O:ne:chtsatsilikeh pero xo:nimona:watilih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They shouted to me, but I didn't make a sound in response.
\phrase_s Me gritaron, pero no dije nada en respuesta.
\phrase_n O:pano:k, pero xo:nona:watilih. Xo:tlana:nkilih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He passed by, but he didn't say a thing. He didn't answer (the calls out to him).
\phrase_s Pasó, pero no dijo nada. No contestó(lo que se le gritaba).
\root na:wa
\nse Na:wati means, essentially, 'to make a sound,' usually with the voice, but also with something that may be used to signal. Thus one may say that one passed by a
rattlesnake but xo:na:wat 'it didn't make a sound' (in reference to its rattle). Thus in the phrase xmona:watili! ma:ka mopan nicholo:s, tlayewatok the
reference is understood to a sound made with the voice (but not necessarily speech), although it could possibly refer to other sounds made in order to warn of ones presence. My
first inclination is that when applied to humans na:wati and na:watilia refer to the act of"uttering a sound"with ones mouth. For a child this may mean
crying; for an adult it may mean speaking. With animals na:wati can refer to any sound, including those made by simple physical movement. Two consultants, Pánfilo
Lorenzo and Juan Celedonio, said that nona:watilia is equivalent to nokakistilia.
\nde In Oapan the simple intransitive na:watiis used here.
\xref na:wati
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02748
\lxam te:kwa:nkuwatl
\lxam_c te:kwa:nkuwatl
\lxoa te:kwa:nkowatl
\lxoa_c te:kwa:nkowatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e rattlesnake
\sense_s serpiente de cascabel
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:kwa:nkuwatl, kipia ikwech.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is a te:kwa:nkuwatl, it has a rattle.
\phrase_s Es un te:kwa:nkuwatl, tiene su cascabel.
\semfld animal
\semfld sn
\root kwa
\root kowa
\ency_note kowatl
\grm Compounds; incorporation: note that when an agentive ending in /-ni/ is incorporated or compounded with another noun, apparently the final /i/ is lost. Thus from the
agentive /te:kwa:ni/ and the noun /kowatl/, one obtains /te:kwa:nkowatl/.
\ref 02749
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /tsi:kato:to:tl/ but has been removed as a duplicated.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 02750
\lxam ikxitlake:nwia
\lxam_cpend kikxitlake:nwia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to wrap cloth around a foot or leg
\sense_s vendar el pie o la pierna con una tela
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nimokxitlake:nwih, o:nikxitlatlak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I wrapped a cloth around my foot (or leg), I burnt my leg.
\phrase_s Me vendéel pie (o la pierna) con una tela, me quemépor la pierna.
\root kxi
\root tlake:m
\semref íxitekwíya
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02751
\lxam o:hka:n
\lxam_c o:hka:n
\lxoa o:hka:n
\lxoa_c o:hka:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-ka:n
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e in two places
\sense_s en dos lugares.
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:hka:n onkah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There are some in two places.
\phrase_s En dos lugares hay.
\phrase_n O:hka:n niá:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will go to two places.
\phrase_s Voy a ir a dos lugares.
\root o:k
\root_rel -ka:n
\root_notes The root o:k is suppletive of o:me.
\vl Disregard first mistaken female utterance before final four correct token.
\ref 02752
\lxam kwepo:ni
\lxam_c kwepo:ni
\lxoa kopo:ni
\lxoa_c kopo:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl; +Caus
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to bubble up; to churn up (e.g., water that then folds back upon itself like a fountain)
\sense_s burbujear; arremolinarse; revolverse (p. ej., agua que brota y cae sobre si mismo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwepo:ntok a:tl. Pakah se: tetl we:i, kikwepo:naltitok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The water is churning up. There is a large rock there, it is churning up the water.
\phrase_s El agua estáarremolinándose. Hay una gran piedra allíque revuelve y agita el agua.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to have the skin burst open and curl back (e.g., certain grains when cooked, such as pozole and overcooked beans)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) tener la piel o cáscara abierta y brotada hacia atrás (p. ej., ciertos granos al cocerse, como pozole y frijoles bien hervidos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kukwepo:n, kwahli o:poso:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's skin split open and peeled back in a lot of places, it really boiled.
\phrase_s Se abriósu cáscara en varios lugares, hirvióbien.
\root kwepo:
\nse Many words with the sound sequence kwe(:) (in Oapan ko(:)) seem to indicate an action of turning back or folding upon oneself. Note also that
po:ni itself is a separate verb indicating blooming or expanding. The meaning of kwepo:ni seems to be that of flowing up and out, to turn up and then
over on oneself. The reduplicated term kukwepo:ni refers to things like pricly pears, a piece of green corn, and other materials that open up by bursting apart, with
the open and split part folding back on itself. Note that the reduplicated form with a short vowel is used for both bubbling water and objects with skin that burst open.
\nae In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl kwepo:ni forms a transitive both with the causative -ltia and nondirected alternation: kwepo:naltia and
kwepo:nia. The difference in signification between the two should be noted as perhaps paradigmatical of similar cases.
\grm Oapan phonology: Am /kwepo:ni/ and Oapan /kopo:ni/ give another example of kw>ko shift in Oapan.
\xref kwepo:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref kukwepoka
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Am
\xref kokopoka
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Oa
\xref kokopoka
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02753
\lxam yo:hli
\lxam_c yo:hli
\lxoa yo:hli
\lxoa_c yo:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e (alienably possessed) seed
\sense_s (posesión enajenable) semilla
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (alienably possessed) heartwood
\sense_s (posesión enajenable) madera del centro de un palo o tronco
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Frasí:l, bwe:noh para tlikohtli, chi:chi:ltik iyo:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The palo de Brasil, it is good for firewood, it's heartwood is red.
\phrase_s El palo de Brasil, es bueno para leña, su corazón es rojo.
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) heart
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) corazón
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kikukwa me:roh ipan iyo:hlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It hurts him right at his heart.
\phrase_s Le duele mero en su corazón.
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) beloved (said of ones romantic partner)
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) amado (dicho de la pareja amorosa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa noyo:hlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is my beloved (the one that I love).
\phrase_s Ella es mi amada (la que quiero).
\phrase_n Noyo:hlo katka. O:ne:chkwi:likeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She was my beloved. She got stolen away from me (by another boy).
\phrase_s Ella era mi amada. Me la bajaron (esto es, se fue con otro joven).
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) feelings
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) sentimiento
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chkukwa noyo:hlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Me feelings are hurt.
\phrase_s Me duelen los sentimientos.
\sense_e (ika or ya -yo:hli) gladly; happily; readily; voluntarily; peacefully
\sense_s (ika o ya -yo:hli) de buena gana; con gusto; en paz
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xika iyo:hlo te:pale:wia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He doesn't gladly help people.
\phrase_s No ayuda de buena gana.
\phrase_n Xnikochi ika noyo:hlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't sleep well (in peace).
\phrase_s No duermo bien (en paz y sosiego).
\sense_e (unkah ika or onkah ya -yo:hlo) to be at peace with oneself; to be calm
\sense_s (unkah ika o onkah ya -yo:hlo) estar tranquilo; estar en paz con si mismo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlawe:leh. San kwala:ntok, xkaman u:nkah ika iyo:hloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is bad tempered. He's always angry, he's never at peace with himself.
\phrase_s Es de mal genio. Siempre estáenojado, nunca estáen paz.
\semfld body
\root yo:l
\nse In regard to yo:hli , when not possessed (or possessed with the zero morpheme, for underlying -w, the noun is used to indicate 'seed' (of fruits, but
apparently not maize) or 'heartwood.' In many acceptations the form yo:hlo (i.e., yo:hli possessed with -yo) is the virtual synonym of
yo:ltsi:n though the latter, as a diminutive, perhaps has a slightly more affective content. However, in constructions with ika , yo:hlo is
not interchangeable with yo:ltsi:n. Thus one has ika noyo:hli nikchi:wa but not (at least not usually) ? ika noyo:ltsi:n nikchi:wa.
\qry Check for occurrence of nonpossessed form, e.g., /yo:ltsi:ntli/.
\semref yo:ltsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02754
\lxam mihka:xokotl
\lxam_c mihka:xokotl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of plum as yet unidentified
\sense_s tipo de ciruela todavía no identificada
\sense_d Am
\sense_e by extension, the tree on which it grows
\sense_s por extensión, elárbol en que crece
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld edible
\root miki
\root xoko
\notes_nature This is a type of masa:xokotl. The mihka:xokotl tree has red fruit from the time it is young, i.e., the young fruit is not green. This tree comes
into fruit at the same time as the ma:saxokotl : tla:ki kware:smah , 'it comes to fruit between March and April.'
\ref 02755
\lxam kweskomatl
\lxam_c kweskomatl
\lxoa kweskomatl
\lxoa_c kweskomatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e grain storage bin (generic name)
\sense_s troje (nombre genérico)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (ikal (Am) / i:kal (Oa) ~) the roof (made of palm, grass, or carton) on top of a granary
\sense_s (ikal (Am) / i:kal (Oa) ~) el techo (de palma, zacate, o carton) de una troje
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld agriculture
\root kweskoma
\ency_note kweskomatl
\nse The types of kweskomatl are the following: kweskomatl de xa:ntli , kweskomatl de a:kawtlapi:hli , kweskomatl de
bajare:keh , kweskomatl de muñe:koh , kweskomatl de kuwnepano:hli
\qry Obtain plural ?kweskonteh? or ?kwestomameh? Note that I also have an entry for /tekikweskomatl/, but I'm not sure of the difference between this and a"simple"/kweskomatl/
\mod Illustrate each type.
\root_notes Also be aware of the possibility that kweskomatl is divisible, cf. tekomatl in which the koma refers to a round, recipient-type
space.
\semref tekikweskomatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02756
\lxam ke:chika
\lxam_c ke:chika titlakwa
\lxoa kechiá:
\lxoa_alt kechiá:
\lxoa_alt kichiá:
\lxoa_alt 'chiá:
\lxoa_alt kochiá:
\lxoa_alt ke:chika
\lxoa_cpend ke:chika
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e while
\sense_s mientras
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mistla:tlapolo:ltitos ke:chika mitstlaxtekilian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will be distracting you while they rob you.
\phrase_s El te va a estar distrayendo mientras que ellos te roben.
\phrase_n Ke:chika titlakwa no: niá:s nocha:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e While you eat I'll also go to my house.
\phrase_s Mientras que comas, también voy a ir a mi casa.
\sense_e first
\sense_s primero
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n ¡Kichiá: ma nitlakwa!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Let me first eat!
\phrase_s ¡Primero, déjame comer!
\root ke:ch
\root_rel -ka
\nse The form ke:chika meaning 'meanwhile' is rare in Oapan.
\qry Determine if there is a difference between /ke:chika/ 'meanwhile' and /ke:ch ika/ 'how much'. Check whether in Am one says /ke:chika ma nitlakwa/ or /xto:pa ma nitlakwa/.
\semref ke:ch
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02757
\lxam tlayo:lyewahli
\lxam_c tlayo:lyewahli
\lxoa tlayo:lyewahli
\lxoa_c tlayo:lyewahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of white maize with large kernels and good for pozole, planted in Ameyaltepec, similar to tlayo:lkimichin , although the kernels of the latter are smaller
\sense_s tipo de maíz blanco con granos grandes y bueno para pozole, que se siembra en Ameyaltepec, parecido al tlayo:lkimichin aunque los granos de esteúltimo
son más pequeños
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food-maize
\semfld plant
\semfld cultivated
\root o:ya
\root yewal
\ency_note tlayo:hli
\nse Tlayo:lyewahli is one of several strains of white maize; for a full list, see ista:k tlayo:hli. It is so called because the kernels are large and round. In
Oapan this type of maize is used for po:so:hli.
\qry The etymology of the /yewahli/ portion of /tlayo:lyewahli/ needs to be determined. It might be related to Ameyaltepec /yewahli/ 'night' or to the same root as in /yewaltik/ 'circular.'
Check. The former might be unlikely considering that informants mentioned that this was a type of white maize.
\ref 02758
\lxam koxtetl
\lxam_c koxtetl
\lxoa koxtetl
\lxoa_c koxtetl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound S-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e sleepy head
\sense_s dormilón
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Koxtetl, ke:n kochini.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is a sleepy-head,¡Oh how he always sleeps!
\phrase_s Es un dormilón.¡Ay cómo se la pasa durmiendo!
\root kochi
\root te
\disamb koxtetl, kochini, kochpal
\semref koxtetl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02759
\lxam pitsaktik
\lxam_c pitsaktik
\lxoa pitsahtik
\lxoa_c pitsahtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\sense_e narrow
\sense_s delgado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tetekomasolmeh, tlakotiá:n pipitsaktikeh, tlawe:lekeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The insects called tetekomasolmeh are narrow in the middle, they are fierce (i.e., they bite).
\phrase_s Los insectos llamados tetekomasolmeh son muy delgados por en medio, son bravos (esto es, muerden).
\phrase_n Pitsaktsi:n motlako:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your switch is very narrow.
\phrase_s Tu vara es muy delgada.
\phrase_n Suwa:tla:katl, tepitsaktik, ye:lpanpestik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is a masculine-looking woman, she is very slender, she is flat-chested.
\phrase_s Es una mujer con apariencia masculina, es muy delgada, no tiene senos.
\phrase_n Tlako:me:meka, iwa:n noki:tskian chapolin, no: wel nokwa, no: me:roh ihkón nekwisti. Pitsaktsi:n, so:lo ma:we:weyak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tlako:me:meka , it is similar to the chapolin , it is also edible, it smells just like it. It is thin, only that it has long arms.
\phrase_s El tlako:me:meka , es parecido al chapolin , también es comestible, también huele mero comoél. Es delgado, solamente que tiene los
brazos largos.
\semfld shape
\root pitsa:
\nae Pitsahtik was accepted by Florencia Marcelino, along with tepitsahtik, suggesting that the te- prefix is not always required in this shortened
adjectival form. Ameyaltepec data confirms the correctness of both pitsaktik and tepitsaktik. However, it appears that other similar derivations do not
accept forms lacking the intensifier: tetomaktik , but ? tomaktik. Note that the diminutive of pitsaktik is pitsaktsi:n.
\qry Check to see if /tepitsaktik/ has the same meaning as use as /pitsaktik/. All my examples of /pitsaktik/ moreover, have either reduplication or /-tsi:n/; check to make sure /pitsaktik/
alone is OK. Perhaps only the /te-/ form is acceptable if not further modified. If both /tepitsaktik/ and /pitsaktik/ are OK, check for the difference. Recheck and recheck /weweyak/,
or /we:weyak/.
\grm Diminutive; adjectivals: Note that there exists /pitsaktsi:n/ which seems to be the diminutive of /pitsaktik/. However, it also seems that there is no diminutive, at least not that I
am able to remember, of /pitsa:wak/, i.e., ?/pitsa:waktsi:n/. This should be noted in comments on the diminutive, since it is unclear what adjectivals accept a diminutive.
Certainly most /-tik/ adjectives do: /tli:ltik/ and /tli:ltiktsi:n/. Check for the following: /ki/: /yema:nki/ and ?/yema:nka:tsi:n/ or perhaps ?/yema:nkitsi:n/. /koto:ntok/ and
?/koto:ntoktsi:n/, for /ki/ as in /kaxa:nki/ and /kaxa:nka:tsi:n/, etc. It will be necessary to go through all adjectives and adjectivals to determine which ones accept the
diminutive. It seems, however, that the /-a:wak/ adjectives do not: /kana:wak/ and ?/kana:waktsi:n/, but /kanaktsi:n/ is acceptable.
\ref 02760
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlásóhlotík
\lxoa_c tlásóhlotík
\lxoa_pr tlasohlotik
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-tik-yoh
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be covered with garbage (e.g., a patio, inside of a house, kitchen, street, etc.)
\sense_s estar cubierto de desechos y basura (p. ej., un patio, el interior de una casa, una cocina, una calle, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root hsol
\nae The Oapan form tlásóhlotík is also unusual in that it manifests three high pitches in a four-syllable, four-morae word. In other instances such a sequence seems to be
avoided through the reduction of high pitched syllables (e.g., tlakwátasí). The precise reason for reduction of pitch accented syllables in one case and not in the other is
not clear.
\grmx Oapan phonology: The pitch countours of this adjectival should be used in the article on Oapan Nahuatl phonology if there are 3 high pitches. My impression from the
recording session is that there are, and that the first syllable pitch is from the verbal stem and the second and third from the perfective {h} after /lo/. I have since checked on
a program Pratt and there are indeed 3 high-pitched syllables: The Oapan form tlásóhlotík is also unusual in that it manifests three high pitches in a
four-syllable, four-morae word. In other instances such a sequence seems to be avoided through the reduction of high pitched syllables (e.g., tlakwátasí). The
precise reason for reduction of pitch accented syllables in one case and not in the other is not clear.
\semref tlasolitik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 02761
\lxam nika:nkah
\lxam_c nika:nkah
\lxoa nika:nkah
\lxoa_c nika:nkah
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Adv(loc)=V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to be here
\sense_s estar aquí
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n 1- Nika:n kah Luis? 2- Ke:mah, nika:n kah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Is Luis here? Yes, he's here!
\phrase_s ¿EstáaquíLuis?¡Si, estáaquí!
\root ni-
\root kah
\root_rel -ka:n
\mod Perhaps develop a coding system and analysis for combinations of locatives with /kah/.
\ref 02762
\lxam i:xmonme:melak
\lxam_c i:xmonme:melak
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to have long straight eyelashes
\sense_s tener las pestañas largas y derechas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:xmome:melak, san pepeya:siwtok, notsotsontokatok i:xmon, xi:xmonkokoltots.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is someone with long straight eyelashes, they go straight out in a line, his eyelashes point downwards, he isn't one with eyelashes that curve upwards.
\phrase_s Tiene las pestañas largas y derechas, van derecho, sus pestañas se clavan hacia abajo, no es alguien con pestañas que se encurvan hacia arriba.
\root i:x
\root -mon; mela:
\nse In all but very careful speech the sequence /nm/ reduces to /m/.
\mod Make sure there are entries under /peya:siwi/, /tsontoka/, and /i:xmonkokoltots/.
\grm In /i:xmonmemelak/, as in many words that refers to characteristics of eyes the reduplication is essentially basic.
\semref i:xmowe:weyak
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02763
\lxam mi:xihke:tl
\lxam_c mi:xihke:tl
\lxoa ni:xihke:tl
\lxoa_c ni:xihke:tl
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e female (human or animal) who has just given birth (for a woman refers to the time about 1 week after giving birth)
\sense_s hembra (humana o animal) que recientemente parió(para una mujer indica un tiempo como 1 semana después de haber dado a luz)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Koni:ltian kuwtekomatl deke itiko:tsiliwi un mi:xihke:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If a woman who has just given birth has stomach cramps, they give her cuatecomate(its fruit) to drink.
\phrase_s Si una mujer recién parida tiene calambres en el estómago, le dan de beber del cuatecomate (su fruta).
\root mi:x
\qry Check on the acceptability of this form for humans and to whether it refers to the precise state of being in labor. Check spelling /mi:xihke:tl/, since I originally had /mi:xiwke:tl/ on my
notecards
\vl Use second female token and first male token.
\ref 02764
\lxam kakalakatsi:n
\lxam_alt kuwtli de kakalakatsi:n
\lxam_c kakalakatsi:n
\lxoa kakalakatsi:n
\lxoa_c kakalakatsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e type of tree called, simply, kakalakatsi:n because of the nature of its fruit
\sense_s tipo deárbol llamada, simplemente, kakalakatsi:n por el tipo de fruta que tiene
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root kow
\root kala:
\nse Although Florencia Marcelino gave kakalakatsi:n as equivalent to the tree called by this name in Ameyaltepec, this should be checked. During an the October 2001
fieldwork session with Silvestre Pantaleón a sample of this tree was collected at a housesite in Ameyaltepec and Silvestre was not able to identify it.
\ref 02765
\lxam sekmiki
\lxam_alt sekwmiki
\lxam_c sekwmiki
\lxoa sehmiki
\lxoa_c sehmiki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to suffer intensely from the cold
\sense_s sufrir mucho por el frío
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nisekmik, san nikukwetlakatoya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got very cold, I was just shivering.
\phrase_s Me había entrado mucho el frío, estaba nada más temblando.
\root sek
\root miki
\disamb sehkalaki; sekwi
\qry Definitely determine the difference between this and /sehkalaki/ and /sekwi/.
\vl Use second female token and either male token.
\ref 02766
\lxam sentetl
\lxam_c sentetsi:n
\lxoa sentetl
\lxoa_c sentetl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Num
\der Adj-num
\sense_e (san ~; often in the diminutive) just one
\sense_s (san ~; a menudo en el diminutivo) sólo uno
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San sentetsi:n ikone:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He only has one child (lit. 'his child is just one').
\phrase_s Tiene nada más un hijo (lit. 'su niño es sólo uno').
\root sem
\root te
\nse Sentetl seems to be used only as a predicate. Thus the phrase San sentetsi:n i:kone:w has i:kone:w as subject and san
sentetsi:n as predicate. Literally, then, the translation would be 'His child is only one' much like o:me nokal is 'My house(s) is(are) two.' The analysis of
sentetl as only a predicate explains why it does not occur in noun phrases ? kipia sentetsi:n i:kone:w , where one finds instead the form
se: : kipia (san) se: i:kone:w. Sentetl is usually found in the diminutive, often preceded by san , as in san
sentetsi:n 'just one.' It, along with se:, has a pronominal function; thus both o:noka:w san sentetsi:n and o:noka:w san se: , 'just
one was left over,' are both correct. However, sentetl and sentetsi:n can also be used predicatively: san sentetl mokone:w lit., 'your
child is one' (i.e., 'you have one child'). How ever, unlike other numerals , sentetl may not be used attributively.
\nae Sentetl often is used in the diminutive. In these cases it manifests pitch accent séntetsí:n. The reason for the pitch accent in the dimunitive is not
clear. However, it is found in other similar cases, e.g., ó:ntetsí:n. The two most common origins of pitch accent are an underlying {h} and reduplication (reduced onto
a single syllable). In the cases of séntetsí:n and ó:ntetsí:nit is not clear what the basis for pitch accent is since there seems to be no obvious reduplicant at
any level of analysis nor does there seem to be an underlying {h}. Perhaps the te syllable is closed with {h} as a coda. This appears to be supported by comparative
data. Thus Ahuelicán has séntehtsí:n and Totolcitlan sentehtsi:n.
\qry Further investigate the use of /sentetl/ and /ontetl/ both syntactically and also check whether only the diminutive is used. The difference between /sentetsi:n/ and /se:/ is unclear, i.e.,
apparently one can say both /nikpia san se:/ and /nikpia san sentetsi:n/. Determine the difference, if any. At this point a statement such as /nikneki se: tlaxkahli/ seems correct,
whereas ?/nikneki sentetsi:n tlaxkahli/ appears erroneous.
\vl There are 4 additional tokens form 145. These should be given ref. #s 02766, but they will not be linked there. Rather, the better sounding later files from here, 2766, should
be used for the link to the lexicon.
\semref se:sentetl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref se:
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02767
\lxam temonextlako:tl
\lxam_c temonextlako:tl
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Adj-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of tree still unidentified
\sense_s tipo deárbol todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root te-
\root mohnex
\root tlako:
\ref 02768
\lxam mapilkukuwtia
\lxam_c mapilkukuwtia
\lxoa mápilkókohtiá
\lxoa_pr mapilkokohtia
\lxoa_c mápilkókohtiá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-tia
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to get stiff and sore fingers (from excessive work and effort)
\sense_s quedarsele los dedos de la mano adoloridos y tiesos (de un cargo pesado de actividad o trabajo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nimapilkukuwtiak, melá:k yo:nitlakwihoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My fingers have gotten stiff and sore, I really wrote a lot.
\phrase_s Mis dedos se quedaron adoloridos, de veras escribímucho.
\root mah
\root pil
\root kow
\qry Check to determine whether reduplicated form is the most common. Note that /kukuhtia/ is used in Oapan for where /kuhtia/ is used in Ameyaltepec. Also check whether reduced
reduplication is acceptable. For some reason it seems not to be.
\grmx Oapan phonology: Stress assignment: Note that in /mápilkókohtiá/ the first syllable takes pitch from the underlying {mah} and then the first syllable of /kokohtia/ is stressed
from the underlying CVh- reduplication. Apparently reduced reduplication is not acceptable here, although this should be checked.
\ref 02769
\lxam sasa:wa
\lxam_c sasa:wa
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N
\infn N1
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s; Op. prefix te-
\sense_e person covered with a rash, pox, or similar types of skin conditions due to lack of cleanliness
\sense_s persona cubierta de sarpullido, roña u otras enfermedades de la piel que se manifiestan por falta de higiene en granitos, comezón, etc.
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nitesasa:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've covered with a rash.
\phrase_s Estoy muy roñoso.
\semfld disease
\root sa:wa
\fl sa:watl
\nse Apparently sasa:wa indicates a more"time-stable"condition than sasa:wati , indicative of its more nominal characteristics. Although more research
needs to be done, it seems at this stage of analysis that sasa:wa, sasa:watik, and sasa:wati are progressively less time-stable, with the first term
nominal in function, the second adjectival, and the final term verbal. Yet this needs to be further researched.
\qry Check precisely what /sa:watl/ refers to with a person. My only documentation of /sasa:wa/ is reduplicated. Check to certify that this is the case and that the unreduplicated form
does not exist. Also check whether there is a final /h/ in this form. I have not recorded it, and if simply an apocopation of a vowel-final stem noun, the /h/ would not be expected.
Check for possible inflection on /sasa:wa/, copula?
\qry Check time stability re: Apparently sasa:wa indicates a more"time-stable"condition than sasa:wati , indicative of its more nominal characteristics.
Although more research needs to be done, it seems at this stage of analysis that sasa:wa, sasa:watik, and sasa:wati are progressively less
time-stable, with the first term nominal in function and the final term verbal.
\qry Apocopated nouns; predication: One question to answer about apocopated nouns (and indeed nouns in general) is their syntactic role. Certainly some lexicalized apocopated nouns
can be arguments /xkaman nihkwa tsoma/, for example. However, with apocopated nouns that are shortened forms of adjectives or other nouns, it appears that they can only be
used as predicates. They cannot be attributive and they cannot be arguments. Thus cf. /ma:sasa:l/ and /ma:sasa:ltik/. Both can be predicates: /tima:sasa:l/ and /tima:sasa:ltik/, though
the former would seem best classified as a predicate noun and the latter as a predicate adjective. The question is whether such forms as /ma:sasa:l/ can function as arguments and in
an attributive function: xnikanasneki se: sowa:tl ma:sasa:ltik, which seems OK, but ?xnikanasneki se: sowa:tl ma:sasa:l. For all such pairs (e.g., /sasa:wa/ and /sasa:watik/ compare
syntactic possibilities).
\grm Apocopated nouns; predication: One question to answer about apocopated nouns (and indeed nouns in general) is their syntactic role. Certainly some lexicalized
apocopated nouns can be arguments /xkaman nihkwa tsoma/, for example. However, with apocopated nouns that are shortened forms of adjectives or other nouns, it
appears that they can only be used as predicates. They cannot be attributive and they cannot be arguments. Thus cf. /ma:sasa:l/ and /ma:sasa:ltik/. Both can be predicates:
/tima:sasa:l/ and /tima:sasa:ltik/, though the former would seem best classified as a predicate noun and the latter as a predicate adjective. The question is whether such
forms as /ma:sasa:l/ can function as arguments and in an attributive function: xnikanasneki se: sowa:tl ma:sasa:ltik, which seems OK, but ?xnikanasneki se: sowa:tl
ma:sasa:l. For all such pairs (e.g., /sasa:wa/ and /sasa:watik/ compare syntactic possibilities).
\semref ixité:sá:wa; ma:té:sá:wa; kexté:sá:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02770
\lxam kwa:tlapo:wtok
\lxam_c kwa:tlapo:wtok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\compound N-Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be with an open top (a chest or box, a sack)
\sense_s estar con la tapa o parte de arriba abierta (un baúl o caja, un costal o bolsa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwa:tlapo:wtok un ka:jah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That clothes chest has its top open (the cover off or raised).
\phrase_s Este baúl para ropa tiene su tapa abierta (quitada o alzada).
\phrase_n Xwel tiksa:lo:skeh, ti:roh te:ntok, we:i kwa:tlapo:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We won't be able to tie it closed (a sack). It is really full, its top is wide open.
\phrase_s No lo vamos a poder atar y cerrar (un costal). Estállenísimo, estámuy abierto por arriba.
\root kwa:
\root tlapo:
\qry Note that FM accepted the verbal form /kwa:tlapowi/ but not the stative. This needs to be rechecked.
\mod Check how etymology of /tlapowi/ should be analyzed.
\semref te:ntlapo:htok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02771
\lxam tlatsatsakwa
\lxam_c tlatsatsakwa
\lxoa tlá:tsakwá
\lxoa_pr tlá:tsakwa
\lxoa_c tlá:tsakwá
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-3a(kw)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to fill in the colors within the outlined shapes of an amate or other drawing
\sense_s rellenar los espacios de un dibujo de blanco y negro con colores
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlatsatsakwtok nokone:w, ne:chpale:wia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My child is filling in the colors on amates, he is helping me.
\phrase_s Mi hijo estárellenando los amates, me estáayudando.
\root tsakwa
\xref tsakwa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02772
\lxam ile:wilia
\lxam_c kile:wilia
\lxoa ile:wilia
\lxoa_c kile:wilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to covet or want to possess (sth) of (sb)
\sense_s codiciar (algo) a (algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San kite:ile:wilia, xkaman kikowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just covets it (e.g., fruit, other delicious foods) when it belongs to someone else, he never buys it (for himself).
\phrase_s Nada más se lo codicia (p. ej., fruta o algo sabroso para comer) a otra gente, nunca se lo compra (para si mismo).
\root l
\root e:w
\qry Check for underlying {h} after initial /i/.
\grm Phonology: note that in Oapan the sequence /lia/ in the speech of FM often goes to /ya/ thus this word is pronounced like /kilewiya/.
\xref ile:wia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref ile:wiya
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02773
\lxam kwala:ntli
\lxam_c kwala:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e anger; ire
\sense_s enojo; rabia
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ma:ka ipan mokwala:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let it not be with your anger (e.g., that you will do sth)!
\phrase_s ¡Quéno sea con tu enojo (p. ej., que vayas a hacer algo)!
\root kwala:
\qry Get further examples of use in context. Make sure this is not acceptable in Oapan.
\ref 02774
\lxam pipi:na:wi
\lxam_c pipi:na:wi
\lxoa pípi:ná:wi
\lxoa_pr pipi:na:wi
\lxoa_c pípi:ná:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\trans +Caus
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): ní:pi:ná:wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e see pi:na:wi
\sense_s véase pi:na:wi
\sense_d Pending
\nae Although the reduplicated form is more common, this verb has been listed under the unreduplicated pi:na:wi
\ref 02775
\lxam petsiwi
\lxam_c petsiwi
\lxoa petsiwi
\lxoa_c petsiwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become smooth; to become polished (e.g., a stone in a river, a wooden surface with use, etc.)
\sense_s alisarse; pulirse (p. ej., una piedra en el río, la superficie de algo de madera con el uso, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to acquire a smooth coat of fur (e.g., a well-fed animal; syn. pestia)
\sense_s quedarse con el pelo liso (p. ej., un animal bien alimentado; sin. pestia)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld distort-surface
\root pets
\qry Check for any possible difference between /petsiwi/ and /petse:wi/. Check for all possible subjects of this intransitive verb.
\semref petse:wi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 02776
\lxam tlatsi:ntlan
\lxam_alt tlatsi:ntlah
\lxam_c tlatsi:ntlah
\lxoa tlatsi:ntlan
\lxoa_alt tlatsi:ntlan
\lxoa_c tlatsi:ntlah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-3
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e down below (e.g., on an inclined surface, it refers to the lower portion, or the bottom floors of a building, etc.)
\sense_s hacia abajo (p. ej., sobre una superficie inclinada, se refiere a laárea hacia abajo, o los primeros pisos de un edificio, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tetekestik iwiyo pio, xnotsontokatok para tlatsi:ntlah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The feathers of the chicken point upward, they are not inclined downward.
\phrase_s Las plumas de la gallina están apuntadas hacia arriba, no están caídos hacia abajo.
\phrase_n Tlatsi:ntlah xtla:li, ma:ka tlakpak!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Put it down below (or down low), not up high!
\phrase_s ¡Ponlo hacia abajo, no arriba!
\sense_e (-asi or -pia para ~) to have an attack or case of diarrhea
\sense_s (-asi o -pia para ~) tener un ataque de diarrea
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chasik para tlatsi:ntlah, xkwahli yes tli:n o:nkwah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've gotten an attack of diarrhea, what I ate must have been no good.
\phrase_s Me dio un ataque de diarrea, a lo mejor lo que comíno estaba bien.
\phrase_n Nikpia para tlatsi:ntlah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have diarrhea.
\phrase_s Tengo diarrea.
\sense_e (-asi ~) to pull the wool over the eyes of; to fool; to pull the leg of
\sense_s (-asi ~) tomarle el pelo a; agarrar a traición a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chasikeh tlatsi:ntlah. Ne:chkakaya:wan, o:ne:chihlikeh ne:chna:watia jwe:s wa:n xmlá:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They pulled my leg. They trick me. They told me that the village mayor was ordering me (to do something) and it wasn't true.
\phrase_s Me tomaron el pelo. Me vacilan. Me dijeron que el juez del pueblo me ordenó(hacer algo) y no era verdad.
\root tsi:n
\root_rel -tlan
\ency_note locatives
\nse Note that tlatsi:ntlah always (or almost always) has a final /h/ and never an /n/. Compare this to the relational noun -tsi:ntlan in which the final /n/
is always present, at least in Ameyaltepec. Tlatsi:ntlah is used to indicate the general direction toward which something is inclined, goes, or is located. It does not
indicate 'underneath' (cf. tlampa) but rather 'below.' Thus if two people are working on the side of a hill and one inquires about a third, a response might be
nemi tlatsi:ntlah 'he is down below,' i.e., lower down on the hill.
\ref 02777
\lxam tekakawayo
\lxam_c i:tekakawayo
\lxoa te:kawayo
\lxoa_c i:te:kawayo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-yo
\lexical Lex. te- ; Reduced rdp-s*(prev-te)
\infn N2
\sense_e hard shell (of certain animals such as the tortoise, armadillo or tla:lpitsotsi:n , snail or wi:laka , crocodile or a:ketspalin ,
and crab or tekwisiri)
\sense_s concha dura (de ciertos animales como la tortuga, el armadillo o tla:lpitsotsi:n , caracol o wi:laka , cocodrilo o
a:ketspalin y cangrejo o tekwisiri)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e scaly skin (of many fish)
\sense_s piel escamosa (de muchos peces)
\sense_d Pending
\root kawa
\disamb kakawayo; tekakawayo
\semref kakawatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02778
\lxam tla:wa:nka:ki:stinemi
\lxam_c tla:wa:nka:ki:stinemi
\lxoa tla:wa:nka:ki:stimi
\lxoa_c tla:wa:nka:ki:stimi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Part-V1-asp
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to go around drunk
\sense_s salir o andar borracho
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tla:wa:nka:ki:stinemi, xkimati tlachia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He always goes around drunk, he doesn't know how to be sober.
\phrase_s Anda siempre borracho, no sabe estar sobrio.
\root tla:wa:
\root ki:sa
\ref 02779
\lxam xaxawaka
\lxam_c xaxawaka
\lxoa xaxawaka
\lxoa_c xaxawaka
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to make a crunching or cracking sound (sth brittle such as chicharrón , green cantaloupe, or old tortillas)
\sense_s hacer un sonido como de crujido (algo duro y quebradizo como chicharrón, melón verde, o tortillas viejas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xaxawaka un xokotl ke:n tihkwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That plum makes a cracking sound from the way you are eating it.
\phrase_s Esa ciruela hace sonidos como de crujidos por la manera en que te la estás comiendo.
\root xawa:
\nae As an intransitive, this verbal stem has been documented only in the frequentative; the intransitive ? xawa:ni does not occur in the corpus, nor was in accepted by
Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez, Oapan consultants. Nevertheless, the transitive form xawa:niahas been documented in both dialects.
\qry See query under /xaxawatsa/.
\xref xawa:nia
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02780
\lxam tepostli
\lxam_c tepostli
\lxoa tepostli
\lxoa_c tepostli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e metal (in general)
\sense_s metal (en general)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n De tepostli moko:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your pot is made of metal.
\phrase_s Tu olla es de metal.
\sense_e rifle; metal tool (such as a machete, a knife, crowbar, etc.)
\sense_s rifle; herramienta de metal (como un machete, cuchillo, barreta, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Bwe:noh nikpia notepostsi:n, tlateki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have a good metal tool (in this case a machete), it is sharp.
\phrase_s Tengo una buena pieza de metal (en este caso un machete), es cortante.
\sense_e brand (of an animal such as a steer; there are two types: ma:rkah de fwe:goh ; we:i tepostli)
\sense_s hierro; marca de hierro candente (de un animal como becerro; hay dos tipos: ma:rkah de fwe:goh ; we:i tepostli)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkipia itepos, xe kiteposwian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It doesn't have its brand, they haven't branded it yet.
\phrase_s No tiene hierro, todavía no lo marcan con hierro candente.
\sense_e (we:i ~) one of the ways in which an animal can be branded (used on adult or large animals, perhaps sth like 'full metal brand'; cf. ma:rkah de
jue:goh , which is used with small or young animals); brand made of metal and used on adult animals (often pueblos have a we:i tepostli while
individuals have only what is called as marca de fuego, used with smaller animals who are later branded with the we:i tepostli)
\sense_s (we:i ~) uno de las maneras en que se marca un animal con hierro candente (utilizado con animales grandes; cf. ma:rkah de jue:goh , que
se utiliza con los animales pequeños); hierro o marca hecha a fuego aplicada a animales adultas (a menudo los pueblos tienen su we:i tepostli while
individuals solamente tienen lo que se llama una marca de fuego, utilizada con animales más pequeños quienes solamente después se marcan con el
we:i tepostli)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) a chip or flake of metal (that comes from another larger piece of metal)
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) esquirla de metal (que sale de otra pieza de metal más grande)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ki:s iteposio.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A chip of metal flew off it (e.g., a chip of a crowbar that flies off when one strikes a rock).
\phrase_s Le salióuna astilla de metal (p. ej., de una barreta al impactar contra una piedra dura).
\root tepos
\semref we:i tepostli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02781
\lxam kuwi:skitl
\lxam_c kuwi:skitl
\lxoa kowi:skitl
\lxoa_c kowi:skitl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e Zizyphus mexicana, tree of the Rhamnaceae family with edible fruit
\sense_s Zizyphus mexicana,árbol de la familia Rhamnaceae, con fruta comestible
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kuwi:skitl | Bwe:noh para tihkwa:s itla:kihlo. Bwe:noh tikxi:mas deke o:kwihloh moburroh noso moba:kah, mobwe:yeh. Ika tikpapa:kili:s, tikxi:mas kwe:xtik ki:sa,
ke:n pinohli. Tika:pa:tso:s ipan moma, poso:ni ke:n já:bon, tika:poso:nalti:s ipan moma. Dya ika tikpapa:kili:s, xte:kili a:tl para ma chipa:wi, ma ki:sa yesa:tl ka:n
kikukwa. Dya deke o:ki:s, xkonkwi de wa:hki -kowi:skitl-, tiktepo:tskalaktili:s ne: ka:n kipia kwilin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Kowi:skitl : It is good for its fruit, which you can eat. It is [also] good for shaving when your donkey or your cattle or oxen have gotten worms. You
clean it[s wound] with it, you shave it; finely like pinole. Then you moisten it in the palm of your hand, it froths up like soap, you use water to make it froth
up in your hand. And then you clean it[s wound] with it, you pour water onto it so that it gets clean, so that the watery blood gets washed away from where it hurts. And
when it's gone, you grab some dry [ kowi:skitl ] and you shove it into [the wound on] its back, there where it has worms.
\phrase_s Kuwi:skitl : Es bueno para que comas su fruta. Es bueno [también] porque lo puedes cepillar si se agusanótu burro, o tu vaca o buey. Le limpias
[la herida] con ello, lo cepillas para que salga muy fino, sale como pinole. Lo mojas con agua en la palma de la mano, se hace espuma como jabón, lo haces espumar
con agua en la mano. Entonces le limpias [la herida], le viertes agua para que se limpie, para que salga la sangre aguada donde le duele. Y cuando ya salió, agarras [
kuwi:skitl ] seco, y se lo metes [en la herida] por el lomo alládonde tiene gusanos.
\phrase_n Bwe:noh deke toma:wak wa:n weyak para tira:ntes, no: para mori:yos.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If it is thick and long [the kowi:skitl ] is good for tira:ntes , and also for mori:yos.
\phrase_s Si es grueso y largo, [el kuwi:skitl ] es bueno para tirantes, también para morillos.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root ko
\root i:ski
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this simply as a limoncillo and of the family Ramnaceae. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the
limoncillo.Schoenhals (1988) mentions under limoncillo:"1. Wild lemon or any of a number of plants sharing some characteristic with the lemon--especially
odor. 2. (Zanthoxylumspp., e.g., Z. fagara) 'wild lime', lime prickly ash' See colima."And then, under colima:"(Zanthoxylumspp., e.g., Z.
fagara) 'wild lime,' 'lime prickly ash' Thorny branches; intense odor; yellow wood; yellowish-green flowers. The bitter taste deters wildlife from eating the leaves. Also
called alacrán, limoncillo, rabo de lagarto."Guizar and Sánchez (1991:127) list a member of the genus Zanthoxylum, of the species fagara. It is known in
Spanish as palo hediondo and is of the family Rutaceae. Several consultants identified this as the jorongoro(sic).
\qry Etymology should be checked but perhaps related to /i:skitl/. It would appear that many tree names that begin with /ku(w)/ are related to the root /kuh/ or /kwaw/. Cf. /i:skitl/,
/mi:skitl/.
\semref kowi:skiámó:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref kowi:skikuwtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kowi:sikohtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02782
\lxam weli:tia
\lxam_alt weli:ltia
\lxam_c kweli:tia
\lxoa weli:ltia
\lxoa_alt weli:tia
\lxoa_c kiweli:ltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (~ [noun]) to teach [an activity associated with noun] to
\sense_s (~ [sustantivo]) enseñar [una actividad asociada con el sustantivo, como el hablar una lengua] a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chweli:ti:s mejika:noh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will teach me to speak Nahuatl.
\phrase_s Me va a enseñar a hablar náhuatl.
\root wel
\disamb weli:tia; mamaxtia
\xref weli
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02783
\lxam mirasó:l
\lxam_c mirasó:l
\lxoa miraso:l
\lxoa_c miraso:l
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan mirasol
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e sunflower
\sense_s mirasol; girasol
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mirasó:l | San para tio:pan konka:wan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Mirasó:l : It is only (used) for being left in the church (as an offering).
\phrase_s Mirasó:l : Solamente es para que la dejan en la iglesia (como ofrenda).
\qry Check vl for /tio:pan/. Vowel length is also uncertain for /a/ in Oapan pronunciation. Check.
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1988) has under mirasol:"1. (Helianthus annus) 'sunflower.' See flor de gigantón. 2. (Tithoniaspp., e.g., T. rotundifolia, T.
tubaeformis) 'yellow tithonia,' bush sunflower.' See girasol. 3. (Cosmos sulphureus) 'yellow cosmos.' See girasol amarillo. 4. (Cosmos bipinnatus)
'purple cosmos.' See girasol morado."
\semfld flower
\ref 02784
\lxam kwa:tlatla:hloh
\lxam_c kwa:tlatla:hloh
\lxoa kwa:tla:hloh
\lxoa_c kwa:tla:hloh
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am)
\sense_e to have a dirty head, covered with earth and dirt
\sense_s tener la cabeza sucia y llena de tierra
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xnama:ltika:yokeh. Nankwa:tla:hlokeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You all are not cleanly bathed. You all have dirty heads.
\phrase_s No están ustedes bien bañados. tienen las cabezas llenas de tierras.
\root kwa:
\root tla:l
\ref 02785
\lxam kaka:nia
\lxam_c kikaka:nia
\lxoa áká:nia
\lxoa_pr aka:nia
\lxoa_c káká:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to sift, particularly in removing the chaff from a grain
\sense_s cribar o cerner, particularmente para quitar el hollejo de granos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikaka:ni:s noyew, ke:n kipia tlasohli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to sift my beans, they have a lot of chaff.
\phrase_s Voy a cribar mis frijoles, tienen bastante hollejo.
\sense_e (fig.) to give a bad reputation to; to speak poorly of (a person)
\sense_s (fig.) darle una mala reputación a; hablar mal de (una persona)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tine:chkaka:nitinemi pa:mpa tine:chtete:ne:wtinemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You go around giving me a bad reputation because you go around talking about me behind my back.
\phrase_s Andas hablando mal de mi porque dices cosas a mis espaldas.
\root kahka: -?-
\ency_note grain preparation
\nse In one sense, this verb refers to the action of sifting sand, corn, beans, etc. with a mesh net (sieve, or arnero, criba or cedazo). It can also
refer to the action of cleaning material such as grains by tossing them up and blowing the chaff away with ones breath. This is often done with beans.
\nae The etymology of kaka:nia or áká:nia is unclear, but perhaps it is related to yeyekatl. No cognates have yet been documented in other
dialects. The lack of cognates and the fact that Oapan pitch accent can result either from reduplication or from underlying {h} in the root makes it impossible to determine whether
the underlying form is {(k)ahka:nia} as a single stem or {(k)ah + ka:nia} as a reduplicated stem. Moreover, until comparative evidence is in, it is not certain that the initial /k/ deletes
in Oapan Nahuatl, although this is likely.
\nde In Oapan the verbal form is definitely with an initial /a/. This should be rechecked in Ameyaltepec. The action in Oapan refers to pouring a grain such as maize or beans from one
basket to another, letting the wind take away the chaff. When using wire mesh the term /kí:techíki/, tlayó:ltechiki is used.
\qry Determine etymology. No similar forms have been found in Karttunen or Molina. I have included the first syllable as part of the root, and not as a lexicalized reduplication, but this
might well be in error. Also, recheck the precise meaning of the metaphorical usage (i.e., 'to speak bad of', 'to give a bad reputation to', etc. and try to determine the semantic basis
for this metaphoric meaning. In the future recheck Oapan /káká:nia/ to make sure that the pitch accent is not the result of reduplication.
\qry_h Check SJ for location of /h/.
\xref kaka:nia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref áka:nília
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02786
\lxam tekahli
\lxam_c tekahli
\lxoa tekahli
\lxoa_alt te:kahli
\lxoa_c te:kahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e circle of stones (one or two high) that serves as a retaining wall around cultivated trees to keep water near the trunk and roots
\sense_s círculo de piedras (de una altura de una o dos piedras) que funciona para retener el agua cerca del tronco y las raices de unárbol cultivado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia itekal nolimonkuwtsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My lemon tree has a small circle of stones around it.
\phrase_s Mi limón tiene un pequeño círculo de piedras a su alrededor.
\sense_e seed garden (such as a tlapacho:hli) that has been encircled by a row of stones to prevent the soil from being washed away
\sense_s huertita (como un tlapacho:hli) que se rodea por una fila de piedras para que no se deslave la tierra
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikte:n notekal ika chi:lyo:hli para ma:ka a:to:ko:s un tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've spread chile seeds in my protected seed garden (protected in that has a row of stones around its perimeter) (it has a perimeter of stones) so that the earth does not get
washed away.
\phrase_s He sembrado semillas de chile en mi huertita que estáprotegida (con una fila de piedras por su perímetro), (tiene las piedras) para que no se deslave la tierra.
\root te
\root kal
\disamb tekahli; tewipa:ntli
\nae The Oapan headword for this entry has a definite long vowel, that is unexplained given the etymology and meaning of this word. It may be that Oapan te:kahli is a
distinct word, or variation on a stem, than Ameyaltepec tekahli. Or it may be that the vowel length of the latter has been mistakenly recorded as short. Note that if
Oapan te:kahli were related to the reduplicated form of kahlithen one would expect pitch accent, which is not manifested. However, it appears more
likely that the length is idiosyncratic. Checking with other consultants this word always has a short vowel. Thus the recorded example needs to be rechecked.
\qry Check use of /a:to:kowa/ in example. Check def. of /tekahli/ as not only the wall but also the enclosed land. Can /tekahli/ be possessed with /-yo/? Also, the illustrative sentence
/O:nikte:n notekal ika chi:lyo:hli para ma:ka a:to:ko:s un tla:hli/ is not clear since it appears that the seed garden is being filled with chile seeds so that the earth doesn't wash away?
Recheck.
\mod Illustrate.
\vl Note: unexplained long vowel in Oapan word, perhaps different etymology or meaning? Check vl.
\ref 02787
\lxam ti:satl
\lxam_c ti:satl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of chalky, powdery white stone called tiza in provincial Mexican Spanish
\sense_s tiza, typo de piedra blanca y polverosa
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ti:satl nokwi para kwa:k se: kitlakalisneki ikone:tsi:n. Nokwe:chowa ipan metatl ika to:toltekakawatl. Koni. Xok kitlakalis ikone:tsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Ti:satl is used when (a woman) is in danger of aborting her child. It is ground up on a metate with eggshell. She drinks it. She will no longer suffer an
abortion.
\phrase_s Ti:satl se emplea cuando (una mujer) estáen peligro de abortar a su niño. Se muele sobre un metate con cáscara de huevo. Se lo bebe. Ya no va a sufrir
un aborto.
\semfld stone
\semfld medicine
\root ti:sa
\qry Vowel length definite as recorded. Check and cf. to /a:ti:satl/. Make sure that possession is OK.
\nse My notes show that this type of stone is referred to both as ti:satl and titi:satl. Some individuals use the former, others the latter; it is not clear whether
these two words refer to the same object (differing only in regard to the personal preference of speakers) or whether there is actually some difference between the two words. Note,
however, that one consultant mentioned that titi:satl is used when children grind up ti:satl very finely in order to play with it. This would be in accord
with the use of reduplication to indicate"play words"and metaphoric extensions.
\semref titi:satl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 02788
\lxam tenextokia
\lxam_c tenextokia
\lxoa tenextokia
\lxoa_c tenextokia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make lime in a lime kiln
\sense_s hacer cal en un horno
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xok tenextoki:lo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Lime is not made in a furnace anymore (i.e., it is all bought commercially).
\phrase_s La cal ya no se hace en los hornos (esto es, todo se compra comercialmente).
\root te
\root nex
\root toki
\ency_note tenexko:ntli; perhpas use this an example of why an encyclopedic approach is necessary. Lime kilm, types of stones used, etc.
\qry Check perfective form.
\ref 02789
\lxam tu:tuh
\lxam_c tu:tuh
\lxoa to:toh
\lxoa_alt to:ton
\lxoa_c to:toh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Baby
\der N-bb
\sense_e hot (in regards to the temperature of a physical object)
\sense_s caliente (en cuanto a la temperatura de un objeto material)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld baby
\root to:n lu:loh
\nae For the phonology of long /u:/, see entry under Am lu:loh or Oa lo:loh
\grm Oapan phonology; phonetics: Note that it is common in Oapan Nahuatl for h>n in word/phrase-final position. This is the case here with IJ's pronunciation. It seems clear
that the underlying phone is {h}, which in his speech surfaces as [ng].
\ref 02790
\lxam te:amanki
\lxam_c te:amanki
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\infa pl. te:amankeh
\sense_e to be bothersome (particularly a person or animate being)
\sense_s ser latoso; ser molestoso (particularmente una persona o ser animado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:amanki. Segi:doh kitlatlani tli:n kipolowa, san nochi kitlatlani, nochi kipolowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is bothersome. He's always asking for what he's missing, he asks for everything, he needs everything.
\phrase_s Es latoso. Seguido pide lo que le hace falta, se pide todo, todo le hace falta.
\root ahmana
\disamb te:aman
\vl NOTE: please label all male and female utterances here with #3707; use letters c, d, etc. to avoid having a repeat when 3707 is actually segmented and tagged.
\semref té:yamán
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02791
\lxam kakapaxiwi
\lxam_c tekakapaxiwi
\lxoa te:kapaxiwi
\lxoa_c te:kapaxiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Op. prefix te- (Am); Lex. prefix te- (Oa); Reduced rdp-s*(prev-te)
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to acquire a rough surface; to get rough and scaly or flaky skin
\sense_s adquirir o tener una superficieáspera; llegar a tener la pieláspera y escamosa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nikakapaxiw pa:mpa o:ne:chkwah to:nahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My skin got rough and scaly because it was overexposed to the sun.
\phrase_s Se me pusoáspera y escamosa la piel por haberme sobrexpuesto al sol.
\phrase_n Yo:nikakapaxiw, nikpia tso:tso:meh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My skin got rough, I have pimples.
\phrase_s Mi piel se pusoáspera, tengo granitos.
\phrase_n Xo:tika:pachoh motso:tsokol. Yo:pe:w popo:ni, yo:pe:w tekakapaxiwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You didn't soak your water jug in water, it's surface has started to pop and open up, it's surface has started to get rough and flaky.
\phrase_s No metiste tu cántaro en agua. Ya se le empezóa levantar la superficie, ya se pusoáspero al descarapelarse.
\semfld distort-surface
\qry Check difference in Am between /kakapaxiwi/ and /tekakapaxiwi/; check how this variation/difference if it does exist
\nae The initial syllable of Oapan te:kapaxiwi apparently reflects the use of te- as a dummy morpheme on which the reduplicant is reduced; note that in
Ameyaltepec one always finds kakapaxiwi or tekakapaxiwi , i.e., always with a reduplicant. Note, therefore, that whereas in Ameyaltepec the
contrast kakapaxiwi and tekakapaxiwi probably has some semantic impact (e.g., on potential subjects), in Oapan the grammaticalization of
te- means that no such opposition is present.
\grm Oapan phonology; dummy morpheme; te- : The initial syllable of Oapan te:kapaxiwi apparently reflects the use of te- as a dummy
morpheme on which the reduplicant is reduced; note that in Ameyaltepec one always finds kakapaxiwi or tekakapaxiwi , i.e., always with a
reduplicant. Note, therefore, that whereas in Ameyaltepec the contrast kakapaxiwi and tekakapaxiwi probably has some semantic impact
(e.g., on potential subjects), in Oapan the grammaticalization of te- means that no such opposition is present.
\root kapax
\semref te:kapaxe:wi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02792
\lxam ne:nepantsi:n
\lxam_c ne:nepantsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e type of plant known for its flower, still not identified (apparently this is another variety of the zinia, also known as ka:ka:waltsi:n)
\sense_s tipo de planta conocida por su flor, todavía no identificada (aparentemente es otra variedad de la zinia, también conocida como ka:ka:waltsi:n)
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld fl
\root nepan
\nse This is also known as ka:ka:waltsi:n de ne:nepantsi:n , it just recently started to appear, probably as the result of some seeds that got loose in the area.
\semref sásanmigé:ltsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02793
\lxam tsotsonilia
\lxam_c kitsotsonilia
\lxoa tsotsonilia
\lxoa_c kitsotsonilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to play for (a musical instrument, particularly string instruments such as a guitar or violin, or a musical apparatus such as a radio or record player)
\sense_s tocar para (un instrumento musical, particularmente los con cuerdas como guitarra o violín, o un aparato musical como un radio o tocadiscos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chtsotsonili"Xo:chipitsa:wak!"
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Play"Xo:chipitsa:wak"for me!
\phrase_s ¡Toca"Xo:chipitsa:wak"para mí!
\root tsona
\nse In Oapan tsotsonilia is used to refer to the action of young children who might be banging on things such as a tin can, bowl, etc. For the meaning 'to play a musical
instrument for' only tla:tsoniliais used.
\nae Interestingly whereas with the nonspecific object tla- reduplication reduction takes place in Oapan Nahuatl and one finds tla:tsona, with a specific object
this does not occur (or, at least, is very rare). Thus whereas one finds tla:tsona, tla:tsonilia, tla:tsonilistli, among other forms, one finds
kitsotsona, ne:xtsotsonilia with specific objects. This is a good illustrative example of the interrelationship between reduplication and specificity.
\grm Reduplication; reduction; specificity; transitivity: Interestingly whereas with the nonspecific object tla- reduplication reduction takes place in Oapan Nahuatl
and one finds tla:tsona, with a specific object this does not occur (or, at least, is very rare). Thus whereas one finds tla:tsona,
tla:tsonilia, tla:tsonilistli, among other forms, one finds kitsotsona, ne:xtsotsonilia with specific objects. This is a
good illustrative example of the interrelationship between reduplication and specificity.
\vl Note that female speaker first mistakenly says /kitetso:tsonilia/. This is a mistaken utterance. Please tag this as 07598 female1, give it letter c, since later parsing with give
elicitation recordings a and b.
\xref tsotsona
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02794
\lxam to:naka:yo:tl
\lxam_c to:naka:yo:tl
\lxoa to:naka:yo:tl
\lxoa_alt tonaka:yo:tl
\lxoa_alt to:naka:yo:w
\lxoa_c to:naka:yo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-yo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e basic sustenance: maize, tortillas, and even beans (for a few people), i.e., that which is the fruit of the earth and the staple diet of people in Ameyaltepec
\sense_s subsistencia básica: maíz, tortillas y (para algunas pocas personas) hasta frijoles, esto es, lo que es la fruta de la tierra y la base de subsistencia para la gente de
Ameyaltepec
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n To:naka:yo:tl pa:mpa yewa tihkwan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is (called) to:naka:yo:tl because it is what we eat.
\phrase_s Es (llamado) to:naka:yo:tl porque es lo que comemos.
\root to:na
\nse Although many consultants restricted the meaning of to:naka:yo:tl to maize and its products (such as tortillas), Luis Lucena mentioned that to:naka:yo:tl
can include beans and squash among its referents.
\nae An effort to elicit a possessed form yielded noto:naka:yo:w but it is quite possible that this form is simply the result of the pressure to produce a possessed variant
under the stimulation of elicitation. Documentation in natural discourse yielded only the unpossessed to:naka:yo:tl. The length of the vowels in this word have been a
source of discussion; Carochi marks to:naka:yo:tl (Lockhart p. 452) and the accepted interpretation is that this lexeme is a nominalized form of the verb to:na.
Nevertheless, it appears that the initial vowel of Inocencio Jiménez's speech is quite short, and this might reflect a reanalysis, or folk etymology, of this word. However, it would be
best to compare his pronunciaton of this nominalization with his for the verb to:na. In Oapan most people seem to pronounce this as to:naka:yo:tl,
however, Carlota Pantaleón definately had both the form with final -yo:tl and -yo:w (with the length of t he final / o:/ in the latter uncertain, as is the
length of the initial to:.
\qry Determine whether or not the possessed form exists; cf. to /Tona:n to:naka:yo:w/? and ask speakers for their interpretation of the etymology of /to:naka:yo:tl/.
\grm Vowel length variation; Nahuatl phonology: An effort to elicit a possessed form yielded noto:naka:yo:w but it is quite possible that this form is simply the
result of the pressure to produce a possessed variant under the stimulation of elicitation. Documentation in natural discourse yielded only the unpossessed
to:naka:yo:tl. The length of the vowels in this word have been a source of discussion; Carochi marks to:naka:yo:tl (Lockhart p. 452) and the
accepted interpretation is that this lexeme is a nominalized form of the verb to:na. Nevertheless, it appears that the initial vowel of Inocencio Jiménez's speech is
quite short, and this might reflect a reanalysis, or folk etymology, of this word. However, it would be best to compare his pronunciaton of this nominalization with his for the
verb to:na.
\vl Use second female token, and second male token.
\ref 02795
\lxam ma:tlakwa
\lxam_c ma:tlakwa
\lxoa ma:tlakwa
\lxoa_c ma:tlakwa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der tla-V2
\infv class-1
\sense_e literally 'eating hand,' said of a woman who is given a certain amount of food (such as masa to make into tortillas) that is usually enough to feed those eating
but with this woman preparing the food they remain unsatisfied, lacking food
\sense_s literalmente 'mano que come,' dicho de una mujer a quien se le da cierta cantidad de comida (como, por ejemplo, masa para hacer tortillas) que por lo general alcanza a
dar de comer a la gente, pero cuando esta mujer prepara la comida ellos se quedan con hambre
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root kwa
\grm Lexicalization; Null complement: Note that with /ma:tlakwa/ the presence/infixation of /tla-/ should be taken as further evidence that /tlakwa/ is a derived (detransitivized)
verb.
\vl NOTE: make sure to not tag the form /ma tlakwa/. The first two female utterances and first male utterance is /ma tlakwa/ (with a short initial /a/). This is an error, do not tag.
Then, the final 4 utterances are correct: /ma:tlakwa/. These should be tagged.
\semref ma:teyo:ti
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02796
\lxam ihlia
\lxam_c kihlia
\lxoa ihlia
\lxoa_c kihlia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-b
\infv class-2a
\irregular In Oapan the 3sgO is often deleted when preceded by an overt subject: n'ihlia.
\sense_e to tell; to mention to; to advise or give notice to (sb, about sth having occurred)
\sense_s decir; mencionar; notificar, avisar o advertir a (algn, acerca de algo acaecido)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Oksepa xkihli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tell it to him again!
\phrase_s Díselo otra vez!
\phrase_n Yo:ne:chihlikeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They have already notified me.
\phrase_s Ya me avisaron.
\phrase_n Xekihlia, pero yo:kinemilih para kihli:s, kiyo:le:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He hasn't mentioned anything to her yet (in this case his plans for marriage), but he has already thought about telling her, he's going to court her.
\phrase_s Todavía no le ha dicho nada (en este caso, sobre sus planes de matrimonio), pero ya ha pensado decirle algo, la va a cortejar.
\phrase_n San timitsihlia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm just telling you (i.e., you will take it from here, or decide).
\phrase_s Solamente te lo digo (esto es, tu determinas lo que va a pasar, tu decides).
\sense_e (recipr.) to debate; to discuss
\sense_s (recipr.) hablar sobre un tema; consultarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timohlian kamanon tia:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We discuss when we will go.
\phrase_s Discutimos cuándo vamos a ir.
\sense_e (itlah + recipr.) to get into a verbal argument or fight
\sense_s (itlah + recipr.) debatir; discutir; pelearse en una discusión
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkaman itlah nohlian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They never get into a fight (i.e., shouting match, saying things to each other).
\phrase_s Nunca discuten (esto es, nunca se pelean con palabras, nunca se dicen cosas).
\phrase_n Ke:no:n nohlian?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How do they discuss things among themselves?
\phrase_s ¿Cómo hablan entre si?
\sense_e (with te:-) to reveal (a secret); to tell about or to tell people
\sense_s (con te:-) revelar (un secreto); decir (algo) a la gente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Saniman kite:ihlia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He tells people about it (e.g., sth that happened, sth he was told, etc.) right away.
\phrase_s Luego luego se lo dice a la gente (p. ej., algo que sucedió, algo que se le había dicho, etc.).
\sense_e (with directional prefix and te:-) to send word about (with sb not specified)
\sense_s (con un prefijo direccional y te:-) mandar avisar o decir sobre (con algn no especificado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kwa:lte:ihlih yo:mik motah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He sent word back with someone that your father had died.
\phrase_s Mandóaviso aquícon alguien que tu papáse había muerto.
\semfld communicate
\root hli
\nae In Oapan the 3rd-person object prefix k- is usually dropped after an overt subject prefix. Thus nihli:s 'I will tell him (it).' Orthographically this is
represented as n'ihli:s. See discussion under ilka:wa. Note that in the 2nd-person plural for Oapan Nahuatl one finds forms such as
ni:hli:seh with the loss of final nasal of the subject prefix as well as the deletion of the 3rd-person singular object.
\mod Perhaps add /kihlia/ as a separate entry as a modal marking reported speech.
\grm Note the embedded question and following syntax: /Timohlian kamanon tia:skeh/ 'We discuss when we will go' Add to sitautions in which embedded question is used.
\grm Oapan phonology: Oapan has the forms ni:hlia for nikihlia. This would apparently contrast with the reflexive nihlia although I
was not able to obtain this latter form in elicitation; cf. ilka:waand ítowá. The /i:/ is lengthened from the double vowel that results from the
intervocalic loss of /k/. The same occurs with ní:towá. Note that in the 2nd-person plural for Oapan Nahuatl one finds forms such as ni:hli:seh
with the loss of final nasal of the subject prefix.
\ref 02797
\lxam patla:naltia
\lxam_c kipatla:naltia
\lxoa patla:naltia
\lxoa_c kipatla:naltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca[ni]
\trans from nondirected alternation
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to blow or carry away (e.g., the wind [S] of an object)
\sense_s hacer volar (p. ej., el viento [S] a un objeto)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kipatla:naltih yeyekatl, o:postek.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The wind carried it away, it broke.
\phrase_s Por el viento lo hizo volar, se rompió.
\root patla:
\nse In Oapan most often instead of patla:naltia one often hears kí:wí:ka yéyé:katl if something, particularly something light, is simply carried away by the wind
(e.g., feathers, etc.). If a heavier object is blown away chipatla:naltiais used.
\semref chipatla:naltia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref patla:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02798
\lxam xa:metlatl
\lxam_c xa:metlatl
\lxoa xa:metlatl
\lxoa_c xa:metlatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound S-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e specific type of metate, or flat grinding stone for corn, that has three legs
\sense_s tipo específico de metate que tiene tres patas
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tool-cook
\root xa:
\root metla
\ency_note metlatl (or, cooking utensils in general)
\nse In Ameyaltepec, at least, the term xa:metlatl is rarely used, and although most people have heard it there is some disagreement as to its meaning and even
pronunciation (one or two individuals pronounced this xa:lmetlatl , although others claimed that this was in error). Many Ameyaltepequeños contrast the
xa:metlatl with the temetlatl , both of which are considered types of metates.
\ref 02799
\lxam kwa:tebo:lah
\lxam_c kwa:tebo:lah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) bola
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infn N1; pl. kwa:tebola:meh
\sense_e type of greyish-colored Flycatcher, probably of the genus Myiarchus, though the exact species has not been identified; some consultants in Ameyaltepec me han
dicho que es un tipo de si:bara:tl
\sense_s tipo de pájaro de los llamado"Flycatcher, probablemente del género Myiarchus, aunque la especie precisa no ha sido determinada; algunos en Ameyaltepec me
han dicho que es un tipo de si:bara:tl
\sense_d Am
\src_s Inocencio Díaz, Ameyaltepec, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 41, various
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root kwa:
\semref kwa:teporo:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 02800
\lxam to:naltlatsiwi
\lxam_c to:naltlatsiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to feel or become lazy because of the heat
\sense_s sentirse flojera o quedar flojo a causa del calor
\sense_d Am
\root to:na
\root tlats
\nse In Oapan one would say, perhaps to:nalmihka:tsi:nfor someone who suffers a lot from the heat. Or, one could say tlatsiwi yan to:nahli 'to feel lazy from
the sun' or kitlatska:kwi:tia to:nahli, etc.
\ref 02801
\lxam tla:ltekomatl
\lxam_c tla:ltekomatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e water jug or canteen made of earth and with two ring/handles on either side (now generally from Tulimán although formerly made in Ameyaltepec)
\sense_s camtimplora de barro con dos astas (generalmente de Tulimán aunque antiguamente hecha en Ameyaltepec)
\sense_d Am
\semfld tool-house
\root tla:l
\root tekoma
\mod Illustrate
\qry Originally I had this as water jug but C. Flores changed the meaning to the same as /tla:la:tekomatl/.
\semref tla:la:tekomatl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02802
\lxam kwe:kwetla
\lxam_c kwe:kwetla
\lxoa kwe:kwetla
\lxoa_c kwe:kwetla
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-l (Oa); Lex. rdp-s (Am)
\infn N1
\sense_e hanging pod (of a guaje, mezquite tree, certain beans, etc., e.g., kwekwetla wa:xin 'guaje pod')
\sense_s vaina colgante (del guaje, mezquite y ciertos frijoles, etc., p. ej., kwekwetla wa:xin 'vaina del guaje')
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nihkwa:sneki kwa:k kwe:kwetla.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I want to eat it when the pod is still edible.
\phrase_s Lo quiero comer cuando la vaina estécomestible.
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\root kwetla:
\nse Apparently this is a reduplicated and apocopated, nominalized variant of kwetla:ni. My original file card had kwe:kwetla wa:xin 'vaina del guaje.'
Given the form of the wa:xin fruit it is likely that this noun refers to the hanging nature of these pods. Note that the phrase kwa:k kwe:kwetla refers to a
state in bean growth when they can be eaten with their pods.
\qry Also to be checked is the absence of a possessive marker, since a form ?/ikwekwetla wa:xin/ might be expected. Also check vowel length and final /h/ (i.e., present or absent).
Check also if this only refers to the pods when they are hanging, or also after cut down. What other fruits/trees have their /kwekwetla/, etc., etc. How is this used.
\nde If small, the diminutive kwe:kwetlatsi:h is used. Other plants that have this are tla:lwa:xih, yexo:tl, and komo:chitl,.
\ref 02803
\lxam -tipan
\lxam_c tlapextipan
\lxoa -tipan
\lxoa_alt -tipah
\lxoa_c tlapextipan, tlapextipah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Suf(loc)
\der ti-N(rel)
\sense_e combinational form of the relational noun -panused after nominal stems to indicate 'on [noun]'
\sense_s forma combinatoria del sustantivo relacional -panpara usarse después de una raíz nominal
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root_rel -pan
\vl Use second male token for -tipah, second female token for -tipan.
\ref 02804
\lxam manilia
\lxam_c kimanilia
\lxoa manilia
\lxoa_c kimanilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to set down (sth) for
\sense_s poner o echar (algo) para
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (~ tlaxkahli) to make tortillas for
\sense_s (~ tlaxkahli) echar tortillas para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikhili:s ma mitsmanili motlaxkal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll tell her to make some tortillas for you.
\phrase_s Le voy a decir que te eche unas tortillas.
\root man
\mod Make sure that xv2ao link is to correct entry for tlamanilia, the V2.
\qry Check to determine whether /niktlamanili:s nokoto:n/ and /ne:chtlamanili:s nopá:ntalon/ are correct. Discuss this in terms of the grammatical point made below.
\grm Note the problem of both manilia and tlamanilia being bivalent. Note the following discussion. Apparently in the above phrases, e.g.,
niktlamanili:s nokoto:n the verb manilia is a ditransitive meaning, more or less, 'to lay (sth) on or for (sth).' Thus the meaning 'to"lay"a tortilla
on (a griddle) for you' and well as 'to patch,' i.e., 'to lay (a piece of cloth) on (top of the hole) of my shirt.' Here tla- is the secondary object (what is laid down,
i.e., the patch) and the specific object is the primary object (here the wornout shirt).However, it also appears that tlamanilia itself may be a ditransitive verb,
as in ne:chtlamanili:s nopá:ntalon 'she will fix my pants for me,' where ne:ch is the primary object and nopá:ntalon is the
secondary object. In this use, if there is no specific secondary object, tla- is used, with the resultant form ne:chtlatlamanili:s 's/he will mend (sth)
for me.' The fact tha t this occ urs suggests that tlamanilia as a ditransitive itself should be a separate entry and not listed under the ditransitive
manilia. Thus in niktlamanili:s nokoto:n it would appear that manilia is ditransitive and the tla- reduces the
valency, leaving the object fixed, i.e., 'my shirt,' as the only object. Here, in the terminology of noun incorporation, tla- is a"saturating"and occupies the slot of
an argument, reducing the valency of the resultant verb (tlamanilia is monovalent). However, in the case of ne:chtlamanili:s nopá:ntalon 'she
will fix my pants for me,' the tla- does not reduce the valency of manilia , and the"compound"remains bivalent (the primary object is
ne:ch and the secondary object, not marked on the verb since it is specific, is nopá:ntalon). Thus this represents"modifying"incorporation, or
Mithun's Type II. However, if this is the case it is i nteresting that in effect th at tla- does n ot appear to"modify"anything.
\semref i:xpepextia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref mana
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlamanilia
\xref_t val_reduce2
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02805
\lxam pi:na:wi
\lxam_c pi:na:wi
\lxoa pi:na:wi
\lxoa_c pi:na:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (usually with short vowel reduplication) to be ashamed or embarrassed
\sense_s (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) tener vergüenza o estar muy apenado
\sense_d Pending
\root pi:na:
\nde The unreduplicated form is rarely used in either dialect.
\xref pi:na:wtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref pi:na:htia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02806
\lxam i:xte:ntenexe:wi
\lxam_c i:xte:ntenexe:wi
\lxoa i:xte:ntenexe:wi
\lxoa_c i:xte:ntenexe:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for ones eye to become clouded over or white (e.g., after having been hit with sth)
\sense_s nublarsele los ojos hasta quedarse algo blanco (p. ej., al ser alcanzado con un garrote, piedrita, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pe:w ti:xte:ntetenexiwi. Xok tlitli:ltik mi:xtewa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your eyes have started to get clouded over. Your eyes are no longer black.
\phrase_s Tus ojos se han empezado a nublarse. Ya no están negros tus ojos.
\sense_e to get a cataract (and have the pupil of ones eye to become whitish grey)
\sense_s tener un catarata
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root te
\root nex
\nse One definition that a consultant gave referred to a cataract, another speaker mentioned carnosidad. However, another word, i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi was
once translated as 'to have the eye condition called carnosidad. It is not clear whether a distinction is made and, if so, which verb refers to which condition.
\qry Check to see if /i:xte:ntenexe:wi/ may mean cataract, carnosidad, or both. Cf. the difference between /i:xte:ntenexe:wi/ and /i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi/. Check for non-existence of transtive
form.
\root_notes Under root /tenex/ mention connection to /te/ and /nex/, i.e., 'stone' and 'ash.'
\ref 02807
\lxam chikilia
\lxam_c kichikilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-b
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e see techikilia
\sense_s véase techikilia
\sense_d Am
\semfld distort-shapeur
\root hchiki
\qry Perhaps remove this entry; FM denied that this form was acceptable. Recheck in Ameyaltepec.
\xref chiki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 02808
\lxam sakawistli
\lxam_c sakawistli
\lxoa sakawistli
\lxoa_c sakawistli
\lxgen sakawistli
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e type of grass still not identified
\sense_s tipo de zacate todavía no identificado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sakawistli, witsioh iteyo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The plant called sakawistli , its spike is thorny.
\phrase_s La planta llamada sakawistli , su espiga tiene púas.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root saka
\root wits
\notes_nature According to Silvestre Pantaleón (Oa) and Inocencio Díaz (Am) this is the same as sakakahli and is so called because it is used for thatching. According to
Cristino Flores these are two different species.
\qry Determine the precise meaning of /iteyo/, and proper cientific name.
\ref 02809
\lxam ke:tspantlapo:wi
\lxam_c ke:tspantlapo:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to have ones fly to open up on one (of a male; Oapan synonym: sié:rratlapówi)
\sense_s abrirsele la bragueta a (un hombre; sinónimo en Oapan: sié:rratlapówi)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:nike:tspantlapo:w, xakah o:ne:chihlih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The fly of my pants opened up, no one told me about it.
\phrase_s Se me abrióla bragueta de mis pantalones, nadie me lo dijo.
\sense_e to have (a female, such as one who is wearing a wrap-around skirt) the front or side of one's dress open up (Oapan synonym: kwe:tlapowi)
\sense_s abrirsele la falda o vestido por enfrente o de lado a (una mujer, p.ej., una tiene una falda con que se envuelve; sinónimo en Oapan: kwe:tlapowi)
\sense_d Am
\root ke:ts
\root tlapo:
\root_rel -pan
\qry Check perfective formation of /tlapowi/, i.e. for appearance of vowel length that is neutralized in the context of present tense. Determine the causative/applicative, i.e. 'she opened
the fly of my pants'; is this with /-tlapoa/ or /tlapowilia/? Perhaps it should be /ompilkatoya/ in above phrase.
\qry_fon NOTE: It seems with C. Flores, at least in discussing this word, that the /o:/ was clearly long. CHECK.
\ref 02810
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry has been eliminated as a duplicate of 3938.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\vl The 4 Oapan tokens here should be tagged as 3938; but they should not be linked given that the latter recordings/tokens are probably better.
\ref 02811
\lxam ma:papachka
\lxam_c ma:papachka
\lxoa ma:papachka
\lxoa_c ma:papachka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[stem-final vowel loss]
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to have ones hand sweat (on one)
\sense_s sudarsele la mano
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nima:papachkatok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My hand is sweating.
\phrase_s Se me estásudando la mano.
\root ma:
\root pach
\fl papachka
\semref ma:ito:nia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02812
\lxam a:skatl tli:ltik
\lxam_alt a:skatl de un tli:ltik
\lxam_c a:skatl de un tli:ltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e ant of the type known as a:skatl
\sense_s hormiga del tipo conocido como a:skatl
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root a:ska
\root tli:l
\ency_note a:skatl
\nse These ants bite, i.e., te:kwa:nimeh. Florencia Marcelino stated that the only a:skatl she knows is red; but she thought that the Ameyaltepec word
might refer to the ants known as kwitlaya:htih. Nevertheless, at another point she gave kwitlaya:htih as equivalent to Ameyaltepec a:skatl de (un)
momolo:nkeh.
\qry FM states that the only /a:skatl/ she knows is red. These might be the same as a:skatl de un momolo:nkeh. Check.
\semref a:skatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02813
\lxam tsope:lik xokotl de popoxa
\lxam_c tsope:lik xokotl de popoxa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e type of sweet plum tree as yet not fully identified
\sense_s tipo de circuelo dulce todavía no identificado plenamente
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root tsope:l
\root xoko
\ency_note xokotl
\notes_nature Several consultants mentioned this as one of the three types of xokotl tsope:lik. It is called de popo:xa because its fruit, which appears in
August and September, is very soft. See xokotl tsope:lik. Nevertheless, this is not a type of /xokotl/ that grows wild in the area around Ameyaltepec.
\semref popoxa xokotl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 02814
\lxam ma:tlalowa
\lxam_c kima:tlalowa
\lxoa ma:tlalowa
\lxoa_c noma:tlalowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to run ones hand over (e.g., sth like a twisted rope; see (Oa) ma:peya:sowa)
\sense_s correr la mano sobre (p. ej., algo como un laso torcido; véase (Oa) ma:peya:sowa)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xma:tlalo para ma ki:stiw tetsi:ltik!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Run your hand over it so that the twisted parts (in this case of a lasso that is being made) come out.
\phrase_s ¡Corre la mano sobre ello para que las partes torcidas (en este caso de una riata que se estáhaciendo) se vayan quitando.
\phrase_n Nikma:tlalo:s moma.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will run my hand over your arm.
\phrase_s Voy a correr mi mano sobre la tuya.
\sense_e (refl.) to run on ones hands
\sense_s (refl.) correr sobre las manos
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ma:
\root tlalo
\disamb ma:toka
\nse Ma:tlalowa is formed from the reflexive verb tlalowa and the incorporated noun stem ma:. This might be a calque from
Spanish; note that in RJC tlaloa is listed as a root, but the incorporated forms include only icxitlaloa in reference to actual running. Thus
ma:tlalowa and i:xtlalowa might be borrowings from Spanish phrase. In Oapan this verb is used only reflexively, to signify 'to run on ones hands,' e.g.,
a scorpion, a child, etc.
\grm Note how this is a reflexive verb, /notlalowa/ and doesn't seem to accept a transitive form. However, a transitive 'to make run' can be formed with a causative. Thus it is
interesting that with an incorporated noun, in this case /ma:-/, but the same occurs with /i:x-/, the verb acts transitively. This is a case in which incorporation seems to
change the voice structure of the verb.
\semref i:xtlalowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02815
\lxam a:panowa
\lxam_c a:panowa
\lxoa á:panówa
\lxoa_pr á:panowa
\lxoa_c á:panówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) (Oa)
\infv class-4c(pano)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to cross or fjord a river, lake or other body of water
\sense_s cruzar o atravesar un río, lago u otro cuerpo de agua
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Wel a:panowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He can cross to the other side of the river (by himself).
\phrase_s Sabe cruzar el río (solo).
\phrase_n O:nia:pano:ko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I came across to this side of the river (implied, to do sth).
\phrase_s Atraveséa este lado del río (implica, a hacer algo).
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication/+h) to swim (see (Am) a:nelowa)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta/+h) nadar (véase (Am) a:nelowa)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication/+h) to bathe in a river or lake) (by splashing around)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta/+h) bañarse en un río o lago
\sense_d Oa
\xref a:pano:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\root a:
\root pano:
\nse In Ameyaltepec a:panowa refers to crossing a river; in Oapan the equivalent term is often simply panowa i:pan a:tl. But Oapan also uses
a:panowa, without reduplication, to refer to passing across a river. The reduplicated form (Oapan) indicates the action of bathing in a body of water by splashing
around. In Ameyaltepec one finds simply a:ltia , which in Oapan refers to bathing by pouring water over oneself (or in a shower).
\nae The reduced reduplication in the Oapan form á:panówa derives from the differing semantics of the identical verb in Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl. In Ameyaltepec
the verb refers to the crossing of a body of water; in Oapan it means 'to swim.' The reduplication in Oapan (reflected in the stressed initial vowel) is probably due to the fact that
swimming involves iterativity, the same repeated actions with ones arms and hands. However, note that in general Oapan words with the root a:(water) are often
reduplicated (e.g., á:tlakwí.
\qry Luis Lucena stated that both /o:nia:pano:ko:/ and /o:niwa:la:pano:k/ are correct, and indeed equivalent. However, not all informants agreed. Check my grammar notes on the subject
and, if necessary, with native speakers at a later date.
\ref 02816
\lxam tlayelowa
\lxam_c notlayelowa
\lxoa tláyelówa
\lxoa_pr tlayelowa
\lxoa_c notláyelówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-owa
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl.) to be mischievous or playful
\sense_s (refl.) hacer travesuras; jugetear; ser latosos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Notlayelowan notskwintsitsi:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My little dogs play around (are playful).
\phrase_s Mis perritos hacen travesuras.
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w notlayelowan, kalakin te:tla:lpan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They've started to act mischievously (in this case young children), they get into other people's fields (e.g., to steal watermelon, elotes, squash, etc.).
\phrase_s Ya empezaron a hacer travesuras (en este caso unos jovenes), entran en terrenos ajenos (p. ej., para llevarse algo de sandía, elote o calabaza, etc.).
\root tlahyel
\nae Apparently this is a denominal verb, derived from the noun tlayehli. Nevertheless, the etymology is not clear. To date tlayelowa has only been
documented in a reflexive use.
\grm Oapan pitch accent; phonology: Note that from underlying {no + tlahyelowa} Oapan Nahuatl shows surface /notláyelówa/. Again, the pitch accent is maintained on the
same syllable that has coda {h}. This may be because there is no reason for readjustment or shift, of it may be to maintain the maximum level of I/O identity. Yet this and
other examples suggest that with p-a that is derived from underlying {h} and not from reduplication, the tendency is for p-a to maintain itself on the syllable that has lost
coda {h} through phonological rules (h>0). This is true in all cases except {h} as plural marker, in which case the tendency seems to be one of shifting to penultimate stress
(perhaps because the plural marker often coincides with a phrase boundary in V-final syntax).
\ref 02817
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be /pípiah/. It has been removed and /pípiah/ is now an alternate pronunciation of /pípian/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 02818
\lxam tlaxtla:wia
\lxam_c ma Dió:s mistlaxtla:wi
\lxoa tlaxtla:wia
\lxoa_f [tlax tla: 'wi a]
\lxoa_cpend ma Dió:s mistlaxtla:wi
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv No inflections
\sense_e (Ma Dió:s mistlaxtla:wi) May God thank you!
\sense_s (Ma Dió:s mistlaxtla:wi)¡QuéDiós te pague!
\sense_d Pending
\disamb tlaxtla:wi; tlasoka:mati
\root xtla:
\nae Tlaxtla:wia is only used in Ameyaltepec in the set phrases documented for this entry, an optative construction. Although the applicative form
tlaxtla:wilia is utilized in Ameyaltepec, this is most likely derived from tlaxtla:wa , with the final vowel fronted and raised to /i/ rather than from
tlaxtla:wia , which is already morphologically a ditransitive applicative in which /-ia/ substitutes for /-a/ (cf. ka:wia and a few other such applicative verbs
ending in /-ia/. Note also that the utterance here of Oapan tlaxtla:wi, is actually the interjection tlaxtla:wi although the verbal form is homophonous to the
optative of the transitive, as in Ma Dió:s mistlaxtla:wi.
\qry Check length of final /i:/ in /tlaxtla:wi:kan/. Make sure there is no final /h/ in the singular. Redo entry and get Oapan speech token of /ma dió:s mistlaxtla:wi/.
\vl Tag the tokens here with 4620. There will be no sound linked to this entry, I will need to record it later.
\xref tlaxtla:wilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02819
\lxam a:nelowa
\lxam_c a:nelowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to swim
\sense_s nadar
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Newa wel na:nelowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I can swim.
\phrase_s Yo puedo nadar.
\semfld motion
\root a:
\root ne:l
\qry Check to see if it can be used reflexively. I don't think so, but if so, also check if this verb can be used with a non-reflexive object. (Note: it seems I wrote this question thinking that
/a:nelowa/ was a transitive and that /na:nelowa/ was 0-3sgRefl-a:nelowa, rather than n-a:nelowa from 1sgS-a:nelowa. Check).
\mod Add /newa wel na:nelowa/ to entry under /wel/.
\semref á:panówa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02820
\lxam pi:kuwia
\lxam_c kipi:kuwia
\lxoa pí:kowía
\lxoa_pr pi:kowia
\lxoa_c kipí:kowía
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (Nah) pico
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e to use a pick on
\sense_s utilizar un pico sobre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkaman tlapi:kowia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He never uses a pick.
\phrase_s Nunca emplea un pico
\nae The pitch accent in Oapan kipí:kowíya derives from the fact that the Spanish loan is /h/-final: pi:koh.
\ref 02821
\lxam kuwsa:wananakatl
\lxam_c kuwsa:wananakatl
\lxoa kosa:wanakatl
\lxoa_c kosa:wanakatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s* (Am)
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of fungus or mushroom that grows on the bark of certain trees (not solely the cazahuate)
\sense_s tipo de hongo que crece sobre la cáscara de ciertosárboles (pero no solamente sobre el cazahuate)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tenexkuwsa:watl, san no:hki ke:n kuwsa:watl, no: ki:sa ikuwsa:wananakayo, tekuwsa:wananakatl, we:lik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The Tenexkuwsa:watl is just like the kuwsa:watl , it also gets large fungus on its surface, the tekuwsa:wananakatl , it is
tasty.
\phrase_s El Tenexkuwsa:watl es lo mismo como el kuwsa:watl , también se le sale un hongo grande, el tekuwsa:wananakatl ,
es sabroso.
\phrase_n Kuwsa:wananakatl | Ipan kuwsa:watl ki:sa, ipan kopalkuwtli, ipanó:rganoh, ipan tenexkuwsa:watl. Ipan po:cho:tl no: ki:sa, tlachia ke:n kuwsa:wananakatl, pero
xwe:lik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Kuwsa:wananakatl : It forms on the kuhsa:watl tree, on the kopalkuwtli , on the ó:rganoh , on the
tenexkuwsa:watl tree. It also forms on the po:cho:tl. It looks like kuwsa:wananakatl , but it is not edible.
\phrase_s Kuwsa:wananakatl : Sale sobre elárbol llamado kuwsa:watl , el kopalkuwtli , el ó:rganoh , el
tenexkuwsa:watl. También sale sobre el po:cho:tl. Se parece al kuwsa:wananakatl , pero no es sabroso.
\root kow
\root sa:wa
\root naka
\semfld plant
\semfld mush
\disamb kuhsa:wananakatl
\nse Apparently this fungus is so named because it most commonly grows on the kuwsa:watl tree. However, this same word is also used for fungi that grows on other
trees and material; cf. i:kuwsa:wananakayo i:a:xi:x burroh and i:kuwsa:wananakayo i:kwitl burroh. For least on one tree on which it grows it also has a
specific name, thus one finds tenexkuwsa:wananakatl in Ameyaltepec (though I have not documented this name in Oapan).
\nae The vowel length of Oapan kohsa:wanakatl is not completely certain. According to one analysis the final element of this compound noun is
nanakatl and then one would expect lengthening of the /a/ of /wa/ to reflect the reduction of the reduplicant to an additional mora (length) on a short vowel.
However, the duration increase is not immediately apparent. Thus it might be that Oapan Nahuatl has underlying {kohsa:wa + nakatl} with no reduplicant, and thus no
expected"reduction"on a lengthened previous syllable.
\qry In one list of plants, that for those that are edible (/tli:n we:lik/) I have included /kuhsa:wananakatl/ although I do not remember that this plant is eaten. This should be checked.
\vl Vowel length of /a/ in /wa/ syllable not certain. It seems like it should be long but acoustically does not seem to have long duration. For now it has been recorded as short.
\ref 02822
\lxam tlamiktia
\lxam_c tlamiktia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e poisonous; fatal (e.g., a plant)
\sense_s venenoso; fatal; mortal (p. ej., una hierba)
\sense_d Am
\root miki
\nae Although the deverbal adjectival * tlamihtih is not used in Oapan, the fully verbal predicate is: tlamihtia.
\semref te:miktih
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02823
\lxam kwalka:nwia
\lxam_c kikwalka:nwia
\lxoa kwalka:wia
\lxoa_f [kwal ka: 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kikwalka:wia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to go at or start (a task) very early in the morning
\sense_s empezar (a hacer algo) muy temprano en la mañana
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kikwalka:nwia. Saniman nokwiste:wa, saniman noteltia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He goes at it from an early hour. He gets up right away and he finishes right away (early in the afternoon).
\phrase_s Le llega desde una hora temprana. Luego luego se levanta, y luego luego termina (en la tarde temprano).
\phrase_n Kikwalka:nwia iswaw pa:mpa ye wa:ktok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He starts with the zacateo of his cornfield (lit. 'his zacate,' i.e., stripping corn leaves from the stems just before harvest) in the early morning (when the plants
are still moist from dew) because they (the corn plants) are drying up (and becoming brittle).
\phrase_s Empieza con el zacateo en su milpa (lit., 'su zacate') desde muy temprano (cuando las plantas todavía están húmedas con el rocío de la mañana) porque ya se están
secando (y se ponen quebradizas).
\root kwal
\root_rel -ka:n
\grm Verbalizer: /-wia/ Note the productivity of /-wia/ here, with a temporal adverb. Cf. the many uses of /-wia/, i.e., the number of types of structures that can precede it.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note /kwalka:wiya/, which is derived from kwalka:n and shows n>0, here before -wiya.
\semref tio:tlahka:nwia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02824
\lxam a:yutli
\lxam_c a:yutli
\lxoa áyotlí
\lxoa_c áyotlí
\lxoa_pr ayotli
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e generic name for squash
\sense_s nombre genérico para calabaza
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e a type of squash, called in Spanish pipiana
\sense_s tipo de calabaza llamdo pipiana en español
\sense_d Pending
\fla tamala:yutli
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root ayoh
\ency_note a:yotli
\nse Luis Lucena gave the following types of squash: pípian , which is the same as ixtla:wate:roh ; tamala:yotli ; and
a:yekaxtsi:n , which is apparently grown locally only in San Juan and perhaps the irrigated fields of Xalitla.
\nae Vowel length of both Ameyaltepec a:yutli and Oapan áyotlí have been difficult to determine. Certainly the sound files for the isolated word should be
used in any exploration of acoustic duration. Historically, the initial /a/ is short, but lengthening, at least acoustically, of initial vowels seems common and some vowels (such as those
in ixtaka) seem to have a fairly long duration. For now, the initial /a:/ of Ameyaltepec a:yotli has been maintained long as I first recorded it; Oapan
áyutlí seems to have a duration not entirely in accord with a long vowel and thus has been written short here and elsewhere, pending further analysis.
\qry_fon Note that in C. Flores' pronunciation of this word in our discussion it seems to have a definite long /a:/.
\qry Although perhaps it should be rechecked and analyzed on a speech analyzer, I have check audibly with many speakers and found the first vowel of /a:yotli/ to be definitely long.
However, in Oapan this is not clear and at times I notice it as short. This should be checked with a speech analyzing tool.
\mod Make sure all types of /a:yotli/ are in the lexicon and identified, and that the onomasiological entry for /a:yotli/ is given.
\ref 02825
\lxam kaxti:hla:n mexkahli
\lxam_c kaxti:hla:n mexkahli
\lxoa kaxti:hla:n mexkahli
\lxoa_c kaxti:hla:n mexkahli
\lxgen chichi:k mexkahli
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) Castilla
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of maguey as yet unidentified
\sense_s tipo de maguey todavía no identificado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kaxti:hla:n mexkahli | Ye weka:wi kontekian. Deke tisekwi wa:n titoto:nia reme:dioh. Tikoni:s. Tiktekis wa:n tikchipi:ni:s ipan a:tl. Dya tikoni:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Kaxti:hla:n mexkahli : A long time ago they would cut it. If you are hot and cold it is a remedy. You drink it. You cut it and let it drip into water. Then you
drink it.
\phrase_s Kaxti:hla:n mexkahli : Hace mucho tiempo lo cortaban. Si tienes frío y calor es un remedio. Lo bebes. Lo cortas y echas las gotas en agua. Entonces te
lo bebes.
\root mexkal
\semfld plant
\semfld cactus
\notes_nature This plant is used to cure both kowasiwistli and sekwtli
\qry Cf. cuaderno notes p. 115. Although I have checked the vowel length several times and have recorded the above as definite, it should still be rechecked.
\qry_fon Check vowel length for both dialects.
\ref 02826
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kola:ntoh
\lxoa_c kola:ntoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan cilantro
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e corriander, a type of edible plant
\sense_s cilatro, un tipo de planta comestible
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\semref sila:ntroh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02827
\lxam chipa:wak
\lxam_c chipa:wak
\lxoa chipa:wak
\lxoa_c chipa:wak
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-k
\sense_e to be clean (clothes and other material objects that are cleaned with soap or sth similar; a person after bathing, etc.)
\sense_s estar limpio (ropa y otros objetos materials que se limpian con jabón o algo parecido; una persona después de bañarse, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nichipa:wak. Yo:nima:ltih, yo:nimochipa:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am clean. I took a bath, I got myself clean.
\phrase_s Estoy limpio. Me bañé, me limpié.
\phrase_n Chipa:wak notlake:n, xok tlatla:hloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My clothes are clean, they are no longer dirty.
\phrase_s Mi ropa estálimpia, ya no estásucia.
\sense_e to be clear (water)
\sense_s ser limpio y claro (agua)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Chipa:wak a:tl, xok moya:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The water (in a river) is clear, it is no longer muddy.
\phrase_s Estálimpia el agua (de un río), yo no estárevuelta (o lodosa).
\sense_e to be fair-skinned; light-skinned (a person)
\sense_s ser güero (una persona)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mlá:k tichipa:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are really fair-skinned.
\phrase_s De veras eres muy güero.
\root chipa:
\ref 02828
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be the entry for /Tsopilo:tepe:k/, now on toponym database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 02829
\lxam i:xte:ntili:ni
\lxam_c i:xte:ntili:ni
\lxoa i:xte:ntili:ni
\lxoa_c i:xte:ntili:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to get swollen eyes
\sense_s hincharsele los ojos
\sense_d Am
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root tili:
\disamb i:xte:ntili:ni, i:xte:mposa:wi
\nse Apparently i:xte:ntili:ni is the equivalent or near equivalent of i:xte:mposa:wi. Here as in other compound words, tili:niis
used to indicate the swelling and tightening of the skin.
\ref 02830
\lxam chi:ltamahli
\lxam_c chi:ltamahli
\lxoa chi:ltamahli
\lxoa_c chi:ltamahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e chile tamal, a tamal made of pork and chile and wrapped in corn leaves
\sense_s tamal hecho de carne de puerco con chile, y envuelto en hojas de elote
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food
\root chi:l
\root tamal
\ency_note tamahli
\qry Make a list of the types of tamales. Determine the plural of /chi:ltamahli/. Also note that I mentioned that these are wrapped in corn leaves. Check whether this refers to the
/to:tomoxtli/ or not.
\mod Later, make a list of the types of tamales.
\ref 02831
\lxam a:pi:tsa
\lxam_c na:pi:tsa
\lxoa a:pi:tsa
\lxoa_c na:pi:tsa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-tran
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e (refl.) to have diarrea; to have the runs
\sense_s (refl.) tener diarrea; tener chorro
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Na:pi:tsa un bwe:yeh. Ki:sa ia:pi:tsal. Xtetepi:stik ikwitl, a:tostik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That steer has diarrea (this is a sign of health, that the steer has been eating well, water and zacate). Runny excrement comes out. His excrement is not hard, it is watery.
\phrase_s Aquel buey tiene diarrea (signo de salud, de que ha sido bien alimentado, con agua y zacate). Le sale excremento aguado. su excremento no es duro, es aguado.
\sense_e (refl.) to burst (a granery or storage bin)
\sense_s (refl.) reventarse (una troje)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:na:pi:ts ikweskon. O:tsomo:n pa:mpa te:ntoya, san de a:kawtlapi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His granary burst open. It split because it was full, it and was just made of a:kawtliwith mud (i.e., it was not of the more durable and strong ones made of
adobe).
\phrase_s Su troje se reventó. Se abrióporque estaba muy lleno y estaba hecha solamente de a:kawtlicon lodo (esto es, no era de las que aguantan más, hechas
de adobe).
\root a:
\root pi:tsa
\mod Note reflexive and cf. to causative /a:pi:tsaltia/, with no change in valence. Compare this to the pair of verbs /amanka:kwi/ and /amanka:kwi:tia:/ and the comments under these latter
verbs. Also cf. to other similar verbs of states that affect the body: /i:to:nia/, etc. Cf. my coding explanation of V-1-refl and V-2-refl. I have temporarily coded /a:pi:tsa/ as V-2-refl,
which would indicate that it takes an object with a meaning of 'to have diarrea on...' (as a:xi:xa). If this proves not to be the case then the code should be changed to V-1-refl
\xref a:pi:tsaltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02832
\lxam tlatla:hloh
\lxam_c tlatla:hloh
\lxoa tla:hloh
\lxoa_c tla:hloh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\der Adj-para-h/wa/tia
\trans Compl
\lexical Lex rdp-s (Am)
\sense_e dirty; covered with earth or dirt (e.g., clothes, one body, an animal, etc.)
\sense_s sucio; cubierto de tierra o mugre (p. ej., ropa, el cuerpo, un animal, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmotetechiki, ke:n titlatla:hloh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Rub youself hard (e.g. with a stone, hard cloth, etc., while bathing), you are really covered with dirt!
\phrase_s ¡Tállate bien (p. ej., con una piedra rasposa, tela burda, etc. al bañarte), estás muy sucio!
\phrase_n Chipa:wak notlake:n, xok tlatla:hloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My clothes are clean, they are no longer dirty.
\phrase_s Mi ropa estálimpia, ya no estásucia.
\root tla:l
\nse All Ameyaltepec documentation of this denominal adjective, and the related verb tlatla:hlowa and tlatla:hlo:tia manifest reduplication of the stem.
However, Florencia Marcelino (Oapan) did accept the nonreduplicated form, which is given in the headword entry for this dialect. It might be, at least in Oapan, that the
reduplicated form is used for areas that are dirty, a person would, however, be described simply as tla:hloh.
\qry Check for /tlahlo:h./, /tla:hlowa/, and /tla:hlo:tia/. And rdp-s forms.
\ref 02833
\lxam yenkwilia
\lxam_c kiyenkwilia
\lxoa yenkwilia
\lxoa_c kiyenkwilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-para-ki/ya/lia
\infv class-2a
\trans Compl
\sense_e to replace (sth old with the same object new)
\sense_s remplazar (algo viejo con el mismo objeto pero nuevo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kemech o:nikyenkwilih notlake:n, o:nitlayenkwilih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I just recently bought new clothes, I got new things.
\phrase_s Hace poco tiempo me compréropa nueva, me hice de nuevas cosas.
\phrase_n O:nitlayenkwilih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got new things for myself (such as clothes, or also, I renovated sth for myself, e.g, my house).
\phrase_s Adquirínuevas cosas (como ropa, o bien, hice renovaciones, p. ej., a mi casa).
\sense_e (refl.) to rejuvenate oneself
\sense_s (refl.) rejuvenecerse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nimoyenkwili:s ipan Año Nuevo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to rejuvenate myself on New Years (by bathing in the village well at midnight).
\phrase_s Me voy a rejuvenecer en Año Nuevo (al banar a medianoche allápor la manantial del pueblo).
\root yenkwi
\vl Use second female and second male tokens.
\xref tlayenkwili:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02834
\lxam se:nki:stok
\lxam_c se:nki:stok
\lxoa se:nki:stok
\lxoa_c se:nki:stok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\compound Mod-Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be fine (in health); to not have any disabilities (such as being deaf or mute)
\sense_s estar bien (en cuanto a salud); no tener ningún tipo de impedimento físico (como ser sordo o mudo)
\sense_d Pending
\src_s DT8:644
\phrase_n Se:nki:stoya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He used to be fine (but, in this case he has since become quite ill).
\phrase_s Antes estaba bien (pero, en este caso después se puso muy enfermo).
\sense_e (~ mo:hli) mole sauce that is prepared with meat (such as chicken or pork, and as opposed to mole with no meat, called to:ntomo:hli)
\sense_s (~ mo:hli) salsa de mole que se prepara con carne (como pollo o carne to puerco, y en contraposición a mole sin carne, que se llama
to:ntomo:hli)
\sense_d Pending
\root se:m
\root ki:sa
\qry I have not heard the verb */senki:sa/, nor did Pánfilo Lorenzo accept it as correct. Check. Also check for other uses.
\qry_fon Recheck vowel length. It seems to be long in versions I have heard in class although previously I had recorded it short.
\ref 02835
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kosahtli
\lxoa_c kosahtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ki
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e a type of tree of the Leguminosae family, as yet not identified
\sense_s tipo deárbol de la familia Leguminosae, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root kwaw
\root kos
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) have cuahcosactli and Ramírez (1991) has kwawkosaktli. Both identify this as palo sabino and the
latter gives the family as Leguminosae and the genus/species as Cassia spp. Schoenhals (1988:137) lists six trees of the genus
Cassia , but none known as palo sabino. Guizar N. and Sánchez V. give no tree known as palo sabino , nor do they have any
trees of the Cassia genus except the paraca(p. 115), which is of the family Leguminosae; caesalpinioideaeand whose genus species is
given as Senna (ex Cassia) skinneri. According to my consultants, the heartwood of this tree is yellow: kostiktsi:n iyo:l.
\semref kwahkosahki
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 02836
\lxam kuwketspalin
\lxam_c kuwketspalin
\lxoa kohketspalin
\lxoa_c kohketspalin
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e iguana (the precise species needs to be identified)
\sense_s iguana (falta por determinar la especie precisa)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld lizard
\root kow
\root ketspal
\ref 02837
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be entry for /Icha:n Te:kwa:ni/, now in the toponym database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 02838
\lxam i:xtekwepo:ntok
\lxam_c i:xtekwepo:ntok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\compound N-V1
\der *V1-Stat
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be inside-out (particularly clothes)
\sense_s estar al revés (particularmente la ropa)
\sense_d Am
\root i:x
\root kwepo:
\qry Check for existence of intransitive without stative.
\vl Take Oapan tokens from 2838 and label them c and d for each speaker, give them number 3400, which is a duplicate of the elicitation/citation form here uttered.
\grm /te-/ intensifier: Note the use of /te-/ here, which could be analyzed as fitting in with the idea that /te-/ is used to indicate that sth is out of the ordinary.
\semref i:xtekwepo:nki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xtechikopo:nki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02839
\lxam espá:tulah
\lxam_c espá:tulah
\lxoa espá:tilah
\lxoa_alt ispá:tilah
\lxoa_c espá:tilah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan espátula
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e flat piece metal, shaped like an elongated triangle, placed on the end of a digging stick (and, by extension, the entire digging stick with this type of point attached)
\sense_s pieza de metal, plano y ancho (como un triángulo elongado), que se coloca al cabo de una coa (y, por extensión, todo una coa asíarmado)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tool-cultivate
\ency_note witso:ktli; agricultural tools
\nse As a type of metal point for a digging stick, the espá:tulah contrasts with the witso:ktli and tewitso:ktli.
\mod Illustrate and distinguish types of digging sticks and their points. See illustration on original filecard.
\semref te:mpatlach
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02840
\lxam tla:lwa:xkuwtli
\lxam_c tla:lwa:xkuwtli
\lxoa tla:lwa:xkohtli
\lxoa_c tla:lwa:xkohtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound (N-N)-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e type of guaje bush, still not identified
\sense_s tipo de arbusto con fruto como guaje, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tla:lwa:xkuwtli, ihkón kihlian ma:ski xkuwtli. Tla:ki xo:pan, ipan ago:stoh. Nokwa
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tla:lwa:xkuwtli , that's what it is called even though it is not a kuwtli ('tree'). It bears fruit in Augusto. It is edible.
\phrase_s Tla:lwa:xkuwtli , asíle dicen aunque no es un kuwtli ('árbol'). Sale su fruta en agosto. Es comestible.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root tla:l
\root wa:x
\root kow
\ref 02841
\lxam tlatsi:naltia
\lxam_c kitlatsi:naltia
\lxoa tlatsi:naltia
\lxoa_c kitlatsi:naltia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia)
\trans from nondirected alternation
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to hatch; to incubate (a fowl or bird its chicks)
\sense_s empollar; incubar (un ave o pájaro, hasta hacer nacer su cría)
\sense_d Pending
\root tlatsi:
\nde This verb is usually found with the nonspecific object prefix tla- and has a separate entry for this detransitivized form.
\qry Check to determine how common it is to use this verb with a specific object, as opposed to /tlatlatsi:naltia/, which at present has its own entry (04274). If this verb is only used as
/tlatlatsi:naltia/, then use only the V1 headword, with only a xref here. If not, have an entry here; check whether anything but fowl eggs can be the object of this verb; if so, enter here
separately.
\vl Use second female token.
\xref tlatlatsi:naltia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02842
\lxam tepa:patla
\lxam_c tepa:patla
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn N1
\sense_e type of plant as yet unidentified
\sense_s tipo de planta hasta ahora no identificada
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root te
\root patla:
\semfld flower
\qry Make sure this is distinct from /pa:patla/.
\ref 02843
\lxam namaki:ltia
\lxam_alt nemaki:ltia
\lxam_c kinamaki:ltia
\lxoa namaki:ltia
\lxoa_alt nemaki:ltia
\lxoa_c kinamaki:ltia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to sell to or for
\sense_s vender a o por
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mistlanamakilti:s ikaitepalkatsitsi:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He'll sell to you his ceramic bowls.
\phrase_s Te va a vender sus ollas de cerámica.
\phrase_n Xne:chnamakilti o:me kwarti:yoh motlayo:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sell me two cuartillos of your maize.
\phrase_s Véndeme dos cuartillos de tu maíz.
\phrase_n Xne:chnamakilti nokoya:res, san na:htetsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sell my necklaces for me, just four of them.
\phrase_s Vende mis collares por mí, solamente cuatro de ellos.
\sense_e (with te:- object prefix) to sell (a given good or item)
\sense_s (con prefijo de objeto te:-) vender (algún tipo de mercancía, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kite:namakiltia xo:chitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He sells flowers
\phrase_s Vende flores.
\root namaka
\nae Namakiltia is unusual in that a causative ending (-ltia) has an applicative or benefactive meaning, 'to sell for' or 'to sell to.' For full discussion, see
a:kiltia.
\grm Antipassive: /Mistlana:makilti:s ika i:tepalkatsitsi:wan/ 'He'll sell to you his ceramic bowls.' Again, here we note a transitive verb with /tla-/ prefixed, followed by an oblique
expression of the patient, what in other contexts would be the direct object.
\xref namaka
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02844
\lxam se:botik
\lxam_c se:botik
\lxoa xé:potík
\lxoa_c xé:potík
\lxoa_pr xe:potik
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-k-ti
\pitch yes
\sense_e to have congealed lard or fat (a soup stock or other foods prepared with lard)
\sense_s tener la grasa o cebo cuajado (un caldo u otras comidas preparadas con grasa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Se:botik moka:ldoh, so:lo deke nototo:nia kwaltia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your caldo has congealed lard in it, it will only get better if it is heated up.
\phrase_s Tu caldo tiene la grasa congelada, solamente se va a componer si se calienta.
\nae The pitch accent of Oapan xé:potík derives from the final /h/ of the loan xe:poh, which has a reflex in pitch accent when phrase internal.
\ref 02845
\lxam tsoyá:k
\lxam_c tsoyá:k
\lxoa tsóyá:k
\lxoa_c tsóyá:k
\lxoa_pr tsoya:k
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have the smell of a skunk
\sense_s oler como de una zorrilla
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to have a smell of burnt food (e.g., atole or beans)
\sense_s tener el olor de comida quemada (p. ej., atole o frijoles)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld smell
\root tso
\root hya:
\ref 02846
\lxam xtlah tli:no:n
\lxam_c xtlah tli:no:n
\lxoa xtláh tlí:no:n
\lxoa_pr xtlah tli:no:n
\lxoa_c xtláh tlí:no:n
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm Discourse
\pitch yes
\sense_e see itlah tli:no:n
\sense_s véase itlah tli:no:n
\sense_d Pending
\qry Recheck vowel pitch with speech analyzer program. OK.... correct as recorded.
\ref 02847
\lxam tla:lnekwteh
\lxam_c tla:lnekwteh
\lxoa tla:lnehtih
\lxoa_c tla:lnehtih, tla:lnehtin
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\sense_e type of small honey-making flying insect, still not identified, that lives in the ground
\sense_s tipo de insecto volador pequeño, todavía no identificado, que produce miel y habita en la tierra
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root tla:l
\root nekw
\ency_note nekwtli
\nse These insects fly, don't bite, live in the ground, make honey, and are larger than the koko:smeh. I do not remember who identified this animal, however, in a later
discussion several consultants said that in Oapan this animal is called tla:lnese:ras.
\nae In discourse the term tla:lnekwteh is only documented in the plural, although speakers will recognize and utter the singular.
\vl Use first male token for final /n/ example. Note: always have female then male speech.
\semref tenekwteh; koko:smeh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02848
\lxam tla:lme:stli
\lxam_c tla:lme:stli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e type of nahual that manifests itself as a basket-shaped ball of light that rolls along the ground
\sense_s tipo de nahual, que se manifiesta como una bola de luz en la forma de una canasta y que rodea por el suelo
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tla:lme:stli, deke panowa motlampa, iksan tinemiko:ya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A tla:lme:stli , if it passes between your legs, you had been born a long time ago (i.e., you will die soon).
\phrase_s Un tla:lme:stli , si pasa entre tus piernas, ya hace mucho tiempo que habías nacido (esto es, vas a morir pronto).
\semfld supernatural
\root tla:l
\root me:ts
\nse Several people mentioned that the tla:lme:stli is a nahual, i.e., an animate being into which certain people have the power to turn themselves. It is dangerous and can
kill a person if it passes beneath his legs. As a protective measure, if one sees a tla:lme:stli one should place ones legs close together.
\mod Get text related to this object.
\ref 02849
\lxam kaltso:nmekayo
\lxam_c i:kaltso:nmekayo
\lxoa kaso:mekayo
\lxoa_c i:kaso:mekayo
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) calzón
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-yo
\infn N2
\sense_e cloth belt that is part of calzones
\sense_s cinturón de tela, parte de los calzones
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:koto:n nokaltso:nmekayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The belt of my cotton manta trousers tore apart.
\phrase_s El cinturón de mis calzones se reventó.
\root me:ka
\nse Also possible are nonincorporated equivalent forms such as i:mekayo nokalsó:n.
\qry Check for /ts/ instead of /s/ in /kalso:n/. Also important will be to determine whether a form such as ?/kalso:nmekayo/ exists, as a general term, or whether one can have
?/kalso:nmekayo:tl/.
\ref 02850
\lxam wi:lo:tlamake:tl
\lxam_c wi:lo:tlamake:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who hunts huilotas
\sense_s cazador de huilotas
\sense_d Am
\root wi:lo:
\root ma
\ency_note hunting
\mod The form * wi:lo:tlamaki is not correct.
\qry Change this to a separate entry.
\semref to:to:tlámaké:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02851
\lxam ke:skipa
\lxam_c ke:skipa
\lxoa ké:skipa
\lxoa_c ké:skipa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\der Modal
\sense_e how in the world! how can you believe!
\sense_s ¿pero cuándo?
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:skipa deke nitlachwas. Xok nikchi:was, san tine:chne:xtilitok tekitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How can you believe that I will dig? I won't do it anymore, you are just finding work for me to do!
\phrase_s ¡Pero cuándo voy a excavar! Ya no lo voy a hacer, nada más me estás echando trabajo (para que tenga algo que hacer).
\phrase_n Ke:skipa deke niá:s ka:n ne:xti:tlani? Xniá:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where do you get the idea that I am going to go where he sends me? I won't go!
\phrase_s ¡Pero cuándo voy a ir donde me manda!¡No voy a ir!
\phrase_n Ke:skipa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I wouldn't bet on it!
\phrase_s ¡Pero cuándo!
\root ke:ski
\root -pa
\nse The meaning of ke:skipa seems to be idiomatic. All Ameyaltepec consultants translated it as '¡Pero cuándo!' This word might also be used, for example, when
someone tells me that a given person will be my son-in-law (i.e., will marry my daughter). I could answer ke:skipa to the effect of 'Don't bet on it' (¿Pero cuándo?),
meaning that I don't expect or want it to occur. Or perhaps I am from another village and I marry a woman from your pueblo, you tell me that you think I will just play games and
that that I will leave her. I can answer, ke:skipa or ke:skipa niá:s , meaning 'I'll not go (and leave her), not on your life!'
\nae In Oapan it appears that ké:skipa is used only by the elder members of the village. In the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez the first vowel is
the only stressed vowel. This is an unusual pattern. It may be, however, that it is the result of an exclamatory intonational pattern and not the result of any lexical pitch accent.
\ref 02852
\lxam wi:wih
\lxam_c wi:wih
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Baby
\der N-bb
\sense_e little bug; creepy-crawler (generally in reference to a bug; baby talk)
\sense_s animalito (generalmente en referencia a un insecto; habla de niños)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ma:ka tiá:s pa ikú:n, pakah wi:wih!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't go over there, there's a creepy-crawler (bug) over there!
\phrase_s ¡No te vayas allí, alláhay un animalito!
\semfld baby
\root wiyo:
\nae Apparently this children's word is derived from wiyo:ni , which is used to indicate the action of wiggling.
\qry Cf. Gram 1984-10-16.1 for more information
\ref 02853
\lxam one:wi:ltia
\lxam_c kone:wi:ltia
\lxoa one:wi:ltia
\lxoa_c kone:wi:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Dir-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to send (sb) on their way (moving away from a deictic reference point)
\sense_s encaminar o mandar (sb) hacia allá(en sentido extraversa en referencia o un punto deíctico)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niá:s, nikone:wilti:s. Ma yatiwetsi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will go to send him on his way there. He should go right away!
\phrase_s Voy a ir a hacer que vaya hacia allá.¡Quévaya de una vez!
\phrase_n Ba:leh, xkone:wi:lti:ti! Ma yatiwetsi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Friend, go there to send him on his way (in this case so that he goes to the speaker's milpa)! I'd like him head out right away!
\phrase_s ¡Amigo, vete a ver que tome su salida (en este caso para ir a la milpa del que habla)!¡Debe ir de una vez!
\semfld motion
\semref one:wi:tia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\root e:wa
\nse One:wi:ltia is a lexicalized form of the causative e:wi:ltia with the directional prefix on- and with the meaning 'to cause to depart (toward a
deictic reference point)."In the illustrative phrase Ba:leh, xkone:wi:lti:ti the speaker is asking a friend to go to the house of a third person, who had agreed to work in
the speaker's field. The addressee is to make sure that this worker heads out to the field as he had promised. In the verb compound xkone:wi:lti:ti , therefore, there
are two directionals, as well as two points of reference. The directional suffix -ti indicates the movement of the primary object, the person who is sent off by the speaker's
command. The prefix on- refers to the movement of the secondary object, in this case the worker who is being admonished to depart to work in the speaker's field, as
had been previously arranged.
\qry Check length of /i/ in causative of /one:wiltia/.
\grm Directionals: Note the use of two directionals. One:wi:ltia is a lexicalized form of the causative e:wi:ltia with the directional prefix
on- and with the meaning 'to cause to depart (toward a deictic reference point)."In the verb compound xkone:wi:lti:ti therefore, there are two
directionals, as well as two points of reference. The suffix -ti indicates the movement of the primary object, the person who is sent off by the speaker's
command. The prefix on- refers to the movement of the secondary object, in this case the worker who is being admonished to depart for work in the speaker's
field, as in this case had been previously arranged. Such dual deictic points seldom occur, it seems here that this is due to the lexicalization of /one:wa/. One would probably
also find /xkwa:le:wi:lti:ti/ 'go and send him on his way (back) here.'
\semref wa:le:wiltia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref one:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref one:wi:ltilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02854
\lxam xa:xokotl
\lxam_c xa:xokotl
\lxoa xa:xokotl
\lxoa_c xa:xokotl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound S-N
\der N-b
\sense_e type of wild plum tree, called guayabo in Spanish
\sense_s tipo de ciruelo silvestre llamado guayabo
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root xa:
\root xoko
\ency_note xokotl
\nae FK notes that Zacapoaxtla has xa:lxokotl, adding that"X[alitla] has lost the internal L. The literal meaning of this is 'sand fruit.'"Although this is probably the case, the
motivation for the loss of coda /l/ in some cases is not apparent. Note also that xa:metlatlappears to show the same loss of /l/, for no obvious reasons. Given the
lack of a diachronic or synchronic reason for this change, the roots of both these words has been given as xa:.
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the guayabo, of the family Nyrtaceaeand the genus/species Psidium guajava. Ramiírez and Dakin (1979) give
palo de guayabo. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) give no tree with these names, nor any of the family Nyrtaceae. However, Schoenhals (1988) under guayabo
gives the following:"(Psidium guajava) 'guava.' Fruit makes good jam and is one of the best known tropical fruits. Also called guayaba dulce, guayaba manzana."It
bears fruit in the summer (xo:pantlah), i.e., August and September.
\nae As FK notes, Zacapoaxtla has xa:lxokotl, and the coda /l/ has been lost in the Balsas area (e.g., Xalitla in her data set). RS also gives xalxocotl, citing
Hernández. The surface form xa: for xa:l is also documented in xa:metlatl.
\ref 02855
\lxam imelo:n masa:tl
\lxam_c imelo:n masa:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) melón
\psm N
\der N-complex
\sense_e Labidostelma guatemalenseSchlechter; vine of the family Asclepiadaceae that bears a long, watermelon colored fruit
\sense_s Labidostelma guatemalenseSchlechter; enredadera de la familia Asclepiadaceae que tiene fruta larga, color de la cáscara de sandía
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Nopi:pilowan ke:n melonsi:tos, xnokwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They (the fruit of the i:meló:n masa:tl) hang down like little melons, the fruit is not edible.
\phrase_s Cuelgan (los frutos del i:meló:n masa:tl) como meloncitos, no son comestibles.
\root masa:
\qry One entry had /imélo:n masa:tl/, check stress and vowel length.
\ref 02856
\lxam tlamanahli
\lxam_c tlamanahli
\lxoa tlamanahli
\lxoa_c tlamanahli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e offering (placed before the saints, at an altar, on a table for All Saints Day, etc.)
\sense_s ofrenda (puesto en un altar para los santos, o sobre una mesa en Todos Santos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Notlamanal umpa mantok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My offering is there (in sight) laid out.
\phrase_s Mi ofrenda estáallá(en un lugar visible) puesta.
\root man
\vl Use first female token.
\ref 02857
\lxam tlatlatsi:ni
\lxam_c tlatlatsi:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp tla-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for there to be a thunderbolt (i.e., bolt lightning and thunder)
\sense_s caer un rayo (el relámpago y sonido fuerte que lo accompaña)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:tlatlatsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There was a thunderbolt.
\phrase_s Cayóun rayo.
\semfld weather
\root tlatsi:
\disamb rain (i.e., thunder, lightening, different types of rain storms, hail, drizzle, etc.)
\disamb distinguish different types of truenos, perhaps remit to discussion on weather page.
\semref tlakomo:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlatsi:ni
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02858
\lxam kechkukwalaka
\lxam_c kechkukwalaka
\lxoa kechkwakwalaka
\lxoa_c kechkwakwalaka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to purr
\sense_s ronronear
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kechkukwalaka pa:mpa pa:ktok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (a cat) is purring because it is happy.
\phrase_s Está(un gato) ronroneando porque estáfeliz.
\semfld sound-animal
\root kech
\root kwala:
\qry Decide whether in such cases as these, it is worthwhile to place /kukwala(ka)/ in the xr2 field. In present case check for possible existence of /kechkwala:ni/ and /kechkukwalatsa/.
In its acceptation as 'to snore' /kechkukwalaka/ is apparently equivalent to /kochsolo:ni/; this too should be checked. Check the word for 'to purr' in Oapan; neither FM nor IJ knew
it.
\xref kwala:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\semref koxte:kwalaka
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02859
\lxam sio:tomi
\lxam_alt soyo:tomi
\lxam_c soyo:tomi
\lxoa sio:tomi
\lxoa_c sio:tomi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-mi
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to become unstiched (a seam, stiches in the skin, etc.)
\sense_s descoserse (una costura en la ropa, la piel, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wel soyo:tomis, xkwahli o:tsasa:loh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It can (might well) become unstiched, you didn't sew it well.
\phrase_s Puede (bien puede) descoserse, no lo cosiste bien.
\root sio:
\root tom
\nae The vowel length of the first /o/ is still unclear, even after acoustic analysis with spectrograms and wave forms. The duration of the /o/ in the Oapan forms varies; and since no
standardized procedure for measurement has yet been set, it is hard to be precise. But taking the dip in the third formant to mark onset of /o/ after /y/ (and this is clearer in the
speech of Florencia Marcelino than of her husband Inocencio Jiménez) the vowel length varies from about 80 to 95 ms. This suggests the possibility of length, but it is not certain.
For now it has been written as short. More evidence from the other forms with the same etymology (i.e., the transitive and stative) as well as from Ameyaltepec, should help clarify
the quantity of this vowel.
\qry Still after much listening I am unsure if the /o/ in the syllable /sio/ is really short. I had it recorded as long in Am filecards. This should be checked. Note that if the vowel is changed,
then the xref in entry 2918 should also be changed to a short vowe.
\root_notes In Ameyaltepec one finds so:yo:tomi for Classical ciyotomi. There is no evidence on vowel length in Classical Nahuatl. To facilitate
cross-dialect comparison it might be advisable to list this root as siyo: , but given the absence of this root in any dialect other than Classical and
Ameyaltepec, it has been decided to keep the root as so:yo:.
\vl Use first token from each speaker.
\ref 02860
\lxam te:nto:ne:wi
\lxam_c te:nto:ne:wi
\lxoa te:nto:ne:wi
\lxoa_c te:nto:ne:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to feel a burning sensation in ones mouth (from contact with sth spicy such as chile)
\sense_s sentir un dolor ardiente en la boca (por contacto con algo picoso como el chile)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root to:n
\semref te:nkoko:ya
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02861
\lxam tsikwi:ni
\lxam_c tsikwi:ni
\lxoa tsikwi:ni
\lxoa_c tsikwi:ni
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b(ni/ltia)
\lx_te tetsikwi:ni
\infv class-3a
\gloss_e to.skip
\gloss_s brincar
\sense_e to jump (forward, or up in the air)
\sense_s brincar (hacia adelante o arriba)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtsikwi:ni, ma nikita!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Jump up (e.g., in the air), let me see!
\phrase_s ¡Brínca (p. ej., en el aire), déjame ver!
\phrase_n Tsi:tsikwi:ntok ika kwe:rdah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is jumping rope.
\phrase_s Está brincando la cuerda.
\phrase_n Xwa:ltsikwi:ni nika:n, ka:n na:watok!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Jump (up) here, where I am sitting (in this case up on a wall)!
\phrase_s ¡Brinca hacia acá, donde estoy sentado (en este caso sobre una pared)!
\phrase_n Xontsikwi:ni!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Jump off (toward there)!
\phrase_s ¡Brinca (abajo) hacia allá!
\sense_e to skip,to spring or leap forward (at times in reference to the motion of certain animals such as deer, rabbit, hare, goat, dog, cat, horse, and even occasionally a donkey,
etc.)
\sense_s correr o brincar hacia adelante (a veces en referencia al movimiento de ciertos animales como venado, conejo, liebre, chivo, perro, gato, caballo, y hasta un burro, etc.)
\phrase_n Tsitsikwi:ntiw kone:joh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The rabbit is hopping along.
\phrase_s El conejo va brincando.
\phrase_n Xtikmatin deke tlakaltech, xtikmatin deke de weka. San cho tiwa:hlatiweh, tiwa:ltsi:tsikwi:ntiweh, tiwa:hlatiweh, tiwa:ltsi:tsikwi:ntiweh.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 02861_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / early discussion of tlakaltech.
\phrase_e We don't feel the upward slope is steep, we don't feel that it (our destination) is far away . We just come right along, we come skipping along, we come along, we skip along.
\phrase_s No sentimos
\sense_e ([location/destination] and often with rdp-l) to run rapidly to [location/destination])
\sense_s ([destino/ubicación] y a menudo con rdp-l) correr rápidamente a [destino/ubicación])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San xtsikw:ni icha:n moba:leh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just take a quick run over to your friend's house!
\phrase_s ¡Córrele rápido a la casa de tu amigo!
\phrase_n San xtsi:tsikwi:ntiw, san xasiti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just go running along over there quickly, just go there and come right back!
\phrase_s ¡Vete yendo rápido, solamente ve rápido sin demorar allíantes de regresar!
\sense_e (~ 3sgPoss+pan [material object]) to jump or spring onto or off [material object]
\sense_s (~ 3sgPoss+pan [objeto material]) brinca sobre (para quedar sobre) o desde [material object]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tontsikwi:nis ipan tepa:ntli para tipanwetsis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will spring up onto the wall to get on top of it.
\phrase_s Vas a brincar sobre la pared para que llegues arriba.
\phrase_n O:tetsikwi:n ipan se: tebanki:toh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He jumped right up on a small ledge (of stones).
\phrase_s Brincócon fuerza sobre un pequeño banquito de piedras.
\phrase_n O:niwa:ltsikwi:n ipan un tepantli, o:niwa:lmoma:ka:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I jumped down off of that wall (where I was), I let myself down (on my own).
\phrase_s Salté de esa pared (donde estaba), me dejé bajar (intencionalmente).
\sense_e (-pan ~ [animate object]) to mount (one animal on another)
\sense_s (-pan ~ ~ [ser animado]) montar (sexualmente, un animal a otro)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w tlaxitia moburroh. Xikpia kwida:doh, ma:ka ipan tsikwinis burrah, tla:mo mitsa:ltlakalis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your donkey has started to get an erection. Take care that it doesn't try to mount a female donkey, for if it does it will throw you to the ground!
\phrase_s Ya empezó a parársele a tu burro.¡Ten cuidado que no vaya a montarle a una burrah, porque si lo hace, te aventará al suelo!
\sense_e (rdp-s/h and intensifier te-) to play hopscoth
\sense_s (rdp-s/h el intensificador te-) jugar al avioncito
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Ma tité:tsikwi:nika:n!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Let's play hopscoth!
\phrase_s ¡Vamos a jugar al avioncito!
\semfld motion
\root tsikwi:
\nse One young woman from Oapan gave the name of hopscoth as té:tsikwi:nahli, but this term needs to be confirmed. However, several others did give Ma
tité:tsikwi:nika:n! as the way of saying 'Let's play hopscotch!'
\qry Determine what, if any, the difference between /tsikwi:ni/ and /tetsikwi:ni/ is. For example, in the phrase /o:tetsikwi:n ipan se: tebanki:toh/, would the meaning be the same without
/te-/? In other instances is there a difference. Can the causative also take /te-/. I had the term '(vulg.) to have sexual intercourse with; to screw (a man [S] of a woman [O])' and the
phrase 'Tewa i:pan o:titsikwin un ne:nkah sowa:tl?' but it has been removed as vulgar and, according to C. Flores, not used in ref. to humans.
\grm Reduplication with long vowe: /San xtsi:tsikwi:ntiw, san xasiti!/ 'Just run over there quickly, just go and come right back!'
\grm Directionals: Note that /xwa:ltsikwi:ni/ may be used to indicate jumping down from, as in one of the example sentences above. However, it may also be used to indicate 'jump
toward here,' as when a person sitting on a wall invites another to jump up on it (toward the speaker). Finally, note that /xontsikwi:ni/ indicates jumping away from a point
of reference, as when someone jumps down and away off a way.
\xref tsikwi:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tsitsikwika
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02862
\lxam ka:mpa kah
\lxam_c ka:mpa kah
\lxoa ka:mpa kah
\lxoa_c ka:mpa kah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\der Inter
\sense_e Hell!
\sense_s ¡chin!
\sense_d Pending
\root ka:n
\root pa:
\root ka
\nse This is a curse that according to some Ameyaltepec consultants is an apocopated form of ka:mpakah Xudas ; the closest English translation appears to be simply
'Hell!'
\qry Recheck whether /ka:mpakah/ is correct. In my notes I had"see /ka:mpunkah/. But I did not have an entry or recording for this. It should be checked as a possible word. Also,
recheck the meaning in both villages.
\ref 02863
\lxam nepantli
\lxam_c nepantli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e story (of a house)
\sense_s piso (de una casa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikpia nokal de o:me nepantli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have a house of two stories.
\phrase_s Tengo una casa de dos pisos.
\sense_e layer; sth stacked or layered over another of the same
\sense_s capa; estrato; una cosa sobrepuesta sobre otra igual
\sense_d Pending
\root nepan
\nse Apparenlty nepantli can refer to a layer in any type of object.
\qry Check to determine what /nepantli/ can refer to (e.g., can it refer to a blanket in a stack of blankets?).
\semref nepaniwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref nepantik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref nepaniwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02864
\lxam te:i:xte:nkokoh
\lxam_c te:i:xte:nkokoh
\lxoa te:i:xte:nkokoh
\lxoa_c te:i:xte:nkokoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e to be bothersome or painful to the eyes (e.g., a bright light)
\sense_s ser lastimoso o molestoso a los ojos (p. ej., una luz fuerte)
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root kowa
\ref 02865
\lxam te:teliksani
\lxam_c te:teliksani
\lxoa te:telesani
\lxoa_alt te:telesane
\lxoa_c te:telesane, te:telesani
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\sense_e see tlateliksani
\sense_s véase tlateliksani
\sense_d Pending
\root teliksa
\vl Female first says /té:tetelesane/. Mark this with letter"c". Then there follows another one before the beep. This should be female"d". There follow the four good tokens.
other two that follow"a"and"b"From the final 4 (F-M-F-M) use either female token but last male token for /te:telesani/. Do not use first male token which is mispronounced
as /te:telasani/.
\ref 02866
\lxam kamako:pi:l
\lxam_c kamako:pi:l
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\sense_e person who is a slow eater
\sense_s persona lenta para comer
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:n tikamako:pi:l! Yo:li:k titlakwe:chowa:, yo:li:k titlakwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Oh, what a slow an eater you are! You chew things slowly, you eat slowly.
\phrase_s ¡Quélento eres para comer! Despacio masticas, despacio comes.
\root kama
\root ko:pi:l
\qry Check /yo:li:k/ and correct if necessary here and throughout.
\semref ko:pi:liwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref kamayo:li:k
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02867
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was /kochi:yah/ with a xref to /kuchi:yah/. But since this is a sound xref, this entry has been deleted and /kochi:yah/ given as /lxaa. Note that for the final version, if printed,
a back index should give all the words that are in /lxaa and /lxoa (alternate pronunciation fields) so that an electronic search is not neccessary.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 02868
\lxam nexko:ntli
\lxam_c nexko:ntli
\lxoa nexko:ntli
\lxoa_c nexko:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(m)
\sense_e pot (now usually an old metal bucket) used for making nextamahli
\sense_s olla (ahora generalmente una vieja cubeta de metal) que se emplea para hacer nixtamal
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkukwalatsa monexko:n, mo:stla tihkwa:skeh ma:san o:ntetsi:n tamahli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Bring your pot for making nextamahli to a rapid boil, tomorrow we're going to eat a couple of tamales!
\phrase_s ¡Haz hervir bien tu olla de nixtamal, mañana vamos a comer aunque sea nada más un par de tamales.
\root nex
\root ko:m
\ency_note cooking
\nse The phrase Xkukwalatsa monexko:n, mo:stla tihkwa:skeh ma:san o:ntetsi:n tamahli! makes sense given the way dough for tamales is prepared, as opposed to the
dough used in making tortillas. For regular masa the lime water is brought to a boil in the nexko:ntli , which is then removed from the fire before the
maize is added. For tamales, however, the maize is placed in lime water as it is boiling.
\vl There is an additional female token at 5738 that should be tagged here with 2868.
\ref 02869
\lxam suwa:teyo:wah
\lxam_c suwa:teyo:wah
\lxoa siwa:teyowah
\lxoa_alt siwa:teiwah
\lxoa_c siwa:teyowah, siwa:teiwah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-posr-wah
\infn N1
\sense_e na:wahliwho can turn into a woman, also called a sowa:teyo:wah , mostly to scare people
\sense_s na:wahli que puede cambiarse en mujer, también llamada suwa:teyo:wah , generalmente para espantar a la gente
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e evil woman, usually clothed in black, whom a male na:wahli , also called a sowa:teyo:wah , turns into
\sense_s mujer mala, generalmente vestida de negro, en que se vuelve un hombre na:wahli , también llamado suwa:teyo:wah
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Deke tikitas suwa:teyowah, tino:ntias, xok wel titlato:s ma:ski deke tipa:ktok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If you see a sowa:teyowah , you will become mute, you won't be able to talk even if you are healthy.
\phrase_s Si ves una suwa:teyowah te vas a quedar mudo, no vas a poder hablar aunque estés bien de salud.
\semfld supernatural
\root sowa:
\root teo:
\nse Sowa:teyo:wah apparently can refer to the man who has as his na:wahli an evil woman, generally dressed in black that one encounters in isolated areas
at night, or to the woman herself. The sowa:teyo:wah is considered to be extremely frightening, affecting the person who sees her in the manner indicated in the
illustrative sentence.
\nae The etymology of sowa:teyo:wah is not completely transparent, but apparently it comprises the stems sowa:'female' and
teo:'divinity' with the possessor suffix -wah. It would thus seem to literally translate into 'one who has a female divinity' with the caveat that the Nahuatl
stem often used to indicate 'divinity' (i.e., teo:) was transformed by the Spanish missionaries into a word associated with pagan rites. Note the phonological shift in
the Oapan word from -teyowah to -teiwah.
\qry_fon Check best orthography and check phonetics re: long vowel.
\ref 02870
\lxam kekexkilia
\lxam_c kikekexkilia
\lxoa kekexilia
\lxoa_c kikekexilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Adj
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cause to itch (sb); to make itch
\sense_s dar o causar comezón a (algn)
\sense_d Pending
\fla kekexkia
\flo kekexia
\root kex
\grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note that /kekexilia/ does not reduce the reduplication, which perhaps should be considered part of the stem. Apparently this never occurs
with this lexeme.
\ref 02871
\lxam yema:nia
\lxam_c yema:nia
\lxoa yema:nia
\lxoa_c yema:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\infv class-4b(ya-x; long)
\sense_e to get soft (cloth, dough, clay, etc.)
\sense_s ablandarse (tela, masa, barro, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nochi o:tlan yeyema:nian noma:ngos.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e All my mangos have wounded up getting soft (e.g., from being slightly overripe and getting banged around).
\phrase_s Todos mis mangos terminaron quedándose blandos (p. ej., por estar ligeramente pasados y golpeados).
\sense_e to become weak (e.g., a person)
\sense_s debilitarse (p. ej., una persona)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikwalowa:ya iwa:n o:ne:chpatikeh, o:hmat a:sta ke:n o:niyema:niak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I was sick and I got cured, I even felt that I had become all weak.
\phrase_s Me enfermaba y me sanaron, hasta sentítodo debilitado.
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w niyema:nia, xniktlakwa de ya:lwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've started to feel weak, I haven't eaten since yesterday.
\phrase_s Ya empecéa sentirme débil, no he comido desde ayer.
\root yema:n
\disamb kwetlaxiwi; yema:nia (as personal state)
\ref 02872
\lxam kwa:texi:kal
\lxam_c kwa:texi:kal
\lxoa kwa:texi:kal
\lxoa_c kwa:texi:kal
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. inflix te-
\sense_e person (or certain animals) having a loud voice or cry; person who is always talking or shouting in a loud voice
\sense_s gritón (una person, o ciertos animales); persona que habla o grita fuerte
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tikwa:texi:kal, titsatsini, titlatowa chika:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are loud, you shout a lot, you speak with a loud voice.
\phrase_s Eres un gritón, gritas mucho, hablas fuerte.
\phrase_n Kohtlatlapa:nani un suwa:tl. Nochipa wetska, kwa:texi:kal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That woman is boisterous. She is always laughing, she is loud.
\phrase_s Es vocinglera esa mujer. Siempre se ríe, sueña muy fuerte.
\root kwa:
\root te-
\root xi:kal
\root_notes Cf. note in regard to /te-/ with /kwa:tese:soh/. Perhaps /xi:kal/ can be further analyzed as /xi:/ and /kal/.
\semref na:watl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02873
\lxam semaka
\lxam_c nosemaka
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp S-V3
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv Irregular; see maka
\sense_e (refl.) to give oneself over entirely (e.g., a woman to a man, though not necessarily in the sexual sense)
\sense_s (refl.) entregarse completamente (p. ej., una mujer a un hombre, aunque no necesariamente en el sentido sexual)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n On ichpokawah nosemaka para newa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That girl is completely devoted to me.
\phrase_s Esa muchacha estácompletamente entregada a mí.
\root sem
\root maka
\nse Although the syntax of maka as a ditransitive verb suggests that semaka should also be ditransitive. Thus RS has cemmaca. ninote :
'someterse a alguien, entregarse, darse enteramente aél.' Although Ameyaltepec Nahuatl seldom expresses specific objects in a reflexive ditransitive construction (e.g.,
ninokowilia for what in Oapan would be niknokowilia 'I buy it for myself'), it appears that semaka is a transitive (not ditransitve)
reflexive, given that in the example sentence Un ichpokawah nosemaka para newa the benefactive is expressed obliquely.
\qry Determine whether there is any other syntax possible, or even a double object, reflexive and specific. Also determine other uses beyond that of the phrase above, re: a relationship
between a girl and a boy. Note that Simeón has /ninotecemmaca/ as meaning 'someterse a alguien, entregarse, darse completamente aél.' Check to determine if /nomaka/, i.e., the
reflexive of /maka/ is likewise only bivalent and takes no additional specific object. However, cf. possibility of /note:semaka/?
\ref 02874
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be for /popoyo:tl/ but it has been shifted to the diminutive
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\vl Here I elicited /popoyo:tsi:n/. But this is a duplicate of record 1387. For the tokens here give them the number of 1387, letters"c"and"d". Make a note for 1387 so if there
are extras there, they get"e"...
\ref 02875
\lxam tekomolowa
\lxam_c kitekomolowa
\lxoa tekomolowa
\lxoa_c kitekomolowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Op. prefix te- (Am); Lex. prefix te- (Oa)
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to scratch out or dig a slight well or depression in (e.g., as in a mound of earth, sand, dry cement, etc., in order to pour the water into it for example)
\sense_s escarbar o excavar un pequeño posito en; abrir una fosita en (p. ej., en un montoncito de tierra, arena, cemento, etc., para verterle agua por ejemplo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkomolo para tikte:kili:skeh a:tl! Tikpa:tlaskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Dig out a slight depression in it (a mound of earth, sand, etc.) so that we can pour water into it! We're going to mix it (i.e., to make adobe, mortar, etc.).
\phrase_s ¡Hazle una pequeña depresión (en un montoncito de tierra, arena, etc.) para que le podamos verterle agua! Lo vamos a batir (p. ej. para hacer adobe, mezcla, etc.).
\phrase_n Kitekomolowa un tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It scratches out a depression in the earth there (e.g., a chicken with its legs, a dog with its feet, making a small depression in which to lie down and rest).
\phrase_s Escarba un hoyito en esa tierra (p. ej., una gallina con sus piernas, un perro con sus patas, haciendo una pequeña depresión donde puede acostarse y descansar).
\root komol
\qry Although I think the recorded vowel length is correct, recheck. Cf. /tlakomo:hli/. Check for intransitive form and use, as well as other potential objects of /komolowa/. Check vl in
tlakomohli and komolowa. At one point I had a long vowel in the noun; check and standardize.
\vl There are 4 additional Oapan speech tokens originally from 5358. These should be tagged as 2875 also. Note, moreover, that the two linked tokens should be from among
those originally from 5358.
\semref tlakomohli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref tlakomo:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02876
\lxam tlankikisno:tsa
\lxam_c kitlankikisno:tsa
\lxoa tlankesno:tsa
\lxoa_alt tlankisno:tsa
\lxoa_c kitlankesno:tsa, kitlankisno:tsa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp S-V
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to call the attention of by whistling with ones lips
\sense_s llamar al chiflar, por un silbido de los labios
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitlankikisno:tsa para ma notaka:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He whistles to him to advise him that they will meet.
\phrase_s Le chifla para avisarlo que se van a ver.
\phrase_n Ne:xtlankikisno:tsa, ke:n timotlankikisno:tsan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is whistling at me to attract my attention, we really whistle to each other a lot.
\phrase_s Me estállamando la atención al chiflarme, de veras nos hablamos mucho al chiflar.
\root tlan
\root kisi
\root no:tsa
\grm Compounding; incorporation: note the form /tlankikisno:tsa/. The first, incorporated element is the perfective or shortened stem of the verb /tlankikisi/. Note the lack of a
/ka:-/ participial form.
\vl Pick second female token, good example of stop release. The duration of the initial /a/ is slightly longer than I would expect for a short vowel, but not as long a reduction of
the reduplicant would call for. Cf. this to 4145 before making a final determination. Male and female have different pronunciations.
\ref 02877
\lxam jwe:s
\lxam_c jwe:s
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan juez
\sense_e town mayor and judge
\sense_s alcalde y juez del pueblo
\sense_d Am
\semfld govern
\ency_note officials
\nse The lieutenant mayor is called the segundoh.
\semref komisa:rioh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tekiwah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tekiwah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02878
\lxam a:wixtli
\lxam_c a:wixtli
\lxoa á:wixtlí
\lxoa_c á:wixtlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e dew; water left on plants in the morning after a night's rain
\sense_s rocío; agua que se encuentra en la mañana sobre las plantas después de que lloviópor la noche
\sense_d Pending
\semfld weather
\root ah
\root ich
\nae The pitch accent in Oapan suggests an underlying {h}, which is confirmed by the Classical form (cf. FK) ahwechtli or ahwachtli ; Carochi also gives
áuachtli. Nevertheless whereas Classical and other dialects manifest a short initial /a/, the initial vowel of Oapan Nahuatl is high pitched with long duration. For this reason
it has been written /á:/, assuming the duration reflects phonemic length. As it is difficult to determine the length of initial stressed vowels, the data on vowel length for Ameyaltepec
a:wistli and Oapan áwixtlí should be rechecked here and in other words with this initial root.
\qry For Ameyaltepec, check homophony with /a:wistli/, a type of tree. Check, perhaps this should be /a:wixtli/ as I have recorded it in one file card. Check initial vowel length carefully
here and with other forms.
\grmx Phonology; vowel length; phonetics: For /á:wixtlí/ the pitch accent in Oapan suggests an underlying {h}, which is confirmed by the Classical form (cf. FK)
ahwechtli or ahwachtli ; Carochi also gives áuachtli. Nevertheless whereas Classical and other dialects manifest a short initial /a/, the
initial vowel of Oapan Nahuatl is high pitched with long duration. For this reason it has been written /á:/, assuming the duration reflects phonemic length. As it is difficult to
determine the length of initial stressed vowels, the data on vowel length for Ameyaltepec a:wistli and Oapan áwixtlí should be rechecked here
and in other words with this initial root.
\vl Check vowel length in both Am and Oa. Oa shows p-a, but this may or may not indicate short vowel. Note that in other cases /ah/ initial sequences in Am go to a long vowel.
Peterson and Lehiste suggest segmenting vowel and /w/ boundary at"the region in which the slope of the second formant acquired a positive value"(p. 697). This would
clearly place some initial /a/s, such as Inocencio Jiménez's first token, as a long vowel and Florencia Marcelino's second utterance. The Ameyaltepec form still needs to be
studies. Since historically the initial syllable was *ah (as in Classical)
\qry_h Check for underlying /h/.
\root_notes In Classical the cognate forms are ahwechtli and ahwachtli. In Ameyaltepec note the word for 'to sprinke,' a:icwia or
a:wichwia.
\ref 02879
\lxam tapakuloh
\lxam_c tapakuloh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan tapaculo
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of small bush of the Malvaceae family, still unidentified
\sense_s tipo de arbusto de la familia Malvaceae, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tapakuloh | Deke xwel timoxi:xa, mitstla:lilian ia:yo itic motsi:nko ika jeri:ngah. Niman tipatis.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Felix Venancio
\phrase_e Tapakuloh : If you cannot defecate, they inject its juice into your rectum. You will get better right away.
\phrase_s Tapakuloh : Si no puedes defecar, te inyectan su jugo en el recto. Luego luego te alivias.
\mod Cf. notebook for further remedies; I believe there is one recorded for if you stomach hurts.
\semref tlako:tlachpa:wa:stli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02880
\lxam tlankimichin
\lxam_c *tlankimichin
\lxoa tlankomichin
\lxoa_c tlankomichin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e person who has tiny teeth (at times with small spaces between them)
\sense_s persona con dientes muy pequeños (a veces con pequeños espacios entre si)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Titlankimichin, xpapatla:wak motlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You have tiny teeth, your teeth are not wide.
\phrase_s Tienes dientes muy pequeños, tus dientes no son anchos.
\sense_e child having only two teeth (said of young children who are just getting their teeth and have only two)
\sense_s niño con solamente dos dientes (dicho de niños a quienes apenas les están saliendo sus dientes y solamente tienen dos)
\sense_d Oa
\root tlan
\root kimich
\qry Re: grammatical notes: check the difference between /papatla:wak/, /papatla:hkeh/ and /patla:wakeh/.
\grm Reduplication; pluralization: Note the phrase /Titlankimichin, xpapatla:wak motlan/ 'You have tiny teeth, your teeth are not wide.' In this phrase the reduplication of a
verbal stem (adjectival) is used to indicate plurality of many objects that are the same: /papatla:wak motlan/. Cf. this to /papatla:hkeh/, which perhaps is used for more
individuated objects. This should be checked.
\grm Compounds; modification; possessor raising: Note that /tlankomichin/ is a N-N compound. The first noun is"possessed"by the subject, thematically possessor. And the
second noun has an attributive function in regard to the"raised"noun. When used predicatively the phrase means 'I am a person whoe has tiny teeth,' 'I have tiny teeth,' 'my
teeth are tiny,' etc.
\ref 02881
\lxam tenexe:wi
\lxam_c tenexe:wi
\lxoa tenexe:wi
\lxoa_c tenexe:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become clouded over (e.g., eyes, with a thin greyish film because of dust and irritation, the condition in Spanish called carnosidad)
\sense_s nublarse (p. ej., ojos, con una capa gris, a causa de polvo e irritación, la condición que en español se llama carnosidad)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tenexe:w mi:xtew.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your eye (one) got covered with a thin grey film.
\phrase_s Se te tapóun ojo con una delgada capa gris (a causa de la condición conocida como carnosidad).
\root te
\root nex
\qry Check for other potential subject of /tenexe:wi/. Check for /tenexiwi/, which has not been documented.
\ref 02882
\lxam tokia
\lxam_c kitokia
\lxoa tokia
\lxoa_c kitokia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to stoke (a fire)
\sense_s atizar (un fuego)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to stoke a fire under
\sense_s atizar un fuego abajo de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtoki nonexko:n, ma poso:ntiwetsi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Stoke the fire underneath my pot for making nextamahli so that it rapidly comes to a boil!
\phrase_s ¡Atiza el fuego abajo de mi olla para hacer nixtamal para que hierva de una vez!
\phrase_n Oksepa xtoki un tenexko:ntli para ma:ka tlasese:wis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Stoke that lime kiln so that it doesn't go out!
\phrase_s ¡Atiza ese horno para cal para que no se apague!
\root toki
\nse The identification of the object of tokia is not entirely clear. In the above examples, from Ameyaltepec, it is the object under which the fire is being stoked that is the
object (in one case, the pot for making nextamahli). The applicative form tokilia manifests similar problems in determining the primary object of the
verbal construction (see notes there). It appears that the situation might be distinct in Oapan. Here, according to some consultants, the object of tokiya is the fire itself;
the transitive verb form tlatokilia is also used, and with this the object is the koma:hli, nexko:ntli, etc., and the tla- has a
culturally determined meaning of 'fire.'
\qry Determine the difference in objects between /tokiya/, /tokilia/ and /tlatokilia/, i.e., determine the potential objects for each case. That is, is it the object under which the fire is being
stoked that is the object or the fire itself. Check.
\xref tokilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 02883
\lxam i:xakamantetlakali
\lxam_c ki:xakamantetlakali
\lxoa i:xakamantétlakáli
\lxoa_pr i:xakamantetlakali
\lxoa_c ki:xakamantétlakáli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-b
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to throw face down; to make fall face down (particularly a person)
\sense_s tirar boca abajo al suelo; hacer caer boca abajo (particularmente a una persona)
\sense_d Pending
\root i:xaka
\root man
\root tlahkali
\grm Etymology of /i:xakamantetlakali/ has been analyzed as /i:xaka/ 'face down' as adverb, plus verb /mani/ and verb /tlakali/, with the intensifier /te/ (cf. kwa:temo:tla). Note
that there are several cases of apparently V (reduced stem) - Verb compounds. Here /i:xakaman-/ gives the resulting position after the object has been thrown to the ground.
An effort should be made to determine the difference between V-ka: compounding and the verbal root.
\ref 02884
\lxam i:xa:wia
\lxam_c ki:xa:wia
\lxoa i:xa:wia
\lxoa_c ki:xa:wiya
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi(a)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to rinse off (without using soap, just by pouring water over the surface of sth)
\sense_s enjuagar (sin usar jabón, simplemente al verter agua sobre la superficie de algo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xki:xa:wi un teposko:ntsi:n, ma ki:sa un tla:ltekwtli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Rinse off that small pot so that the dust comes off!
\phrase_s ¡Enjuaga esa ollita para que se quite el polvo!
\phrase_n Ma ki:xa:wi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just have him rinse it off quickly!
\phrase_s ¡Quélo enjuague rápido!
\root i:x
\root a:
\disamb pa:ka
\qry The phrase /ma ki:xa:wi/ contrasts with /ma kipapa:ka/ which implies washing something with soap. However, cf. the difference between /ma ki:xa:mi ikone:w/ and /ma ki:xa:wi
ikone:w/. Are both possible and correct; if so, what is the difference between one and the other. It seems that /i:xa:wia/ means to rinse by pouring water over, while /i:xa:mia/ means
to wash the surface of. However, also see if there is a word /xa:wia/ as in /ne:chxa:wia/ or whether it is /ne:chi:xa:wia/.
\vl The first pronunciation (female /ki:xawilia/ at 32:44) before the set of four after the bell is in error and should not be tagged.
\xref i:xa:wilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02885
\lxam xi:kalte:skatl
\lxam_c *xi:kalte:skatl
\lxam_cpend xi:kalte:skatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e water that is in a jícara being used for divination, and into which maize and copal balls are thrown
\sense_s agua es estádentro de una jícara que se estáempleando para adivinar, y a que se le echan maíz y bolitas de copal
\sense_d Am
\root xi:kal
\root te:ska
\ency_note divination
\mod Perhaps change title of divination head for onomasiological section.
\ref 02886
\lxam ma:pipichowilia
\lxam_c kima:pipichowilia
\lxoa ma:pichowilia
\lxoa_c kima:pichowilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ap
\lexical Lex. rpd-s (Am)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to whistle loudly at
\sense_s chiflarle fuerte a (para llamarle la atención)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kima:pipichowilia para ma wa:ltlachia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He whistles loudly at him so that he looks this way.
\phrase_s Le chifla fuertemente para que voltee hacia acá.
\flao ma:pipichowa
\root ma:
\root pich
\ency_note communication
\grmx Oapan reduplication: One aspect of Oapan Nahuatl is, of course, the reduced reduplicant, manifested as pitch accent or pitch accent and length. This is a quite widespread
and productive process. Another aspect is the lack of reduplicants in certain words that in neighboring dialects, and in historical forms, manifest reduplication. Such is the
case with /ma:pi(pi)chowa/ and /ma:pi(pi)chowilia/ (the parentheses represent reduplicants not present in Oapan). Another is /tlan(ki)kisa/ and related words (e.g.,
/tlan(ki)kisno:tsa/). Cf. the case of /kuhsa:wananakatl/ and Oa /kuhsa:wanakatl/. It is not clear in this latter case, however, whether Oa has a long vowel on /wa/, which
would be the reflex of the reduplicant. It appears that it does not.
\xref ma:pipichowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref ma:pichowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02887
\lxam tla:lakato:chin
\lxam_c tla:lakato:chin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e bobcat, Lynx rufus
\sense_s gato montés o gato rabón, Lynx rufus
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tla:lakato:chin, te:kwa:ni, pero kitowan mansi:toh para je:nteh. Wel iwa:n nomailia so:lo te:kwa:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tla:lakato:chin , it attacks, but they say it is not threatening to people. Only the te:kwa:ni can fight with it.
\phrase_s El tla:lakato:chin , ataca, pero dicen que es mansito con la gente. Solamente el te:kwa:ni puede verselas conél.
\semfld animal
\semfld mammal
\root tla:l
\root aka
\root to:ch
\nse The etymology of tla:lakato:chin is uncertain, as is the vowel length. Originally I had recorded all vowels except the final /o:/ as short. I then checked and corrected
this to the present sequence, with an initial long /a:/. In a visit to the New York Museum of Natural History, Cristino Flores identified a lynx as the tla:lakato:chin (or
champoltsi:n , an identical term). The identification as Lynx rufusis based on Leopold (1959).
\semref champoltsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kuwmisto:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02888
\lxam tlatoma
\lxam_c tlatoma
\lxoa tlatoma
\lxoa_c tlatoma
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-alt-mi
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to unhitch a team of oxen
\sense_s desatar y soltar una yunta
\sense_d Pending
\root tom
\xref tlatomilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref toma
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02889
\lxam chi:maltik
\lxam_c chi:maltik
\lxoa chi:maltik
\lxoa_c chi:maltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\sense_e to be big, round, and mostly flat (large tortillas, loaves of certain types of bread, pancakes, stains, fishing nets when properly thrown, omelettes, mushrooms, billowing
dresses, records, etc.)
\sense_s ser redondo, grande y algo plano (tortillas grandes, ciertos panes como semita, hotcakes, manchas, terrayas cuando se avientan bien, omeletes, ciertas faldas que se
hinchan, discos, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne: mlá:k uwei, ihkí:n techichi:maltik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Those there (in this case loaves of bread) are really big, they are wide and round like this (indicating with hands).
\phrase_s Esos son grandes de a deveras (en este casom panes), son hasta asíde grandes y redondos (indicándolo con las manos).
\phrase_n Asta techi:maltik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's just so big and round (in this case a fried egg tort)
\phrase_s Es hasta muy grande y redondo (en este caso una torta de huevo).
\root chi:mal
\nse If the round object is small, the diminutive chi:maltsi:n is used.
\qry Check to see if /chi:maltik/ is commonly used, or if the main (perhaps only) form is intensified: /techi:maltik/.
\nse If the round object is not big the diminutive without /-tik/ is used: /chi:maltsi:n/, e.g. a small tortilla. In vulgar speech this and related terms are at times used to refer to the male organ.
This word is often used in reference to the male organ and considered vulgar when so used (cf. kuhchi:maltik).
\root_notes Review possible etymology of /chi:mal/ based on /chi:-/ and /malV/ based on other words with /malV/ indicating roundness such as /malacatl/.
\ref 02890
\lxam tsatsilia
\lxam_c kitsatsilia
\lxoa 'tsatsília
\lxoa_pr tsatsilia
\lxoa_c kítsatsília
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to shout to
\sense_s gritar a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkontsatsili!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Give him a shout (over there)!
\phrase_s ¡échale un grito allá!
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to shout senselessly and repeatedly at
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) gritar sin sentido y repetidas veces a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlawe:leh katka, san a:uska:n te:tsa:tsatsilia, a:uska:n te:wa:n nokwala:nia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He used to be bad tempered, everywhere he would shout at people, everywhere he would get angry with people.
\phrase_s Antes era mal humurado, en todos lados le gritaba a la gente, en todos lados se enojaba con la gente.
\root tsahtsi
\xref tsatsi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref tsátsí
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02891
\lxam tewila:nilia
\lxam_c kitewila:nilia
\lxoa tewila:nilia
\lxoa_c kitewila:nilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Lex. prefix te-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to drag along the ground for
\sense_s jalar o arrastrar por el suelo para
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to stretch for; to pull for
\sense_s estirar para; jalar para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:xtewila:nili nokxi, o:nikxikelo:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pull on my leg for me, I dislocated it.
\phrase_s Jálame la pierna, se me distendió.
\sense_e (with extraverse directional prefix on-) to take down or off for
\sense_s (con prefijo direccional extraversa on-) bajar o tomar para
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to pull over for
\sense_s jalar hacia (algn) para
\sense_d Pending
\root te-
\root wila:
\xref tewila:na
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02892
\lxam tlai:xkopi:nahlo:tl
\lxam_c tlai:xkopi:nahlo:tl
\lxoa tlai:xkopi:nahlo:tl
\lxoa_c i:tlai:xkopi:nahlo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas-abstr
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e portrait; representation; copy
\sense_s retrato; representation en pintura; cuadro, copia; reproducción
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n motlai:xkopi:nahlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your portrait (picture) is pretty.
\phrase_s Es bonito tu retrato.
\phrase_n Ma:ka te:ma:k nemi yes itlai::xkopi:nahlo!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't let her photo get into other people's hands!
\phrase_s ¡No vayas a dejar que su foto llegue a manos ajenas!
\sense_e camera
\sense_s cámara
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root kopi:
\qry Check absence of /w/ in possessive, which is, however, to be expected. Check what the possessor refers to, it is the owner of the portrait or the subject. If the determination is not
in agreement with the illustrative sentence, then it should be changed.
\grm Note the formation of an abstract noun from a transitive verb: /i:xkopi:nahlo:tl/ is derived from /i:xkopi:na/ 'to copy or reproduce an image'. Discuss in chapter on
nominalizations.
\ref 02893
\lxam xa:yakatsokwiltik
\lxam_c xa:yakatsokwiltik
\lxoa xa:yá:tsokwíltik
\lxoa_alt xa:ya:tsókwiltík
\lxoa_c xa:yá:tsokwíltik; xa:ya:tsókwiltík
\lxoa_pr xa:ya:tsokwiltik
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be filthy-faced; to have a filthy face
\sense_s tener la cara muy sucia
\sense_d Pending
\root xa:yaka
\root tsohkwil
\nae The most common pronunciation for the Oapan headword is xa:yá:tsokwíltik. Here it appears that the long vowel of xa:ya:- (a long vowel that results
from the loss of /k/ intervocalicly) pulls the pitch accent to the left. In many other cases the pitch accent stays both on the nucleus that had {h} as coda and on"home"lexical element
(here tsókwiltík, thus maximizing input-output correspondence). Nevertheless, both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez did accept a leftward shift of pitch to
xa:ya:tsókwíltík, though this seemed to be a less natural pattern.
\vl Note that the first group of four is /xa:yá:tsokwíltik/, whereas the second group is /xa:ya:tsókwiltík/. Please tag all as"a""b""c"and"d"for each speaker. Then for final
selection one of each pronunciation should be selected for each speaker, and a new sound file created with the spliced sound (e.g., female 1st-2nd pronunciation, male
1st-2nd pronunciation)
\ref 02894
\lxam te:nxomi:tah
\lxam_c i:te:nxomi:tah
\lxoa te:nxomi:tah
\lxoa_c i:te:nxomi:tah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) -ita
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e diminutive, see te:nxo:mah
\sense_s diminutivo, véase te:nxo:mah
\sense_d Pending
\nae According to my analysis the diminutive te:nxomi:tah shortens the /o/. This is definitely the case in Oapan Nahuatl. Apparently the use of a Spanish diminutive on
a Nahuatl word (te:nxo:mah) redistributes length across the word, which now behaves as a loanword would, with a long vowel on the penultimate syllable.
\root te:n
\root xo:mah
\ref 02895
\lxam yekaselia
\lxam_c yekaselia
\lxoa yekaselia
\lxoa_c yekaselia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Adj; ~Intrans
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to have the tip sprout (a plant [S])
\sense_s retoñarsele el punto (a una planta [S])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w yekaseselian yepakihli ika o:kiaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tips of the branches on the yekakihlitree have started to sprout with the rain.
\phrase_s Las puntas de las ramas delárbol llamado yekakihli han empezado a retoñar con la lluvia.
\root yeka
\root sel
\ency_note Plant growth, parts, botany, etc.
\nse In Oapan this is often found in the reduced reduplicative plural: yeká:seliá.
\qry Obtain recording of /yeká:seliá/.
\ref 02896
\lxam tla:nilia
\lxam_c kitla:nilia
\lxoa tla:nilia
\lxoa_c kitla:nilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to extract (some good [SO]) out of; to earn from (e.g., ones efforts, above initial cost, etc.)
\sense_s sacar (algún provecho [OS]) de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San se: pe:soh niktla:nilia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I just earn one peso from it (e.g., a specific task or activity, such as selling, referring to profit above cost).
\phrase_s Le saco solamente un peso (p. ej., de una actividad como vender, la ganancia arriba del costo).
\sense_e to get the better of (e.g., a situation over sb)
\sense_s ganar (p. ej., una situación a algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:xtla:nilih wetskistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Laughter got the better of me.
\phrase_s Me ganóla risa.
\sense_e (refl. with specific object) to earn for oneself
\sense_s (refl. con objeto específico) ganar por si mismo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tli:n kinotla:nilia, nochi kitlamia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Whatever he earns for himself, he uses it all up.
\phrase_s Lo que gana para si mismo, todo lo acaba.
\phrase_n Sana:man kinotla:nilia, sana:man kine:ne:xtia itomi:ntsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He quickly earns it for himself, right away he turns up a little money here and there.
\phrase_s Rápidamente lo gana para si mismo, luego luego va encontrando su dinerito por ahí.
\sense_e to lose control over ones bowels and defecate on oneself
\sense_s perder el control de los intestinos y defecar sobre si mismo
\sense_d Pending
\root tla:ni
\qry Check for other uses of the applicative, e.g., someone who earns a profit from his money, perhaps /kitla:nilia itomi:n/, etc. Check correctness of /O:ne:xtla:nilih wetskistli/.
\vl Note that male mistakenly says, before final set, /kitla:lilia/. Do not tag.
\xref tla:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02897
\lxam kuwtsontetl
\lxam_c kuwtsontetl
\lxoa kohtsontetl
\lxoa_c kohtsontetl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e tree stump (Oapan synonym: kohtetepontli)
\sense_s tocón (sinónimo de Oapan: kohtetepontli)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e one who borrows sth and sits on it, not returning it
\sense_s uno que pide algo prestado y se queda con ello, no regresándolo prontamente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tikuwtsontetl pa:mpa xniman o:tihka:wato.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are a"tree stump"because you didn't go return it right away.
\phrase_s Eres un"tocón"porque no lo fuiste a devolver luego luego.
\root kow
\root tson
\root te
\qry On one file card I recorded that /kohtsontetl/ can also be used to refer to a trunk of a tree that is lying on the ground. Check.
\ref 02898
\lxam kale:walxo:chitl
\lxam_c kale:walxo:chitl
\lxoa kale:walxo:chitl
\lxoa_c kale:walxo:chitl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e flower of the kale:wahli
\sense_s flor del kale:wahli
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld fl
\root kal
\root e:wa
\root xo:ch
\ency_note Xref this to the botanical encyclopedia.
\semref kale:wahli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02899
\lxam tlaxo:tla
\lxam_c tlaxo:tla
\lxoa tlaxo:tla
\lxoa_c tlaxo:tla
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp tla-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e for it to be scorching (a very hot day); for it to be blistering hot
\sense_s hacer un calor infernal; ser un día abrasador
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Titla:ltoto:nka:mikis pa:mpa o:tlaxo:tlak wa:n xtikpia mowe:rach.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your feet will get burned from the hot earth because its scorching and you don't have your sandals.
\phrase_s Se te van a quemar los pies porque hace muchísimo calor y no traes tus huaraches.
\semfld weather
\root xo:tla
\qry Make sure that /tlaxo:tla/ only refers to the weather and can be considered an impersonal with a lexicalized meaning. Check whether /te-/ intensifier can be used here.
\xref xo:tla
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02900
\lxam miák
\lxam_c miák
\lxoa miak
\lxoa_alt miek
\lxoa_c miek; miak
\dt 03/Mar/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\sense_e a lot; plenty (particularly of countable nouns)
\sense_s mucho; gran cantidad de (sustantivos contables)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Miák ko:koneh nemi icha:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A lot of children are at his house.
\phrase_s Muchos niños andan en su casa.
\phrase_n Mimiák o:noto:to:kak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A lot was planted in each place (in this case a lot of maize seed was dropped in each hole during planting).
\phrase_s Se sembrómucha semilla en cada pocito (en este caso en cada pocito del campo se dejarón caer muchas semillas de maíz).
\phrase_n Xok mimiák o:tito:kakeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We didn't plant a lot (of seeds together) anymore (i.e., we planted only by groups of 3's or 4's together).
\phrase_s Ya no sembramos mucha (semilla en cada mata; p. ej., solamente pusimos 3 o 4 semillas juntos para cada mata).
\phrase_n ... porque tewameh nocha:n de milá:k miák ko:lo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 02900_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 51:23
\phrase_e ... because in my house there are a lot of scorpions.
\phrase_s ... porque en mi casa hay muchos alacranes.
\sense_e (wel ~); see wel
\sense_s (wel ~); véase wel
\sense_d Pending
\root miak
\nse Apparently miakeh is used as the plural for animates; mimiák has a more distributive sense. Yet the precise contexts in which miakeh ,
mimiakeh and mimiak are used needs to be determined.
\grm Reduplication: /Mimiák o:noto:to:kak/ 'A lot was planted in each place (in this case a lot of maize seed was dropped in each hole during planting).' Note the use of short
reduplication as in /mimiák/ even though the verb has long reduplication /o:noto:to:kakeh/. The reason appears to be the fact that the first reduplication (/mimiák/) refers to bunches
of seed that are together in ones hand, in a small hole in the ground, etc. However, the verbal reduplication /noto:to:ka/ is based on the fact that the planting takes place at regular
intervals, stride by stride. Hence the long vowel reduplication.
\grm Copula; numbers; quantifiers: Note that phrase miak kolotl. Here again is the use of a quantifier as in o:me nokal.
\vl Note: here there are two pronunciations. These will eventually be linked in one sound file, activated by one click. Indeed, all cases will be merged into one file (although in
certain cases this might contain 4 words).
\ref 02901
\lxam tewitso:ktli
\lxam_c tewitso:ktli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e half-crescent pointed piece of metal placed on the end of a digging stick (and, by extension, the entire digging stick with this type of point attached)
\sense_s pieza de metal de forma de media luna que se coloca al cabo de una coa (y, por extensión, todo una coa asíarmada)
\sense_d Am
\semfld tool
\ency_note agricultural tools
\root te
\root witso:k
\mod Illustrate and distinguish types of digging sticks and their points. See illustration in notebook. This is the same shape but larger than the /witso:ktli/. The former is for uprooting stones,
etc. /kwepe:wa tetl/ and the /witso:ktli, san para to:kalo/.
\ref 02902
\lxam kekelowa
\lxam_c kikekelowa
\lxoa kekelowa
\lxoa_c kikekelowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to tickle
\sense_s dar cosquillas a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkekelo! Ma notlalo!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tickle it (in this case a burro)! Make it run!
\phrase_s ¡Dále cosquillas!¡Quécorra!
\root kel
\nse In regard to a burro, the action refers to that of grinding the middle knuckle of the middle finger into the spine of a burro behind its saddle, on its ticklish spot, i:kekel ,
in order to make it run.
\nae Given the lexical nature of reduplication here, not reduction onto a short vowel of a previous syllable is possible. Finally, note that during a workshop in Oapan, Roberto Mauricio
gave the form kekeliwi. Others in the workshop, however, stated that they had never heard of or used this intransitive form.
\nde Note that in Oapan no reduced form is possible: * ki:kelowa.
\qry Apparently intransitive does not exist, but this should be checked since in classical the intransitive is found.
\grm Reduplication Oapan: Note that in Oapan no reduced form of /kikekelowa/ is possible: * ki:kelowa.
\ref 02903
\lxam tlatlastopo:ni
\lxam_c tlatlastopo:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp S-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a
\sense_e see xokotl de tlatlastopo:ni
\sense_s véase xokotl de tlatlastopo:ni
\sense_d Am
\root tlats-2-; topo:
\qry Check for other possible meanings of /tlastopo:ni/ or /tlatlastopo:ni/.
\ref 02904
\lxam tepostla:hloh
\lxam_c tepostla:hloh
\lxoa tepostla:hloh
\lxoa_c tepostla:hloh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Trans
\sense_e to be covered or full of rust
\sense_s estar cubierto deóxido
\sense_d Pending
\root tepos
\root tla:l
\qry Check for transitive and if possible change /tran field.
\ref 02905
\lxam ichpa:na
\lxam_c kichpa:na
\lxoa ichpa:na
\lxoa_c kichpa:na
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e to sweep (e.g., a porch or patio); to sweep up (garbage on the ground)
\sense_s barrer (un lugar como patio o piso, o también lo que estátirado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikichpa:nas un tlasohli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will sweep up that garbage.
\phrase_s Voy a barrer esa basura.
\phrase_n Nitlachpa:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am sweeping.
\phrase_s Estoy barriendo.
\sense_e (refl.) to move suddenly to the side (a beast of burden as it is walking)
\sense_s (refl.) hacerse de repente a un lado (una bestia de carga al caminar)
\sense_d Pending
\root chpa:
\nse In Oapan this verb can be reduplicated as follows. There are, in total, 5 forms to be distinguished: 1) tlachpa:na ; 2) tlá:chpá:na ; 3)
tla:tlachpa:na ; 4) tla:tlá:chpá:na ; and 5) tlátlá:chpá:na.
\qry Determine whether the object can be both the object swept (as in /nikichpa:nas un tlasohli/) or the place swept (nikichpa:nas nokal, or nokali). My preliminary information suggests
that both are possible.
\ref 02906
\lxam so:lin
\lxam_c so:lin
\lxoa so:lin
\lxoa_c so:lin
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e type of quail, or perhaps wood-partridge, of the family Phasianidae; apparently this name includes quail with head feathers such as the Banded Quail Philortyx
fasciatus, and other types without these feathers, perhaps the Singing Quail, Dactylortyx thoracicus, or a related species.
\sense_s tipo de codorniz, o quizá"wood-partridge,"de la familia Phasianidae, aparentemente incluye codornices con plumas de la cabeza como el"Banded Quail," Philortyx
fasciatus, y otros tipos sin este plumaje, quizáel"Singing Quail," Dactylortyx thoracicuso especies cercanas.
\sense_d Pending
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 16, 15, pp. 232, 228
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root so:l
\ref 02907
\lxam i:xte:mpapa:ya:ti
\lxam_c i:xte:mpapa:ya:ti
\lxoa i:xté:mpa:yá:ti
\lxoa_pr i:xté:mpa:ya:ti
\lxoa_c i:xté:mpa:yá:ti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-ti
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Am, Oa
\infv class-3d(ti)
\pitch yes
\sense_e to acquire or become affected by blurry or fuzzy vision (from illness, old age, drunkenness, or simply poor eyesight)
\sense_s llegar a tener la vista nublada o borrosa (por enfermedad, vejez, ebriedad, o simplemente por tener la vista mala de por si)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yoi:xte:mpapa:ya:tkeh, ye o:tla:wa:nkeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They've gotten blurry vision, they've already gotten drunk.
\phrase_s Ya se les nublóla vista, ya se emborracharon.
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root pa:ya:
\vl First of 3 female tokens is wrong, /i:xte:mpa:ya:tik/. This should be coded as word, 05452 f1"z"to leave room for other tokens. Use first female token of correct 4-set; then
use last (2nd) male token.
\xref i:xte:mpa:ya:tilia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 02908
\lxam i:xmani
\lxam_c i:xmani
\lxoa i:xmani
\lxoa_c i:xmani
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to become smooth on the surface; to become flat (a section of the ground; a pile of things such as grain)
\sense_s ponerse liso por la superficie; quedar plano o parejo (una sección de tierra o del suelo, o un montón de algo como maíz)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xka:la:wa: un tla:hli, ma tlai:xmani.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Push that earth down (where it is slightly high, in a mound) so that the ground is even (smooth).
\phrase_s Aplana esa tierra (donde hay una pequeña elevación), para que la tierra se ponga todo más plano.
\sense_e to become spread out (standing water)
\sense_s extenderse (agua estancada)
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root man i:xakamantok
\nse The verb i:xmani is usually found in a stative form, i:xmantok, which is in a separate entry. It refers to something like a small section of land
that is flat, or corn piled in a granary that is flat and smooth at the top, not piled up in a heap. However, unlike statives such as i:xakamantok,
kweptok or koptok, and others, i:xmantok is found in an intransitive form.
\qry Check definition of 'to become spread out (standing water)'
\mod Add phrase under /otli/ and /owitia/.
\xref i:xmani:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02909
\lxam suwa:tlake:ntli
\lxam_c suwa:tlake:ntli
\lxoa siwa:tlake:ntli
\lxoa_c siwa:tlake:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(m)
\sense_e women's clothes
\sense_s ropa de mujer
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kixo:chio:ti:s isuwa:tlake:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She will embroider her clothes.
\phrase_s Va a bordar su ropa de mujer.
\root sowa:
\root ke:m
\ency_note clothes
\ref 02910
\lxam tenexkuwsa:wananakatl
\lxam_c tenexkuwsa:wananakatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e large fungus or mushroom that grows on the bark of the tenexkuwsa:watl tree
\sense_s hongo grande que crece sobre la cáscara delárbol tenexkuwsa:watl
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld mush
\fla kohsa:wananakatl
\root te
\root nex
\root kow
\root sa:wa
\root naka
\qry Make sure that this term is not found in Oapan; also make sure that the possessed Intrinsic form can be used.
\ref 02911
\lxam xa:yakakwepa
\lxam_c noxa:yakakwepa
\lxoa xa:ya:kopa
\lxoa_alt xa:yakakopa
\lxoa_c kixa:ya:kopa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (refl.) to turn ones head (either to avoid sb's look or to look toward sb)
\sense_s (refl.) voltear la cabeza (o para evitar la mirada de algn, o para mirar directamente a algo)
\sense_d Pending
\root xa:yaka
\root kwepa
\qry Determine the meaning of transitive /kixa:yakakopa/, etc.
\ref 02912
\lxam ka: chika
\lxam_c ka: chika
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\compound Neg-Modal
\der Modal
\sense_e it's not true!
\sense_s ¡no es verdad!
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ka: chikatsi:n! San kwa:tese:borió:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's not true! It's only a joke!
\phrase_s ¡No es verdad!¡Es sólo una vacilada!
\root ka:
\root chika
\nse Chika enters into several Ameyaltepec forms.
\qry Since I have recorded /ka:chika/ with a long vowel and /tlakachika/ with a short vowel, these should be rechecked.
\semref chika
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02913
\lxam yoyoma
\lxam_c kiyoyoma
\lxoa yóyomá
\lxoa_pr yoyoma
\lxoa_c kí:yomá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-3a(m)
\pitch yes
\sense_e (reduplicated with a long or short vowel, depending on the circumstances) to skim against in a curved motion, skimming against the surface of the object at the bottom of the
curve (note: the prototypical motion of this sort is that made by a woman grinding nextamahli on a metate)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga o corta, dependiendo de las circumstancias) pegar rozando con una moción encorvada (rozando la superficie del objeto al punto más
bajo de la curva; el ejemplo prototípico de esta acción es la de una mujer moliendo nixtamal sobre un metate)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tlateyo:yontok ipan a:tl a:yoyontsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The dragonfly skims against the surface of the water.
\phrase_s La libélula pasa rozando sobre la superficie del agua.
\phrase_n Yo:li:k kiteyo:yontok imetl, xnotlasiwi:tia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is slowly pushing down again and again against her metate, she's not in any hurry.
\phrase_s Despacio empuja y empuja contra su metate, no se apura.
\sense_e (fig.) to have sexual intercourse with (a man [S] with a woman [O] based on the type of motion involved)
\sense_s (fig.) tener relaciones sexuales con (un hombre [S] con una mujer [O] basado en el tipo de moción utilizado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kiyo:yoma isuwa:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has sex with his wife.
\phrase_s Tiene relaciones sexuales con su esposa.
\semfld motion
\root yoma
\nse The action indicated by yoma has only been documented in the three types of motion noted above: a dragonfly against water, a woman grinding on a metate, and
a man having intercourse with a woman. Because of the latter, this word is often used in double entendres, as in the riddle Se: tosa:sa:ne:l, se: tosa:sa:ne:l, se: tona:na:tsi:n, san
nochipa noyoyontok 'Una adivinanza, una adivinanza: A una señora, siempre la estarán fregando (es el metate).' In Oapan yoma, which is only found
reduplicated with either long or short vowel, only has a sexual sense, referring to the action of the male in mounting a female (in reference to human intercourse and that of donkeys,
dogs, pigs, and other similar animals).
\qry Determine difference and if both are possible: /yo:yoma/ and /yoyoma/.
\ref 02914
\lxam i:xmi:miktia
\lxam_c ki:xmi:miktia
\lxoa i:xmi:mihtia
\lxoa_c ki:xmi:mihtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cause to have or to give blurry vision; to blur the vision of (a bright light)
\sense_s hacer que tenga la vista nublosa; nublar la vista de (una luz fuerte)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chi:xmi:miktia to:nahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sun blurs my vision.
\phrase_s El sol me nubla la vista.
\root i:x
\root miki
\nae The length of the reduplicant nucleus is shorter than might perhaps be expected (and should be compared to the acoustic properties of the same vowel in i:xmi:miki.
Nevertheless, the duration does seem to be in the range of a long vowel, and the absence of pitch accent as well as the form of the Ameyaltepec cognate, suggest a long vowel.
Nevertheless, the question of reduplication and vowel length is problematical. In the only other dialect that has a cognate form (Zacapoaxtla), the reduplicant has a coda (written /j/ in
Zacapoaxtla), representative of what in Classical was the 'saltillo.' However, given that the surface manifestation of non-phrase final underlying {h} in Oapan is pitch accent, the
absence of pitch accent suggests that the reduplicant in i:xmi:miki is not a closed syllable with {h} as a coda. Unfortunately the Ameyaltepec form (which I have noted
to have a long vowel) sheds no light on this question (speakers from San Juan Tetelcingo will have to be co nsulted). It is possible that Oapan i:xmi:mihtia represents
underlying long vowel reduplication with subsequent shortening of the vowel nucleus for some unexplained reason. Indeed, in the first pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino, the
reduplicant vowel seemed to have long duration.
\qry Carefully query and check vowel length of the reduplicant.
\grmx Vowel reduplication; length: The length of the reduplicant nucleus is shorter than might perhaps be expected (and should be compared to the acoustic properties of the
same vowel in i:xmi:miki. Nevertheless, the duration does seem to be in the range of a long vowel, and the absence of pitch accent as well as the form of the
Ameyaltepec cognate, suggest a long vowel. Nevertheless, the question of reduplication and vowel length is problematical. In the only other dialect that has a cognate form
(Zacapoaxtla), the reduplicant has a coda (written /j/ in Zacapoaxtla), representative of what in Classical was the 'saltillo.' However, given that the surface manifestation of
non-phrase final underlying {h} in Oapan is pitch accent, the absence of pitch accent suggests that the reduplicant in i:xmi:miki is not a closed syllable with
{h} as a coda. Unfortunately the Ameyaltepec form (which I have noted to have a long vowel) sheds no light on this question (speakers from San Jua n Tetelcingo will
have to be consulted). It is possible that Oapan i:xmi:mihtia represents underlying long vowel reduplication with subsequent shortening of the vowel nucleus
for some unexplained reason. Indeed, in the first pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino, the reduplicant vowel seemed to have long duration.
\qry_h Check for /h/; note absence of vowel p-a in Oapan.
\vl Check vowel length in all forms. Use first token of female and either one of male. Note: this is because in the first token of Florencia the vowel has long duration.
Inocencio's pronunciation is with a defnite short vowel.
\xref i:xmi:miki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02915
\lxam koya:wi
\lxam_c koya:wi
\lxoa koya:wi
\lxoa_c koya:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to stretch open or widen (a hole or round opening in sth, such as the mouth of a sack, a loop, the hole in the roof of a thatched-roof hut, etc.)
\sense_s abrirse o ensancharse (un agujero o abertura redonda, como la boca de un costal, un lazo, una agujero grande en el techo de una casa de palma, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Matiliwi morria:tah, xwel koya:wi para ika titlatsonwi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your lasso is twisted up, (the loop in it) can't open up in order that you be able to lasso something.
\phrase_s Tu riata estátorcida, no puede abrirse para que puedas lazar algo.
\sense_e to become loose (e.g., clothes or other things that go around sth)
\sense_s estirarse o quedar más holgado (p. ej., ropa o cosas similares que se ponen alrededor de algo)
\sense_d Pending
\root koya:
\nse Koya:wi refers to the stretching out (with the intensifier te- / in particular this verb indicates a harmful stretching) of a sack opening, a shirt or bonnet.
It may also refer to openings or tears that get larger (e.g. in a thatched roof, or a hole in cloth). Finally, it may also be used as a sexual albur(double entendre) with a
human subject, referring to the widening of the anus from penetration. This sexual allusion is particularly strong in the applicative koya:wiliaand is noted in the
vulgar sexual insult used in Ameyaltepec (but not Oapan): tsi:nkoya:wak 'faggot.'
\ref 02916
\lxam a:jos
\lxam_c a:jos
\lxoa ajos
\lxoa_c ajos
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan ajos
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e garlic
\sense_s ajos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:jos molo:nki, o:pano:k de a:jos.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It smells of garlic (a food), it has too much garlic.
\phrase_s Huele a ajo (una comida), tiene demasiado ajo.
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\mod Make sure that this acceptation of /molo:nki/ is in the dictionary, as well as /panowa/.
\ref 02917
\lxam solo:ni
\lxam_c solo:ni
\lxoa solo:ni
\lxoa_c solo:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni[+ca]
\trans +Caus
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to make a rushing sound (e.g., water in a rapids); to make a whirring, whizzing, or whooshing sound
\sense_s hacer un sonido como de torrente (p. ej., agua en los rápidos); hacer un sonido como soplido, zumbido, runrún, etc.
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wel solo:ni motro:mpoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your top can make a whooshing sound (when it spins rapidly).
\phrase_s Tu trompo puede hacer un sonido como de zumpido (al girar rápido).
\phrase_n Wa:lsolo:ntiw un ko:chin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That car is coming along making a whirring sound.
\phrase_s Viene ese coche haciendo un sonido como de runrún.
\sense_e (sa: solo:ntok) to be just wheezing (as one is near death)
\sense_s (sa: solo:ntok) estar nomás resollando (al aproximarse a la muerte)
\sense_d Pending
\root solo:
\nde In Oapan solo:ni is apparently only used to refer to the wheezing of a person extremely ill and on the verge of death. It refers to a rumbling noise in the throat. In
reference to water in Oapan only the progressive seems to be used: solo:ntok.
\qry Check to determine whether a transitive form /solo:nia/ exists, or whether only /solo:naltia/, which is reported in my corpus, is found. If the two do exist, then determine the
difference. If only /solo:naltia/ exists, then change the /cat field coding to V1-b(ni/ltia). Also determine what other potential subjects of /solo:ni/ are.
\xref solo:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref sosolka
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02918
\lxam sio:tomi
\lxam_c sio:tomi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-mi
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e see soyotomi
\sense_s véase soyotomi
\sense_d Am
\root sio
\root tom
\vl Tag these tokens with the numbers for 02859, letters"c"and"d"for each speaker.
\ref 02919
\lxam te:nkaxa:nki
\lxam_c te:nkaxa:nki
\lxoa te:nkaxa:nki
\lxoa_c te:nkaxa:nki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to have a loose top, cap, or lid (a container, etc.)
\sense_s tener la tapa, tapadera o tapón flojo (un recipiente, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root kaxa:
\nse Te:nkaxa:nki may refer to a cover or cap that should fit into the top of a pot, mouth of a bottle, etc., or it may refer to a screw-on top that is loose. Its antonym
is te:ntili:ntok(in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan) or te:ntepi:stik (used in Ameyaltepec).
\qry Check to determine all things that may be the subject.
\ref 02920
\lxam xa:yakakakalaki
\lxam_c xa:yakakakalaki
\lxoa xa:ya:kákaláki
\lxoa_alt xa:yá:kaláki
\lxoa_pr xa:ya:kakalaki
\lxoa_pr xa:yá:kalaki
\lxoa_c xa:yá:kaláki; xa:ya:kákaláki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex rdp-s
\infv class-3a(k)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have ones cheeks sunken in
\sense_s sumirsele las mejillas (a algn)
\sense_d Pending
\root xa:yaka
\root kalak
\nae Oapan Nahuatl xa:ya:kákaláki manifests reduplication of the verbal stem (given that this condition affects both cheeks at the same time). There is no reduction onto the
previous syllable of the incorporated noun given that the vowel is long. The pitch accent remains on the reduplicant and does not shift leftward. Nevertheless, when I asked if an
alternate pronunciation, xa:yá:kaláki, was acceptable, both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez accepted it and gave it as an alternate pronunciation. This form,
with pitch accent, would seem to have reduced reduplication (the {h} coda of the reduplicant is the source of pitch accent) on the final long vowel of the incorporated noun stem.
This is unusual though not without precedent in Oapan Nahuatl. Nevertheless, though correct and acceptable, it is probably not the pronunciation that would be expected in normal
speech.
\grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication, k-loss: Oapan Nahuatl xa:ya:kákaláki manifests reduplication of the verbal stem (given that this condition affects both
cheeks at the same time). There is no reduction onto the previous syllable of the incorporated noun given that the vowel is long. The pitch accent remains on the reduplicant
and does not shift leftward. Nevertheless, when I asked if an alternate pronunciation, xa:yá:kaláki, was acceptable, both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio
Jiménez accepted it and gave it as an alternate pronunciation. This form, with pitch accent, would seem to have reduced reduplication (the {h} coda of the reduplicant is the
source of pitch accent) on the final long vowel of the incorporated noun stem. This is unusual though not without precedent in Oapan Nahuatl. Nevertheless, though correct
and acceptable, it is probably not the pronunciation that would be expected in normal speech.
\ref 02921
\lxam pro:beti
\lxam_c pro:beti
\lxoa pró:wetí
\lxoa_pr pro:weti
\lxoa_c pró:wetí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (Nah) pobre
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\pitch yes
\sense_e to become poor and impoverished
\sense_s quedarse pobre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Moka wetska pa:mpa ke:n yo:tipro:bet.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He makes fun of you because you've become really impoverished.
\phrase_s Se burla de típorque te quedaste muy empobrecido.
\nae The /e/ of Oapan Nahuatl pró:wetí seems to have a slightly longer duration than expected. But given the phonological rule which readjusts pitch assignment to H-L-H
only with a short second vowel (a long vowel would hold pitch accent), the /e/ has been considered short.
\qry Determine for sure if the /o:/ is long and the /e/ short; perhaps the situation is reversed.
\semref plo:wetia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref pro:betia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref pró:wetiá
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref poró:wetiá
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02922
\lxam kwe:tekomo:ni
\lxam_c kwe:tekomo:ni
\lxoa kwe:tekomo:ni
\lxoa_c kwe:tekomo:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b(ni/ltia)
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to have ones dress puff and billow out (e.g., while dancing, wading into water, etc.)
\sense_s quedarsele extendida hacia afuera la falda (a algn, p. ej., al bailar o entrar al agua)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwe:
\root te-
\root komo:
\nae This term has only been documented with the intensifier; it is often used with the aspectual ending -tiw.
\qry Apparently this only occurs with the infixed intensifier. However, this should be checked. There is probably a transitive form: obtain and enter and change the relevant fields.
\ref 02923
\lxam chichikone:tl
\lxam_c chichikone:tl
\lxoa chichikone:tl
\lxoa_c chichikone:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e puppy
\sense_s cachorro
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld domes
\root chichi
\root kone:
\nse Unlike chichi , chichikone:tl can be possessed.
\ref 02924
\lxam te:kwitlani
\lxam_c kite:kwitlani
\lxoa te:witlani
\lxoa_alt te:kwitlani
\lxoa_c kite:witlanin, kite:kwitlani
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to summon by sending word for
\sense_s mandar llamar a; mandar traer a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Miste:kwitlani, kwa:lti:tlani se: para tiá:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He sends word for you, he sends someone here so that you will go.
\phrase_s Te manda llamar, envía a alguien aquípara que te vayas.
\phrase_n Segi:doh kite:kwitlani para ma ya icha:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He continually sends word for him to go to his house.
\phrase_s Seguido le manda decir que vaya a su casa.
\sense_e to summon to the village courthouse (comisaría) to appear before the mayor or his second
\sense_s mandar llamar a la comisaría para comparecer ante las autoridades
\sense_d Pending
\root kwi
\root -tlani
\nse In Ameyaltepec te:kwitlani refers to the sending of a messenger or notice by letter (or similar means) to someone; the grammatical object is the person who has been
informed and sent for. Thus the meaning of miste:kwitlani is that someone summons you (to where he is) by sending word to you. The directionals
on- and wa:l- can be used, though most often they are not. The verb itself indicates an action that takes place over a distance, that which separates the person
doing the summoning and the person summoned. Thus ne:chwa:lte:kwitlani is the same as ne:xte:kwitlani , though the form with the directional is rarely
heard in unelicited speech. Note that since the person doing the summoning does not change location, the directional suffixes are not appropriate at all.
\nae The etymology of te:kwitlani is not totally transparent, but it seems to comprise the nonspecific particle te:-, the verb root kwi, and
the verbal suffix -tlani (which is probably related to ihtlani). Carochi (Lockhart, p. 298 ff) states that"El verbo tlani el tla, breve (que
largo, significa ganar) aunque fuera de composición, no significa nada, tiene alguna semejança con ìtlani, pedir: por que componiéndose con otros verbos significa
mandar, dessear, pedir, y propriamente pretender, que se haga lo que el precedente verbo significa."
\vl Note that there are two sets of four tokens (F-M-F-M). Tag these, but don't select it for final links to the computer since there are later tokens at 06844 that have better
sound. Re: the tokens originally at 6844. These are the ones to be linked. Note that there should be 6 female tokens as follows /kite:witlani/, /kite:witlanih/, /kite:witlanin/,
/kite:witlanin/, /kite:kwitlanin/, /kite:kwitlanin/. The first is singular and the rest are plural, with the last two having /kw/ for /w/ in the second syllable. Do not link the
singular (first female token if all segment) which has a final glottal stop. The male speech tokens from 6844 follow the same pattern but there are only 5: /kite:witlani/,
/kite:witlanih/, /kite:witlanih/, /kite:witlanih/, /kite:kwitlanih/, /kite:kwitlanih/. Again, don't link the first (singular) form but link one /kite:witlanih/ and one /kite:kwitlanih/.
Pick the tokens where the final /h/ is the most prominent.
\semref tlalwia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 02925
\lxam tetsi:liwtok
\lxam_c tetsi:liwtok
\lxoa tetsi:lihtok
\lxoa_c tetsi:lihtok
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be tightly wound or twisted (e.g., the threads of a rope)
\sense_s estar muy torcido y apretado (p. ej., los hilos de una soga o laso)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xto:toma, tetsi:liwtok!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Untwist it (e.g., a wire that is twisted and coiled), it is tightly twisted up!
\phrase_s ¡Desenróscalo (p. ej., un alambre que estáenroscado), estábien retorcido!
\root tetsi:l
\qry Check to determine whether /tetsi:liwtok/ and /tetsi:ltik/ are equivalent. It seems that perhaps in some cases they are, but that /tetsi:ltik/ may be used for tightly woven cloth while
/tetsi:liwtok/ cannot be so used.
\ref 02926
\lxam a:man
\lxam_c a:man
\lxoa a:man
\lxoa_c a:man
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\sense_e today (syn. Oa a:mani:n)
\sense_s hoy (sin. Oa a:mani:n)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n San a:man niá:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will only go today
\phrase_s Solamente hoy voy a ir.
\sense_e now
\sense_s ahora
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e soon
\sense_s ahora
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n A:man wa:hla:s.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He will come soon.
\phrase_s Ahora viene.
\sense_e (with diminutive a:mantsi:n) shortly; in a minute
\sense_s (con el diminutivo a:mantsi:n) en un momento; ahorita
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n A:mantsi:n, xne:xchia!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e In just a moment, wait for me!
\phrase_s Ahorita, ¡espérame!
\sense_e nowadays
\sense_s estos días
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xikne:li:listli ika o:hmaxtih. A:man xne:chselia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's not thankful that I taught him. Nowadays he doesn't accept me in his house.
\phrase_s No estáagradecido por eso de que le enseñé, ahora no me recibe.
\sense_e now (it has resulted that)
\sense_s ahora (resulta que)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:note:tsa:wih, a:man o:mik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He had a premonition about himself, and now he has died.
\phrase_s Tuve una premonición sobre si mismo, y ahora se murió.
\sense_e (sa: ki ~) just recently
\sense_s (sa: ki ~) apenas
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (~ chikwe:i) a week from today
\sense_s (~ chikwe:i) de hoy en ocho
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (~ kaxto:hli) two weeks from today; in a fortnight
\sense_s (~ kaxto:hli) de hoy en quince
\sense_d Pending
\root a:man
\nse In san a:man the /n/ is velarized before the word boundary. This is distinct in pronunciation from sana:man.
\qry Check the vowel length and saltillo, etc of both /keh a:man i:n/ and /ke: a:man/ (perhaps /keh a:man/).
\mod Enter /ke: a:man/ also under /ke:/ or /keh/ after checking correct form; i:e., either /ke: a:man/ or /keh a:man/, often pronounced /kya:man/.
\semref sana:man
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref a:mani:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref saniman
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref kea:man
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02927
\lxam welmati
\lxam_c kwelmati
\lxoa welmati
\lxoa_c kiwelmati
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-b
\infv Irregular; see mati
\sense_e to like the feel of (e.g., a massage; often this is used in a sexual sense, either direct or as an innuendo)
\sense_s tener gusto por el sentir de (p. ej., un masaje; a menudo se utiliza con una implicación sexual directa o indirecta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikwelmati notlapi:tsal, melá:k yema:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I like the feel of my wind instrument, it is really loose (i.e., light to the touch).
\phrase_s Me gusta el sentir de mi instrumento de viento, es muy suave (esto es, al tocar no se encuentra resistencia).
\sense_e (refl.) to feel better
\sense_s (refl.) sentirse mejor
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye nimowelmati.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm already feeling better.
\phrase_s Ya me estoy sintiendo mejor.
\root wel
\root mati
\nse When a human is the object of welmati it acquires a sexual sense. It is not overly vulgar, but used much more by men than women, e.g., Nikwelmati un
sowa:tl, melá:k na:wiltia 'I like the feel of that woman, she is really frisky (in making love) / Me gusta como se siente esa mujer, es muy juguetona (en hacer el amor).'
\ref 02928
\lxam a:tioh
\lxam_c a:tioh
\lxoa a:tioh
\lxoa_c a:tioh
\dt 14/Jan/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\trans ~Trans
\sense_e full of lice
\sense_s piojoso
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semref a:twah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\root a:t
\ref 02929
\lxam tlapowilia
\lxam_c kitlapowilia
\lxoa tlapowilia
\lxoa_c kitlapowilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to open for
\sense_s abrir para
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to turn the sound up on (e.g., a radio)
\sense_s subirle el sonido a (p. ej., un radio)
\sense_d Oa
\root tlapo
\qry Check whether one can say /xne:xtlapowili nomi:hlan/.
\grm Vowel length: Note that whereas all endings in tlapo:wi have a long /o:/ the forms of the applicative, which derive from tlapowa, have a short /o/
\xref tlapowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02930
\lxam pa:kilistlami
\lxam_c pa:kilistlami
\lxoa pa:ilistlami
\lxoa_c pa:ilistlami
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to become fully content or satisfied
\sense_s llegar a ponerse completamente contento o satisfecho
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:man nipa:kilistlamis pa:mpa melá:k niknekia nikchi:was wa:n a:man nikchi:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will be fully content now because I truly wanted to do it (e.g., a job or activity) and now I'm doing it.
\phrase_s Ahora voy a estar completamente contento porque de veras lo quería hacer (p. ej., un trabajo, una actividad) y ahora lo estoy haciendo.
\phrase_n Yo:pa:kilistlan pa:mpa yo:weka:w xtlai. Kwa:k xpa:kilistlami momo:stla ihkón onkah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's had his heart's content because he has been on the wagon (not drinking) for a long time. When he isn't satisfied, everyday he's like that (drunk).
\phrase_s Ya quedócontento porque ya tiene mucho tiempo que no bebe. Cuando no se satisface, cada día anda así(de borracho).
\root pa:ki
\root tlami
\qry Make sure this means 'to become fully content or satisfied' and not 'for ones happiness to end' (as might be suggested by the meaning of /tlami/. Also make sure that the verb is
/pa:kilistlami/ and not /pa:kilistlamia/. Get further examples of use.
\xref pa:kilistlami:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 02931
\lxam kana:wtok
\lxam_c kana:wtok
\lxoa kana:htok
\lxoa_c i kana:htok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be thin or threadbare (e.g., cloth of an item of clothing)
\sense_s estar luído o desgastado (p. ej., la tela de una prenda de vestir)
\sense_d Am
\root kana:
\nae In Oapan kana:htok is used only as a progressive; in this sense it is like an"unergative"verb. For this reason Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez insisted on
using the adverbial marker i (in other dialects often ye) in the utterance. The i is often used to indicate a progressive, particularly in cases in
which the durative -tok can be interpreted as either stative/resultative or progressive.
\qry Make sure this is a stative, and cf. to /kana:wak/. It might well be that the /-tok/ statives are not found with /-a:wi/ verbs.
\grm Stative; progressive: Although I have the entry /kana:wtok/ meaning 'estáluído' it might well be that this is not really a used or common form, or, if it is, that it has more of a
progressive meaning 'to be becoming threadbare.' Thus note that /toma:wtok/ would seem to not be an adjectival. Check all /-a:wi/ verbs for /-tok/ forms and see if these are
statives/resultative or whether other derivations are (e.g., /tomaktik/, /toma:wak/, etc.). Note that FM refused to accept simply /kana:htok/ and stated that the correct form
was /i kana:htok/. This is a good indication of the fact that /i/ is part of the progressive. Note that she did not accept this as a stative (and thus the stative should be removed
from the dictionary).
\ref 02932
\lxam so:sórron
\lxam_alt so:sorrón
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan sonsorrón (?)
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e noisemaker used during Holy Week
\sense_s matraca, aparato para hacer ruido durante Semana Santa
\sense_d Am
\nse So:sórron is undoubtedly a Spanish loan, though the source is still unidentified. The termination -ón seems to occur in several lexemes that refer to toys
or to things that swirl around (such as occurs with a noisemaker).
\ilus_note Make illustration.
\semref tlakakalatsahli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kohcha:charah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02933
\lxam i:xte:nkwitlatl
\lxam_c i:xte:nkwitlatl
\lxoa i:xte:nkwitlatl
\lxoa_c i:xte:nkwitlatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e excretions from the eyes
\sense_s lagañas; excreciones de los ojos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Deke tiktlatlatas xo:tlame:tsi:n tihpias mi:xte:nkwitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If you stare at a firefly you will have excretions coming from your eyes.
\phrase_s Si le miras intensamente a un luciérnaga, se te va salir excreciones por los ojos.
\semfld body-part
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root kwitla
\qry Check and confirm /xo:tlame:tsi:n/ vl.
\ref 02934
\lxam tlachialistli
\lxam_c tlachialistli
\lxoa tlachialistli
\lxoa_c tlachialistli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e appearance (phyiscal, often in the sense of a pleasing or beautiful appearance)
\sense_s apariencia (físico, generalmente en el sentido de tener una apariencia bonita y que da placer)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa itlachialis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That is the way he looks.
\phrase_s Eso es su apariencia.
\phrase_n To:ma:ya:tl iwa:n xi:koti, san se: tlachialistli.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p DT#8: 248
\phrase_e The to:ma:ya:tland the xi:kotlihave the same (have one) appearance (i.e., both are black).
\phrase_s El to:ma:ya:tly el xi:kotlitiene la misma (una sola) apariencia (los dos son negros).
\phrase_n On ne:nkah xo:chitl, xkowa! Melá:k kipia itlachialis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That flower over there, buy it! It really looks good (i.e., have bright, strong colors).
\phrase_s Esa flor allá,¡cómpratela!, De veras tiene buena apariencia (esto es, tiene colores brillantes).
\sense_e brightness (e.g., of a light or lamp)
\sense_s brillantez (p. ej., de una luz o lámpara)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San i:xko:koptok, xkipia ma:s itlachialis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's just fluttering on and off, it isn't bright (e.g., a flashlight).
\phrase_s Nada más estácentelleando, ya no tiene brillantez (p. ej., una lámpara eléctrica).
\root chiya
\ref 02935
\lxam isekilia
\lxam_c kisekilia
\lxoa ísekília
\lxoa_pr isekilia
\lxoa_c kísekília
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to toast (sth such as seeds) on a griddle for
\sense_s tostar (algo como semillas) sobre el comal para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chisekili na:yowech!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Toast my squash seeds on a griddle for me!
\phrase_s ¡Tuéstame mi semilla de calabaza sobre un comal!
\root hseki
\xref iseki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref ísekí
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02936
\lxam te:mpi:na:wi
\lxam_c te:mpi:na:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\trans ~Trans
\sense_e (usually with short vowel reduplication) to be timid or embarrassed in carrying out an activity that involves the mouth or lips (such as playing an instrument)
\sense_s (usualmente con reduplicación de vocal corta) ser tímido o tener vergüenza en llevar a cabo una actividad que involucra la boca (como tocar un instrumento)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n On toba:leh xok tlakwa:s, te:mpipi:na:wi ika to:hla:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That friend of ours is no longer going to eat, he's embarrassed because there are so many people.
\phrase_s Ese cuate ya no va a comer, se siente tímido porque hay tanta gente.
\phrase_n Te:mpipi:na:wi, i:xwe:wetska.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is timid (in this case covering her mouth and embarrassed to laugh aloud), she is just showing the beginnings of a smile.
\phrase_s Es tímida (en este caso tapando la boca con la mano para no reír en voz alta), estánada más sonriendo entre dientes.
\phrase_n Xok tlapi:tsas, te:mpipi:na:wi, yo:konkak ika kitla:tla:nin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will no longer play (his wind instrument, such as a trumpet), he's embarrassed, he's heard that they (i.e., another player) are somewhat better.
\phrase_s Ya no va a tocar (su instrumento de viento, como la trompeta), tiene vergüenza, ya oyóque ellos (p. ej., otro músico) le son un poco mejor.
\root te:n
\root pi:na:
\qry Check for transitive.
\grm Reduplication; directionals; adverbs /Xok tlapi:tsas, te:mpipi:na:wi, yo:konkak ika kitla:tla:ni/ 'He will no longer play (his wind instrument such as a trumpet), he's
embarrassed, he's heard that (the other player) is somewhat better.' The preceding phrase exemplifies the use of the a directional with a verb of sense experience. Here the
directional refers to the fact that the source of the experience comes from a place that is distant, away from, the experiencier. In such verbs an intranverse directional is also
possible. In this case it indicates that the source of the experience is located at the speaker: /o:kwa:lkak/ 'he heard it over here' (i.e., heard a sound that originated where
the speaker was located). Also in the preceding phrase note the use of long vowel reduplication, which apparently signifies a mitigated sort of action, perhaps that
communicated in Spanish by"quiere"e.g.,"le quiere ganar."I have translated this with"somewhat"but it should be checked (cf., /cho:ch o:ka/ , or /ko:kochi/). Note how this
type of reduplication has an adverbial quality, indicating not repetition of an act and its spatial distribution, but also manner.
\semref kamá:pi:ná:wi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02937
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa pá:paloh
\lxoa_alt pá:palon
\lxoa_c pá:paloh, pá:palon
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan pápalo
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of edible plant of the Asteraceae family, still not identified
\sense_s tipo de planta comestible de la familia Asteraceae todavía no identificada
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld edible
\nae The term pá:paloh is a borrowing from Spanish, but a very common term for the plant in Nahuatl called pa:patla. During botanical fieldwork Silvestre
Pantaleón gave tsómakíhli de té:sokoyá:kas the name of the plant called pa:patla in Ameyaltepec. Note the difference in final consonant of Florencia
Marcelino's and Inocencio Jiménez' pronunciation.
\qry Check to determine whether /pá:paloh/ is also used in Ameyaltepec.
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1988) has an entry for pápaloquelite: (Porophyllum spp., e.g., P. coloratum) 'odora' Aromatic and edible herb which is also used
medicinally for rheumatism and other ailments. Also called hierba del venado."FK identifies this, based on Tetelcingo, Morelos, as quequesque. Schoenhals has
quequexte:"(Xanthosoma spp. e.g., X. robustom 'elephant ears', 'yautia' Gigantic leaves of up to two meters across which are used as
umbrellas. The milky sap can coagulate the latex of the rubber tree. Also called capote, hoja elegante, mafafa, tarabundí". However, from the fact that this is an edible
plant, probably the identification with Porophyllum is correct. Ramírez (1991) has for pa:patla the Spanish pápalo, with no
further identification.
\vl Note the difference in final consonant of female and male speaker. Use first female token and second male token. Note that following the four tokens of /pá:paloh/ are four
tokens of /a:tlapantsi:n/. These should be given numbers of 843, perhaps z and y for each.
\semref pa:patla
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tsómakíhli de té:sokoyá:k
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02938
\lxam ko:tsko
\lxam_c i:ko:tsko
\lxoa ko:tsko
\lxoa_c i:ko:tsko
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-k(o)
\infn N2
\sense_e part of the leg immediately behind the knee
\sense_s parte de la pierna inmediatamente atrás de la rodilla
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root ko:ts
\root_rel -ko
\nse The definition is a reference to the part behind one's knee; not the calf.
\mod Cf. the possibility of /ko:tstli/ and whether this is different from /ko:sko/.
\vl Use second token of female speaker.
\ref 02939
\lxam ma:kpahli
\lxam_c ma:kpahli
\lxoa ma:hpahli
\lxoa_c ma:hpahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-pal
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e (usually possessed) palm (of ones hand)
\sense_s (generalmente poseído) palma (de la mano)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e measure from the tip of ones thumb to that of the little finger in an outstretched hand
\sense_s medida que va desde la punta del pulgar al del dedo meñique de una mano extendida
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia se: makpahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It measures on hand span.
\phrase_s Mide una mano.
\semfld measure
\root ma
\root_rel -ko; -pal
\ency_note measures
\qry Recheck vowel length. Note that /-ma:k/ is listed as long. Compare the two. Note that apparently I had Am originally with a short initial /a/; this should be checked. Also, check
Oapan /ma:hp-/ against other words such as /ma:pala:ni/
\vl Cf. the first syllable in Oapan /ma:hpahli/. It appears to be devoiced; this should be compared later to initial /ma:p-/ sequences.
\ref 02940
\lxam kokolisyowa
\lxam_c kokolisyowa
\lxoa kokolisyowa
\lxoa_c kokolisyowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to become blighted (a plant)
\sense_s infectarse (una planta, por ejemplo, a causa de una peste o plaga)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Axtopa tikto:kayan anjolí:n, o:pe:w a:chichina:wi, kokolisyowa, kokoyo:ni ixiwyoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e At first we used to plant sesame, (then) it started to turn brown from water, it became blighted, its leaves became perforated.
\phrase_s Al principio sembrabamos anjolín, (después) empezóa quemarse del agua, se infectaba de plaga, sus hojas se perforaban.
\sense_e to become very sick
\sense_s enfermarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kokolisyowakeh, ti:roh noma:ka:wilia:yan tekitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They got ill, they really overdid it with work.
\phrase_s Se enfermaron, se pasaron de trabajo.
\root koko
\disamb kwalo
\nse Kokolisyowa seems to be most commonly used to refer to plant blights and illnesses, not human disease.
\qry This verb /kokolisyowa/ is often used to refer to plant blights and illnesses; confirm this and check other uses. Note that I had this phrase, which I removed because C. Flores said it
was incorrect: /O:kokolisyowakeh tlakwa:mpetsmeh./ 'The tlakwa:mpets trees got became blighted.'
\ref 02941
\lxam te:ma
\lxam_c kite:ma
\lxoa te:ma
\lxoa_c kite:ma
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-mi
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to fill; to pour (liquid or materials such as grains, sand, etc.) into (e.g., a bottle, gourd, perol, sack, etc.)
\sense_s llenar; echar (un líquido, o materiales como granos, arena, etc.) adentro de (p. ej., un envase, calabazo, perol, costal, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nitlate:mas ika refre:skoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will fill up with soda (i.e., taking ones empty bottles as deposit to the truck and exchanging them for filled bottles, paying only the cost of the liquid).f
\phrase_s Voy a llenar con refrescos (esto es, voy a llevar los envases vacíos a la distribuidora y cambiarlos por botellas llenas, pagando solamente el costo del líquido)
\phrase_n Xte:te:ma un tlayo:hli ipan kosta:les!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pour that corn into the sacks (one after another)!
\phrase_s ¡échale el maíz en los costales (uno por uno)!
\sense_e to fill with cement (e.g., the platform set up for laying the roof of a house)
\sense_s colar; llenar con cemento (p. ej., sobre el andamio hecho para la azotea de una casa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kite:mas ikal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will pour cement for the roof of his house.
\phrase_s Va a echar cemento para el techo de su casa.
\sense_e to spread (seed or similar items) over (an area); to cover (an area, e.g., with earth and straw for a seed garden)
\sense_s extender (semillas u otras cosas parecidas) sobre (unárea); cubir (unárea, p. ej., con tierra y zacate para un semillero)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n yo:nikte:n chi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've spread chile seed on the ground here (i.e., scattering it on the ground of a seed garden, and then covering it with a thin layer of earth and grass).
\phrase_s Echésemilla de chile aquísobre el suelo (p. ej., en un semillero, primero echando la semilla y después tapándola con una capa delgada de tierra y zacate).
\phrase_n Mo:stla titlate:maskeh ika notlapacho:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tomorrow we will prepare my seed garden by scattering seeds on the ground and sprinkling either on top (later to be covered with sakatl).
\phrase_s Mañana vamos a preparar mi semillero echando semillas por el suelo y cubriéndolas con una ligera capa de tierra (para después echarle una capa de zacate).
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to ponder; to consider
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) ponderar; considerar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ok tiktete:ntiw abé:r kamanon melá:k tiás.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are still pondering when you will go.
\phrase_s Todavía estás ponderando cuando te vas a ir.
\phrase_n Ok niktete:mas ke:no:n yes.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll still give some thought to how it will be.
\phrase_s Todavía voy a ponderar cómo va a ser.
\phrase_n Ok niktete:mas ke:no:n nikito:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm still going to think about how I will say it.
\phrase_s Todavía voy a pensar como lo voy a decir.
\sense_e (plural object only) to lay or set down on the ground (when reduplicated with a long vowel, the sense is of an orderly and evenly spaced arrangement)
\sense_s (solamente con objeto plural) tender; poner o acostar sobre el suelo (con reduplicación de vocal larga, implica un orden más o menos parejo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:kinte:nkeh, a:man yo:kockkeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They've laid them down on the ground, now they've gone to sleep.
\phrase_s Ya los tendieron al suelo, ahora ya durmieron.
\phrase_n Yo:timote:nkeh, ye tikochi:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We have laid ourselves down on the ground, we are soon going to go to sleep.
\phrase_s Nos hemos tendidos sobre el suelo, ya nos vamos a dormir.
\phrase_n Yo:note:te:nkeh, ye kochin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They have laid down next to each other, they are going to sleep.
\phrase_s Se tendieron juntos, ya van a dormir.
\phrase_n Xmote:te:maka:n -=xmote:makan-! Nankochiskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Lay yourself (pl) down! You will go to sleep.
\phrase_s ¡Tiéndense sobre el suelo! Van a dormir.
\sense_e (plural object only, with short vowel reduplication) to place in order (such as things in a pile one on top of another, or things in line one behind another, or things on the
ground one next to another)
\sense_s (solo con objeto plural, y con reduplicación de vocal corta) colocar; ordenar (p. ej., apilar o colocar una cosa sobre otra; enfilar o colocar una cosa atrás de otra; o
acostar en orden, una cosa junta a otra)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San chaya:wtok. Xtete:ma kwahli un a:matsitsi:nteh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The little pieces of paper are all scattered about (in this case on a table top). Place them in a neat pile!
\phrase_s Los pedacitos de papel están todos regados.¡Pónlos bien, uno sobre otro!
\phrase_n Xtete:ma noswaw ipan iswakohtli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place my (bundles of) corn leaves down in rows on the tree used for storage (i.e., a tree whose branches are used to hold up stored bundles of sakatl)!
\phrase_s ¡Coloca bien (los manojos de) mis hojas de maíz sobre esteárbol que se estáutilizando como ramada!
\phrase_n Yo:kintete:nkeh nito:tikeh. A:man xke:wi:ti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They've lined the dances up (in a religious line dance). Now begin it!
\phrase_s Ya pusieron a los danzantes en fila (para un baile religioso).¡Ahora comiénzalo!
\root te:m
\nse The sense of 'to lay oneself down on the ground' (as in Yo:note:te:nkeh, ye kochin) is found only in the plural. If one person or animals lays down, the word might be
note:ka or nomela:wa. Or if items are laid down, one might simply use tla:lia. However, as noted with one of the definitions, if seeds or
earth or being spread out over an area on the ground (such as in a seed garden), te:ma is also used. In regards to filling, one consultant mentioned that
te:ma is used in reference to filling up an empty container (such as soda bottles that are exchanged, or peroles that are filled with water), whereas the
causative te:mi:tia is used when a container or recipient is already partially filled (i.e., 'to top off,' 'to fill up (the rest),' etc.). However, with te:ma
meaning 'to fill' or 'to pour (into)' is seems that either the item being poured or the item being filled can serve as the primary object. Thus in nitlate:mas ika refre:skoh
the verb (and tla-) seems to refer to the object being filled and the material that is used to accomplish the filling is expressed obliquely (i.e., it is not a core argument).
However, at this same time this is a standard antipassive construction in Nahuatl in which patients are expressed obliquely in all situations (e.g., nitlate:mo:s ika
nowa:kax). Thus it may well be that refre:skoh would be the object if a specific object were to be used. In the sentence Xte:te:ma un tlayo:hli ipan
kosta:les! 'Pour that corn into the sacks (one after another)!' however, it is the maize (i.e., that which is poured) and not the recipient (the sacks) that is the object. Finally,
however, note that in kite:mas ikal 'He will pour the cement roof for his house' it is 'house' that is the primary object, and here it seems that the house is the 'container'
not the 'filling.'
\qry Check the difference between /xtete:ma/ and /xte:te:ma/. Also between /note:man/, /nomela:wan/ and /note:kan/. Also discuss potential objects of a phrase such as /Yo:kinte:nkeh,
a:man yo:kockkeh/. Probably the sense of /te:ma/ 'set on the ground in order', which is reduplicated in most cases, should be given a different entry as it is most likely a different
word.
\grm Antipassive: /Mo:stla titlate:maskeh ika notlapacho:l/. 'Tomorrow we will prepare my seed garden by scattering seeds on the ground and sprinkling either on top (later to be
covered with zacate).' Note here there is an antipassive construction and the oblique expression of the area that is covered by the sprinking. Note that RS
gives as one definition of /te:ma/: 'llenar algo de semillas o de tierra.' Thus the object here is not that which is sprinkled, but that which is covered. However, in the
Ameyaltepec phrase /Nika:n yo:nikte:n chi:hli/ it is the chile (seeds) that is the object of the verb.
\semref sakate:ma
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref te:mi:tia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref xo:chite:ma
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlate:ma
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02942
\lxam i:to:ni:hli
\lxam_c i:to:ni:hli
\lxoa i:to:ni:hli
\lxoa_c i:to:ni:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e sweat
\sense_s sudor
\sense_d Pending
\root i:to:ni
\semfld functions
\qry Check length of final /i/ as for noun I have recorded it long, but in the derived verb /i:to:nilwia/ I had it originally short. Check what else, besides humans, have /i:to:ni:l/.
\ref 02943
\lxam chachawatik
\lxam_c *chachawatik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e see tlanchachawatik
\sense_s véase tlanchachawatik
\sense_d Am
\root chawa
\qry Cf. entry under /tlanchachawatik/. No evidence of unreduplicated form has been found, check. Also recheck vowels for possible ??chacha:watik given word /cha:wati/ etc.
Apparently this form is related to the"apocopated"? noun /chachawa/.
\ref 02944
\lxam tetso:liwi
\lxam_c tetso:liwi
\lxoa tetso:liwi
\lxoa_c tetso:liwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Lex. te-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to dry up (a fruit, or similar objects)
\sense_s resecarse (una fruta u otros objetos parecidos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w tetso:liwi motomaw. Ye wa:ktok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your tomatoes (of the type called tepe:tomatl) have started to shrink up. They are drying up.
\phrase_s Tus tomates (del tipo llamado tepe:tomatl) ya empezaron a resecarse. Se están secando.
\sense_e to dry up (e.g., a well, puddle, etc., with little or no water left)
\sense_s secarse (p. ej., un pozo, charco, etc., quedando poco o nada de agua)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w tetso:liwi a:tl, xok ma:s chika:wak me:ya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The water (in a spring) has started to dry up, it no longer flows forth abundantly.
\phrase_s El agua (en un manantial) ya empezóa secarse, ya no fluye bien como antes.
\flao tso:liwi
\root tso:l
\vl There are 4 extra tokens of this word at 06078. Note that since the sound quality is better at the later recordings, the two linked tokens (one F and one M) should be taken
from the tokens originally at 6078.
\ref 02945
\lxam a:te:nko
\lxam_c a:te:nko
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-ko
\der N-loc-1-k(o)
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e river
\sense_s río
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niá:s a:te:nko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to the river (lit., 'to the river's edge').
\phrase_s Voy al río (lit. 'a la orilla del río').
\sense_e at the edge of a river; by the river
\sense_s por la orilla de un río; por el río
\sense_d Pending
\root a:
\root te:n
\root_notes I have analyzed this and other words with te:ntli as containing the root te:m.
\semref a:pan
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02946
\lxam tlankwi:stik
\lxam_c tlankwi:stik
\lxoa tlankwi:stik
\lxoa_c tlankwi:stik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to have buck teeth, or front teeth that prevent ones mouth from properly closing
\sense_s tener los dientes salidos o de conejo, que inhiben que la boca se cierre completamente
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) open and spaced apart (a weave, hammock, mesh, or wire fencing)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) abierto y con amplio espacios (un tejido, hamaca, malla o cerca de alambre)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwahli. Tlatlankwi:stik. Xtete:mo okse: yewan tila:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's no good (in this case a gunnysack). It's weave is wide open. Look for another one that has a tight weave!
\phrase_s No estábien (en este caso un costal para llevar cosas como mazorcas). Tiene el tejido abierto.¡Busca otro que tiene su tejido más cerrado!
\root tlan
\root kwi:ts
\qry Check to make sure this doesn 't only occur in reduplication form as in first example.
\ref 02947
\lxam tla:ltetewistika:n
\lxam_c tla:ltetewistika:n
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla:l-ka:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1(N2-tla)
\sense_e place in which the ground in uneven and covered with bumps (from small mounds, protruding rocks, etc.)
\sense_s lugar en donde el suelo es disparejo y cubierto de topes (de pequeños montículos, piedras sobresalientes, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tla:ltetewistika:n -=tlatetewistika:n-, xi:xmantok
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's bumpy all over (the ground, with a lot of small bumps all over) its surface is not smooth.
\phrase_s Estátodo lleno de baches y bolitas (el suelo), no estáplano.
\semfld topography
\root tewits
\root_rel -ka:n
\disamb tlatewistika:n; tlato:tolpochka:n
\qry Definitely a clarification is needed of the differences between /tla:ltetewis-/ and /tlatetewis-/ for the initial sequence, and /-witska:n/ and /-wistika:n/ for the final sequence.
\semref tlatetewistika:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tla:lte:tewitska:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02948
\lxam a:totsiwi
\lxam_c a:totsiwi
\lxoa a:totsiwi
\lxoa_c a:totsiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become watery (a mixture to which water is normally added, but here has had too much added)
\sense_s aguadarse (una mezcla a que normalmente se le echa agua, pero que aquíse le ha echado demasiado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:a:totsiw motix, we:i o:hte:kilih a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your maize dough (from nextamal) has gotten watery, you added a lot of water to it.
\phrase_s Tu masa de nextamal se aguadó, le echaste muchísima agua.
\root a:
\root tots
\nse This verb and its derivatives indicate a mixture such as tixtli, mud for ceramics, mortar, etc. that has too much water in it. With tixtli, this
makes it sticky and hard to make into tortillas.
\nae The roots and composition of this word is uncertain. Obviously a:the root for 'water' is part of the word, but totsis not documented in other words
from Ameyaltepec, Oapan, nor any other dialect I have searched.
\mod Disambiguate from /a:tki/; cf. entry under /a:tostik/.
\ref 02949
\lxam i:xkotia:n
\lxam_alt i:xkotiá:n
\lxam_c i:xkotia:n
\lxoa i:xkotia:n
\lxoa_c i:xkotia:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-dvb-ya:n
\infn N2
\sense_e to be alone (in being in a place, in owning a particular property or item, i.e., not sharing)
\sense_s estar solo (en estar en un lugar) ser propio de (en tener posesión de alguna propiedad u objeto, esto es, no compartiendo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n San de newa ni:xkotiá:n nokal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The house is for me alone (e.g., even though I rent from someone, I live by myself).
\phrase_s La casa es para mísolo (por ejemplo, aunque rento de alguien, no la comparto, vivo solo).
\phrase_n Ni:xkotiá:n nowa:xka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is mine alone (i.e., not shared with anyone).
\phrase_s Es mío solo (esto es, es mi propia cosa, no la comparto con nadie).
\phrase_n Ni:xkotia:n, ni:xkotia:mpa o:ntekets nokal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e By myself, I built my house by myself.
\phrase_s Yo solo, yo solo construími casa.
\root i:x
\root_rel -ko; -ya:n
\qry Check difference between Oa /i:xkotia:n/ and /i:xkotia:mpa/.
\qry Check accentual pattern and final vowel length.Cf as in RS the form /i:xkoya:n/ exists.
\grm Apparently this is a locative with /-ya:n/. In Ameyaltepec (and probably the Balsas area) one finds /i:xkotiya:n/, whereas Carochi (see RS) has /ixcoyan/ and also as a
synonym, /ixcotian/, which he says is less frequent than the former. It appears that in Ameyaltepec /i:xko/ has been verbalized with /-ti/ and then locativized with /-ya:n/.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note that in one of the tokens of Inocencio Jiménez's pronunciation of /i:xkochia:n/ the final /n/ is velarized.
\ref 02950
\lxam má:n
\lxam_c má:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N0/2; Aln(0=2)
\sense_e term of endearment to address a close female relative (e.g., mother, daughter, neice, grand-daughter, and occasionally grandmother)
\sense_s término de cariño para dirigirse a un pariente feminimo cercano (p. ej., a la madre, hija, sobrina, nieta, y a veces a la abuela)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e (alienable possession) close female relative (e.g., mother, daughter, neice, grand-daughter, and occasionally grandmother)
\sense_s (posesión enajenable) pariente feminino cercano (p. ej., a la madre, hija, sobrina, nieta, y a veces a la abuela)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Nikompale:wi:s nomá:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to go help my mama.
\phrase_s Voy a ir a ayudar a mi mamá.
\root ma:n
\nse Besides its use as a vocative, ma:n may be possessed, e.g. noma:n 'my mother.' As a vocative it is equivalent to ma:chih.
\qry Note that it is unclear whether there is a final /n/ here (which should be velarized at a word boundary) or whether there is simply a nasalized vowel. This should be checked.
\qry_fon Check nasalization of vowel.
\grm Orthography: note that the accent is used in the orthography given that when possessed the stress is maintained on the nominal stem: /nomá:n/.
\semref pa:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 02951
\lxam kwi:katilia
\lxam_c kikwi:katilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to sing (a song) to
\sense_s cantar (una canción) a
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Mitskwika:tili:s tli:n weli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will sing to you what he knows (or can).
\phrase_s Te va a cantar lo que sabe (o puede).
\root kwi:ka
\xref kwi:katia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\semref kwi:katla:lia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02952
\lxam yeti:ka:mati
\lxam_c kiyeti:ka:mati
\lxoa yeti:ka:mati
\lxoa_c kiyeti:ka:mati
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Part-V2
\der V2-b
\infv Irregular; see mati
\sense_e to feel (sth such as a heavy load) to be heavy
\sense_s sentir pesado a (algo, como un cargo o costal pesado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Note:katiki:sa moburroh, o:kiyeti:ka:mat tli:n o:tma:maltih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e In the middle of the route, your burro has laid down on the ground to rest, whatever you loaded was too heavy for him.
\phrase_s A medio camino se echa tu burro en el suelo, sintiópesado lo que le cargaste encima.
\root ye
\root mati
\grm Compound; incorporation Note that when adjectivals of the -k/-ya/-tia paradigm are incorporated into verbs, the participial form in /-ka:-/ is used, as in the example of
/yeti:ka:mati/. The same would occur with other similar words.
\vl Do not use first male token which has, I believe a slip, a lower third vowel.
\ref 02953
\lxam a:njolin
\lxam_alt a:njoli:n
\lxam_c a:njoli:n
\lxoa a:jolin
\lxoa_c a:jolin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan ajonjolí
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e sesame
\sense_s ajonjolí
\sense_d Pending
\ncol itakatl
\ncol ítakátl
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\nae In Ameyaltepec it is unclear which of the two pronunciations is more common, or whether there is any distributional pattern to the variation.
\qry Although the stress variation is accepted, and thus both entries (with penultimate and final syllable stress are correct, a problem with vowel length has been noted in various entries.
Several entries had a long initial /a:/ followed by short /o/ and /i/. My feeling is that the /a/ should indeed be short but, given the status of this word as a borrowing, the final two
vowels might alternate in length depending upon which receives stress (i.e. with stress determining length). Cf. /ama:tes/ as a borrowing vs. /a:matl/ from Nahuatl. Check
pronounciation, i.e. placement of accent. Under /kaxtiltsi:n/ there is mention of prepared foods that use this type of bean. All have their own separate entry except /anjolí:n ika
mo:hli/. Check this and if it is a food, give it an entry and discuss how it is made.
\qry_fon Recheck vowel length!
\ref 02954
\lxam to:moiswatl
\lxam_c to:moiswatl
\lxoa tó:moíswatl
\lxoa_c tó:moíswatl
\lxgen xo:pantsi:n
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of cactus not yet identified
\sense_s tipo de cactus todavía no identificado
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld cactus
\root to:moh
\root swa
\ency_note to:motli
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) mentions this as called tuna de zacate in Spanish, and of the Cactaceaefamily. For a preliminary list of the cactuses found in the area,
see the entry under to:motli. Note that in San Juan Tetelcingo xo:pantsi:nis used to refer to both the fruit and the cactus itself.
\ref 02955
\lxam tlai
\lxam_c tlai
\lxoa tlai
\lxoa_c tlai
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a(oni)
\sense_e to drink or imbibe an alcoholic beverage (often with the implication of a final state of drunkenness)
\sense_s beber o ingerir una bebida alcohólica (a menudo con la implicación de un estado final de borrachera)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlaiwa o:tlai:lo:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Last night there was drinking.
\phrase_s Anoche la gente tomaba.
\sense_e (particularly in impersonal constructions) to drink as part of a festivity (such as a wedding, etc.; by extension, to have or participate in a fiesta)
\sense_s (particularmente en constructiones impersonales) beber (bebidas alcohólicas) como parte de una fiesta (como una boda, etc.,
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nochpo:ch, ye nitlai:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She's my daughter, I'm going to have a wedding feast soon.
\phrase_s Es mi hija, pronto voy a tener una fiesta de bodas.
\phrase_n Mo:stla tlai:lo:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tomorrow there will be festivities (e.g., a wedding) at which people will drink and get drunk.
\phrase_s Mañana va a haber festividades (p. ej., una boda) donde la gente va a tomar y emborracharse.
\flao oni
\root i
\disamb tlai; tlaoni
\nae In Ameyaltepec this verb has both a short final /i/ and a long final /i:/ in the perfective and future roots. Thus one finds o:tlai:k and tlai:s as well as
o:tlaik and tlais (the latter in the pronunciation of Inocencio Díaz and a few others). However, it does seem that the most common pronunciation is
with a long vowel. Note also that with the verbs oni , po:ki , a:to:li , the final /i/ is long on the perfective and future inflections.
\qry Check for applicative.
\xref tlai:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref oni
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02956
\lxam kwa:lia
\lxam_c kikwa:lia
\lxoa kwa:lia
\lxoa_c kikwa:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to eat (a food) belonging to
\sense_s comerle (una comida) a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikte:kwa:litiki:sa sá:ndiah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will eat someone's watermelon (taken from their field) on the way there.
\phrase_s De paso hacia allávoy a comerme una sandía de alguien (sacándola de su milpa).
\phrase_n O:ne:chkwa:lih koyo:tl nopió.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A coyote ate my chicken.
\phrase_s Un coyote me comióuna gallina.
\phrase_n Deke tikte:kwa:li:s pio:tsi:n, kwa:k yo:timik tikwiyo:ti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If you eat someone else's chicken, when you die you will put its feathers back.
\phrase_s Si le comes a alguien su pollo, cuando mueras vas a reponerle las plumas
\sense_e to affect (sb) adversely by biting (particularly a child of sb [PO])
\sense_s afectar (a algn) adversamente al morder (a algo de esta persona [OP], particularmente a su hijo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chkwa:lih ko:lo:tl nopo:tsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A scorpion bit my little girl.
\phrase_s Un alacrán me mordióa mi hijita.
\root kwa
\grm Applicative; /tla-/: Perhpas for semantic analysis it would be wise to indicate two types of /tla-/, one context independent and the other context dependent. The most context
independent would be those that are completely fused to the verb. In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl /tlama/ is such a case. Another (with a causative) would be /tlato:ltia/ 'to ask of'.
In these cases there are several indications that the /tla-/ is acontextual and non-anaphoric: the meaning of the object prefix is understood (in fact quite definite) out of
context; and the same prefix can be reduplicated (i.e., it has become fused to the root). Perhaps one can call this /tla-/ context free, canonical, etc. It's meaning is
understood out of context. However, there is also a more contextually determined /tla-/: this can be used with a verb when context establishes the object referent. Clearly
with the verb /kwa/ both /tla-/'s can be used. One is acontextual and the other canonical, with the meaning of 'to eat a meal.' However , what one can also notice is that with
an applicative it is the transitive version of tla + kwa that is relevant. That is, /mistlakwa:lia/ means not 'he ate a meal (affecting you/in relation to you/about you)' but rather
'he ate sth of yours' where this"something"is recoverable from context or discourse. Thus, in a sense, /tlakwa/ is more intransitive than /tlaa:ltia/ 'to make candles' in which
the /tla-/ is used, but a culturally determined specific referent is recoverable, i.e., 'candles.' Given that this is recoverable outside of context, the applicative is of a transitive
form: /mistlaa:ltili:s/ 'she will make candles for you.' Or consider /tlamiktia/ 'to slaughter (an animal).' Here there is not as specific a referent ('candles') as with /tlaa:ltia/,
but still the referent is somewhat specific as culturally determined (i.e., only those animals that are slaughtered for food, particularly pigs and cattle, but perhaps also goats
and sheep). Understood as transitive, the applicativ e is somethat predictable, even though the object is usually left unspecified: /kitlamiktili:s/ 'he will slaughter (an
animal) for you.' Thus a prediction may be offered: The greater the transitivity of the /tla-/ construction, the more likely an applicative form. At the same time,
whenanapplicative form with /tla-/ occurs, the meaning of /tla-/ is recoverable from either cultural determinations (e.g., as in /tlamiktia/) or from context (e.g., with
/tlakwa:lia/).
\xref tlakwa:lia
\xref_t val_reduce2
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref kwa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02957
\lxam tetekwitsio
\lxam_c i:tetekwitsio
\lxoa tetekwitsio
\lxoa_c i:tetekwitsio
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-yo
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infn N2
\sense_e rough, thornlike bumps (as found on certain trees)
\sense_s protuberanciasásperas y espinosas (como las que se encuentran sobre ciertosárboles)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kakapaxtik un po:cho:kuwtli, kipia itetekwitsio.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The surface of that pochote tree is rough, it has large thornlike bumps.
\phrase_s La superficie de ese pochote esáspera, tiene abolladuras como espinas.
\root tekwits
\nae The pronunciation of /kw/ is clear, but the etymology of this word is not. From its semantics it would seem to be a type of"intensified"use of wistli'thorn.' But the
presence of /k/ is unexplained. For now the root has been left as tekwits.
\qry Check etymology. If so, change the entry here and under /kakapaxtik/, where the above phrase is also given as an example.
\ref 02958
\lxam kuwbu:rroh
\lxam_c kuwbu:rroh
\lxoa kohbu:rroh
\lxoa_alt kohpo:rroh
\lxoa_c kohpo:rroh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) burro
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e sawhorse
\sense_s burro
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tool
\root kow
\nae The most common pronunciation of the Oapan lexeme seems to have devoicing of the first vowel (the allophonic variant of [w]) followed by a voiceless bilabial stop. Nevertheless,
more work needs to be done on the phonetics of this sequences.
\qry Recheck meaning to see if this is equivalent to /kuhburri:toh/ or different. I think that /kuhburroh/ refers to the sawhorse or the base of beds made of /tlapextli/ whereas /kuhburri:toh/
is used for the three-pronged stick as indicated. Note that the final /h/ has been checked and is correct as recorded.
\grm Oapan phonology: /kohporroh/ : The most common pronunciation of the Oapan lexeme seems to have devoicing of the first vowel (the allophonic variant of [w]) followed
by a voiceless bilabial stop. Nevertheless, more work needs to be done on the phonetics of this sequences.
\ref 02959
\lxam tlapaloh
\lxam_c tlapaloh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e horizontally (e,g., sth loaded onto a burro)
\sense_s horizontalmente (p. ej., algo cargado a un burro)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e around the edge (e.g., of a mountain, instead of directly over it; said of a road or path)
\sense_s travesado; pasando por el lado (p. ej., un camino o senda que pasa por el lado de una montaña o cerro y no directamente sobre la cima)
\sense_d Am
\fl tlapalo:tl
\root tlapal
\qry Check to determine if there is a double /ll/, i.e., /tlapahloh/. Check phonology with /tlapahloh/.
\ref 02960
\lxam te:tlatia
\lxam_c te:tlatia
\lxoa te:tlatia
\lxoa_c te:tlatia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-0
\infn N1
\sense_e generic name for a type of tree, the te:tlatia, that apparently comprises three types
\sense_s nombre genérico para un tipo deárbol, el te:tlatia , que aparentemente consiste en tres tipos
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e specific type of te:tlatia tree, apparently also called, in Ameyaltepec, te:tlatia de sowa:tl
\sense_s tipo específico de te:tlatia , aparentemente el que en Ameyaltepec se llama también te:tlatia de suwa:tl
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:tlatia | Chika:wak, bwe:noh para komaxahli. Xreme:dioh. Deke tikxixi:mas wa:n niman tikma:ma:s, tihkechpano:s wa:n o:kasik ipan mokechkuwyo, kixixi:pe:wa,
nakokwi, axoto:ni. Te:muwtih ia:yo.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Pánfilo Lorenzo
\phrase_e Te:tlatia : It is hard, it is good for forked posts. It's not a remedy. If you take off its bark and right away carry it away, you hoist it on your shoulders and it
gets on your neck, it causes it to peel, (the skin) rises up, it blisters. Its sap is fierce.
\phrase_s Te:tlatia : Es duro, es bueno para horcones. No es remedio. Si le pelas la cáscara y luego te lo cargas, luego te lo pones por los hombros y te roza el
cuello, lo hace pelar, se alza (la piel), se forman ampollas. Su savia es brava.
\phrase_n Te:tlatia | Ka:n ne:si pi:ntoh timotla:lilia ime:me:yahlo. Tipatis.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Felix and Paulina Venancio
\phrase_e Te:tlatia : You place its sap on where the disease called pinto appears. You will be cured.
\phrase_s Te:tlatia : Donde aparece el pinto le pones su savia. Te vas a aliviar.
\phrase_n Te:tlatia | Te:muwtih ime:me:yahlo te:tlatia. Deke tihki:tskia un kohtli ime:me::yahlo tikekexkias wa:n timouwa:nas, pero ma:s timouwa:nas ma:s kwala:ni, ma:s ki:sa
para tikekexkias.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Te:tlatia : The sap of the te:tlatia is fierce. If you grab that tree's sap you will get itchy and you will scratch yourself, but the more you scratch
yourself the madder it gets, and the more itchy you get.
\phrase_s Te:tlatia : La savia del te:tlatia es brava. Si agarras la savia de eseárbol vas a sentir un escocer y te vas a rascar, pero mientras más te
rasques más se enoja y más resulta que te sientes un escocer.
\notes_nature The te:tlatia is excellent for posts (horcones); in fact, it might well be the best tree for this use. Most people recognize only two types of
te:tlatia , the te:tlatia itself and the te:tlatia pitsa:wak. However, Hoyo de la Rosa was quite specific that there was another
type, the /te:tlatia tlatla:katl/. This was collected (plant 230)
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root tla
\qry Determine plural formation. Add to grammar as to the plural process for N-dvb-0 constructions. Check whether /tlatlatsi:n/ is another name for one of these trees.
\ref 02961
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry, for /Isti Kaba:yoh/, was removed and placed on the toponymic database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 02962
\lxam nenemiya
\lxam_c inenemia
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-ya
\infn N2
\sense_e way of walking of
\sense_s manera de caminar de
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ihkón inenemiya, pachiwtiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That's the way it walks (in this case a certain four-legged animal), it goes along bent over.
\phrase_s Asíes su manera de caminar (en este caso un cierto un animal de cuatro patas), va agachado.
\root nemi
\qry Make sure that the accent is not on the final /i/. If so, then change to /nenemiya/.
\ref 02963
\lxam wekahli
\lxam_c wekahli
\lxoa wákahlí
\lxoa_alt wékahlí
\lxoa_alt wá:hlí
\lxoa_c wákahlí, wá:hlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e jícara, type of round, circular gourd, often cut in half to use for scooping water
\sense_s jícara, tipo de calabaza redonda y circular, a menudo cortada a la mitad y utilizado para sacar agua de una tinaja, pozito, etc.
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e any of a type of plastic bowl used as a jícara
\sense_s recipiente de plástico utilizado como jícara
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tool-house
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root wahkal
\nse These bowls are made of the kohtekomatl(Oa), as opposed to xi:kahli, which is made from the a:tekomatlgourd. The
terms wekahli and xi:kahli are apparently synonymous in Ameyaltepec (in Oapan xi:kahli has not been documented), though the former
is the much more common term. In Classical Nahuatl the term uacalli indicated, according to Molina,"angarillas para llevar carga en las espaldas."It would appear that
Ameyaltepec wekahli and Oapan wá:hlí are related to this term, with a semantic shift to what was formerly covered only by the term
xi:kahli.
\nae As common in Oapan, {k} deletes by phonological rule between two equal vowels, in this case /a/.
\qry I had this def. which was removed as C. Flores denied its correctness: 'part of the abdomen just below where the ribs meet and where there is a slight cavity or depression'
\vl Note that there are two forms of this entry. Tag the long form"a"and"b"for female and male, then tag the short form"c"and"d"for each speaker. When the final four tokens
are selected they will be joined in two files. One would be f-m for /wékahlí/ and the other f-m for /wá:hlí/.
\semref xi:kahli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 02964
\lxam cho:kilia
\lxam_c kicho:kilia
\lxoa cho:kilia
\lxoa_c kicho:kilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cry for or about (e.g., particularly for sb or sth, e.g., a beloved animal, that dies)
\sense_s llorar a o por (p. ej., a una persona o animal querido recién muerto)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Timitscho:kili:s kwa:k timikis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will cry for you when you die.
\phrase_s Voy a llorar por ti cuando te mueras.
\sense_e (~ tomi:n) (fig.) to be a penny-pincher
\sense_s (~ tomi:n) (fig.) ser codo; llorar por su dinero
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kicho:kilia: itomi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He counts his pennies (he is a cheapskate, i.e., 'he cries after (or for) his money').
\phrase_s Es codo (llora por su dinero).
\root cho:ka
\nse According to Florencia Marcelino, in regard to crying about humans, cho:kilia is used for crying about someone's death whereas -ka cho:ka is used
when crying about someone's absence (e.g., moka nicho:ka), when someone is sick, etc.
\vl Ignore first erroneous pronunciation kikochi:lia; rather, tag this as 01932 letter"z"or whatever is needed.
\xref cho:ka
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02965
\lxam xokotl
\lxam_c xokotl
\lxoa xokotl
\lxoa_c xokotl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e generic name for a group of wild plum trees
\sense_s nombre genérico para un grupo deárboles de ciruelo silvestre
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (fig.) braggart; big talker
\sense_s (fig.) fanfarrón; hablador
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San xoxokotin, xmelá:k tli:n kitowan. San kitla:tla:lian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are braggarts, what they say isn't true. They just say (lit., 'lay out') one thing after another.
\phrase_s Son fanfarrones, no es cierto lo que dicen. Solamente dicen (lit., 'ponen') una cosa tras otra.
\phrase_n Tixokotl, ma:ski xtlah tikpia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are a big talker even though you don't have anything (i.e., no money, cattle, land, etc.).
\phrase_s Eres un fanfarrón aunque no tienes nada (esto es, nada de dinero, ganado, terreno, etc.).
\fla kopaxokonono:tsa
\root xoko
\disamb super xokotl
\notes_nature To date, the following trees have been recorded as being of the member of trees covered by the term xokotl. Eusebio Díaz gave the following list:
a:waxokotl , kopaxokotl , masa:xokotl , texokotl , and xa:xokotl. Luis Lucena gave the
same except for the texokotl. However, he named two other types of xokotl : tsope:lik xokotl de popo:xah and
tsope:lik xokotl de konserbe:roh. Apparently these are subvarieties of the tsope:lik xokotl. Other consultants gave three different
subvarieties of tsope:lik xokotl , all of which bear fruit in late summer (August and September): tsope:lik xokotl de popo:xah ,
tsope:lik xokotl de kokostik , and tsope:lik xokotl de konserbe:roh. In addition, it seems that the masa:xokotl itself has two
subvarities: masa:xokotl and mihka:xokotl. Finally, some consultants named another plum, the teko:nxokotl, which is not
found in the vicinity of Ameyaltepec but does grow near San Francisco Ozomatlán.
\qry For all the preceding, check whether the fruit is edible, when it ripens, wood use, etc.
\qry In my original file card I had written down /nixoxokotl tlatowa/. This might be in error as the construction is not known to me. It should be checked as I might have confused the /tl/
/tl/ sequence, or a speaker might have given an overful careful utterance and change /xoxokotlatowa/ to /xoxokotl tlatowa/. Check. If the originally recorded phrase is correct, i.e., if
one can say /nixoxokotl tlatowa/ then this shows quite clearly that noun modification in preverbal position might well have the subject marked on it (i.e., furthest to the left). However,
I think probably I erred in recording the absolutive suffix at the end of /xokotl/.
\mod Check Flk 1984-05-03.1
\ref 02966
\lxam ikxipilchi:kwepo:ni
\lxam_c ikxipilchi:kwepo:ni
\lxoa ixipilchi:kopo:ni
\lxoa_c ixipilchi:kopo:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-[PM-V1]
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\infn ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to split open the end of ones toe
\sense_s reventarsele la punta de un dedo de pie
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikxipilchi:kwepo:n, o:nimokxipiltewih ika tetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I split the end of my toe open, I stubbed my toe on a rock.
\phrase_s Se me reventóla punto del dedo de pie, me di con una piedra en el dedo del pie.
\root kxi
\root pil
\root chi:-
\root kwepo:
\qry Check causative/transitive form, perhaps also as a reflexive. Check for possiblity of /te-/.
\vl Use second token for each speaker.
\ref 02967
\lxam wa:kax
\lxam_c wa:kax
\lxoa wa:kax
\lxoa_alt nowá:x
\lxoa_c wa:kax; nowá:x
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan vacas
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e cattle
\sense_s ganado
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld domes
\nse Wa:kax is used as a generic plural as is English 'cattle.' The plural waka:xteh is used for individuated head of cattle.
\nae That that with the /k/-deletion rule of Oapan Nahuatl, one finds wa:x although this is rarely found in isolation. More common is the abbreviated word (with /k/ deletion)
in possessed forms: i:wá:x. Note that long vowels formed through the intervocalic deletion of /k/ seem to be particularly long. Thus in one pronunciation of
nowá:x the nucleus of the last syllable is somewhere around 270 ms. Moreover, the peak pitch is closer to the onset than to the coda, which is contrary to the general
pattern. A full study of /k/-deletion and its effect on vowel quantity and quality needs to be carried out. But one possibility is to mark the deletion with an apostrophe. Thus one
would have an orthographic representation of /nowá:ax/ or /wá:ax/ in the unpossessed form. Note, finally, that the lost of intervocalic /k/ (of wa:kax) is more common
in the compound wa:kaxnakatl
\qry Check vowel quantity for /waka:xteh/.
\qry_fon Ask SG to analyze the difference between a long vowel and something like /tla:atl/ and /waax/, which seem to have a double vowel.
\grmx Oapan phonology; vowel length; k-deletion: That that with the /k/-deletion rule of Oapan Nahuatl, one finds wa:x although this is rarely found in isolation.
More common is the abbreviated word (with /k/ deletion) in possessed forms: i:wá:x. Note that long vowels formed through the intervocalic deletion of /k/
seem to be particularly long. Thus in one pronunciation of nowá:x the nucleus of the last syllable is somewhere around 270 ms. Moreover, the peak pitch is
closer to the onset than to the coda, which is contrary to the general pattern. A full study of /k/-deletion and its effect on vowel quantity and quality needs to be carried out.
But one possibility is to mark the deletion with an apostrophe. Thus one would have an orthographic representation of /nowá:ax/ or /wá:ax/ in the unpossessed form.
\vl For final links, have two tokens for each speaker, one should be /wa:kax/ and the other /nowá:x/. The middle four tokens, /wá:x/ or /wa:'ax/ should be tagged but not
selected for final links. For male /nowá:x/ use last token.. For this entry, therefore, there are 6 tokens for each speaker, varying from wa:kax, wa:'ax, and nowá:x. Select
the 1st and 3rd pronunciations, one token each speaker.
\semref wa:kaxnakatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02968
\lxam patlaktsatsi
\lxam_c patlaktsatsi
\lxoa patláhtsátsi
\lxoa_pr patlahtsatsi
\lxoa_c patláhtsátsi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp S-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to scream loudly in pain or fright (often suddenly and without warning)
\sense_s gritar fuertemente de dolor o miedo (a menudo repetinamente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Patlaktsatsi. Kwi:tekin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He screams in pain. They are whipping him.
\phrase_s Grita de dolor. Le están dando látigos.
\semfld sound-human
\root patla:
\root tsahtsi
\nse This verb is used, for example, to describe the shout of a young man who falls or is being beaten up.
\nae Patlaktsatsi is probably related to the reduced adjectival stem patlak (as in tepatlaktik), relating to a meaning of 'to be wide.' Note
that there are two reduced verbal stems that are used in modifying capacity in Balsas Nahuatl. The first derives from verbs that end in /iwi/. Here the stem is that which is left when
the entire /-iwi/ ending is removed. The second derives from verbs that end in /-V:wi/ and reduce to /-Vk/. This is the present case, in which patla:wihas a stem
form patlak that enters into compounds.
\qry Determine difference between /patlaktsatsi/ and /tsatsi/, as well as other types of shouting. Get any other words that might begin with /patlak-/ as a modifier. Document whether
/tepatlaktik/ exists, if so enter and xref to nse field above.
\qry Check meaning; also check for /patlaktsatsilia/.
\grm Stem; verbs as modifiers: Patlaktsatsi is probably related to the reduced adjectival stem patlak (as in tepatlaktik), relating
to a meaning of 'to be wide.' Note that there are two reduced verbal stems that are used in modifying capacity in Balsas Nahuatl. The first derives from verbs that end in
/iwi/. Here the stem is that which is left when the entire /-iwi/ ending is removed. The second derives from verbs that end in /-V:wi/ and reduce to /-Vk/. This is the present
case, in which patla:wihas a stem form patlak that enters into compounds.
\vl Use first female token and second make token.
\xref patlaktsatsi:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref patláhtsatsí:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02969
\lxam muwtia
\lxam_c kimuwtia
\lxoa mohtia
\lxoa_c kimohtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to scare
\sense_s espantar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chmuwtih kowatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The snake frightened me.
\phrase_s Me espantóla culebra.
\sense_e (refl.) to become frightened or scared
\sense_s (refl.) quedar espantado
\sense_d Pending
\root mawi
\disamb ma:muhtia
\nse Muhtia is virtually equivalent to ma:muwtia ; the second form is much more common. Nevertheless there seems to be a difference (that perhaps
parallels that between muwi and mumuwi). My impression is that the unreduplicated form, muwtia , when referring to an animal refers
to a nervous animal that is easily startled, whereas the form ma:muwtia seems to indicate more that the animals were frightened by something or something in
particular. One speaker mentioned that muwtia is weaker than ma:muwtia. Thus if a child is afraid of a stranger one uses nomuwtia ,
but if one is walking alone in the hills and sees a snake: noma:muwtia or also, kima:muwtia , with more in the sense of 'to be scared' to 'to be startled'
rather than 'to be frightened.'
\nae Whereas in Ameyaltepec the base verbal form muwi is found, though rarely used, in Oapan the base form only exists with reduplication: mumuwi.
\qry Re: difference between /ma:muhtia/ and /muhtia/: the distinction noted above may only be an impression and should be confirmed in usage and questioning.
\xref mowi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 02970
\lxam tesi:si:kwiltik
\lxam_c tesi:si:kwiltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. te- ; Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e to be spotted or dotted
\sense_s ser goteado o salpicado de colores
\sense_d Am
\semfld color
\fla tesi:si:tlaltik
\root si:kwil
\nse The etymology of tesi:si:kwiltik is unclear, though the fact that consultants stated it to be synonomous with tesi:si:tlaltik suggests the possibility of a
relationship to si:tlalin.
\qry Check to determine if this refers only to white spots; check to determine whether it is synonomous with /tesi:si:tlaltik/. Check as to possible things that can be so described. Check to
determine if this refers only to white spots; check to determine whether it is synonomous with /tesi:si:tlaltik/. Check as to possible things that can be so described. Check to see if
/te-/ is obligatory. Given that Oapan forms have a short rdp, recheck the vowel length here and correct as necessary. Also, given that this word, tesi:si:tlaltik, is apparently
synonymous with /tesi:si:tlaltik/, (check), also the vl there should be checked.
\mod See illustration on original filecard.
\vl Check and cf to Am /tesi:si:tlaltik/.
\semref si:tlaltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref sísi:tláltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02971
\lxam pi:tsiwi
\lxam_c pi:tsiwi
\lxoa pi:tsiwi
\lxoa_c pi:tsiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become narrow (an opening)
\sense_s cerrarse (una apertura, poniéndose más apretado o angosto)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xniman o:kitakeh. O:tlapi:tsiw, o:xiti:n, o:nopi:tsoh otli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They didn't see it right away (in this case the place where a path passed through a stone fence). There had been a narrowing (of the opening), it (the wall around the
opening) had fallen down, the path had gotten narrowed (by stones falling into an opening where the path had passed through).
\phrase_s No lo vieron luego (en este caso la vereda por donde pasaba de un lado al otro de una cerca de piedra). El lugar (esto es, la apertura) quedómás estrecho, se había
derrumbado (la cerca), el camino quedóangosto.
\semfld distort-shape
\root pi:ts
\disamb tso:liwi; pi:tsiwi; etc.
\grm /Xniman o:kitakeh. O:tlapi:tsiw, o:xiti:n, o:nopi:tsoh otli/ 'They didn't see it right away (in this case the place where a path passed through a stone fence). There had been a
narrowing (of the opening), it (the wall around the opening) had fallen down, the path had gotten narrowed (by stones falling into an opening where the path had passed
through).' NOTE the way in which voice is manipulated in this structure. First, there is an anaphoric reference to the place in the wall (the open gate) through which the
path passed: /xniman o:kitakeh/ where the /k(i)-/ refers to the opening. Then there is the use of /tla-/ to impersonalize an unaccusative verb. Here it is apparently the
opening that became more narrow, but /tlapi:tsiwi/ is used, not /pi:tsiwi/. What this does is highlight the action (the event of narrowing) and background the subject (the
opening in the wall that had become narrowed). It would seem that the function of /tla-/ here is not so much because there is no subject, or a n unknown subject, butrather
to focus more on the event (which caused the opening to become hidden or hard to see) than on the subject. The next verb refers to the wall, a new subject though one
implied already in the previous discourse. Finally, there is a repetition of the original verb, though here in a transitive form with a reflexive marker: /o:nopi:tsoh otli/. This
seems to give a greater patientive meaning (as opposed to /o:pi:tsiw/) while at the same time maintaining a fairly overt reminder that the road (subject) had become
narrowed through the effect (agentivity loosely conceived) of the wall having fallen. In sum, the above phrase illustrates the richness of Nahuatl voice marking in a series of
verb: transitive (S-O), impersonal (tla-), intransitive (unaccusative), and reflexive.
\semref tso:liwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02972
\lxam tlakopostehki
\lxam_c tlakopostehki
\lxoa tlákopostéhki
\lxoa_c tlákopostéhki
\lxoa_pr tlakopostehki
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm Adj
\compound Mod-Adj
\der Adj-alt-ki
\pitch yes-lex-lex
\sense_e to be broken in half (sth hard and long such as a stick, bar, bone, handle, etc.)
\sense_s estar roto en dos mitades (algo largo y duro, como una vara, una barra, un hueso, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root tlahko
\root posteki
\qry Check possible use of /te-/ as in /tlakoteposteki/. C. Flores did not accept the participial form.
\vl Note that first two tokens before final beep are in error; female says /tlakó:postéki/ and then male repeats. Tag them manually as 99999 for the number and then Oa_f1_a,
etc. Keep track and then go backward to 99998, 99997, etc. Then, the next 3 tokens are also in error (2 female and one male). They are /tlakópostéki/ and should be tagged
with word #3485 c and d for female, c for male. Finally, the final 4 tokens are correct, with /h/: /tlakópostéhki/. They should be tagged for 2972 and selected later.
\ref 02973
\lxam ka:soh
\lxam_c ka:soh
\lxoa ka:son
\lxoa_c ka:son
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan caso
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e large sheet metal tub
\sense_s tina grande de lámina
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tool
\nse This is clearly a Spanish term, although the Spanish definition, and perhaps its regionality, has not yet been identified.
\ref 02974
\lxam namaka
\lxam_alt nemaka
\lxam_c kinamaka
\lxoa nemaka
\lxoa_alt namaka
\lxoa_c kinemaka, kinamaka
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv Irregular; see maka
\sense_e to sell
\sense_s vender
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wel nitlanamaka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I can sell things.
\phrase_s Puedo vender.
\phrase_n Kina:namakaitlayo:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He sells his maize here and there.
\phrase_s Vende su maíz por aquíy por allá.
\root namaka
\nae According to Inocencio Díaz (Am), the reduplicative pattern in both dialects apparently accepts both the reduplication of the verbal stem, e.g., tlanenemaka or
tlane:nemaka (Am), or reduplication of the antipassive form, tla:tlanemaka , here apparently only a long vowel reduplicant is acceptable. According to
Inocencio D
\qry Check perfective plural: /o:kina:makeh/? Add to paradigm. Inflexion
\root_notes Check all words with /na:-/ as part of the root and determine whether any further analysis can be made. Here it would seem possible to divide /na:maka/ into /na: + maka/.
And note that /na:-/ does enter into many words that seem to indicate some sort of returning action (e.g., /na:nkilia/, /-na:l/, etc.).
\nse Conduct further analysis on root analysis of {na: + maka}.
\vl Use first female token and second male token.
\xref namaki:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 02975
\lxam ma:mali:nah
\lxam_c ma:mali:nah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan madrina
\psm N
\der N-loan
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn N0/2; Aln(0=2)
\sense_e term of address for ones godmother
\sense_s término para dirigirse a la madrina
\sense_d Am
\sense_e (alienable possession) godmother (from baptism, confirmation, or medida)
\sense_s (posesión enajenable) madrina (de bautismo, confirmación, o medida)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Nikpale:wi:s noma:mali:nah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will help my godmother.
\phrase_s Voy a ayudar a mi madrina.
\semfld kin
\qry Note that the vowel length is definite as it is here recorded; cf. reference term /-koma:lnan/.
\ref 02976
\lxam komaxahli
\lxam_c komaxahli
\lxoa komaxahli
\lxoa_c komaxahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound S-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e thick, forked wooden pole, often placed upright in the ground, used for support, particularly in house construction
\sense_s horcón, un grueso palo bifurcado utilizado principalmente en la construcción de casas, ramadas y otras estructuras mayores
\sense_d Pending
\root ko
\root maxal
\ency_note kahli; construction
\nse The derivational process and etymology of komaxahli is uncertain. The word contains the morpheme max , which enters into many words having to do
with something forked or bifurcated. The element ko , which has been classed as"S"(stem), signifies 'wood' and is probably related to kwaw. The
following trees, according to Emidio Rosendo, are good for horcones: tepe:mi:skitl , wa:xin de chikimolin , te:tlatia (the
best), and i:skixo:chitl. In a thatched roof hut the komaxahli are used to support the sole:ras.
\mod Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and words listed there; also Fld 1984-10-10.1
\mod Recheck, in general, all words dealing with"wood"which begin with /ko/ or /ku/ to determine best orthography. Undoubtedly there is some relation between"wood"and /ko/ or /ku/.
\ilus_note Illustration
\ref 02977
\lxam tlakotlapa:ni
\lxam_c tlakotlapa:ni
\lxoa tlákotlapá:ni
\lxoa_pr tlakotlapa:ni
\lxoa_c tlákotlapá:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Mod-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to break in half (sth hard and brittle such as a ceramic bowl or plate, etc., that either fissures or has a piece break off)
\sense_s romperse en la mitad (algo duro como un plato de cerámica, etc., al salirle una fisura o caersele un pedazo)
\sense_d Pending
\root tlahko
\root tlapa:
\qry Check for possibility of /te-/, e.g., /tlakotetlapa:ni/. Also, very important: check for possiblity of reduplication, ?tlakotlatlapa:na If this cannot be reduplicated this would show how
verbal semantics affects reduplication.
\ref 02978
\lxam tetlamo:tla
\lxam_c notetlamo:tla
\lxoa tetlamo:tla
\lxoa_c notetlamo:tla
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\lexical Lex. prefix te-
\infv class-4a
\sense_e (refl.) to lay or throw oneself down on the ground (e.g., to rest, from exhaustion, to protect oneself, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) acostarse o tirarse en el suelo (p. ej., para descansar, de agotamiento, para protegerse, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mexó:r o:nimotetlamo:tlak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Instead (e.g., of going to my bed), I tossed myself down on the ground.
\phrase_s Mejor (p. ej., en lugar de buscar la cama), me tiréal suelo (p. ej., para descansar).
\root mo:tla
\nse The reflexive tetlamo:tla is an idiomatic expression used to indicate the action of laying down when one is very exhausted, something like English 'hit the sack' except
that the Nahuatl form does not necessarily indicate or imply going to sleep. To date only the reflexive form has been documented (as indicated in the transitivity coding).
\qry Check to determine whether this can only be used in the reflexive, and whether the /te-/ is an obligatory part of the verb, or whether one can also state simply /o:nimotlamo:tlak/.
Finally, determine the meaning, i.e., whether this simply means 'to lay down and rest' or whether it indicates a more forceful action, etc.
\grm Incorporation of /tla-/: Note that /tetlamo:tla/ seems to be the incorporation of /tla-/ in a modifying sense as referring to the entire body.
\semref tekwí:ntlakáli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref temo:hlatinemi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02979
\lxam kware:smah
\lxam_c kware:smah
\lxoa kware:smah
\lxoa_c kware:smah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan Cuaresma
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e the dry season
\sense_s la temporada de secas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (~ del Se:nyo:r) Holy Week
\sense_s (~ del Se:nyo:r) Semana Santa
\sense_d Pending
\ref 02980
\lxam pasoltik
\lxam_c pasoltik
\lxoa pásoltík
\lxoa_c pásoltík
\lxoa_pr pasoltik
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be tangled up (e.g., thread, yarn, string, hair, branches, etc.)
\sense_s estar enmarañado (p. ej., hilo, estambre, cuerda, pelo, ramas, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be scattered about without order; in a mess (e.g., branches, clothes, etc. lying tangled up on the ground)
\sense_s estar hecho un desorden (p. ej., cosas tiradas y enredadas por el suelo)
\sense_d Pending
\root pahsol
\qry Check use of /te-/, ?tepasoltik. With this and other words classified as Adj-part-wi-tik check possibility of /tla-/ prefix: ?tlapasoltik. Or perhaps ?tlapasoltihka:n. Again, check for all
Adj-part-wi-tik.
\ref 02981
\lxam metspatlach
\lxam_c i:metspatlach
\lxoa metspatlach
\lxoa_c i:metspatlach
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e flat outside part of the thigh (of a person or animal)
\sense_s parte plana, hacia afuera del muslo (de una persona o de un animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nteposwih ipan imetspatlach.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I branded it on the side of its thigh.
\phrase_s Le marquécon hierro por el lado ancho del muslo.
\semfld body
\root mets
\root patlach
\vl Use second female speech token.
\ref 02982
\lxam a:kistiwe:wetsi
\lxam_c a:kistiwe:wetsi
\lxoa akéstewe:wétsi
\lxoa_alt akístewe:wétsi
\lxoa_pr akestewe:wetsi
\lxoa_pr akistewe:wetsi
\lxoa_c akístewe:wétsi
\lxgen akestewe:wetse
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound S-V1
\der N-0
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\semfld plant
\semfld herb
\sense_e any of two types of closely related but still unidentified weed of the Malvaceae family, considered tlasohli
\sense_s cualquier de los dos tipos de maleza de la familia Malvaceae, todavía no identificada, y considerada tlasohli
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:kistewe:wetsi | Xiwtli, we:weyakia. Wel kikwa burroh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Akistewe:wetsi : It is a herbaceous plant, it grows out long (along the ground). A donkey can eat it.
\phrase_s Akistewe:wetsi : Es una planta herbácea, crece largo (sobre la tierra). Un burro lo puede comer.
\root akiste
\root wetsi
\nae The etymology of this plant is unclear. Apparently the verbal element wetsi is part of the lexeme, but the other elements are uncertain. Likewise the length of the
/e/ of the first /we/ syllable is uncertain. In one utterance of Florencia Marcelino it appears long, but other times it seems to have quite a short duration. With Inocencio Jiménez it
appears short.
\qry_fon Vowel length is still a little uncertain and should be carefully checked.
\notes_nature Type of xiwtli and tlasohli that grows along the ground, like watermelon. According to Ramírez and Dakin (1979), who give
aquistiwe:wetsi, the Spanish gloss for this plant is"uña caída."No such entry is found in Schoenhals (1988).
\qry If related to""uña caída"; check possible relation of /akistewe:wetsi/ to /istitl/ and /wetsi/. Etymology unclear. Recheck vowel lengths with proper software.
\vl Use 2nd male token. Vowel length is uncertain; recheck.
\ref 02983
\lxam tekwia
\lxam_c kitekwia
\lxoa tékwiá
\lxoa_pr tekwia
\lxoa_f ['te kwi 'a]
\lxoa_c kitékwiá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3c(pia)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl.) to bundle oneself up; to wrap oneself up (e.g., as protection)
\sense_s (refl.) envolverse; cubrirse (e.g., con una cobija como protección)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w se:wa, nimotekwias.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's started to get cold, I'm going to wrap myself up (e.g., in a blanket).
\phrase_s Ya empezóa hacer frío, me voy a envolver (p. ej., en una cobija).
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to roll up (e.g., the legs of trousers or sleeves of shirts, etc.)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) enrollar (p. ej., pantalones, las mangas de una camisa, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to fold over (e.g., a blanket by folding it in half once and again; synonym kwe:kwelpachowa); to wrap up; to carefully
roll up (a straw mat, etc.)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) doblar (p. ej., una cobija al doblarla por la mitad una y otra vez, lo mismo que kwe:kwelpachowa); envolver;
enrollar cuidadosamente (un petate, estera, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Iswatamahli, ika kite:tekwian tamahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is with the green leaves of the maize plant that they wrap up tamales.
\phrase_s Es con las hojas verdes de la planta de maíz que envuelven tamales.
\phrase_n Xkwelpacho mopilisa:l, xte:tekwia!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Double up your blanket, fold it up!
\phrase_s ¡Dobla tu cobija, dóblale una y otra vez!
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to coil (e.g. a lasso or rope)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) enrollar (p. ej., un laso o riata)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka ihkón wila:nto, xte:tekwia mola:soh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't leave it dragged out on the ground like that! Coil your lasso!
\phrase_s ¡No vayas a dejarlo asíarrastrado sobre el suelo!¡Enrolla tu laso!
\root te
\root hkwiya
\nse The context in which one should use tetekwia and when one should use te:tekwia is not altogether clear. It appears that when something, such as a
cloth, is pushed up or rolled up (as one does to ones sleeves or pant legs) then the short vowel reduplicated form is appropriate. On the other hand, when something is folded over
once and again (as with a tamal being wrapped in a corn leaf, rope being coiled, or a blanket between folded over in half and then in half again), the form with long vowel
reduplication is used. However, in certain cases it appears that either form may be used. My notes have both short and long vowel reduplication associated with the action of rolling
up a straw mat (petate), although this should be checked. It appears that the reduplicated form with a long vowel is more common in this situation.
\qry Determine stative/resultative: /tekwixtok/ or /notekwixtok/.
\grm Optative; durative: Note /Ma:ka ihkón wila:nto, xte:tekwia mola:soh!/ 'Don't leave it dragged out on the ground like that! Coil your lasso!'
\grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent. Note that the coda is at the end of the first syllable of the verb stem {tehkwiya}. However, p-a does not shift to the left (the utterance is
/kitékwiyá/) rather, it stays on the 2nd and 4th syllable. This is one of the best indications that I/O maximization is the major factor regarding stress placement. Note that with
reduplicants there might be a tendency to shift p-a to the object prefix more than with stems that have coda {h} in the first (or other) syllable.
\ref 02984
\lxam ista:k kuwxio:tl
\lxam_alt kuwxio:tl istá:k
\lxam_c ista:k kuwxio:tl
\lxoa ista:k kohxio:tl
\lxoa_c ista:k kohxio:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of type, in Spanish cuajiote of the family Burseraceae; apparently there are two of these, one is the Bursera apteraand the other, of the same
genus, has not yet been identified
\sense_s tipo de cuajiote, de la familia Burseraceae
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root sta
\root kow
\root xi
\ency_note kuhxio:tl
\nae The precise transcription of the name for this tree will need to be checked, but it appears that in both dialects there is a double velar stop, one ending ista:k and
the other immediately afterward beginning the next word.
\notes_nature Apparently these are cuajiote trees, all of which are of the Bursera family.
\vl Note that there are two sets of four of this word.
\semref kuwxio:tl de un istá:k
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 02985
\lxam tsi:nkwe:tli
\lxam_c tsi:nkwe:tli
\lxoa tsi:nkwe:tli
\lxoa_c tsi:nkwe:tli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e diaper (synonym Oapan: tsi:ntlaké:sohlí, a:ma:xtlatl)
\sense_s pañal (sinónimo Oapan: tsi:ntlaké:sohlí, a:ma:xtlatl)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e slip
\sense_s enagua
\sense_d Oa
\semfld clothing
\root tsi:n
\root kwe:
\nse Apparently in Ameyaltepec tsi:nkwe:tli refers to diapers whereas in Oapan it is used to refer to a slip worn by women. This distinction, however, needs to be
rechecked.
\vl Note that there are two sets of four of this
\ref 02986
\lxam ixi:tsa
\lxam_c kixi:tsa
\lxoa íxí:tsa
\lxoa_pr ixi:tsa
\lxoa_c kíxí:tsa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ka/tsa
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(ts)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to wring the last drop of water out of (e.g., an item of clothing); or make the last drop come out (e.g., a bottle such as when one takes the last sip)
\sense_s sacar laúltima gota de; hacer salir laúltima gota de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwahli xkixi:tsa motso:tsokol! Kwahli ma ki:sa a:tl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pour the last drop of water out of your water jug (i.e., by holding it upside down and tilting it one way and another)! Make sure all the water comes out!
\phrase_s ¡Hazle salir laúltima gota de tu cántaro (p. ej., al voltearlo y menearlo de un lado a otro)!¡Quéle salga bien todo el agua!
\phrase_n Xkixi:tsa moserbe:sah! Kwahli ma tlami!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Bottoms up! Finish off your beer!
\phrase_s ¡échate la cerveza!¡Quése acabe todo!
\phrase_n Xtoya:wili! Xkixi:tsa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pour it out (e.g., water in a container). Get the last drop out!
\phrase_s ¡Tírale el agua (u otro líquido)!¡Sácale hasta laúltima gota!
\root hxi:
\nae The pitch accent of Oapan íxí:tsa is the reflex of underlying {h}, hence the root analysis as hxi:.
\qry Check other applications of this word. Also check initial /i/ as in Karttunen it is long. Check inflection as class 4 since this was not in my notes, but rather I added this based on my
understanding of Nahuatl inflection in general.
\xref ixi:ka
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref íxí:ka
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 02987
\lxam tlasoka:mati
\lxam_c kitlasoka:mati
\lxoa kitlásoka:máti
\lxoa_pr kitlasoka:mati
\lxoa_c kitlásoka:máti
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Part-V2
\der V1-b
\infv Irregular; see mati
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to appreciate (an action or deed performed by another); to be grateful for
\sense_s agradecer (una acción llevada a cabo por otro)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niktlasoka:mati, we:i o:ne:chpale:wih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am very thankful for it, it helped me a lot.
\phrase_s Lo agradezco mucho, me ayudómucho.
\root tlasoh
\root mati
\ref 02988
\lxam tlamposteki
\lxam_c kitlamposteki
\lxoa tlamposteki
\lxoa_c kitlamposteki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to snap or break the tooth of
\sense_s romper o quebrar el diente de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:xtlampopostek.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He broke several of my teeth.
\phrase_s Me rompióvarios dientes.
\root tlan
\root posteki
\nae The verb posteki, along with all forms of this verb with an incorporated noun, is one of the very few Nahuatl verbs that are both intransitive and transitive.
\qry Check for use of /te-/ intensifier, which does occur with /posteki/.
\ref 02989
\lxam tlate:na:miki
\lxam_c tlate:na:miki
\lxoa tlate:na:miki
\lxoa_c tlate:na:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\der V1-tla
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to bow ones head in reverence, kissing with ones lips, or bringing them close to a revered object (usually a saint or cross)
\sense_s inclinar la cabeza en devoción y reverencia, besando con los labios o simplemente acercándolos al objeto reverenciado (por lo común un santo o una cruz)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma tlate:na:miki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let him bow his head and pay reverence (in a church, at a house altar, etc.!
\phrase_s ¡Deja que incline la cabeza en reverencia (en la iglesia, en un altar particular, etc.)!
\root te:n
\root na:miki
\xref tlate:na:miki:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref te:na:miki
\xref_t plus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 02990
\lxam chaktlatowa
\lxam_c chaktlatowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp S-[tla-V2]
\der V1-b
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to emit or have a hollow sound (particularly when struck, such as a ceramic pot or plate that is fissured or broken, but not completely through)
\sense_s sonar hueco (generalmente al golpearse, como una vasija o un plato de cerámica roto)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Chaktlatowa pa:mpa o:tlapa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It makes a hollow ringing sound (e.g., a ceramic bowl) because it is fissured (which prevents it from emiting a solid ringing sound).
\phrase_s Suena hueco (p. ej., un plato hondo de barro) porque estároto (no completamente sino con una fisura que inhibe que resuene bien).
\sense_e to make an angry clucking or cackling sound (a chicken)
\sense_s cacarear como de enojada (la gallina)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ne:nkah, ma:ka tihkowas! Chaktlatowa, ye tlapacho:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That one there (in this case a hen), don't buy it! It makes an angry clucking sound, it's going lay its eggs (and for this reason is thin and irritable).
\phrase_s Aquella de allá(en este caso una gallina),¡no la vayas a comprar. Estácacareando como de enojada, ya va a empollar (y por esta razón estádelgada y de mal humor).
\semfld sound-material
\root chak
\root hto
\disamb chaktlatowa; chaltlatowa
\nse One person described the sound signified by chaktlatowa as nokomo:nilia 'it makes a beating sound,' in reference to the sound the hen makes. One
entry has chaltlatowa for a word with the same meaning. It is not clear whether chaktlatowa and chaltlatowa are two alternative
pronunciations of the same word, whether one of the two has been erroneously written down, or whether they are two distinct words.
\qry Determine (and correct translation if necessary) the meaning of /tlapachowa/, i.e., whether to lay, or to incubate.
\qry_fon !! Check the /k/: it appears quite aspirated in some of the speech tokens of Cristino Flores.
\mod Add entry under /komo:nilia:/ for: One person described the sound signified by chaktlatowa as nokomo:nilia 'it makes a beating sound,' in reference to
the sound the hen makes. Note also the meaning of /tlapachowa/, apparently this means to lay and then incubate, it refers to laying. Check correctness of /chaltlatowa/.
\grm Note /chaktlatowa/ and how /tlatowa/ acts as an intransitive, check how many transitive verbs take a modifier before the fused /tla-/.
\semref cháltlatówa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02991
\lxam i:xkwepa
\lxam_c ki:xkwepa
\lxoa i:xkopa
\lxoa_c ki:xkopa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to trick ones ability to recognize (e.g., by substituting one object for another that is similar in appearance, causing sb to be mistaken in their identification)
\sense_s engañar en la habilidad de reconocer (a algn, p. ej., al remplazar una cosa por otra parecida y de esta manera confundir a algn para que se equivoque en la
identificación)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xnamaka un yo:lki! Ma:ka sa: ihkón xmokwi:kwi:litokan! Okse: xkowa, san xki:xkwepa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sell that animal (in this case one in dispute with another claimant)! Don't just fight back and forth like that over it! Buy another one (with the money from the sale of the
first), just fool him (by substituting the second animal for the first).
\phrase_s ¡Vende ese animal (en este caso que estáel foco de una disputa con otro litigante)!¡No te vayas a quedar nada más peleando por la posesión!¡Cómprate otro (p. ej., con
el dinero de la venta del primero), engáñalo (al sustituir el segundo por el primero)!
\sense_e to cause to lose ones way (by playing tricks on sb's eyes or sense of perception); to disorient (sb from the direction or path being followed)
\sense_s hacer perder el camino (a una persona o animal, al engañar su habilidad de percepción); desorientar (a algn, p. ej., del camino, de donde va, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mitsi:xkwepas na:wahli, xok tikitas ka:nika tiá:s, sa: tmatis yo:tka:w otli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A nahual will make you lose your way, you won't be able to tell where you are going anymore, you'll just all of a sudden realize that you've left the path.
\phrase_s Un nahual va a hacer que pierdas el camino, no vas a saber por donde vas, nomás de repente vas a darte cuenta que ya dejaste el camino.
\sense_e (refl.) to have ones eyes play tricks on one
\sense_s (refl.) dejarse engañar por apariencias
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San o:timi:xkwep. O:timi:xkakaya:w. Tlaka xewa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your eyes did a trick on you. You let yourself get fooled by appearances. Indeed, it wasn't him!
\phrase_s Tus ojos te fallaron. te dejaste engañar por las apariencias. pues, al fin no fueél!
\root i:x
\root kwepa
\disamb i:xkakaya:wa
\qry Check the difference between /i:xkwepa/ and /i:xkakaya:wa/ 'to fool or be fooled by the appearance of something or someone'. Cf. RS for discussion of meanings in elicitation.
\ref 02992
\lxam tortugah
\lxam_c tortugah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan tortuga
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e tortoise
\sense_s tortuga
\sense_d Am
\nse Not indigenous to Ameyaltepec; this is not classified as a type of 'fish.'
\semref a:yo:tsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 02993
\lxam xope:wilia
\lxam_c kixope:wilia
\lxoa xope:wilia
\lxoa_c kixope:wilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to push with the snout affecting (sb, usually in a damaging way)
\sense_s empujarle (a algn una cosa) con el hocico
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka mitsxope:wili:s mopla:toh, ke:n tlayehli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Be careful that it (in this case a pig) doesn't push your plate on you with its snout, its really mischievous!
\phrase_s ¡Ten cuidado que no te empuje el plato con su hocico (en este caso un marrano),¡es muy latoso!
\root xo
\root pe:wa
\xref xope:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 02994
\lxam nakatelowa
\lxam_c kinakatelowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to strip; to take off ones clothes
\sense_s desvestirse; quitarse la ropa
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:nonakateloh, ye na:lti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He took off his clothes, he's about to go swimming.
\phrase_s Se quitóla ropa, ya va a nadar.
\root naka
\root tel
\nae The only documentation of this verb to date is in the reflexive.
\qry The only example I have of this word is in the reflexive; check for nonreflexive use.
\ref 02995
\lxam kopa:k
\lxam_c i:kopa:k
\lxoa kopa:k
\lxoa_c i:kopa:k
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-k(o)
\infn N2
\sense_e throat (the inside, from where ones mouth ends and below)
\sense_s garganta (la parte interior desde donde termina la boca)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root kopa:
\root_rel -ko
\disamb ko:koh
\nse The etymology of kopa:k is uncertain, though perhaps it is related to ko:koh. On one original filecard I recorded that
ko:kotitlan and kopa:k were equivalent. The precise definition of this term should be established; Molina has copactli glossed as
'paladar.'
\qry As noted in the /dis2 field, this word should be checked as the possible equivalent of ko:koh and other similar words: /ko:koh/, /ko:kotitlan/ and /kopa:k/.
\vl Use first token of male speaker since I like the vowel length there.
\ref 02996
\lxam tepotsmilo:l
\lxam_c i:tepotsmilo:l
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn N2
\sense_e spine (so called because when one bends over the spine emerges like a hill)
\sense_s columna vertebral (also llamado porque cuando uno se agacha sale la columna como un cerrito)
\sense_d Am
\semfld body
\root tepots
\root mil
\qry Note that my original filecard had /teposmilo:l/; but this is probably an error.
\ref 02997
\lxam ika
\lxam_alt ka
\lxam_c nipa:ktitok ika tiá:s
\lxoa ya:
\lxoa_alt ika
\lxoa_alt yeka
\lxoa_c ya:
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\der Comptzer; Subord
\sense_e that (as complementizer to introduce clausal complements)
\sense_s que (como complementizador para introducir claúsulas complementarias)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:te:chnono:tskeh iksan totawa:n ika wi:tseh, wi:ts teposto:to:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A long time ago, our ancestors told us that they would come, that an airplane would come.
\phrase_s Hace mucho tiempo, nuestros antepasados nos platicaron que vendrían, vendría un avión.
\phrase_n Kitas ika tlakechi:hloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will notice that it has been added on to.
\phrase_s Va a ver que es algo que ha sido aumentado.
\sense_e that; because; with this that (functions as a subordinator for an adverbial clause)
\sense_s con que; porque; con esto de que (funciona para subordinar claúsulas adverbiales)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nipa:ki ika tine:chpale:wi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am happy that you will help me.
\phrase_s Estoy feliz con eso de que me vas a ayudar.
\sense_e with, with the use of (to mark instrumentals or adverbial clauses of manner; in an antipassive construction may be used to introduce a clause after a transitive verb with
tla- prefix)
\sense_s con, con el uso de (para instrumentales o claúsulas adverbiales de manera; puede utilizarse en formas antipasivas para encabezer una claúsula después de un verbo
transitivo con el prefix tla-)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San te:pa:k ika kateh, xkaman nokwala:nian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are living happily, they never get mad with each other.
\phrase_s Están viviendo felizmente, nunca se enojan.
\phrase_n Meláyo:ne:chkwah to:nahli, o:niah xka nosembre:roh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sun really scorched me, I left without my hat.
\phrase_s El sol me quemóbien, salísin sombrero.
\phrase_n Titlakwa:s ka yetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will eat (and there will be) beans.
\phrase_s Vas a comer (y habrá) frijoles.
\phrase_n Nontlatlamo:tlas ina:k -ika- wi:lo:meh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to go hunting huilotas.
\phrase_s Voy a ir a cazar huilotas.
\phrase_n De o:me ika onkah, tla: kalakis, tla: xkalakis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There are two possibilities (lit., 'there are two with which'), either he will enter (in this case into cargo service) or he won't.
\phrase_s Hay dos posibilidades (lit., 'hay dos con que'), o va a entrar (en este caso a llevar su cargo), o no.
\phrase_n Sa: tikateh ika mahka:listli, yo:tikitakeh ika milá:k wel wa:hlaweh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here we've been reduced to fear, we've seen that they (in this case robbers) really can come.
\phrase_s Aquíhemos sido reducidos al miedo, hemos visto que de veras pueden venir (en este caso ladrones).
\phrase_n Tlaxi:ni ya: o:lo:tl.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e There are corncobs scattered all over the ground.
\phrase_s Hay olotes regados por todo el suelo
\sense_e in regards to
\sense_s en cuanto a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sahkí:n xke:kchi:wa ika we:itsi:n! Ma:ka ma:s pitentsi:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make it (in this case, a bowl being shaped) big just like this (i.e., like this in terms of bigness)! Don't make it any smaller!
\phrase_s ¡Hazlo (en este caso un plato hondo) asíen cuanto a grande! ¡Quéno sea más pequeño!
\sense_e (tli:no:n ~) for what reason?
\sense_s (tli:no:n ~) ¿por qué? ¿para qué?
\sense_e (yewa ika) for this reason; because (synonym Oapan: yo ya)
\sense_s (yewa ika) por esta razón; porque (sinónimo Oapan: yo ya)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa ika niá:s
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That's why (that's the reason) I'm going.
\phrase_s Es por esa razón que voy a ir.
\sense_e (~ pa:mpa) because, given that
\sense_s (~ pa:mpa) dado que, a causa de que, porque
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ika pa:mpa newa no: xniá:s, xte:ihlitasi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Given that I will not go, tell people when you arrive there!
\phrase_s Dado que yo no voy a ir, díselo a la gente al llegar!
\sense_e (~ [number] be:ses) the [number as ordinal] time
\sense_s (~ [número] be:ses) el [número como ordinal] vez
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ika na:wi be:ses yaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e This is the fourth time he is going.
\phrase_s Es la cuarta vez que va.
\sense_e (~ [number]) to cost (lit., 'with [number]')
\sense_s (~ [número]) tener el precio de (lit., 'con [número])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ya:lwa katka ika -=saka- sinkwe:ntah, o:tleko:tiwets.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Yesterday it cost fifty, it went up in a hurry.
\phrase_s Ayer costaba cinquenta, subiórápido.
\sense_e (i ika (Am); or i ya, often following de or para) forever; permanently; for good; for a long time (in
Ameyaltepec one also finds ye ika)
\sense_s (i ~ or ye ~ ; a menudo siguiente de o para) para siempre; permanentemente; por mucho tiempo (en
Ameyaltepec también se dice ye ika)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xpara ye ika o:kima:keh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They didn't give it to him forever.
\phrase_s No se lo dieron para siempre.
\phrase_n Xpara ye ika o:kima:keh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They didn't give it to him forever.
\phrase_s No se lo dieron para siempre.
\phrase_n Ye ika timoka:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You'll stay (away) for a long time.
\phrase_s Te vas a queda (afuera) por mucho tiempo.
\phrase_n I ika o:tiah, o:tiweka:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You went away for a long time, you took a long time.
\phrase_s Te fuiste por mucho tiempo, te tardaste.
\phrase_n De i ika tiksempolowa pa:mpa o:tikuwitlak, o:tiktlakal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You've killed it forever because you've uprooted it, you've thrown it away (e.g., a plant or tree).
\phrase_s Lo mataste para siempre porque lo arrancaste, lo tiraste (p. ej., una planta o arból).
\sense_e ([independent pronoun] ~ nochi + [predicate noun]) to be the only [noun]
\sense_s ([pronombre independiente ] ~ nochi + [sustantivo predicado]) ser elúnico [sustantivo]
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Tiya: nochi titla:katl.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e You are the only male.
\phrase_s Eres elúnico hombre.
\sense_e (ma~) at least
\sense_s (ma~) por lo menos, cuando menos
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Ma ya: o:me, ye:i ya:skeh.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e At least two, three will go.
\phrase_s Por lo menos dos, tres van a ir.
\sense_e (sa: i ~) the last time
\sense_s (sa: i ~) laúltima vez
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n ¿Kamano:n sa: i ya: o:tieka?
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e When was the last time that you went?
\phrase_s ¿Cuándo fue laúltima vez que te fuiste?
\ncol tli:no:n
\ncol ke:ch
\root ka
\nse In Oapan ones finds phrase such as táwáya: nochi titla:katl 'You are the only male.' However, the first or second person pronouns are often abbreviated in this
construction: ni:ya or ti:ya as in one of the example sentences. In Oapan the element pa:mpa , common in Ameyaltepec, is seldom used,
and when it is it might well be a"borrowing"from Ameyaltepec. Thus in a testimonial by Juan Abraham Hernández, who utilizes many Ameyaltepec forms in his speech, there are
frequent uses of the phrase yeka pa:mpa. Other Oapan consultants mentioned that they had not heard this form.
\nae For reasons not entirely clear it appears that in Oapan the /a:/ is long in ya: while short in ika (rarely used) or yeka (somewhat more
common). In Ameyaltepec the form ika always manifests a short vowel. One problem or question that needs to be resolved is when in Oapan the form
ya:n (or ya:m) is used instead of ya:. Given the lack of predictability (cf. also se:, and reference to se:n) the
transcriptions have both these forms (with and without nasal).
\qry Check grammatical correctness and translation of /titlakwa:s ka yetl/, i.e. whether meaning is to 'eat beans' or 'eat (something) with beans'. Obtain a tape of Oapan /ti:ya nochi
titla:katl/ to recheck whether vowel is long. When used with a full independent pronoun also check. to see if vowel is long ?táwáika or i:ka nochi titla:katl.. Check whether this is
correct in Am. Check whether plural can be used; I seem to remember only the singular.
\grm Pluralization; adverbs: Note that pluralization is not limited to predicates. Plural is also marked on adverbs (/de nika:meh/ in a previous example) and on forms such as
/ika/: Ke:ch ikameh? 'How much are they' Determine what part of speech is /ika/ in /ke:ch ika/. It seems to be a fronting of /nihkowas ika ___/ i.e., a type of instrumental.
\grm /Sa: tikateh ika mahka:listli, yo:tikitakeh ika milá:k wel wa:hlaweh/ 'Here we've been reduced to fear, we've seen that they (in this case robbers) really can come.' Note that
way in which /ika/ introduces an adverbial particle. I would imagine (check) that the /ika/ might here be omitted.
\ref 02998
\lxam a:yo:pets
\lxam_c a:yo:pets
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\infn N2
\sense_e type of edible bug, stink bug
\sense_s tipo de insecto comestible, jumil grande
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root a:yo:
\root pets
\qry Etimology not certain; check for meaning of animal as clue, i.e., perhaps it is very smooth.
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1988:222) identifies the Sp. jumil as Fam. Pantomidae, and notes:"'stink bug' See chinche de jardín."An insect of the central plateau that was
toasted and eaten by the indigenous people."
\ref 02999
\lxam to:motli
\lxam_c to:motli
\lxoa tó:motlí
\lxoa_c tó:motlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(h)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e generic name for cacti
\sense_s nombre genérico para cacti
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e specific type of cactus also known as to:mokuwtli (Am) or tó:mokóhtli (Oa)
\sense_s tipo específico de cactus también conocido como to:mokuwtli (Am) o tó:mokóhtli (Oa)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e cactus fruit; prickly pear
\sense_s tuna; fruta del cactus
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia ito:moyo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (a cactus) has it's fruit.
\phrase_s Tiene (un cactus) su fruta.
\semfld plant
\semfld cactus
\root to:moh
\ency_note to:motli
\qry Check to make sure that /to:motli/ as a generic name is the same as /ó:rganoh/.
\notes_nature Bravo (1932) offers a concise summary of the cactus of the region of Cañon del Zopilote. She gives the following account. The genus Opuntia has two species: Opuntia
velutina Weberand Opuntia atropes Roseas well as another that remained unidentified given that it had not been observed while in flower. The genus
Cephalocereus has the following species: Cephalocereus mezcalaensis n. sp.(note that this appears to be the /tlapextli/ cactus; Bravo notes that this is the most
abundant species in the region, particularly near Mezcala"en donde en algunos sitios forma verdaderas selvas"(p. 382); Cephalocereus leucocephalus(which
branches from the bottom and reaches 4 meters high). Among the Pachycereus, Pachycereus marginatusand Pachycereus grandis Roseare both
found and cultivated for fencing. Another type of cactus is Lemaireocereus pruinosus. There is the Lemaireocereus weberi(which is the
ó:rganoh) and the Le maireocer eus benec kei. Near Zumpango del Río a few examples of Lemaireocereus dumortieriwere found; near this
town there were also a few Myrtillocactus geometrizans, Console. The cactus Corphanta bumammawas found, known in Spanish as"rodilla de vieja."Then
there are some smaller cactuses: Neomammillaria hirsutaand Neomammillaria guerreronis; these last two are very small cactuses with short, hairlike spines.
Finally, two others were found: Cereus saxícolode la subtribu Cereanae and Acanthocereus maculatus Weingart. There are, I believe, a total of 17 species
here identified or noted. The following types of to:motli have been identified to date from my data from Ameyaltepec: to:motlaxkahli ,
to:motlaxkahli ipan tla:hli , to:motsotsohli , to:moiswatl , to:moichkatl or ichkato:motli ,
tlapextli or ó:rganoh para tlapextli , ó:rganoh or ó: rganoh we:i , and orga n i :toh. I
have one reference to a chichí:k to:motli as a type of to:motli ; in addition it is not clear whether itsontekon lamatsi:n is a
type of to:motli , although it probably is. Finally, Silvestre Pantaleón of Oapan mentioned another to:motli that I had not previously
documented: to:moa:stilih. It would appear that this is a type not documented in my notes from Ameyaltepec.
\ref 03000
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa iswá:penké:tl
\lxoa_c iswá:penké:tl
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who gathers up corn leaves scattered on the ground
\sense_s persona que pepena hojas de maíz regadas por la tierra
\sense_d Oa
\root swa
\root pena
\ref 03001
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa te:nchakal
\lxoa_c te:nchakal
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e gossip
\sense_s chismoso
\sense_d Oa
\root te:n
\root chakal
\nse Whether or not this form is derived from chacalli, which RS, citing Hernández, glosses as 'langosta, cangrejo del lago de México, is not clear. It is used to refer to
someone who is gossipy, who tells people about what someone else has done (usually something embarrassing or negative) even though not asked.
\qry Check whether /te:nchakaltik/ also exists.
\semref kamachi:pil
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 03002
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yekachi:lmo:ltia
\lxoa_c kiyekachi:lmo:ltia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\trans ~Intrans
\sense_e to give a bloody nose to (lit. 'to turn (sb's) nose into chi:lmo:hli)
\sense_s sacarle sangre a la nariz de (lit., 'hacerle la nariz chi:lmo:hli a)
\sense_d Oa
\root yeka
\root chi:l
\root mo:l
\disamb yekachi:lmo:lkwaltia; yekayeski:xtia
\semref yekachi:lmo:lkwaltia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref yekachi:lmo:lkwaltia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 03003
\lxam to:chin
\lxam_c to:chin
\lxoa to:chin
\lxoa_c to:chin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e rabbit
\sense_s conejo
\sense_d Pending
\root to:ch
\semfld animal
\semfld mammal
\nse To:chin is rarely employed to signify 'rabbit' given that to:xtli is used to signify 'vagina' or, more accurately, the entire female pubic area. Indeed,
many, if not most speakers do not recognize to:chin as meaning 'rabbit' (or avoid it because of its vulgar connotation) and instead use the Spanish loan
kone:joh.
\mod Perhaps this should be removed from the dictionary.
\vl Given its potentially vulgar meaning, no sound file should be linked to this entry. Note that only the male uttered this word: 4 times.
\ref 03004
\lxam kwa:tekoyo:ni
\lxam_c kwa:tekoyo:ni
\lxoa kwa:tekoyo:ni
\lxoa_c kwa:tekoyo:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to get a piercing wound in ones head
\sense_s abrirsele un gran agujero en la cabeza
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\root te-
\root koyo:
\disamb kwa:chi:koya:wi
\nde Oapan kwa:tekoyo:ni is used to refer to a wound, a hole on the head such as that which might open up on a child hit with a rock while playing. The form
kwa:chi:koya:wi, which Ameyaltepequeños gave as having a similar meaning, is used instead in Oapan to refer to a thatched roof opening up. Note that
Ameyaltepequeños also use kwa:chi:koya:wi to refer to this process.
\qry Check difference between this word and /kwa:chi:koya:wi/. FM mistakenly uttered /kwa:tekomo:ni/ here, but I don't have this in the lexicon. It should be added.
\vl Tag the mistaken first pronunciation /kwa:tekomo:ni/ with a reserve number: 99998_Oa_f1.wav, or whatever is being used.
\semref kwa:chi:koyo:ni
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 03005
\lxam tio:tlato:hli
\lxam_c tio:tlato:hli
\lxoa tió:tlató:hli
\lxoa_c tió:tlató:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e prayer; words used in prayer
\sense_s oración; palabras empleadas en rezar
\sense_d Pending
\qry Check whether this form can be possessed.
\nae The length of the first /o/ of words containing the root tio:or tiois unclear. In the present case, it seems that the Oapan forms have a short,
high-pitched, vowel (the pitch accent is the reflex of a coda {h} in {tlahto:hli}). Nevertheless, a clear comparison and analysis of all words that contain this root will be required in
determining the length of the vowel in question. For now, the Ameyaltepec form has been left long, even though in my notes I repeatedly questioned the length (which was perhaps
assigned because of undue influence from the historical form teo:tl.
\qry Check whether possessed form can be used.
\root tio:
\root hto
\ref 03006
\lxam koxtlakali
\lxam_c kikoxtlakali
\lxoa kóxtlakáli
\lxoa_pr koxtlakali
\lxoa_c kikóxtlakáli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp S-V
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to anesthesize
\sense_s anestizar
\sense_d Pending
\root kochi
\root tlahkali
\qry Check for other meanings, e.g., 'knock out' (with a punch?). Originally I had /kochtlakali/ for Am, which I have changed to /koxtlakali/ based on Oa form. This should be
rechecked.
\grm Note the morphology here; /koch/ in general combines in this way; it is one of the few"verbs"that do, suggesting that the combination is not V+V, but perhaps some stem
prefixed to a verb. Cf. this to other reduced combinational forms, e.g., verbs that end in /-iwi/ have a combinational form without the /-iwi/ and some verbs in /-V:wi/ have a
combinational form without /-V:wi/.
\vl Use first female token.
\ref 03007
\lxam pwe:rtah
\lxam_c pwe:rtah
\lxoa pwe:rtah
\lxoa_c pwe:rtah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan puerta
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e door (the physical door and not the doorway)
\sense_s puerta (la puerta misma y no la entrada)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld construct
\ency_note kahli
\ref 03008
\lxam ma:kuwtia
\lxam_c ma:kuwtia
\lxoa ma:kohtia
\lxoa_c ma:kohtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to get a stiff and sore arm (or hand; e.g., from actions such as continuous chopping of wood, digging for a long time, or other activities that leave ones muscles aching and
stiff; in Oapan this meaning is conveyed by the reduplicated form má:kokóhtiá or by the synonym má:kwaló)
\sense_s quedarsele el brazo (o la mano) exhausto, adolorido y tieso (p. ej., por haber leñado por mucho tiempo o por haber mantenido una misma posición en que se entumece el
cuerpo; en Oapan este significado se expresa por la forma de reduplicada: má:kokóhtia o por el sinónimo má:kwaló)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to get a strong arm (e.g., as one gets older)
\sense_s adquirir un brazo fuerte (p. ej., al crecer con la edad)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root kow
\nse Oapan manifests a complete semantic break between the nonredupicated ma:kuwtia 'to get a strong arm (as one gets older)' and má:kokohtia 'to get a
stiff and sore arm.' However, it appears that the latter sense is more often conveyed by má:kwaló.
\nae Note that in Oapan the reduplicated form here means 'to get a stiff arm (from working).' This explains the reduced reduplication in tsí:nkuwtiá.
\xref ma:kuwtilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref ma:kohtilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\semref má:kwaló
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03009
\lxam monextik tlako:tl
\lxam_c monextik tlako:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of whitish vine still not identified
\sense_s tipo de bejucco algo blanco todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root mohnex
\root tlako:
\qry Given that this was not identified in fieldwork, perhaps this is mistaken. Checke.
\ref 03010
\lxam tlekuwa
\lxam_c tlekuwa
\lxoa tlákowá
\lxoa_alt tlékowá
\lxoa_pr tlakowa
\lxoa_c tlákowá, tlékowá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-4c(pano)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to go up (e.g., sb climbing a hill, walking up stairs, etc.)
\sense_s subir (p. ej., un cerro, escaleras, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Newa nitleko:s, tewa nika:n tlatsi:ntlah xmoka:wa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll be the one to go up, you stay down here!
\phrase_s Yo voy a subir,¡Túquédate aquíabajo!
\sense_e to rise (a price, water in a river, etc.)
\sense_s subir (el precio, agua en un río, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (~ occasionally with -pan) to get on top of; to mount
\sense_s (~ ocasionalmente con -pan) subir sobre; montar sobre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtleko ipan mokaba:yoh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Get on your horse!
\phrase_s ¡Súbete a tu caballo!
\phrase_n ó:tlakó:k i:burri:toh.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He got on his donkey.
\phrase_s Montósobre su burro.
\semfld motion
\root tlehko:
\nae The verb tlekowa (Am) or tlákowá (Oa) may perhaps be considered a lexicalized derivation from the transitive form ekowa (Am) or
ékowá. The latter refer to the action of 'climbing up' (as a bug might do on someone's leg). In this case the tla- prefix would refer to simply going up on
something. Note that in both Oapan and Ameyaltepec one can say both O:tleko:k ipan iburri:toh (Am) and O:tleko:k iburri:toh (Am). However,
whereas in Ameyaltepec it is more common to find this phrase with ipan in Oapan the reverse is true: ó:tlakó:k i:burri:toh. Note also that whereas in
Ameyaltepec one says O:tleko:k ipan tepe:tl in Oapan the form is o:keko:k tepe:tl ; cf. ekowa.
\vl Use first female and first male token.
\xref tleko:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref 'tlakó:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\xref ekuwa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\xref ékowá
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03011
\lxam tlake:nsosoleh
\lxam_c tlake:nsosoleh
\lxoa tlaké:nsoléh
\lxoa_alt tlaké:nsolíh
\lxoa_c tlaké:soléh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-posr-eh
\infn N1
\pitch yes
\sense_e person having old, tattered clothes
\sense_s persona con la ropa vieja y desgastada
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlake:nsosoleh, tlake:ntatapatik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has tattered old clothes, he has clothes that are heavily patched.
\phrase_s Tiene ropa vieja y desgastada, tiene ropa muy remendada.
\root ke:m
\vl Use second male token, which is more in accord with the canonical pronunciation.
\nse This word is often used with the dimuntive ending tsi:n, as an indication of pity, e.g., tlake:nsosoletsi:n (Am).
\grm Oapan phonology: the tendency of final vowels to vary between [i] and [e] and for final [h] and [n] to vary is well represented here; the first male token shows the h>n
shift that is so common. However, unlike underlying final /n/ which is often velarized, the /n/ that results from underlying [h] is not.
\semref tlake:ntatapatik; tatapatik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlake:ntetépatík; tetépatík
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03012
\lxam te:na:wiltia
\lxam_c te:na:wiltia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to not keep ones word; to play around with, or not honor, ones commitments; to say one thing and do another; to pretend not to be able to do sth that one can do
\sense_s no cumplir con la palabra; jugar, o no honrar, los compromisos; decir una cosa y hacer otra; fingir no poder una cosa que si puede hacer
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:na:wiltia, o:tpale:witiwets dya a:man xok kineki mitskwepili:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is not worthy of his word, you helped him out in a pinch and now he doesn't want to return the favor.
\phrase_s No estima su palabra, le echaste una mano y ahora no te quiere responder (con ayuda cuando la necesitas).
\root te:n
\root a:wil
\nse Te:na:wiltia in general refers to someone who does not value his word, who says he will do something but then does not cumply.
\semref a:wiltia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref kákayá:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03013
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be a xref to /ma:sowa/ but has been eliminated and /ma:sowa/ is an alternate pronunciation of /ma:sowa/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03014
\lxam ma:tsonteki
\lxam_c kima:tsonteki
\lxoa ma:tsonteki
\lxoa_c kima:tsonteki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to cut the branches off (e.g., of a tree, with a machete or ax, not a knife)
\sense_s cortarle las ramas a (p. ej., unárbol, con un machete o hacha, no cuchillo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikimima:tsotsontekito.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I went to chop the branches off them (trees).
\phrase_s Fui a cortarles las ramas (a losárboles).
\sense_e to cut the arm of off; to amputate the arm of; to slash the arm of deeply (with a machete or ax, not a knife)
\sense_s amputarle el brazo a; cortarle el brazo profundamente a (con un machete o hacha, no cuchillo)
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root tson
\root teki
\nse The verb ma:tsonteki refers to the action of cutting partially or all the way through something with a machete or an axe, not a knife. In the latter case
ma:tekiwould be used.
\grm Note reduplication of verb root in /ma:tsotsonteki/ and not of /ma:-/. As usual, it is the verbal stem (lexicalized perhaps from N+V) that reduplicates, not the incorporated
noun. The plural object /kim-/ in /o:nikimima:tsotsontekito/ refers to the plural trees; the reduplication to the many branches on each tree. The singular form
/o:nima:tsotsontek/ refers to the action of cutting one branch off a tree.
\ref 03015
\lxam kolochiwi
\lxam_c kolochiwi
\lxoa kolochiwi
\lxoa_c kolochiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to be huddled and shrunk or bunched over (as when one is sick and uncomfortable)
\sense_s estar con el cuerpo acurrucado y encogido (como cuando uno estáenfermo e incómodo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kolochiwtok ke:n pió. Kwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is huddled over like a chicken. He is sick.
\phrase_s Estáacurrucado como una gallina. Estáenfermo.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to curl up (particularly leaves of a plant, such as squash, watermelon, lemon tree, etc., because of a pest)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) enroscarse (particularmente las hojas de una planta, como calabaza, sandía, limón, etc., a causa de una plaga)
\sense_d Pending
\root koloch
\nse According to Florencia Marcelino this verb is used only in reference to chickens that are huddled over when sick. In Ameyaltepec that is the only context in which I have
documented its use.
\root_notes Perhaps the root /koloch/ can be analyzed further. Note the various words with /ko(:)/ that seem to indicate a shrinking, bunching or twisting action: /kolochiwi/,
/koltotsowa/, /ko:tsiltik/, etc.
\ref 03016
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for /tlatsitsilinyantsin/. Since it repeats another entry, it has been removed.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03017
\lxam i:xte:mpe:peyo:ni
\lxam_c i:xte:mpe:peyo:ni
\lxoa i:xtempe:peyo:ni
\lxoa_c i:xtempe:peyo:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans ~Trans
\lexical -rdp-s
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for ones eyelids to flutter open and close
\sense_s parpadearle rápidamente los ojos (a algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ti:xte:mpe:peyo:ni, tikochisneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your eyelids are fluttering open and closed, you're sleepy.
\phrase_s Se te abren y cierran rápidamente los párpados, tienes sueño.
\phrase_n I:xte:mpe:peyo:ni, kemech o:isak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is slowly opening and clearing his eyes, he just woke up.
\phrase_s Poco a poco se le estáabriendo y despegando los ojos, apenas se despertó.
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root peyo:
\nse When used in reference to sleepiness, this word refers to someone who has difficulty in keeping his or her eyelids open, as they involuntarily fall shut every once in a while. It has only
been documented with long vowel reduplication of the verbal stem.
\qry I have only heard this reduplicated with a long vowel. Check. Determine whether /peyo:ni/ is used in any other manner. Determine whether a transitive form exists.
\vl Definitely use second token of female speech (great dif. in relative duration of /e/ and /m/ in her two pronunciations).
\semref i:xte:ntla:tlakwa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03018
\lxam tlachi:chi:liwi
\lxam_c tlachi:chi:liwi
\lxoa tlachi:chi:liwi
\lxoa_c tlachi:chi:liwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp tla-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to dawn; to redden (the sky, at dawn from the rising sun or at dusk from the setting sun)
\sense_s alborear (el cielo, del sol saliente durante el amanecer o poniente al atardecer)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye wa:ltlachi:chi:liwtiw, ye wa:lki:stok to:nahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sky is starting to lighten, the sun is already rising.
\phrase_s Viene alboreando, ya viene saliendo el sol.
\root chi:l
\vl Use first male token.
\xref chi:chi:liwi
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03019
\lxam chikohli
\lxam_c chikohli
\lxoa chíkohlí
\lxoa_c chíkohlí
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e long rod or pole with a small crosspiece tied at the end, of a hard and extremely straight material such as otate, used to pluck off fruit that is high up in a tree
\sense_s chicol
\sense_d Am
\semfld tool-cultivate
\root chihkol
\nse Whereas in Ameyaltepec chikohli refers to the entire apparatus (pole with crosspiece), in Oapan chíkohlí refers only to the
\nde In Oapan this refers to the cross-piece on a long pole: wítlátl.
\qry Check vowel length of /o/.
\ilus_note Illustrate. See illustration on original filecard.
\semref tlanchikohlo
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03020
\lxam tlalka:wani
\lxam_c tlalka:wani
\lxoa tlá:lka:wáni
\lxoa_alt tlá:lka:wáne
\lxoa_c tlá:lka:wáne, tlá:lka:wáne
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref) (Oa)
\infn N1
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e person who is forgetful or absent-minded
\sense_s persona olvidadiza
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Titlalka:wantsi:n, titlapolowa:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are somewhat absent-minded, you always lose things.
\phrase_s Eres algo olvidadizo, siempre se te pierden las cosas.
\root el
\root ka:wa
\nae A full explanation of the motivation for pitch accent and vowel lengthening in the Oapan headword is found under tla:lká:wa. The length of the initial /a:/ in the four
recorded tokens of Oapan tlá:lka:wáni are 83 and 81 ms for Florencia Marcelino and 90 and 93 ms for Inocencio Jiménez. Although not of particularly long duration,
this would nevertheless seem to be within the range of phonologically long vowels.
\vl Note to self: recheck vowel length and p-a here.
\ref 03021
\lxam te:ntsoneh
\lxam_c te:ntsoneh
\lxoa te:ntsoneh
\lxoa_c te:ntsoneh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-posr-eh
\infn N1
\sense_e bearded person (a man, certain animals such as goats)
\sense_s barbón (un hombre, ciertos animales como los chivos)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root tson
\grm /-eh/ and /-wah/ possessor: Te:ntsonwah is not acceptable. This is the case often, as only one or the other is correct.
\semref te:ntsontli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03022
\lxam i:xtekuruch ku:koh
\lxam_c i:xtekuruch ku:koh
\lxoa tekoró:ch ko:kó:h
\lxoa_alt tekoró:ch ko:kó:n
\lxoa_c tekoró:ch ko:kó:h, tekoró:ch ko:kó:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Call
\der Onom
\sense_e the sound made by an owl
\sense_s el sonido emitido por un tecolote
\sense_d Pending
\semfld sound-animal
\nse Although length is not contrastive in /u/ for Nahuatl, the penultimate /u:/ is marked long here to indicate the stress that accompanies this syllable
\qry Get other animal sounds.
\vl Use second male token.
\ref 03023
\lxam pancholwia
\lxam_c kipancholwia
\lxoa panchalwia
\lxoa_alt pancholwia
\lxoa_f [pan chal 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kipanchalwia, kipancholwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp S-V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to pass or step over (e.g, a child lying on the ground)
\sense_s pasar o pisar sobre (p. ej., un niño acostado por el suelo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tpancholwih nopo:tsi:n, a:man xiktoma para ma we:ia!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You stepped over my little daughter (lying on the ground). Now undo it (i.e., step back over her in the opposite direction) so that she will grow up big!
\phrase_s Pasaste sobre mi hijita (que estaba acostada en el suelo).¡Ahora deshazlo (esto es, pasa otra vez sobre ella) para que crezca!
\root pan
\root chol
\nse It is thought by some that if one steps over a child lying on the ground, the child will not get big. Thus people who do this are told to undo it, and its effects, by stepping back over
the child the opposite direction.
\nae Pronunciation in Oapan varies and speakers are often well aware of minor variations in pronunciation and can cite individuals who speak differently. Before recording Florencia
Marcelino mentioned that she uses panchalwiya while her husband uses pancholwiya. This is evidenced in the speech tokens linked to the headword.
\vl Note that in first repetition of 4 male and female are the same; in the second set of 4, use final (2nd in this set, 4th overall) male token. Use the second female token of the
first set.
\ref 03024
\lxam toto:roh
\lxam_c toto:roh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan toro
\psm N
\der N-loan
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e fruit of the okichyo:yotlitree, so called because the fruit is encased in a large, thorn-like object
\sense_s fruta delárbol llamado okichyo:yotli, asíllamado porque la fruta se encuentra en un objeto grande, con púas como los cuernos del toro
\sense_d Am
\sense_e (by extension) another name for the okichyo:yotlitree
\sense_s (por extensión) otro nombre para elárbol conocido como okichyo:yotli
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Toto:roh | Kipia itla:kihlo, xwel nokwa. San para tlikuwtli. Ye weka:wi kitlatlapa:nayan ye:i, na:wi itla:kihlo ika notsonchichi:wayan suwa:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Toto:roh : It has fruit that isn't edible. It's just good for firewood. A long time ago they would break open three or four of its fruit and with these women
would do up their hair.
\phrase_s Toto:roh : Tiene su fruta que no es comestible. Solamente sirve para leña. Hace mucho tiempo partían como tres o cuatro de sus frutas y con ellas las
mujeres arreglaban su cabello.
\sense_e name given to the cha:nko:kopi(Proboscidea fragansand Martynia annua, both of the family Pedaliaceae) for the shape of its fruit pods
\sense_s nombre dado al cha:nko:kopi(Proboscidea fragansy Martynia annua, ambos de la familia Pedaliaceae) por la forma de su fruta
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Toto:roh | Kipia itla:kihlo, kwa:k yo:chika:w tlapa:ni, dya deke yo:tlapa:n noka:wa itla:kihlo ke:n ikwa:koh to:roh. Yewa ika kihlian toto:roh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Toto:roh : It has its fruit, when it has ripened it splits open and when it has split open its fruit winds up looking like bulls horns. That's why they call it
toto:roh.
\phrase_s Toto:roh : Tiene su fruta, cuando ya se puso madura se parte, y de que ya se partióse queda su fruta como los cuernos de un toro. Por eso le dicen
toto:roh.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\qry I seem to remember that the /o:kichyo:yotli/ or similar plant is also called by this name. Check the recordings.
\grm Reduplication: Note metaphoric use of reduplication in /toto:roh/, the fruit of the /okichyo:yotli/ tree (and so called because of the resemblance to a bull's head).
\ref 03025
\lxam momolo:ni
\lxam_c momolo:ni
\lxoa mómoló:ni
\lxoa_pr momolo:ni
\lxoa_c mómoló:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes
\sense_e to fluff up (cotton in particular, a chick when just born, a hen and its feathers when wet)
\sense_s esponjarse (el algodón en particular, un pollito al nacer, una gallina y sus plumas cuando estámojada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xok tili:ntok un ichkatl. Kwi:teki yeyekatl, o:pe:w nakokwi, momolo:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That cotton (ball, on the plant) is not compact anymore. The wind has been blowing against it, it's started to open up, it's started to fluff up.
\phrase_s Ese algodón (la bola en la vaina de la planta) ya no estáapretado. El viento le pega, ya se empezóa abrir, a esponjarse.
\flao molo:nia
\root molo:
\nse There is little, if any, difference noted to date between momolo:ni or mómoló:ni and momoloka in the sense of 'to fluff up' (cotton).
There is no recorded instance of this verb being used in a nonreduplicated form with this sense; see molo:niafor a fuller discussion. It appears that
momolo:nia may also be used with this sense.
\qry Check possibility of two transitive forms: /molo:nia/ and /molo:naltia/. I originally had 'to smell bad' under this entry for Ameyaltepec Nahuatl but this appears in error and it has been
removed; cf. /molo:nia/.
\mod Also, if there is no unreduplicated form, then the major entry should be /momolo:ni/ and a note to the effect that the word is grammaticalized. Check for the reason of a homophony
or polysemy of this word.Check to see if unreduplicated form exists in reference to cotton; and also if the meaning of 'to smell bad' also is usually or always reduplicated. If there is
no difference between /molo:ni/ and /molo:nia/, then the two should be listed as synonyms.
\xref momolo:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref mómoló:nia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\semref momoloka
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 03026
\lxam poxkawi
\lxam_c poxkawi
\lxoa poxkawi
\lxoa_c poxkawi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get moldy (e.g., fruit and vegetables, bread and tortillas, leftovers, even maize)
\sense_s enmohecerse (p. ej., fruta y verduras, pan y tortillas, sobras de comida, hasta el maíz)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pano:k, yo:pe:w poxkawi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's past ripe (e.g., a fruit), it's begun to get moldy.
\phrase_s Ya pasóde sazón (p. ej., una fruta), ya empezóa enmohecerse.
\root poxka
\qry Check for transitive form.
\vl Pick, I think, second male token. Be aware of background noise.
\ref 03027
\lxam pila:na
\lxam_c kipila:na
\lxoa pila:na
\lxoa_c kipila:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to babysit; to watch over; to be a nursemaid of (small children, e.g., to see that they don't wander away or get into trouble; this often involves rocking them to sleep)
\sense_s cuidar a (un niño); ser niñera a (niños chiquitos, p. ej., para que no anden lejos ni se meten en líos; generalmente involucra meciéndolos para que duerman)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xwel titlapila:na? Timistla:ke:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Can you take care of young children? Te voy a contratar.
\phrase_s ¿Puedes cuidar niños? Te voy a contratar.
\root pil
\root a:na
\qry Discuss the complete responsibilities of a /tlapila:nke:tl/.
\xref pila:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03028
\lxam ixteki:lia
\lxam_c kixteki:lia
\lxoa ixtekilia
\lxoa_c kixtekilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to steal or rob from
\sense_s robar a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chixteki:likeh noburroh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They stole my donkey from me.
\phrase_s Me robaron mi burra.
\phrase_n O:ne:xtlaxteki:likeh
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They robbed me.
\phrase_s Me robaron.
\phrase_n O:ne:chixteki:lih na:tekontsi:n. Mlá:k o:kwelitak. A:man o:niki:xmachilih
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He robbed my water jug. He really liked it. Now I've recognized it on him (i.e., seen him with it, at his house, on the paths around the village, etc.).
\phrase_s Me robómi cantimplora. De veras le gustó. Ahora ya se la ví(esto es, lo vi en posesión de ella, que reconocí).
\sense_e to take from (a daugher [SO]from a parent [PO]) in elopement
\sense_s fugarse con (una hija [OS] de (un padre o madre [OP])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chixtekilih nochpo:ch
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He ran away (eloped) with my daughter (without having asked me for her hand).
\phrase_s Se fugócon mi hija (sin habermela pedido en matrimonio).
\root chteki
\qry_fon Check length of i:, although it has been recorded as long in all entries. Check etymology. In the recording session with C. Flores (Am) I heard the /i/ long. Measure.
\xref ixteki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03029
\lxam telolo:tsi:n
\lxam_c telolo:tsi:n
\lxoa telolo:tsi:n
\lxoa_c telolo:tsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\sense_e ball of tixtli used to make a certain type of tamal (6 are used in Ameyaltepec, 8 in Oapan; see tamahli de telolo:tsi:n)
\sense_s bola de masa utilizada para hacer cierto tipo de tamales (se usan 6 en Ameyaltepec, 8 en Oapan; véase tamahli de telolo:tsi:n
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e fist; blow with the fist
\sense_s puño; golpe con el puño
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Temitsmá:s -=timistla:lili:s- san se: telolo:tsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will give you one good blow with my fist.
\phrase_s Te voy a dar un golpe bueno con el puño.
\root te
\root olo:
\nse The telolo:tsi:n is only used with the tamal called tamahli de telolo:tsi:n , not with other tamals of meat, chile, etc. The etymology of
telolo:tsi:n seems to be related to the element te- 'stone' and to the Classical Nahuatl verb ololoa that, among various aceptations, means
'formar una bola' (cf. ololtic 'redondo como una bola o una pelota'). The reason for the appearance of the first /l/ and the absence of an /l/ that is found in the root
olol is unclear. But cf. also the verb telowa 'to hit or strike with ones fist' and the acceptation of telolo:tsi:n as 'blow with the fist.'
\qry The length of the final /o:/ as long is based on an acoustic analysis of this word from the Oapan elicitation.
\ref 03030
\lxam pro:beh
\lxam_c pro:beh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan pobre
\psm Adj
\der Adj-loan
\sense_e to be poor
\sense_s ser pobre
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Niplo:weh, xtlah nikpia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am poor (a poor person), I don't have anything.
\phrase_s Soy un pobre, no tengo nada.
\sense_e (as interjection) Poor thing!
\sense_s (como interjección)¡Pobrecito¡
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Plo:weh! O:mik ikone:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Poor thing! His child died.
\phrase_s ¡Pobrecito! se muriósu hijo.
\nse The term plo:weh (or Oapan pro:weh) can be used as an interjection. Note that in Oapan only pro:wehis acceptable.
\semref pro:weh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03031
\lxam iswalo:ni
\lxam_c *iswalo:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-pass (?)
\infn N1
\sense_e (ritual) seen and selected (a young maiden as a bride)
\sense_s (ritual) vista y seleccionada (una adolescente para novia)
\sense_d Am
\root ta
\nse This word has only been encountered in a we:we:tlaho:hli , bride-asking speech, as pronounced by don Plutarco Ramírez. According to Pascual García, who says he
never would employ this word, iswalo:ni refers to ka:n o:yo:l, ka:n o:wa:le:w ichpokawa 'where she (the bride) was born, where the bride came from.'
The etymology and meaning are not clear, though it might be an archaic nominalization of ita (Classical itta).
\ref 03032
\lxam i:xpupwa
\lxam_c ki:xpupwa
\lxoa i:xpopowa
\lxoa_c ki:xpopowa
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv Irregular; see kukwa
\sense_e to clean or dust the surface of (e.g., a koma:hli before using it to cook on)
\sense_s limpiar o quitar el polvo de la superficie de (p. ej., un comal antes de usarlo)
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root po:wa
\nae The vowel length of these terms is unclear. Ameyaltepec shows the loss of /o/ in the penultimate syllable, leaving a labialized /p/ ([pw]). In the shortened stem of the perfective,
however, the underlying long manifests itself. In Ameyaltepec there is no question of the length of the vowel, in Oapan it is not so clear. The absence of pitch accent indicates that the
reduplicant does not have {h} as a coda. This suggests long vowel reduplication (although an open, light reduplicant is also possible). Acoustically the vowel seems to have a
duration that is sometimes slightly longer than would be expected with a short vowel, but it is not unambigously long. Given these considerations, the /o/ has been written short, at
least pending further analysis and comparison.
\nse Oapan i:xpo:powa is the virtual synonym of í:xtsetselówa.
\vl Use second male token; I believe that this is cleaner; there is a lot of background noise.
\qry_h Check San Juan pronunciation for /h/.
\semref í:xtsetselówa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\nae The inflectional pattern for Ameyaltepec is irregular: short stem (e.g., perfective): o:ki:xpopo:w ; long stem (e.g., future) ki:xpupwas ; Note: durative
ki:xpopo:wtok ; directional optative ma ni:xkpupwati
\ref 03033
\lxam nona:ntsi:n
\lxam_c Ay nona:ntsi:n
\lxoa nona:ntsi:n
\lxoa_c Ay nona:ntsi:n!
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\der Interj
\sense_e my God! goodness me!
\sense_s mamacita! ay!
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ay nona:ntsi:n! Tle:ka ihkón tikchi:wa?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Oh my goodness! Why did you do it that way (sth bad)?
\phrase_s ¡Ay mamacita!¿Por quélo hiciste así(algo mal)?
\phrase_n Ay nona:ntsi:n, o:tiki:xpoloh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Oh my goodness, you ruined it!
\phrase_s ¡Ay mamacita, lo echaste a perder!
\semfld Gender-female
\root na:n
\nse Given the lexicalized status of nona:ntsi:n , it has been accorded a separte entry. The exclamation Ay nona:ntsi:n is only used by female speakers.
\vl Although Inocencio Jiménez uttered this in the recording session, it is an expression/interjection that is never uttered (at least in Oapan) by males. Thus link only the female
token (uttered twice) to the dictionary.
\ref 03034
\lxam tlikonexakia
\lxam_c kitlikonexakia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp [N-N]-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to push or place into the hot ashes of a hearth or fire
\sense_s meter dentro de las cenizas calientes de un hogar o fogón
\sense_d Am
\root tli
\root nex
\root ak
\root_rel -ko
\disamb tlikonexto:ka; tlikonexpachowa; tlikonexakia
\semref tlikonexpachowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03035
\lxam ixteki
\lxam_c kixteki
\lxoa ixteki
\lxoa_c kixteki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e to steal or rob (sth)
\sense_s robar (algo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kixtek, o:kwelitak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He stole it, he liked (the looks of) it.
\phrase_s Se lo robó, le gustó.
\sense_e to run off or elope with (a girlfriend)
\sense_s fugarse con (una novia)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n San o:kixtek un ichpokawah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just ran off with that girl (i.e., without formally asking for her hand).
\phrase_s Nomás se fugócon esa muchacha (sin pedir formalmente su mano en matrimonio). tlaxteki
\phrase_n Tlaiwa o:nitlaxtekito.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Last night I eloped (with a girl).
\phrase_s Anoche me fugécon mi novia.
\sense_e (refl.) to sneak away
\sense_s (refl.) escabullirse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San o:nimoxtek, san o:niwa:le:wte:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I just sneaked away, I just got up and headed this way.
\phrase_s Nada más me escabullí, nada más me vine hacia acá.
\root xteki
\qry Check etymology and length of initial /i/.
\vl Use first male token for linking. There are 4 extra tokens of this word at 7129; they should be tagged with #3035.
\xref tlaxteki
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref ixtekilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03036
\lxam i:xte:ntso:tso:ti
\lxam_c i:xte:ntso:tso:ti
\lxoa i:xte:ntso:tso:ti
\lxoa_c i:xte:ntso:tso:ti
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp [N-N]-V1
\der V1-d-ti
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to get a rash around ones eyes; to get a sty
\sense_s salirsele granos por los ojos; tener perilla
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root tso:tso:
\grm Nahuatl phonetics: This word, and the wave form/spetrograph of it are good example of vowel length.
\ref 03037
\lxam kolochowa
\lxam_c nokolochowa
\lxoa kolochowa
\lxoa_c nokolochowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) to hunch and huddle over (e.g., as chicks do when they are sick)
\sense_s (refl.) acurrucarse; encogerse y estar con el cuerpo encogido y doblado (como hacen los pollitos cuando están enfermos).
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nokolochowa pa:mpa yo:pe:w kwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is hunched over and huddled up because he has started to get sick.
\phrase_s Estáacurrucado y encogido porque ya empezóa sentirse enfermo.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to make ruffles or pleats in (particularly fabric)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer pleigues o tablas en (particularmente tela)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkokolocho un kwe:tli para yumpa noka:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take in that skirt (by placing pleats in it) so that it gets to fit just right.
\phrase_s Achica esa falda (poniéndole pleigues o tablas) para que quede justamente bien.
\phrase_n Okikokolochokeh a:maxo:chitl para kipi:pilo:skeh tio:pan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They ruffled up the crepe paper (i.e., forming it into ruffled flowers) in order to hang it from various parts of the church.
\phrase_s Doblaron el papel chino (en la forma de flores) para colgarlo en varios lugares de la iglesia.
\phrase_n Xkokolocho noso:ya:w! Nikonka:was ne: ka:n nomihka:tsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Curl (or ruffle) up my palm (in the particular form that is left on graves)! I will go leave it off where a member of my family is buried.
\phrase_s ¡Enriza mi palma (en una forma particular que se deja sobre los sepulcros)! Voy a dejarlo alládonde estáenterrado mi muerto.
\root koloch
\nse The same crepe paper flowers used in the church are placed on a young child (6 months to one year old) when he is buried. It is quite probable that this custom of ruffled paper is
related to the form of the marigold (sempwalxo:chitl) which is also used in ceremonies involving death..
\nde In Oapan only the reflexive use of kolochowa has been documented; see koloxsa:lowa.
\qry Determine the precise form of palm that is placed on graves, and when it is placed (anniversaries?).
\ilus_note Ilustrate ruffled palm; perhaps get a sample.
\grm Note that both /nokokoxka:w/ and /nomihka:tsi:n/ translate as a sick or dead person of ones family or household. Mention this under possession in the grammar. Also,
/noko:lo:kokoxka:w/ has the same meaning as a member of ones household.
\ref 03038
\lxam a:tlakwa:ni
\lxam_c a:tlakwa:ni
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-V2
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e someone who drinks water while eating (instead of after eating, as is the custom)
\sense_s algn que bebe agua mientras coma (en lugar de después de comer, como es de costumbre)
\sense_d Am
\root a:
\root kwa
\qry Check for other meanings of this term.
\semref a:tala
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03039
\lxam ki:tskilia
\lxam_c kiki:tskilia
\lxoa ki:tsilia
\lxoa_alt ki:tskilia
\lxoa_c kiki:tsilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to grab or hold for (e.g., to hold onto sth for sb, freeing their hands for some other activity)
\sense_s sostener (algo en las manos) para (p. ej., sostener o agarrar algo para algn, para que este tenga libre las manos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chki:tskili noto:roh, kwahli ma n'tla:lili rria:tah ipan itsontekon!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hold my bull for me, let me place this lasso right around its head!
\phrase_s ¡Agarra bien mi toro para mí, déjame ponerle bien esta riata por su cabeza!
\phrase_n Se: xne:chki:tskili! Ma n'koyo:ni!¡Ke:n na:wiltia!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hold onto it for me (in this case a beam to be drilled)! Let me drill a hole in it! It really moves around (as I'm trying to drill it)!
\phrase_s ¡Agárramelo bien (en este caso una viga para taladrar)!¡Déjame taladrarlo!¡Cómo se mueve!
\phrase_n Xkwalti un kone:tsi:ntli itlaxkal! Xki:tskilito, tla:mo kwa:ltlakalis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Feed that little child his tortilla! Hold it for him, if not he will let it drop to the ground!
\phrase_s ¡Dale a ese niñito su tortilla!¡Agárraselo por que si no lo haces, la va a dejar caer al suelo!
\sense_e to take from and use, often without permission
\sense_s tomar de para utilizar, a menudo sin permiso
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka itlah tihki:tskili:s! Yewa niman note:i:xpantia tio:pan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't go taking anything from him (e.g, an animal left in the fields to graze)! Right away he goes to the church to complain (i.e., praying to the saints to return what has
been stolen and perhaps harm the robber).
\phrase_s ¡No le vayas a agarrar nada (p. ej., un animal soltado)! Luego luego se va a quejar en la iglesia (esto es, rezando a los santos para que le regresen lo que es suyo, tal vez
haciéndole daño al ladrón).
\sense_e (with a woman as SO) to have sexual intercourse with the wife of (see tlaki:tskilia)
\sense_s (con una mujer como OS) tener relaciones sexuales con la esposa de (véase tlaki:tskilia)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kiki:tskilih isuwa:w wa:n xkwala:ni, kitowa xtlami.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He had sexual intercourse with his (another person's) wife and he doesn't get mad. He says that she won't get used up.
\phrase_s Tuvo relaciones sexuales con su (de otra persona) esposa y no se enjoja. Dice que no se acaba su mujer.
\root ki:tski
\grm Oapan phonology: the sound file for this word provides a good illustration of vowel length.
\xref ki:tskia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref ki:tsia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\xref tlakiki:tskilia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tlá:ki:tsília
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03040
\lxam tetso:lowa
\lxam_c kitetso:lowa
\lxoa tetso:lowa
\lxoa_c kitetso:lowa
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Lex. prefix te-
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to dry (a fruit or other edible items, etc.); to dry up (a wound)
\sense_s secar (una fruta u otras cosas comestibles, o una herida)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:cha:lkwi:li tomatetso:hli de kampa o:titlatetso:loh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Bring me some dried tepe:tomatl from where you have set them out to dry!
\phrase_s ¡Traéme algo de tepe:tomatl resecado de allídonde los pusiste a resecar!
\phrase_n Ya: kitla:lilian (kuwi:skitl ikakawayo) para ma notsakwa, itekiw te:h kitetso:lowa, te:h, wa:n kitsakwa
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 03040_01_am
\src_p Inocencio Díaz 0029_Am_ID_md04_tr23 / 4:30
\phrase_e And they place it (the bark of the kuwi:skitl tree) in it (the wound of an animal) so that it closes up, it really dries it up, and it closes it up.
\phrase_s Y se lo ponen (la cáscara del árbol llamado kuwi:skitl) adentro (de una herida de un animal) para que se cierre, lo hace secar y lo cierra.
\flao tso:liwi
\root te-
\root tso:l
\xref tlatetso:lowa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03041
\lxam boli:chih
\lxam_c boli:chih
\lxoa boli:cheh
\lxoa_cpend @boli:cheh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan boliche
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of tree still unidentified
\sense_s tipo deárbol todavía no identificado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Boli:chih | Kipia itla:kihlo, xwelik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Boli:chih : It bears fruit, it is not tasty.
\phrase_s Boli:chih : Rinde su fruta, no sabe bien.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\vl This identification and term was added after the recording session, thus it is not taped. Leave blank.
\ref 03042
\lxam paxia:lowa
\lxam_c paxia:lowa
\lxoa paxia:lowa
\lxoa_c paxia:lowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (Nah) pasear
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to go for a walk; to walk around
\sense_s pasear
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to visit (a pueblo or settlement)
\sense_s pasear; visitar (un pueblo o asentamiento)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San o:nipaxia:lo:ko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I just came to visit.
\phrase_s Solamente vine a pasear.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to get out and around; to get around; (e.g., a young person who has a lot of friends of the opposite sex)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) pasear por acáy por allá; andar saliendo (p. ej., un joven que tiene muchos amigos del sexo contrario)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San pa:paxia:lowa, kitetemowa ino:biah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He (in this case a young man) is going around here and there, he's looking for a girlfriend.
\phrase_s El (en este caso un joven) anda paseando por acáy por allá, estábuscando novia.
\phrase_n On ichpokawah melá:k yo:pa:paxia:loh, miak tla:katl yo:kimamastinen.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That girl has really gotten around, she's gone around getting to"know"a lot of men.
\phrase_s Esa muchacha de veras anda saliendo, ha andado"conociendo"a muchos hombres.
\root paxia:l
\root_notes Despite the fact that paxia:lis originally a loan, because of its extensiveness in the lexicon and incorporation into Nahuatl inflectional and derivational
morphology, it has been considered a root for cross-referencing purposes.
\semref tsi:npaxia:l
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref paxia:lowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 03043
\lxam bone:teh
\lxam_c bone:teh
\lxoa bone:teh
\lxoa_cpend @bone:teh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan bonete
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\sense_e Jacaratia mexicana, tree of the Caricaceae family called bonete in Spanish
\sense_s Jacaratia mexicana, arból de la familia Caricaceae comúnmente llamado bonete
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\nse Schoenhals (1988:22-23) states that this is :"A large tree of hot country whose fruit is similar to a papaya. The trunk has a conical form and whitish bark; the sap is white. Also called
guaguagote, papaya orejona."Guizar and Sánchez (1991:167) mention the family Caricaceaeand genus/species Jacaratia mexicana, called
bonete or cuauayote in Spanish. Note that although some Oapan consultants also call this tree bone:teh, it does have a Nahuatl name:
Silvestre Pantaleón, during fieldwork in September and October 2001, called this tree kowáyotlí, which has a separate entry.
\notes_nature According to Schoenhals (1988:22-23)"(Carica[formerly Pileus] mexicana) '[wild] papaya.' A large tree of hot country whose fruit is similar to a papaya.
The trunk has a conical form and whitish bark; the sap is white. Also called guaguagote, papaya orejona."Ramírez (1991) identifes the bonete as of the family
Caricaceaeand the genus/species Joacavatiaspp. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:167) mention a tree of the family Caricaceaeand genus/species
Jacaratia mexicanaas called in Spanish bonete or cuauayote. In Ameyaltepec I have heard the pronunciations bone:teh
and bune:teh.
\semref kowáyotlí
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03044
\lxam testilia
\lxam_c kitestilia
\lxoa testilia
\lxoa_c kitestilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cram full; to stuff full (e.g., a sack, box, crate, bag, etc.)
\sense_s atestar; apretar hasta que se llene (p. ej., un saco, caja, huacal, bolsa, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (refl.) to force oneself into a tight place; to squeeze oneself together (e.g., to get through a tight space)
\sense_s (refl.) meterse a fuerza en un lugar apretado (p. ej., para meterse en un lugar apretado)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xmotestili! Yo:li:k xte:pa:panáwitíw.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Squeeze yourself tight (in this case to go through a crowd)! Slowly go past people (e.g., waiting to enter somewhere)!
\phrase_s ¡Aprétate (en este caso para ir por una muchedumbre)!¡Despacio vete pasando la gente (que estáesperando meterse en algún lugar)!
\root tes
\disamb testilia; tepo:tskalaktilia
\xref testia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03045
\lxam cha:ntsi:n
\lxam_c cha:ntsi:n
\lxoa cha:ntsi:n
\lxoa_c cha:ntsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e female turkey
\sense_s guajolote hembra o pípila
\sense_d Pending
\root cha:n
\vl Select first female token, 2nd (last) male token.
\ref 03046
\lxam selik
\lxam_c selik
\lxoa selik
\lxoa_c selik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans
\sense_e tender; green; unripe (a fruit or plant)
\sense_s verde; todavía no madura (una fruta o planta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Selik, xe chika:wi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's still green, it still hasn't gotten ripe yet (e.g., a fruit or vegetable).
\phrase_s Estáverde, todavía no estáa sazón (p. ej., una fruta o verdura).
\sense_e sensitive; tender (e.g., a wound)
\sense_s sensible (p. ej., una herida)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e young (e.g., an animal just born)
\sense_s joven (p. ej., un animal recién nacido)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:notekets moburri:toh, seliktsi:n, kemech o:tla:kat.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your little donkey has stood up, it is an infant, it was just born.
\phrase_s Tu burrito se paró, es un infante, apenas nació.
\sense_e fresh, not yet dried (sth such as mortar or cement)
\sense_s fresco, todavía no secado (algo como mezcla u otra cosa parecida)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Selik, ma:ka ipan ticholo:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's still fresh (in this case recently poured cement), don't step on it!
\phrase_s Estátodavía fresco (en este caso cemento apenas colado),¡no le pises!
\root sel
\nse The use of selik to refer to recently poured cement (which has only been documented in Oapan) might be a calque from Spanish fresco. This usage is
not reported from other dialects outside the Balsas region.
\ref 03047
\lxam kamaa:xoto:ni
\lxam_c kamaa:xoto:ni
\lxoa kamaá:xotó:ni
\lxoa_c kamaá:xotó:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b(ni/ltia)
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l)
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to get blisters in ones mouth
\sense_s salirsele granitos o ampollitas en la boca a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikamaaga:xoto:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got blisters in my mouth.
\phrase_s Se me salieron granitos en la boca
\root kama
\root a:
\root xoto:
\nae In Oapan only the reduced"reduplicated"form is found, kamaá:xotó:ni, in which the reduplicant is realized as pitch accent on the long vowel of the vowel-initial verbal
stem. It is possible that the Ameyaltepec form of the headword entry should also be changed to a redupicated form. Note that the example phrase does have reduplication (and the
insertion of /g/ between the reduplicant and stem). Finally, note that a causative form of this verb has only been documented in Ameyaltepec.
\xref kamaa:xoto:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 03048
\lxam i:xka:wa
\lxam_c ki:xka:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to pass over without seeing or noticing; to forget or leave out (sth to be noticed, copied, etc.; e.g., when trying to copy sth and then leaving out some portion, a word or two
perhaps, by mistake)
\sense_s pasar sobre sin verlo; olvidarse y dejar afuera (algo que hubiera sido incluido, copiado, etc., p. ej., cuando uno intenta copiar algo y lo copia imperfectamente, dejando
una parte, tal vez una o dos palabras, afuera)
\sense_d Am
\root i:x
\root ka:wa
\semref i:xte:nka:wa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03049
\lxam wa:kaxnakatl
\lxam_c wa:kaxnakatl
\lxoa wa:kaxnakatl
\lxoa_alt wa:xnakatl
\lxoa_c wa:kaxnakatl; wa:xnakatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) vaca
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e beef
\sense_s carne de res
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food
\root naka
\nae The initial /a/ of wakaxnakatl appears to have a much shorter duration than the corresponding vowel of the noncompounded form wa:kax. This is not
unexpected in Spanish loan words. For the present, then, and pending further analysis, the initial vowel of the Oapan form wakaxnakatl has been written short. A
comparative study should be made of the Ameyaltepec form once it is recorded.
\vl Remember that ; in the /lxoc field indicates that each word will have a pronunciation by female and by male, i.e., a total of 4 pronunciations.
\ref 03050
\lxam tsoya:ya
\lxam_c tsoya:ya
\lxoa tsóyá:ya
\lxoa_pr tsoya:ya
\lxoa_c tsóyá:ya
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to smell of burning (particularly foods such as beans or atole)
\sense_s oler como de quemado (particularmente comida como frijoles o atole)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tsoya:yak, xo:tikneloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It smelt of something burnt, you didn't stir it.
\phrase_s Olióa quemado, no lo batiste.
\sense_e (with tla-) for there to be a bad smell in the air (particularly at night as a bad odor might waft in from the woods)
\sense_s (con tla-) haber un mal olor (particularmente en la noche al entrar un mal olor del campo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlatsoya:ya ika yewahli kwa:k niyeya tekolo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is a foul odor in the night when an owl farts.
\phrase_s Hay un mal olor en la noche cuando un tecolote echa un pedo.
\root tso
\root hya
\vl Use first female token.
\ref 03051
\lxam chi:malowa
\lxam_c kichi:malowa
\lxoa chi:malowa
\lxoa_c kichi:malowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to flatten out in a circle; to extend and spread out in a circle (a single object, e.g., dough when making bread or clay for making ceramics)
\sense_s extender en un círculo plano; ampliar una cosa plana hacia afuera en forma de círculo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kichi:malowan a:matl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They spread the amate out in a flat circle (when originally making it, by pounding it out)
\phrase_s Extienden el amate (al fabricarlo golpeando el papel para que se haga más grande), ampliándolo en un círculo plano.
\sense_e to spread out in a wide circle (e.g., a skirt being spread out to dry, or a turkey in regard to its tail feathers)
\sense_s extender en un círculo grande (p. ej., una falda para secarse en el sol, o un guajolote a su cola)
\sense_d Oa
\root chi:mal
\qry Check for possible use of /te-/ intensifier. It probably can be used as a prefix given that it has been documented with /chi:maliwi/.
\semref chi:maltik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03052
\lxam tlapeya:ska:n
\lxam_c tlapeya:ska:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla-ka:n
\infn N1(N2-tla)
\sense_e place that is slippery
\sense_s lugar resbaloso
\sense_d Am
\fla tlapeya:wa
\root peya:
\root_rel -ka:n
\qry Check to make sure that /tlapeya:ska:n/ and /tlapeya:wa/ are synonyns and are the same part of speech.
\semref tlapeya:wa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tlaxila:hka:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03053
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be the entry for /Po:cho:itik/, which has since been transferred to the toponym database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03054
\lxam te:miktih
\lxam_c te:miktih
\lxoa te:mihtih
\lxoa_c te:mihtih
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e fatal (e.g., a poison)
\sense_s mortal (p. ej., un venemo)
\sense_d Pending
\root miki
\vl Use second female and second male tokens. There is a second female token at 6320.
\ref 03055
\lxam xi:xa
\lxam_c noxi:xa
\lxoa xi:xa
\lxoa_c noxi:xa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/dif)
\der V2-refl
\trans +Refl/+trans; +Spec; +Caus
\infv class-3a
\semfld functions
\sense_e (refl.) to defecate; to take a shit
\sense_s (refl.) defecar; cagar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:noxi:xato.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He went to take a shit.
\phrase_s Fue a defecar.
\sense_e (refl. + -pan) to defecate on
\sense_s (refl. + -pan) defecar o cagar sobre
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with a specific object) to defecate on (e.g., a small baby [S] on a person [O] holding it)
\sense_s (con un objeto específico) defecar o cagar sobre (p. ej., un bebésobre la persona [O] que lo estásosteniendo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chxi:x nopo:tsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My little girl shat on me.
\phrase_s Mi niñita me cagó.
\sense_e (with specific object) to expulse from the body through ones bowels; to shit (some object, blood, or similar things that can be so expulsed from the body)
\sense_s evacuar; obrar; expulsar del cuerpo con el excremento
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kixi:xa yestli noburroh, kas kwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My donkey is shitting blood, perhaps he is sick.
\phrase_s Mi burro estádefecando sangre, quizáestéenfermo.
\root xi:xa
\qry Check for causative /xi:xaltia/.
\ref 03056
\lxam po:ki:tia
\lxam_c kipo:ki:tia
\lxoa po:ki:tia
\lxoa_c kipo:ki:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\trans +Spec
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give a smoke (of) to (e.g., a cigarrette, pipe, cigar)
\sense_s dar de fumar a (p. ej., un cigarro, pipa, puro, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root po:k
\nse Po:ki:tia is both transitive and ditransitive verb, with the caveat that it can only take a specific secondary object, just like po:ki can take only a specific
primary object. Thus * ne:chtlapo:ki:tia in unacceptable, not because po:ki:tia is not ditransitive, but because the secondary object is always
specific (and as such is not marked or cross-referenced on the verb). Thus one might have kipo:ki:tia 'he gives him (sth) to smoke' or
kipo:ki:tia marijuana 'he gives him marijuana to smoke.' However, one does find both te:po:ki:tia 'he gives people something to
smoke' and kite:po:ki:tia 'he gives it to people to smoke.'
\qry Check secondary object or whether an oblique is used (e.g. which is correct: /ne:chpo:ki:tia siga:rroh/ or /ne:chpo:ki:tia ika siga:rroh/). Also confirm /kite:po:ki:tia/ and simply
/te:po:ki:tia/.
\xref po:ki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 03057
\lxam ke:ski
\lxam_c ke:ski
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Num
\der Adj-num
\sense_e a few
\sense_s unos cuantos o pocos
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Niá:s nomi:hlan pero saniman nitlamis, san ke:ski surkos o:noka:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to my milpa but I wll finish up right away, there were just a few furrows left.
\phrase_s Voy a ir a mi milpa pero luego luego voy a acabar, nada más algunos surcos quedaron.
\phrase_n San ke:ski wa:hlaweh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Only a few are coming.
\phrase_s Solamente unos cuantos vienen.
\root i:ski
\nse In Ameyaltepec ke:ski is not used as an interrogative for 'how many?' or 'how much?'
\nae The etymology root of ke:ski is unclear; FK relates this to ke:n and i:ski. There might also be a relationship to ke:ch ,
although this is problematic.
\qry Ask Michel about etymology. Also, question speakers whether a plural form (e.g. /ke:skimeh/) exists and is used.
\semref ke:chkitsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03058
\lxam kwetla:tsiwi
\lxam_c kwetla:tsiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\trans Compl
\sense_e to ondulate (e.g., a long board being carried on sb's shoulders)
\sense_s ondular; pandear (p. ej., una tabla larga y ancha que se estácargando sobre los hombros)
\sense_d Am
\root kwetlats
\qry Check other meanings; get example sentences.
\semref kwetla:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03059
\lxam okse:
\lxam_c okse: tla:katl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\compound Adj-Adj
\der Adj-b
\sense_e different
\sense_s diferente; distinto
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Okse: suwa:tl tisis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Another (different) woman will grind corn.
\phrase_s Otra mujer (distinta, diferente) va a moler maíz.
\sense_e (~ [day of the week]) the following [day of the week]
\sense_s (~ [día de la semana]) el otro [día de la semana]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n okse: sá:badoh
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e the following Saturday (i.e., the Saturday after this upcoming one)
\phrase_s el otro sábado (esto es, el que le sigue a este)
\sense_e (~ bi:dah or simply se: bi:dah) the afterlife
\sense_s (~ bi:dah o simplemente se: bi:dah) el otro mundo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Okse: bi:dah -=se: bi:dah- nikchi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll do it in the afterlife.
\phrase_s Lo voy a hacer en el otro mundo.
\root ok
\root se:
\qry Check and determine whether two entries for /okse:/ should be created: adjectival and pronominal. I think that only one would be fine, as occurs with numerals.
\semref oksé
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref sápa sé:
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03060
\lxam pixka
\lxam_c pixka
\lxoa pixka
\lxoa_c pixka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\trans +Spec
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to harvest (particularly maize)
\sense_s cosechar (particularmente maíz)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mo:stla kipixkas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will harvest it tomorrow (in reference to some field in particular).
\phrase_s Manaña lo va a cosechar (en referencia a un sembradío en particular).
\sense_e to husk (maize)
\sense_s quitar la chala (al maíz)
\sense_d Pending
\root pixka
\ency_note Establish an entry in the onomasiological side of all activities associated with planting and harvesting, etc.
\nse In Classical Nahuatl pixka functioned solely as an intransitive; in Ameyaltepec at present it is most often used intransitively but may be used with a 3rd-person specific
object marker in certain cases.
\qry Pixka apparently accepts only a specific object prefix, not tla-. Check; and if /kipixka/ is acceptable, determine the precise cases in which this occurs. Cf.
to /ye:kpowa/, /to:ka/, /po:ki/, etc. With a form such as /kipixka/ determine whether the object is the plant, the type of harvest, or the field. Also determine what other plants can be
husked. And what the word referring to doing this to beans is ?/tlapa:na/? Check also for applicatives.
\grm A distinction should be made between transitive verbs that can take any object (specific or nonspecific) and those (like /po:ki/, /pixka/, /to:ka/ in reference to planting, but
not burial, etc.) take only a specific object marker.
\ref 03061
\lxam to:nalka:wa
\lxam_c to:nalka:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to lose ones soul (i.e., to:nal), particularly after a fright (such as falling off an animal or being carried away by water)
\sense_s perder el alma (esto es, el to:nal), particularmente después de un susto (p. ej., al haber caido de un animal, o al haber sido llevado por el agua de un río
fuerte)
\sense_d Am
\root to:na
\root ka:wa
\nse In Spanish this condition is known as susto, occuring as the result of any of a number of different types of fright. In such situations a curer
(te:tlatete:moliwike:tl) is hired to recuperate the"soul"through supplications and offerings to the yeyekameh. In Oapan the equivalent of this
Ameyaltepec verb would be kipolowa i:to:nal.
\grm Incorporation: Note that despite one would expect /to:nalka:wa/ to be a nonsaturating incorporatioin, it reduces valency of the verb /ka:wa/.
\ref 03062
\lxam i:xmani:ltia
\lxam_c ki:xmani:ltia
\lxoa i:xmani:ltia
\lxoa_c ki:xmani:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to raze or level the surface of (particularly grains or similar items that are piled up in a heap)
\sense_s nivelar o aplanar la superficie de (particularmente de granos apilados o copeteados)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwahli xiktewitso:lti un chikiwtli! Ma:ka san xki:xmani:lti, ma witsiwi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pile it up nicely in that basket (e.g., a grain so that it is slightly heaped up)! Don't just level off the surface, but let it be heaped up a little!
\phrase_s ¡Haz que esa canasta (lleno de granos) este algo copeteada!¡No lo niveles, más bien deja que estéun poco copeteada!
\root i:x
\root man
\qry Determine the difference between /i:xmana/ and /i:xmaniltia/. Perhaps the difference has sth to do with the valency and object of the construction. Check to see if"basket"can be the
object of both these verbs.
\xref i:xmani
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03063
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlasakana:ntli
\lxoa_c tlasakana:ntli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound S-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e type of snake, apparently the coralillo or false coralillo
\sense_s tipo de culebra, aparentemente el coralillo o falso coralillo
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld sn
\root saka
\root na:n
\ency_note kowatl
\nae The etymology of tlasakana:ntli is obscure (as is often the case with plant and animal names). Provisionally it has been related to the transitive verb saka.
Perhaps native language consultants would have some insight into the derivation of this name; note that in Ameyaltepec this snake is called i:na:n tsi:katl.
\semref i:na:n tsi:katl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 03064
\lxam kweskomatl de bajare:keh
\lxam_c kweskomatl de bajare:keh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan bajareque
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e type of grain storage bin made of rods (tlako:tl) that are horizontally intertwined and the covered with mud
\sense_s tipo de troje hecha de varas (tlako:tl) que se entrelazan horizontalmente y se cubren con lodo
\sense_d Am
\ency_note kweskomatl
\root kweskoma
\nse This type of granary is also known as kweskomatl de china:ntli.
\ref 03065
\lxam ne:nkah
\lxam_c ne:nkah
\lxoa ne:nkah
\lxoa_c ne:nkah
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Adv-V1
\der V1-b
\infv Irregular; see kah
\sense_e to be there
\sense_s estar allí
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Un ne:nkah, nihkwi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll take that one over there.
\phrase_s Voy a tomar aquel que estáallá.
\phrase_n Ne:nkah tla:katl, xkwahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That man over there, he is no good.
\phrase_s Aquel hombre que estáallá, no es bueno.
\root ne:n
\root kah
\nse Ne:nkah is used when the object is visible, and the speaker usually will point at it. Compare ne: onkah 'it is over there (as opposed to over here)' to
on ne:nkah 'that one (which is) over there (as opposed to this one which is over here).'
\grm Compare ne: onkah 'it is over there (as opposed to over here)' to on ne:nkah 'that one (which is) over there (as opposed to this one which is
over here).'
\vl Use second male token.
\ref 03066
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:mai:xmatke:tl
\lxoa_c a:mai:xmatke:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound (N-V2)-Ag
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who knows how to read; literate person
\sense_s persona que sabe leer; alfabetizado
\sense_d Pending
\root a:ma
\root i:x
\root mati
\nae In the dipthong in the second syllable it is hard to determine the precise boundaries; however, it does appear that Inocencio Jiménez has a more rapid rise to the target position of the
/i/, with the result that it is more obviously a long vowel. In Ameyaltepec, at least, the agentive with -ki is more common in this case.
\semref a:mai:xmatki
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref tlai:xmatki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03067
\lxam tlakpaktia
\lxam_c tlakpaktia
\lxoa tlahpahtia
\lxoa_c tlahpahtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to become higher off the ground
\sense_s llegar a estar más arriba del suelo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Me:dioh xke:wateketsa, ma tlakpaktia!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tilt it a little more vertically (in this case the front edge of a lean-to, kalma:tli), let it be a little higher!
\phrase_s ¡Colócalo un poquito más vertical (en este caso el lado más bajo de un alberguito, kalma:tli), quéestéalgo más alto!
\phrase_n Ma tlakpaktia!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let it be (hanging a little) higher (e.g., sth. strung up over the ground such as a string of lights)!
\phrase_s ¡Quéesté(colgado) más arriba (p. ej., algo colgado sobre la tierra como una hilera de luces)!
\root_rel -kpak
\nse Ameyaltepec tlapantia is clearly related to tlakpak , which refers not to height per se, but to distance or height above a plane, with space between the
two points (ground and high point).
\nae In Oapan tlahpahtia the aspiration is difficult to hear; it is limited to devoicing of the preceding vowel that last for a relatively short duration. In fact, the presence of this
should be rechecked, and the sequence in tlahpahtia compared to other sequences of /-ap-/ in which there is no intervening underlying segment (as {h} in the present
example).
\qry Check to make sure that /tlakpantia/ and not /tlakpaktia/ is correct for Ameyaltepec. For Oapan cf. /tlahpahtia/ to other forms such as /tlapalowa/, etc.
\ref 03068
\lxam a:tsotsono:kia
\lxam_c a:tsotsono:kia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to throw up; to vomit
\sense_s vomitar
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Asta ke:n na:tsotsono:kia. Mlá:k o:nimiso:tlak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've even thrown up several times. I really vomited.
\phrase_s Hasta me vomitévarias veces. De veras vomité.
\root a:
\root tson
\root no:ki
\nae In Oapan this is a transitive verb meaning 'to pour water over ones head.' It has been given a different entry.
\qry Check the difference between, the intransitive /a:tsono:kia:/and the reflexive /iso:tla/. Determine the transitive form of /a:tsono:kia/.
\grm Incorporation; dialect: Note that at present (and the semantic and morphosyntactic differences will need to be confirmed) I have Ameyaltepec /a:tsono:kia/ as an intransitive
and Oapan /á:tsono:kíya/ as a transitive. Thus in each dialect there is a different manner in which N is incorporated. Saturating in Ameyaltepec and nonsaturating in
Oapan. However, the definitions of each form will need to be checked.
\semref á:tsono:kíya
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03069
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This is a duplicate entry for /kamakochi:noh/ and has been eliminated; see 4563
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03070
\lxam seki
\lxam_c seki
\lxoa seki
\lxoa_alt sítsí:n
\lxoa_alt si
\lxoa_pr seki
\lxoa_c sékí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Pr
\der Pro-indef(pl)
\pitch yes
\sense_e a little, some (of an item or material object)
\sense_s un poco, algo de (una cosa material)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Seki?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Do you want some more (e.g., food being served or sth being offered)?
\phrase_s ¿Algo más (p. ej., comido servido u otra cosa que estásiendo ofrecida)?
\sense_e a few (people)
\sense_s algunos (personas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Seki wel ke:kchi:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Some (people) are able to make (do) it.
\phrase_s Algunos (individuos) lo pueden hacer.
\phrase_n Seki kipalowan kafé:h ika pa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Some people sop up their coffee with bread.
\phrase_s Algunos sopean el cafécon pan.
\phrase_n Nikpapatili:s in o:lo:tetl, xok pare:jos, seki pi:piltik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will replace parts (taking out old, worn-out cobs and putting new ones in) of this o:lo:tetl , they (the cobs) are no longer even, some (of them) are small.
\phrase_s Voy a remplazar parte de este o:lo:tetl (poniendo olotes nuevos por unos que están desgastados), ya no están parejos (los olotes, en tamaño), algunos
(de ellos) son cortitos.
\root seki
\nse The plural marker -meh is used for human subjects. Thus in Ameyaltepec one finds sekimeh whereas in Oapan one has sékiméh, which can
be shortened to seimeh.
\nae The etymology of seki (Am) or sékí (Oa) is not entirely clear. It obviously contains the root se:or sekmeaning 'one'
or a related concept. However, note that Ameyaltepec Nahuatl has a phonological rule that deletes underlying {h} in all but phrase-final contexts, and Oapan Nahuatl has a rule that
creates pitch accent from underlying {h} in all but phrase-final contexts. Yet the basis for an underlying {h} here is not clear. Comparative information from neighboring dialects such
as San Juan Tetelcingo or San Miguel Tecuiciapan might clarify the matter. Note also that a similar situation is found in numerals with final -tetsi:n, which too have
unexpected pitch accent (e.g., ó:ntetsí:n). It might even be that pitch accent here marks one grammatical category (pronoun) as opposed to another (adjectival
quantifier). Upon reexamination it appears that the final syllable stress in Oapan sékí is the result of an interrogative into nation.
\grmx Oapan pitch accent: The etymology of seki (Am) or sékí (Oa) is not entirely clear. It obviously contains the root se:or
sekmeaning 'one' or a related concept. However, note that Ameyaltepec Nahuatl has a phonological rule that deletes underlying {h} in all but phrase-final
contexts, and Oapan Nahuatl has a rule that creates pitch accent from underlying {h} in all but phrase-final contexts. Yet the basis for an underlying {h} here is not clear.
Comparative information from neighboring dialects such as San Juan Tetelcingo or San Miguel Tecuiciapan might clarify the matter. Note also that a similar situation is
found in numerals with final -tetsi:n, which too have unexpected pitch accent (e.g., ó:ntetsí:n). It might even be that pitch accent here marks one
grammatical category (pronoun) as opposed to another (adjectival quantifier).
\qry_h Check for /h/.
\vl There are two pronunciations of Oapan Nahuatl: /sékí/, with both syllables stressed, and /seki/, with only the first syllable stressed. The first set of four are all /sékí/. The
second set includes several variations. All should be tagged. The difference is unclear. From what I understand the isolated form is /sékí/ as a pronominal element. However,
when modifying a following noun the final pitch accent shift rightward. Thus /séki nákatl/. What seems to occur is that Florencia Marcelino understood the difference and
even when pronouncing /sékí/ in isolation gave it the pitch accent pattern as if it were being followed by a noun. However, he husband Inocencio Jiménez seemed to
continue to utter /sékí/ (perhaps slightly shifted) as would be expected if it were an isolated pronominal. This should all be checked. However, for the present when making
the links, select one female token and one male token from the first sequence of four.
\semref si:
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03071
\lxam montli
\lxam_c montli
\lxoa montli
\lxoa_c montli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e (generally possessed) son-in-law
\sense_s (generalmente poseído) yerno
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:me nomon.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have two sons-in-law.
\phrase_s Tengo dos yernos.
\phrase_n Ne:chmon.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am his son-in-law.
\phrase_s Soy su yerno.
\sense_e (often in absolutive) man who lives and works with his wife's family in lieu of paying bridewealth
\sense_s (a menudo en el absolutivo) esposo que va a vivir y trabajar con la familia de su esposa por no haber pagado el precio de la novia
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa montli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is a son-in-law living at the home of the parents of his bride (and providing service in lieu of bridewealth).
\phrase_s Es un yerno que vive en la casa de la familia de su esposa (haciendo trabajo por no haber pagado por la novia)
\semfld kin
\root mon
\nse When montli is used in the unpossessed form, it usually refers to a son-in-law who has gone to live with his wife's family, providing service and labor in lieu of the
bride price (e.g., pigs or cattle). Yet many men who live in their wife's family's house will deny that they are a montli , i.e., they will say xnimontli ,
indicating that they had killed a pig and gave drink to the father of their bride and are living in their father-in-law's house for other reasons.
\grm In the phrases /o:me nomon/ note the use of the singular possessed noun. The plural /-mowan/ is also used but apparently it indicates a greater plural number, i.e. three or
four sons-in-laws. Note also the loss of the final /n/ in the plural possessed. Note the pluralization through reduplication of the initial syllable with a long vowel, doubly
marked as plural with the use of the suffix /-teh/.
\ref 03072
\lxam na:nika
\lxam_c na:nika
\lxoa na:nika
\lxoa_alt na:nyá:
\lxoa_c na:nika; na:nyá:
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\compound Adv-Subord
\der Adv-pl
\sense_e in this direction; over here
\sense_s hacia acá; en esta dirección
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Na:nika xwa:hla, ka:n tlase:waya:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Come over here, where there is shade!
\phrase_s ¡Ven acá, donde hay sombra!
\phrase_n Xmotsonakate:ka na:nika!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Lie down on your side facing this way!
\phrase_s ¡Acuéstate por el costado, mirando hacia acá!
\root na:n
\root -ka
\nae This compound is clearly derived from the adverb na:n and probably the same ika that introduces subordinate and complement phrases, particularly
those involving instrumentals. The absence of velarization after the final /n/ of na:n suggests an analysis of one, not two, words. In Oapan
\qry Check etymology. Also confirm absence of final /h/. Perhaps related to the postposition /-ka/ or to the verb. Phonology; word division: Check and correct vowel length. I have
made all entries with a long /i:/ given the probably derivation from the relational /-ka/ with the possessor prefix. But this should be checked. The absnece of velarization on the /n/
(i.e., not [na:ng i:ka]) suggests analysis as one word of this and all /i:ka/ forms.
\vl Note that there are two sets of pronunciations: /na:nika/ and /na:nya/. The final entry should have both.
\ref 03073
\lxam kompa:letsi:n
\lxam_c kompa:letsi:n
\lxoa kompá:retsí:n
\lxoa_c kompá:retsí:n
\lxoa_pr kompa:retsi:n
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\loan compadre
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\pitch yes
\sense_e ritual male co-parent
\sense_s compadre
\sense_d Pending
\semfld kin
\qry Check length of /e/ in penultimate syllable. In Oapan it seems borderline, though perhaps considering the nature of borrowings from Sp. it should be written short.
\nse Tsi:n is used here as a reverential. The term refers to a co-parent from all occasions: baptism, confirmation, and"de medida"being the major ones.
\nae The pitch accent in Oapan kompá:retsí:n is the reflex of a syllable final {h} in the penultimate syllable: {kompa:reh + tsi:n}.
\ref 03074
\lxam tlami
\lxam_c tlami
\lxoa tlami
\lxoa_c tlami
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-mi(a)
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to become finished (a task or chore); to end or come to an end (an event)
\sense_s acabarse (una tarea o trabajo); terminar (un evento)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mo:stla tlamis ilwitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tomorrow the fiesta will end.
\phrase_s Mañana la fiesta termina.
\sense_e to get finished up (a material object, such as food during a fiesta)
\sense_s acabarse (un objeto material, como la comida durante la fiesta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tlan motlaxkal, xok wel tite:tlakwalti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your tortillas have gotten finished up, you won't be able to feed people anymore.
\phrase_s Se terminaron tus tortillas, ya no vas a poder darle de comer a la gente.
\sense_e to finish up (a person [S] a task or job, a discourse, etc.)
\sense_s acabar (una persona [S] una tarea o trabajo, un discurso, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye tla:tlamilo:tok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e People are finishing up here and there (in this case finishing up planting, some today, some tomorrow, some yesterday, etc.)
\phrase_s Están terminando poco a poco (en este caso terminando de sembrar, con algunos terminando hoy, otros ayer y otros no sino hasta mañana).
\ncol me:stli
\ncol to:nahli
\root tlami
\qry Check precise meaning of /tlatlatlami/: does it refer to material objects that are used up all over; does it refer to a fiesta coming to an end in general, etc. Also check whether it is
underlyingly /tlahtlatlami/ or /tlatlahtlami/. Question: Reduplication; /tla-/ Note the definition of /tlatlatlami/ : for everything to get finished up (e.g., all the beer in all the stores); for
everything to end (e.g., as a fiesta ends and all the itinerant merchants leave, the festivities end, etc.). The position of the /h/ from reduplication needs to be determined, as it is
probable that this surface form in Ameyaltepec is either {tlahtlatlami} or {tlatlahtlami}. My guess at this point is that the latter is correct. Note that in Oapan the cognate is /tlá:tlamí/,
which indicates that an underlying {h} is present somewhere. My guess at this point is that the underlying form is {tla + rdp-h + tlami}. The reduplicative morpheme, in this analysis,
would be realized as vowel lengthening + stress and this would be realizedon the preceding short vowel, in this case the final /a/ of the nonspecific object prefix. The precise
meaning of this term is not, however, entirely clear. One question is whether /tlatlami/ is correct (i.e., {tlahtlami}; and the other question is whether {tlatlami} is correct. The first
would be reduplication indicating multiple repetitions (in no particular order) of a similar/single event. The second second would be the use of the nonspecific object prefix to indicate
an impersonal passive construction. One would imagine that both forms might be possible, just as one finds both /kohkoto:ni/ and /tlakoto:ni/, i.e., rdp-h + verb and tla + verb.
However, although the corpus has an example of long-vowel reduplication (cf. /ye tla:tlamilo:tok/) there isno example of short vowel reduplication. Thus, three forms should be
checked for in Oapan the impersonal passive /tlatlami/ {tla + tlami}, the reduplicated form with short vowel /tlátlamí/ {tlah + tl ami}, and the imper s onal passive of the
reduplication:/tlá:tlamí/ {tla + tlah + tlami}. Note, finally that a previous question was brought up in another entry: /tlasese:wi/ or /o:tlasese:w/. Here we have the /tla-/ of the
impersonal prefixed as a reduplicated root. There would seem to be an equivalence in meaning between /tlatlatlami/ and /tlasese:wi/. According to consultants in Oapan it is the
second /tlah/ that has a coda h. Thus /tlatlahtlami/.
\grm Reduplication; /tla-/ Note the definition of /tlatlatlami/ : for everything to get finished up (e.g., all the beer in all the stores); for everything to end (e.g., as a fiesta ends and
all the itinerant merchants leave, the festivities end, etc.). The position of the /h/ from reduplication needs to be determined, as it is probable that this surface form in
Ameyaltepec is either {tlahtlatlami} or {tlatlahtlami}. My guess at this point is that the latter is correct. Note that in Oapan the cognate is /tlá:tlamí/, which indicates that an
underlying {h} is present somewhere. My guess at this point is that the underlying form is {tla + rdp-h + tlami}. The reduplicative morpheme, in this analysis, would be
realized as vowel lengthening + stress and this would be realized on the preceding short vowel, in this case the final /a/ of the nonspecific object prefix. The precise
meaning of this term is not, however, entirely clear. One question is whether /tlatlami/ is correct (i.e., {tlah tlami}; a n d the other question is whether {tlatlami} is correct.
The first would be reduplication indicating multiple repetitions (in no particular order) of a similar/single event. The second second would be the use of the nonspecific
object prefix to indicate an impersonal passive construction. One would imagine that both forms might be possible, just as one finds both /kohkoto:ni/ and /tlakoto:ni/, i.e.,
rdp-h + verb and tla + verb. However, although the corpus has an example of long-vowel reduplication (cf. /ye tla:tlamilo:tok/) thereis no example of short vowel
reduplication. Thus, three forms should be checked for in Oapan the impersonal passive /tlatlami/ {tla + tlami}, the reduplicated form with short vowel /tlátlamí/ {tlah +
tlami}, and the impersonal passive of the reduplication: /tlá:tlamí/ {tla + tlah + tlami}. Note, finally that a previous question was brought up in another entry: /tlasese:wi/ or
/o:tlasese:w/. Here we have the /tla-/ of the impersona l prefixed as a reduplicate d ro ot. There would seem to be an equivalence in meaning between /tlatlatlami/ and
/tlasese:wi/. Cf. also the entry under /tla:ki/.
\xref tlatlatlami
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Am
\xref tlá:tlamí
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03075
\mod This is a duplicate of another entry for /kiawi/ and has been eliminated.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03076
\lxam tlato:ltia
\lxam_c kitlato:ltia
\lxoa 'tlató:ltia
\lxoa_pr tlato:ltia
\lxoa_c kítlató:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ca
\trans +Spec
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to ask (sb) about
\sense_s preguntar (sobre algo) a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nochipa ne:xtlato:ltia a:kino:n nika:nas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He always asks me who I'm going to marry.
\phrase_s Siempre me pregunta con quien me voy a casar.
\phrase_n Kite:tlato:ltia ka:no:n kitilian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He asks people where they saw it (sth of his, like an animal, personal property such as a tool, etc., that he was looking for).
\phrase_s Pregunta a la gente donde se lo vieron (algo que le pertenece, como un animal perdido, una herramienta, etc., que estaba buscando).
\phrase_n Xkaman te:tlato:ltia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He never asks.
\phrase_s Nunca pregunta.
\root hto
\nae Tlato:ltia is a complement-taking verb. In a phrase such as Nochipa ne:xtlato:ltia akinon nika:nas the complement noun phrase is a secondary object
and, as such, not overtly marked on the verb (which manifests only the primary object ne:ch-). Given that a form such as * ne:xtlatlato:ltia , in which the
first tla- is the nonspecific object (and not the result of reduplication, which would underlyingly be {tlah-}), is not found in the corpus, it may be surmised that
tlato:ltia takes only specific objects (like, for example, ye:kpowa). However, in a phrase such as kite:tlato:ltia ka:non kitilian it is clear
that tlato:ltia is a ditransitive, at least in some realizations. Here there is a nonspecific primary object (indicated by te:-) and a specific secondary object
(marked by ki-, which cross-references the complement noun phrase, ka:non kitilian). Nevertheless, the fact that simply te: tlato:ltia i s
manifested in the corpus (e.g., xkaman te:tlato:ltia suggests that tlato:ltia may be considered to only mark specific secondary objects, since there is no
apparent other reason for the nonrealization of ? te:tlatlato:ltia with the tla- nonspecific object prefixed.
\qry Determine whether /kite:tlato:ltia/ and /te:tlato:ltia/ are both acceptable. I.e., recheck the acceptability of the latter.
\qry_fon Have SG listen to the p-a pattern here and with /kitláto:lkwépa/.
\grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent; orthography: Note that in /kítlató:ltia/ the pitch accent shifts onto the prefix. This probably has to do with the fact that given that the long
/o:/ of the second syllable of the verb stem hold pitch-accent, the pitch shifts to the left. Perhaps if there were a short vowel in the second syllable of the the pattern would be
L-H-L-H. Check other cases. But this seems to one in which leftward shift onto the prefix overrides the tendency for I/O maximal identity.
\xref tlatowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 03077
\lxam nekwahli
\lxam_c nekwahli
\lxoa ne:nkwahli
\lxoa_c ne:nkwahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas-ne
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of knot (apparently a half-hitch or clove hitch)
\sense_s tipo de nudo (aparentemente un 'cabo de vuelta')
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kisa:lokeh ika nekwahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They tied it with a hitch.
\phrase_s Lo ataron con un cabo de vuelta.
\root kwa
\nae The etymology of nekwahli is uncertain, but it would not be surprising if it derived from kwa , which in a reflexive use has the sense of something being
placed close together (cf. the sense of te:pan nokwa). This knot is formed when the rope attached to something is placed around a stable object, usually a stick or
rod. It is also used to tie pigs feet together when they are slaughtered. In house construction these knots are used to tie the tlapexteh (rods from the
órgano) together in the action referenced by the verb nekwahlo:tia. The length of the first vowel of the Oapan form is uncertain (as is the presence of
/n/) and needs to be checked. At least in some pronunciations it seems short and has, provisionally, been so marked.
\qry Determine precisely what type of knot this is, perhaps with a diagram. Obtain names for other types of knots.
\vl NOTE TO SELF: check vl of all forms of /nekwahli/, /ne:nkwahli/ ? or /nenkwahli/, etc.
\semref nekwahlo:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 03078
\lxam kwa:pipi:ltik
\lxam_c kwa:pipi:ltik
\lxoa kwá:pipí:ltik
\lxoa_c kwá:pipí:ltik
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to have ones hair hanging down in strands
\sense_s tener el pelo colgado como en hebras
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwa:pipi:ltik. O:na:ltih, pa:stik itsontekon.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Her hair is hanging down in strands. She bathed, her head is wet.
\phrase_s Su cabello se le cuelga como en hebras. Se bañó, su cabeza estámojada.
\root kwa:
\root pi:l
\qry Check is simply /pipi:ltik/ exists. Determine the difference between /kwa:pipi:ltik/ and a word such as /kwa:ko:pi:ltik/, if it exists.
\ref 03079
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /kwilchi:hli/, which has been removed as vulgar.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03080
\lxam temini:xka:tsi:n
\lxam_c temini:xka:tsi:n
\lxoa temaní:xká:tsi:n
\lxoa_c temaní:xká:tsi:n
\lxgen temenexi:ka:tsi:n
\lxvar Tetel
\lxgen temonexi:xka:tsi:n
\lxvar Ahuep
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e Bursera schlechtendali Engl., tree of the Burseraceae family
\sense_s Bursera schlechtendali Engl., árbol de la familia Burseraceae
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Temini:xka:tsi:n | Deke o:timoma:tsontek tikpostekis wa:n ika ia:yo:tsi:n wel timopati:s ka:n yo:timotek.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Temini:xka:tsi:n : If you cut your arm (with a machete or similar instrument) you break it (i.e., a branch) and with its sap you can cure it where you've gotten
cut.
\phrase_s Temini:xka:tsi:n : Si te cortas el brazo (con un machete o instrumento similar) lo rompes (esto es, una ramita de esteárbol) y con su savia te puedes
curar donde te cortaste.
\phrase_n Temini:xka:tsi:n | Deke yo:timotsontek, timotla:lilia ia:yo. Notsakwas ka:n yeski:sa. Timopati:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Temini:xka:tsi:n : If you've gotten cut you put its sap on you (at the cut). The place where blood is coming out will close up. You will get cured.
\phrase_s Temini:xka:tsi:n : Si te has cortado, te pones su savia. El lugar donde sale sangre se va a cerrar. Te vas a aliviar.
\ency_ref botzoo/bot/fampage/burseraceae/teminixkatsin_frameset.htm
\root temini:xka:
\nae The etymology of temini:xka:tsi:n is highly uncertain since no roots are easily recognized in this plant name. Also, the second vowel in the name of this plant in each of
the three villages where fieldwork was conducted varies. With no easy way to determine which vowel might be more accurate historically, the Ameyaltepec vowel was chosen given
that the vowels of this village seem less changing than those of the other two communities. Nevertheless, given the importance of its sap, the verbal root manmight
be part of the name.
\nde In their commentary on Hernández, Javier Valdés and Hilda Flores (1985) comment on the cocopaltzin or pequeño copalli and refer to M. Urbina (1910) in
the following manner:"Comenta que por la descripción tan incompleta y la falta de figura no es posible apreciar quéespecie sea, y que sólo el nombre y la localidad pueden hacer su
identificación más tarde. Más adelante señala que lobródeterminar esta especie como Bursera schlechtendali Engl. (Burserácea). "Nevertheless, note that Hernández
describes the cocopaltzin as a "hierba."
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\qry Recheck spelling since one filecard had the entry as spelled here, and another had /temenixka:tsi:n/. Recheck pitch accent in Oapan from tape.
\qry_h Check for /h/. Recheck since Asención Marcelo´s pronunciation was not good.
\ref 03081
\lxam tlikwisahlo:tl
\lxam_c tlikwisahlo:tl
\lxoa tlikwisahlo:tl
\lxoa_c tlikwisahlo:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-uncl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e heat waves that emanate from the ground during the hot months, creating an effect whereby objects behind this phenomenon flicker and waver back and forth
\sense_s olas de calor que salen de la tierra durante los meses calorosos, creando un efecto por lo cual objetos atrás de este fenómeno parecen moverse o oscilarse ligeramente
\sense_d Pending
\semfld weather
\root tli
\root kwi
\nae The etymology of tlikwisahlo:tl is not entirely clear. Molina has tlecueçallotl 'llama de fuego.' RS has the same word and definition, and he offers an
etymology of tleand cueçallotl.
\qry Note that in my edition of RS I have written in pen on p. 131"cueçallotl - llama, flama (i.e., rojo de este color)"but I have not cited a source. I cannot find it in RS.
\ref 03082
\lxam a:to:lchi:wa
\lxam_c a:to:lchi:wa
\lxoa a:to:lchi:wa
\lxoa_c a:to:lchi:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to make or prepare atole
\sense_s hacer o preparar atole
\sense_d Pending
\root a:to:l
\root chi:wa
\vl Use second pronunciation of each speaker.
\ref 03083
\lxam tla:wa:nka:kochi
\lxam_c tla:wa:nka:kochi
\lxoa tla:wa:nka:kochi
\lxoa_c tla:wa:nka:kochi
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\incorp Part-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(ch)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Oa
\sense_e to sleep or fall asleep from being drunk
\sense_s dormir o quedar dormido por haberse emborrachado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tla:wa:nka:koxtok, o:to:nalwi:lo:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's sleeping from having gotten drunk.
\phrase_s Estádurmiendo por haberse emborrachado.
\root tla:wa:
\root kochi
\grm Phonology; vowel length; phonetics: There is some indication in this word that the /a:/ of the /wa:n/ syllable might be shorter that it is in the noncompound form. This might
reflect the fact that longer words tend to compress certain sounds. I believe that this is documented for English: derivational forms have elements that are shorter than they
are in the original forms. The original article should be checked.
\ref 03084
\lxam patioh
\lxam_c patioh
\lxoa patioh
\lxoa_c patioh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-h/wa/tia
\trans Compl
\sense_e expensive; pricey
\sense_s caro; costoso
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlapatioh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Everything is expensive.
\phrase_s Todo es caro.
\phrase_n Ma:s patioh kitlaxtla:wan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They pay a higher price for it.
\phrase_s Pagan un precio más alto por ello.
\root pati
\nse Although no nominal base exists from which the adjectival patioh is derived, Classical does have a noun: Molina lists patio:tl 'paga, o el precio que se
da porlo que se compra, rescate.' Ameyaltepec does have an obligatorily possessed noun -patil , e.g., i:patil 'its price,' but the possible nominal form ?
patihli has not been documented.
\grm tla- impersonal. Note the use of the /tla-/ prefix in /tlapatioh/ 'Everything is expensive.' The reference is to nonspecified objects that are all expensive, whereas a form such
as /patiokeh/ would involve specified objects. Check for general use of /tla-/ with denominal adjectives in /-yoh/.
\ref 03085
\lxam tla:ltechi:koyahko
\lxam_cpend tla:ltechi:koyahko
\lxoa tla:ltechi:koyahko
\lxoa_c tla:ltechi:koyahko
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-tla:l-ko
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\sense_e land having a large hole in it (e.g., where water flows in)
\sense_s tierra con un gran pozo (p. ej., donde entra agua)
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:l
\root chi:-
\root koya:
\root_rel -ko
\qry Check whether /tla:lkoyaktik/ is correct. Later, although C. Flores did pronounce this in elicitation, he denied that the word was used in Ameyaltepec. Remove.
\semref tla:lchi:koyaktik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03086
\lxam tlapachowa
\lxam_c kitlapachowa
\lxoa tlapachowa
\lxoa_c kitlapachowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to cover up (e.g., in a blanket)
\sense_s tapar (p. ej., con una cobija)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nimote:mastok ke:n nikochis. Ke:n se:wa wa:n xnikpia tli:n ika nimotlapacho:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm worried about how I will (be able to) sleep. It's really cold and I don't have anything to wrap myself up in.
\phrase_s Estoy preocupado como (voy a poder) dormir. Hace mucho frío y no tengo con que taparme.
\root tlapach
\root_notes It is quite likely that the root tlapachis related to that of pachalthough in this dictionary the two have been listed separately.
\vl The first mistaken pronunciation is of /kitlampachowa/. This is word 04618 and should be tagged with the appropriate number and ending.
\ref 03087
\lxam xa:yakaoomitik
\lxam_c xa:yakaoomitik
\lxoa xa:ya:komitetik
\lxoa_alt xa:yakakomitetik
\lxoa_c xa:ya:komitetik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-tik-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s* (Am); Op. infix te- (Am): xa:yakateoomitik
\sense_e to have ones cheeks so sunken in that ones facial bones protrude
\sense_s tener las mejillas sumidas que sobresalgan los huesos de la cara
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nixa:yakaoomitik. O:nikwalo:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My cheeks are sunken in. I got sick.
\phrase_s Se me sumieron las mejillas. Me enfermé.
\root xa:yaka
\root omi
\nae The Ameyaltepec form shows the expected reduplication given the fact that the process affects both cheeks simultaneously; the lack of such reduplication in Oapan is not expected.
The meaning of the Oapan and Ameyaltepec entries are the same although the root elements in the two semantically equivalent forms xa:yakaoomitik and
xa:ya:komitetik are distinct. Nevertheless, the variation between Oapan komitetl 'bone' and Ameyaltepec omitl parallels the basic form
for 'bone' in both these dialects.
\ref 03088
\lxam koya:wilia
\lxam_c kikoya:wilia
\lxoa koya:wilia
\lxoa_c kikoya:wilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to widen a hole in or of (e.g., a sack, the opening in a wall, etc.)
\sense_s ensancharle una apertura en o a
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to let out (e.g., clothes) for
\sense_s hacer (p. ej., ropa) más holgada para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chkoya:wili nokoto:n, newa xwel nitlasasa:lowa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let out my shirt for me, I can't sew!
\phrase_s ¡Hazme la camisa más holgada, yo no puedo coser!
\root koya:
\nse When the applicative is used with some material object, the sense seems to be that part of the object is being widened, but not necessary the part that should be. Thus
xkoya:wa un kosta:l refers to widening the mouth, holding the sack wide open so things can be placed in it. However, xkoya:wili un kosta:l suggests
that what is being widened and opened up is not the sack itself, but a part of it that shouldn't necessarily be open, e.g., a rip or torned section. Among young Ameyaltepec men this
word is at times used with a sexual reference, particularly homosexual.
\xref koya:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03089
\lxam tlachialiskwepa
\lxam_c notlachialiskwepa
\lxoa tlachialiskopa
\lxoa_c notlachialiskopa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (refl.) to change ones appearance (a human or animal)
\sense_s (refl.) cambiarse la apariencia (una persona o animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:notlachialiskwep, xok ihkón ke:n katka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's changed its appearance, it's no longer like it was.
\phrase_s Se cambióde apariencia, ya no es como estaba.
\root chiya
\root kwepa
\nse Although the only documented use of this verb is in the reflexive, it is not entirely clear that a fully transitive use would not be acceptable.
\ref 03090
\lxam tlatlantsi:n
\lxam_c tlatlantsi:n
\lxoa tlátlantsí:n
\lxoa_c tlátlantsí:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e person who is nosy; person who asks a lot of questions
\sense_s preguntón; metiche
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xok tiwe:ias, xok tiwekapanias ika titlatlantsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You won't get big, you won't get tall because you ask so many questions.
\phrase_s No vas a crecer, no vas a ser alto porque eres muy preguntón.
\root htlani
\nse Apparently tlatlantsi:n is derived from a verb that in Classical Nahuatl was i'tlani. Molina has itlani nitla. pedir algo"and gives the form
onitlaitlan is which the root-initial vowel is maintained after the vowel-final prefix tla-. The nominalization tlatlantsi:n is apparently based on
the perfective or reduced stem of the verb with the nonspecific object prefix as an indefinite null complement: tlatlani (see tlatlani as an intransitive for
further discussion). Note that tlatlantsi:n refers to someone overly inquisitive, who asks a lot of questions, but not someone who begs or asks for alms.
\semref tlatlani
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlátlaní
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03091
\lxam tlanexe:wi
\lxam_c tlanexe:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp tla-V1
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to the countryside to get grey (e.g., from a rain in the distance)
\sense_s quedarse gris el paisaje (p. ej., de una lluvia cayendo lejos)
\sense_d Am
\root nex
\xref nexe:wi
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 03092
\lxam tsompi:liwi
\lxam_c tsompi:liwi
\lxoa tsompi:liwi
\lxoa_c tsompi:liwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to have the common cold; to have a runny nose and cold
\sense_s tener gripa; tener catarro
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitlakwalki:xtilia tsompi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His cold makes him lose his appetite.
\phrase_s La gripa le hace perder el apetito.
\root tsompi:l
\nae In Oapan there is a three-way minimal contrast between tsompi:liwi, tsompiliwi, and tsó:mpi:liwi.
\vl There is one extra female token of this word at 6891 which should be tagged as 3092.
\ref 03093
\lxam sa:lowilia
\lxam_c kisa:lowilia
\lxoa sa:lowilia
\lxoa_c kisa:lowilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to tie for
\sense_s atar para
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to tie or hitch up (e.g., a beast of burden, a dog, etc.) for
\sense_s amarrar (p. ej., una bestia, un perro, etc.) para
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (reduplication with short vowel) to sew for
\sense_s (reduplicación con vocal corta) coser para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pi:si:ltik xne:chsasa:lowili, ma:ka san tikso:sos!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sew it for me finely, don't just baste it!
\phrase_s ¡Cósemelo con una puntada cerrada, no lo vayas a simplemente hilvanar!
\root sa:l
\xref sa:lowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03094
\lxam ta:takalowa
\lxam_c kita:takalowa
\lxoa ta:takalowa
\lxoa_c kita:takalowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to leave or make uneven (the surface of sth, e.g., in trying to sand sth smooth, making certain sections concave); to leave or make bumpy (e.g., in excavating or digging, a
ditch for example, so that certain sections are deeper than others and the bottom goes up and down)
\sense_s dejar desigual o no plano (la superficie de algo, p. ej., en lijar algo, poniendo demasiado presión y dejando algunas partes con pequeñas depresiones); dejar desigual;
hacer que no estéplano (p. ej., en excavar, por ejemplo una zanja, para que algunas secciones son más profundas que otras y el fondo sube y baja ligeramente)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to cut unevenly (hair, leaving some sections very short and others long)
\sense_s trasquilar (el cabello, dejando unas partes cortas y otras largas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kita:takaloh, xkwahli o:kixi:n. Xpestik, to:tolopoxtik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He cut it (another person's hair) unevenly, he didn't give him a good haircut. It isn't smooth, it' uneven.
\phrase_s Lo trasquiló(el cabello de algn), no le cortóel pelo bien. No estáliso, estádisparejo.
\semfld distort-surface
\root takal
\nse The common meaning of ta:takalowa seems to be to alter the surface of something (in the meanings above a hard material such as wood, the ground, or even a
head of hair) leaving some sections with a deeper"indentation"than others). Molina has tacaliui. ni 'estar desollado o roçado de algun golpe que me di.' Here again the
common sense seems to be one of leaving a surface somewhat pitted or abraded. It's use has been documented with the act of plowing land and cutting hair, leaving some areas with
deeper cuts than others.
\nae Apparently this verb, although usually documented with a long vowel in the reduplicant may also occur with a short vowel. However, the degree to which such short vowel
reduplication is used is not clear, nor is the meaning of such a form.
\qry Check for intransitive form. Check for short vowel or no reduplication. If no short form exists, perhaps just entry a xreference.
\mod Perhaps in general give xreference for words that seem to exist in Classical in nonreduplicated form but for which the Guerrero data gives only a reduplicated form. Also, for words
that exist in long and short reduplicated forms, but not in unreduplicated form, perhaps enter the unreduplicated form simply to cross-reference the most common of the reduplicated
form, and then list the other one there. Thus, for example, if both /ta:takalowa/ and /tatakalowa/ were to exist, perhaps create an entry for /takalowa/ and under that in the /se and /ss
fields state: see ta:takalowa for both ta:takalowa and tatakalowa.
\ref 03095
\lxam xi:tomatl
\lxam_c xi:tomatl
\lxoa xi:tomatl
\lxoa_c xi:tomatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound S-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e red tomato
\sense_s jitomate
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root xi:
\root toma
\ency_note tomatl
\qry Check for all types of tomatoes.
\ref 03096
\lxam xaxa:yakatia
\lxam_c kixaxa:yakatia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give a square form to (e.g., in carving wood)
\sense_s dar forma cuadrada a (p. ej., al tallar una madera)
\sense_d Am
\root xa:yaka
\nse Apparently the meaning of xa:yakatia , which is derived from xa:yakatl 'face,' is similar to the English and Spanish senses of 'face' meaning a flat
surface. Whereas my documented form was xa:yakatia , Cristino Flores corrected this to xaxa:yakatia.
\semref xi:ma; xáxa:yakátia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03097
\lxam kwa:tepasol
\lxam_c kwa:tepasol
\lxoa kwa:tépasól
\lxoa_c kwa:tépasól
\lxoa_pr kwa:tepasol
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have dishevelled, uncombed, entangled, or messy hair
\sense_s tener el cabello despeinado, desgreñado o enmarranado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwa:tepasol, xnotsonchichi:hka:yoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Her hair is a disheveled mess, she doesn't have hair done up (e.g., in braids).
\phrase_s Tiene el cabello todo despeinado, no estaácon el cabello arreglado (p. ej., en trenzas).
\phrase_n Tikwa:tepasol.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your hair's a mess.
\phrase_s Estás todo despeinado.
\phrase_n O:pasoliw itson un suwa:tl, o:pe:w xixi:kopi:ni. Xnotsonchichi:hka:yoh, kwa:tepasol.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That woman's hair is a mess, it's started to come undone (where it was tied or braided). She hasn't fixed her hair (i.e. in 2 or 3 days), she's disheveled.
\phrase_s Esa mujer tiene el cabello todo despeinado, se empezóa desatar (las trenzas o donde estaba amarrado). No ha arreglado su pelo (en dos o tres días), estátodo se
empezóa deshacer (p. ej. las trenzas), no ha arreglado su pelo (en dos o tres días), estádespeinado.
\sense_e (pl. kwa:tepasolmeh) demons; devils
\sense_s (pl. kwa:tepasolmeh) los aires; los demonios
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root te-
\root pahsol
\ency_note devil (names of devils)
\nse Apparently kwa:tepasol is a metaphor based on i:tepasol to:to:tl 'a bird's nest.' The plural kwa:tepasolmeh is occasionally used, at least
in Ameyaltepec, to refer to the aires or devils (i.e., the yeyekameh).
\disamb kwa:tepochik; kwa:tepasol; kwa:temasol
\qry Apparently, if I remember correctly, /pasoliwi/ can take the intensifier /te-/. This should be checked. However, I have never heard /kwa:tepasol/ without /te-/. Again, the possibility
of /kwa:pasol/ should be looked into.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note that stress accent follows the pattern of the verb stem, i.e., /tepasoliwi/
\ref 03098
\lxam kwe:ltik
\lxam_c kwe:ltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be twisted (e.g., wood that as it dries becomes crooked and twisted)
\sense_s estar torcido (p. ej., madera que al secarse se enchueca y se tuerce)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kwe:ltik, peya:stik katka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is bent (e.g., a piece of wood, a branch), it was straight (when recently cut).
\phrase_s Estátorcido (p. ej., un pedazo de madera), estaba derecho (recién cortado).
\sense_e to be drooping and bent downward (e.g., a brick that has drooped down while drying, a shirt sleeve that is long and baggy and hanging down)
\sense_s estar caído; estar encorvado (p. ej., un tabique que se encorva por no secarse bien, o hasta una holgada manga de camisa larga que se cuelga)
\sense_d Am
\disamb kwe:ltik; tsokwe:ltik
\root kwe:l
\qry In one entry I have a short vowel, but in another the note that I have checked and the long initial /e:/ is correct. Check the meaning of /kwe:ltik/ in regards to a shirt sleeve. Check for
other uses and for illustration cf. original filecards.
\ref 03099
\lxam ka:ka:xtli
\lxam_alt ka:ka:xtsi:n
\lxam_c ka:ka:xtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn Stem 1(x)
\sense_e wooden packframe or small cage carried by pastores during Christmas processions in Ameyaltepec and by the dancers of the Danza de Indios, which is
presented in Xalitla and Maxela
\sense_s huacalito o jaulita de varas llevado a cuestas por los"pastores"durante las procesiones navideños en Ameyaltepc, y también por los danzantes de la"Danza de Indios,"que
se presenta en Xalitla y Maxela
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kipia ika:ka:xtsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She has his packframe (used in a dance or religious presentation).
\phrase_s Ella tiene su huacalito (llevado a cuestas durante una presentación religiosa).
\root ka:x
\nse The ka:ka:xtli are usually made of the rods from inside the cactus called tlapextli , although apparently they can be made of other types of small rods.
\qry In one entry I had the first /a/ recorded short, its length should be checked. The short vowel would be in accordance with expectations of metaphoric extension for play things.
\semref kohkahli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03100
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixikasó:ntekwíxtok
\lxoa_pr ixikaso:ntekwixtok
\lxoa_c ixikasó:ntekwíxtok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be with ones trousers rolled up
\sense_s estar con los pantalones arremangados
\sense_d Oa
\root tehkwia
\semref ixikaso:ntepai:lihtok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref ixipantalo:ntepai:lihtok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref ixipantaló:ntekwíxtok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref pantalontetekwixtok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 03101
\lxam mi:lcha:nti
\lxam_c mi:lcha:nti
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to live near ones cornfield (during the planting season, when the field is a great distance from the village)
\sense_s vivir cerca de la milpa (durante la temporada de lluvias cuando el terreno sembrado es de una gran distancia del pueblo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:mi:lcha:ntiton, xa:keh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They went to live near their cornfield, they're not around.
\phrase_s Fueron a vivir cerca de su milpa, ya no están.
\root mi:l
\root cha:n
\semref tepé:tlakówa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref mi:lkochi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03102
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tó:mokohtsí:ntli kási kómichin
\lxoa_c tó:mokohtsí:ntl kwahli kási kómichin
\lxgen to:mohtle de sisigarri:toh
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 4
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of small cactus, to:motli with short, fuzzy spines and that grows only a few inches above the ground
\sense_s tipo de cactus, to:motli , muy pequeño, con púas muy cortas y algo como vellosos y que crece unos centímetros nada más
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root to:moh
\root ahsi
\root kimich
\ency_note to:motli
\notes_nature Not mentioned in either Ramírez (1991) or Ramírez and Dakin (1979). From Bravo's (1932) article, it appears that this is the Neomammillaria guerreronis. For a full
list of cacti, see entry under to:motli. Note that it is not clear whether indigenous speakers classify this as a to:motli ; this should be
checked.
\qry Check vowel length with /miston/. Determine what"class"of plant this is, if any, i.e., is there an overarching overt category.
\semref i:stimisto:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 03103
\lxam xokokuwtli
\lxam_c xokokuwtli
\lxoa xokokohtli
\lxoa_c xokokohtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e generic name for tree of the wild plum family
\sense_s nombre genérico paraárboles de la familia de los ciruelos
\sense_d Pending
\root xoko
\root kow
\vl Use second female token.
\ref 03104
\lxam kaltsonko
\lxam_c kaltsonko
\lxoa kaltsonko
\lxoa_c kaltsonko
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loc-1-k(o)
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e part of a thatched roof house, of palm or grass, located where the kabe:sas are joined together with a neko:xtli, or rivet, forming a
pyramid-shaped structure at the roof. In a medium sized house there may be three or even four places where this occurs, i.e., three or four kaltsonko
\sense_s parte de una casa de palma o sacate ubicada donde las kabe:sas se juntan con un neko:xtli, o remate, haciendo un tipo de pirámide en
lo alto, cerca del techo. En una casa mediana puede haber tres o hasta cuatro lugares llamados kaltsonko.
\sense_d Pending
\semfld construct-part
\root kal
\root tson
\ency_note kahli
\mod Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and words there listed.
\qry For all [poss] check correctness, i.e, here, is /nokaltsonko/ correct? If so, then reclassify /cat with [poss] at end.
\semref kaltsontekomatl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 03105
\lxam kakawatl
\lxam_c kakawatl
\lxoa kakawatl
\lxoa_c kakawatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e rind; skin; peel (of a fruit or vegetable; en Oapan i:kawayo)
\sense_s cáscara (de una fruta o verdura; en Oapan: i:kawayo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikxi:pe:was ikakawayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to take its rind off (e.g., of a watermelon, squash, etc.).
\phrase_s Le voy a quitar su cáscara (de un sandía o calabaza, por ejemplo).
\phrase_n Xchipe:wa, xki:xtili i:kawayo un pola:n!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Peel it, take the skin off that banana!
\phrase_s ¡Pélalo, quítale la cáscara a ese plátano!
\sense_e (intrinsically possessed in diminutive: i:kawayo:tsi:n) thin skin covering (e.g., of certain grains such as maize, beans, etc., that peel off when the grains are
cooked, of a rock that peels, such as mica, etc.; see i:xa:mayo)
\sense_s (poseído intrínsecamente en el diminutivo: i:kawayo:tsi:n) capa o cáscara delgada que se pela, se desconcha o se despelleja (p. ej., de ciertos granos como
el maíz o frijol, de una piedra como mica que se desconcha; véase i:xa:mayo)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (i:kakawayo (Am) or i:kawayo (Oa) to:toltetl) eggshell (in Ameyaltepec also to:toltekakawatl)
\sense_s (i:kakawayo (Am) or i:kawayo (Oa) to:toltetl) cáscara de huevo (en Ameyaltepec también
to:toltekakawatl)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e peanut
\sense_s cacahuate
\sense_d Oa
\root kakawa
\disamb kakawayo; tekakawayo
\ency_note Do a page on /kakwatl/, etc. and all the words that refer to bark, skins, etc.
\nse In Oapan the unpossessed kakawatl refers to the peanut (see Ameyaltepec tla:lkakawatl. The bark of a tree when scattered on the ground is called
simply kohkakawatl. When on a tree it may be i:kwitlaxio if it stays on the tree (and is usually thin) and can be cut off in strips like leather, or
i:kawayo if thicker and of the type of bark that peels off. The term i:te:kawayo refers to the shell of an egg, the skin of a chameleon or iguana, the scales
of a fish. A pochote has i:tetekwitsio or i:te:kapaxio.
\nae The lack of an overt reduplicant in Oapan forms such as i:kawayo and i:te:kawayo apparently represents different processes. In the former there is a
preceding underlying long vowel (or the 3rd-person possessor i:-) and thus there can have been no reduction (except irregularly) of the reduplicant. However, with
i:te:kawayo the situation is different. The lengthening of the /e/ of the"dummy morpheme" te- is the result of the reducation of the reduplicant onto a
preceding short vowel.
\qry Check all items that have a /kakawayo/ and cf. to all that have their /tekakawayo/. Check to see if simply /kakawatl/ is a proper entry. As to etymology, cf. other words with /kaka/
beginning particularly /kakapax.../ and /kakasol.../.
\semref tekakawayo; kuwkakawatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref te:kawayo; kohkakawatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03106
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be /A:pan/, which has since been moved to the toponym database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03107
\lxam tei:skitl
\lxam_c tei:skitl
\lxoa tei:skitl
\lxoa_c tei:skitl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e very fine stone, like a large grain of sand
\sense_s piedrecita muy pequeña, como el tamaño de un grande grano de arena
\sense_d Pending
\semfld stone
\root te
\root i:ski
\nse Teiskitl , perhaps about the size of the writing end of a ballpoint pen, is much smaller than tekwe:xtli , which is the size of a small pebble.
\qry Check length of /i/ and cf. other dialects for cognates.
\semref tekwe:xtli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03108
\lxam tla:ki:tia
\lxam_c kitla:ki:tia
\lxoa tla:ki:tia
\lxoa_c kitla:ki:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make bear fruit (e.g., as a fertilizer might do)
\sense_s hacer rendir (p. ej., como un fertilizante podría hacer)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Mláh o:htla:tla:ki:tih. Ta tepe:titokeháyutíh
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e You really made it give a good yield, the squash are just piled up (e.g., in the corner of a house).
\phrase_s De verás los hiciste rendir una buena cosecha, la calabaza estátodo amontonada (p. ej., en la esquina de una casa)
\sense_e (refl.) to come to fruit
\sense_s (refl.) llegar a tener fruta
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n notla:ki:tia:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It usually bears a lot of fruit.
\phrase_s Ha rendido bien (con mucha fruta).
\root tla:ki
\nse The difference between tla:ki and notla:ki:tia , at least in Ameyaltepec, is not altogether clear, although certainly the intransitive form is much more
common than the reflexive of the causative.
\nae During a discussion Florencia Marcelino gave the causative form as tla:ki:ltia. Apparently both forms are acceptable with no change in meaning.
\qry Check for the transitive use /kitla:ki:tia/ as I have added this based on my memory of the use of this word. Check also entry 7650, that /tla:ki:ltia/, at least in Oapan, is eqivalent to
/tla:ki:tia/. If so, then create appropriate xrefs.
\vl Female's first token is /kitla:ki:ltia/. This should be tagged and given the reference number 7650. There is another occurrence of /tla:ki:ltia/ later, at 3820.
\grm Note the use of the reflexive causative for 'to bear fruit'. It seems this usually has the implication of a lot of fruit.
\xref tla:ki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03109
\lxam me:lioh
\lxam_c *me:lioh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan medio
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e (rare) money
\sense_s (raro) dinero
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xnikpia me:lioh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't have any money.
\phrase_s No tengo dinero.
\semfld measure
\nse This is probably a loan from Spanish medio referring to half a real, which became lexicalized as 'money,' much as occurred to tomi:nin a vast
majority of Nahuatl dialects.
\semref rreá:l
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03110
\lxam tla:kayo:toma
\lxam_c notla:kayo:toma
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-mi
\trans +Refl; ~Intrans
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e (refl.) for ones body to fill out
\sense_s (refl.) llenarsele el cuerpo a
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Notla:kayo:tomas, xok tewa:hki yes.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His body will fill out, he won't be skinny anymore.
\phrase_s Se va a llenar su cuerpo, ya no estarádelgado.
\root tla:ka
\root tom
\nse When asked, most consultants stated that tla:kayo:toma was equivalent to toma:wi. However, the former seems to communicate the sense of having a
healthy body, one that does not look sickly, whereas toma:wi has more of the sense of becoming fat, not necessarily in the healthy sense.
\semref a:toma
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref a:toma
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03111
\lxam tlaka:lowa
\lxam_c tlaka:lowa
\lxoa tlá:ka:lówa
\lxoa_pr tla:ka:lowa
\lxoa_c tlá:ka:lówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) (Oa)
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to walk slightly hunched over with ones legs stiffly separated (and perhaps arms stiff and hanging slightly out from ones side)
\sense_s caminar algo encogido, con las piernas abiertas y tiesas (y quizálos brazos tiesos y colgados un poco separados del cuerpo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlaka:lowa pa:mpa kwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He goes around slightly hunched over walking with his legs stiff and open and his arms stiff and near his side because he is sick.
\phrase_s Anda algo encogido con las piernes algo abiertas y tiesas y con los brazos colgados cerca del cuerpo porque estáenfermo.
\phrase_n Melá:k ne:chkukwa nokxi. Nitlaka:ka:lowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My legs really hurt. I'm slowly and stiffly walking with my legs apart.
\phrase_s Me duelen mucho las piernas. Estoy caminado despacio y tieso con las piernas abiertas.
\phrase_n San titla:tlaka:lotia:s. Tiyeti:xtia:s. O:tisiaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will just go inching along with your legs stiff and open. You will go along feeling a burden on your legs. You got tired.
\phrase_s No más vas a ir caminando despacio con las piernas tiesas y medio abiertas. Vas sintiendo las piernas pesadas. Te cansaste.
\root ka:l
\nse The verb is related to the root ka:l , which refers to 'tongs'; the verb seems to indicate a posture similar to this item, such as occurs when one walks with stiff legs or
perhaps with ones legs slightly open because of a rash on the inside of ones thighs. The only occurrences of this verb I have documented are with tla- as a prefix. In my
notes for the phrase San titla:tlaka:lotia:s, tiyeti:xtia:s, o:tisiaw the form titla:tlaka:lotia:s is stated to be equivalent to tsi:ntla:tlakalotia:s.
\nae The headwords for this entry have a nonreduplicated form for Ameyaltepec and a reduced reduplicated form for Oapan. The pattern of reduplication for this verb is still uncertain.
One illustrative sentence from Ameyaltepec has a nonreduplicated form (Tlaka:lowa pa:mpa kwalo), another has the verbal root reduplicated with a long vowel
(Nitlaka:ka:lowa), and a third has long vowel reduplication of the nonspecific object prefix (San titla:tlaka:lotia:s). Whether all these forms are actually
commonly used, or one is preferred, is not clear. Note that in Oapan the most common, if not only acceptable form, is tlá:ka:lówa, which manifests reduced
reduplication on the short vowel of the prefix tla-.
\qry Check to see if this only occurs with /tla-/, if so, simply xref /ka:lowa/ to /tlaka:lowa/. Also check if both the unreduplicated and reduplicated (with long vowel) forms are equivalent.
Also note that in one case I have /tlaka:ka:lowa/ and in another /tla:tlaka:lowa/. This should be checked, both for the possibility that one documented case is in error, for the
possibility that there is a difference in meaning between the two patterns, and for the possibility that they are semantically equivalent though morphologically distinct.
\qry Check to determine whether /tlakakalowa/ or /tlaka:ka:lowa/, etc. is a separate word and should have an entry.
\vl Note that the first female token (of 3) I erroneously thought was mistaken. All should be tagged with 3111. Selected the final token of the female for linking.
\xref ka:lowa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\semref tsi:ntla:tlaka:lowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tsi:ntlá:ka:lówa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03112
\lxam ma:se:ka:no:ltia
\lxam_c kima:se:ka:no:ltia
\lxoa ma:se:ka:naltia
\lxoa_c kima:se:ka:naltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to sling over the shoulder of (e.g., the strap of a bag being carried that hangs over ones shoulder)
\sense_s colgarle por el hombro a (algn, p. ej., el tirante de una bolsa que pasa sobre el hombro)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to sling across the chest of
\sense_s colgar por el pecho de
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xne:chma:se:ka:no:lti nolpilkaw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place my band (in reference to those used in certain dances such as moros, danza de bola, etc.) across my chest!
\phrase_s ¡Colócame la listón (de las que se emplean en algunas danzas como moros, danza de bola, etc.) para que atraviese mi pecho!
\root ma:
\root se:ka
\nse Apparently Ameyaltepec ma:se:ka:no:ltia is equivalent to se:ka:no:ltia , used in the same village. Although formally ma:se:ka:no:ltia (and
Oapan ma:se:ka:naltia) is a causative, it has an applicative sense, with two objects (primary and secondary). The Ameyaltepec form is derived from the transitive
ma:se:ka:nowa whereas the Oapan form is derived from ma:se:ka:na.
\qry Check to make sure that /ma:se:ka:no:ltia/ is the equivalent of /se:ka:no:ltia/. Determine if they can be used in different contexts.
\grm Although formally ma:se:ka:no:ltia is a causative, it has an applicative sense, with two objects (primary and secondary). In this regard it is similar to
/na:makiltia/ 'to sell to.' Launey has a brief mention of a few of these verbs. Note also how the verb is formed from /se:ka:n/ and thus we get /se:ka:nowa/ (I think this is a
form; /se:ka:no:ltia/ definitely is correct). Then from /se:ka:nowa/ or /se:ka:no:ltia/ we have the addition of /ma:/. However, the most interesting aspect of these is the use of
/-owa/ as a derivative suffix (c.f. /tlaxkalowa/) and then the causativization of this derivation, but with an applicative sense (i.e., the primary object is a benefactive).
\vl Selection second female token. Very good example of formants.
\xref ma:se:ka:no:ltilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref ma:se:ka:nowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref ma:se:ka:na
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\semref se:ka:no:ltia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 03113
\lxam ne:ntekitl
\lxam_c ne:ntekitl
\lxoa ne:ntekitl
\lxoa_c ne:ntekitl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-uncl
\sense_e just in case; just to be sure
\sense_s por si acaso; por si las dudas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:ntekitl xkitati!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just in case, go take a look at it!
\phrase_s Por si las dudas,¡ve a verlo!
\phrase_n San ne:ntekitl o:nikitoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I said it just in case (e.g., just in case it might have an effect).
\phrase_s Lo dije por si acaso (esto es, si acaso tuviera un efecto).
\root ne:n
\root teki
\nse Most speakers translate this as 'a ver si acaso.' Besides the prosodic reasons for analyzing this as one word, there is the existence of the related verb ne:ntekiwia
(Am) and ne:ntekiwiya(Oa).
\qry A check should be run to determine whether there are instances of /ne:n/ used in isolation.
\ref 03114
\lxam kwepi:ltia
\lxam_c nokwepi:ltia
\lxoa kopi:ltia
\lxoa_c kikopi:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to take revenge; to get back (in the sense of vengence)
\sense_s (refl.) vengarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chwisok, pero nimokwepi:lti:s. oksepa yes!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He beat up on me, but I'll get back. There'll be another time!
\phrase_s Me golpeópero me voy a vengar.¡Habráotra vez!
\root kwepa
\nse Although the elicitation form is of a transitive (with the 3rd-person specific object), the only example sentence is of a reflexive, meaning 'to take revenge.' Apparently the transitive
means 'to take revenge upon,' but this needs to be checked.
\qry Cf. and check the metaphoric of /kwepilia/ as in returning an insult or blow. Check the difference between /kwepi:ltia/ and /kwepilia/. It appears that /kwepilia/ has the person being
repaid as the object, whereas /kwepi:ltia/ is used in the reflexive. However, this should be checked. Check length in /wisoki/ and make sure that first /i/ is short. It is possible that the
Oapan form is incorrect.
\grm Cf. and check the metaphoric of /kwepilia/ as in returning an insult or blow. Check the difference between /kwepi:ltia/ and /kwepilia/. It appears that /kwepilia/ has the
person being repaid as the object, whereas /kwepiltia/ is used in the reflexive. However, this should be checked. Cf. this to Michel Launey's discussion of the difference
between -tia and -ltia. Here perhaps -lia and -ltia could also be discussed. Thus, in general, there are four types of contrasts that should be discussed; 1) -lia vs. -ltia (as in
kwepilia and kwepiltia); 2) -tia and -ltia (as in axi:tia and axiltia); 3) -ia and -ltia (as in poso:nia and poso:naltia; or kwepo:nia and kwepo:naltia); and 4) -lia and -ia (as
in -temilia and -temia). These contrasts should be listed in the grammar and discussed in a special section.
\vl There are four extra tokens of this word at 3218, which is a mistake. These words, at 3218, should be given the number 3114, with tokens c, d,...
\ref 03115
\lxam xe:liwi
\lxam_c xe:liwi
\lxoa xe:liwi
\lxoa_c xe:liwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\trans ~Trans
\sense_e to part (as the Red Sea for Moses)
\sense_s partirse (como el Mar Rojo para Moíses)
\sense_d Pending
\root xe:l
\nae Although Carochi has the transitive from unreduplicated (xe:loa), reduplicated with a short vowel and 'saltillo' (xèxe:loa), and reduplicated with a long vowel
(xe:xe:loa), to date in the Balsas region only the reduplicated intransitive with a short vowel and underlying {h}. Nevertheless, the fact that in elicitation the unreduplicated
form was accepted suggests the possibility that such a form might be normally produced in conversational discourse.
\ref 03116
\lxam ba:leh
\lxam_alt 'a:leh
\lxam_c ba:leh
\lxoa ba:leh
\lxoa_alt ba:lih
\lxoa_alt 'a:leh
\lxoa_c ba:lih
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan vale
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N0/2; Aln(0=2)
\sense_e buddy; friend
\sense_s amigo; cuate
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmotlalo ba:leh, san xmokana:wtiw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Run buddy, just go flying along!
\phrase_s ¡Andale amigo, ponte ligero!
\semfld Gender: male
\vl NOTE: only link the male pronunciation, in the final form two tokens, to this entry. That is, tag two male tokens for final selection for online links.
\ref 03117
\lxam ikxiwelaxtik
\lxam_c ikxiwelaxtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ni-x-tik
\lexical Op. infix te- : ikxitewelaxtik
\sense_e to have sore legs (e.g., from an abundance of work, from getting tired); to have bad legs (by nature)
\sense_s tener las piernas adoloridas (p. ej., de demasiado trabajo, de cansancio); tener las piernas malas (de por si)
\sense_d Am
\root kxi
\root wila:
\nse The use of the intensifier te- is common though not mandatory with this adjectival. The etymology of ikxiwelaxtik is related to wila:na ; the
vowel shortening in forms such as welaxtik is a general type of change, those these types of adjectival derivations (to adjectivals ending in -xtik are not
common. Several consultants gave a reduplicated form ikxiuwelaxtik , but Cristino Flores insisted that the nonreduplicated form is the correct lexeme.
\root_notes The appearance of /x/ before /tik does not seem that uncommon, but check other occurrences. Note incorporated reduplication clearly related to plurality of the subject:
legs.
\grm Note derivation of /-ni/ verbs to adjectivals in /-xtik/. Here is /welaxtik/, obviously related to /wila:ni/. Cf. Launey's comment on /kwaxtli/.
\ref 03118
\lxam tepasohli
\lxam_c tepasohli
\lxoa tépasóhli
\lxoa_c tépasóhli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-wi
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e nest (of birds and certain other animals)
\sense_s nido (de pájaros y ciertos otros animales)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:nkah itepasol yo:lka:tsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Over there is the nest of a little animal.
\phrase_s Alláestáel nido de un animalito.
\root te-
\root pahsol
\qry Check for correctness of /pasohli/. Check for other meanings of /tepasohli/.
\vl Use second male token.
\ref 03119
\lxam kafé:h
\lxam_c kafé:h
\lxoa kafe:h
\lxoa_c kafe:h
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan café
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e coffee
\sense_s café
\sense_d Pending
\ref 03120
\lxam kamotli
\lxam_c kamotli
\lxoa kámotlí
\lxoa_c kámotlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(h)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e generic name for sweet potato
\sense_s nombre genérico de camote
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kamotli, tla:ki itik tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The kamotli grows to fruition inside the earth.
\phrase_s El camote crece a madurez dentro de la tierra.
\root kamoh
\semfld plant
\semfld tuber
\semfld edible
\ency_note kamotli
\nae In Oapan, when the form is possessed there is no leftward shift of pitch accent: i:kámoyóh. This probably results from the fact that the coda {h} is at the end of the
penultimate syllable and reassignment cannot shift two syllables.
\grmx Oapan pitch accent: Note that the high pitch stays on the first syllable of the noun and does not shift leftward. Note that this is probably the result of the fact that the
underlying {h} is at the end of the noun.
\notes_nature There are the following types of camote: kuwkamotli , tekamotli , chichi:kamotli , kamotli de pe:pe:to ,
kamotli de un istá:k , and kamotli de un tsope:lik (of which there are two subtypes: kamotli de un kokostik and
kamotli de un kakamotsi:n (which is also apparently sometimes called kamotli de un momoradi:toh. Ramírez (1991) gives this as a member
of the family Convolvulaceae.
\qry Check for other types; also determine whether /chichi:kamotli/ is correctly spelled, or whether it should be /chichi:hkamotli/. Also check whether /kamotli/ refers in fact also to a
specific type of camote, or if it is only a generic name.
\semref xonakatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03121
\lxam kone:puwa
\lxam_c nokone:puwa
\lxoa kone:powa
\lxoa_cpend @nokone:powa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3b(ow)
\sense_e (refl.) to act like a child
\sense_s (refl.) portarse como niño
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Ta:man nó:kone:pówa.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Up to this day he still acts like a child.
\phrase_s Hasta ahora sigue portándose como niño.
\sense_e (refl.) to act like a person without sense; to act unreasonable
\sense_s (refl.) portarse como una persona sin cordura, ser irracional
\sense_d Pending
\root kone:
\root po:wa
\nse This verb is used in the reflexive to refer to someone who with whom it is difficult to converse like an adult. In Oapan the intransitive is also used: kone:powi.
\nae The retention of -w in the prefective is the result of a long underlying {o:}: {po:wa}.
\qry Elicit the progressive or preterite but it is like that there is a long /o:/ neutralized before /wa/. Elicit all N-V forms in which the verb is /powa/, e.g. this entry, /tla:kapowa/, etc.
\semref kone:po:wi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref kone:tilia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03122
\lxam kuwtia
\lxam_c kuwtia
\lxoa kohtia
\lxoa_c kohtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to become stiff or hard (an object or material that had been soft and bland and whose natural state is not hard)
\sense_s endurecerse; ponerse tieso o duro (un objeto o material que había sido blando y suave y cuyo estado natural no es duro)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w kuwtia tlaxkahli, xok yema:nki. Wa:n seki yo:pe:w kuwpitsiwi, ye noka:wtok ke:n tlaxkalsosohli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tortillas have started to get hard, they are no longer soft. And some have started to become brittle, they are getting like old tortillas (such as those used to make
chilaquiles).
\phrase_s Las tortillas ya empezaron a ponerse tiesas, ya no están suaves. Algunas ya empezaron a endurecerse, ya se están quedando como tortillas viejas (como las que se
emplean para hacer chilaquiles).
\phrase_n Yo:kukuwtiak tlaxkahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tortillas have gotten hard.
\phrase_s Ya se endurecieron las tortillas.
\sense_e to become stiff and sore (ones body or muscles, either after heavy exercise or exertion, or after having been in one position for an extended period of time)
\sense_s quedar adolorido y tieso; entumercerse (el cuerpo y músculos después de mucho esfuerzo o estar en una posición por un período prolongado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nikuwtiak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've gotten stiff and sore.
\phrase_s Ya me quedéadolorido.
\root kow
\disamb tepi:tsiwi
\nse Kuwtia is commonly used, at least in Ameyaltepec, to refer to muscles or body parts that become sore and tense after exercise or heavy work, or from having been
in a single position for a long time. It is very common for these body parts to be incorporated to the intransitive verb, e.g., tsi:nkuwtia 'for ones rear end to become
stiff and sore (from sitting for an extended period, e.g., in a bus),' or ma:kuwtia 'for ones hand or arm to become stiff and sore (e.g., from chopping wood).' With no
incorporated body part, the reference is to the body as a whole.
\qry Recheck what items can /kuhtia/. Apparently this is used to refers to objects, such as bread, tortillas, itacates, etc. which should be somewhat soft but which acquire a non-desired
state of hardness. I believe that /kuhtia/ is not used to refer to cement, mezcla, etc. i.e. mixtures that should be hard. Check. Note that /tepi:tsiwi/ on the other hand indicates a
mortar, etc. which hardens while /kuhtia/ is used to refer to bread, tortillas, etc. which get tough. In the phrase /yo:kukuhtiak tlaxkahli/ determine the meaning of the reduplication. It
perhaps refers to pluralization of noncountable objects. But query if the phrase /yo:kuhtiakeh/ or /yo:kukuhtiakeh/ is correct and, if so, the difference in meaning among the three
types of reduplication/pluralization.
\xref kuwtilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 03123
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tewi:lo:tl
\lxoa_c tewi:lo:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e little jar (of glass)
\sense_s frasquito (de vidrio)
\sense_d Oa
\root te
\root wi:lo:
\nse Tewi:lo:tl was reported to be a word from San Agustín Oapan by Gabriel de la Cruz of Ameyaltepec; it was later documented from this village.
\nde Molina has teuilotl 'cristal, o vidrio.'
\qry Check this word, the vowel length, meaning, etc. C. Flores (Am) gave this as a type of small /wi:lo:tl/. This should be checked before being entered.
\vl Use first female token and second male token.
\ref 03124
\lxam ni:xkwi:ti:hli
\lxam_c ni:xkwi:ti:hli
\lxoa ni:xkwiti:hli
\lxoa_c ni:xkwiti:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas-ne
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e illustrative object or event that serves as an example and lesson particularly of a religious event (ni:xkwi:ti:hli include events such as Passion plays, scenes
from the bible painted on church walls or reproduced in illustrated books, etc.)
\sense_s objeto o evento ilustrativo que sirve como ejemplo y lección, particularmente en referencia a un acontecimiento religioso (ni:xkwi:ti:hli incluye a las
representaciones de la pasión de Cristo, o escenas de la biblia pintadas en las paredes de la iglesia o reproducidas en libros ilustrados)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ni:xkwi:ti:hli pa:mpa o:nochi:w ye weka:wi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is a ni:xkwi:ti:hli (in this case in reference to a scene painted on a church wall) because it is (about) something that occurred a long time ago.
\phrase_s Es un a ni:xkwi:ti:hli (en este caso en referencia a una escena pintada sobre la pared de una iglesia) porque pasóya hace mucho tiempo.
\root i:x
\root kwi
\nae The duration of the /i/ in the syllable /kwi/ seems short in Oapan despite expected length based on the phonology of the causative kwi:tia. For this reason it
should be rechecked with several speakers.
\semref ni:xkwi:tilistli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 03125
\lxam tla:ltesokitl
\lxam_c tla:ltesokitl
\lxoa tla:ltesokitl
\lxoa_c tla:ltesokitl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e thick clods of mud that are formed in black earth when wet
\sense_s terrones de tierra que se forman en tierra negra cuando se moja
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Deke tli:ltik motla:l, tla:ltesokitl, pipi:nki un tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If your land is black, it (forms) thick clods of mud, the earth is resistant to the plow (because it is sticky and heavy).
\phrase_s Si tu tierra es negra, (se hace) terrones de tierra, es resistente al arado (porque al mojarse con la lluvia se queda muy pesada).
\phrase_n Ka:n tli:ltik tla:hli, ke:itlah tla:ltesokitl, wel tso:tsomo:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where the earth is black, like sticky mud, the earth can crack (as it dries).
\phrase_s Donde la tierra es negra, como lodo pegagoso, la tierra puede agrietarse (al secarse).
\root tla:l
\root te
\root soki
\qry Cf /tla:lsokitetl/ and check to make sure both are correct.
\semref tla:lsokitetl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tla:ltsokitetl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03126
\lxam tla:ltoto:nka:n
\lxam_c tla:ltoto:nka:n
\lxoa tla:lto:nka:n
\lxoa_alt tla:ltoto:nka:n
\lxoa_c tla:lto:nka:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-ka:n
\infn N1(N2-N)
\sense_e place in which the ground is scorching hot
\sense_s lugar donde el suelo es abrasador
\sense_d Pending
\root tla:l
\root to:n
\root_rel -ka:n
\nse In Oapan the form tla:lto:nka:n is used, not * tla:ltoto:nka:n. However, the reduplicated modifier is used when referring to a hot place in general:
tlatoto:nka:n. Note that in a workshop three young woman all pronounced this as tla:lto:nka.
\ref 03127
\lxam koyo:tomatl
\lxam_c koyo:tomatl
\lxoa koyo:tomatl
\lxoa_c koyo:tomatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e Vitex gaumeriGreenm., herbaceous plant of the family Verbenaceae
\sense_s Vitex gaumeriGreenm., planta herbácea de la familia Verbenaceae
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Koyo:tomatl | Kuwtli. Kipia itomayo, pero xwe:lik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The koyo:tomatl : It is a tree. It has its tomato-like fruit, but it doesn't taste good.
\phrase_s El koyo:tomatl : Es unárbol. tiene su fruta como tomate, pero no sabe bien.
\phrase_n Koyo:tomatl | No: kipia itla:kihlo, tlitli:ltik, ke:n a:waxokotl. Xnokwa. Xtlah para un kohtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Koyo:tomatl : It also has its fruit, it is black, it is like that of the a:waxokotl. It isn't edible. This tree is not used for anything.
\phrase_s Koyo:tomatl : También tiene su fruta, es negra, es como la del a:waxokotl. No es comestible. Eseárbol no se usa para nada.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root koyo:
\root toma
\nse There is a pending question with this plant. The example sentences indicate that this is a tree (kuhtli) but consultants during September-October 2001 fieldwork
indicated a large bush or herbaceous plant. The species Vitex gaumeriis a herbaceous plant, and the identification was made directly from a sample collected. Yet it still
remains to be seen whether there is a
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the tomate del coyote or jerengue. Ramírez (1991) gives tomate de coyote and
identifies it simply as a member of the family Solanaceae. Schoenhals (1988) gives under tomate de coyote:"(Physalis hirsuta) '[type of]
tomato' Stems, leaves, and calyx all contain hairs of varying length or density."But the koyo:tomatl is a tree, unlike the plant described by Schoenhals.
\qry Note that although one of the phrase describes this as a tree, Felix Pantaleón of Oapan mentioned that it is a plant, not tree. Since this agrees with other information I have
temporarily categorized this as a plant.
\ref 03128
\lxam tla:ke:wa
\lxam_c kitla:ke:wa
\lxoa tla:ke:wa
\lxoa_c kitla:ke:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to hire (a person as a worker)
\sense_s contratar (una persona como trabajador)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitla:ke:wa para pió:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He hires him as a manual worker.
\phrase_s Lo contrata como peón.
\phrase_n Notla:ke:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He hires himself out (as a wage or day laborer).
\phrase_s Se alquila para trabajar (como peón).
\root tla:k
\root e:wa
\nae The etymology of tla:ke:wa is unclear but the possibility that it contains the nominal root tla:kaand the verbal root e:wa
should be considered. RS analyzes this same verb as comprising tlac, from tlactli, which he glosses as 'busto, tronco, la parte superior del cuerpo del
hombre.' In Ameyaltepec this same meaning is conveyed by the obligatorily possessed tla:kayo , clearly related to tla:katl. Thus it seems likely that
both Classical tlactli and tla:ke:wa are related to the root tla:ka, as in tla:katl.
\ref 03129
\lxam tlayema:nka:n
\lxam_c tlayema:nka:n
\lxoa tlayema:nka:n
\lxoa_alt tlayema:nka:h
\lxoa_c tlayema:nka:h, tlayema:nka:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla-ka:n
\infn N1(N2-tla)
\sense_e an area of soft earth
\sense_s unárea de tierra blanda
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nisokitla:lak pa:mpa ke:n tlasokito:ka, tlayema:nka:n, o:nimosokito:kak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got stuck in the mud because the area is deep with mud (in which things sink), the ground is soft all over, I sunk into the mud.
\phrase_s Me atoréen el lodo porque elárea estácubierto con lodo profundo (en que las cosas se hunden), la tierra estámuy blanda, me hundíen el lodo.
\root yema:n
\root_rel -ka:n
\ref 03130
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be /kwitlatesosol/ but has been removed as an offensive insult.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03131
\lxam kana:wa
\lxam_c kikana:wa
\lxoa kana:wa
\lxoa_c kikana:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to make thin (e.g., a board, sth planed or sliced, cloth that is worn thin, etc.)
\sense_s hacer más delgado (p. ej., una tabla al aplanarla, ropa al desgastarla, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to thin out (e.g., plant growth)
\sense_s limpiar (haciendo menos denso, p. ej., al limpiar de hierba un sembradío)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w titlama:kukwi, tihkana:wa un xiwtli, tikma:kana:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You have started to weed by hand, you are thinning out the weeds, you are thinning them out by hand.
\phrase_s Ya empezaste a desherbar a mano, estás haciendo más ralo la hierba, la estás quitando a mano.
\sense_e (refl., fig.) to move along quickly
\sense_s (refl., fig.) moverse de prisa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka ihkón yo:li:k xya! Xmokana:wa chitsi:n, xmotlalo!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't go along like that so slowly! Get a move on (fly along), run!
\phrase_s ¡No vayas yendo asíde despacio!¡Aliviánate, corre!
\phrase_n Xmotlalo ba:leh, san xmokana:wtiw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Run buddy, just go flying along!
\phrase_s ¡ándale amigo, ponte ligero!
\phrase_n Mistsonakatlalo:xtitiw yeyekatl, timokana:wtia:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The wind will be pushing you to the side as you go along, you'll go flying along (i.e., as the wind pushes you).
\phrase_s El viento te va a ir empujando hacia un lado, te vas a ir volando (esto es, en la dirección en que te empuja el viento).
\root kana:
\qry Check also if /kana:wa/ can refer to thinning out of hair, e.g., /ne:chtsonkana:wa/. OK?
\ref 03132
\lxam pa:nchoh
\lxam_c pa:nchoh
\lxoa pa:nchoh
\lxoa_c pa:nchoh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan pancho
\psm N
\der N-loan
\lexical dimin. panchi:toh, panchi:tah ; Gender : pa:nchah
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e cat
\sense_s gato
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (fig.) person who like delicious food (such as eggs, in reference to a cat's supposed predilection for such food); one fussy in what he eats
\sense_s (fig.) persona a quien le gusta la buena comida (como huevos, en referencia a la supuesta preferencia de los gatos por tal comida); persona muy particular en comer;
cuzca
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tipa:nchoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You like good foods.
\phrase_s Te gusta la comida buena
\nse It is not clear either why pa:nchoh , a diminutive of Francisco, is used to refer to cats. However, in Ameyaltepec, when applied to humans, pa:nchoh
refers to those who have what is assumed to be a characteristic of cats: their predilection for tasty foods. Given the local diet, however, this is often used to refer to someone who
particularly likes to eat eggs.
\ref 03133
\lxam xokotl de tlatlastopo:ni
\lxam_c xokotl de tlatlastopo:ni
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1/2; Aln
\sense_e type of wild plum fruit (actually a stage of its growth) so called because the fruit is at that time very crunchy to the bite
\sense_s tipo de ciruela silvestre (actualmente una estaba de su crecimiento) asíllamado porque la fruta queda muy crujiente
\sense_d Pending
\root xoko
\root tlats-2-; topo:
\semref kopaxokotl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03134
\lxam te:ntsotsol
\lxam_c te:ntsotsol
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infa pl. te:ntsotsolmeh
\sense_e to be lacking facial hair (a man)
\sense_s ser lampiño (un hombre), sin pelo facial
\sense_d Am
\root te:n
\root tsol
\qry Cf. to /tso:liwi/ and check vowel length.
\ref 03135
\lxam polaki
\lxam_c polaki
\lxoa polaki
\lxoa_c polaki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to become submerged in; to sink into (a liquid, particularly water, e.g., a rock, sediment, etc.)
\sense_s sumergirse o hundirse en (un líquido, particularmente agua, p. ej., una piedra, sedimento, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to dive into (a person into water, such as a river or lake, going completely below the surface but usually from a position already in the water)
\sense_s clavarse en (una persona al agua, como en un lago o río, metiéndose completamente abajo de la superficie pero generalmente desde una posición ya dentro del agua)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nipolak itik se: a:komo:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I dove down into a deep, calm section of a river.
\phrase_s Me echéabajo del agua en una parte calmada y profunda de un río.
\root polak
\qry Determine difference between /a:polaki/ and /polaki/; also determine the difference between /o:nipolak/ and /o:nimopolaktih/.
\root_notes The root polaki would seem to be related to roots such as kalakiand, perhaps ultimately, aki.
\xref polaktia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref polahtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03136
\lxam tlana:palo:hli
\lxam_c tlana:palo:hli
\lxoa tlana:palo:hli
\lxoa_c tlana:palo:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e small load (of sth such as firewood) that is slung over the back of a beast of burden, hanging down from each side
\sense_s pequeña carga (de algo como leña) que se coloca por el lomo de una bestia, y que se cuelga por los dos lados
\sense_d Pending
\root na:pal
\nse A tlanapalo:hli is a load that can be hung over a burro, for example, without the saddle turning over. It is less than a tlama:mahli , one side of a load or
carga.
\qry Make sure that a /tlanapalo:hli/ refers to a small load that is slung over the back of an animal.
\semref tlama:mahli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03137
\lxam tlachinawi
\lxam_c tlachinawi
\lxoa tláchináwi
\lxoa_pr tlachinawi
\lxoa_c tláchináwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\der V0-tla
\pitch yes-lex
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for brush or mount to catch fire
\sense_s quemarse solo el campo o pasto
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlatla tepe:tl. Tlachinawi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The hill is burning. The brush has caught fire.
\phrase_s El cerro se estáquemando. se incendio el campo.
\fl chinowa
\root hchina
\nse Apparently the intransitive chinawi has been impersonalized through the use of tla-, which would make it a subjectless predicate.
\nae This verb is one of the few that apparently have a distinct underlying form sense when At any rate, apparently only hchinawi is only found with the prefix
tla-. The intransitive chichinawiis used with specific objects; it is also lacking the underlying {h}, even in the reduplicant.
\qry Check presence of {h} in root through comparison with neighboring dialects. It appears that underlying {tla-hchinawi} is correct. Apparently, also, this intransitive is defective in that
it only occurs in the inchoative with prefix /tla-/: this should, however, be checked, i.e. for the possible occurrence of /kichinawi/.
\qry_h Check for {h} in surface in SJ: /tlahchinawe/.
\ref 03138
\lxam sempolowa
\lxam_c kisempolowa
\lxoa sempolowa
\lxoa_c kisempolowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to demolish for all time; to make completely and permanently disappear (e.g., a construction or building)
\sense_s derribar para siempre; hacer desaparecer completa y permanentemente (p. ej., una construcción o edificio)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niksempolo:s nokal, nikxiti:ni:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will demolish my house for good, I'm going to take it down.
\phrase_s Voy a destruir mi casa para siempre, la voy a desbaratar.
\sense_e to destroy or lose forever (e.g., a plant that will never sprout again, a material object that can never be recovered, etc.)
\sense_s destruir o perder para siempre (p. ej., una planta que ya no va a retoñar, un objeto material que nunca se va a recuperar, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:niksempoloh notlayo:lxina:ch. O:nikto:kak wan o:noka:wato itik tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I lost my maize seed forever (i.e., the particular variant or type I was using). I planted it and it never wound up sprouting (lit., 'remained in the earth').
\phrase_s Perdípara siempre la semilla de maíz que estaba utilizando (esto es, la variante que estaba sembrando). Lo sembréy no brotó(lit., 'fue a quedar dentro de la tierra).
\phrase_n De i ika tiksempolowa pa:mpa o:tikuwitlak, o:tiktlakal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You've killed it forever (e.g., a plant or tree) because you've uprooted it, you've thrown it away.
\phrase_s Lo mataste para siempre (p. ej., una planta oárbol) porque lo arrancaste, lo tiraste.
\root sem
\root pol
\vl Use second female token.
\ref 03139
\lxam teliksa
\lxam_c kiteliksa
\lxoa telesa
\lxoa_c kitelesa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to kick
\sense_s patear
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:teliksa mokaba:yoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your horse kicks.
\phrase_s Tu caballo patea.
\root teliksa
\root_notes The root teliksa most probably derives historically from the same root kxifound in ikxitl 'leg' or 'foot,' with the /sa/
sequence palatalizing to /xi/ after vowel reduction. The historical basis for the first element, /tel/ is, however, not as transparent.
\ref 03140
\lxam ma ya
\lxam_c ma ya
\lxoa ma ya
\lxoa_pr ma ya
\lxoa_c ma ya
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\sense_e see ma
\sense_s véase ma
\sense_d Pending
\nae As an orthographic convention the optative ma is always written as a separate element. Thus what is phonetically ['ma ya] is considered two words and the
one-syllable verbal predicate ya is best considered to be extrametrical.
\root ma
\root yaw
\qry Get minimal pairs of /ma tlakwa/ 'let him eat'; /ma: tlakwa/ 'let him not eat' and /ma:tlakwa/, the verbal predicate with an incorporated noun /ma:/.
\mod Make sure link is to correct entry of /ma/.
\ref 03141
\lxam ma:malia
\lxam_c kima:malia
\lxoa ma:malia
\lxoa_c kima:malia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to carry on ones back or shoulders for
\sense_s cargar por la espalda o hombros para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chma:malitiw, newa yo:nisiaw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Carry it on your back for me, I've already gotten tired!
\phrase_s ¡Cárgalo sobre tus espaldas para mi, ya me cansé!
\root ma:ma
\qry Check to see if the benefactive can also be used with 'to take on the responsibility of (e.g., an onerous task or chore)' i.e., can /mamalia/ mean 'to take on responsibility for'?
\xref ma:ma
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03142
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be the entry for /I:a:pan Chi:noh/. It has been removed and placed in the toponym database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03143
\lxam ka:wahli
\lxam_c ka:wahli
\lxoa ka:wahli
\lxoa_c ka:wahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e widow
\sense_s viuda
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e widower (see oichka:wahli)
\sense_s viudo (véase oichka:wahli)
\sense_d Am
\root ka:wa
\nse In Ameyaltepec ka:wahli is not gender specific. However, in Oapan one may also use oichka:wahli, which specifically refers to the male.
\qry Check for /sowa:ka:wahli/ as a possible word. I seem to remember it, but it is not documented in the corpus. Also, question for /tla:kaka:wahli/. Note that the first /a:/ of the plural is
definitely long and should be corrected to such in any occurrence, Also note that few nouns pluralize in this form: cf. /na:na:walteh/; they all seem to have the phonology of Ca:wa.
Check for possible possessed form.
\vl Use second female token.
\ref 03144
\lxam a:tlawtli
\lxam_c a:tlawtli
\lxoa a:tlahtli
\lxoa_c a:tlahtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e ravine; gorge
\sense_s barranca
\sense_d Pending
\semfld topography
\root a:tlaw
\ref 03145
\lxam kwe:kwetla:stik
\lxam_c kwe:kwetla:stik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound Lex. rdp-l
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be wavy or ondulated (e.g., a branch of a tree, a stick)
\sense_s ondulado (p. ej., una rama de unárbol, una vara)
\sense_d Am
\root kwetla:ts
\qry I had originally recorded this in my notes with a short final /a/; this should be checked as it might be long given the derivation from /kwetla:tsowa/. However, there might also be
some shortening. Also check whether adjectival form can be used without long vowel reduplication, i.e., /kwetla:stik/ or /kwetlastik/. If so, change entry.
\ref 03146
\lxam yewi:teki
\lxam_c yewi:teki
\lxoa yewi:teki
\lxoa_c yewi:teki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to thresh beans (i.e., to shell them)
\sense_s desvainar frijoles
\sense_d Pending
\root ye
\root wi:teki
\vl Use second male token.
\ref 03147
\lxam ko:tsi:ltik yeyekatl
\lxam_c ko:tsi:ltik yeyekatl
\lxoa ko:tsi:ltih yéyé:katl
\lxoa_pr ko:tsi:ltik yeye:katl
\lxoa_c ko:tsi:ltih yéyé:katl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-rdp
\semfld ritual
\sense_e one of the yeyekameh
\sense_s uno de los yeyekameh
\sense_d Pending
\semfld ritual
\root ko:tsi:l
\root e:ka
\ency_note yeyekameh
\nse This yeyekatl is mentioned in texts from Ameyaltepec by Pánfilo Lorenzo.
\qry Check to determine whether /sepo:wka:/ is incorporated as a participal to /yeyekatl/ Also check whether long /o:/ is in /sepo:hka:/ and if /w/ to /h/ is correct or whether it should be
?/sepo:wka:yeyekatl/.
\mod For all /yeyekameh/ determine the complete characteristics.
\ref 03148
\lxam tomatl
\lxam_c tomatl
\lxoa tomatl
\lxoa_c tomatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e generic name for tomatoes
\sense_s nombre genérico para los tomates
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) tomato or tomato-like fruit of
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) fruta como tomate de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Koyo:tomatl | Kuwtli. Kipia itomayo, pero xwe:lik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The koyo:tomatl : It is a tree. It has its tomato-like fruit, but it doesn't taste good.
\phrase_s El koyo:tomatl : Es unárbol. tiene su fruta como tomate, pero no sabe bien.
\root toma
\notes_nature My records to date show four different types of tomatoes: a:mi:ltomatl , tepe:tomatl , xi:tomatl , and
yeyekatomatl. The dried tepe:tomatl is called tomatetso:hli.
\qry Surprisingly, I do not have this word in my filecards. Make sure it exists as the superordinate category that includes /a:mi:ltomatl/, /tepetomatl/ and /xitomatl/.
\grm Possession with /-yo/: /Koyo:tomatl: kuhtli. Kipia itomayo, pero xwe:lik/ 'The koyo:tomatl : it is a tree. It has its tomato-like fruit, but it doesn't taste good.'
\ref 03149
\lxam me:me:ntowia
\lxam_c kime:me:ntowian
\lxoa me:mé:ntowía
\lxoa_pr me:me:ntowia
\lxoa_c kime:mé:ntowíah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Lex. rdp-l
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e (pl. subject) to pair up and carry one of two ends or sides of (e.g., a heavy object such as a log, full sack or bucket, etc.)
\sense_s (sujeto pl.) cargar juntamente un lado de una carga (de un objeto pesado, como un tronco grueso, o un costal o cubeta lleno, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nankime:me:ntowitia:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will each go along carrying one end (of a heavy bag or bucket, of a log, etc.).
\phrase_s Ustedes van a ir yendo cada quien sosteniendo un lado (de un costal pesado, de una cubeta, de un tronco)
\semfld carrying
\root me:nto
\nse Unlike onkawia , me:me:ntowia refers to the carrying of objects by two persons only, whereas the former may refer to more individuals uniting to
complete a task, and it may refer to acts other than carrying. The etymology of this word is unclear as no similar words have been found in any of the other sources for Nahuatl. It is
irregular in that it accepts only a plural (of two) subject.
\qry Ask speakers for their interpretation of the etymology.
\mod Recheck whether Oapan form is with plural subject. According to C. Flores this verb always has a plural subject.
\ref 03150
\lxam te:ntsonxi:ma
\lxam_c kite:ntsonxi:ma
\lxoa te:ntsonxi:ma
\lxoa_alt te:nsonxi:ma
\lxoa_c note:ntsonxi:ma, note:nsonxi:ma
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to shave the beard of
\sense_s rasurar; cortarle la barba a
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl.-mid.) to get ones beard shaved; to shave ones beard
\sense_s (refl.-media) rasurarse (en el sentido que algn lo rasura o que se rasura a si mismo)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root tson
\root xi:ma
\ref 03151
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlai:xkwa
\lxoa_c i:tlai:xkwa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-(N-N)
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e upper front teeth (not including the molars)
\sense_s dientes superiores (no incluyendo los molares)
\sense_d Oa
\root tlan
\root i:x
\root kwa
\nae According to Florencia Marcelino this refers to the top row of teeth (incisors and canines) and are so called because they are thought to come down from the forehead.
\qry In the entry for /i:xpan/ I had this following note:"When referring to a body part i:xpan seems to refer to the area of the body covered by pubic hair. Some people
state that this area includes the lower belly while others state that the lower belly is referred to as tlai:xkwa:w and that the two, tlai:xkwa:w and
i:xpan , both obligatorily possessed, are distinct."CHECK meaning and final consonant.
\qry Another entry, since deleted, for Ameyaltepec had /tlaixkwa/. Check this term also.
\ref 03152
\lxam Kone:jos
\lxam_c Kone:jos
\lxoa Kone:jos
\lxoa_c Kone:jos
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan Conejos
\psm N
\der N-loan
\semfld dance
\sense_e religious line dance formerly performed in Oapan by young boys and one girl
\sense_s danza religiosa de línea presentada anteriormente en oapan por hombres jóvenes y una niña
\sense_d Pending
\semfld dance
\ency_note da:nsah
\qry For this check the circumstances when it is performed.
\ref 03153
\lxam chi:chi:lowa
\lxam_c kichi:chi:lowa
\lxoa chi:chi:lowa
\lxoa_c kichi:chi:lowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to color or paint red
\sense_s pintar (un objeto material) de rojo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:tikchi:chi:loh mokal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You painted your house red.
\phrase_s Pintaste tu casa de rojo.
\root chi:l
\grm Compare this form to those that may have a double /ll/ (e.g. okwihlowa and tla:hlowa) which are intransitive and indicate inchoativeness.
\vl Use second female token.
\ref 03154
\lxam kamanon kayo:tl
\lxam_c kamanon kayo:tl
\lxoa kamano:n kayo:tl
\lxoa_c kamano:n kayo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-kayo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e to be from a time that is long ago; to be from when
\sense_s ser de un periodo de hace mucho tiempo; ser de cuando
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:stok kamanon kayo:tl totio:pan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It appears (in a document) from when our church is (i.e., when it was built).
\phrase_s Aparece (en un documento) de cuando (quéperiodo) es nuestra iglesia (esto es, cuando se contruyó).
\phrase_n Kamanon kayo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is from some time ago.
\phrase_s Es de hace mucho tiempo.
\root kaman
\root kayo:
\nse Apparently kayo:tl can be interpreted as a nominal form meaning, in essence, 'to be from [a time period].' Here it is combined in a colocation to mean 'to be
from when.' Although there is no example sentence yet, it appears that kayo:tl may take any person as subject. Thus one could, I believe, say xne:si
kamano:on tikayo:tl 'It's not clear from when you are (i.e., when you were born).' This usage and meaning should be checked.
\qry Check /o/ of Am /kamanon/. In Oapan it is definitely long.
\grm Cf. Gram 1985-01-20.1
\vl Use 2nd female token.
\ref 03155
\lxam -se:lti
\lxam_c tose:lti
\lxoa -se:lte
\lxoa_alt -se:lti
\lxoa_c tose:lte, tose:lti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(rel)
\der Rel-poss-com
\infn N2
\sense_e -self (e.g., myself, yourself, himself, herself, etc.); alone
\sense_s solo (p. ej., yo solo, túsolo,él solo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nose:lti nikchi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will do it by myself
\phrase_s Voy a hacerlo yo solo.
\phrase_n Tosese:lti o:tiakeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Each one of us went by himself (or herself).
\phrase_s Cada uno de nosotros fue solo (aparte, por su cuenta).
\root se:l
\nse Se:lti or se:lte is a relational noun that takes only the specific pronominal possessor prefixes; it does not occur with te:- nor tla-.
\nae In Oapan there is no plural form distinct from the singular: i:se:lte (singular) and to:se:lte (plural). In Ameyaltepec I have documented
tose:ltimeh , but this seems to be an idiosyncratic case and most consultants rejected this.
\qry Check plural form for /-n/ marking; my original notes had /tose:lti/. Check /tosese:ltin/ and make sure this is not /tose:se:ltin/. If not, check whether /tose:se:ltin/ is correct and can be
uttered. Make sure /te:se:lti/ is not correct. Also, on one filecard I had written /tose:ltimeh/. Check this too. On the basis that it might be I have added this in parentheses to one of
the illustrative sentences.
\grm Relational nouns: Note that /se:lte/ in Oapan (/se:lti/ in Ameyaltepec) is possessed /tose:lte/ in Oapan. In Ameyaltepec it takes the plural marker: /tose:ltin/. Check. In
Ameyaltepec /tosese:lti/ means 'each one of us (by him or herself).'
\vl Use second male token.
\ref 03156
\lxam tlatewistika:n
\lxam_c tlatewistika:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla-ka:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1(N2-tla)
\sense_e see tlatetewitska:n
\sense_s véase tlatetewitska:n
\sense_d Pending
\ref 03157
\lxam na:ni:tah
\lxam_c na:ni:tah
\lxoa na:ni:tah
\lxoa_c na:ni:tah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn NO/N2 (poss. vocativo)
\sense_e (vocative) ma'am (generally used, including by Ameyaltepequeños, to address elder women from Oapan)
\sense_s (vocativo) señora (utilizado generalmente, también por mayores de edad, para dirigirse a mujeres de edad avanzada de oapan)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (tona:ni:tah) elder woman from Oapan
\sense_s (tona:ni:tah) señora de Oapan
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Se: tona:ni:tah o:ne:chmak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e An older woman from Oapan gave it to me.
\phrase_s Una oapaneca adulta me lo dio.
\root na:n
\nse This term is used to refer to older Oapan women, apparently either married or not. In general it is common for villagers from one village to use address terms from another village in
referring to inhabitants from that village.
\semref ta:ti:tah; ma:noh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref tati:tah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03158
\lxam netechowa
\lxam_c kinetechowa
\lxoa netechowa
\lxoa_c kinetechowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to place near together (two or more objects); to put close to (one object to another)
\sense_s acercar (dos o más objetos); colocar juntos o cerca (uno objeto al otro)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:netecho!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Put them closer together (e.g., a series of rods, things that are interwoven, etc., one group after another)!
\phrase_s ¡Colócalos juntos (p. ej., una serie de varas que están en línea, algo entretejido, etc.)!
\phrase_n Xmonetecho:kan!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place yourselves close together (e.g., people in a crowded place, two people lying down, etc.)!
\phrase_s ¡Acérquense (p. ej., varias personas en un lugar apretado, dos personas acostadas juntas, etc.)!
\root netech
\qry Check for intransitive. Perhaps this is another case of an anticausative for the intransitive.
\root_notes There seems to be a clear relationship of the root netechto the relational noun -tech and to the reflexive particle ne. An
effort should be made to determine all instances in which ne and tech are found in roots.
\ref 03159
\lxam iyeltia
\lxam_c kiyeltia
\lxoa iyeltia
\lxoa_c kiyeltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cause to or make fart (either a food or sth heavy that is lifted)
\sense_s hacer echar un pedo (o una comida o algo pesado levantado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chiyeltih un yetl, we:i o:nkwah
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Those beans made me fart, I ate a lot.
\phrase_s Esos frijoles me hicieron echar pedos, comímucho.
\phrase_n Melá:k yetí:k, a:sta o:ne:chiyeltih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's really heavy, it even made me to fart (from its force and weight).
\phrase_s Es muy pesado, hasta me hizo echar un pedo (a causa de su peso).
\root yel
\nse This seems to be an irregular causative of the reflexive verb iyeya (Am) and íyeyá(Oa), 'to fart.' It is similar in this respect to the relation between
ito:nia and ito:niltia , although in both cases perhaps the derivation is from an intermediate nominal form, ito:ni:hli and
iyehli.
\qry_fon Recheck vowel length. With C. Flores (Am) it appears short. I had a long vowel for Oapan but this should be rechecked.
\mod Check entry for /yehli/, which should perhaps be /iyehli/.
\grm This seems to be an irregular causative of the reflexive verb iyeya , 'to fart.' It is similar in this respect to the relation between ito:nia and
ito:niltia , although in both cases perhaps the derivation is from an intermediate nominal form, ito:ni:hli and iyehli. Cf. the use
of /-tia/ with nouns, as in the case of /na:miktia/.
\xref iyeya
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03160
\lxam tlakechilia
\lxam_c kitlakechilia
\lxoa tlakechilia
\lxoa_c kitlakechilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to lengthen (by adding onto, e.g., a piece of rope or a strap by tying another piece onto the original, or an extension joined to a board of wood, etc.)
\sense_s alargar o aumentar (p. ej., al agregar algo a un pedazo de laso o un tirante de tela al agregarle otra parte, o al pegar una tabla de madera a otra, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkasi mola:soh, xtlakechili!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your rope isn't long enough, make it longer by adding on another piece!
\phrase_s Tu laso no alcanza,¡hazlo más largo al agregarle otro cachito!
\root kechi
\nse It seems that tlakechilia is an applicative form of ketsa , the meaning of which in Classical Nahuatl was 'to place in a vertical position."The applicative
meaning of kechilia is clearest in the incorporated form ma:tlakechilia and its related form ma:tlakechia , both referring to the action of
resting oneself on ones hands on a given surface.
\semref ma:tlakechia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03161
\lxam pi:na:wismiki
\lxam_c pi:na:wismiki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e (often reduplicated with short vowel) to become extremely embarrassed
\sense_s (generalmente reduplicado con vocal corta) tener muchísima vergüenza
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to die (at times literally) of embarrassment (e.g., sb who is caught stealing, who is scolded in public, etc.)
\sense_s morirse (a veces literalmente) de vergüenza (p. ej., algn agarrado en el acta de robar, algn a quien se le regaña en público, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:pipi:na:wismihkeh pa:mpa na:na:walteh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They died of shame because (it was discovered that) they were nahuales.
\phrase_s Se murieron de vergüenza porque (se descubrióque) eran nahuales.
\root pi:na:
\root miki
\nae The derivation appears to be one involving the incorporation of the deverbal nominal pipi:na:wistli and the verb miki.
\qry This seems to be derived from a nominalization of /pipi:na:wi/, /pipi:na:wistli/, incorporated into /miki/. Since /pipi:na:wistli/ is not in my lexicon. this should be checked.
\ref 03162
\lxam ikxipatil
\lxam_c ikxipatil
\lxoa ixipatil
\lxoa_c ixipatil
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to have a crooked leg
\sense_s tener una pierna chueca
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) pigeon-toed; to have both legs twisted inward
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) que tiene las puntas de pies hacia dentro, tener las dos piernas chuecas
\sense_d Pending
\root kxi
\root patil
\qry Check whether reduplication is of IN or verb stem, i.e., /iikxipatil/? or /ikxipapatil/???
\grm Note the various ways in which reduplication can affect meaning and be related to headword entry. Thus /ikxikuhtia/ is a headword entry with nonreduplication, since it
refers to an action that often occurs affecting only one leg (stiffening). However, /ikxikukwetlaxiwi/, which refers to the exhaustion of the foot or leg from activity has only
been heard in reduplicated form, given that the action that can lead to such a state (walking, exertion, etc.) almost always affects both legs jointly. Finally, note that in the
case of /ikxipatil/ either leg can be affected, individually, however, when both are affected a new type of situation occurs, signalled by a separate lexical item in English.
Thus a second sense is given.
\ref 03163
\lxam i:xte:nyeyewaltik
\lxam_c i:xte:nyeyewaltik
\lxoa i:xté:yewáltik
\lxoa_c i:xté:yewáltik
\lxoa_pr i:xté:yewaltik
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infa tik>tikeh
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have large, round eyes (e.g., an owl)
\sense_s tener los ojos grandes y redondos (p. ej., un tecolote)
\sense_d Oa
\fla i:xte:nuwe:itik
\flo i:xté:we:ítik
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root yewal
\nse This is the virtual equivalent of i:xte:nuwe:itik , literally: 'big-eyed.'.
\root_notes In root comments note how the compound form for 'eye' is /i:xte:n-/, whereas the elicitation form is /i:xtetl/.
\ref 03164
\lxam kone:tesosohli
\lxam_c kone:tesosohli
\lxoa koné:sohlí
\lxoa_c koné:sohlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e no-good kid
\sense_s niño maldito
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Né:yáxya koné:sohlí, táwáxtláh tikmati!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Go away kid, you don't know anything!
\phrase_s ¡Véte niño chiquito, túno sabes nada!
\root kone:
\root hsol
\nse In Ameyaltepec, apparently the apocopated kone:tesosol is always used as a vocative, in directly insulting or taunting a child, a type of name-calling. While apparently
kone:tesosohli can also be used in this manner, it is more often used in a predicative function. However, in Oapan the form with the absolutive can be as a vocative,
e.g., in addressing a child who goes places he or she is not supposed to go, e.g., in town meetings. Nevertheless, it seems to be more often used in a referential manner, referring to
young children who are always getting into places, trying to be where adults are.
\ref 03165
\lxam tlasohli
\lxam_c tlasohli
\lxoa tlásohlí
\lxoa_c tlásohlí
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e dried brush (particularly that in fields that are to be prepared for planting)
\sense_s maleza seca (particularmente la que se encuentra en campos que se van a preparar para sembrar)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e trash; refuse; garbage
\sense_s basura
\sense_d Pending
\root hsol
\nse In regards to dried brush that is cleared in a field to be sowed, the following plants (and perhaps many others) are considered tlasohli : sakatl ,
mo:so:tl , a:kawtli , a:kawtomitl , xiwtematlatl , me:meya , and akistewe:wetsi.
\qry I have guessed/assumed that a possessed /-tlasohlo/ is also correct. Hence I have coded the /infn field as N1/2; and Aln/Intrin. However, this should be checked, i.e., whether an
intrinsically possessed form does exist and, if it does, the circumstances under which it might be used.
\ref 03166
\lxam poso:nia
\lxam_c kiposo:nia
\lxoa poso:nia
\lxoa_c kiposo:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to boil (water or other liquids)
\sense_s hervir (agua u otros líquidos)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to cook by boiling (foods such as beans, eggs in sauce, etc., cooking them in boiling water)
\sense_s cocer al hervir (comidas tales como frijoles, huevos en salsa, etc., cocinándolas en agua hirviendo)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to bring to a boil (a pot and its contents)
\sense_s hacer hervir (una olla y su contenido)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtoki nonexko:n, ma poso:ntiwetsi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Stoke the fire underneath my pot for making nextamahli so that it rapidly comes to a boil!
\phrase_s ¡Atiza el fuego abajo de mi olla para hacer nixtamal para que de una vez hierva!
\root poso:
\nse Note that the object of poso:nia can be any number of items: the liquid itself that boils, the items (or food) that is boiled and cooked, and the container (such as a pot)
within which something is boiled.
\qry Determine whether there is an alternate transitive form, /poso:naltia/ and, if there is, how it differs from /poso:nia/. Also, change the cat coding as needed (e.g., adding [ca]). Finally,
determine the semantics. What is boiled, i.e., what can be the object of /kiposo:nia/. Perhaps /poso:nia/ takes as its object the foods that are boiled, as well as the water/liquid,
whereas /poso:naltia/ would only refer to the liquid, i.e., bringing it to a boil. Thus a check question might be the acceptability of /xposo:ni ma:w/ and /xposo:ni moyew/, and
/xposo:nalt ma:w/ and /xposo:nalti moyew/.
\ref 03167
\lxam na:hpa
\lxam_c na:hpa
\lxoa na:hpa
\lxoa_c na:hpa
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adv
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e four times
\sense_s cuatro veces
\sense_d Pending
\semfld Num
\root na:wi
\root_rel -pa
\nae The duration of the bilabial stop, particularly in the speech of Florencia Marcelino, is quite long, over 150 ms.
\mod Check how to categorize in cat field.
\ref 03168
\lxam nesawilia
\lxam_c kinesawilia
\lxoa nesawilia
\lxoa_c kinesawilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap(ne)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to fast for (i.e., so that sth, such as a curing ceremony, will proceed well); to fast for (a medicine, so that it takes effect)
\sense_s ayunar para (p. ej., para que algo vaya bien, como una ceremonia para curar); ayunar para (un remedio, para que surta efectos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tiknesawili:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will fast for it (in this case before using chikimolinto cure someone, so that the remedy"obeys"and takes effect).
\phrase_s Le vas a ayunar (en este caso antes de emplear el remedio chikimolinpara curar a algn, para que el remedio"obedezca"y surta efectos).
\phrase_n Niknesawili:s un suwa:tl para kinekis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll fast for that woman so that she will want to (marry me).
\phrase_s Me voy a poner en ayunas para esa mujer, para que vaya a querer (casarse conmigo).
\root ne
\root sawa
\nse In fasting for a particular remedy, the hope is that by fasting the remedy will"obey"(te:tla:kamatis). In the phrase niknesawili:s un sowa:tl para kinekis ,
the action is of fasting for as many as 2 days, from sunrise to sunset and 2 days to noon only. Then one places a candle near an image of San José, only him, so that the girl will
accept a marriage proposal.
\xref sawa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03169
\lxam tlaxoxo:wia
\lxam_c tlaxoxo:wia
\lxoa tlaxoxo:wia
\lxoa_f [tla xo xo: 'wi a]
\lxoa_c tlaxoxo:wia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp tla-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\semfld weather
\sense_e to become green all over the land during springtime and summer
\sense_s reverdecer todo el campo durante la primavera y verano
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:tlaxoxo:wiak. Tlaxoxo:hka:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has gotten green all over. The area is all green from budding plants.
\phrase_s Ya se puso todo verde. Laárea estátodo verde por los retoños de las plantas.
\root xo:
\qry Perhaps change the categorization of /xoxo:wia/ and /tlaxoxo:wia/ to that of a paradigmatic set of -k/ya/lia.
\xref xoxo:wia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 03170
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /A:pantsi:n/, which has since been moved to the toponym section.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03171
\lxam pa:tskilia
\lxam_c kipa:tskilia
\lxoa pa:tskilia
\lxoa_c kipa:tskilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to squeeze for (sb) or onto (e.g., sth onto a dish of food)
\sense_s exprimir para (algn) o sobre (p. ej., algo a un guisado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xpa:tskili limó:n un nakatl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Squeeze lemon (juice) onto that meat!
\phrase_s ¡Exprímele (jugo de) limón a esa carne!
\sense_e to milk for (a cow or other mammals to get their milk)
\sense_s ordeñar para (una vaca u otra mamalia para sacar leche)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to squeeze or pull the trigger of (a pistol)
\sense_s jalar el gatillo de (una pistola)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kipa:tskilih ipisto:lah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He squeezed the trigger on his pistol.
\phrase_s Le jalóel gatillo a su pistola.
\root pa:tska
\xref pa:tska
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03172
\lxam ye weka:wi kayo:tl
\lxam_c ye weka:wi kayo:tl
\lxoa íwika:w káyo:tl
\lxoa_f ['i wi ka:h 'ka yo:tl]
\lxoa_c íwika:w káyo:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-d-kayo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e sth from a long time ago; sth that has been around for a long time
\sense_s algo de desde hace mucho tiempo; algo que ha estado presente o en existencia por mucho tiempo
\sense_d Pending
\root wehka:
\root kayo:
\qry Check the two forms and provide a grammatical analysis.
\grm This text by Cristino Flores is a good explanation of the use of terms such as /ye weka:wi kayo:tl/.
\ref 03173
\lxam mo:yo:tl
\lxam_c mo:yo:tl
\lxoa mo:yo:tl
\lxoa_c mo:yo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of biting mosquito (in Spanish zancudo)
\sense_s zancudo, tipo de insecto que pica
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root mo:yo:
\nse The name of this insect might well be related to the verb moyo:ni, meaning 'to swarm,' although there is a difference in vowel length.
\root_notes Phonotactics: Note and check possibility that /VCo:nV/ have a surface constraint on the length of the first vowel. Thus it might be that there is a prosodic template that fits
roots into this pattern even when underlyingly the first vowel is long; and thus this first long vowel might show up elsewhere.
\vl The vowel length here of the first /o/ seems short. But other words with /mo:yo:/ should be analyzed to determine whether this is indeed the case.
\semref sa:yo:lin
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03174
\lxam tla:lko:lo:tl
\lxam_c tla:lko:lo:tl
\lxoa tla:lko:lo:tl
\lxoa_c tla:lko:lo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of large, black scorpion that lives in the ground and kills cattle
\sense_s tipo de alacrán negro y grande que vive en la tierra y mata al ganado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tla:lko:lo:tl | Xtotech ki:sa pero ke:n kuwasiwisioh. Bwe:yeh kitowan kimiktia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tla:lko:lo:tl : It does not cause us to become delirious, but it really causes a lot of pain. They that it kills cattle.
\phrase_s The tla:lko:lo:tl : No se nos traba (causando dilirio) pero si causa dolor. Dicen que mata al ganado.
\root tla:l
\root ko:lo:
\ency_note ko:lo:tl
\qry Check meaning of /kowasiwisioh/.
\grm Word order: /Tla:lko:lo:tl | Xtotech ki:sa pero ke:n kowasiwisioh. Bwe:yeh kitowan kimiktia./ 'The tla:lko:lo:tl | It does not cause us to become delirious, but
it really causes a lot of pain. They that it kills cattle.' The the order OVS.
\semref ko:lo:tl de bwe:i
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 03175
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kante:lah
\lxoa_c kante:lah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan candela
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln
\sense_e candle
\sense_s vela
\sense_d Oa
\semfld tool
\vl Use first female and first male token.
\ref 03176
\lxam tlate:mowa
\lxam_c tlate:mowa
\lxoa tlate:mowa
\lxoa_c tlate:mowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to search for new people to fill village offices
\sense_s buscar gente nueva para llevar los cargos del pueblo
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with an extraverse directional) to (go) look for (animals left out to graze or lost)
\sense_s (con una direccional extraversa) (ir a) sabanear; (ir a) buscar (animales dejados a apacentar o perdidos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tlate:mo:to.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He went to look for animals (left out to graze or lost).
\phrase_s Fue a sabanear.
\phrase_n O:nitlate:mo:ko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I came to look for grazing animals.
\phrase_s Vine a sabanear.
\phrase_n A:man in to:nahli san nitlate:mo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e This day today I will just look in the countryside for animals left out.
\phrase_s Hoy este día voy a buscar en el campo para animales dejados sueltos.
\root te:m-2-
\nse The verb te:mowa is almost always found in reduplicated form, in the sense of 'to look for' (not an unusual occurrence given that the act of looking often involves
repeated"individual"actos of looking. However, with the null complement tla- it is seldom reduplicated, even though the action involved, that of looking for animals on the
plains, is also often repeated, as the subject goes through the countryside searching. However, the meaning of sabanear 'to look for lost or grazing animals in the
countryside' does almost always, though not always, require the presence of a directional, usually extraverse since the subject is often going"out"to carry out the indicated activity.
The act involves one of going out to determine the location of these animals (e.g., donkeys left out to graze) either simply in order to check up on them or to bring them back.
\xref te:mowa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 03177
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xoxo:hka:tli:ltik
\lxoa_c xoxo:hka:tli:ltik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound Part-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e to be dark green; to be olive green
\sense_s ser verde oscuro; ser color aceituna
\sense_d Oa
\semfld color
\root xo:
\root tli:l
\vl Use second token of each speaker.
\ref 03178
\lxam cha:ntlamati
\lxam_c cha:ntlamati
\lxoa cha:ntlamati
\lxoa_c cha:ntlamati
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-(tla-V2)
\der V1-b
\infv Irregular; see mati
\sense_e to feel at home (e.g., where one has moved to, or perhaps one who is living in sb else's house)
\sense_s sentirse en casa; hallarse (p. ej., donde se ha mudado uno, o al estar hospedado en casa ajena)
\sense_d Pending
\root cha:n
\root mati
\grm /tla-/; noun incorporation: Note that the prefix /tla-/ is again used with a transitive verb taking an incorporated noun.
\ref 03179
\lxam kuwyo:tia
\lxam_c kikuwyo:tia
\lxoa kohyo:tia
\lxoa_c kikohyo:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-yo:tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to place a wooden handle on (e.g., on an axe, pick, hammer, planting stick, etc.)
\sense_s ponerle una manga de madera a (p. ej., a una hacha, pico, martillo, coa, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root kow
\nse Although formally this transitive verb seems to be of the paradigm -h/wa/tia (e.g., a:skatl, a:skayowa, a:skayo:tia) since one finds kuwtli,
kuwyoh, kuwyowa, kuwyo:tia , the meaning of the present entry is not 'to make woody' (as a:skayo:tia means 'to allow (sth) to get covered with ants' and can
be understood as a causative of the intransitive a:skayowa, the transitive verb kuwyo:tia is not a causativized or transitivized version of
kuwyowa , but rather has a different meaning, relating to kuwyo , the 'inalienably possessed' form of kuwtli. The meaning is thus
parallel to that of denominal verbs such as kaltia , meaning 'to provide with a house.' In this acceptation, kuwyotia is 'to provide with a
kuwyo ,' i.e. to provide with an intrinsically possessed piece of wood (that is the"part"of a part/whole relation): a handle.
\grm Although formally this transitive verb seems to be of the paradigm -h/wa/tia (e.g., a:skatl, a:skayowa, a:skayo:tia) since one finds
kuhtli, kuhioh, kuhyowa, kuhyo:tia , the meaning of the present entry is not 'to make woody' (as a:skayo:tia means 'to make covered with ants'
and can be understood as a causative of the intransitive a:skayowa , the transitive verb kuhyo:tia is not a causativized or transitivized version
of kuhyowa , but rather has a different meaning, relating to kuhyo , the 'inalienably possessed' form of kuhtli. The meaning is
thus parallel to that of denominal verbs such as kaltia , meaning 'to provide with a house.' In this acceptation, kuhyotia is 'to provide with a
kuhyo ,' i.e. to provide with an inalienably possessed piece of wood: a handle.
\ref 03180
\lxam sió:tl
\lxam_c sió:tl
\lxoa sió:tl
\lxoa_c sió:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e small piece of tixtli (i.e., ground nextamahli) that is shaped into a small, thick pancake and cooked a little on the koma:hli ;
it is then taken off the griddle and kneaded or grinded on the metate into the remaining tixtli in order to make it stickier
\sense_s pequeño pedazo de masa (tixtli) que se hace como una gordita chiquita y se cuece sobre el comal; después se mete sobre el metate y se muele con la masa
para que se vuelva más pegajosa
\sense_d Pending
\root sio
\nae There is no documentation of cognate words in other dialects; nor is there any clear etymology to siyo:tl or sió:tl. The length of the final /o:/ in Oapan
Nahuatl is not entirely clear, it appears to have a duration at the lower end of that for long vowels. However, most Nahuatl words with a final segment sequence of /-iotl/ have a long
/o:/.
\mod Determine orthography for these types of words.... /sio:tl/ or /siyo:tl/. Illustrate.
\qry_h Obtain form in SJ, for vowel length comparison if nothing else.
\vl Check vowel length and cf. to /siyo:wiya/, which I have recorded with a long /o:/.
\ref 03181
\lxam ye:yeh
\lxam_c ye:yeh
\lxoa ye:ye
\lxoa_c ye:ye
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Baby
\der N-bb
\sense_e beans (baby talk)
\sense_s frijolitos (habla de niños)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld baby
\root ye
\qry See Gram 1984-10-16.1
\grm Baby talk: Note absence of final /h/ in /ye:ye/, at least from Oapan.
\ref 03182
\lxam si:bara:tl*
\lxam_c si:bara:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\sense_e generic name of a type of small bird, to:to:tsi:ntli
\sense_s nombre genérico de un tipo de pájarito, to:to:tsi:ntli
\sense_d Am
\sense_e specific name of a bird with a yellow breast (ye:lpankostiktsi:n) within the group of birds also called si:bara:tl
\sense_s nombre específico de un pájaro con pecho amarillo (ye:lpankostiktsi:n) dentro del grupo también llamado si:bara:tl
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root si:bara:
\ency_note si:bara:tl
\notes_nature The presence of /r/ clearly indicates that there has been a phonetic change in the pronunciation of this word, or that it is a borrowing from Spanish. There are two types of
si:bara:tl : si:bara:tl and kwa:teporo:n.
\ref 03183
\lxam tlakwiste:wa
\lxam_c tlakwiste:wa
\lxoa tlakoste:wa
\lxoa_c tlakoste:wa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2-asp
\der V2-asp
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to clear the dirt off and stand upright cultivated plants that during plowing have been knocked down or covered by earth (see kwiste:wa)
\sense_s limpiar o sacudir de tierra y colocar de pie plantas cultivadas que han sido derribadas o tapadas durante el arar de la tierra (véase kwiste:wa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tlakwiste:wato nokone:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My child went to clear off and upright corn and beans in the field (following behind the plow).
\phrase_s Mi hijo fue a enderezar la milpa y los frijoles en la milpa (siguiendo atrás de la yunta).
\sense_e to pick everything up; to clear out (e.g., at the end of the day to pick up all ones merchandise that has been spread out to sell)
\sense_s levantar (p. ej., al final del día levantar toda la mercancía que había sido extendida para vender)
\sense_d Pending
\root kwi
\root e:wa
\xref tlakwiste:wilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref kwiste:wa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 03184
\lxam a:la:wi
\lxam_c a:la:wi
\lxoa a:la:wi
\lxoa_c a:la:wi
\dt 20/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\sense_e to crumble or fall down (things piled in a heap, land during an avalanche)
\sense_s desmoronarse, venir hacia abajo (cosas amontonadas o apiladas, un avalanche)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka mopan a:la:wis un tlikuwtli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't let that pile of firewood come falling down on you!
\phrase_s ¡No dejes que ese montón de leña te caiga encima!
\phrase_n O:a:la:w un tekorral.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That stone wall (i.e., part of it) tumbled down (with the stones slipping off each other).
\phrase_s Esa cerca de piedras (esto es, parte de ella) se derrumbó.
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w a:la:wi moswaw. Xkwahli o:htili:nitiah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your bundles of (tied together) maize leaves have started to slip down (from where they had been piled up). You didn't tie them up tightly as you went along.
\phrase_s Los manojos de zacate (que guardaste) han empezado a venirse hacia abajo (de donde habían sido apilados). No ibas amarrándolos bien.
\sense_e to scrape oneself
\sense_s rasparse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:niteaga:la:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got scraped (from falling).
\phrase_s Me raspé (al caer).
\disamb 01259_disambig-xikolewi-alawi-am_cf
\src_dis 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav at 8:35
\root a:la:
\disamb disam xiti:ni ; xi:pe:wi; a:la:wi
\nse This verb refers to items piled up that slide down: earth avalanching, things coming down a slope, etc. In reference to scraping, this form may be compounded with the parts of the
body affected: ma:aga:la:wi , ikxiaga:la:wi , etc. Often a voiced velar stop (or fricative) occurs after the reduplicated syllable. This has been written
with a /g/.
\qry Perhaps the intensifier can only be used with the sense of 'scrape.' This should be checked.
\grm Note the phonetically predictable insertation of [g] between the reduplicated /aa:/.
\semref xi:kole:wi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03185
\lxam akia
\lxam_c kakia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ki(a)
\trans Compl (irregular: onaki)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to put or place (an object) inside of some small or tight space (such as a drawer or box)
\sense_s meter (un objeto) dentro de una lugar estrecho (como un cajón o algún lugar ajustado)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ne: xkaki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place it in there!
\phrase_s ¡Colócalo ahíadentro!
\disamb disam kalaktia
\root ak
\nse There is a difference between akia and kalaktia. The latter refers to putting something inside a fairly ample space. The first, akia ,
refers to putting an object into something such as a box, a file drawer, etc., i.e., a space where the thing put in"fits."It appears that the distinction is somewhat similar to that in English
between"put inside"and"put in." Akia can refer to placing a knife or machete it its sheath, or something in a place where it belongs: e.g. a drawer in a piece of
furniture. Note that the imperative xkaki is homophonous with the negative xkaki 'listen' although the latter is often found apocopated as
xaki.
\grm Note that */aki/ without the directional /on-/ never occurs; cf. to /one:wa/ or /wa:le:wa/ and */e:wa/.
\semref onaki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref kalahtia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref akilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 03186
\lxam matiltik
\lxam_c matiltik
\lxoa matiltik
\lxoa_c matiltik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e twisted
\sense_s torcido
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Matiltik, xwel tlapa:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is twisted (in this case the grain that runs inside a log or branch), it can't be split.
\phrase_s Estátorcido (en este caso el grano que corre por un tronco o rama), no se puede partir.
\root matil
\qry Make sure this can be uttered in nonreduplicated form.
\grm Devoicing: Make sure grammar, in phonology section, refers to devoicing of /l/ in syllable-final position.
\ref 03187
\lxam kwi:xin
\lxam_c kwi:xin
\lxoa kwi:xin
\lxoa_alt kwi:xih
\lxoa_c kwi:xin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\sense_e generic name for a group of large birds (perhaps hawks) as yet not entirely identified
\sense_s nombre genérico por un grupo de aves grandes (quizágavilanes) todavía no identificado plenamente
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e specific type of hawk; there is one type with a white breast, apparently the Short-tailed Hawk, Buteo brachyurus fuliginosus; another type of
kwi:xin has a partially white tail, perhaps the Common Black Hawk, Buteogallus anthracinus, the Great Black Hawk, Buteogallus
urubitinga ridgwayi, the Solitary Eagle, Harpyhaliaetus solitarius, or a closely related species.
\sense_s tipo específico de"hawk"; hay un tipo con el pecho blanco, aparentemente el"Short-tailed Hawk," Buteo brachyurus fuliginosus, o una especie cercana; otro tipo
de kwi:xin tiene la cola con una parte blanca, quizáel"Common Black Hawk," Buteogallus anthracinus, el"Great Black Hawk," Buteogallus
urubitinga ridgwayi, el"Solitary Eagle," Harpyhaliaetus solitarius, o una especie cercana.
\sense_d Am, Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 3, 8, 9 p. 199; Pl. 4, 8, 10, 11, pp. 191, 193, 194
\sense_e eagle
\sense_s águila (? o gavilán)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root kwix
\ency_note kwixin
\nse To date in Ameyaltepec fives types of kwi:xin have been identified: kwi:xin ko:stik , kwi:xin pitsaktsi:n and
tsomakwi:xin , tlitliktsi:n , and another that lives by the river and is tli:lihka:tsi:n or, as Cristino Flores (who did not remember its
name) said, poyaktsi:n. There is another kwi:xin -like bird called tlakotatatsi:n (in Oapan apparently áyokwá:ni. In
Oapan there are two types of kwi:xin : kwi:xin kwitlanextik i:tsi:mpa ista:k and tsómakwi:xin. Roberto Mauricio mentioned that there is
another bird named tlítliktsí:nthat eats wi:lomeh such as the sakatsi:n.
\nae Vowel length data here has to be compared, not only for kwixin, but for other compounds in which this element enters. Note that Pipil has a short /i/, Campbell
gives kwixti as 'gavilán' in Cuisnahuat Pipil. Tetelcingo, Morelos, has a cognate form tojtli. It is quite possible that the long vowel I indicated for Ameyaltepec
kwi:xin is in error and should be corrected.
\qry Vowel length data here has to be compared, not only for kwixin, but for other compounds in which this element enters. Note that Pipil has a short /i/, Campbell
gives kwixti as 'gavilán' in Cuisnahuat Pipil. Tetelcingo, Morelos, has a cognate form tojtli. It is quite possible that the long vowel I indicated for Ameyaltepec
kwi:xin is in error and should be corrected.
\mod According to Roberto Mauricio the /i:/ is long. Recheck recording.
\notes_nature A kwi:xin is not considered a to:to:tl. Note that although Nahuatl á:ilah is loaned from Spanish águila and one
would expect this to indicate an eagle, consultants indicate that á:ilah is synonymous with kwi:xin , which they translate as
gavilán , or 'hawk' (note that RS gives milano , or kite, for kwi:xin). Thus it remains to be determined whether the
á:ilah and kwi:xin are in fact the same bird and, if so, whether they refer to the eagle, as indicated by the borrowed term
á:ilah or whether they refer to the hawk or kite (milano) given the usual translation of kwi:xin. In one entry I have recorded
three types of kwi:xin : kwi:xin , tsomakwi:xin , and kwi:xin pitsaktsi:n. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify
this as the 'gavilán.'
\ref 03188
\lxam te:ma:muwtih
\lxam_c te:ma:muwtih
\lxoa te:ma:mohtih
\lxoa_c te:ma:mohtih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e frightening
\sense_s espantoso
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e dangerous
\sense_s peligroso
\sense_d Pending
\root mawi
\nse In my original notes I had 'peligroso' as a translation given by an Ameyaltepec consultant. However, perhaps 'frightening' is more accurate. Use in context should clarify the precise
semantics of te:ma:muhtih.
\qry Check translation; on my original file card I had 'peligroso'; check if this is correct and elicit the Nahuatl for 'peligroso.' Perhaps frightening is more correct (or both). Get contextual
use. Note that the file card also did not have vowel length recorded (it also had /te:momuhti/, which might be a writing error). Check.
\ref 03189
\lxam pitsa:hka:n
\lxam_c i:pitsa:hka:n
\lxoa pitsa:hka:n
\lxoa_c i:pitsa:hka:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-dvb-ka:n
\sense_e lower back or waist (of a person or animal, with a person the most usual reference is to the waist along the back)
\sense_s cintura o espalda inferior (de una persona o animal, en cuanto a una persona, se refiere generalmente a la cintura por la parte atrás)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kikwechoh nekaxa:ni:hli, kichapa:nili:skeh ipitsa:hka:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They ground up the vine called nekaxa:ni:hli,they will sprinkle it on the back of her waist.
\phrase_s Molieron la enredadera llamada nekaxa:ni:hli, se la van a rociar por la parte posterior de la cintura.
\semfld body
\root pitsa:
\root_rel -ka:n
\ref 03190
\lxam pitsi:nia
\lxam_c kipitsi:nia
\lxoa pitsi:nia
\lxoa_c kipitsi:nia
\lx_te tepitsi:nia
\lx_te_d Am, Oa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to lightly crush or break (the hard surface of sth, such as an egg by tapping it softly against sth hard)
\sense_s romper o estallar ligeramente (la superficie dura de algo, como el cascarón de un huevo al golpearlo suavemente contra algo duro, o bien una fruta muy madura)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xpitsi:ni un to:to:ltetl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Lightly break the shell of that egg (particularly by tapping it against sth hard)!
\phrase_s ¡Rómpele el cascarón a ese huevo (especialmente al golpearlo ligeramente contra algo duro)!
\sense_e to pinch lightly (an animate being)
\sense_s pellizcar ligeramente (un ser animado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikompitsi:nih nono:biah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I reached over and lightly pinched my girlfriend.
\phrase_s Le di un ligero pellizco a mi novia.
\semfld distort-fissure
\discuss pitsi:ni
\root pitsi:
\ref 03191
\lxam ka:xtik
\lxam_c ka:xtik
\lxoa tekaxtik
\lxoa_c tekaxtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be concave (a material object such as a bowl); to be depressed (the ground where there is a concave depression); to be sagged or bent in the middle (e.g., an animal's
back)
\sense_s ser concavo (un objeto material tal como un plato hondo o tacita); estar sumido (e.g. un terreno); estar pando (p. ej., el lomo de un animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ka:xtik un a:kaxtetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That stone trough for giving water to pigs is concave (hollowed out).
\phrase_s Esa pileta para darle de beber a los marranos estáconcava.
\semfld form-bulk
\root kax
\nae The Oapan utterances all seem to have a short /a/ in the middle syllable. The lengths were 73 and 90 ms for Florencia Marcelino and 73 and 79 msm for her husband, Inocencio
Jiménez. The Ameyaltepec form should thus be rechecked, as well as all verbal forms with this root.
\qry Determine the difference between /ka:xiwtok/ and /ka:xtik/, perhaps it is similar to that between /kaxa:ntok/ and /kaxa:nki/. Note that the vowel appeared short to me in /tekaxtik/.
This would be in accord with /a:kaxtetl/. However, cf. to /ka:xiwi/.
\vl Vowel length here should be checked. I expected a long /a:/. Check with other words with this /kax/ element.
\ref 03192
\lxam kuwa
\lxam_c kikuwa
\lxoa kowa
\lxoa_c kikowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3b(ow)
\sense_e to buy
\sense_s comprar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:ch ika o:tko:w?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How much did you pay for it?
\phrase_s ¿Cuánto te costó?
\phrase_n Xwel nokuwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It can't be bought.
\phrase_s No se puede comprar.
\root ko:wa
\nae The question of the duration and length of /o/ before /wa/ needs to be thoroughly studied. It is generally held that length is neutralized in this context, and that there is not difference in
realization of an underlying long {o:} and an underlying short {o} before /-wa/. However, this statement needs to be reevaluated through an analysis of length in words such as
sepowiand other words with underlying long {o} and those that have a short vowel in this place. The difference is most directly manifested in perfective forms,
in which underlying length {o:} maintains word-final /w/. Thus one finds o:kisepo:w from kisepowa, whereas one obtains
o:kipoloh from kipolowa. Nevertheless, the duration of the /o/ or /u/ in Oapan kikowa is longer than expected.
\qry Definitely needed are more examples of use, although perhaps the meaning of this word is not as problematical as that of others.
\qry Check vowel lenght of /-owa/ verbs. Here the {o:} is underlyingly long. The surface length seems also quite long, but this might also reflect syllable structure, etc.
\mod Perhaps change the orthography of this to /kowa/. Make a decision.
\vl Check vl of final o/u in /kikowa/. Check with other /o/'s in this position.
\xref kowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03193
\lxam tlato:lchi:kwepo:ni
\lxam_c tlato:lchi:kwepo:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-PM-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to run off at the mouth very much
\sense_s de repente hablar muchísimo
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:nitlato:lchi:kwepo:n, xwel nikteltia:ya ika te:wa:n nimonono:stoya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I ran off at the mouth for a long time, I couldn't stop talking to people.
\phrase_s De repente empecéa hablar muchísimo, no podía para de placticar con la gente.
\semfld communicate
\root hto
\root chi:-
\root kwepo:
\qry Check for transitive form, for form without /chi:-/ (i.e., /tlato:lkwepo:ni/), and disambiguate from /tlato:lpo:ni/.
\semref tlato:lpo:ni
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tláto:lpó:ni
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03194
\lxam anjoli:n itakatl
\lxam_c anjoli:n itakatl
\lxoa a:jolítakátl
\lxoa_c a:jolítakátl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) ajonjolí
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e an itacate or, in Spanish, toasted gordita, (type of toasted tortilla-like food) made of sesame
\sense_s una gordita (o itacate) de ajonjolí
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food
\root htaka
\ency_note tlakwahli
\fl itakatl
\qry Check length of initial /a/ of /anjoli:n/ in Am. Check for possessed forms. Note that all initial vowel words should be compared for length. It seems that long initial /a:/ is quite
obvious.
\mod Add encyclopedia entry under food listing types of food
\root_notes Probably /itakatl/ is related to the verb /itki/ and thus the nominal /tlatki/, although this should be checked.
\vl Note that initial /a:/ in Oapan measures well over 100 ms. This should be used to compare to other roots/stems with short initial vowel
\ref 03195
\lxam istatl
\lxam_c istatl
\lxoa istatl
\lxoa_c istatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e salt
\sense_s sal
\sense_d Pending
\root sta
\qry Check whether a -yo possessive form exists: ?istayo. If so, change entry.
\ref 03196
\lxam tokatl
\lxam_c tokatl
\lxoa tokatl
\lxoa_c tokatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\sense_e generic name for spider
\sense_s nombre genérica para araña
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ka:dah se: ima tokatl tikoni:s se: pla:toh de a:to:hli deke o:mitskwah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e For each leg of a spider (in this case a tarantula) you will drink a bowl of atole, if it bit you.
\phrase_s Para cada pierna de una araña (en este caso una tarantula) vas a beber un plato de atole, si te mordió.
\root toka
\notes_nature This is the generic name for all spiders (e.g., tarantula, house spiders, etc.) except daddy longlegs (see ma:se:kapochik)
\vl Use first tokens from each speaker.
\semref tokatl de un totomioh; ma:se:kapochik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ma:sia:pochik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03197
\lxam kafenya:rowa
\lxam_c kafenya:rowa
\lxoa kafenya:rowa
\lxoa_c kafenya:rowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan (Nah) café
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-loan
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to drink coffee (usually in the morning)
\sense_s tomar café(generalmente en la mañana)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkafenyarote:wa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Have some coffee before you head out!
\phrase_s ¡Tómate un caféantes de salir!
\qry The length of the final /a/ is uncertain and should be rechecked. In Oapan it appears to have long duration, probably the effect of the loan status from Spanish:
\ref 03198
\lxam tlakukwahli
\lxam_c tlakukwahli
\lxoa tlá:kwahlí
\lxoa_c tlá:kwahlí
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e food that has been chewed in ones mouth
\sense_s comida que ha sido masticada en la boca
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtolo motlakukwal!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Swallow the chewed food that you have in your mouth!
\phrase_s ¡Trágate la comida masticada que estéen tu boca!
\sense_e cud
\sense_s comida masticada que rumian las vacas
\sense_d Oa
\semfld food
\root kwa
\semref tlakwahli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref tlakukwaltik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlá:kwaltík
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03199
\lxam patile:wi
\lxam_c patile:wi
\lxoa patile:wi
\lxoa_c patile:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to go or lean over to one side; to slip out of line (e.g., a wall that is leaning over, a leg or foot that twists, for instance as one missteps on a rock or edge)
\sense_s ladear; ponerse o quedar chueco o no recto (p. ej., una pared a punto de caer, una pierna o pie que se desliza y va por un lado como cuando algn pisa una piedra suelta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mopan wetsis mokaltsi:n, yo:patile:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your little house will fall down on you, it's leaning over crooked.
\phrase_s Se te va a caer encima tu casita, ya quedóchueco por un lado.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication and -tiw or other similar aspectual markers) to go wobbling along, walking crookedly or swaying from one side to another (e.g.,
sb very sick, drunk, etc.)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga y -tiw u otros similares marcadores de aspecto) ir tambaleándose, andar yendo de lado a lado (p. ej., algn muy enfermo, un
borracho, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pa:patile:wtiw -=pa:patiliwtiw- yo:tla:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He goes along on wobbly feet (swaying and walking crookedly), he's gotten drunk.
\phrase_s Va tambaleándose (caminando o yendo de un lado a otro), ya se emborrachó.
\root patil
\disamb patiliwi; kwepaliwi, nekwiliw, no:liwi, etc.
\nse Patile:wi , and other roots with the same stem, apparently refers to situations in which something goes off to one side, such as a wall that is about to fall over, a leg
that slips on a rock, a drunk trying to walk straight and upright, etc. The meaning, then, seems to indicate things that go off-line.
\qry Check possibility of transitive form and, in general, transitives of verbs that show /e:wi/ ~ /iwi/ alternation in the intransitive. Check for use of /te-/ intensifier. Check dif. with other
verbs or stems with similar meaning.
\semref patiliwi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03200
\lxam ile:wilistli
\lxam_c ile:wilistli
\lxoa ile:wilistli
\lxoa_c ile:wilistli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e sth appearing inviting or appetizing (particularly sth to drink or eat)
\sense_s algo apetitoso, que se antoja (particularmente algo para beber o comer)
\sense_d Pending
\root l
\root e:w
\qry Query on tape for word explanation. Check for possessed form.
\vl Use second female token and first male token.
\ref 03201
\lxam arre:ychah
\lxam_c arre:ychah
\lxoa arre:ychah
\lxoa_c arre:ychah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan arrecho (a)
\sense_e to be high-spirited, a live-wire (usually in reference to a woman)
\sense_s ser muy animada y chancista; ser alegre (generalmente en referencia a una mujer)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to have a lot of lovers; to be loose (sexually); to go around with or desire many lovers; to be constantly horny
\sense_s tener muchos amantes; ser disoluta o fácil (una mujer en particular); ser caliente (sexualmente) y siempre con ganas de hacer el amor
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nse Although at times consultants have said that the male form of this adjective (arre:ychoh can be used to refer to men who are woman-chasers (i.e.,
mujeriegos) I have never heard it so used. To the best of my knowledge
\qry For the entry I originally had both genders for Ameyaltepec although I seem to remember it was only used in reference to women. FM would not accept the male gender form.
\ref 03202
\lxam tsi:nko
\lxam_c itsi:nko
\lxoa tsi:nko
\lxoa_c i:tsi:nko
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-poss-k(o)
\infn N2
\sense_e anus; asshole
\sense_s ano; culo
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root tsi:n
\root_rel -ko
\vl Tag and label, but do not link to online dictionary
\ref 03203
\lxam a:lachiwi
\lxam_c a:lachiwi
\lxoa a:lachiwi
\lxoa_c a:lachiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become slimy or slippery; to acquire a soapy texture
\sense_s hacerse baboso o viscoso
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:tikii:to:nih motlake:n, yo:a:lachiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You sweated on your clothes, they got slimy (from the sweat).
\phrase_s Sudaste sobre tu ropa, se hizo fea y pegagosa (del sudor).
\nse To become slippery and slimy like nopales, or old food such as beans that start to go bad. This verb can also refer to the texture of something soapy.
\root a:lach
\nae The vowel length of this word was originally noted as long, but measures of the duration of the 4 tokens from Oapan revealed lenghts of 104 and 99 ms for Florencia Marcelino, and
88 and 92 ms for Inocencio Jiménez. This seems to be within the range of short word-initial vowels although further comparisons with related forms will need to be conducted. For
now, however, the initial vowel of the Oapan form has been written left long as originally noted.
\vl Check vowel length of first vowel
\ref 03204
\lxam kaxa:nia
\lxam_c kikaxa:nia
\lxoa kaxa:nia
\lxoa_c kikaxa:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to loosen (e.g., a knot, sth tightly bundled)
\sense_s aflojar (p. ej., un nudo, algo bien apretado)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to loosen (sth) of or on (e.g., the saddle of an animal [O])
\sense_s afojar (algo) a (p. ej., una silla a un animal [O])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Witsakatsi:n, notla:lia ipan i:n xo:chitl. Na:n ya kikalaktia ite:nchopiotsi:n itik un xo:chitl. Ihkón tlapopo:naltia, kikakaxa:nia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The hummingbird, it alights on this flower. Then it sticks its small little beak into the flower. That's the way it opens things up, it loosens it (the flower) up.
\phrase_s El colibrí, se posa sobre una flor. Ya entonces mete su piquito dentro de la flor. Asíabre flores, la afloja (la flor).
\phrase_n Xkaxa:ni un burroh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Loosen (the saddle on) that burro.
\phrase_s Aflójale (la silla) a ese burro.
\sense_e to weaken (ones body, i.e., the back and lower back from activities such as carrying heavy weights)
\sense_s debilitar (el cuerpo, esto es, la espalda y la espalda inferior al llevar a cabo actividades como el de cargar un peso grande)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nkaxa:nih notla:kayo pa:mpa yetí:k un kósta:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I weakened my body because that sack was heavy.
\phrase_s Hice que se me aflojara el cuerpo porque ese costal era pesado.
\sense_e (refl.) to relax (ones body)
\sense_s (refl.) relajarte (el cuerpo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtepi:tso motla:kayo. Ma:ka timokaxa:ni:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tighten up (tense) your body (e.g., just before lifting a heavy weight)! Don't relax!
\phrase_s ¡Apriétate el cuerpo (p. ej., al estar por levantar una cosa pesada)!¡No te vayas a aflojar!
\sense_e (refl.) to exhaust and weaken ones back and lower back
\sense_s (refl.) quedar exhausto o debilitarse (por la espalda o espalda inferior)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nokaxa:nih, o:kima:mah ti:roh yetí:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He got a sore back (at the waist), he carried something really heavy.
\phrase_s Se quedóadolorido de la espalda (a la cintura), llevóa cuestas un peso grande.
\phrase_n O:nimokaxa:nih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I exhausted myself (getting a sore back from working a lot).
\phrase_s Me hice cansar mucho (quedando adolorido de la espalda por trabajar mucho).
\sense_e (refl.) to loosen ones clothes
\sense_s (refl.) aflojar la ropa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma nimokaxa:ni, ke:n tili:nki notlakotia:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me loosen my clothes (e.g., a belt), (the clothes around) my waist are really tight (e.g., because I have just eaten a lot)!
\phrase_s ¡Déjame soltar mi ropa (p. ej., el cinturón), (la ropa por) mi cintura estámuy apretada (p. ej., porque comímucho)!
\sense_e to have intercourse with (a woman) for the first time shortly after childbirth (e.g., more or less before 15 days have passed after childbirth; a man should wait 30-40 days to
have intercourse with a woman who has given birth)
\sense_s tener relaciones sexuales con (una mujer) por primera vez poco después de un parto (e.g., más o menos antes de que hayan pasado 15 días; un hombre debe esperar 30-40
días después del parto para tener relaciones sexuales con un mujer)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kikaxa:ni:s isuwa:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will have intercourse with his wife for the first time after childbirth.
\phrase_s Va a tener relaciones sexuales con su esposa por primera vez después del parto.
\root kaxa:
\nse According to Panfilo Lorenzo one should wait 30 to 45 days after birth to have intercourse with one's wife. But if one has intercourse much sooner (e.g. 15 days or less) then the
verb kaxa:nia is appropriate. Note also that with an animate the verb kaxa:nia has an applicative sense with an implied secondary object that
does not necessarily need to be overtly expressed in discourse. Thus one can say xkaxa:ni moburroh 'loosen (it up on) your donkey"with the understanding that this
refers to the saddle. Or, used reflexively with a human subject, nokaxa:nia (at least in Ameyaltepec), has the sense of 'to loosen (sth) in regard to oneself,' i.e.,
clothes.
\grm Valency; transitivity; reflexive: Note the following sentence and meaning: /Ma nimokaxa:ni, ke:n tili:nki notlakotia:n!/ 'Let me loosen my clothes (e.g., a belt), (the clothes
around) my waist are really tight (e.g., because I have just eaten a lot)!' The meaning of /ma nimokaxa:ni/ in the preceding phrase is reminiscent of /o:nokoto:n noburroh/ in
another phrase. In /o:nokoto:n/ the meaning is that the subject snapped something (a tether) that was part of it (i.e., inalienably possessed) and that affected it (as a middle
construction). Viewed in this way, one might suggest that the undering form of both /nokaxa:nia/ and /nokoto:na/ is {ki + no + kaxa:nia} and {ki + no + koto:na} and that
in both cases the reflexive does not occupy an argument slot, as is often the case with reflexives in middle constructions (cf. /notlalowa/). Note also that a potential argument
or fact in support of this interpretation is that in many cases the specific object /ki-/ is not marked with reflexive const ructions. Thus in Ameyaltepec one finds
/nimokowili:s se: burroh/ 'I will buy myself a donkey' instead of the Classical /niknokowili:s/, in which both the specific 3rd person and the reflexive are overtly marked on
the verb. Note also that with an animate the verb kaxa:nia has an applicative sense with an implied secondary object that does not necessarily need to
be overtly expressed in discourse. Thus one can say xkaxa:ni moburroh 'loosen (it up on) your donkey"with the understanding that this refers to the saddle.
Or, used reflexively with a human subject, nokaxa:nia (at least in Ameyaltepec), has the sense of 'to loosen (sth) in regard to oneself,' i.e., clothes.
\xref kaxa:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 03205
\lxam mo:so:tl
\lxam_c mo:so:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\sense_e type of weed eaten by donkeys, still not identified, occasionally called xiwtli de mo:so:tl
\sense_s tipo de maleza comida por los burros, todavía no identificada, a veces llamada xiwtli de mo:so:tl
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root mo:so:
\qry Check uses.
\notes_nature FK lists mo:zo:tl of which she states:"plant that produces indigo dye and from which an antidysentery medicine is made"; mozote. It is listed in the
Zacapoaxtla dictionary.
\ref 03206
\lxam te:nxokwi:chiwi
\lxam_c te:nxokwi:chiwi
\lxoa te:nxokwi:chiwi
\lxoa_c te:nxokwi:chiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to make an expressive face by tightening ones lips and mouth in a snarling-like gesture (e.g., the face one makes when eating sth sour; the face one makes with gestures of
disbelief, turning up ones mouth and lips; and the face a male animal makes, such as a bull, dog, or donkey, when smelling the rear of a female)
\sense_s hacer muecas al tensar y abrir los labios como de disgusto (p. ej., al comer algo muy agrio; la cara que uno hace de incredulidad, alzando la boca y labios, abriéndolos
poquito; también la cara que hace un animal macho como perro, toro o burro al oler la parte trasera de una hembra)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:nxokwi:chiwtok, xkwelita.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's making a face of dislike, he doesn't like it (i.e., its taste).
\phrase_s Estáhaciendo muecas de disgusto, no le agrada (p. ej., su sabor).
\phrase_n Te:nsokwi:chiwi to:roh kwa:k kitsi:ninekwi ba:kah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Bulls turn up their mouth and curl their lips out when they smell the rear of a cow.
\phrase_s Los toros alzan el hocico y encrespan los labios cuando huelen la parte trasera de una vaca.
\sense_e to be buttoned crookedly (e.g., the front of a shirt so that the edges of the two sides are bunched and curled up)
\sense_s quedar mal abrochada (p. ej., la frente de una camisa con el resultado que los dos lados de la camisa no estén alineadas, quedándose fruncidos y arrugados)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:nxokwi:chiwi mokoto:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your shirt is buttoned wrong.
\phrase_s Estámal abrochada tu camisa.
\root te:n
\root xokwi:ch
\fl xokwi:chiwi
\mod Illustrate.
\semref yekaxokwi:chiwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03207
\lxam wa:kaxko:hke:tl
\lxam_c wa:kaxko:hke:tl
\lxoa wa:kaxko:hke:tl
\lxoa_alt wa:'axko:hke:tl
\lxoa_c wa:kaxko:hke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\loan (part) vaca
\sense_e person who buys cattle
\sense_s comprador de ganado
\sense_d Pending
\root ko:wa
\qry_fon In all these cases, check /w/, or should it be /h/.
\semref wa:xko:hke:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03208
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was for /tsotsomi:ntia/ and has been removed as a duplicate.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03209
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be /i:xpankekelowa/ but has been removed for vulgar.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03210
\lxam tlawekatlan
\lxam_c tlawekatlan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1[tla-]
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e extended area where it is deep (particularly sections of a river)
\sense_s lugar oárea extendido donde estáprofundo (particularmente secciones de un río)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Yo:niki:s ka:n a:pani, xok tlawekatlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've come out to where the water is shallow, it's no longer deep.
\phrase_s Salía donde el agua estápoca profunda, ya no es profunda.
\root wehka
\root_rel -ka:n
\nde Oapan does not use the tla- for * tlawékatlán but would instead say: nowiyá: wékatláh.
\qry Query all the following: Adjectivas in -tik or -ki that form tla + adjectival stem + ka:n (pa:stik and tlapa:stika:n). Query all locatives that form /tla-/ derivatives: /wekatlan/ and
/tlawekatlan/. Finally, query all possessed locatives that have a /tla-/ form, e.g., /-te:nko/ and /tlate:nko/.
\grm /tla-/ with locatives; impersonals; subjectless: One of the major semantic distinctions that I have yet to resolve is the difference between"locative"constructions with and
without /tla-/. There are many such constructions is which forms with and without seem to alternate. Thus one has /nepantlah/ and /tlanepantlah/, /-tsi:ntlan/ and
/tlatsi:ntlah/, and many forms such as /wekatlan/ and /tlawekatlan/. It would seem, though this has to be further determined, that in such cases or constructions /tla-/ acts as
it does with other one-place predicates: it indicates a general state of affairs, or a generalized event, without any particular reference to a definite subject. Thus /tlawa:ki/
refers to drying that takes place (over an extended space) and not to any particular object that dries. Following this analysis, /wekatlan/ is used to describe a particular
location. I would think (and thus should be checked) that one can say /nika:n wekatlan/ 'it is deep here' but not ?/nika:n tlawekatlan / . But this should be checked. Note
also that there are other constructions that only exist with /tla-/. In such cases the /tla-/ (plus /-ka:n/) gives the predicate a spatialextension. Thus one has /wa:hki/ 'it is dry'
and /tlawa:hka:n/, but not (I think) ?/wa:hka:n/. The same would be true of /pa:stik/, which exists as /tlapa:stika:n/ but not (I think) as /pa:stika:n/. It seems that perhaps
those adjectivals that end in /-k/ or /-ki/ may form impersonal adjectivals only (and don't have a corresponding form with /-ka:n/ but without /tla-/. Thus /wa:hki/ and
/tlawa:hka:n/, /xoxo:hki/ and /tlaxoxo:hka:n/ (but not, it seems, ?wa:hka:n or ?xoxo:hka:n). Similarly /pa:stik/ and /tlapa:stika:n/, but not ?pa:stika:n. For these cases /tla-/
plus /-ka:n/ together give a spatial dimension to the adjectival. However, there are the other cases in which one has a locative (e.g., /wekatlan/) than can occur with /tla-/
(as in /tlawekatlan/). Thus there are two general paradigms. The first are locativ e s that may or may not occur with /tla-/. These include those that are possessed (e.g.,
/-te:nko/ and /tlate:nko/), where /tla-/ takes the place of the possessor prefix; and it includes those thatare not possessed (e.g., /wekatlan/ and /tlawekatlan/) in which /tla-/
acts, it seems, as an"impersonal"though this needs further investigation. Finally, and on the other hand, there are cases in which both /tla-/ and /-ka:n/ are added to
adjectivals and indicate a spatial dimension to the characteristic referenced. Finally, note that in certain cases there is simply the addition of /tla-/, as in /we:i/ and /tlawe:i/.
Here there is a reference to /we:ika:n/ in the dance relation for Moros (/we:ika:n Jerusalé:n/).
\xref wekatlan
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 03211
\lxam chikino:liwi
\lxam_c chikino:liwi
\lxoa chikino:liwi
\lxoa_c chikino:liwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Mod-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become crooked; to become bent
\sense_s enchuecarse; encorvarse; ponerse chueco
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:chikino:liw un tlako:tl, peya:stik katka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That rod has become bent (crooked), it used to be straight.
\phrase_s Esa vara se quedóchuecó, estaba derecha (recta).
\phrase_n Yo:chikino:liw mosurkoh, xkwahli tikwi:ka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your furrow (as you plow a field) has come out crooked, you aren't guiding it (the plow along the furrows) along well (i.e., not straight).
\phrase_s El surco ya estásaliendo chueco, no lo llevas bien (esto es, no llevas bien el arado, no vas derecho con la yunta).
\root chiki
\root no:l
\disamb pachowa
\nse Apprently chikino:liwi and chikitoliwi (and their derivatives) have the same meaning or are very similar. However, note that the difference between
chikino:liwi and chikitoliwi on the hand and no:liwi on the other appears to be the objects to which the verbs may be applied. The
former two appear to be used more with hard or long things: rods. beams, furrows (in a field), etc. while the second no:liwi with softer things (such as candles) or
smaller thing (e.g., pens, etc.).
\mod In /ono contrast: chikino:liwi, chikitoliwi, no:liw, pachowa, cuelpachowa, etc. Recheck contrasts between these.
\root_notes Perhaps /chiki/ is related to /chi:/ and both to /chika:/ indicating a form of intensification.
\semref no:liwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03212
\lxam owitia
\lxam_c nowitia
\lxoa ówitiá
\lxoa_pr owitia
\lxoa_c nówitiá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\trans +Refl/-Intrans
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl. + adverb of place) to pass through (a given place [expressed adverbially], e.g., a person who passes through or along a particular path, such as along the banks of a
river, through a mountain pass, etc.); to make ones way through or along (e.g., a particular path)
\sense_s (refl. + adverbio de lugar) encaminarse por (un lugar dado [expresado adverbialmente], p. ej., una persona que pasa por una senda en particular, o por las orillas de un
río, etc.); pasar por (un lugar, una senda o camino, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n nowitian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They pass through here.
\phrase_s Pasan por aquí.
\phrase_n Ka:no:n nowiti:lo?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where do people go through (i.e., what is the path that people take)?
\phrase_s ¿Dónde pasa la gente (esto es, donde estáel camino preferido)?
\phrase_n O:nimowitih ne:,ite:nko nomi:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I took the path there, at the edge of my milpa.
\phrase_s Toméel camino allá, por la orilla de mi milpa.
\phrase_n Ne: xmowiti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go through there (e.g., a small break in a fence)!
\phrase_s ¡Pásate por allí(p. ej., un pequeño espacio en una cerca)!
\sense_e (refl.) to flow through (e.g., water in a channel, or along and through a depression in the ground, a ditch, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) fluir; correr; manar (p. ej., un líquido por una depresión en la tierra, por un canal o zanja, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root oh
\nae It seems clear that as with owimati , owitia is derived from the nominal root {oh} 'path' or 'road.' This would explain the pitch accent in the Oapan
form.
\qry Since Ameyaltepec does not manifest underlying {h} this word should be checked in other nearby dialects and the root (for this entry and for others such as /nowitike:tl/) changed if
needed.
\ref 03213
\lxam a:wakeh
\lxam_c a:wakeh
\lxoa á:wakéh
\lxoa_alt á:wakíh
\lxoa_c á:wakéh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-posr-wah
\infn N1
\pitch yes
\sense_e rainmakers, i.e. those that are said to bring or cause it to rain, these are small beings who inhabit the heavens and bring rain (lit. 'possessors of water' or 'those who possess
water'); ahuaques , Sp.
\sense_s los que traen la lluvia o hacen que llueve, son seres pequeños que residen en el cielo (lit. 'dueños del agua' o 'los que poseen agua'); ahuaques
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:na:wiltian a:wakeh ke:n xok kiawi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The ahuaques are playing games on people with this that is doesn't rain anymore (i.e., not like it used to in previous years).
\phrase_s Los 'ahuaques' están vacilando con eso de que ya no llueve (esto es, como en años anteriores).
\phrase_n A:man pe:was kiawis, yo:wa:hlakeh a:wakeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now it will begin to rain (referring particularly to the beginning of the rainy season), the ahuaques have come.
\phrase_s Ya va a empezar a llover (se refiere particularmente al inicio de la temporada de lluvias), los ahuaques ya vinieron.
\root a:
\disamb a:wakeh
\nse Some people say that a:wakeh is equivalent to moxteh 'clouds' as is ye wa:hlaweh a:wakeh 'the clouds are now coming.' However,
others translate a:wakeh as as angelitos who are associated with bringing water or rain. It appears, however, that most people consider the
a:wakeh as some sort of animate beings. When asked, Luis Lucena stated that he doesn't know if they are in the sie:loh or at
chikna:wtipan. And when I asked him what they looked like he laughed and said he had never seen them. Perhaps I could find out, he said, since gringos have been
to the moon.
\grm Oapan phonetics; vowel length: the initial syllable of Oapan /á:wakeh/ is clearly long, and its measurement sets some parameters for judging whether certain word-initial
vowels are long or short. My measurements give 135 and 137 ms as the length of the initial /a:/ in the speech of Florencia Marcelino; her husband's vowels measured some
106 and 138 ms. Thus the average of a high pitched initial /a:/ in this word is about 125 ms.
\ref 03214
\lxam ompú:n
\lxam_c ompú:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adv
\compound Adv-demon
\der Adv-pl
\sense_e right there!
\sense_s ¡allí!
\sense_d Am
\root on
\root_rel -pa
\vl Give the four Oapan tokens here the number 01917 and add to the tokens for this word already isolated.
\semref sampú:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref páon
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03215
\lxam koyo:nki
\lxam_c koyo:nki
\lxoa koyo:nki
\lxoa_c koyo:nki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to be perforated by a hole (hard materials and even clothes, that might have holes form cigarrette ash, etc.)
\sense_s estar agujereado; estar taladrado
\sense_d Pending
\ncol tlaxkahli
\root koyo:
\nse Refers to objects such as wood or other materials that have been drilled or otherwise perforated. Even an items of clothing with small holes, such as those from cigarrette ash, may
be considered /kokoyo:nki.
\qry Check to see if /te-/ can be used with the adjectival.
\grm One major problem to determine is the difference in meaning between /-ki/ adjectivals and /-tok/ statives. It seems that permanent changes are expressed through /-ki/
participals. Thus one has, I believe, /koyo:nki/ but not /koyo:ntok/ (or at least /koyo:ntok/ sounds a little strange, whereas /kaxa:ntok/ sounds as normal as /kaxa:nki/. For
the final grammar one elicitation that should be carried out will be to pull up all /-V:ni/ verbs and determine which take /-ki/, which take /-tok/ and which take both, and then
do an analysis. Thus the progressive meaning of /-tok/ might not simply be related to the difference between unergative and unaccusative, but to questions of the relative
permanence of the verbal action.
\ref 03216
\lxam tepetlatia
\lxam_c tepetlatia
\lxoa tepetlatia
\lxoa_c tepetlatia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to get calluses (e.g., on ones hands, feet, etc.)
\sense_s salirsele callos (p. ej., en o a las manos, las plantas de los pies, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:tetepetlatiak noma, yo:titila:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My hands have gotte calluses on them, (the skin) has gotten thick in places.
\phrase_s Se le salieron callos a mi mano, en varias partes la piel se puso gruesa.
\sense_e to thin out (clouds)
\sense_s quedarse ralos (nubes)
\sense_d Pending
\root te
\root petla
\qry Check the progressive, which as a class 4b should be /tepetlatixtok/. Check for incorporated forms, e.g. /ma:tepetlatia/, etc.
\ref 03217
\lxam ikomekayo ikuw chichi
\lxam_c ikomekayo ikuw chichi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1(N2-NP)
\sense_e generic name for type of vine, komekatl , whose fruit is called i:kuh chichi ; there is an edible and inedible variety of this plant (the edible
variant has been identified as Marsdenia sp.R. Br. of the family Asclepiadaceae; the inedible variant has been identified as Funastrum pannosum(Decne.)
Schlechter of the family Asclepiadaceae
\sense_s nombre genérico de tipo de enredadera, komekatl , cuya fruta se llama i:kuh chichi ; hay un variante comestible y otro no comestible (el
variante comestible ha sido idenficado como Marsdenia sp.R. Br. de la familia Asclepiadaceae; la variante no comestible ha sido identficado como Funastrum
pannosum(Decne.) Schlechter de la familia Asclepiadaceae
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root kome:ka
\root kow
\root chichi
\disamb komekatl
\root_notes Note in general many plants/trees which begin with /ko/ probably related to /kuh-kwaw/. Check.
\ref 03218
\lxam ikopi:ltia
\lxam_c kikopi:ltia
\lxoa íkopí:ltia
\lxoa_pr ikopi:ltia
\lxoa_cpend @kíkopí:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to close or make close (eyes); to close or make close the eyes of (a person)
\sense_s cerrar o hacer cerrar (los ojos); cerrar o hacer cerrar los ojos a (una persona)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkikopi:lti mi:xtew!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Close your eyes!
\phrase_s ¡Cierra los ojos!
\phrase_n Mlá:k ne:chikopi:ltia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He really closes my eyes (e.g., by putting his fingers on my eyelids and pressing downward)..
\phrase_s De veras me hace cerrar los ojos (por ejemplo, al poner sus dedos sobre mis párpados).
\sense_e to close or make close (the sphinkter muscle)
\sense_s cerrar o hacer cerrar (el esfincter)
\sense_d Pending
\root hkopi
\nse Note that the object of ikopiltia may be either the eyes themselves (as in Xkikopilit mi:xtew) of the"possessor"of the eyes (as in
ne:chikopiltia).
\qry Both uses mentioned in the notes, i.e. where the object are the eyes themselves and when the object is the body possessor, should be checked. Also needing to be checked is the
use which means 'to force one to close ones sphincter muscle."
\vl There is a mistake here. FM and IJ say /kikopi:ltia/ (no pitch accent) for /kíkopíltia/ (with pitch as indicated). Thus the four token here for this entry should be given
numbers 3114, token letters c and above. Please note that there are correct pronunciations of this word on the minimal pairs recording. These can be edited for your here in
the lexicon.
\xref ikopi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref íkopí
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03219
\lxam tleko:ltia
\lxam_c kitleko:ltia
\lxoa 'tlakó:ltia
\lxoa_alt 'tlekó:ltia
\lxoa_pr tleko:ltia
\lxoa_c kítlakó:ltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to take up high (e.g., a material object to the roof of a house, maize to pour in a granary, etc.)
\sense_s subir (p. ej., un objeto material a la azotea, maiz a la troje, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to raise up (e.g, a flag on a staff, maize to be poured into a granary, etc.)
\sense_s subir (p. ej., una bandera sobre una asta, maíz para verterle a una troje, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to raise the price of
\sense_s subirle el precio a (una cosa a la venta)
\sense_d Pending
\root tlehko:
\qry Check for applicative.
\xref tlekowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref tlákowá
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03220
\lxam chaya:wtok
\lxam_c chaya:wtok
\lxoa choya:htok
\lxoa_c choya:htok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be spread out (on a surface)
\sense_s estar regado o esparcido (sobre una superficie)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San chaya:wtok. Xtete:ma kwahli un a:matsitsi:nteh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The (in this case little pieces of paper on a table top) are all scattered about. Place them in a neat pile!
\phrase_s Están todos regados (en este caso pedacitos de papel sobre una mesa).¡Ponlos bien uno sobre otro!
\sense_e to be distributed or stored in various places (e.g., such as money lent out, or maize stored in various graneries)
\sense_s estar repartido o guardado entre varios locales (p. ej., como dinero prestado a varios individuos, o maíz guardado en varias trojes)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikpia tlayo:hli pero chachaya:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have maize but it is lent out to many people.
\phrase_s Tengo maíz, pero estárepartido en muchos lugares.
\root chaya:
\ref 03221
\lxam tsi:ntemolo
\lxam_c *i:tsi:ntemolo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\infn N2
\sense_e hipbone
\sense_s hueso de la cadera
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Totsi:ntemolo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is our hip bone.
\phrase_s Es nuestro hueso de la cadera.
\semfld body
\root tsi:n
\root temolo
\nse Although this word was not accepted by Cristino Flores (Am) it has temporarily been left in the lexicon pending further consultation. He accepted only temolo as
referring to the part of the hip where the leg bone is attached, i. e., hipbone.
\nae The etymology of tsi:ntemolo is still not entirely clear. It might be related to the word for pestle, the stone used with a mortar for grinding, given the shape of the bone.
\qry On a card for /temolo/ I had the simple note:"see /ma:temolo/ and /tsi:ntemolo/. The meaning of this is not yet clear. Check also whether there is a final /h/ or /-w/, in the possessed
form, with this word. Finally, recheck vowel length, particularly of the first /o/. Also, given that Oa has /temoloh/, check for final /h/ here in this present entry.
\ref 03222
\lxam kukuwintsi:n
\lxam_c kukuwintsi:n
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\sense_e child or young man who chops and brings back firewood a lot, who is good at chopping and bringing back firewood
\sense_s niño que leña mucho, que es un buen leñador
\sense_d Am
\root kow
\qry Check to determine whether a possessed form is possible.
\semref kókowíni
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03223
\lxam kwecha:wi
\lxam_c kwecha:wi
\lxoa kwecha:wi
\lxoa_c kwecha:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become damp or moist
\sense_s quedar húmedo o ligeramente mojado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San o:tlakwecha:w, xo:kiaw chika:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The ground got moistened all over, it didn't rain hard.
\phrase_s El suelo se quedóalgo húmedo por todos lados, no lloviófuerte.
\phrase_n Kwecha:wis motlake:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your clothes will get damp (humid).
\phrase_s Tu ropa se va a poner húmeda.
\root kwecha:
\qry Probably a transitive exists; document.
\ref 03224
\lxam ma
\lxam_c ma tekiti
\lxoa ma
\lxoa_c ma tekiti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\der Comptzer
\sense_e complementizer used to introduce object complement phrase
\sense_s complementizador que encabeza las frases complementarias de objeto
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikneki ma kiawi, yo:tlawa:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I want it to rain, there's a drought.
\phrase_s Quiero que llueva, hay una sequía.
\sense_e (tliá: xma [verb]) why shouldn't I [verb]
\sense_s (tliá: xma [verbo]) porque no voy a [verbo]
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Tliá: xma na:tli:te:wa?
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Why shouldn't I go drink some water before departing? (with the implication that I am going to drink water before leaving)
\phrase_s ¿Por quéno voy a tomar agua antes de salir? (con la implicación que sívoy a tomar agua antes de salir)
\root ma
\nse The phrase tliá: xma [verb] is also often realized as tliá: xmejó:r ma [verb].
\grm Phonetics: This file (the Oapan version that I have on the Nahuatl phonetics directory, is good for the nature of the vowels and their phonological context. The /ma-/ /te-/
and /ki-/ syllables all demonstrate what may be considered a prototypical exemplification of vowel length. All vowels are between 52 and 70 ms for Florencia Marcelino;
they are slightly longer for Inocencio Jiménez, her husband, about 60 to 80 ms. (of course these should be analyzed by a real phonetician.
\grm Tense agreement: Note that the optative is used for sentential complements after /neki/ nikneki ma kiawi. Xkineki ma nihte:maka tomi:n. Kinekiya ma nihpale:wi.
\qry Further study how to classify these particles in the cat entry space. Also, check how roots should be expressed.
\ref 03225
\lxam i:xte:mpipi:stik
\lxam_c i:xte:mpipi:stik
\lxoa i:xté:mpí:stik
\lxoa_c i:xté:mpí:stik
\lxoa_pr i:xté:mpi:stik
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-l)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have small eyes (e.g., a bull that has gotten fat)
\sense_s tener los ojos chiquitos (p. ej., un toro muy gordo)
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root pi:ts
\nae Often when Ameyaltepec Nahuatl has i:xte:m- , Oapan Nahuatl manifests i:xte-. This is found in many words (e.g., Ameyaltepec
i:xte:nyeyewaltik and Oapan i:xté:yewáltik). In the present example this is not the case. Of course there might be a difference in Oapan Nahuatl
between i:xte- and i:xte:n, and this might be the reason for the presence of /m/ in the present entry. But it also might be that the /m/ is epenthetic, inserted
before the following bilabial stop. Also interesting about the present form, i:xté:mpí:stik is that the reduplicant of the deverbal adjectival pi:stik is
reduced onto the final syllable of the noun. This almost always reflects an underlying short vowel, which would be the case with i:xte- but not with
i:xte:n-. These questions will need further investigation.
\root_notes Under both /i:x/ and /i:xte:m/, place a cross-reference to the other.
\grm Reduplication Oapan: Note again the stress assigned to a syllable ending in /V+nasal/ to indicate"reduplication": /i:xté:mpí:stik/.
\semref i:xte:ntsotsoyo:tik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xté:ntsoyó:tik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03226
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa áa:bióntsi:n
\lxoa_pr aa:biontsi:n
\lxoa_c áa:bióntsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan avión
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e type of flying insect, apparently a type of dragonfly, that skims the top of the water in a pool, river, stream, etc.
\sense_s tipo de insecto, aparentemente una libélula, que vuela y pasa ligeramente sobre la superficie del agua de un río, lago, charco, etc.
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root a:
\root yoma
\nae The Oapan form here is interesting. Probably as a coincidence the Ameyaltepec and Oapan forms show phonetic similarity although etymologically distinct. The Ameyaltepec name
for the dragonfly seems to be based on a particular characteristic of its flight, as it comes swooping in and along the surface of bodies of water. The Oapan form seems to be a
reduplication of the Spanish loan avión 'airplane.' Short vowel reduplication of nouns is often used to indicate"play Noun"or"fake Noun"(e.g.,
mémetlátl), so áa:bióntsi:n would be"play airplane."There is also a possibility, however, that áa:bióntsi:n is a"folk
etymological"interpretation of a:yoyontsi:n. Finally, the initial double vowel of áa:bióntsi:n is interesting. In most cases, reduplication of vowel initial
stems results in lengthening and pitch accent of the initial vowel or, if that vowel is underlyingly long, simply pitch accent on the vowel (thus unreduplicated a: polaki
redupli cates in Oapan as á:poláki). Accordingly, one would expect a:bión to redupicate as á:bión. There is no obvious reason why this
does not occur.
\semref a:yoyontsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 03227
\lxam pino:lki:sa
\lxam_c pino:lki:sa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to get termite eaten (a piece of wood that begins to get powdery sections from termites)
\sense_s carcomerse (un pedazo de madera a que se le empieza a formar polvo por la acción de polilla)
\sense_d Am
\root pino:l
\root ki:sa
\grm Noun incorporation: Note that this word gives an interesting case of incorporation. The IN /pino:hli/ is the final state at which the subject arrives at.
\ref 03228
\lxam te:ntlapa:ni
\lxam_c te:ntlapa:ni
\lxoa te:ntlapa:ni
\lxoa_c te:ntlapa:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to have an edge or end crack (e.g., a plate, or other objects to which the verb tlapa:ni can apply)
\sense_s rompersele la orilla o punta (p. ej., a un plato, u otros objetos a que el verbo tlapa:ni es aplicable)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root tlapa:
\disamb te:mposteki
\vl First utterance of female is /tetlapa:ni/. Code this 99999 special code for words to be added later.
\ref 03229
\lxam tlakoxelowilia
\lxam_c kintlakoxelowilia
\lxoa tlákoxelowíliah
\lxoa_pr tlakoxelowilia
\lxoa_c kintlákoxelowíliah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp Mod-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to divide in half among or for (two individuals or groups)
\sense_s dividir en la mitad entre o para (dos individuos o grupos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xte:xtlakoxelowili!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Divide it in half between us (or, for us)!
\phrase_s ¡Divídelo en la mitad para nosotros!
\phrase_n O:timotlakoxelowilikeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We divided it in half among ourselves.
\phrase_s Lo dividimos en la mitad entre nosotros.
\root tlahko
\root xel
\disamb xelowilia; tlakoxelowilia; notlakowia; notlakoxelowilia
\nse Given the semantics of this verb, it always takes a plural object.
\qry Determine, as with other cases of /tlako/ is this refers always to a half. Also determine whether if there are three of us one would say /xte:chtlakoxelowili/ or simply /xte:chxelowili/.
Check. Recheck vowel length. I had this with a long /e:/, probably in error.
\xref tlakoxelowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref tlákoxelówa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03230
\lxam yekawi:teki
\lxam_c kiyekawi:teki
\lxoa yekawi:teki
\lxoa_alt yikawi:teki
\lxoa_c kiyekawi:teki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to hit or belt on the snout or nose
\sense_s golpear por el hocico o la nariz
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xikseja:ro! Xikyekawi:teki! Ma tsi:nki:sa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make it back up (in this case an ox pulling a plow)! Hit it on its snout! It needs to back up!
\phrase_s ¡Hazlo retroceder (en este caso un buey de una yunta)!¡Golpéalo por el hocico!¡Quése eche para atrás!
\semfld contact
\root yeka
\root wi:teki
\qry Check to see if /te-/ can be inserted as in ?yekatewi:teki
\vl Use first male token.
\ref 03231
\lxam ka:waltia
\lxam_c ka:waltia
\lxoa ka:waltia
\lxoa_c ka:waltia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to become a widow or widower
\sense_s quedarse viuda o viudo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ka:wa
\qry See also tlaka:waltia. Check meaning of this term in both villages.
\semref ka:walti
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 03232
\lxam neltoka
\lxam_c kineltoka
\lxoa neltoka
\lxoa_c kineltoka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to believe (sth such an occurrence or happening, a story, etc.)
\sense_s creer (algo como un acontecimiento, que occurrió, un evento, historia, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkineltoka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He doesn't believe it.
\phrase_s No lo cree.
\sense_e to believe (a person in what he says)
\sense_s creer (a una persona en lo que dice)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tle:ka xtine:chneltoka?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e What don't you believe me (what I say)?
\phrase_s ¿Por quéno me crees (lo que digo)?
\root nel
\root toka
\qry Recheck and determine that the object of this verb can be both the person who is believed as well as the thing believed. Apparently, from the example sentences I have, both are
possible. Check /tlaneltoka/. If /neltoktia/ is not found without /tla-/ then change causative to /tlaneltoktia/. Check /tlaneltoktia/.
\xref tlaneltoktia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref tlaneltoltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03233
\lxam tlapati:hloh
\lxam_c tlapati:hloh
\lxoa tlápatí:hloh
\lxoa_c tlápatí:hloh
\lxoa_pr tlapati:hloh
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-d-yoh
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to contain (a mixture, pills, etc.) medicine or some similar substance
\sense_s tener (una mezcla, pastilla, etc.) medicina o algo parecido
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlapati:hloh, kipia bitami:nas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has medicine mixed in, it has vitamins.
\phrase_s Estámezclado con un remedio, tiene vitaminas.
\sense_e to have additives (e.g, milk or cheese that is no longer pure); to be impure or doctored
\sense_s tener algo agregado (p. ej., leche o queso que no estápuro); ser impuro o adulterado (una bebida)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlapati:hloh, ma:ka tikoni:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has been doctored, don't drink it!
\phrase_s ¡Estáadulterado, no te lo vayas a beber!
\sense_e to be watered down (e.g., an alcoholic drink such as pika:doh , with added soda or fruit juice)
\sense_s estar diluido (p. ej., una bebida alcohólica, pika:doh , con refresco o agua dulce agregada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:n alcó:l ye tlapati:hloh, xok a:sta ihkón te:kokoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e This alcoholic beverage has been rectified (i.e., by pouring more soda or fruit juice into it), it's no longer as strong as it was.
\phrase_s Esta bebida alcohólica ya estádiluido (esto es, al echarle más refresco o agua fresca), ya no estátan fuerte como antes.
\sense_e to be chemically or medicinally treated (a person in order to cure or rectify a given condition, a plant to resist disease or plague, etc.)
\sense_s estar con o bajo tratamiento (una persona para aliviar o rectificar alguna condición, una planta para evitar plagas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xok tlai un toba:leh, kas ye tlapati:hloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That friend of ours no longer drinks, perhaps he's been treated (with sth to make him stop drinking).
\phrase_s Ese amigo de nosotros ya no bebe, quizáya estábajo algún tratamiento (de algo para que ya no tome).
\phrase_n A:man notlayo:l ye tlapati:hloh, yo:ntla:lilih reme:dioh para ma:ka kukwalo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My maize has been treated. I put insecticide on it so that it wouldn't get eaten by bugs.
\phrase_s Mi maíz ya estátratado. Le echéun remedio para que no se picara.
\phrase_n Ma:ski xi:niskeh kwilimeh, nomi:l ye tlapati:hloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Even though worms might get on my maize plants, they've already been treated (so that they don't become infested).
\phrase_s Aunque les cayera gusanos, mis plantas de maíz ya están tratadas (para que no se coman).
\root pah
\nse Apparently this derives from patia meaning"to cure."Nevertheless, though not always, the implication of tlapati:hloh is occasionally negative, indicating
something that has been adulterated or to which some noxious substance has been introduced.
\qry Check derivation from {pahtia} in Tetelcingo or Oapan where the underlying {h} is manifested. Also check if there is a nominal form /tlapatihli/.
\ref 03234
\lxam pipixtik
\lxam_c pipixtik
\lxoa pipixtik
\lxoa_c pipixtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to be tough; to be stretchy; to be sinewy (certain meat, such as that with a lot of tendones, skin, certain breads such as semi:tah from Oapan, corn leaves in
the field after a morning dew, etc.)
\sense_s ser correoso; ser resistente y que se estira (como algunas carnes con muchos tendones, la piel, algunas panes como la semi:tah de Oapan, las hojas de
maíz cubiertas con rocío en el campo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pipixtik sokitl kwa:k nochichi:wa tepalkatl pa:mpa miák kipia ichkatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The mud used for ceramics is strechy because it has a lot of cotton (actually po:cho:ichkatl) in it.
\phrase_s El lodo que se utiliza para la cerámica es resistente al estirarse porque tiene mucho algodón (o, más precisamente, po:cho:ichkatl).
\phrase_n Pipixtik, san notila:na.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is tough (e.g. certain types of bread), it just stretches (and doesn't pull apart).
\phrase_s Es resistente (e.g., ciertos panes con mucha manteca), solamente se estira (no se parte).
\phrase_n Pipixtik, xo:iksik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is tough (in this case a piece of meat), it didn't get cooked.
\phrase_s Estádura y resistente (en este caso un pedazo de carne), no se coció.
\phrase_n Pipixtik un ikwe:roh, xwel kalaki aú:jah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His skin is tough, a needle can't pierce it.
\phrase_s Estádura su piel, no le puede entrar una aguja.
\phrase_n Pipixtik ichi:chiwal ba:kah. Chi:chiwalkokohtik, chi:chiwalpipixtik, xwel kis:sa le:cheh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The cow's udder is rubbery. It is a tough udder, it is a rubbery udder, milk can't come out.
\phrase_s La ubre de la vaca es como hule. Es un ubre duro, es un ubre resistente, no sale la leche.
\phrase_n Xok selias mokxopal, yo:pipichiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The bottom of your foot won't get tender, it's already gotten toughened.
\phrase_s La planta de tu pie no se va a poner tierno, ya quedóduro y resistente.
\root pich
\disamb pipi:nki; pipixtik
\nse Pipixtik is used to indicate that something is 'tough,' such as meat or leather that streches but, as one consultant said, xkoto:ni , 'doesn't snap.'
\qry Determine whether there is another form of this root and how a verb is expressed ?/pipixtia/. Is this related to ?/(pi)pixiwi/ or ?/(pi)pichiwi/ if such a verb exists.According to some
people the word /pipixtik/ is more accurately used to refer to /iswatl/ in the early morning dew, not /pipi:nki/. This should be checked. Check all possible subjects of this verb. One
example sentence that I had is /xok selias mokxopal, yo:pipichiw/ 'the bottom of your foot won't get tender, it's gotten toughened.' I have included this above in the illustrative
sentences, but it should be rechecked.
\ref 03235
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kechkwitlapi:leh
\lxoa_alt kechkwitlapi:lih
\lxoa_c kechkwitlapi:leh, kechkwitlapi:lih
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan cola
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-eh
\infn N1
\sense_e person having hair down to the nape of the neck (often used to refer to men)
\sense_s percona con pelo que baja hasta la nuca del cuello (a menudo empleado para referirse a un hombre)
\sense_d Oa
\root kech
\root kwitla
\root pi:l
\nse The term kechkwitlapi:leh usually, but not always, refers to men.
\nae The raising of the front vowel in Oapan is not unusual. Indeed, there is quite a bit of speaker variation between [e] and [i], as also noticeable in the agentive and eventual ending
-ni, sometimes realized as -ne.
\vl Use first male token.
\semref kechko:lah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 03236
\lxam itika:xiwi
\lxam_c itika:xiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for ones stomach or midsection to sink in on
\sense_s sumirsele a uno el estómago o barriga
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:titika:xiw, xkaman titlakwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your stomach has sunken in, you never eat.
\phrase_s Se te sumióla barriga, nunca comes.
\root hti
\root ka:x
\semref itipa:xiwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ítiko:pa:xíwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03237
\lxam ikno:tl
\lxam_c ikno:tl
\lxoa ihno:tl
\lxoa_c ihno:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e see ikno:tsi:ntli
\sense_s véase ikno:tsi:ntli
\sense_d Pending
\root kno:
\nse Given that this word is almost always uttered in the affective diminutive, it is listed as such for the main entry.
\ref 03238
\lxam nekwisti
\lxam_c nekwisti
\lxoa ínekwísti
\lxoa_pr inekwisti
\lxoa_c ínekwísti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to smell; to give off an odor; to be able to be smelled
\sense_s oler; poder olerse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pe:w nekwisti, o:molo:niak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has started to smell, it got foul-smelling.
\phrase_s Empezóa oler, quedóhediondo.
\phrase_n Awiyá:k! Kikxititokeh, nekwisti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is fragrant! They are cooking it, it can be smelled.
\phrase_s ¡Es aromático! Lo están cocinando, se puede oler.
\root hnekwi
\nse Nekwisti has the same implications of the intransitives English 'to smell' and Spanish 'oler,' i.e., that the smell is bad. However, as one illustrative sentence
demonstrates, the smell is not always foul. In this example awiá:k serves to indicate that nekwisti refers to a pleasant fragrance, not a foul odor.
\nae Although the initial /i/ is epenthetic and therefore short, it does appear to have a duration in the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino that is somewhat longer than would be
expected. This might be an effect of the rising pitch along with the following nasal. Also, pitch continues to rise through part of the nasal in both pronunciations.
\grmx Although the initial /i/ is epenthetic and therefore short, it does appear to have a duration in the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino that is somewhat longer than would
be expected. This might be an effect of the rising pitch along with the following nasal. Also, pitch continues to rise through part of the nasal in both pronunciations.
\ref 03239
\lxam ikxipatiliwi
\lxam_c ikxipatiliwi
\lxoa ixipatiliwi
\lxoa_c ixipatiliwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to have ones leg or foot to twist and turn crookedly (e.g., from slipping on a wet rock and twisting ones ankle, etc.)
\sense_s irle a un lado la pierna; torcerse la pierna (p. ej., al resbalarse sobre una piedra mojada y torciendo el pie, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikxipatiliw, ye niwetsiya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My leg twisted, I was starting to fall.
\phrase_s Se me doblóla pierna, ya iba cayendo.
\semfld distort-break
\root kxi
\root patil
\qry Check if there is a transitive form. Also recheck meaning, i.e. if only refers to the effect of slipping, etc. Finally, determine whether this verb can be metaphorically applied to objects.
Note also that /patil/ and /matil/, etc. seem to have some meaning in common.
\mod Determine all words that have something to do with bending, etc. /patiliwi/, /kwepaliwi/, /matiliwi/ etc.
\ref 03240
\lxam a:chi:ka:lin
\lxam_c a:chi:ka:lin
\lxoa a:chi:ka:lin
\lxoa_alt a:chi:ka:lih
\lxoa_c a:chi:ka:lih, a:chi:ka:lin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e Salunum cf. diversifoliumSchlecht., wild nettle plant of the Solanaceae family
\sense_s Salunum cf. diversifoliumSchlecht., planta silvestre herbácea de la familia Solanaceae, aparentemente la ortiga
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:chi:ka:lin | Kipia iwitsio ke:n chi:ka:lin. Xnokwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A:chi:ka:lin : It has thorns like the chi:ka:lin. It isn't eaten.
\phrase_s A:chi:ka:lin : Tiene sus espinas como la chi:ka:lin. No se come.
\phrase_n A:chi:ka:lin | Deke mitskukwa miti, tihkwe:cho:s, ika a:tl sesé:k tikoni:s. Mitsiso:tlas, ki:sas kokolistli.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Cristino Flores
\phrase_e A:chi:ka:lin : If your stomach hurts you, you grind it up, you drink it with cold water. It will make you vomit, the illness comes out..
\phrase_s A:chi:ka:lin : Si te duele la barriga, la mueles finamente, te lo bebes en agua fría. Te hace vomitar, sale la enfermedad.
\root a:
\root chi:ka:l
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semfld medicine
\qry In a review of the lexicon, C. Flores said he did not know of, or remember, any remedial use of a:chi:ka:lin.
\notes_nature Ramírez identifies this as the ortiga of the family Papaveraceae. Schoenhals (1988) on ortiga, says the following:"1. (Urticaspp. e.g.,
U. dioica) 'nettle' Also called chichicastle, mala mujer. 2 (Cnidoscolusspp., e.g., C. urens) 'spurge nettle', 'tread softly' See mala mujer. 3. (Urera
caracasana) 'flameberry scatchbrush' See mal hombre. Under mala mujer:"1. (Cnidoscolusspp. e.g., C. urensformerly Jatropha urens) 'spurge
nettle,' 'tread softly' Rank-growing nettle spurge with large, 5-lobed leaves. Also called chaya, ortiga, ortiguilla. 2. (Toxicodendron radicans) 'poison ivy' Also
calledárbol de guao, chechén, hiedra venenosa. 3. (Cnidoscolusspp. Ureaspp., Urticaspp.) Poisonous vine, shrub, or tree. Also called chichicastle.
4. (Urera caracasana) 'flameberry scratchbush' See mal hombre. 5. (Urticaspp., e.g. U. dioica) 'spurge nettle.' See ortiga. 6. (Hibiscus bifurc
atus) 'mountain rose mallow' See tulipa de monte."Then, under mal hombre:"(Urera caracasana) 'flameberry scratchbush' Tropical tree with stinging hairs as
befits a member of the nettle family. Also called chichicazillo, mala mujer, ortiga, quemador, tlachinole."See tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n.
\vl Use final, second, tokens of both the male and female speakers.
\ref 03241
\lxam tlatska:yotl
\lxam_c tlatska:yotl
\lxoa tlatska:yotl
\lxoa_c tlatska:yotl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-yo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e laziness
\sense_s flojera
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ika motlatska:yo o:tine:chpale:wih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You gave me some half-hearted help (i.e., helped but worked lazily and without desire).
\phrase_s Me ayudaste pero con flojera y sin ganas.
\phrase_n Ke:n titlatski, xkwa motlatska:yo!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Since you're really lazy, well then, eat your laziness (i.e., since you're so lazy no one will give you food, so eat your laziness)!
\phrase_s Como eres muy flojo, entonces,¡cómete tu flojera (esto es, dado que eres tan flojo nadie te va a querer dar de comer, entonces, cómete tu flojera)!
\phrase_n Nemin ika intlatska:yo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They live in constant laziness (i.e., without ever doing much work).
\phrase_s Viven siempre con flojera (esto es, sin hacer mucho de trabajo).
\sense_e (saka -tlatska:yo) without putting out much effort
\sense_s (saka -tlatska:yo) sin hacer un mínimo de esfuerzo; sin ganas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Saka motlatska:yo o:tike:kchi:w. Xkwahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You fixed it without putting out much effort (lit. 'with your laziness'), it's no good.
\phrase_s Lo arreglaste sin ganas (lit. 'con tu flojera'), no estábien.
\root tlats
\disamb tlatska:yo; tlatsiwistli
\nse ? Tlatska:yo:tl has only been documented in possessed form, so perhaps the headword should be changed to tlatska:yo and it should be marked
as obligatorily possessed.
\qry Determine whether unpossessed form exists; also difference between /tlatska:yo:tl/ and /tlatsiwistli/.
\vl Use second male token, first is a mispronunciation (tlaska:yo:tl instead of tlatska:yo:tl). Nevertheless both should be tagged, but the second should be chosen for the link.
\ref 03242
\lxam itlakowa
\lxam_c kitlakowa
\lxoa ítlakówa
\lxoa_pr itlakowa
\lxoa_c kítlakówa
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\allomorph i-epen
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to damage or ruin
\sense_s dañar o arruinar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tikonitlakotiwets moa:maw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You suddenly upped and ruined your paper (by bending it, spilling something on it, etc.).
\phrase_s De repente saliste echando a perder tu papel (al doblarlo, tirar un líquido sobre ello, etc.)
\phrase_n O:kitlakokeh tamahli itik ko:ntli, noka:wa ke:n tixtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They ruined the tamals (that were being cooked) inside the pot, they've turned into dough.
\phrase_s Echaron a perder los tamales (que se cocían) dentro de la olla, se volvieron masa.
\sense_e to take apart or dismantle (sth put together like a machine, house, etc.)
\sense_s desarmar o desbaratar (algo armado o hecho como una casa, un puesto para vender, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to break (in the sense of"to make useless,"such as a machine or sth that"works")
\sense_s hacer que no funcione; romper (una máquina, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root htlaka
\qry Check full usage of /itlakowa/.
\grm Note the irregular cognate forms: /-awi/ and /owa/.
\xref tlatlakowa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tlátlakówa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03243
\lxam xi:lo:xo:chitl
\lxam_c xi:lo:xo:chitl
\lxoa xí:lexó:chitl
\lxoa_alt xi:lo:xo:chitl
\lxoa_c xí:lexó:chitl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e tree not yet collected, called clavellina in Spanish; apparently it is the Bombax palmeri, a tree of the Bombacaceae family; there are two varieties,
based on the color of the flowers: ista:k (white) and chi:chi:ltik (red)
\sense_s árbol todavía no parte de la colecta, llamado clavellina; aparentemente es el Bombax palmeri, unárbol de la familia Bombacaceae; hay dos variantes dependiendo
del color de la flor: ista:k (blanco) y chi:chi:ltik (rojo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xi:lo:xo:chitl | Toma:wak, no: kipia ixo:chio. Kitekin para kwi:kan tio:pan. No: para xaxa:yakatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Xi:lo:xo:chitl : It is thick, it also has its flowers. They are cut to take to church. It (its wood) is also used for masks.
\phrase_s Xi:lo:xo:chitl : Es grueso, también tiene flores. Se cortan para llevar a la iglesia. También (su madera) se emplea para las máscaras.
\phrase_n Xi:lo:xo:chitl | Kitekipano:ltian xi:lo:xo:chitl kwa:k kinchichi:wan xaxa:yeka:meh, pero xkwahli. Tsaya:ni, tlapa:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Xi:lo:xo:chitl : They use xi:lo:xo:chitl when they make masks, but it is no good. It splits, it breaks.
\phrase_s Xi:lo:xo:chitl : Se emplea xi:lo:xo:chitl cuando hacen máscaras, pero no es bueno. Se parte, se rompe.
\nse As tsompa:ntlibecame rarer and rarer in the Balsas area, particularly around San Francisco Ozomatlán, some mask carvers turned to
xi:lo:xo:chit as an alternative. The wood is light and easy to carve, but it often splits and for this reason does not last long.
\nae From Ameyaltepec xi:lo:xo:chitl , which is also an alternative form in Oapan, it seems clear that etymology of this word is xi:lo- and
xo:chitl. However, in Oapan the most common pronunciation of this tree's name is xí:lexó:chitl. The pitch accent of this form derives from an
underlying {h}: here this suggests that the name has been reinterpreted as {xi:l + eh + xo:chitl} an etymology that doesn't make much sense. Note that a similar development has
occurred with the Ameyaltepec tree name ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl, which in Oapan is ka:ká:lexó:chitl. Again, the pitch accent pattern of the Oapan word
is undoubtedly reflective of the same underlying {h}, which would seemingly have to be derived from the possessor particle { -eh }.
\root xi:lo:
\root xo:chi
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this of the family Bombacaceae and, in Spanish, as the claveína. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) also give
claveína. Schoenhals (1988) has the clavellina of which she notes the following:"(Bombaxspp. e.g., B. ellipticum, B. palmeri)
'bombax', 'shaving brush tree', 'silk cotton tree' The tree bears its flowers, giant pink or white masses of brush-like stamens, on naked branches. Also called altayata,
amapola, amapola colorada, cabellos deángel, coquito, cuajilote, jilosúchil, lele, pochote, pongolote, sospó, titilamate."Guizar and Sánchez (1991:162-63) have two trees
of the family Bombacaceae: Ceiba aesculifoliaknown as both pochote de aguas and tepesenpocho and (p. 163) the Ceiba
parvifolia, known as the pochote de secas.
\semfld flower; kohtli
\notes_func The wood of the xi:lo:xo:chitl is used for masks when the preferred wood, tsompa:ntli is unavailable. Like the latter it is light and doesn't
easily split.
\ref 03244
\lxam kopalkuwtli
\lxam_c kopalkuwtli
\lxoa kopalkohtli
\lxoa_c kopalkohtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e generic name for a type of Bursera that includes several varieties, apparently two in particular
\sense_s nombre genérico para un tipo bursera que incluye varias variedades, aparentemente dos en particular
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e type of tree, still unidentified, within the category known by the same name
\sense_s tipo deárbol, linoloé, dentro de la categoría conocida por el mismo nombre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kupalkuwtli | Bwe:noh para ika tikikxiti:s tepalkatl, noso a:ko:ntli xo:pantlah. No: para ase:iteh, me:roh tro:soh noso itla:kihlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Kopalkuhtli : It is good for firing ceramic bowls, or large water jugs in the summer. It is also used (to make) oil, the very trunk itself or its fruit.
\phrase_s Kopalkuhtli : Es bueno para quemar platos hondos de cerámica, o tinajas grandes en el verano. También se utiliza para (hacer) aceite, la mera rama o
quizáel tronco.
\nse Apparently there are two trees called by this name, or something nearly equivalent. The first is called kopalkuwtli in Ameyaltepec and kopalkuwtli
tekwitlanextik in Oapan (in San Juan it is also called kopalkuhtle tekwitlanextik). This has been identified as the Bursera submoniliformisEngler, of the
family Burseraceae. The second is also called kopalkuwtli in Ameyaltepec; in Oapan it is known as kopalkohtli de komi:nos (in San Juan it is called
kopalkuhtle). It is also of the family Burseraceae and the genus Bursera. The species name has not yet been identified.
\root kopal
\root kow
\notes_nature The wood of this tree is used in absence of cow dung to fire ceramics. According to Emidio Rosendo it is also used to make the"toritos"carved and danced for San Lucas.
Both Ramírez and Dakin (1979) and Ramírez (1991) identify this as the olinolué , of the family Burseraceae. Schoenhals (1988) more
correctly calls this the linaloé :"(Bursera aloexylon) 'bursera' A bush or small tree; fruit is aromatic; essence is extracted from the trunk as
well as the fruit. Also called yaguela."Note that in oral histories gathered in Ameyaltepec, numerous elder men mentioned a linaloé "factory"near the
Tepecuacuilco river, below split in the road to Ameyaltepec and San Juan Tetelcingo. Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:128) identify the linaloéas of the family
Burseraceae and the genus-species Bursera aloexylon (Schiede) Engl. According to Inocencio Díaz, Asención Marcelo, and Silvestre
Pantaleón there are 5 types of kopalkuhtli (the following ar e names from Oapan: xo:chikopahli, kopalkohtli,
kopalkohchi:noh, kopalkomi:nos or kopalkohtli komi:nos, and kopalpo:tsahli. The penultimate was not known by
Asención Marcelo nor Inocencio Díaz, only by Silvestre Pantaleón. It is found near Amoloncan. The latter is the source of sa:ntokopahli but is found only far
north of Oapan, near Asesecan.
\qry According to C. Flores (discussion session) there is only one type of /kopalkuwtli/. This should be checked.
\vl Use first male token for link.
\ref 03245
\lxam ikxopahli
\lxam_c i:kxopal
\lxoa ixipahli
\lxoa_c ixipahli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e sole of the foot
\sense_s planta del pie
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tso:tsomo:n itlampa nokxopal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The skin on the bottom of my feet cracked (from dryness).
\phrase_s Se agrietaron las plantas de mis pies (de la sequedad).
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root xo
\root_rel -pal
\qry C. Flores defined this as the part of the foot below where the leg joins, and said that it referred to both the top and bottom.
\vl Use first male and second female tokens for link.
\ref 03246
\lxam kwe:lowa
\lxam_c nokwe:lowa
\lxoa kwe:lowa
\lxoa_c nokwe:lowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) to twist and turn (a person feeling pain in his back)
\sense_s (refl.) torcerse (una persona con dolor de espalda)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tikwi:tek, a:sta o:nokwe:loh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You whipped him, he even violently twisted and turned his back (in a jerking motion because it hurt him).
\phrase_s Le diste azotes, hasta se torció(violentamente, por el dolor de la espalda).
\phrase_n Ne: kwi:tekin ina:wal pa:mpa ke:n nokwe:lowa, nokwe:kwe:lowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are whipping his nahual there (someplace distant, you can tell it's happening) because (here) he is twisting his torso, he is twisting back and forth.
\phrase_s Allá(lejos) están dándole azotes a su nahual, (se sabe) porque aquíse estátorciendo violentamente, una y otra vez se estátorciendo de un lado a otro.
\phrase_n Nokwe:kwe:lotiw un kowatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The snake is going twisting along.
\phrase_s La culebra va ondulando.
\sense_e (refl.) to bend down at the knees (e.g., a dancer, or a person praying)
\sense_s (refl.) doblarse las rodillas por adelante (p. ej., un danzante o una persona rezando)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld motion
\root kwe:l
\disamb kweya:ya; kweya:wa; kwelowa; kwetlatsowa
\nse In Ameyaltepec this verb has been documented in reflexive form to refer to a person twisting; the motion is one of the upper body, usually because of pain. In Oapan the same verb,
also only in the reflexive, is used to refer to bending and doubling ones knees (e.g., as a dancer when he or she stoops).
\qry Check for other uses; confirm the violent nature of the twisting. Check that only reflexive can be used. On one file card I have the sentence /xmokwe:lo/ 'tuercete.' I have not entered
this because I am not sure to what it refers. Perhaps to twisting back and forth. But this should be checked and a more accurrate definition entered. Particularly, an effort should be
made to distinguish /kwe:lowa/ from /kweya:wa/ and/or /kweya:ya/. Finally note that although /kwe:lowa/ has animates as reflexive subjects, /kwe:liwi/ refers to things such as sticks.
The difference should be explored, e.g., can it be said /xihkwe:lo un tlako:tl/, etc.? Note that RS has cueliui. ni. 'dislocarse, desencajarse un miembro.' Check. For cuelowa. nitla.
'curvar, doblar una vara o alguna otra cosa.' This is a key difference from /kwelpachowa/ which refers to bending and then pressing (i.e., folding) whereas /kwe:lowa/ is simply
bending (hence the reference to 'doblar una vara' since this is flexible.
\root_notes Note: cf. the possible connection between words with /kwel/ and those with /kwe:l/ and relate this to /kwe/ in general.
\ref 03247
\lxam te:nwa:ki
\lxam_c te:nwa:ki
\lxoa te:nwa:ki
\lxoa_c te:nwa:ki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ki
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to get dried lips
\sense_s secarsele los labios
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e for the edge of to dry (e.g., a ceramic bowl)
\sense_s secarsele la orilla (p. ej., un plato de cerámica)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:te:mo:motsi:n notepalkaw, o:ne:xtla:n, o:te:nwa:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The edge of my ceramic bowl got cracks here and there over its surface, it got the better of me, it's edge dried (e.g., before I could remedy the situation).
\phrase_s La orilla de mi plato hondo de cerámica se agreitóen varios lugares de su superficie, me ganó, se le secósu orilla (antes de que pudiera hacer algo).
\root te:n
\root wa:
\nae While both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez velarize the nasal before /w/, the velar element of the latter speaker is much more pronounced.
\grm Oapan phonology: While both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez velarize the nasal before /w/, the velar element of the latter speaker is much more pronounced.
\vl The first pronunciation (before the 4 good ones) is of /tewa:hki/ by Florencia. Code this as 597.
\ref 03248
\lxam kwa:telowa
\lxam_c kikwa:telowa
\lxoa kwa:telowa
\lxoa_c kikwa:telowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to hit on the head
\sense_s golpear en o sobre la cabeza
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Cho xyeto! Timitskwa:telo:s, tine:chwi:wiyo:nia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Be still! I'm going to hit you on the head, you are shaking me (i.e., shaking once and again the table I'm writing on).
\phrase_s ¡Quédate quieto donde estás! Te voy dar un golpe en la cabeza, me estás sacudiendo (esto es, una y otra vez moviendo la mesa sobre que estoy escribiendo).
\semfld contact
\root kwa:
\root tel
\grm Applicative: Note how transitive verbs that usually affect inanimates when they take an animate often have a sort of applicative sense. This is the case with 'Cho xyeto!
Timitskwa:telo:s, tine:chwi:wiyo:nia.' 'Be still! I'm going to hit you on the head, you are shaking me (i.e., shaking once and again the table I'm writing on).' Although perhaps
one may consider that what is being shaken is the person, it is more likely that the reference is to shaking somthing"on"the person, e.g., a table he or she is writing on.
\ref 03249
\lxam tew:ikpa:nyoh
\lxam_c tewi:kpa:nyoh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to have (a field or previously cultivated terrain) rocks placed in a line along the mounds between furrows (see temana)
\sense_s tener (un campo o terreno previamente cultivado) las piedras colocadas en hilera por los montículos entre los surcos (véase temana)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tewi:pa:nyoh notla:l -=kipia tewi:pa:ntli notla:l-.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My field has rows of stones in it (from previous seasons in which the rocks have been so arranged).
\phrase_s Mi terreno tiene hileras de piedras (de temporadas anteriores cuando fueron colocadas así).
\sense_e to have (a place or area) a small ledge or low-lying cliff or exposed rocks running through
\sense_s tener (un lugar oárea) un pequeño risco o saliente atravesándolo
\sense_d Pending
\root te
\root wi:kpa:
\nse Note that in Oapan there is a verbal form, temana, that refers to placing stones between the corn plants in cultivating a field. However, no nominalized form has been
documented.
\qry I originally has this as /tewipa:nyoh/ but have changed it to /tewi:pa:nyoh/ based on comparative evidence of /wi:pa:n-/ from Oapan.
\semref temana
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03250
\lxam mo:sah
\lxam_c i:mo:sah
\lxoa mo:sah
\lxoa_c i:mo:sah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan moza
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N2
\sense_e female lover
\sense_s amante (mujer, de un hombre); querida (de un hombre)
\sense_d Pending
\semref sísiwá:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03251
\lxam tepe:ixko
\lxam_c tepe:ixko
\lxoa tepe:ixko
\lxoa_c tepe:ixko
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-k(o)
\infn N1
\sense_e on the horizon, just above the hills
\sense_s en el horizonte, apenas arriba de los cerros
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sa: tepe:ixko u:nkah to:nahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sun is now just above horizon (at dusk and about to disappear).
\phrase_s El sol estánomás justamente arriba del horizonte (al atardecer y a punto de ponerse).
\root tepe:
\root_rel -i:xko
\nse The phrase sa: tepe:i:xko to:nahli is equivalent to sa: pitentsi:n to:nahli. The use of sa: , which indicates a diminished state of being,
clearly means that this can only refer to the sun at dusk, not dawn.
\ref 03252
\lxam tepe:mi:skitl
\lxam_c tepe:mi:skitl
\lxoa tepe:mi:skitl
\lxoa_c tepe:mi:skitl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of tree of the Leguminosae family, still not identified
\sense_s tipo deárbol de la familia Leguminosae, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tepe:mi:skitl | De ka:mpa peya:stik, bwe:noh para komaxahli. No: para tlikuwtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tepe:mi:skitl : If it is straight, it is good for forked posts. It is also (used for) firewood.
\phrase_s Tepe:mi:skitl : Si es derecho, es bueno para horcones. También es (empleado para) leña.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root tepe:
\root mi:ski
\notes_nature The wood of the tepe:mi:skitl is particularly good for posts (horcones). Ramírez (1991) does not list this tree. Ramírez and Dakin (1979)
identify this as the mesquite cel cerro. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:104) list a tree of the family and subfamily Leguminosae; mimosoideaecalled
Lysiloma divaricata, which they say is called in Spanish tlahuitole or tepemezquite. Schoenhals (1988) mentions the Lysiloma
divaricataunder tepeguaje:"1. (Lysilomaspp. e.g., L. divaricata'borderpod acacia tree' Resembles the acacias but with ridges along the seed pods and
no thorns. Also called mauto, palo de arco. 2. (Lysiloma microphylla) 'little-leaf lysiloma' white, puffball flowers. Also called quiebrahacha. 3.
(Leucaenaspp. e.g., L. pulverulenta) 'great lead tree' A tree of up to 18 meters that may be half a meter in diameter near the base. Wood is strong and heavy.
White flowers are fragr a nt; fruit is a p od. Also called lilac, quiebrahacha."See tepe:wa:xin.
\ref 03253
\lxam ichpo:chpió
\lxam_c ichpo:chpió
\lxoa ichpo:chpiyo
\lxoa_c ichpo:chpiyo
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan pió
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2); pl. ichpo:chpiomeh
\sense_e young hen still not fully grown and still not ready to be killed
\sense_s una gallina tierna todavía immadura y no lista para ser matada
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld domes
\root chpo:ch
\disamb kwa:naka
\mod Add discussion under /kwa:naka/ in encyclopedia.
\vl Use first token of female and of male.
\semref kwa:naka
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03254
\lxam okwihloh
\lxam_c okwihloh
\lxoa kwikwihloh
\lxoa_c kwikwihloh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s* (Oa)
\sense_e to be full of or covered with worms (e.g., often used to refer to an animal that has been bitten or has another skin-piercing injury that has gotten worms or maggots in it)
\sense_s agusanado; lleno o cubierto de gusanos (p. ej., empleado a menudo para referirse a un animal que ha sido mordido o que tiene otro tipo de herida que se ha llenado de
gusanos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Oksepa katoto:nilwi:skeh un nakatl de pio pa:mpa okwihloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They're going to pour scalding water again on that piece of chicken because it has gotten worms.
\phrase_s Otra vez van a echarle agua hirviendo a este pedazo de pollo porque tiene gusanos.
\root okwil
\nae The reason for the kwikwil- sequence at the beginning of Oapan words having to do with 'worms' (root: okwil) is unclear. Perhaps it reflects a
tendency in this dialect to avoid certain initial sound sequences. Thus, for example, omitl, 'bone,' is found as komitetl.
\qry_h Check for reduplication.
\ref 03255
\lxam tro:mpo:wi:tektli
\lxam_c tro:mpo:wi:tektli
\lxoa torompo
\lxoa_c torompo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\semfld games
\sense_e type of top (no longer used in Ameyaltepec but still found in Oapan) that is made to spin by wrapping a cord around it and throwing it and it is kept spinning by hitting the
top with the same cord, attached to a stick
\sense_s tipo de trompo (que ya no se encuentra en Ameyaltepec pero sí, todavía en oapan) que se hace girar al envolverlo en una cuerda para después aventarlo; se mantiene
girando al azotarlo con la misma cuerda, que estáatada a un palito
\sense_d Pending
\root wi:teki
\nde In Oapan this is called simply torompo thus the name given by Ameyaltepequeños for this type of top is not the name used in Oapan. See also
torompokuhtli.
\qry Check for other types of tops, such as that with which a stick is used (as in the type I have from Oapan).
\vl Use first female and first male token
\ref 03256
\lxam tli:maxtsitsi:n
\lxam_c tli:maxtsitsi:n
\lxoa tlátlamáxtsitsi:n
\lxoa_c san tlátlamáxtsitsi:n
\lxoa_pr tlatlamaxtsitsi:n
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm Pr(indef)
\der Pr(indef)
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e (just) little worthless things (see tli:mach)
\sense_s (solamente) cosas sin valor (véase (see tli:mach)
\sense_d Pending
\vl Speakers first say /tlatlamaxtsi:n/ and then a phrase /san tlatlamaxtsi:n/. Tag all in consectuive letters (a-d for f1 and m1), but for final link use best token of /san
tlatlamaxtsi:n/. Use the 3rd overall female token (first of second set with san). Also use perhaps 3rd overall male token (1st of second set with san). Note: check vowel of
Oapan /a/, in /tlatla-/ and cf. to 4301 where vowel is /i/, in /tli:mach/.
\ref 03257
\lxam pa:ktok
\lxam_c pa:ktok
\lxoa pa:htok
\lxoa_c pa:htok, pa:ktok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be healthy or well (physically or mentally)
\sense_s estar sano; estar bien de salud (física o mentalmente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xpa:ktok pa:mpa nokukwa, me:dioh kwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is not well because he hurts, he's a little sick.
\phrase_s No estábien de salud, duele, estámedio mal.
\phrase_n Pa:ktok, xkwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is healthy, he's not sick.
\phrase_s Estásano, no estáenfermo.
\flao pa:ki
\root pa:ki
\nse Note that whereas pa:ki refers to a mental state of happiness, pa:ktok refers to a physical or mental state of good health. As far as I have been able to
determine, a word such as xpa:ktok would not be used to refer to a person who is simply not happy although pa:ki may at times refer to health (see
pa:ki).
\qry In Inocencio Jimenez's pronunciation I believe there is /pa:ktok/.
\grm Re: /pa:ktok/ 'to be healthy or well (physically or mentally)' Note how the semantics of the verb changes with the use of the progressive/stative.
\vl Use first male token /pa:ktok/ with /k/.
\ref 03258
\lxam yewa
\lxam_alt yowa
\lxam_c yewa
\lxoa yáwá
\lxoa_alt yéwá
\lxoa_cpend @yáwá
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(ind)
\der Pr-ind
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e he; she; it
\sense_s él; ella
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (~ ika (Am)) for that reason; that's why (see Oa yo)
\sense_s (~ ika (Am)) por esa razón (véase Oa yo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa ika o:kichi:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That's why he did it.
\phrase_s Es por esa razón que lo hizo.
\root yehwa
\vl I mistakenly placed /yó:méh/ in the Oapan elicitation for this word. /yáwá/ will need to be added later. For now, code /yó:méh/ as 00182, etc.
\semref yo
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03259
\lxam ma:xopo:naltia
\lxam_c kima:xoxopo:naltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans from reflective
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (usually with short vowel reduplication) to cause a blister (of the type that pops) on the hand of
\sense_s (generalmente con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer salir una ampolla (de las que se revientan) en la mano de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chma:xoxopo:naltia tenextli. Te:kokoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Lime causes my hands to blister (with blisters that pop). It is strong.
\phrase_s La cal me hace salir ampollas en las manos (de las que se revientan). Es fuerte.
\root ma:
\root xopo:
\nae Ameyaltepec has one causative form ending in -altia from compounds including the root xopo:: ma:xopo:naltia. Whether this is the most
common form remains to be seen. In other cases only the nondirected alternation form xopo:nia is found, as is the case in the Oapan cognate of Ameyaltepec
ma:xopo:naltia : ma:á:xopó:nia, which is also found in Ameyaltepec.
\qry For now I have categorized the trans field as from reflective, indicating that this comes from a nondirected alternation verb. Note that /xopo:ni/, /xopo:nia/ and /xopo:naltia/ exist
(either alone or in combination). This should be checked and the categorization changed accordingly. Also, check whether this should be /ma:a:xopo:naltia/ or /ma:a:xoto:naltia/, etc.
\xref ma:xopo:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\semref ma:á:xopó:nia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03260
\lxam metlatl
\lxam_c metlatl
\lxoa metlatl
\lxoa_c metlatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e generic term for metate, flat grinding stone for corn
\sense_s metate
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tool
\root metla
\ency_note metlatl
\nse Metlatl is a generic term for all types of metates, of which the following have specific names: temetlatl, a metate with no legs, and
xa:metlatl, which has three feet. There is also a final type, metlatl de misto:n (Am) or misto:metlatl. However, in conversation
these specific terms are rarely used and most often the generic term metlatl is used to indicate the marked meaning of a metate that has leg supports.
\ref 03261
\lxam ye:lpantli
\lxam_c i:ye:lpan
\lxoa ye:lpantli
\lxoa_alt ye:lpan
\lxoa_c i:ye:lpah, i:ye:lpan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-2
\infn Stem 1(l)
\sense_e chest
\sense_s pecho
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e part of an apron, the lace-decorated front that is placed between i:ma:wa:n
\sense_s parte de un delantal, la parte enfrente, decorada con encaje que se cose entre i:ma:wa:n
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\root e:l
\root_rel -pan
\nae Although almost always found in possessed form, ye:lpantli has been documented (in Ameyaltepec) as unpossessed, e.g., in referring to a breast of chicken as
food (e.g., o:nkwah puroh ye:lpantli)
\grm Phonology; phonetics:The initial /i:/ of the possessed form is extremely long, perhaps a result of the epenthetic /y/ of the stem.
\vl Link first female and second male token.
\qry C. Flores here said tht in Oapan they say /tlaye:lpan/, but he didn't know what it meant.
\ref 03262
\lxam pachowa
\lxam_c kipachowa
\lxoa pachowa
\lxoa_c kipachowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to force down (e.g., stalks of a plant or the branches of a bush to be chopped)
\sense_s doblar; apachurar (p. ej., el tallo de una planta, o las ramitas de un arbusto que se van a cortar)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to press down on (e.g., a button used to activate a machine)
\sense_s oprimir (p. ej., un botón para activar algúna máquina)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (i:pan + refl.) to knead (dough, clay for ceramics, etc.)
\sense_s (i:pan + refl.) amasar (masa para pan, lodo para cerámica, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl.) to double over (e.g., a person in an effort to get through a low door)
\sense_s (refl.) agacharse; doblarse (p. ej., una persona para pasar por una puerta baja)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nopachotiw, tlakwiste:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is going along bent over, he is uprighting the maize and other plants (behind the plow).
\phrase_s Va agachándose, estáenderezando el maíz y otras plantas (atrás de la yunta).
\sense_e (often reduplicated with short vowel) to give a massage to
\sense_s (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) dar masaje a; sobar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wel te:pachowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He knows how to give massages (mostly in reference to a massage given to cure people of body aches or of illnesses such as a stomach ache).
\phrase_s Sabe dar masajes (generalmente en referencia a la acción de sobar para curar personas de dolores de cuerp o de condiciones como un fuerte dolor del estómago).
\phrase_n Yewa ne:nkah, kipachowan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The one over there, they are giving him a massage.
\phrase_s Aquel que estáallí, lo están sobando.
\phrase_n Kipapachowa pa:mpa kikukwaitik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She gives him a massage because his belly hurts.
\phrase_s Le da masaje porque le duele la barriga.
\root pach
\nae With the sense of 'to massage' the verb pachowa is almost always reduplicated. An exception often occurs, however, with the nonspecific +human object prefix
te:- as in the phrase Wel te:pachowa. The phenomenon of the absence of expected reduplication with nonspecific objects is discussed in the grammar.
Thus Wel te:pachowa is not unexpected. However, the phrase Yewa ne:nkah, kipachowan is slightly unexpected. Whether this refers to the fact that
the massage was applied for a short time to a single spot, is not clear.
\qry Check to see if one can use forms such as /ne:chpachowan ika tekitl/ or whether one must use an applicative /ne:chpachowilian ika tekitl/. Cf. comments in gram field for following
entry.
\grm Reduplication: Note that in the phrase Yewa ne:nkah, kipachowan there is no reduplication even though there is a specific object (often repetitive actions do
not show morphological reduplication with a nonspecific object, e.g., tlate:mowa). However, Yewa ne:nkah, kipachowan was taken from
conversation and seems to indicate a rare instance when this meaning of 'to give massage' does not show verbal reduplication. Note that there may be a relationship between
reduplication and specificity of the object. This is in accord with Hopper and Thompson's transitivity hierarchy. In this interpretation, reduplication is more likely to take
place when a specific object is affected because reduplication references specific cases of the repetition of an action. Thus when no object is specified, perhaps there is less
direct reference and this might induce speakers to be less prone to use a reduplicated verb stem. This should be checked in discourse.
\xref tlapachowa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref pachowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03263
\lxam tepalkatl
\lxam_c tepalkatl
\lxoa tepalkatl
\lxoa_c tepalkatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e fired clay bowl; fruit bowl
\sense_s plato hondo de barro cocido; frutero
\sense_d Pending
\root tepalka
\mod Illustrate.
\ref 03264
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /Ikxi tlayo:koya/ that has been shifted to the toponym database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03265
\lxam ma:polowa
\lxam_c noma:polowa
\lxoa ma:polowa
\lxoa_c noma:polowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans; +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) to make a mistake, or do poorly or unjustly, in distributing (things) by hand
\sense_s (refl.) equivocarse al hacer entregas o dividir con la mano, o hacerlo mal e injustamente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nimoma:poloh. Se: ohma:k we:i wa:n se: pitentsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I made a mistake in handing out. I gave a lot to one and just a little to another.
\phrase_s Me equivoquéen la entrega. A uno le di mucho y a otro poco.
\phrase_n O:nimoma:poloh. Seki o:nikontlakal makwi:hli, seki chikwasen. Xihkón noto:ka: tlaka! San nana:wi noso yeye:i.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I lost track of things in my hands. In some I tossed five (seeds), and in some six. Now I realize that's not how things are to be planted. It should be four by four or three by
three.
\phrase_s Perdíla cuenta en lo que estaba haciendo con las manos. En algunos (pocitos) echécinco (semillas) y en otros seis. Ahora síme doy cuenta que no se siembra así. Debe
ser cuatro por cuatro o tres por tres.
\phrase_n O:noma:poloh. Seki we:i kimakaya nakatl wan seki pi:pitik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She made mistakes in giving things out. She gave some a lot of meat and others just small pieces.
\phrase_s No la dividióbien. A algunos les daba mucha carne, a otros pedacitos chiquitos.
\root ma:
\root pol
\qry Check to see if only reflexive use is correct. Also check possiblity of reduplication: /ma:popolowa/. Check for intransitive.
\vl The formant transitions for nasals are well visible here; use on internet for demonstration.
\ref 03266
\lxam tlachi:chipi:ni
\lxam_c tlachi:chipi:ni
\lxoa tlachi:chipi:ni
\lxoa_c tlachi:chipi:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp tla-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am); Lex. rdp-l (Oa)
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for a few drops of water to be falling as a rain or drizzle is imminent
\sense_s estar cayendo unas gotas de una lluvia o llovizna incipiente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pe:w tlachichipi:ni. Kiawisneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has started to drizzle. It looks like it's going to rain.
\phrase_s Empezóa lloviznar ligeramente. Quiere llover.
\phrase_n Xsan tlachichipi:ni, tlapayawi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's not that just a few drops of water are falling, it's drizzling.
\phrase_s No es que solamente se están cayendo unas gotas de agua, estálloviznando.
\semfld weather
\root chipi:
\nae Whereas the long duration of the reduplicant in the speech of Florencia Marcelino is quite clear, it is less so in the articulation of Inocencio Jiménez (both of Oapan). However, it
seems that at least for Oapan the reduplicant vowel is long. For Ameyaltepec this might also be the case, although my original notes did not indicate length. This should be checked.
\qry Note that Florencia Marcelino refused to accept as correct /nitlachi:chipi:ni/ although /nitlachi:chipinia/ was accepted. (check for all words dealing with precipitation)
\grm Phonology; reduplication: Note that
\semref chipi:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref chipi:ni
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03267
\lxam kukwilchi:ltsi:n
\lxoa kwikwichi:ltsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e faggot; homosexual
\sense_s maricón; homosexual
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e wimp; scaredy-cat
\sense_s sacón; miedoso
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kas tikukwilchi:ltsi:n. tle:ka timumuwi?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Maybe your a wimp, why aren't you scared?
\phrase_s ¿Puede ser que eres sacón, por quétienes miedo?
\root kow
\root kwilchi:l
\nse In its metaphoric sense of"wimp," kuhkwilchi:ltsi:n is basically the antonym of cha:rroh. Obviously the roots of the former include kuh
for"penis"and -tsi:n , a diminutive. RS list cuilchilli as"ano, nalga, trasero."Given that there are words in Classical such as cuilonyotl
"pecado nefando, de hombre con hombre,"it might bet that kwil is a separate morpheme from chi:hli and that kwi:lchi:l undoubtedly
includes kwi:l and a yet unidentified morpheme chi:l.
\qry In my original entry I had /kuhkwilchiltsi:n/ as referring to both male and female homosexuals, gays and lesbians. However, this is probably a mistake for /kukwilchi:ltsi:n/ and I have
temporarily changed the /kuh/ (which perhaps people thought of as meaning 'penis' to /ku/ from reduplication. However, it seems that this might be in error (given the etymology of
/kuh/ + /kwilchil/), and thus I have changed the definition here in this second edit. However, this should be checked with a native speaker.
\qry_fon In Oapan speech token check for /h/ after /kwi/. Given teh sense of these word, no sound links have been placed.
\vl Given significance, do not link to dictionary.
\ref 03268
\lxam i:xkwa:tetepolowa
\lxam_c ki:xkwa:tetepolowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to cut the hair of, leaving the forehead bare; to cut the bangs off of
\sense_s cortar el pelo dejando la frente expuesta; cortar los flecos a
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\root tepol
\nae Although the word for 'forehead' is i:xkwa:tetl in combinational form the stem used is simply i:xkwa:-. Thus it is not likely that the first te-
in i:xkwa:tetelowa is part of the incorporated nominal stem. Although it is also possible that the first te- is an intensifier, it is much more likely that it is a
reduplicant, and this is how it has been provisionally analyzed.
\semref i:xkwa:teki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03269
\lxam te:tete:ne:wani
\lxam_c te:tete:ne:wani
\lxoa té:tete:ne:wáni
\lxoa_alt té:tete:ne:wáne
\lxoa_c té:tete:ne:wáne, té:tete:ne:wáni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e malicious gossiper; person who speaks poorly of others (i.e., saying what they do bad, such as getting drunk, stealing, etc.)
\sense_s chismoso; persona que habla mal de otros (esto es, diciendo lo que hacen mal, como emborracharse, robar, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root e:wa
\grmx Pitch accent: Note shift to the left of p-a from the reduplicant to the preceding syllable: /té:tete:ne:wáne/. Perhaps a major motive for this is the long vowel of the prefix,
which pulls p-a. This should be checked.
\qry_fon Check pitch accent pattern. There is definitely high pitch on the initial syllable, but my question concerns the second.... at times it seems as if the proper representation
would be /té:téte:ne:wáni/ and not /té:tete:ne:wáni/. However, there is no reason why both the first and second syllables would have high/rising pitch.
\ref 03270
\lxam te:ntlapo:wi
\lxam_c te:ntlapo:wi
\lxoa te:ntlapo:wi
\lxoa_c te:ntlapo:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3b(ow)
\sense_e to open up (a container, bottle, etc., by having the top come off); to become uncorked
\sense_s abrirse (un recipiente, botella, etc. al caerse la tapadera o tapón); destaparse; descorcharse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:te:ntlapo:w motso:tsokol, o:wetsiko ite:ntsahka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The top of your water jug has opened, its top (or stopper) fell out (to the ground).
\phrase_s Tu cántaro quedódestapado, su tapadera (o corcho) se cayó(al suelo).
\phrase_n Xwel te:ntlapo:wi, ke:n te:ntili:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It won't open (can't be opened), its top is really on tight.
\phrase_s No se puede abrir, su tapadera (o tapa) estámuy apretada.
\root te:n
\root tlapo:
\ref 03271
\lxam me:h
\lxam_c me:h
\lxoa me:n
\lxoa_c me:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\der Modal-imp
\sense_e here! take it!
\sense_s ¡toma!
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Me:h i:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take this!
\phrase_s ¡Toma esto!
\root me:n
\nae The etymology of me:h is uncertain. When handing something to someone one may simply say: me:h , meaning 'Here!' or 'Take it!' Whereas in both
dialects the vowel is nasalized, in Oapan there is also a clear final /n/. Moreover, the duration of the vowel (/e:/) is extremely long. In the speech of both Florencia Marcelino and
Inocencio Jiménez it was measured as lasting an average of 200 ms.
\qry Note that also the final /h/ of /meh/ should be rechecked.
\qry_fon Check nature of vowel.
\grm Vowel length: The etymology of me:h is uncertain. When handing something to someone one may simply say: me:h , meaning 'Here!' or 'Take
it!' Whereas in both dialects the vowel is nasalized, in Oapan there is also a clear final /n/. Moreover, the duration of the vowel (/e:/) is extremely long. In the speech of both
Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez it was measured as lasting an average of 200 ms.
\ref 03272
\lxam kochi
\lxam_c kochi
\lxoa kochi
\lxoa_c kochi
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\der V1-b
\trans +Appl; +Caus
\infv class-3a(ch)
\sense_e to fall asleep
\sense_s dormirse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka tikochis! Mitsawas motah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't fall asleep! Your father will scold you.
\phrase_s ¡No te vayas a dormir! te va a regañar tu papá.
\phrase_n Sa: koxtok pa:mpa kwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's just sleeping because he is sick.
\phrase_s Se la pasa durmiendo porque estáenfermo.
\phrase_n Koxtia:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will go along (e.g., a dog taken in an airplane) asleep.
\phrase_s Va a ir durmido (p. ej., un perro llevado en un avión).
\phrase_n Kokoxtia:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will go along falling asleep on and off.
\phrase_s Va a ir cayéndose durmido de vez en cuando.
\sense_e to droop down (plants that are suffering from a lack of water, a penis when it loses its erect state, cf. isa , etc.)
\sense_s perder su estado erecto (una planta que sufre por falta de agua, el pene al perder su estado de excitación, cf. isa , etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Se: xiwtli san tikwiyo:ni:s, tikonaxili:s, wetsi ipan tla:hli, kochi, ke:itlah pipi:liwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is a wild plant that you just move it, you just brush by it, it falls over to the ground, it droops, it's like it (its leaves) just fold and hang down in a clump.
\phrase_s Hay una planta silvestre, nada más la mueves, la alcanzas ligeramente, cae a la tierra, duerme, es como si se encoge y se pone mustio.
\phrase_n O:tlaxitika, a:man yo:koch.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He had gotten an erection, now his penis is no longer erect.
\phrase_s Se le había parado el pene, ya no estáparado.
\phrase_n Se: xiwtli san tikwiyo:ni:s, tikonaxili:s, wetsi ipan tla:hli, kochi, ketlah pipi:liwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is a wild plant that you just move it, you just brush by it, it falls over to the ground, it droops, it's like it (its leaves) just fold and hang down in a clump.
\phrase_s Hay una planta silvestre, nada más la mueves, la alcanzas ligeramente, cae a la tierra, duerme, es como si se encoge y se pone mustio.
\sense_e to spin around quickly in one spot (as a top or marble)
\sense_s girar rápidamente en un lugar; dormir (un trompo o ganica)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkito:ti motro:mpoh! Ma tikitaka:n ke:n kochi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make your top spin! Let's see how it spins around quickly in one spot!
\phrase_s ¡Haz bailar tu trompo!¡Vamos a ver como duerme!
\phrase_n Sa: koxtok kani:kah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The marble is just spinning around quickly in one spot.
\phrase_s Esta canica estánomás durmiendo.
\root kochi
\nae In combinational forms the stem of this verb is koch, as occurs in many words; e.g., kochtlatlatowa. The inflectional paradigm of
kochi is irregular in Ameyaltepec in that the final /i:/ is lengthened in the impersonal: kochi:lo. However, in Oapan the vowel in this form is short:
kochilo. The same pattern and difference between villages is found with the verb miki. In Ameyaltepec I have heard, during the early days of
fieldwork in the late 1970's the impersonal form kochi:wa. This form is now no longer used nor remembered. Finally, in Oapan both o:kochkeh (more
usual) and o:koxkeh have been documented. There are several /i/-final verbs that in Ameyaltepec have a long vowel before the impersonal but not the future. Those
identified to date are miki (cf. Am miki:lo and Oa mikilo) and kochi
\qry Cf. the difference between /sa: koxtok/ and /san koxtok/. Offer an explanation of this difference in the next draft and discuss the nature of the difference between /sa:/ and /san/.
Finally, check the inflection of the future, directional, imperfect, etc., vowel length of final /i/.
\vl It is interesting that /kochi/ forms both the applicative and causative with a long /i:/. This should be checked. Also, my notes show that in the imperfect has /kochi/ has a long
/i:/: /kochi:ya/. Also, before the impersonal I also hear a long /i:/: /kochi:lo/. This too should be checked.
\grm /O:tlaxitika, a:man yo:koch/ 'He had gotten an erection, now his penis is no longer erect.' Note that difference in subjects and discuss this in relation to pivots. That is, the
subject of /o:tlaxitika/ is the man who had the erection, and the subject of /kochi/ is his penis. Note the quite classical/typical use of the pluperfect here.
\grm Oapan phonology: Finally, in Oapan both o:kochkeh (more usual) and o:koxkeh have been documented. Note therefore, the optional rule of
ch>x before k.
\xref kochi:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref kochi:lia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlakochi
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03273
\lxam a:skatl
\lxam_c a:skatl
\lxoa a:skatl
\lxoa_c a:skatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e generic name for a type of very small ant
\sense_s nombre genérico por un tipo de hormiga muy pequeña
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root a:ska
\notes_nature This is a generic term for a class of ants that is differentiated from the class known as tsi:katl. There are three types of a:skatl :
a:skatl de un chi:chi:ltik (te:kwa:nimeh); a:skatl de un momolo:nkeh (xte:kwa:nimeh); and a:skatl de
un tli:ltik (xte:kwa:nimeh). However, another consultant mentioned the following three types of a:skatl : a:skatl de un
chi:chi:ltik (te:kwa:nimeh); a:skatsitsi:nteh (te:kwa:ni, kimich o:nene:s) and a:skatl de un tlitli:ltik
(xte:kwa:nimeh pero momolo:nki). Thus in this second list the a:skatl de un tlitli:ltik is apparently equated with the a:skatl de un
molomo:nkeh and another type of ant is introduced, the a:skatsitsi:nteh which is said to bite and just recently appeared.
\mod Hand link types of /a:skameh/ from here, given that"de"is in parentheses.
\vl There are four additional tokens of this word at 5911. They should be tagged here and from them the 2 links should be selected.
\semref tsi:katl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03274
\lxam yekamomoyoka
\lxam_c yekamomoyoka
\lxoa yekamomoyoka
\lxoa_c yekamomoyoka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to feel a tingling sensation in ones nose
\sense_s hormiguearsele la nariz
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niyekamomoyoka, o:ne:chkwah ko:lo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My nose is tingling, a scorpion bit me.
\phrase_s Estáhormigueando mi nariz, me mordióun alacrán.
\root yeka
\root moyo:
\qry Check for acceptability of /te-/ intensifier use.
\ref 03275
\lxam ika o:kpa koko:hli
\lxam_c ika o:kpa koko:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound PM-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e great-grandfather
\sense_s bisabuelo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa ika okpa nokokol.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is my great-grandfather.
\phrase_s El es mi bisabuelo
\root o:k
\root koko:l
\root_rel -pa
\nse In Ameyaltepec apparently expressions such as noo:kpakoko:l and ika o:kpa nokoko:l are equivalent, although my impression is that the latter is much
more common. In Oapan the compound form is not acceptable. Rather, forms such as ya o:hpa nó:kó:l. The ya (Oapan for what in other dialects is
ika) is necessary, as it converts o:hpa into a cardinal number. Finally, note that o:kpakoko:hli is rarely found in unpossessed form.
\semref o:kpa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref o:kpa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03276
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ye:xpaye:witia
\lxoa_c kiye:xpaye:witia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Num-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e see -pawiya
\sense_s véase 'pawiya
\sense_d Oa
\nae Although Florencia Marcelino gave this as equivalent to Ameyaltepec ye:xpawia it may be that there are two forms involved, since Oapan also has a form
o:hpawiya, which suggests the possibility of ye:xpawiya. If this is true, then the difference between ye:xpaye:witia, this entry, and a
possible ? ye:xpawiya (given the occurrence of o:hpawiya) should be investigated. Finally, not that the length of the penultimate /i/ in
ye:xpaye:witia is uncertain. On first analysis it seems short, but this should be checked against other final sequences of /-witia/ or /-wi:tia/. If
ye:xpaye:witia is different from ye:xpawiya, then the cross-reference above to
\semref ye:xpawia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 03277
\lxam tlakoiwa:n
\lxam_c tlakoiwa:n
\lxoa tlákoyówa:n
\lxoa_alt tlákoíwa:n
\lxoa_c tlákoyówa:n, tlákoíwa:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-?
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e midnight
\sense_s medianoche
\sense_d Pending
\root tlahko
\root yowa
\nse Molina gives tlacoyouac. The origin of the ending in Ameyaltepec tlakoiwa:n is unclear; perhaps it is a shortening of -ya:n, a nominalizing
ending for verb.
\qry Check length of final /a/; in one record only did I originally mark it as long.
\vl Use second female and second male tokens.
\semref tlaiwa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlaiwa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03278
\lxam mejika:noh
\lxam_c mejika:noh
\lxoa mejika:noh
\lxoa_c mejika:noh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan Mexicano
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e Nahuatl
\sense_s náhuatl
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Totlato:l mejika:noh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Our language is Nahuatl.
\phrase_s Nuestra idioma es el náhuatl.
\sense_e (okse: ~) an indigenous language different from the Nahuatl of the Balsas River Valley
\sense_s (okse: ~) una lengua indígena en general diferente del náhuatl hablado en la zona del río Balsas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Okse: mejika:noh itlato:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He speaks another dialect of Nahuatl (or another indigenous language, such as Mixtec).
\phrase_s Su lengua es otro dialecto del náhuatl (o también otra lengua indígena, como el mixteco).
\nse The term mejika:noh is used to reference not only Nahuatl, but any indigenous language of Mexico. However, for other languages, or distant dialects of Nahuatl,
the phrase okse: mejika:noh is often used.
\ref 03279
\lxam na:miktia
\lxam_c kina:miktia
\lxoa na:mihtia
\lxoa_c kina:mihtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to marry off (a father or parent of a son or daughter)
\sense_s casar (un padre a su hijo o hija)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:man kina:miktiaite:lpo:ch -i:chpo:ch-.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Today he is marrying off his son (his daughter).
\phrase_s Hoy casa a su hijo (su hija).
\phrase_n Ne:chna:mikti:s ika sibí:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will give me away in marriage in a civil ceremony.
\phrase_s Me va a dar en casamiento en una ceremonia civil.
\phrase_n A:man xtikaxili:s, titlana:miktia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Today you won't have time, you are marrying off a child (i.e., a son or daughter).
\phrase_s Hoy no alcanzas, vas a casar a un hijo (hijo o hija).
\phrase_n Ne:chna:mikti:s un tio:pixki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That priest will marry me.
\phrase_s Ese sacerdote me va a casar.
\sense_e (refl.) to get married
\sense_s (refl.) to get married
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nona:mikti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He (or she) will get married.
\phrase_s El (o ella) se va a casar.
\sense_e to close; to place together (one side of an object with another, or one thing with another)
\sense_s cerrar; hacer juntar (un lado de un objeto con otro, o una cosa con otra)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xna:mikti un pwe:rtah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Close the door (but without locking it, i.e., pulling it so that the sides of the door come together, in this case used in reference to a two-hinged door that closes in the
middle)!
\phrase_s ¡Cierra esa puerta (pero no con llave, en este caso jalando una puerta doble para que los dos lados se junten en medio)!
\phrase_n Kina:na:miktia mokoto:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She sews together one part of your shirt with another.
\phrase_s Cose una parte de tu camisa con otra.
\root na:miki
\nse The use of na:miktia with the sense of 'to marry off' refers to the action of a parent giving his or her child in marriage. It does not refer to the action of the bridegroom
or bride, for which the verb a:na 'to marry' is used. However, na:miktia can also be used to refer to the actions of officials such as priests in conducting
marriage ceremonies. Finally, note that na:miktia seems to be derived from a noun, na:miktli 'spouse' and is not a causative. Rather, it seems to have a
sense of 'provide with spouse.' Na:miktia can also be used to indicate the action of placing one part of an object, or one object, in close proximity to another, i.e., to
close or place next to, closing. This too is analyzed here as a denominal verb, given that the sense seems to be that of providing one side of an object, or one object, with
its"partner"(na:miktli). In the phrase referring to the sewing of a shirt, the action indicated is that of sewing toget her fabric once and again, i.e. in putting together a
shirt by sewing fabric together in various places. The argument that this is not a causative is also based on the fact that there is no increase in valency from na:miki to
na:miktia.
\grm Discuss case of /na:miktia/ in grammar in regards to causatives.
\semref i:xna:miktia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xna:mihtia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref tlana:miktia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tlana:mihtia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\xref na:miki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03280
\lxam ixtli
\lxam_c ixtli
\lxoa yextli
\lxoa_c yextli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\semfld tool
\sense_e maguey fiber; hemp
\sense_s ixtle; fibra de maguey
\sense_d Pending
\root ich
\notes_nature Maguey hemp fiber can be derived from either the kukuhtitlantsi:n , ka:ka:lo:te:ntli , or sakamexkahli.
\qry I have checked several times and the form definitely has a short initial vowel /i/.
\ref 03281
\lxam pa:pastiw
\lxam_c pa:pastiw
\lxoa pa:pastiw
\lxoa_c pa:pastiw
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp V1-asp
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv Irregular; see -tiw
\sense_e to go along walking in small and uneven steps (like a drunk or a child just learning to walk)
\sense_s caminar en pasos pequeños y poco seguros (como un borracho o un niño apenas aprendiendo a caminar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sa: pa:pastiw, yo:tla:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is just going along with small, uneven steps, he's gotten drunk.
\phrase_s Ya no más anda con pasos pequeños e inseguros, ya se emborrachó.
\phrase_n Sa: pa:pastiw, xe ma:s wel nenemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is just going along with small uneven steps, he still hasn't learned to walk.
\phrase_s Va no más en pequeños e inseguros pasos, todavía no sabe caminar.
\root pas
\nae Pa:pastiw has only been documented with the aspectual ending -tiw , or related inflectional forms. The etymology and underlying stem is not clear.
Complicating the matter is the fact that with the phonological rule in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl affecting affricates, it is not clear whether the /s/ in pa:pastiw represents
underlying {s} or {ts}. Also unclear is whether other cognate forms exist.
\ref 03282
\lxam ye:paso:tl
\lxam_c ye:paso:tl
\lxoa ye:paso:tl
\lxoa_c ye:paso:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e epazote, a type of edible herb
\sense_s epazote
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye:paso:tl | Nokwa. Bwe:noh para poyé:k a:to:hli, para michka:ldoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Ye:paso:tl : It is eaten. It is good for poyé:k a:to:hli , for broth with fish.
\phrase_s Ye:paso:tl : Se come. Es bueno para poyé:k a:to:hli , para caldo de pescado.
\semfld plant
\semfld edible
\root e:paso:
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1988) identifies epazote as Chenopodium ambrosioides, calling it 'epazote' or 'goosefoot.' She notes:"A Mexican seasoning for beans, meat, etc. Tea is
used frequently as a medicinal. Also called chichiquelite. She also has an entry under epazote de zorrillo:"(Chenopodium graveolens) '[type of] goosefoot.' A plant
or herb with very dense, clustered flowers. Plant has a very disagreeable odor. Also called hediondillo, quelite apestoso."Ramírez (1991) also identifies this of the family
Chenopodiaceae and genus/species Chenopodium ambosoides.
\ref 03283
\lxam tamalkwa
\lxam_c tamalkwa
\lxoa tamalkwa
\lxoa_c tamalkwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to eat tamals
\sense_s comer tamales
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Titamalkwa:s, tixwis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will eat tamals, you will get full.
\phrase_s Vas a comer tamales, te vas a llenar.
\root tamal
\root kwa
\vl Use first female token, also first male token.
\ref 03284
\lxam tepostoka
\lxam_c kitepostoka
\lxoa tepostoka
\lxoa_c kitepostoka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to pursue with insistence (e.g., a potential spouse, a bureaucratic process, a litigation, etc.); to follow up on (e.g., in attempting to control the repercussions of a particular
event)
\sense_s proseguir con afán o insistencia (p. ej., una novia potencial, un trámite, un litigio, etc.); darle seguimiento (a una situación, por ejemplo para controlar las repercusiones)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mitstepostokaskeh deke o:choloh mochpo:ch.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They (the bridegrooms representatives, continually visiting your house) will insist on meeting with you if your daughter eloped.
\phrase_s Te van a buscar con afán (los representantes del novio, visitando tu casa sin tregua) si tu hija se fuga.
\phrase_n Xtepostoka, tla:mo kwala:nis, miste:ilwi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Follow it up (in this case the addressee's child has hurt another child and the addressee is advised to visit the house of the hurt child's parents to console them), if you don't
he (the father of the hurt child) will get mad, he will denounce you (before the village authorities).
\phrase_s ¡Dale seguimiento (en este caso el niño del sujeto ha lastimado a otro niño y el hablante le aconseja visitar la casa del niño lastimado para consolar a los padres)! si no
lo haces, se va a enojar (el padre del niño lastimado), te va a denunciar (frente a las autoridades del pueblo).
\root tepos
\root toka
\ref 03285
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for Am /yowameh/. It has been deleted. NOTE: Reassign the Oapan 3285 tokens as 182.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03286
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was /i:xte:ntsotla:ni/ which I have removed since it has not been confirmed. The def. and reason was: 'to get a shiner, an eye that is puffed up (e.g., from disease, a black eye,
etc.) and around which the skin becomes taught and shiny'. Refers to an eye which is puffed up, from disease, a black eye, etc. and around which the skin becomes taught and shiny.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 03287
\lxam kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli
\lxam_c kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e type of skirt that is made of two pieces of cloth sewn together, so that there is a seam running around the middle of the skirt
\sense_s tipo de falda que se hace de dos pedazos de tela cosidos juntos, para que haya una costura horizontal aproximadamente a la mitad
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli, xpestik, ye:xka:n tlakechiliwtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is a skirt made up of tiers of fabric, it isn't smooth (given that there is at least one seam running around it), it is sewn together in three places.
\phrase_s Es una falda hecha de hileras sobrepuestas de tela, no estálisa (dado que tiene costuras horizontales), estácosida en tres lugares.
\semfld clothing
\root kwe:
\root tlako
\root teki
\root_rel -ya:n
\disamb kwe:tli
\nse Kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli refers to a dress with a skirt that has tiers. However, unlike the kwe:tli de tlachichikotektli the seams on these tiers are on
the outside not the inside and the strips of cloth are joined together in pleats. The pleated part is usually sewn on top of the higher tier if one is not going to put narrow lace on the
seam; in the former case the two tiers are joined in a ruffled way (xoxolo:xtik). However, if there is going to be lace on top of the seam then the pleated part (lower
tier) is sewn underneath the upper tier.
\qry If such as dress is sewn together in three place (ye:xka:n tlakelichiwtok), how many tiers does it have? Three or four (since the edge doesn't count?).
\qry_fon NOTE: check on the possible aspiration of the /k/ in /tlatektli/.
\ilus_note Make ilustration of all clothing: photos?
\semref tlatektli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03288
\lxam to:pi:leti
\lxam_c to:pi:leti
\lxoa to:pí:letí
\lxoa_alt to:pí:lití
\lxoa_pr to:pi:liti
\lxoa_c to:pí:letí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4a
\irregular In Ameyaltepec this is a class-3d(ti) verb, with loss of the final vowel in the perfective, and the progressive maintaining the final /i/.
\pitch yes
\sense_e to become a topile
\sense_s ser o llegar a ser topile
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ma:ki:s, xto:pi:letis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He got out of it, he won't be a topile.
\phrase_s Se liberó, no va a ser topile.
\root to:pi:l
\nae In Ameyaltepec the perfective of verbs that have lost underlying {h} before -ti is with final-vowel loss: o:to:pi:let. However, Oapan maintains the expected
form (with pitch-accent): o:to:pí:letík. The underlying representation of this verb is {to:pi:l + eh + ti}.
\grmx Perfective: Note that in Ameyaltepec the perfective of this forms, which have lost the underlying {h} is with final-vowel loss: o:to:pi:let. However, Oapan
maintains the expected form (with pitch-accent): o:to:pí:etík.
\vl The first two pronunciations, one female and one male, are erroneous. They are plural with a final /h/: /to:pí:letíh/. These should be tagged with letters c for each speaker.
Then follow the singular forms (the sequence of four). These should be tagged a and b and one f and one m selected for linking.
\semref to:pí:leká:ti
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03289
\lxam ixteki
\lxam_c ixteki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to cut maguey fiber
\sense_s cortar ichtli
\sense_d Pending
\root ch
\root teki
\nse Although I have heard this word used in Ameyaltepec, it is rare. Ameyaltepequeños are more likely to say konteki mexkahli. In Oapan, the action is described as
mexkalteki not * yexteki.
\qry Recheck length of first vowel. I have recorded it as short here, although it probably is long. This word should probably be removed from the dictionary.
\semref mexkalteki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03290
\lxam akotlachia
\lxam_c akotlachia
\lxoa ákotláchia
\lxoa_pr akotlachia
\lxoa_c ákotláchia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Adv-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3c(chia)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to look upward
\sense_s alzar la vista o mirar hacia arriba
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Akotlachi:xtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is looking upward (to a place up high).
\phrase_s El estámirando hacia arriba (hacia un lugar alto).
\phrase_n Xakotlachia!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Look upward!
\phrase_s ¡Mira (hacia) arriba!
\root ahko
\root tlachia
\qry Vowel length has been recorded as both long and short and should be checked for initial /a:/ or /a/. Cf. extended note with /akopilowa/. However, in a final check I have recorded
the initial vowel of /a:kotlachia/ as definitely long; it should thus be changed to /a:/ in all entries.
\qry_fon Recheck vowel length of first vowel, particularly in Am and for all words with /ahko/.
\vl Check vl of initial /a/
\ref 03291
\lxam yewahli
\lxam_c yewahli
\lxoa yewahli
\lxoa_c yewahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e night
\sense_s noche
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nochi yewahli tekiti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He works all night.
\phrase_s Trabaja toda la noche.
\sense_e (ika (Am) or yá: (Oa) ~) during or in the night
\sense_s ika (Am) o yá: (Oa) ~) durante o en la noche
\sense_d Pending
\root yowa
\nae For comparative purposes, this root has been listed as yowa.
\qry I have one file card as /yo:yekok yewahli/ as 'he arrived at night.' This might be wrong as I would expect /yo:yekok ye yewahli/ or /yo:yekok ika yewahli/.
\ref 03292
\lxam yekateki
\lxam_c kiyekateki
\lxoa yekateki
\lxoa_c kiyekateki; yeká:tekí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to cut the point of off (sth long and pointed)
\sense_s cortarle la punta de (algo largo y puntiagudo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:ntetepon mopió, o:kiyekatehkeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your chicken has a short beak, they cut its end off.
\phrase_s Tu gallina tiene el pico rabón, le cortaron la punta.
\root yeka
\root teki
\nae The Oapan forms kiyekateki and kiyeká:tekí represent an unreduplicated and reduced reduplicative form. The reduplicant in kiyeká:tekí is
realized or marked by lengthening and pitch accent of the final short vowel of the incorporated noun.
\vl The first set of 4 is /yekateki/ the second set of four is /yeká:tekí/, a reduced reduplicative form. Code each with the same ref. number 03292 and letters a, b, c, d. Note down
that this entry will have two sets of two for comparative purposes.
\ref 03293
\lxam te:mpilichwia
\lxam_c kite:mpilichwia
\lxoa te:mpilichwia
\lxoa_f [te:m pi lich 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kite:mpilichwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-wia
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make a face at (a face of disgust and anger, turning up ones mouth and pouting, scrunching ones lips)
\sense_s hacer muecas a (con una cara de disgusto y enojo, levantando y frunciendo los labios y haciendo berrinche)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root pilich
\nae The derivational process for Ameyaltepec te:mpilichwia and Oapan te:mpilichwiya is not entirely clear. The sense of te:mpilichwia is
applicative, though there is no general process that would lead to -wia being used to convert an intransitive (perhaps ? te:mpilichiwi) into an applicative
such as that indicated by the headword. Note that applicatives that end in -wia seem to derive from the process of metathesis described by Canger (1980), a process
that would not seem applicable in this case. It is also unlikely that te:mpilichwia is formed by the same denominalization process that leads to words such as
tlaxkalwia , among others.
\grm Applicatives: The derivational process for te:mpipilichwia is not entirely clear. The sense of te:mpipilichwia is applicative, though there is no
apparent process that would lead to -wia being used to convert an intransitive (perhaps ? te:mpipilichiwi) into an applicative such as that
indicated by the headword. Another possibility is that te:mpipilichwia is formed by the same denominalization process that leads to words such as
tlaxkalwia , among others.
\ref 03294
\lxam peró:l
\lxam_c peró:l
\lxoa pero:l
\lxoa_c pero:l
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan perol
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e water container of soldered metal usually holding some 20-30 liters, and most often transported in pairs on either side of a beast of burden, hung from the saddle horn
\sense_s perol, recipiente de metal soldado que generalmente contiene unos 20 a 30 litros, y que se transportan en pares colgados de la silla de una bestia de carga
\sense_d Pending
\ilus_note Illustrate
\vl Use first male token for linking.
\ref 03295
\lxam ma:mo:motsi:ni
\lxam_c ma:temo:motsi:ni
\lxoa ma:mo:motsi:ni
\lxoa_c ma:mo:motsi:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Op. infix te- : ma:temo:motsi:ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to get cracks in ones hands (e.g., from work, for contact with a damaging substance, from bitter cold, etc.)
\sense_s agrietarsele las manos a uno (p. ej., de secadura, de frío, por un sobrecargo de trabajo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nima:temo:motsi:n, o:ne:chma:tetek tenextli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My hands got cracks in them here and there, the lime cut my hands.
\phrase_s Se me agrietaron las manos en algunos lugares, el cal me cortólas manos.
\sense_e to have a layer of dirt, dust or skin dry and crack on one's arm
\sense_s secarsele y agrietarsele a uno una capita de mugre, polvo o piel por el brazo
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root motsi:
\nse As with most verbs containing the element motsi:ni the usual manifestation in discourse is with some form of reduplication (with short or long vowel) depending on the
circumstances. In this case I have only heard it with long vowel reduplication.
\nse As with most verbs containing the element motsi:ni the usual manifestation in discourse is with some form of reduplication (with short or long vowel) depending on the
circumstances. However, whether it can take short vowel reduplication should be checked. In one entry I note that it can, in other I state 'Apparently ma:motsi:ni only
occurs with long vowel reduplication.' Check reduplication: only with long vowel? Can nonreduplicated forms occur, etc.
\nde Although apparently ma:motsi:ni is correct, this word is usually found reduplicated with a long vowel and with the infixed"intensifier."
\grm Reduplication: /O:nima:temo:motsi:n, o:ne:chma:tetek tenextli/ 'My hands got cracks in them here and there, the lime cut my hands.' Note that in the previous phrase each
verb manifests a different type of reduplication. Note that the first verb, /ma:motsi:ni/ has long vowel reduplication, indicating the spatial distribution of the cuts; however,
the second verb, which refers to the lime cutting the hands, has a short vowel reduplication, indicating or calling attention to the fact that the lime cut the hands without any
precise order to the action, it just 'cut it up.'
\semref tla:tlatsi:ni; tsa:tsaya:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03296
\lxam wistli
\lxam_c wistli
\lxoa wistli
\lxoa_c wistli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e thorn
\sense_s espina
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Miák kipia iwitsio.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has a lot of thorns.
\phrase_s Tiene muchas espinas.
\sense_e thorn plant (i.e., plants with thorns such as witspatlaxtli); branch of such a bush
\sense_s plantas espinosas (nombre genérico para tales plantas, como el witspatlaxtli); rama de tal tipo de arbusto
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa nowits, nihkwis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Those are my thorn branches, I'm going to use them (e.g., to make a fence of thorn branches thrown on the ground).
\phrase_s Son mis ramas espinosas, las voy a ocupar (p. ej., en hacer una cerca de espinas colocadas por el suelo).
\root wits
\nse As is generally the case, intrinsic possession is used for 'thorn of' where the possessor is the plant having the thorns. Alienable possession (in the singular a zero marker) is used for
possessive relations that are not part/whole.
\grm Word order; modification: /Miák kipia iwitsio/ 'It has many thorns' My understanding is that /miák/
\ref 03297
\lxam kuwtla:kihlo:tl
\lxam_c kuwtla:kihlo:tl
\lxoa kohtla:kihlo:tl
\lxoa_cpend kohtla:kihlo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e fruit of a tree (both edible and nonedible)
\sense_s fruta de unárbol (tanto lo que es comestible como lo que no es)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ika nemi, saka kuwtla:kihlo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It sustains itself on it, just on fruit.
\phrase_s Vive de eso, solamente de fruta.
\root kow
\root tla:ki
\nse The term kuwtla:kihlo:tl / kohtla:kihlo:tl apparently this refers to all fruit, not simply edible fruit. However, it is apparently limited to fruit from trees, not
from other plants. This word is rare in Ameyaltepec but common in Oapan. In this latter village it is only used in the unpossessed form; for"possessed"fruit the obligatorily possessed
tla:kihlois used. See this entry for further discussion.
\qry Check to see if there is any difference between /tla:kihlo:tl/ and /kuhtla:kihlo:tl/.
\grm Note /kuhtla:kihlo:tl/. Here was seems to occur is that a noun that is obligatorily possessed with a /-yo/ marker (used for part/whole relations with plants) can be made into
an absolutive with /-tl/. This yields the /-yo:tl/ ending. However, unlike perhaps other cases of /-yo/ this is not obligatorily possessed. Thus there is a difference between
regular nouns with /-yo/ (e.g. /tepostli/ and /iteposyo/) and obligatorily possessed nouns that can be possessed or non-possessed.
\semref tla:kihlo:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03298
\lxam tla:kihlo
\lxam_c itla:kihlo
\lxoa tla:kihlo
\lxoa_c i:tla:kihlo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn N2
\sense_e fruit (the product of a tree or plant, including the maize of a corn plant, squash of a squash plant, etc.)
\sense_s fruta (lo que rinde, y se carga de, unárbol o una planta, incluyendo el maíz de una planta de maíz, la calabaza, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Itla:kihlo we:lik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's fruit is tasty.
\phrase_s Su fruta es sabrosa.
\phrase_n I:n milá:k yo:we:weyakiak, pero xkipia itla:kihlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e These have really gotten long (e.g., the vines of a watermelon), but they don't have any fruit.
\phrase_s Estos se han extendido de veras (p. ej., las enredaderas de una sandía), pero no tienen fruta.
\root tla:ki
\nse This term is apparently obligatorily possessed. The term for"unpossessed"fruit is kuwtla:kihlo:tl (Am) / kohtla:kihlo:tl(Oa). A similar pair is
nelwayo and kohnelwatl(Oa). The lack of an abstract form tla:kihlo:tl is suggested by a form found in a discussion by
Silvestre Pantaleón in which he refers to the little fruit of a tree as i:tla:kihlotsi:n. The short /o/ indicates that the derivation is from i:tla:kihlo (the possessed
suffix -yo) in the diminutive. Note that other words that end in -yo:tl have a diminutive possessed form ending in -yo:tsi:n.
\qry Check plural formation. Check to make sure that unpossessed does occur, since none of my example sentences manifest an unpossessed form. If the unpossessed form is not
used/found, then change entry to /tla:kihlo/.
\grm Possession; vowel length; /-yo/: This term is apparently obligatorily possessed. The term for"unpossessed"fruit is kuwtla:kihlo:tl (Am) /
kohtla:kihlo:tl(Oa). A similar pair is nelwayo and kohnelwatl(Oa). The lack of an abstract form
tla:kihlo:tl is suggested by a form found in a discussion by Silvestre Pantaleón in which he refers to the little fruit of a tree as
i:tla:kihlotsi:n. The short /o/ indicates that the derivation is from i:tla:kihlo (the possessed suffix -yo) in the diminutive. Note that
other words that end in -yo:tl have a diminutive possessed form ending in -yo:tsi:n.
\grm Plural
\mod Check the sound file linked to Oapan lxoc. Is it the possessed or unpossessed form. Correct the entry as needed.
\semref kuwtla:kihlo:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref kohtla:kihlo:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03299
\lxam a:to:nawi
\lxam_c a:to:nawi
\lxoa a:to:nawi
\lxoa_c a:to:nawi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to have a fever and chills (as from malaria)
\sense_s tener calentura y escalofrio a la vez (como de paludismo)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld disease
\root a:
\root to:na
\qry Check for transitive form and readjust codes accordingly.
\vl Use second male token for link, which clearly manifests length distinctions.
\ref 03300
\lxam chacha
\lxam_c kichacha
\lxoa 'chachá
\lxoa_pr chacha
\lxoa_c kíchachá
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Spec
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to spit on
\sense_s escupir sobre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:mitschachak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He spit on you.
\phrase_s Te escupió.
\root chihcha
\ref 03301
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /kiawpale:wia/ which is a duplicate of a later record. Thus it has been deleted.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Tag all speech tokens here with #6110. Note that first female token before 4 set sequence is the plural /nokiawpale:wiyah/ (or -yan).
\ref 03302
\lxam te:nkwepaliwi
\lxam_c te:nkwepaliwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to have or get a twisted lip, or a lip that goes off to one side perhaps drooping over a bit
\sense_s tener o adquirir un labio torcido, o un labio que va hacia un lado quizácayéndose poquito
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to have or get a lip or edge that folds or dobles over (e.g., a ceramic bowl)
\sense_s tener o adquirir un labio o borde doblado o plegado (p. ej., de un frutero de cerámica)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:te:nkwepaliw para kali.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Its edge folded over toward the inside.
\phrase_s La orilla se le doblópara adentro.
\phrase_n O:te:nkwe:kwepaliw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Its edge folded (or doubled) over (repeatedly, in many places).
\phrase_s Su orilla se dobló(o, se plegó, repetidas veces, en varios lugares).
\root te:n
\root kwepal
\nse The opposite of para kali in one of the example sentences would be para kia:wak. In Oapan, to refer to material objects with a twisted lip, one might
use te:nkoltotsiwi; no word for having a twisted lip (a person) was given.
\qry Determine other possible subjects.
\grm Pluralization of adjectives: Note the following: /te:nkwepaltik/ 'one bowl having a folded lip in one place'; /te:nkwe:kwepaltik/ 'one bowl having a folded lip in various
places'; and /te:nkwe:kwepaltikeh/ 'many bowls having folded lips in various places'.
\ref 03303
\lxam tlatla:ltik
\lxam_c tlatla:ltik
\lxoa té:tlá:ltik
\lxoa_c té:tlá:ltik
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-te)
\sense_e light earth colored (e.g., certain ceramics)
\sense_s color de tierra ligera (p. ej., ciertas cerámicas)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld color
\root tla:l
\ref 03304
\lxam yepakihli
\lxam_c yepakihli
\lxoa yepakihli
\lxoa_c yepakihli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e tree of the Leguminoseae family, found on lands of Ameyaltepec, with edible shoots that with the first rains emerge from the tips of its branches
\sense_s árbol de la familia Leguminoseae, localizado en los terrenos de Ameyaltepec, con retoños comestibles que con las primeras lluvias salen de las ramitas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yepakihli | Konkwin itlatsmoli:nahlo. Nokwa. Bwe:noh para tlikohtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Yepakihli : They go gather its shoots. It is eaten. It (the wood) is good for firewood.
\phrase_s Yepakihli : Van a traer sus retoños. Se comen. Es (su madera) bueno para leña.
\sense_e endible tender shoots of leaves from the end of the yepakihli tree
\sense_s retoños comestibles que brotan de las ramas delárbol conocido por este mismo nombre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkaman nihkwa yepakihli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've never eaten the shoots of the yepakihli tree.
\phrase_s Nunca he comido los retoños delárbol llamado yepakihli.
\root yepa
\root kil
\nse The name of this edible plant might derives from the rather distinctive smell of the shoots when cooked; see yepatl.
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this as called quelite zorro in Spanish, a member of the Leguminosaefamily. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give simply
quelite. There is nothing under quelite zorro or zorro, nor anything similar to yepakihli in Schoenhals (1988).
Guizar and Sánchez (1991) also do not list any tree that is immediately identifiable as the yepakihli.
\ref 03305
\lxam tekakapaxtik
\lxam_c tekakapaxtik
\lxoa te:kapaxtik
\lxoa_c te:kapaxtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. prefix te- (Oa); Reduced rdp-s*(prev-te)
\sense_e to have a rough, bumpy, or scale-like surface
\sense_s tener una superficieáspera o escamosa; teniendo una superficie con bolitas o muchas proturberancias
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tekakapaxtik michin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Fish are rough skinned (from their scales).
\phrase_s Los peces tienen la pieláspera (por las escamas).
\phrase_n Tekakapaxtik un po:cho:kuwtli, kipia itetekwitsio.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The surface of that pochote tree is rough, it has large thornlike bumps.
\phrase_s La superficie de ese pochote esáspera, tiene abolladuras como espinas
\root kapax
\nse Ameyaltepec (te)kakapaxtik refers to something that is rough-surfaced, particularly materials that have portions of their surface flake away, for example, certain
ceramics that if not soaked in water start to flake away on the surface, or certain trees such as the kuhxio:tland po:cho:tl. A person with with the
disease called pi:ntoh kakapaxtli (in which kakapxtli is an attributive adjective modifying the disease pi:ntoh) has skin that manifests the
same quality.
\nae In Ameyaltepec it appears that te- functions as an intensifier to kakapaxtik. There might also be some collocational differences between the two forms
(i.e., the condition of certain subjects can be expressed or modified by kakapaxtik while others take tekakapaxtik. The nature of these collocational
relations needs to be determined. In Oapan, however, te- seems to function as a short of"dummy morpheme"upon which the
\qry One phrase not included above: /sa: nikakapaxtik, o:niaga:la:w/ 'estoy nomás raspado, me raspé.'
\ref 03306
\lxam tsotsokatilia
\lxam_c kitsotsokatilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to act in a miserly, stingy, selfish, or unsharing way toward
\sense_s portarse en una manera mezquina, egoista o envidiosa hacia; hacerle menos a (una persona, p. ej., al negarle algo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n On ne:nkah suwa:tl melá:k xkwahli. Kitsotsokatilia ikone:w, xkineki kimakas itlah tli:no:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That there woman is really no good. She's stingy to her child, she doesn't want to give him anything.
\phrase_s Esa mujer de veras no estábien. Es muy mezquina en cuanto a su hijo, no se lo quiere dar nada.
\root tsoka
\nae Apparently tsotsokatilia is an applicative, functioning in much the same way semantically as applicatives on several intransitive verbs: to act in a certain way (indicated
by the one-place verbal predicate) in relation to a person (the grammatical object of the applicative).
\qry Check to determine whether /tsotsokatia/ is a verb (and... transitive or intransitive).
\grm Applicatives of intransitives: Apparently tsotsokatilia is an applicative, functioning in much the same way semantically as applicatives on several intransitive
verbs: to act in a certain way (indicated by the one-place verbal predicate) in relation to a person (the grammatical object of the applicative).
\ref 03307
\lxam ito:tia
\lxam_c nito:tia
\lxoa ító:tia
\lxoa_pr ito:tia
\lxoa_c nító:tia
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl.) to dance
\sense_s (refl.) bailar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nító:tia kumbiah.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He dances the cumbia.
\phrase_s Baila la cumbia.
\sense_e to dance around with (a doll, a carved bull during the fiesta of San Lucas, etc.)
\sense_s bailar con (una muñeca, un torito de madera durante la fiesta de San Lucas, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Pues yewa kito:tian, te:h, ko:koneh, noso ma:ski uwe:imeh.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 03307_01_am
\src_p Inocencio Díaz
\phrase_e Well you know, children, and even adults, dance around with it (a carved wooden bull).
\phrase_s Pues, los niños y hasta los adultos, bailan con él (un torito de madera), pues
\sense_e to spin (a top [O])
\sense_s hacer girar (un trompo)
\sense_d Oa
\root hto:ti
\nse Ito:tia is used almost exclusively in the reflexive as a middle construction signifying that the action is a one-person event (i.e., the subject in effect"makes"himself or
herself dance). However, in Ameyaltepec I have heard it used, though very rarely, with a specific 3rd-person object that refers to the type of dance being performed (e.g., a
cumbia). Finally, I have heard it used when the object is the item (e.g., a little doll during the dancing that takes in weddings in Oapan) that is physically being"danced around"(i.e.,
carried in the upraised arms of an elder woman dancer). Classical Nahuatl has ito:tia as a causative. Thus Molina glosses itotia. nite 'hacer bailer a
alguien.' The validity of this argument structure is evidenced by Ameyaltepec te:ito:tike:tl 'dance master,' literally 'one who makes people dance.'
\ref 03308
\lxam kwaltia
\lxam_c kikwaltia
\lxoa kwaltia
\lxoa_c kikwaltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to feed (sth) to (sb); to give (sb sth) to eat
\sense_s dar de comer (algo) a; alimentar a (algn) con
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwalti pi:pitíkyetl para ma:ka itech ki:sas!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Give him small black beans to eat (a child bitten by a scorpion), so that it (the bite) doesn't affect him!
\phrase_s ¡Dale de comer (a un niño mordido por un alacrán) frijoles negros pequeños para que no se le trabe (un piquete de alacrán)!
\phrase_n Xkwalti un kone:tsi:ntli itlaxkal! Xki:tskilito, tla:mo kwa:ltlakalis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Feed that little child his tortilla! Hold it for him, if not he will let it drop to the ground!
\phrase_s ¡Dale a ese niñito su tortilla!¡Agárraselo porque si no lo haces, la va a dejar caer al suelo!
\phrase_n Xkwalti notah pió! Xmiktili se:!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Give my father chicken to eat! Kill one for him!
\phrase_s ¡Dale a mi papápollo para comer!¡Mátale uno!
\sense_e to let eat
\sense_s dejar que coma
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka xkwalti moburroh un mi:hli! Ma:ka xka:wili!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't let your donkey eat the maize plants (e.g., said to a person passing by the edge of a cornfield on his donkey, advising him to take care and not let the donkey reach
out to eat the corn)! Don't let him do it!
\phrase_s ¡No dejes que tu burro coma ese maíz (en una milpa; p. ej., dicho a una persona que pasa con su burro por la orilla de una milpa, advirtiéndole que no debe dejar que su
burro arranque la milpa para comer)!¡No lo dejes!
\sense_e to join or press together (e.g., two pieces of wood, but not with nails but rather jointed)
\sense_s apretar y juntar (p. ej., dos tablas de madera, o algo que se arma, pero no con clavos sino con pedazos entrelazados)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwahli xkwalti mome:sah! Ma:ka ne:si ka:n o:tpepechoh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make sure the joints on your table are tight (e.g., where the boards for the top come together)! Don't let the place where you placed (the planks) together show!
\phrase_s ¡Ten cuidado que esta bien ensamblada tu mesa!¡No dejes que se vea donde las juntaste (e.g., las tablas)!
\root kwal
\nae With human primary objects the antipassive form is more common, e.g., xtlakwalti mokone:w ika i:tlaxkal.
\qry Determine the meaning of forms such as /-kwa:kwaltia/ or /-tlakwa:kwaltia/, i.e., with long vowel reduplication. Check meaning of /kukwaltia/ with a specific object.
\grm Note syntax: /Xkwalti notah pió! Xmiktili se:!/ 'Give my father chicken to eat! Kill one for him! V-PO-SO
\grm Let causative: /Ma:ka xkwalti moburroh un mi:hli! Ma:ka xka:wili!/ 'Don't let your donkey eat the maize plants (e.g., said to a person passing by the edge of a cornfield on
his donkey, advising him to take care and not let the donkey reach out to eat the corn)! Don't let him do it!' Note the signification of 'let' or 'allow.' Cf. the literature on
causatives, which mentions this meaning.
\xref kwaltilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlakwaltia
\xref_t val_reduce2
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlakukwaltia
\xref_t val_reduce2
\xref_d Am
\xref tlá:kwaltiá
\xref_t val_reduce2
\xref_d Oa
\xref kwa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 03309
\lxam kuwi:xin
\lxam_c kuwi:xin
\lxoa kowi:xin
\lxoa_c kowi:xin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e generic name for certain types of small lizard
\sense_s nombre genérico para ciertas lagartijas pequeñas
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e one of the specific types of lizards of the group known also as kowi:xin
\sense_s uno de los tipos particulares del grupo de lagartija conocido como kuwi:xin
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e long, pointed stick used in in constructing the roof of thatched-roofed huts
\sense_s vara larga y puntiaguda utilizada en construir el techo en casas de palma o zacate
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld lizard
\semfld tool-contruct
\root kowi:x
\ency_note kowi:xin
\ency_note kahli
\nse The tool used in house contruction is a long pointed stick of tlapextli, from the inside of a certain cactus. The stick has a hole in the pointed end and is passed
from the inside of the house through the thatching to the other side where those who are placing the thatching thread palm through the hole in the stick so that it may be pulled through
the thatching and then passed back out where the palm is tied, securing the thatching to the kwihlo:tl. The same /kowi:xin/ may be also used to pass rope through the
thatching in order to secure the mekato:ktli.
\notes_nature There are 4 types of kowi:xin : kowi:xtataka , petskowi:xin , wi:sako:tl , and techichiko:tl.
Perhaps the a:petskowi:xin should also be counted, although it might be the same as the petskowi:xin. Schoenhals (1988:328-29) lists many
types of lagartijas, including the lagartija cuija or gecko, of which there are also many types listed, under geco.
\qry Recheck. types of /kowi:xin/.
\mod Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and the words there listed.
\vl Female first mistakenly says /komichin/. This should be linked to #04570. The following 4 tokens are fine.
\ref 03310
\lxam kah
\lxam_c na:nkah
\lxoa kah
\lxoa_c na:nkah
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv Irregular; see kah
\sense_e (with adverb of location) to be (in a given location)
\sense_s (con un adverbio de lugar) estar (en un lugar en particular)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Na:n tonkah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are here.
\phrase_s Aquíestás.
\phrase_n Pa yes!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It will be there (i.e., it has moved but will be there, as indicated)!
\phrase_s ¡Alláestará(esto es, se ha cambiado de lugar, pero alláestarádonde se indica)!
\sense_e (3rd-person only: onkah) to be (in existence)
\sense_s (3a-persona solamente: onkah) haber (una cosa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Onkah serbe:sah, ma tikoni:kan!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is beer, let's drink it!
\phrase_s ¡Hay cerveza, vamos a beberla!
\phrase_n Xekatka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There wasn't (weren't) any yet.
\phrase_s Todavía no había (habían).
\sense_e ([sustantivo] katka) deceased [noun]
\sense_s ([sustantivo] katka) fallecido [sustantivo]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa notah katka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He was my father (but is now deceased).
\phrase_s Era mi papá(pero ya falleció).
\root ka
\nse In Oapan kah is only used for things that, as one consultant stated," xkaman nékwaniá, nochipa pa u:nkah,"i.e., for things that never move. For animates
the term nemiis used, as in nika:n ninemi. It appears, though this will need to be confirmed, that Ameyaltepec Nahuatl is not so strict in its use of verbs
of existence and being.
\nae This is the suppletive stem of the copula for past tenses (i.e., katka). The precise orthography for kah is still uncertain. When the copula is
disyllabic writing it as a separate word is the obvious choice. However, in monosyllabic form (as in na:nkah or na:n kah) the choice is not
clear. Phonologically ['na:n kah] suggests a single word. However, the monosyllabic forms of certain common verbs ('to go' and 'to be') are often unstressed (e.g., ma
ya ['ma ya] 'let him be gone!'), but for that reason alone cannot be written as clitics joined to a previous word. The argument for writing kah separately
in na:n kah is that an intervening subject marker is found in forms such as na:n tunkah 'you are here.' Thus one could argue that
na:nkah is actually na:n plus kah preceded by the zero subject marker of the 3rd person. However, the fact that the
verb is preceded by on, or un suggests again that kah cannot occur alone. Perh aps the best solution f or now is to
state that the copula and verb 'to be' of existence are written separately from any adverbial or other particle except in a few instances, such as na:nkah. More
work needs to be done!
\qry Check or confirm presence of final /h/ in present (/nunkah/) and its absence in the past (/nikatka/). When once I wanted to say of a certain item that I wished to buy, that it would be
available in Zumpango I said /pa yes Sumpa:ngoh/ a listener (Elias Guerrero) laughed and asked me if Zumpango moves around. The proper way of saying what I wished to say is
/yes Sumpa:ngoh/"it will be available in Zumpango."However, check the difference between /pa yes/ and /pa onyes/, etc.
\semref ye
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03311
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa melo:nteson
\lxoa_c melo:ntesoh, melo:nteson
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\loan (part) meló:n
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e cantaloupe
\sense_s melón
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root teson
\nse The name of this melon derives from its rough skin, see tesontik.
\nae As is often the case, Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl manifest a reversal of order between nominal head and attributive.
\vl Link either female token but last male token, as example of final nasal.
\semref tesomelo:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 03312
\lxam kwa:tlapa:ni
\lxam_c kwa:tlapa:ni
\lxoa kwa:tlapa:ni
\lxoa_c kwa:tlapa:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. infix te- : kwa:tetlapa:ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to split ones head open
\sense_s descalabrarse
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root tlapa:
\nde The intensifier is usually used, particularly when referring to humans.
\ref 03313
\lxam tila:wi
\lxam_c tila:wi
\lxoa tila:wi
\lxoa_c tila:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become thick (e.g., a covering, calluses, ice in a freezer, etc.)
\sense_s hacerse grueso (p. ej., una capa de algo, callos, hielo en un congelador, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:tetepetlatiak noma, yo:titila:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My hands have gotten calluses on them, (the skin) has gotten thick in places.
\phrase_s Se le salieron callos a mi mano, en varias partes la piel se puso gruesa.
\phrase_n Tila:wtoya moxtli, a:man o:chaya:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The cloud cover was becoming thick, now its been dispersed.
\phrase_s Las capa de nubes estaba quedando gruesa, ahora se dispersó.
\sense_e to get or become overgrown; to get a thick cover (e.g., a field with weeds or other types of underbrush [S])
\sense_s cubrirse o llenarse (p. ej., un terreno con maleza); ponerse espeso o denso (de maleza u otros tipos de hierbas [s] que invaden y cubren un terreno sembrado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tlatila:w nochi ika chi:ka:lin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (an area) has become overgrown with chi:ka:lin.
\phrase_s Se ha puesto densa la maleza con chi:ka:lin.
\phrase_n Melá:k tila:wak un xiwtli, yo:tila:w. Ye titlaximiktitok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The weeds have really gotten overgrown, they've spread all over. You are letting things (e.g., your milpa) get overgrown with weeds.
\phrase_s La maleza estámuy espesa, se ha llenado de maleza. Ya estás dejando que se cubriera de hierba.
\phrase_n Miák xiwtli ika tila:wtok nomi:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My corn field is becoming overgrown with weeds.
\phrase_s Mi milpa se estácubriendo con maleza.
\phrase_n Xtlapo un tlato:ktli, ma:ka mopan tlatila:wis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Open up a space around the planted plants, don't let it (the field) get overgrown on you!
\phrase_s ¡Abrele un espacio alrededor de las plantas sembradas, quéno se te vaya a cubrir de maleza!
\sense_e to become laden (a tree with fruit)
\sense_s llenarse o cubrirse (unárbol con fruta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w tila:wi komo:chitl, yo:pe:w miakia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The guamúchil tree has become laden with fruit, it (the fruit) has become plentiful.
\phrase_s El guamúchil se ha cubierto de fruta, ya empezóa abundar.
\sense_e to become dense (a rain)
\sense_s ser o llegar a ser fuerte (la lluvia)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w tila:wi a:tl, yo:pe:w kiawi chika:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The rain has started to get heavy, it's started to rain hard.
\phrase_s La lluvia ha empezado a caer con fuerza, ya empezóa llover fuerte.
\sense_e to rise or become deep (a river)
\sense_s subir o llegar a ser profundo (un río)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w tila:wi un a:te:ntli. Wekatlantia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The river has started to rise. It has become deep.
\phrase_s El río ya empezóa subir. Ya se ha hecho profundo.
\root tila:
\nse Used impersonally this refers to a place that is overgrown, generally with weeds. It is virtually equivalent to tlatila:wa which has a subject, the weeds that are causing
the overgrowth. According to Jeremías Cabrera the transitive form can take as a subject a particular plant, e.g., tlatila:wa nomi:hla:n me:me:ya.
\qry Check how /tila:wi/ of /tlati:lawi/ can be used to refer to a milpa. Note that it is not clear whether the subject of /tila:wi/ is the plant or the milpa. The subject of tila:wi
is at times unclear. In Ameyaltepec, it may be used in regard to fruit trees, or to vines such as cantaloupe and watermelon that bear a lot of fruit. In reference to weeds,
tila:wi refers to the process whereby they overgrow a field, whereby they"become thick."The weeds are the subject of the intranstive verb, they are what become
'thick' at a specific location, the field. In reference to an area, the impersonal passive tlatila:wi is used. However, occasionally the field itself may be the subject of the
verb tila:wi , which in this usage acquires the meaning of 'to become overgrown.' This usage is illustrated by the phrase Miák xiwtli ika tila:wtok nomi:l.
\grm Impersonal passive: /O:tlatila:w nochi ika chi:ka:lin/ 'It (an area) has become overgrown with chi:ka:lin.' Note how the general process is referred to with
an impersonal passive (with /tla-/) and the subject is moved to an oblique position, following /ika/. Cf. this to the antipassive is which the object is similarly marked in an
oblique manner.
\grm Resultatives; statives: in the phrase /Tila:wtoya moxtli, a:man o:chaya:w/, tentatively translated as 'The cloud cover was becoming thick, now they've dispersed,' is not
entirely clear whether the best translation is a stative or a progressive. It might be possible to check this, although the precise manner of accomplishing this is not entirely
clear. It would, however, seem that in the case of verbs ending in /-a:wi/ and /-a:wa/ the progressive is the best interpretation of such forms (e.g., /tila:wtok/, /toma:wtok/,
/pitsa:wtok/, while the stative (or resultative) is represented by /tila:wak/, /toma:wak/, /pitsa:wak/, etc. If this is the case, then perhaps these should not be considered
unaccusatives.
\grm Subordinate/adverbial clause; syntax; antipassive: Note /Miák xiwtli ika tila:wtok nomi:l/ 'My corn field is becoming overgrown with weeds.' Note the construction:
Mod-N-Subordinator-Pred-N(sub). This is very similar to the syntax of Classical Nahuatl, in which case /ic/ is used before a verbal predicate to indicate that the preceding
clause is subordinate. Cf. Lockhart and Launey on this subject. Lockhart (MS, p. 95) gives a use of /ic/ that is similar to the antipassive construction noted for Ameyaltepec:
/cuix itla ic titlanahuatia/ 'Are you giving some order?' As he notes:"In this last case, /ic/ is used as a way of providing an object for a verb that is in effect intransitive.
/Nahuatia/, to order, is used very often with the indefinite prefix /tla-/, after which it can no longer take a specific object. What /itla ic titlanahuatia/ says is 'you give orders
with something, or about something.'
\ref 03314
\lxam tlakowia
\lxam_c notlakowian
\lxoa tlákowía
\lxoa_f ['tla ko 'wi a]
\lxoa_pr tlakowia
\lxoa_c kitlákowía
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (recipr.; or refl. with -wa:n) to divide in half between, or with; to share (two individuals or groups, e.g., food, or other material objects)
\sense_s (recipr.; o refl. con -wa:n) dividir en mitad entre, o con; compartir o compartir con (dos individuos o grupos, p. ej., comida u otros objetos materiales)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timotlakowi:skeh, tla:tlako.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We're going to divide it between the two of us, a half for each.
\phrase_s Nos lo vamos a dividir entre nosotros dos, la mitad para cada quien.
\phrase_n I:wa:n o:timotlakowih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You divided it up with him.
\phrase_s Te lo compartiste conél.
\root tlahko
\nse According to one consultant, most accurately, tlakowia is used for the act of dividing something between two individuals. For greater numbers of people
xelowilia is the preferred term although one may also use onkawia
\nae This verb may be used with a plural reflexive subject as a reciprocal, or it may be used with a subject (singular or plural) and an oblique argument (introduced by
i:wa:n) with more or less the sense of 'to share with.'
\qry Check whether three people can be the subject-refl. object in /o:timotlakowikeh/. Make sure the Oapan form is correct. In Am this is only a reciprocal.
\grm Reflexive; oblique: In general note that in many cases there is an alternation of /timotlakowian/ and /iwan nimotlakowia/, This is general.
\grmx Oapan phonology; pitch-accent: Here note that the pitch accent derives from coda {h} in the first stem syllable. Note that the p-a does not shift left, undoubtedly in part
because the short vowel of the prefix does not attract the p-a, as well as the metric pattern of alternating stress. Cf. to /'tlató:ltia/ in which p-a shifts leftward because of the
palatalization of the final consonant and the difference in final syllable structure [tia] vs [wi a]
\ref 03315
\lxam toto:nia
\lxam_c toto:nia
\lxoa toto:nia
\lxoa_c toto:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to have a fever
\sense_s tener calentura
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n milá:k toto:nialo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here there are a lot of people with fever.
\phrase_s Aquíhay mucha fiebre (esto es, mucha gente enferma con fiebre).
\sense_e to become overheated (from exposure to the sun, particularly after hard work, playing sports, etc.)
\sense_s calentarse (un ser animado por haber estado expuesto al sol, particularmente después de haber trabajado o jugado un deporte)
\sense_d Pending
\root to:n
\nae There is no transitive verb (* toto:nilia) in this paradigm. There is a headword toto:nilia, but it is a ditransitive, the applicative of the transitive
toto:nia.
\grm Oapan phonology: the question of the voicing of stops needs to be researched. In the second male pronunciation the voicing of the second /t/ is quite clear. [to'do:nya].
However, my instincts (or ear) on these matters is very poor. The files have been separately saved and may perhaps be given to a phonetician for consultation.
\vl Link first female token, second male token.
\ref 03316
\lxam pa
\lxam_c pa tekiti
\lxoa pa
\lxoa_alt mpa
\lxoa_alt ompa
\lxoa_c pa tekiti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-pl
\sense_e there (preclitic used most often with verbs of existence or motion to indicate existence at a distant location outside of sight or extraverse movement, most often in a direction
away from speaker)
\sense_s allí(preclítico utilizado con verbos de existencia o movimiento para indicar existencia en un lugar distante o desplazamiento dejando atrás un punto deíctico, que
generalmente estáen una dirección alejada del hablante)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pa yaw! Pero milá:k xtila:nili!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here it goes (in this case an alcoholic drink being passed around)! But take a good hearty swig of it!
\phrase_s ¡Ahíva (en este caso una bebida alcohólica al pasarse de una persona a otra)! pero de veras,¡Chúpatela bien!
\root pa
\nse The adverbial preclitic pa is probably related to the postclitic pa that with adverbials means 'toward' (e.g., nepa 'toward
there') while with quantifiers means 'times' (e.g., o:kpa 'two times.' Note that whereas adverbials of location can often occur independently, e.g.,
nika:n(for example, in response to a question Ka:non ticha:nti? 'Where do you live?' the response might be Nika:n. 'Here'),
pa= cannot occur indepently but is precliticized to the verb although following orthographic convention, this particle is written as a separate word before a verb.
\nae In Oapan one finds not only the alternation po and pon, depending on the initial letter of the following word, but po on. Thus pon
cha:nti, po on cha:nti and pa cha:nti.
\qry Note to self from above: [Note to self: continue discussion here under /lxa /ompa/]. Check other uses of /pa/ as an unbound morpheme: /pa nemi/, etc. Check with non 3rd person:
/pa niaw/, /pa nies/? etc. Check things like /pa nitlakwa:s/, /pa nitekitis/, etc. Perhpas /ompa nitekitis/, etc.
\grm Orthography: clitics are written with following predicates if these are one syllable. Thus: The adverbial preclitic pa is probably related to the postclitic
=pa that with adverbials means 'toward' (e.g., nepa 'toward there') while with quantifiers means 'times' (e.g., o:kpa 'two times.'
Note that whereas adverbials of location can often occur independently, e.g., nika:n (for example, in response to a question Ka:non
ticha:nti? 'Where do you live?' the response might be Nika:n. 'Here'), pa= cannot occur indepently but is precliticized to the verb:
payaw , though this is written pa yaw in boh Oapan and Ameyaltepec.. Following orthographic convention, this particle is written as a
separate word before a verb with two or more syllables.
\vl Use second female token for link.
\semref paon
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03317
\lxam teto:ktli
\lxam_c teto:ktli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e rock that is embedded inside the earth
\sense_s piedra o roca que estáenterrada dentro de la tierra
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Teto:ktli, ipan onye:wi moara:doh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is an embedded rock, your plow runs right up against it.
\phrase_s Es una piedra enterrada, tu arado se topa con ella.
\root te
\root to:ka
\ref 03318
\lxam tlama:tsowaltsi:n
\lxam_c tlama:tsowaltsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn N1
\sense_e see tlatlama:tsowaltsi:n
\sense_s véase tlatlama:tsowaltsi:n
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root ma:ts
\qry This entry should probably be removed.
\ref 03319
\lxam chachawa
\lxam_c chachawa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infa pl. + meh
\sense_e see tlanchachawa
\sense_s véase tlanchachawa
\sense_d Am
\root chawa
\qry Cf. comments under /chachawatik/. Check final for glottal stop and determine whether this is a noun or verb (I have it recorded as a noun). Also vowel length should be checked.
Cf. Remi-Simeón /chachaua/"s. moho que cubre losárboles". Note that /cat code as N-ap is provisional.
\ref 03320
\lxam kompa:likni:wtli
\lxam_c i:kompa:likni:w
\lxoa kompa:nili:htli
\lxoa_c nompa:nili:w
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan compadre
\psm N
\der N-b
\sense_e child of one's god-parents
\sense_s hijo (o hija) de los padrinos de uno
\sense_d Pending
\root kni:w
\nse In both Oapan and Ameyaltepec the stem (kompa:nili:w and kompa:likni:w , respectively) may be used as a vocative. However, the most common use
of this term is in possessed form as a referent.
\nde Note the loss of the initial /k/ after a possessive prefix that ends in /o/. In the 3rd person the possessed form would be i:kompa:lniliw.
\qry Check as an address term.
\ref 03321
\lxam tla:lmati
\lxam_c tla:lmati
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-b
\trans +Caus (reduplicated only)
\infv Irregular; see mati
\sense_e to know the lay of the land (i.e., where the paths go, who owns particular lands, etc.)
\sense_s conocer bien el terreno (en su aspecto geográfico, p. ej., donde van los caminos, de quien son las propiedades, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Newa nitla:lmati, nikmastok ka:n tiaweh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I know the lay of the land, I know where we are going.
\phrase_s Conozco bien el terreno, sédonde vamos.
\fla tla:lmamaxtia
\root tla:l
\root mati
\xref tla:lmamaxtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 03322
\lxam te:ntepi:stik
\lxam_c te:ntepi:stik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to have a hard edge (e.g., a machete)
\sense_s tener unaborde dura (p. ej., un machete)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to have a tight lid, cap, or top (e.g., a pot, container, bottle, etc.)
\sense_s tener la tapadera bien apretada (e.g., una olla, recipiente, etc.); estar con el tapón bien metido (e.g., una botella)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root pi:ts
\disamb te:ntili:ntok; te:tepi:stik; te:nkohtik
\nae The etymology of te:ntepi:stik is unclear. It would seem at first glance to be related to pi:stik , which has the sense of 'tight-fitting.' If this were the
case, then te- would be an intensifier. However, it is also possible (and perhaps more likely) that the etymological relationship is directly to tepi:tsiwi or
tepi:stik , with the sense of 'hard,' 'resistent,' 'stout,' etc. It is likely that the two stems, pi:tsand tepi:tsare related, but for now they
have been analyzed as distinct.
\semref te:ntili:ntok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref te:ntili:ntok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03323
\lxam pa:chichi:na
\lxam_c kipa:chichi:na
\lxoa pa:chi:na
\lxoa_c kipa:chi:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am)
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to suck on (e.g., a sweet, a popsicle, or even the end of a cigarrette if it is not lit)
\sense_s chupar (p. ej., un dulce, una paleta, o hasta el cabo de un cigarro, si no estáencendido)
\sense_d Pending
\root pa:
\root chi:na
\disamb pa:chichi:na; pipi:na; chi:chi
\nae Pa:chichi:na (Am) and pa:chi:na (Oa) have the archaic root for water pa:and probably chi:(na) , which is perhaps
related to chi:chi 'to suckle (e.g., as a baby on its mother's breast).'
\vl Link first female and second male token.
\ref 03324
\lxam pitsotlatsihki
\lxam_c pitsotlatsihki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to be real lazy (like a pig, lying around doing nothing)
\sense_s ser muy flojo (como un marrano, que se la pasa acostado, no haciendo nada)
\sense_d Am
\root pitso
\root tlats
\nae One would perhaps expect the form ? pitsotlatski. The form tlatsihki has also been documented, but is extremely rare. It might even be an imitation of
speech from a neighboring dialect. In a discussion with Roberto Mauricio and Inocencio Díaz the general opinion was that tlayehli (Am) / tláyehlí(Oa)
were more common associated with pigs (e.g., pitsotlayehli) whereas laziness is associated (at least in Ameyaltepec) dogs (titlatski ke:n chichi).
However, in general the compound forms with animals indicating character traits are not common and most often said in jest.
\qry Check for possibility of pitsotlatski. Also check whether simply tlatsihki exists.
\ref 03325
\lxam xo:pantsi:n
\lxam_alt xoxo:pantsi:n
\lxam_c xo:pantsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e (rare) term of San Juan Tetelcingo, occasionally used in Ameyaltepec, synonymous with to:moiswatl, a name of a cactus still not identified
\sense_s (raro) término de San Juan Tetelcingo, ocasionalmente usado en Ameyaltepec, sinónimo con to:moiswatl, nombre de un tipo de cactus todavía no
identificado
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld cactus
\root xo:
\root_rel -pan
\nse In San Juan Tetelcingo the lexeme xo:pantsi:nis used for what in Ameyaltepec is called to:moiswatl. However, Ameyaltepequeños know this term
and will occasionally, though rarely, use it. I have also heard the term xoxo:pantsi:n used in Ameyaltepec, but this might well have been uttered by someone trying to
communicate to me a term with which he was very unfamiliar.
\ref 03326
\lxam tlatska:kokolistli
\lxam_c tlatska:kokolistli
\lxoa tlatska:kokolistli
\lxoa_c tlatska:kokolistli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Part-N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e feeling of being under the weather and without energy
\sense_s un sentir de estar sin la energía para moverse
\sense_d Oa
\fla tlatsihka:kokolistli
\root tlats
\root koko
\vl Use second female token.
\qry I had this note under /tlatsihka:kokolistli/, which has been deleted. 'To date two cognate forms have been documented: tlatsihka:kokolistli (Am) and
tlatska:kokolistli. The variation among dialects reflects the two alternatives to compound forms for verbs that end in -iwi. The first is a participial form
derived from the shortened (perfective) stem; this is the most common way of compounding verbs. The second is the simple verb stem (in this case tlats) without
the verbal -iwi ending.'
\semref tlatsihka:kokolistli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 03327
\lxam teko:ntia
\lxam_c teko:ntia
\lxoa teko:ntia
\lxoa_c teko:ntia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to sag (a hammock, bed, or similar object that can stretch and sag or become concave; or a hat with a brim that sags down)
\sense_s combarse; hundirse en medio (una hamaca, cama u otro objeto similar que puede quedar combada o con una forma concava; o un sombrero a que las alas cayen hacia
abajo).
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to sink in (e.g., soft land)
\sense_s sumirse; hundirse (p. ej., tierra suave)
\sense_d Pending
\root te
\root ko:m
\qry See comments with /teko:ntli/ re: vowel length.
\ref 03328
\lxam kakaya:wa
\lxam_c kikakaya:wa
\lxoa kákayá:wa
\lxoa_pr kakaya:wa
\lxoa_c kí:kayá:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref)
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to trick or fool (e.g., in selling sth old as new, in promising sth that cannot be delivered, etc.)
\sense_s engañar o embustir; vacilar (p. ej., al vender algo viejo como nuevo, al prometer algo que no se puede cumplir, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmitskakaya:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He won't fool (trick) you (e.g., by selling faulty merchandise, by not delivering sth promised).
\phrase_s No te va a engañar (p. ej., al vender mercancía defectuosa, al no entregar algo prometido).
\phrase_n Suwa:tl no: wel kikakaya:wa iwe:wentsi:n, xmlá:k patioh tli:n o:kikow.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Women can also trick their husbands, what she bought (in a particular case referred to) wasn't really expensive (as she had said in order to keep the money that was left
over).
\phrase_s La mujer también puede engañar a su esposo, lo que compró(en un caso en particular) no fue asíde caro (como ella había dicho para que se pudiera quedar con el
sobrante).
\sense_e cuckhold; cheat on (a spouse)
\sense_s ponerle los cuernos a (un esposo o esposa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kikakaya:wa iwe:wentsi:n, kipia imekaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She cuckholds her husband, she has a lover.
\phrase_s Le pone los cuernos a su esposo, tiene un amante.
\sense_e to have as a lover (said of an older woman [S] who has a younger man as a lover [O], who is"fooled")
\sense_s tener como amante (dicho de una mujer mayor [S] quien tiene un hombre más joven como amante [O], quien"se engaña")
\sense_d Pending
\root kaya:
\vl Link first female token, either male.
\ref 03329
\lxam kupa:ktekolo:tl
\lxam_c kupa:ktekolo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of Pygmy-Owl, perhaps the Mountain Pygmy-Owl, Glaucidium gnoma, G. griseiceps, or a closely related species
\sense_s tipo de buho pequeño, quizá Glaucidium gnoma, G. griseiceps, o una especie cercana
\sense_d Am
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 25, p. 360
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root kopa:k
\root tekolo:
\qry Check stems and etymology. In one entry I had a long /a:/ and in the other a short /a/: check vowel length.
\notes_nature The kopa:ktekolo:tl is a to:to:tl about the size of a wi:lo:tl. It is not a tekolo:tl. Speakers describe it as the color
tekoch , with black and whitish lines. It has horns like an owl (hence, probably, its name). Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this alternatively as the
'gavilancillo' and the 'cuatillo.' Schoenhals (1988:414) says of the gavilancillo "(Falco sparverius) 'American kestrel' See cernícalo"Apparently it is
also known as the gavilancillo chillón, and the gavilancillo mexicano. Under cernícalo:""(Falco sparverius) 'American kestrel' [formerly 'sparrow
hawk'] Widspread in winter. Mostly reddish-brown with gray and black wings. The reddish-brown on back and tail is characteristic of species. No other small hawk
customarily hovers briefly above prey. Also called aguililla, cernícalo chitero, cuije, espantavenado, gavilán chico, gavilán chitero, gavilán hielero, gavilán pollero,
gavilán primito, gav ilán ratonero, gavilancillo, gavilancillo chillón, gavilancillo mexicano, gavilancito enano, gavilucho, gritador, halconcillo, liclic."
\semref metlapiltetso:tsontsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref papahtekolo:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03330
\lxam cholo:ltia
\lxam_c kicholo:ltia
\lxoa cholo:ltia
\lxoa_c kicholo:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to let escape (an animal, particularly because it had been poorly tied up)
\sense_s dejar escapar (un animal, particularmente por haberse atado mal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xo:tsa:loh mokaba:yoh. O:yah ika imekayo, o:tcholo:ltih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You didn't hitch your horse up right. It ran away with all and lasso, you let it escape.
\phrase_s No amarraste bien a tu caballo. se fue con todo y lazo, lo dejaste escapar.
\sense_e to cause to run away (e.g., an animal that ones is trying to capture)
\sense_s ahuyentar (p. ej., un animal que uno estátratando de agarrar)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to take and elope with (a girlfriend)
\sense_s fugarse con (una novia)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:kicholo:tih un te:lpokawah ne:nkah ichpokawah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That boy eloped with that girl over there.
\phrase_s Ese muchacho se fugócon aquella muchacha.
\root cholo
\grm Note re: causative of /Xo:tsa:loh mokaba:yoh. O:yah ika imekayo, o:tcholo:ltih/ 'You didn't hitch your horse up right. It ran away with all and lasso, you let it escape'. Here
the meaning of the causative is"let"not"make."Note this and cf. Comrie's discussion of the point.
\vl Use second female token.
\xref cholowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03331
\lxam tomi
\lxam_c totomi
\lxoa tomi
\lxoa_pr tomi
\lxoa_c tótomí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-mi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(m)
\pitch yes
\sense_e to become untwisted (sth twisted such as a rope)
\sense_s desamarrarse (algo atado como un laso)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e (reduplicated with short vowel) to become untied
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) desatarse
\sense_d Pending
\root tom
\nae Although totomi has only been documented in reduplicated form it is entered under tomi given that the transitive, toma, does
occur unreduplicated (though here too, the reduplicated form, is most common). According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) both long and short vowel reduplicative forms are used.
She said the meanings are equivalent, although perhaps more research and analysis will reveal differences in meaning or use. See also tomilia.
\ref 03332
\lxam yeyekatetl
\lxam_c yeyekatetl
\lxoa yéye:átetl
\lxoa_alt yéye:kátetl
\lxoa_c yéye:átetl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e idol (archeaological figurine from the prehispanic period made of stone)
\sense_s ídolo (figura de piedra de laépoco prehispánica)
\sense_d Pending
\root e:ka
\root te
\nae Acoustically it seems that the duration of the second syllable in Oapan yéye:átetl is short. However, it is still represented orthographically as long given the difficult in
determining length of dipthongs and given that no obvious rule for vowel-shortening in this context has been determined.
\vl Use first female and first male token.
\ref 03333
\lxam i:xpi:lin
\lxam_c i:xpi:lin
\lxoa i:xpi:lin
\lxoa_c i:xpi:lin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\sense_e type of very small insect that alights on ones eyes if one has conjuntivitis (i:xté:tlakwalo:listli)
\sense_s tipo de insecto muy pequeño que llega a los ojos de uno que tenga conjuntivitis (i:xté:tlakwalo:listli)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root i:x
\root pi:l
\nae The vowel length of the initial /i:/ in Oapan seems to last a little shorter than one might expect (Florencia Marcelino has 86 ms for both tokens and Inocencio Jiménez has 103 and 98
ms). Nevertheless, this is well within the range of duration of long vowels.
\qry Check vowel length of second /i:/; perhaps related to root /pi:l/.
\vl Use first female token and first male token.
\semref i:xpi:lwia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03334
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tó:mokohtli peyá:stik
\lxoa_alt tó:mokohtli piyá:stik
\lxoa_c tó:mokohtli peyá:stik, tó:mokohtli piyá:stik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn w-to-h; N1
\sense_e type of cactus with inner rods used in the roofing of thatched huts and to make beds: for beds the rods are extracted and stripped clean and dried, then placed parallel and
held together by intertwined cord to make a flexible plaform
\sense_s tipo de cactus con varas internas que se utilizan en los techos de casas de palma o pasto y para camas: para las camas se ponen paralelas y se atan con cuerda entrelazada
para hacer una plataforma flexible
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld cactus
\root to:moh
\root kow
\root peya:s
\nse At times this cactus is called simply tlapextli.
\notes_nature Originally both Inocencio Díaz and Asención Marcelo did not classify this as a to:motli given that they did not know that it bore fruit (apparently the
defining feature for classifying plants as to:motli). However, Silvestre Pantaleón was familiar with the fruit of this cactus.
\ilus_note Make illustration, photos.
\vl Use second female token, use second male token.
\grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent. Note that the phrase /tó:mokohtli peyá:stik/ has two high-pitched syllables. Likewise /tó:motlí/ has two high-pitched syllables. I think that
the best interpretation at this point is that one pitch accent is lexical (from the coda {h} at {moh}) and the other is intonational. Under this analysis the pitch accent of
/tó:motlí/ is derived from lexical and intonational pitch-stress, where intonational p-a is applied across the stress phrase. The total p-a is from the two. If I remember right I
had recorded a phrase that I transcribed as /nopáyekómó:stla/. It might well be that this transcription is in error and the proper orthography is /nopáyeko mó:stla/. This is
probably the case. But, in the event that the correct orthography is /nopáyekómó:stla/, then I think it would be necessary to analyze the system as having two intonational
phrases.
\semref ó:rganoh de no:xtli para tlapextli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref ó:rganoh de tlapextli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tó:mokóhtli de tlapextli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03335
\lxam kwa:polokayowa
\lxam_c kwa:polokayowa
\lxoa kwa:popolokayowa
\lxoa_c kwa:popolokayowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s* (Oa)
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to get dandruff
\sense_s quedarse con caspa
\sense_d Am
\sense_e (fig.) to get dust and dirt in ones hair
\sense_s (fig.) quedarse con polvo y mugre en el cabello
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nikwa:polokayowak, melá:k nikwa:tlatla:hloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got dust and dirt in my hair, my head is really filthy.
\phrase_s Se me llenóel pelo de polvo y mugre, mi cabeza estámuy sucia.
\sense_e to get the dust and chaff from maize in ones hair
\sense_s llenarse el cabello del polvo de maíz (al limpiarlo)
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\root poloka
\nse Apparently in Oapan the verbal intransitive of this paradigm is used only to refer to getting dust and chaff from maize in ones hair. Perhaps this is because dandruff is not something
that one acquires (at least not visibly) but rather than one"has."
\qry Check the Ameyaltepec meaning and lack of reduplication.
\qry Check if simply ?polokatl exists.
\ref 03336
\lxam yewaltekiti
\lxam_c yewaltekiti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to work during the night; to work the night shift (often used as a metaphor for 'to make love at night' though it can also refer to the night shift in factories, mines, etc.)
\sense_s trabajar por o durante la noche; trabajar en turno nocturno (a menudo una metáfora para 'hacer el amor durante la noche' aunque también se puede emplear para indicar
el trabajo en una fábrica, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to make love at night
\sense_s hacer el amor por la noche
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n A:man me:roh yewaltekiti, Kemech o:nona:miktih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now he's right in the middle of the"night shift,"he just got married.
\phrase_s Ahora estáen medio del"turno nocturno", apenas se casó.
\root yowa
\root teki
\qry The circumlocution for Oapan Nahuatl would be /
\ref 03337
\lxam milowa
\lxam_c kimi:milowa
\lxoa milowa
\lxoa_c kimi:milowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to roll up (e.g., sth flat such as a mat or piece of paper)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) enrollar (p. ej., algo plano como un petate u hoja de papel)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to roll along (e.g., a stone along the ground, pushing sth end over end)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) hacer rodar (p. ej., una piedra por el suelo que se voltea un lado por otro, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmi:milo un tetl na:nika deke xtike:wa! San xkwa:lkweptiw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Roll that rock along in this direction if you can't pick it up! Just move it along toward here by turning it over and over!
\phrase_s ¡Si no la puedes levantar, haz rodar esa piedra en esta dirección! solamente tienes que venirlo volteando hacia acá.
\sense_e (refl.) to roll around on the ground
\sense_s (refl.) revolcarse en el suelo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San notemimilowa, o:notlawe:ltih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's just thrashing about on the ground (i.e. rolling back and forth), he put himsefl into a fit.
\phrase_s Nada más se estárevolcando en el suelo, estáhaciendo berrinche.
\root mil
\nse This verb has only been documented in the reduplicated form, but given that reduplication with both long and short vowels exists, with a semantic difference between the two forms,
the main entry has been placed under the unreduplicated stem. According to Florencia Marcelino the long vowel reduplication is used with a ball or rock that rolls along, the short
vowel reduplication is used with straw mats, amate, etc., i.e., things that are rolled up in one place.
\nae The reduplication pattern on the 8 tokens of this word, with long vowel reduplication, is interesting because it shows quite clearly how it is the relationship between the duration of
the reduplicant and stem vowel, and not an absolute value, that is the most important. The values, taken from a quick read based on the first formant drop for the nasal /m/ is as
follows (in ms, the first number is the reduplicant vowel duration the second number is the duration of the initial vowel of the stem): Florencia Marcelino (123-74, 137-87, 118-64,
119-71); Inocencio Jiménez (112-41, 101-54, 91-49, 86-57).
\qry Check to make sure that an unreduplicated form exists. Even if it doesn't, keep this entry and make a final determination whether there should be a x-ref at the unreduplicated forms.
\grm Reduplication: long and short vowels: /milowa/ has only been documented in the reduplicated form, but given that reduplication with both long and short vowels exists the
main entry has been placed under the unreduplicated stem. According to Florencia Marcelino the long vowel reduplication is used with a ball or rock that rolls along, the
short vowel reduplication is used with straw mats, amate, etc., i.e., things that are rolled up in one place. Re: duration: The reduplication pattern on the 8 tokens of this
word, with long vowel reduplication, is interesting because it shows quite clearly how it is the relationship between the duration of the reduplicant and stem vowel, and not
an absolute value, that is the most important. The values, taken from a quick read based on the first formant drop for the nasal /m/ is as follows (in ms, the first number is the
reduplicant vowel duration the second number is the duration of the initial vowel of the stem): Florencia Marcelino (123-74, 137-87, 118-64, 119-71); Inocencio Jiménez
(112-41, 101-54, 91-49, 86-57). What seems to be the case is that at least in some cases of IJ, the duration of the reduplicant is shorter than expected for a long vowel, but
that the salience of this vowel length is marked by a reduction in the duration of the second vowel. Cf. to unreduplicated /milowa/ and /miliwi/ if possible.
\ref 03338
\lxam yekaxi:ma
\lxam_c kiyekaxi:ma
\lxoa yekaxi:ma
\lxoa_c kiyekaxi:ma
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to shave the end of (particularly to sharpen, e.g, a wooden stake)
\sense_s cepillar el cabo de (particularmente para sacarle filo, p. ej., a una estaca)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kiyekapi:tsokeh. O:kiyekaxixi:nkeh para o:yekapi:tsiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They sharpened its end (in this case a stake). They shaved off its end so that it would get a sharp point.
\phrase_s Le sacaron filo a su cabo (en este caso a una estaca). Le cepillaron su cabo para que fuera puntiagudo.
\root yeka
\root xi:ma
\nde Note that Florencia Marcelino stated that it is more precise to refer to sharpening the point of with the word yekapi:tsowa. Nevertheless, when one sharpens
something such as a pencil with a razor one might also say kiyekaxi:xi:ma.
\qry I had this Am definition in my notes: '(with long vowel reduplication) to trim the points of (e.g., the shoots of a hedge)'; C. Flores did not know of this usage and it is otherwise
unconfirmed. It has been temporarily removed.
\ref 03339
\lxam tetemonextsi:n
\lxam_c *tetemonextsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e type of tree still unidentified
\sense_s tipo deárbol todavía no identificada
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root te
\root mohnex
\qry I have no documentation on this besides its presence in a list of trees. Luis Lucena mention that he was not sure of the identification of this tree, which he said was ke:n
tlako:tl. It might be in error and should be checked. Note that care must be taken on how to code the morphology of this compound. For now /monextsi:n/ is considered an
adjectival modifier of /te/ reduplicated, but this might well be in error. If the word is correct, get interpretations of meaning of this.
\ref 03340
\lxam kaman
\lxoa kaman
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-b
\sense_e see xkaman
\sense_s véase xkaman
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (kwe:ntah ~)
\sense_s (kwe:ntah ~)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kwe:ntah kaman tikte:ihlitinemis.
\phrase_e It's
\root kaman
\ref 03341
\lxam ni:n
\lxam_alt ni:n
\lxam_cpend ni:n
\lxoa ni:n
\lxoa_c ni:n se:
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Coord
\der Coord
\sense_e (~ + [negative predicate|) not even; neither
\sense_s (~ + [predicado negativo]) ni
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlantetekpa:ntok, ni:n se: xwetsi itlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His teeth are all lined up, not even one has fallen out.
\phrase_s Tiene todos los dientes alineados, ni uno se ha caído.
\phrase_n Xnihkwa nakatl, ni:n de pionakatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't eat meat, not even chicken.
\phrase_s No como carne, ni pollo.
\phrase_n Ni:n"a"wa:n ni:n"e"xweli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He doesn't even know his abc's (i.e., he can't read or write).
\phrase_s Ni sabe"a"ni sabe"b"(esto es, no sabe leer ni escribir).
\phrase_n Motech yo:welkeh moyo:lka:wa:n, ne:si ni:n se: xmiki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your animals reproduced under your care, it appears that not even one has died.
\phrase_s Tus animales se reprodujeron bajo tu cuidado, parece que ni uno se murió.
\phrase_n Mejó:r xtlatlani un ne:nkah tla:hli ka:n tlawe:i. Ni:n xkipia tetl, wa:n ni:n xtlakaltech.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It would be better to ask for that there land in the open. It doesn't have rocks and it isn't steeply inclined.
\phrase_s Sería mejor pedir esa tierra alládonde hay campo. No tiene piedras y ni estáinclinada.
\sense_e (~ tli:n) not a thing; nothing
\sense_s (~ tli:n) ni una cosa; nada en absoluto
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ni:n tli:n weli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He can't do a thing (i.e., he doesn't know how to do anything).
\phrase_s No puede (sabe) hacer ni una cosa.
\phrase_n Ni:n tli:n xnikmati.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I know nothing whatsoever.
\phrase_s No séabsolutamente nada.
\phrase_n Ni:n tli:n, xtlah o:ntlaxtlaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Not I thing, I didn't pay anything.
\phrase_s Ni nada, no paguénada.
\sense_e (~ se:) not even one; neither
\sense_s (~ se:) ni uno ni otro; ninguna
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ni:n se: nikwelita.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't like not even one (not any of them).
\phrase_s Ni uno me gusta (o, ninguna me gusta).
\root ni:n
\nse The phrase ni:n tli:n xnikmati contains a double negative; ni:n tli:n weli does not. Apparently both forms are acceptable though the double negative is
perhaps more common.
\nae In Ameyaltepec the form niun , apparently a loan from Spanish ni un is perhaps more common with the sense of 'not even...'
\qry Check forms such as /ni:n tli:n weli/ vs. /ni:n tli:n xweli/ and /ni:n se: nikwelita/ vs. ?/ni:n se: xnikwelita/.
\semref niún
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 03342
\lxam te:tla:kaitalistli
\lxam_c te:tla:kaitalistli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e respect (for people)
\sense_s respeto (a la gente)
\sense_d Am
\root tla:ka
\root ita
\nde In Oapan the impersonal construction (xok te:tla:kaitalo) is used to convey a similar meaning, the lack of general respect for people.
\ref 03343
\lxam opilo:ni
\lxam_c *opilo:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-instr-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e (ritual) young girl who is chosen, indicated, selected (referring to a adolescent girl who has been selected by a boy for courtship)
\sense_s (ritual) muchacha que es la escogida, seleccionada, indicada (en referencia a una joven que ha sido escogida por un muchacho)
\sense_d Am
\semfld ritual
\root pi
\nse The etymology of this word (as indeed it precise form) in open to doubt. It is mentioned in a we:we:tlahlo:hli by don Plutarco Ramírez of Ameyaltepec in the following
phrase: Kas yewatsi:n iswalo:ni, opilo:ni. Kas na:nika o:mapiloh. Don Pascual García said of opilo:ni kito:sneki o:tikma:pilwilih , 'it
means that you pointed it out to him/her.' Yet the meaning and correct pronunciation is still in doubt. The initial /o/ might reflect /on-/ and the /pil/ element (which might have either a
long or short vowel) could refer to pointing. However, pilo might be the passive of the transitive verb pi which can have the sense of 'to pluck or to
pick.' This would be in accord with other metaphors in the speech that refer to a young ear of corn (the potential bride) being plucked off the stem.
\qry Check with native speakers on pronunciation, meaning, and derivation.
\ref 03344
\lxam i:xte:ntekoyaktik
\lxam_c i:xte:ntekoyaktik
\lxoa i:xte:ntekoyahtik
\lxoa_c i:xte:ntekoyahtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\sense_e to have a hollow eye socket (e.g., a person or animal after death)
\sense_s tener la cuenca del ojo vacía (p. ej., una persona o animal después de morir)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San ti:xte:ntekoyaktik yes.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will have hollow eye sockets (e.g. when you die).
\phrase_s Vas a tener las cuencas de los ojos vacías (p. ej. después de morir).
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root te-
\root koya:
\qry Check to see if the nonreduplicated form is correct, or whether for the entry and example sentence it should be /i:xte:ntekokoyaktik/. Also determine whether this can refer to an
opening, such as a buttonhole, that is wide and stretched out.
\semref i:xte:ntekoyaktik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03345
\lxam -tiki:sa
\lxam_c timitsa:ntiki:sa
\lxoa -tiki:sa
\lxoa_c nimitsa:ntiki:sa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Associated motion ending
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to do [verb] in passing (in an direction away from a particular deictic point of reference)
\sense_s to do [verbo] al pasar (en una dirección extraversa desde un punto deíctico en particular)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timitsno:tstiki:sa. Xne:xchia mocha:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll pick you up (lit. 'call you') on my way (there). Wait for me at your house!
\phrase_s Te voy a recoger (lit. 'llamarte') de paso (hacia allá).¡Espérame en tu casa!
\sense_e (with the directional prefix wa:l-) to do [verb] in passing (toward a particular deictic point of reference)
\sense_s (con el prefijo direccional wa:l-) to do [verbo] al pasar (hacia un punto deíctico en particular)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:niwa:ltlakwatiki:s Iguala.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I stopped to eat in Iguala on my way here.
\phrase_s Comíde paso en Iguala antes de llegar aquí.
\root ki:sa
\nse The aspectual marker -tiki:sa is not combined with the directional prefix on- but only with wa:l-. That is, the semantics of
-tiki:sa contain an implicit extraverse directionality.
\ref 03346
\lxam chia:wistli
\lxam_c chia:wistli
\lxoa chia:wistli
\lxoa_c chia:wistli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-is
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e fat or lard (of an animal)
\sense_s grasa o manteca (de un animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mlá:k kipia chia:wistli, yo:toma:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's really got a lot of fat on it (an animal), it's already fattened up.
\phrase_s Tiene muchísima grasa, ya engordó.
\phrase_n ichia:wisio pió
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e chicken fat
\phrase_s grasa de gallina
\root chiya:
\qry Check to make certain poss. cannot be simply of /chiya:wis/. Recheck vowel length in measuring environment. It is difficult to hear here.
\qry Check with a phonetician for glide presence. It might be that there is not, phonetically a glide. Nevertheless, it might be good to keep with /y/ in the orthography for standardization
and to keep the CVCV pattern constant across lexemes.
\ref 03347
\lxam tlapia
\lxam_c tlapia
\lxoa tlápiá
\lxoa_pr tlapia
\lxoa_c tlápiá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V1
\der V2-b
\infv class-3c(pia)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to keep watch over (e.g., a house as a custodian or caretaker)
\sense_s cuidar; vigilar (p. ej., una casa por un custodio)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San tlapia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's just keeping watch.
\phrase_s Solamente estácuidando el lugar.
\phrase_n Yewa tlapixtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's taking care (of a house, water hole, etc.).
\phrase_s El estácuidando (algo como una casa, un pozo, etc.).
\root hpiya
\nse As clear from the Oapan form tlápiá there is an underlying {h}, a stem-initial {h} that becomes the coda of the nonspecific object prefix tla-. Apparently
{-hpia} occurs only with the nonspecific object tla-, whereas {pia} occurs only with referential, specific objects.
\qry The form /ne:chpipia/ should also be checked as to whether it is underlyingly {ne:chpihpia}. Also, perhaps the entire entry should be restructured. Note that there are certain verbs
that seem to be {hVerb} after a /tla-/ object and {Verb} after a specific object. Thus cf. {tlahchinowa} vs. {kichihchinowa}: Check all other forms: /ne:chpilia/, /ne:chtlapialia/, etc.
etc.
\qry Make sure that Ameyaltepec has /tlapia/ with this sense, cognate to Oapan /tlápiyá/. Also make sure (cf. discussion under /mati/) that this verb occurs only with the /tla-/ prefix and
cannot take specific markers (e.g., for Oapan *kípiyá)
\qry Note taht at tape 19-2 at 10:35, Inocencio Jiménez seems to utter /kitlápiyá/. This suggests that /tlápiyá/ might take a specific object only. This should be checked.
\vl Use second female and first male token.
\ref 03348
\lxam -kwa:tipan
\lxam_c i:kwa:tipan
\lxoa -kwa:tipan
\lxoa_c i:kwa:tipan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-poss-tipan
\infn N2(loc)
\sense_e overhead of; above of
\sense_s arriba de; colgado sobre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kitakeh por prime:ra bes ke:no:n o:pano:k inkwa:tipan tlakpak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They saw for the first time how it (in this case an airplane) passed high over their heads.
\phrase_s Vieron por primera vez como (en este caso un avión) pasóarriba de ellos.
\phrase_n Mokwa:tipan pilkatok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is hanging above your head.
\phrase_s Estácolgado arriba de tu cabeza.
\sense_e at the top of (e.g., a pole, a building, or, in general, a tall, standing object)
\sense_s en la parte alta de (p. ej., un palo, un edificio o, en general, un objeto alto y parado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia -se: xiwtli- se: yewaltsi:n ipan ikwa:tipan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (in this case a certain type of weed) has a little round thing (like a bud) at the top (of its stalk).
\phrase_s Tiene (en este caso un tipo de maleza) una bolita (como botón) arriba (donde termina su tallo).
\root kwa:
\root_rel -tipan
\nse The obligatorily possessed locative construction -kwa:tipan generally refers to a location above the head of some vertically standing object (e.g., a person, a
building, a plant, a stick, etc.), i.e., located in the air above some object (the"possessor"). It may at times be used to refer to the location above some horizontal object, such as a
person lying on a bed; in this sense it is interchangeable with -kwa:tlan.
\qry Apparently kwa:tipan does not does not accept /te:-/. Check.. Check to see if /-kwa:tlan/ refers only to this type of"being above"(i.e., of a horizontal object) and not
to the"altitude"difference above something standing.
\ref 03349
\lxam ma:tsiwtok
\lxam_c ma:tsiwtok
\lxoa ma:tsihtok
\lxoa_c ma:tsihtok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be folded over and pressed together (like a tortilla made into a taco, a closed book, etc.)
\sense_s estar doblado y apachurado (como una tortilla hecha un taco, un libro cerrado, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:tsiwtok un petlatl, o:postek.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That petate is folded over on itself, it (its palm) got broken.
\phrase_s Ese petate estádoblado, se rompió(la palma).
\root ma:ts
\nse In reference to brittle objects such as a petate, ma:tsiwi is used to indicate that the petate was folded over so that one edge touched the other as would occur
when someone folds a mat over loosely and then another person places a heavy object on it, breaking the palm and causing the petate to be crushed down on itself.
\vl Use first female pronunciation.
\ref 03350
\lxam tsi:na:kan kuwtli
\lxam_c tsi:na:kan kuwtli
\lxoa tsona:n kohtli
\lxoa_alt tsona:ka kohtli
\lxoa_c tsona:n kohtli
\lxgen tsina:kan kohtle
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e type of tree of the Leguminosae family, still not identified
\sense_s tipo deárbol de la familia Leguminosae, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Pending
\root tsina:kan
\root kow
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\nse According to several consultants, the wood of this tree is not used except for firewood.
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as árbol de murciélago. I have not been able to locate anything similar in Schoenhals (1988). Guizar and Sánchez
(1991) have nothing that suggests this tree except perhaps (p. 84) the tree called in Spanish sasanaco or tzatzanaco, of the family
Ulmaceaeof the genus/species Celtis caudata. According to Silvestre Pantaleón the leaves of this tree are called"deer hoves"(i:mátlapáltsi:n i:sti
masa:tl) for the form of the leaves and their distribution on the stem. When they are pressed into the sand they leave a pattern like deer hooves.
\qry This entry was taken from a list of trees where I did not record vowel length. Thus it should be checked against the entry for /tsina:kan/ and corrected if necessary. Check /tsona:n
kohtli/ and cf. to /tsonaka/.
\grm Oapan phonology: The rule 0>/n/ is not uncommon in Oapan. Note that the word for 'bat' in Oapan is /tsona:ka/ with a final glotal stop automatically inserted.
\ref 03351
\lxam tetsi:lowa
\lxam_c kitetsi:lowa
\lxoa tetsi:lowa
\lxoa_c kitetsi:lowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to tightly twist (particularly the strands used in making rope or cord)
\sense_s torcer apretadamente (particularmente los hilos para hacer sogas o cordeles)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Poxa:wak mola:soh, xokitetsi:loh kwahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The strands of your rope are loose (not tightly twisted together), he (its maker) didn't tighten it as he twined it together (with a taravía).
\phrase_s Tu riata estáfloja, no lo torcióbien (él que la hizo, con una taravía).
\phrase_n Kitetsi:lowa i:loh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is twisting strands of cord (to make a rope).
\phrase_s Estátorciendo hilos (para hacer un laso).
\root tetsi:l
\nse The transitive verb tetsi:lowa most often refers to the process of twisting threads into a rope or cord, or into the cordón used in burials.
\mod Illustrate cordón used for burials.
\root_notes Note the connection between verbs roots such as ko:tsi:land tetsi:l, both of which have to do with twisting. The former seems to refer to
the twisting associated with cramps and, in regards to rope, to a twisting that leaves the rope with twisted knots that occur when the rope is twisted too tight. The root
tetsi:lon the other hand, seems to refer to the twisting that occurs with things such as strands of rope that are intertwined. A more detailed determined
should be made of these two roots and the different subjects and objects that they may take.
\ref 03352
\lxam tlanechiko:hli
\lxam_c tlanechiko:hli
\lxoa tlanechiko:hli
\lxoa_c tlanechiko:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e brew; concoction of medicinal herbs or insects used as a remedy
\sense_s brebaje, remedio hecho de varios hierbas medicinales o insectos
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e contribution; collection (i.e., money or other items that have been collected among a group, such as a village)
\sense_s cooperación; colecta; contribución (esto es, dinero u otras cosas que se juntan entre un grupo, como una comunidad)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San de tlanechiko:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (e.g., money, maize, etc.) is just from a collection (e.g., as the result of village-wide contributions).
\phrase_s Ello (p. ej., dinero, maíz, etc.) sólo viene de una cooperación (p. ej., a nivel de pueblo).
\phrase_n Nikte:wi:kilia jusga:doh ika tlanechiko:ltsitsi:nteh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I owe money to the village authorities for community collections.
\phrase_s Debo dinero en el juzgado por varias contribuciones.
\root nechik
\disamb pai:hli; tlanechiko:hli
\nse According to Luis Lucena (Am) the difference between tlanechiko:hli and pai:hli is that the former is boiled whereas a pai:hli is not.
Note that although tlanechiko:hli was documented as a nominal form meaning 'collection' Cristino Flores denied that the nominal form existed and accepted only the
verbal tlanechikowa. According to Cristino Flores this term is also used to refer to animals that bite and swarm such as wasps, bees, etc.
\qry The above is not the difference that C. Flores gave.
\semref pai:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03353
\lxam kwa:tlatla:hloh
\lxam_c kwa:tlatla:hloh
\lxoa kwá:tlatlá:hloh
\lxoa_c kwá:tlatlá:hloh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have a head that is full of dust and dirt
\sense_s tener la cabeza muy mugrosa con polvo y tierra
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nikwa:polokayowak, melá:k nikwa:tlatla:hloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got dust and dirt in my hair, my head is really filthy.
\phrase_s Se me llenóel pelo de polvo y mugre, mi cabeza estámuy sucia.
\root kwa:
\root tla:l
\qry The verbal cognates of kwa:tlatla:hloh probably exists and will need to be elicited. Also check if the nonreduplicated form exists.
\ref 03354
\lxam kaba:yoh
\lxam_c kaba:yoh
\lxoa kaba:yoh
\lxoa_c kaba:yoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan caballo
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e horse
\sense_s caballo
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld domes
\semref tlayo:hli de kaba:yoh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03355
\lxam ikxipiltopo:ni
\lxam_c ikxipiltopo:ni
\lxoa ixipiltopo:ni
\lxoa_c ixipiltopo:ni; ixipiltótopó:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to have ones toe split open (e.g., after stubbing it hard)
\sense_s reventarsele el dedo de pie (p. ej., después de golpearlo contra algo)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to have a knuckle of a toe crack
\sense_s (con reduplication de vocal corta) tronarsele el nudillo de un dedo de pie
\sense_d Pending
\root kxi
\root pil
\root topo:
\nae Although often manifesting reduplication of the verbal stem, this compound is also found in the singular, i.e., unreduplicated, form: ikxipiltopo:ni. Despite the fact that
the final vowel of the incorporated noun is short (i.e., -pil) in Oapan Nahuatl it does not accept the reduction of the reduplicant from tótopó:ni. The
reason for this is not clear.
\qry Determine that there should be no reduplication of the /topo:ni/ element, as I would expect this to be common.
\vl For link use second female token of the first form, /ixipiltopo:ni/. Note that this entry will have two female and two male tokens, one for each form. In tagging, tag
consectively letters a-d.
\ref 03356
\lxam xo:pan po:cho:tl
\lxam_c xo:pan po:cho:tl
\lxoa xo:pan po:cho:tl
\lxoa_cpend xo:pan po:cho:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of tree still unidentified in a group of trees designated also by the name po:cho:tl, apparently of the family Bombacaceae and genus Ceiba
\sense_s tipo deárbol todavía no identificado dentro de un grupo deárboles designado por el nombre po:cho:tl, aparentemente de la familia Bombacaceae y el
género Ceiba.
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xo:pan po:cho:tl | Xtlah para, xkitekin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Xo:pan po:cho:tl : It isn't used for anything, it isn't cut down.
\phrase_s xo:pan po:cho:tl : No se usa para nada, no se corta.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root xo:
\root po:cho:
\root_rel -pan
\ref 03357
\lxam istá:k
\lxam_c istá:k
\lxoa ista:k
\lxoa_c ista:k
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Intrans; ~Trans
\sense_e to be white
\sense_s ser blanco
\sense_d Pending
\semfld color
\root sta
\qry Check and enter possible verbs /ista(:)ya/ and /ista(:)lia/, along with vowel length of first /a/.
\ref 03358
\lxam tili:naltia
\lxam_c kitili:naltia
\lxoa tili:naltia
\lxoa_c kitili:naltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca[ni]
\trans from nondirected alternation
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to stuff full
\sense_s atestar; llenar hasta que estérepleto
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tiktili:naltih, o:tlatlankwi:tsiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You stuffed it till it bulged (in this case a sack), its weave opened up in various places.
\phrase_s Le llenaste hasta que estuvo repleto (en este caso un costal), se abriósu tejido en varios lugares.
\phrase_n Xtili:nalti un xikipi:hli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Stuff that sack tightly full!
\phrase_s ¡Llene ese costal hasta que estébien atestado!
\root tili:
\qry Check difference between /tili:nia/ and /tili:naltia/. According to FM the latter is used for stuffing something full, the former for stretching out something such as a rope to make it
taught.
\grm Semantics: Check difference between /tili:nia/ and /tili:naltia/. According to FM the latter is used for stuffing something full, the former for stretching out something such as
a rope to make it taught.
\xref tlatili:naltia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03359
\lxam ixwi:wsuwa:montli
\lxam_c ixwi:wsuwa:montli
\lxoa ixwi:siwa:montli
\lxoa_c ixwi:siwa:montli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e wife of a grandson
\sense_s esposa un nieto
\sense_d Pending
\semfld kin
\root ixwi:w
\root sowa:
\root mon
\nse This is often used simply to clarify that the woman referred to is the wife of one's grandson and not of one's son. However, in other contexts the wife of a grandson may simply be
covered by the more inclusive term sowa:montli (Am) or siwa:montli.
\nae The length of the initial /i/ in the speech of both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez manifests a relatively long duration very uncharacteristic of short vowels. This may reflect
the fact that length of word-initial vowels is hard to distinguish, or it might reflect the fact that given that this (as well as most) kinship terms are usually possessed, an initial short /i/ is
slightly anomalous. Whatever the reason, it seems that the vowel should be analyzed as short, particularly given that it deletes after possessor prefixes that end in /o/.
\qry It is not clear whether there is an /h/ before /sowa:montli/.
\grm Phonology; vowel length: The length of the initial /i/ in the speech of both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez manifests a relatively long duration very
uncharacteristic of short vowels. This may reflect the fact that length of word-initial vowels is hard to distinguish, or it might reflect the fact that given that this (as well as
most) kinship terms are usually possessed, an initial short /i/ is slightly anomalous. Whatever the reason, it seems that the vowel should be analyzed as short, particularly
given that it deletes after possessor prefixes that end in /o/.
\vl Link first female and first male token.
\semref suwa:montli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref siwa:montli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref suwa:montli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref suwa:montli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03360
\lxam kakaya:wtsi:n
\lxam_c kakaya:wtsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\sense_e (san ~) sth said in play or jest (e.g., a joke); sth not real; sth fantasy or make-believe
\sense_s (san ~) algo dicho en broma o como vacilada; algo no real o de fantasía
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n San kakaya:wtsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's just (said) in play (a joke).
\phrase_s Es (algo dicho) solamente en broma.
\root kaya:
\nse All documented uses of kakaya:wtsi:n are preceded by san , and this phrase is often used to indicate that something was just a joke, said in jest, etc.
\ref 03361
\lxam tla:sa
\lxam_c notla:sa
\lxoa tla:tsa
\lxoa_c notla:tsa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e (refl.) to lean back (e.g., in a chair, against the back)
\sense_s (refl.) recargarse (p. ej., en una silla contra la espalda)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmotla:sa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Lean against your back!
\phrase_s ¡Recárgate la espalda!
\root tla:sa
\nse To date tla:sa (Am) or tla:tsa (Oa) has only been documented in the reflexive, with the meaning of 'to lean back,' as in leaning against the back of a
chair.
\nae The presence of the affricate /ts/ in the Oapan form is unusual and does not represent a regular sound change of this dialect.
\qry Check inflectional pattern. Also, the Oapan form definitely has /tla:tsa/, thus the Am form needs to be rechecked.
\vl Link second female token.
\xref tlatla:sa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\ref 03362
\lxam a:ko:mposa:wa
\lxam_c na:ko:mposa:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-N-V
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (refl.) (for certain mixtures such as dough) to expand or rise from the addition of water or other liquids such as yeasts
\sense_s (refl.) (por ciertas mezclas como la masa) crecer o levantarse por la agregación de agua u otros líquidos; leudar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Na:ko:mposa:wtok pa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The bread is rising.
\phrase_s El pan se estálevantando.
\root a:
\root ko:m
\root posa:
\nse A:ko:mposa:wa is also used to refer to maize that is placed in a nexko:ntli and rises to the surface as it expands from absorbing water.
\nae The presence of the root for water is expected given the fact that the rising takes place because of the water. However, the identification of ko:m in the etymology is
uncertain. The vowel length of the initial elements need, therefore, to be checked.
\qry Recheck length. Check to determine whether a transative form can be used ?nika:ko:mposa:was.
\grm The fact that the verb is a transitive used to indicate an intransitive action suggests that the reflexive is used to mark an anticausative. This should be noted in the grammar
and perhaps a code developed to mark anticausatives. Note that it is interesting that despite the fact that /posa:wi/ exists as an intransitive, the transitive is used in this form.
Perhaps the reason is that the water is a type of agent or cause and thus the dough rises because of the water; /posa:wi/ would then not be used since there is in effect some
external cause.
\vl Note to JDA: recheck Am vowel length later.
\semref ákokwí
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03363
\lxam te:kokoh
\lxam_c te:kokoh
\lxoa te:kokoh
\lxoa_c te:kokoh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e to be painful or causing great uncomfort (illnesses, blows, etc.)
\sense_s ser doloroso (las enfermedades, los golpes, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tekokoh kokolistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Illness is painful.
\phrase_s Las enfermedades son dolorosas.
\sense_e to be corrosive (e.g., lime or other corrosive substances); to be strong (e.g, an alcoholic drink); to be spicy hot (e.g., chile)
\sense_s ser corrosivo (p. ej., la cal u otras sustancias similares); ser fuerte (una bebida alcohólica); ser picante (p. ej., chile)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chma:xoxopo:naltia tenextli. Te:kokoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Lime causes my hands to blister (with blisters that pop). It is corrosive.
\phrase_s La cal me hace salir ampollas en las manos (de las que se revientan). Es corrosivo,
\phrase_n I:n alcó:l ye tlapati:hloh, xok a:sta ihkón te:kokoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e This alcoholic beverage has been watered down (i.e., by pouring more soda or fruit juice into it), it's no longer as strong as it was.
\phrase_s Esta bebida alcohólica ya estádiluida (esto es, se le echómás refresco o agua fresca), ya no estátan fuerte como antes.
\phrase_n Xio:tl nonextamal, xkwahli o:xi:pe:w, xkwahli tenextli, xte:kokoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e (The maize of) my nextamahli still has its skin, it hasn't peeled off well, the lime is no good, it's not strong.
\phrase_s (El maíz de) mi nixtamal todavía tiene su cáscara, no se ha pelado, la cal no estábien, no estáfuerte.
\root kowa
\disamb tlateki; te:kokoh (e.g, in regard to lime); cho:kwi:tl; te:kokoh (in regards to cheapness)
\vl Link second female token.
\ref 03364
\lxam tsili:nka:cho:ka
\lxam_c tsili:nka:cho:ka
\lxoa tsili:nka:cho:ka
\lxoa_c tsili:nka:cho:ka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Part-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to resonate (sth metalic such as a well-made bell, machete, crystal, etc.); to emit a strong, clear ring
\sense_s resonar (algo metálico, como una campana o machete bien hecho, cristal, etc.); emitir un repique fuerte y claro
\sense_d Pending
\semfld sound-material
\root tsili:
\root cho:ka
\vl Link first female token.
\ref 03365
\lxam te:ntsotsolowa
\lxam_c kite:ntsotsolowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to uncover the lower portion of the face of (e.g., in removing a cloth protection such as a paliacate or similar material)
\sense_s descubrir o destapar la parte inferior de la cara de (p. ej., al quitar algo como un paliacate, tela o material parecido)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:timote:ntsotsoloh, xok tite:nsa:liwtok -=tite:ntlapachiwtok-.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You took the covering off the lower part of your face (e.g., when you were cured of a particular disease), you no longer have your mouth and chin covered by cloth.
\phrase_s Te descubriste la parte inferior de la cara (esto es, al aliviarse de un problema médico), ya no estás con una tela sobre la boca y mentón.
\nse The illustrative sentence O:timote:ntsotsoloh, xok tite:nsa:liwtok refers to the occasional custom of covering ones lower face when severely ill.
\root te:n
\root tsol
\ref 03366
\lxam topo:ni
\lxam_c topo:ni
\lxoa topo:ni
\lxoa_c topo:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans +Compl; +Caus
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to burst (an infection, blister, ball, overripe watermelon, etc.)
\sense_s reventarse (una infección, ampolla, pelota, sandía muy madura, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia ye:rbah. Totopo:ni, pe:wa a:yo:ki:sa ima ka:n isti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (a mule in this case) has a fungus infection (from Sp. yerba). It (the infected place) is bursting, it's front leg has started to get filled with pus where its hoof
is.
\phrase_s Tiene yerba (en este caso una mula). se estáreventando (el lugar infectado), su pierna de delante ya empezóa llenarse de pus, allípor su pezuña.
\phrase_n Milá: yo:totopo:nkeh nosándiawa:n, miák katka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My watermelons have really burst open (from being overripe), there were a lot of them.
\phrase_s Mis sandías de veras se reventaron (al pasarse de maduras), había muchas.
\phrase_n Ye wa:ltopo:ntiw itlantsi:n ipan itlankwe:tsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His tooth is breaking through his gum.
\phrase_s Su diente viene brotando a través de su encía.
\sense_e (often reduplicated with short vowel) to explode; to be set off (a rocket, firecracker, castillo, etc.)
\sense_s (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) explotar (un cohete, petardo, etc.); quemarse (un castillo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Totopo:nis kasti:yoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The castillo will be set off (explode).
\phrase_s Se va a quemar el castillo.
\root topo:
\nse There is a difference, at least according to data from Ameyaltepec, between topo:ni and totopoka. The former apparently refers to actual explosions,
such as that which occur when a firecracker or similar device is set off, while the latter refers more to the sound of small explosions, often without an actuall explosion. Thus, for
example, in describing a castillo(armed structure of fireworkers set off during religious fiestas) only topo:ni (or totopo:ni) is used, and not
totopoka , which is reserved, apparently, for"explosion-like"sounds. According to one consultant topo:ni is used, in regards to fruit, with watermelons
but not with cantaloupe or melon, for which the verb tsotsomo:ni is more commonly employed for a similar occurrence.
\grm Frequentative; reduplication: Note the difference between topo:ni and totopoka. The former apparently refers to actual explosions, such as
that which occur when a firecracker or similar device is set off, while the latter refers more to the sound of small explosions, often without an actuall explosion. Thus, for
example, in describing a castillo(armed structure of fireworkers set off during religious fiestas) only topo:ni (or totopo:ni) is
used, and not totopoka , which is reserved, apparently, for"explosion-like"sounds. This difference is somewhat in accord with the use of reduplication to
indicate a type of metaphoric extension of the base meaning of the verb.
\xref tlatopo:ni
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref totopoka
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03367
\lxam suwa:te:ko
\lxam_c i:suwa:te:ko
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e (rare) old lady; woman (i.e., wife)
\sense_s (rare) jefa; mujer (esto es, esposa)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Nosuwa:te:ko yes.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She's going to be my woman.
\phrase_s Va a ser mi jefa.
\root sowa:
\root te:koh
\nse The Ameyaltepec use of this compound is probably a calque from the Spanish jefa.. There is apparently no equivalent term in Classical. It was only documented with
don Luis Lucena and might have been a word"invented"by him.
\qry Determine best way to give the stem of /tekotli/. Determine whether to change /sowa:/ to /siwa:/ for stem. Check for final sequence, glottal stop or /h/.
\ref 03368
\lxam te:nchochopilo:l
\lxam_c i:te:nchochopilo:l
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N2
\sense_e skin that hangs down from the forehead of a turkey
\sense_s pedazo de piel que se cuelga de la frente de un huajolote
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\semfld animal
\root te:n
\root chopi:
\qry Confirm the correctness of this form.
\semref chochopilo:l
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref te:nchochopio
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref te:nchopi:yah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03369
\lxam a:ltia
\lxam_c na:ltia
\lxoa a:ltia
\lxoa_c na:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to bathe; (by extension) to wash clothes while bathing at the same time
\sense_s bañar; (por extensión) lavar ropa y bañarse al mismo tiempo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tika:lti:s mokone:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are going to bathe your child.
\phrase_s Vas a bañar a tu niño.
\phrase_n O:na:lti:to nosuwa:w. tla:ltia
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My wife went to wash clothes and bathe.
\phrase_s Mi esposa fue a lavar ropa y bañarse.
\phrase_n Ok ma nima:lti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me first take a bath (i.e., and then I'll do it)!
\phrase_s ¡Déjame bañar primero (y entonces lo haré)!
\sense_e to make (candles, by pouring wax on them over and over)
\sense_s hacer (velas, al bañarlas con cera)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ka:ltitok ibe:lah a:mantsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Right now she is making her candles.
\phrase_s Ahora mismo estáhaciendo sus velas.
\root a:
\nse In regards to candlemaking, this verb refers to the action of pouring hot wax over wicks that are hung down from a large circular wooden frame of a bent stick. With the prefix
tla- there is no reduction of the /aa:/ sequence in Ameyaltepec although the reduction of the vowel sequence does occur in Oapan. The forms tlaa:ltia
(Am) and tla:ltia are always interpreted as referring to candlemaking (hence the separate entry. The reflexive na:ltia refers to bathing (male or female),
but when applied to a woman it often refers to the process of going to wash clothes at the river and then bathing at the same time. This is true particularly when the directional is
used, (e.g., o:na:lti:to) since when a woman goes to bathe (hence the directional) she will often take advantage of the opportunity to take clothes along to wash.
Finally, given the lexicalization of this verb, I have not considered it as denominalized; thus it is coded as a basic verb (V2-b).
\qry Probably derived from /a:tl/ plus the verbalizing suffix /-tia/, with loss of occlusion in the"absolutive"/tl/.
\mod Illustrate
\xref tla:ltia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03370
\lxam tla:lchi:chi:hli
\lxam_c tla:lchi:chi:hli
\lxoa tla:lchi:chi:hli
\lxoa_c tla:lchi:chi:hli
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e red, clayish soil (used for dabbing house walls and for making adobe)
\sense_s tierra rojiza y arcillosa (empleada para las paredes de casas de varas y para hacer adobe)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld soil
\root tla:l
\root chi:l
\ency_note Soil: make an entry on all types of soils, rocks, etc., i.e., geology.
\vl Link second female token.
\ref 03371
\lxam yénkwiyo:tl
\lxam_c yénkwiyo:tl
\lxoa yenkwiyo:tl
\lxoa_alt yenkoyo:tl
\lxoa_c yenkwiyo:tl, yenkoyo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-yo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e first born; eldest sibling
\sense_s primogénito
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tiyénkwiyo:tl
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are the first born.
\phrase_s Eres el primogénito.
\root yenkwi
\qry Check stress pattern and correct entry as necessary.
\grm Oapan phonology: Although the change from /kw/ to /ko/ is common in Oapan, it does not affect all words. Thus one has /yenkwik/ and not */yenkok/. It might affect /kwe/
and not /kwi/. Thus the variation in the present case, between Florencia Marcelino (yenkwiyo:tl) and her husband (yenkoyo:tl).
\vl Note female token is /yenkwiyo:tl/ and male is /yenkoyo:tl/. Link first female and second male token.
\semref kámach kíikakayo:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03372
\lxam tlikoto:na
\lxam_c kitlikoto:na
\lxoa tlikoto:na
\lxoa_c kitlikoto:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (usually with nonspecific object ki- or reflexive as impersonal) to clear a path around as a firewall (so that a fire set to clear a field of dry weeds,
tlasohli , does not extend to neighboring lands)
\sense_s (a menudo con el objeto no específico ki- o un reflexivo como impersonal) abrir un espacio en el pasto alrededor de (un terreno que va a ser quemado para
limpiarlo de maleza seca, tlasohli) con el fin de que el fuego no se extienda las tierras circunvecinas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Notlikoto:nas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A path will be cut to protect an area (of dry grass) from catching fire
\phrase_s Se va a abrir un espacio en el pasto para que el fuego se extienda a los terrenos juntos.
\phrase_n Tlatlikoto:nalo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e People will clear paths around the lands the will clear and burn to prevent the fires from spreading.
\phrase_s La gente va a abrir espacios alrededor de los campos que van a quemar para evitar que los incendios se extiendan.
\root tli
\root koto:
\nae Although tlikoto:na is a transitive verb, there is no documentation of its use with a specific agent and patient. Notlikoto:nas represents a passive
construction and tlatlikoto:nalo:s represents tla- used as an indefinite null complement and -lo as marking an impersonal subject.
Nevertheless, given that in the recording session with Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez they gave a form with a specific object, it would seem that such a transitive use is
correct. Yet it remains to be determined precisely what the object of the transitive would be.
\qry It seems clear that a specific subject would be acceptable, i.e., /nitlatlikoto:na/. However, it is not clear what a specific object would be: the burnt/burning field around which a
protective path is cut, or the neighboring fields. It appears, in fact, that it is the 'fire' (/tlitl/) that is 'cut' or 'snapped.' This word should be further investigated.
\grm Valency; agency: For /tlikoto:na/ it seems clear that a specific subject would be acceptable, i.e., /nitlatlikoto:na/. However, it is not clear what a specific object would be:
the burnt/burning field around which a protective path is cut, or the neighboring fields. It appears, in fact, that it is the 'fire' (/tlitl/) that is 'cut' or 'snapped.' This word
should be further investigated.
\ref 03373
\lxam tekoyaktik
\lxam_c tekoyaktik
\lxoa tekoyahtik
\lxoa_c tekoyahtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\lexical Lex. prefix te-
\sense_e to have an overly wide opening (e.g., a sack or bag which is really wide at its mouth)
\sense_s tener una apertura muy ancha y abierta (p. ej., un costal o bolsa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Iwí:n xnihkwis, ke:n tekoyaktik, nikneki a:chi san kwahli, san pi:stik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I won't take this one, it is really stretched out (a wide opening, such as that at the top of a bag or sack, or clothes that are way too big). I want one that is a little more
reasonable, something narrowish.
\phrase_s Este no me lo llevo, es muy ancho (p. ej., la apertura de un costal o bolsa; o es muy holgada, por ejemplo una camisa, etc.). Quiero uno que estáasíbien, algo estrechito.
\sense_e to be very loose or baggy (clothes, including shirts and pants that are open and baggy, e.g., the legs of pants or the sleeves and body of shirts)
\sense_s estar muy holgado (ropa, incluyendo camisas y pantalones que están abiertos y holgados, p. ej., las piernas de los pantalones o las mangas o cuerpo de las camisas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma kipi:tso itlake:n, ke:n tekoyaktik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He should take in his clothes, they are really baggy.
\phrase_s Debe meterle a su ropa, estámuy holgada.
\phrase_n Tekokoyaktik ikoto:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His shirt is really baggy (all over).
\phrase_s Su camisa estámuy holgada (por todos lados).
\sense_e to be wide (an enclosed space)
\sense_s ser ancho (un espacio encerrado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Melá:k tekoyaktik mokal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your house is really wide (i.e., the space inside is ample in width).
\phrase_s Tu casa estámuy ancha (esto es, el espacio adentro es amplio en lo ancho).
\root te-
\root koya:
\qry Determine whether /koyaktik/ is OK and, if so, possibly change entry to /koyaktik/ with te- in the /aff field and an observation that the word is usually found with the intensifier.
\ref 03374
\lxam elka:wa
\lxam_c kelka:wa
\lxoa ilka:wa
\lxoa_c kilka:wa; nilka:wa
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp S-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\allomorph i-epen
\allomorph object deletion
\allomorph_d Oa
\sense_e (often with complement clause) to forget
\sense_s (a menudo con frase de complemento) olvidarse de
\sense_d Pending
\src_s DT1:512
\phrase_n Iú:n, ma:ka tikelka:was!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That thing, don't forget it!
\phrase_s Esa cosa,¡No se te vaya a olvidar!
\phrase_n O:nikelka:w ka:no:n cha:nti. tlalka:wani
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I forgot where he lives.
\phrase_s Se me olvidódonde vive.
\phrase_n Tlatlapowtok nokal. O:nikelka:w, xo:nitlatsakw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My house is open (i.e., the door). I forgot, I didn't close it up.
\phrase_s Mi casa estáabierta. Se me olvidó, no la cerré.
\root el
\root ka:wa
\nae Elka:wa takes a complement clause, referring to what was forgotten. In Oapan, with an overt subject prefix the 3rd-person object is alsmost always deleted, e.g.,
n'ilka:was 'I will forget (it).' The resulting initial vowel is occasionally heard as long, perhaps from the loss of intervocalic /k/. Note that Marcial Camilo gave the
contrasting forms ni:lka:wa and nilka:wa, the second a reflexive construction, but others disagreed. Apparently the nonspecific object prefix
tla- is rarely used with this verb although it is found with the suffix -ni, see tlalka:wani. A rough measure of 8 tokens showed that in
kika:wa Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez words had lengths in milliseconds of 65 and 94 (FM), and 130 and 89 (IJ), respectively. With the 1st-person
subject form ni:lka:wa the lengths were 143 and 134 (FM) and 105 and 117 (IJ). The measurements were only approximate, but it does seem that the intervoc alic los
s of /k/ here results in a lengthened vowel. Apparently there are certain i- initial transitive verbal stems that in Oapan almost always have a zero 3rd-person object
marker after an overt subject prefix. Thus n'ilka:wa. In transcriptions these forms are written as abbreviations with an apostrophe: n'ilka:wa. Such verbs
include ilna:miki, ihti, ihlia, ítowá. It appears that the verb itais slightly different in that often a double
initial vowel is heard, niita, which is not the case with the other verbs previously mentioned. For this reason, the orthographic convention for itais, for
example, ni'ita.
\qry Check correctness of /timitselka:was/ and meaning of this; recheck and compare to /timitselna:mikis/. Check if there is any causative, though I have none recorded in my data corpus
(filecards). Check vowel length of /nilka:wa/.
\grm Oapan phonology: Elka:wa takes a complement clause, referring to what was forgotten. In Oapan, with an overt subject prefix the 3rd-person object is
absent, e.g., ni:lka:was 'I will forget (it).' The resulting initial vowel is manifested as long from the loss of intervocalic /k/. Note that Marcial Camilo gave the
contrasting forms ni:lka:wa and nilka:wa, the second a reflexive construction.
\grm Oapan phonology; vowel length: Oapan usually manifests the deletion of the 3rd-person object prefix after 1st- and 2nd- person subjects. This apparently leads to the
lengthening of the stem-initial vowel, /i/. A rough measure of 8 tokens showed that in kika:wa Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez words had lengths
in milliseconds of 65 and 94 (FM), and 130 and 89 (IJ), respectively. With the 1st-person subject form ni:lka:wa the lengths were 143 and 134 (FM) and 105
and 117 (IJ). The measurements were only approximate, but it does seem that the intervocalic loss of /k/ here results in a lengthened vowel.
\vl There are two forms of this verb /kilka:was/ and /nilka:was/. Thus f1 and m1 should have tokens a-d. For the first pronunciation, select the second female and first male
token. For /nilka:wa/, select first female (3rd female overall) and first male (3rd male overall) tokens.
\xref tlalka:wa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tlá:lká:wa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03375
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mámá:wah
\lxoa_c mámá:wah
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-posr-wah
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e tree or shrub with a lot of branches
\sense_s árbol o arbusto con muchas ramas
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e wood with a lot of knots
\sense_s madera con muchos nudos
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\grm Am /mama:yoh/ and Oa /mámá:wah/: Note the use of /-wah/ in Oapan: /mama:yoh/ (in reference to a tree having many branches) is not used, rather: /mámá:wah/.
\semref mama:yoh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 03376
\lxam teba:nkoh
\lxam_alt tebanki:toh
\lxam_c teba:nkoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) banquito
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e small ledge of stones or rocks
\sense_s pequeño banquito de piedras
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:tetsikwi:n ipan se: tebanki:toh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He jumped up on a small ledge (of stones).
\phrase_s Brincósobre un pequeño banquito de piedras.
\root te
\qry Determine the precise meaningo of /tebanki:toh/, i.e., is it a ledge that sticks out of sth like a natural stone wall or cliff, or is a human artifact built up from the ground.
\mod Illustrate
\ref 03377
\lxam xoxokoti
\lxam_c xoxokoti
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to be a braggart; to be a big talker (bragging about sth that one does not have)
\sense_s ser un fanfarrón; ser hablador (jactándose de algo que no tiene)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n San xoxokotin. Xmelá:k tli:n kitowan. San kitla:tla:lian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are braggarts. What they say isn't true. They just say (lit., 'lay out') one thing after another.
\phrase_s Son fanfarrones. No es cierto lo que dicen. Solamente dicen (lit., 'ponen') una cosa tras otra.
\root xoko
\mod Inocencio Diaz did not accept this word, but rather the adjectival /xoxokotik/. Perhaps it should be removed.
\ref 03378
\lxam ayumo:hli
\lxam_c ayumo:hli
\lxoa áyomó:hli
\lxoa_c áyomó:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of food served in a mole sauce made with squash seeds, cominos, and chile
\sense_s tipo de comida preparada con mole de pepitas, con cominos y chile
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food
\root ayoh
\root mo:l
\ency_note mo:hli
\mod Under mo:hli give all types of moles and the corresponding recipes.
\vl Link 2st female and 1st male token. There is an extra female token from 5618.
\ref 03379
\lxam ke:no:n
\lxam_c ke:no:n tikitowa?
\lxoa ke:no:n
\lxoa_c ke:no:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-interog
\der Adv-int
\sense_e how? in what manner?
\sense_s ¿cómo?;¿qué?
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:no:n tia:skeh?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How are we going to go?
\phrase_s ¿Cómo vamos a ir?
\phrase_n Xnikmati ke:no:n nikchi:was.¡Xne:chihlitiwetsi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't know how to do it. Tell me quickly!
\phrase_s No sécómo lo voy a hacer.¡Dime rapidamente!
\phrase_n Nikneki nikmatis ke:no:n yetí:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I want to know how heavy it is.
\phrase_s Quiero saber quétan pesado es.
\sense_e (as a predicate with a subject marker) to be a jerk
\sense_s (como predicado con un marcador de sujeto) ser mamón
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Mila:k tike:non!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e You're being a jerk!
\phrase_s ¡Ay cómo eres!
\ncol ma:san
\ncol ma:si
\root ke:n
\nse Ke:non is used for both interrogatives and embedded questions. It is also used to indicate degree, as in Nikneki nikmatis ke:non yetí:k. In Oapan the
phrase mila:k tike:non (which can also be used with other person markers, though much less commonly) is matched by Ameyaltepec asta tike:non. It is
used when one is exasperated with someone, with their joking or the fact that they are making fun of one. Similar phrases are tle:ka tihkón (Am) / tli:aon
tihkón (Oa); melá:k xtikwahli (Am) / mila:k xtikwahli (Oa), etc. In English one might even translate asta tike:non as 'Don't be like
that!'
\qry Check correctness of Nikneki nikmatis ke:non yetí:k for the possibility of /kechkitsi:n ika yetí:k/.
\grm Predication: Note the use of the predicate marker subject prefix with /ke:non/ or /ihkón/. Ke:non is used for both interrogatives and embedded questions. It
is also used to indicate degree, as in Nikneki nikmatis ke:non yetí:k. In Oapan the phrase mila:k tike:non (which can also be used with other
person markers, though much less commonly) is matched by Ameyaltepec asta tike:non. It is used when one is exasperated with someone, with their joking or
the fact that they are making fun of one. Similar phrases are tle:ka tihkón (Am) / tli:aon tihkón (Oa); melá:k xtikwahli (Am) /
mila:k xtikwahli (Oa), etc. In English one might even translate asta tike:non as 'Don't be like that!'
\ref 03380
\lxam kwa:tla:ni
\lxam_c kikwa:tla:ni
\lxoa kwa:tla:ni
\lxoa_c kikwa:tla:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to stump; to be difficult for (in terms of solving a problem or figuring sth out)
\sense_s confundir; dejar perplejo a; serle difícil a (en cuanto a resolver un problema o descifrar algo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chkwa:tla:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It stumped me.
\phrase_s Me dejóconfundido.
\phrase_n Nikmela:wasneki, xwel mela:wi. Ne:chkwa:tla:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I want to straighten it (in this case a piece of wood being carved for an axe handle), but it won't get straight. It's giving me a hard time.
\phrase_s Quiero enderezarlo (en este caso un pedazo de madera que se estátallando para la manga de una hacha), pero no se endereza. Me estádando un dolor de cabeza.
\root kwa:
\root tla:ni
\ref 03381
\lxam tlakwa:w
\lxam_c *tlakwa:w
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\der Interj; Modal
\sense_e function a word used in various set phrases with a meaning that seems to indicate some admonition, almost like a curse
\sense_s palabra funcional que se utiliza en varias frases hechas con un sentido que parece indicar algo de amonestación, casi como injuria
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlakwa:w mopal! Timistla:ke:waya, xo:tiknek. Xka:wa, newa milá:k niknekia para tikchi:waskia un tekitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The hell with you! I was wanting to hire you but you didn't want it. But in fact, I really wanted you to do that job.
\phrase_s ¡Al diablo contigo! Estaba queriendo alquilarte; no quisiste.¡Vaya, yo de veras quería que hicieras ese trabajo!
\root tlakwa:w
\nse The etymology of tlakwa:w is uncertain as is the precise meaning.
\qry Obtain various examples of the use of /tlakwa:w/. Note also the phrase /kimich itlakwa:w/ in a Carnival song, which should also be checked.
\semref ki:michih tlakwa:w
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ke:michih tlakwa:w
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03382
\lxam tla:lakatetl
\lxam_c tla:lakatetl
\lxoa tla:lakatetl
\lxoa_c tla:lakatetl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of small grey bird, of the group known as wi:lo:tl, apparently the White-tipped Dove, Leptotila verreauxi, or a related species; it is known
for sleeping right after sunset
\sense_s tipo de pajarito pequeño, del grupo conocido como wi:lo:tl, aparentemente el"White-tipped Dove," Leptotila verreauxio una especie cercana;
se le conoce por dormir justamente después de que se pone el sol
\sense_d Pending
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 20, p. 329
\phrase_n Tikochini ke:n tla:lakakatetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are as prone to fall asleep as a tla:lakatetl.
\phrase_s Eres tan propenso a dormir como un tla:lakatetl.
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root tla:laka
\root te
\notes_nature Consultants stated that this is one of the three types of wi:lo:tl in the area.
\qry Check length of vowels, especially the second /a:/, which was marked long in one example and short in another.
\ref 03383
\lxam a:xka:
\lxam_alt wa:xka:
\lxam_cpend ia:xka:, nowa:xka:
\dt 03/Mar/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Oblig poss
\sense_e property; belongings
\sense_s propiedad; bienes; pertenencias
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ma:ski deke tlayo:wia, pero kwahli ki:xtla:lia itlah tli:n yo:lki, a:kino:n ia:xka:.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Even though he is poor and suffering, he is able to easily recognize animals, whose they are.
\phrase_s Aunque es pobre y sufre, bien puede reconocer a los animales, sabe de quienes son.
\phrase_n Tekitla:hli katka, a:man ye te:a:xka: (te:wa:xka).
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It used to be communal land, now it is private.
\phrase_s Era terreno comunal, ahora ya es de particulares.
\phrase_n Timitswa:xka:!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are mine (said by one lover to another)!
\phrase_s ¡Eres mío (dicho de un amante a otro)!
\phrase_n Ma:ka xki:tski, yewa te:wa:xka:!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't touch it, it is someone elses (i.e., not belonging to speaker or addressee)!
\phrase_s ¡No lo agarres, es de otra persona (esto es, ajeno, ni del que habla ni de la persona a quien se dirige la palabra)!
\sense_e caused by (e.g., witchcraft)
\sense_s causado por (p. ej., brujería)
\phrase_n Pero newa ma:ski [o:]nikwalo:ka ne:chihlia remedio kas san o:nikwalo:k. Xte:wa:xka:, ka:. San o:nikitak a:kin ne:chtlawelitan. Pero xtlah
o:ne:xchi:wilikeh, remedio o:ne:chihlih.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 03383_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 3:00
\phrase_e But me, even though I had gotten ill the medicine (I took to reveal the cause) told me that I had just gotten sick. It wasn't because of anyone. I just saw who despises me. But
they didn't do anything to me, the medicine told me that.
\phrase_s Pero yo, aunque me había enfermado el remedio (que sirve para determinar la causa de la enfermedad) me dijo que quizás solamente me enfermé. No provenía de otro,
no. Solamente vi a quienes me odian. Pero no me hicieron nada, la medicina me lo dijo.
\root a:xka
\nse Although in conversation this noun is almost always, if not always, possessed, in a dance relation (Reyes Moros from San Juan Totolcintla) the phrase i:non
a:xka:tl i:non o:roh repeatedly occurs.
\nae Note that in Ameyaltepec a [w] is often inserted at the beginning of the stem after possessive pronouns ending in /o/, i.e. nowa:xka for noa:xka ;
na:xka: is very rare, if used at all. With the 3rd-person singular i:a:xka: , the epenthetic /w/ is not used. Luis Lucena stated that ?
te:a:xka: is not acceptable, although it does appear that it is used by some. Nevertheless, the more common form is te:wa:xka 'it is someone else's.'
The denominal verb is wa:xka:tia, with the epenthetic semivowel maintained in all person inflections, and not * a:xka:tia.
\qry Check possessed forms. Note that in a note under /wa:xka/ I had"see /lxo a:xka, but had no entry under this. I'm not sure if /a:xka/ is used in Oapan. If it is it is
certainly uncommon. The much more usual form is /tlatki/ as in /motlatki/ 'it is yours.'It might be that the final vowel of the possessed form is maintained long when not in phrase-final
position (much like the /a:/ of /i:to:ka:/. This will be determined at a later date; however, when unpossessed the vowel does seem to be long: a:xka:tl.
\qry Check length of final vowel in possessed form when not in phrase final position. It might be long and thus should be written /i:a:xka:/, etc.
\grm Possessed noun: Note reported in the original article is the following: /Timitswa:xka!/ 'you are mine (said to a lover)!
\semref wa:xka:tia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlatki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03384
\lxam yehli
\lxam_c yehli
\lxoa yehli
\lxoa_c yehli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e fart
\sense_s pedo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld functions
\root yel
\ref 03385
\lxam chichi:hkuwtli
\lxam_c chichi:hkuwtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Adj-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e type of tree still not identified
\sense_s tipo deárbol todavía no identificada
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root chichi:
\root kow
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1978) identify chichihkuhtli as"palo amargo."It was sample #192 in the fieldwork session of Sept-Oct. 2001.
\ref 03386
\lxam tsi:nkuwasiwi
\lxam_c tsi:nkuwasiwi
\lxoa tsi:nkówasíwi
\lxoa_pr tsi:nkowasiwi
\lxoa_c tsi:nkówasíwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have cramps in ones bowels
\sense_s tener o sentir calambres en los intestinos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nitsi:nkuwasiwi, nimoxi:xasneki pero xmelá:k niá:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have cramps in my bowels, I want to go defecate but I can't really do it.
\phrase_s Siento calambres en los intestinos, quiero defecar pero no lo puedo hacer.
\semfld disease
\root tsi:n
\root kowa
\root hsi
\qry_h Obtain this and other words with /kowasiwi/ I would expect and /h/ before the /s/.
\vl Link second male token.
\semref kuwasiwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref kówasíwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03387
\lxam tlamposteki
\lxam_c tlamposteki
\lxoa tlamposteki
\lxoa_c tlamposteki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to have ones tooth snap or break
\sense_s rompersele o quebrarsele el diente a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nitlampostek.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I broke a tooth.
\phrase_s Se me rompióun diente.
\root tlan
\root posteki
\nae Tlamposteki is one of many forms (potential as well as realized in the corpus) that involve an incorporated body part and the verb posteki.
\qry Check for use of /te-/ intensifier, which does occur with /posteki/.
\ref 03388
\lxam xomiltik
\lxam_c xomiltik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e dark brownish grey
\sense_s pardo
\sense_d Am
\semfld color
\root xomil
\qry Obtain Oapan word for this color. Check whether the bug has a name in this village.
\ref 03389
\lxam xole:nkoh
\lxam_c xole:nkoh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (Sp) xolopitli (?)
\psm Adj
\der Adj
\infn Gender
\sense_e dimwit; fool
\sense_s menso; bobo; tonto
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Milá:k xole:nkah un suwa:tl. Xkita ke:n nochipa koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi.¿Tle:ka xkisasa:lowa?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That woman is a real dimwit! Look how she goes around with her blouse torn open in front! Why doesn't she sew it up?
\phrase_s ¡Quémensa esa mujer!¡Mira cómo anda con su blusa abierta por el pecho!¿Por quéno se la cose?
\root xolopih -?-
\nse The etymology of xole:nkoh is obscure; the fact that the ending varies with gender suggests the possibility of a borrowing, or partial borrowing, from Spanish.
However, a word with similar meaning is found in Classical Nahuatl: xolopitli. This raises the possibility that the initial elements of Ameyaltepec xole:nkoh
are based in Nahuatl.
\ref 03390
\lxam chikolo
\lxam_c chikolo
\lxoa chíkoló
\lxoa_c chíkoló
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e generic name for a type of bird that has two species documented in Ameyaltepec: chikolo tli:ltikand chikolo chi:chi:ltiktsi:n; in Oapan
only one type of chíkoló is recognized, the chíkolo tli:líhk
\sense_s nombre genérico de un tipo de pájaro de tiene dos especies documentadas para Ameyaltepec: chikolo tli:ltik y chikolo chi:chi:ltiktsi:n ; en
Oapan hay solamente un tipo de chíkoló reconocido, el chíkolo tli:líhk
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root chihkolo
\ency_note chikolo
\notes_nature Generic name for a type of bird that has two"species": chikolo tli:ltik and chikolo chi:chi:ltiktsi:n. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this
bird as garrapatero and give the spelling as chiko:ló.
\qry_h Since the location of the {h} is unclear, check SJ.
\ref 03391
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod The entry here was /tlachikoltila:na/ which was an error for /tlanchikoltila:na/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03392
\lxam koko:lia
\lxam_c kikoko:lia
\lxoa koko:lia
\lxoa_c kikoko:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make spicy
\sense_s hacer picoso
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:tihkoko:lih motlakwal. Kokó:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You made your food spicy. It is hot.
\phrase_s Hiciste que tu comida saliera picante. Estápicosa.
\root koko:
\qry Determine the difference and recheck, between /koko:lia/ 'to make spicy' and /kokolia/ as in the previous entry referring to become upset. These differences and the paradigm
-ki/ya/lia/ need to be clearly delimited for these two similar verbs.
\vl Link second female token.
\ref 03393
\lxam pipi:to
\lxam_c pipi:to
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan pito
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e type of clay whistle made in Acatlán
\sense_s tipo de silbato de barro hecho en Acatlán
\sense_d Am
\semfld games
\ilus_note Illustrate and buy copy.
\ref 03394
\lxam -xiwti
\lxam_c se:xiwti
\lxoa -xiwti
\lxoa_c se:xihti
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Num-V1
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to complete the number of year's time indicated by a numeral that in incorporated to this bound verb
\sense_s completar el número de años que se indica por un número combinado a este verbo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye se:xiwtis nopo:tsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My little girl is soon to be one year old.
\phrase_s En poco tiempo mi hijita va a cumplir un año. mes.
\phrase_n Yo:se:xiwtik ika o:mik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A year has passed since he died.
\phrase_s Cumplióun año desde que se murió.
\root xiw
\nae In Ameyaltepec forms such as se:xiwti , o:mexiwti and ye:ixiwti have been documented.
\vl Link second female token.
\xref -xiwtilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref -xihtilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03395
\lxam tlankechihloh
\lxam_c *tlankechihloh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denon-yoh
\sense_e to have visible bite marks
\sense_s tener visibles mordeduras o señales de mordidas
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Nitlankechihloh ka:n o:ne:chkwah chichi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have bite marks where a dog bit me.
\phrase_s Tengo mordeduras donde me mordióun perro.
\root tlan
\root kechi
\qry Check for other uses, significations. Also check for nominal and verbal forms. RS has tlankechia. nite 'morder a alguien sin llevarse el pedazo' (i.e., to sink ones teeth into). Probably
this verb exists in Ameyaltepec; check.
\ref 03396
\lxam xi:kwa
\lxoa xi:kwa
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv Pending (inflectional paradigm still not determined)
\sense_e see noxi:kwa:ni
\sense_s véase noxi:kwa:ni
\sense_d Pending
\root xi:ko
\nae The actual form of xi:kwa in the Balsas region is the result of vowel loss between /k/ and /w/. Classical Nahuatl had xicoa. For the Balsas area this
verb has only been documented with reflexive marking and in the agentive, i.e., noxi:kwa:ni.
\ref 03397
\lxam a:pano:ltia
\lxam_c ka:pano:ltia
\lxoa á:panó:ltia
\lxoa_c ká:panó:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) (Oa)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to take, carry, or help across a river
\sense_s llevar o ayudar a atravesar un río
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:necha:pano:ltikeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They helped (took) me cross the river.
\phrase_s Me ayudaron a cruzar (me llevaron al otro lado de) el río.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to play around with (e.g., a toy) in the water
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) jugar con (p. ej., un juguete) en el agua
\sense_d Oa
\xref a:panowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref á:panówa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\root a:
\root pano:
\nse Whereas a:panowa in Ameyaltepec means 'to cross to the other side of a body of water,' in Oapan the same intransitive verb, with reduced reduplication, signifies 'to
swim.' This variation in meaning carries across to the causative. Thus Ameyaltepec has a:pano:ltia 'to take across to the other side of a body of water' whereas Oapan
has á:pano:ltia (with the same reduced reduplication) meaning 'to play around with (i.e.,"make swim") in the water.'
\qry Perhaps a separate category of causatives should be made for those derived with -ltia, although these can be selected for by searching for -ltia in the /lx field and -ca in the /cat field.
\ref 03398
\lxam mani:ltia
\lxam_c kimani:ltia
\lxoa mani:ltia
\lxoa_c kimani:ltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to put on (sbs) head (a hat, cap, etc.)
\sense_s poner o colocar (un sombrero, gorra, etc.) sobre la cabeza de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timitsmanilti:s sombre:roh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to put a hat on you.
\phrase_s Te voy a poner un sombrero.
\root man
\qry Check if one can say /timitsmanili:s sombre:roh/ and, if so, the difference from /timitsmanilti:s sombre:roh/.
\vl Link first female token.
\xref mana
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03399
\lxam kwe:chi:maliwi
\lxam_c kwe:chi:maliwi
\lxoa kwe:chi:maliwi
\lxoa_c kwe:chi:maliwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to have ones skirt billow and puff out (e.g., while quickly twirling in a dance)
\sense_s extendersele hacia afuera la falda (p. ej., al girar rápidamente bailando)
\sense_d Pending
\root kwe:
\root chi:mal
\qry Check for transitive form. Cf. to other verb with similar reference to skirt billowing. Check for other compounds with /chi:maliwi/ and reference to billowing or spreading out.
\ref 03400
\lxam i:xtekwepo:nki
\lxam_c i:xtekwepo:nki
\lxoa i:xtechikopo:nki
\lxoa_c i:xtechikopo:nki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\lexical Lex. inflix chi- (Oa)
\sense_e to be inside-out (particularly clothes)
\sense_s estar al revés (particularmente la ropa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:xtekwepo:nki mokóto:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your shirt is inside-out.
\phrase_s Tu camisa estáal revés.
\root i:x
\root kwepo:
\vl Note from 2838: Take Oapan tokens from 2838 and label them c and d for each speaker, give them number 3400, which is a duplicate of the elicitation/citation form here
uttered. Thus before tagging speech from files here there should already be c and d for each speaker. Also note that here, Florencia first mistakenly utters
/i:xte:nchi:kopo:ni/. This is a new word and is now ref. number 7630. Tag her utterance was 07630_Oaf1c, or whatever the system is. Note this down so that the word will
not be forgotten given that we only recorded up to 7100.
\ref 03401
\lxam tlatetekwika
\lxam_c tlatetekwika
\lxoa tla:tekwika
\lxoa_c tla:tekwika
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp tla-V1
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to tremble; to tremor (e.g., in reference to the earth before an earthquake or to the sensation created when it is about to rain very hard, when everything seems to be
trembling)
\sense_s temblar; agitarse (p. ej., en referencia a la tierra antes de un temblor o terremoto, o la sensación que existe cuando una tempestad estáa punto de arrancar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlatetekwika, kas ye tla:loli:nis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is a tremor in the ground, perhaps there's going to be an earthquake.
\phrase_s Todo estátemblando, quizáva a haber un terremoto.
\phrase_n Tikito:s itik tla:hli tlatetekwika.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You'd say (i.e., think) that everything is trembling inside the ground (in this instance said just before a violent storm was about to start).
\phrase_s Dirás (esto es, pensarás) que todo estátemblando dentro de la tierra (en este caso dicho justamente antes de comenzar una tempestad).
\root tekwi:
\xref tetekwika
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03402
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was /Wepan/ xrefd to /Wa:pan/. But the entry has been changed and this present one deleted.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03403
\lxam so:ya:kapo:lin
\lxam_c so:ya:kapo:lin
\lxoa so:ya:kapo:lin
\lxoa_c so:ya:kapo:lin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e fruit, in the shape of small balls, that emerges under the leaves of the palm tree common in the area
\sense_s fruta, en la forma de bolitas pequeñas, que se forma abajo de las hojas del tipo de palma común en laárea
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e dates
\sense_s dátiles
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root so:ya:
\root kapo:l
\nae The majority of Ameyaltepec speakers seem to pronounce so:ya:kapo:lin with a long final /o:/ even though a few speakers seem to have a short vowel, perhaps from
an analogy to the tree named kapolin, which apparently (pending final analysis) has a short final /o/.
\nde Molina has çoyacapulin 'dátiles'; the modern use of the term refers to any type of fruit of the palm tree.
\qry Note that one note mentions that the vowel length is definite as recorded (i.e., long /o:/ in the penultimate syllable) even though in the tree named kapolin I have it
definitely short. In another note I mention that although the majority of people whom I asked pronounced this with a long /o:/, one or two (perhaps through analogy with the tree
name kapolin) pronounced so:ya:kapolin with a short final /o/. The length should be rechecked. Check also to determine whether this is edible.
\ref 03404
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be the entry for /ihkó:n/ but it was deleted as it was later decided that the single spelling should be /ihkón/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03405
\lxam tlapi:tsahli
\lxam_c tlapi:tsahli
\lxoa tlapi:tsahli
\lxoa_c tlapi:tsahli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e wind instrument (such as a trumpet, trombone, etc.)
\sense_s instrumento de viento (como una trompeta, trombón, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikwelmati notlapi:tsal, melá:k yema:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I like the feel of my wind instrument, it is really loose (i.e., light to the touch).
\phrase_s Me gusta el sentir de mi instrumento de viento, es muy suave (esto es, al tocar no se encuentra resistencia).
\root pi:tsa
\vl There is an extra female token for this word at 5339.
\ref 03406
\lxam tsi:ntemowa
\lxam_c tsi:ntemowa
\lxoa tsi:ntemowa
\lxoa_c tsi:ntemowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4c(pano)
\sense_e to slip down to the foot of a bed (e.g., a person who while sleeping slowly inches down and slips toward the foot of the bed)
\sense_s deslizarse hacia el pie de una cama (p. ej., una persona que al estar dormido poco a poco va bajándose al pie de la cama)
\sense_d Pending
\root tsi:n
\root temo:
\ref 03407
\lxam to:ka:yo:tia
\lxam_c kito:ka:yo:tia
\lxoa to:ka:yo:tia
\lxoa_c kito:ka:yo:tia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-yo:tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to call; to name (as in to name a particular object)
\sense_s llamar (esto es, nombrar o dar nombre a un objeto en particular)
\sense_d Pending
\src_s DT #1: 32
\phrase_n "A:chi:wihli"kito:ka:yo:tian se: tepalkatsi:ntli iwa:n ke:kchi:wan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A:chi:wi:hli is what they call a certain little bowl, and they make (fabricate) it.
\phrase_s A:chi:wi:hli es el nombre que le dan a cierto platito hondo, y lo fabrican.
\phrase_n Ke:no:n kito:ka:yo:ti:skeh?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e What will they name it (e.g., a child)?
\phrase_s ¿Cómo le van a llamar (p. ej., a un niño recién nacido)?
\phrase_n Xnikmati ke:no:n kito:ka:yo:tia:yan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't know what they used to call it (i.e., what their name for it was).
\phrase_s No sécómo lo llamaron (esto es, cual era su nombre para ello).
\sense_e to mention the name of; to call out the name of; to call by name (instead of using a respectful term of address to a close kin by blood or marriage)
\sense_s nombrar (el nombre de algn); llamar por nombre (en lugar de utilizar un término apropiado para dirigirse a una relación por sangre o matrimonio)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wel misto:ka:yo:tia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He (in this case a young child just learning to speak) can call you by name.
\phrase_s El (en este caso un niño apenas aprendiendo a hablar) te puede llamar por nombre.
\phrase_n San kito:ka:yo:tia. Xkitla:kaita.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just calls her by name (in this case a mother-in-law, instead of using the address term na:nah). He doesn't respect her.
\phrase_s Solamente le llama por nombre (en este caso a una suegra, en lugar de utilizar el término na:nah). No le tiene respeto.
\root to:ka:
\nse As one of the above phrases illustrates, the utilization of a name rather than an address term can be considered insulting. To:ka:yo:tia refers, in this case to the use of a
proper name.
\ref 03408
\mod This entry is removed as a duplicate of 03778.
\dt 03/May/2005
\ref 03409
\lxam siawi:tia
\lxam_c kisiawi:tia
\lxoa siawi:tia
\lxoa_c kisiawi:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to exhaust; to wear out; to make tired (a person or animal)
\sense_s cansar; hacer cansar; fatigar (una persona o animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chsiawi:tia nokone:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My child wears me out (e.g., with all his activity).
\phrase_s Mi hijo me hace cansar (p. ej., con todo lo que hace, por muy activo que es).
\phrase_n Melá:h o:tine:chsiawi:tih,
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You really tired me out (e.g., with the amount of work you gave me).
\phrase_s De veras me hiciste cansar (p. ej., con la cantidad de trabajo que me diste).
\root siawi
\disamb siamiktia; siawi:tia
\xref siawi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03410
\lxam ma:xi:lo
\lxam_c i:ma:xi:lo
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e see ma:xi:lo:w
\sense_s véase ma:xi:lo:w
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root xi:lo:
\qry Check which is correct (or better) /i:ma:xi:lo/ or /i:ma:xi:lo:w/.
\semref ma:po:te
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03411
\lxam eskorpió:n
\lxam_c eskorpió:n
\lxoa eskoro:bio:n
\lxoa_c eskoro:bio:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan escorpión
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of brownish lizard said to be poisonous (gila monster?)
\sense_s tipo de animal color café, dizque venenoso
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld lizard
\ref 03412
\lxam a:polaktia
\lxam_c ka:polaktia
\lxoa a:polahtia
\lxoa_c ka:polahtia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to sumerge or push underwater (from a position already in the water)
\sense_s sumergir, empujar o meter abajo del agua (desde una posición ya dentro del agua)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xka:polakti un toba:leh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Push that guy under water!
\phrase_s ¡Empuja a este cuate para dentro del agua!
\root a:
\root polak
\vl Link first female token.
\xref a:polaki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03413
\lxam xakwachowa
\lxam_c kixakwachowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (often reduplicated with short vowel) to crumple up (e.g., clothes, such as by throwing them in a chest without properly folding)
\sense_s (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) arrugar (p. ej., ropa al guardarla sin doblarla bien)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:kixakwachoh itlake:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He crumpled up his clothes.
\phrase_s Arrugósu ropa.
\root xakwach
\disamb xakwachowa; xakwalowa. Determine difference.
\nse Perhaps etymologically related to xakwalowa.
\semref xakwalowa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\xref xakwachowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 03414
\lxam postekpatli
\lxam_c postekpatli
\lxoa postéhpatlí
\lxoa_c postéhpatlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(h)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e Anredera vesicaria(Lam.) Gaertn., plant of the family Basellaceae
\sense_s Anredera vesicaria(Lam.) Gaertn., plant of the family Basellaceae
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Postekpatli | Kiki:xtian inelwayo, kikwe:chowan ipan metlatl wa:n kinelowan iwa:n se:boh. Kichapa:nilian ka:n o:tipostek dya kitekwian ika tlake:ntli para
nokwaltla:lia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Postekpatli : They take off its root and grind it up finely on a metate; then they mix it together with fat. They spread it on the area where you have broken a
bone before wrapping it up in cloth so that it gets better.
\phrase_s Postekpatli : Quitan su raíz y la muelen finamente sobre un metate; después la revuelven con cebo. Le untan sobre el lugar donde tienes un hueso
quebrado y lo envuelven con tela para que se componga.
\phrase_n Postekpatli | Deke o:postek se: je:nteh tiktla:lili:s postekpatli. Ok ma x'kwe:cho ipan tetl. Ma nokwe:cho. Kwa:kon tiktsoyo:ni:s ika se:bo. I:pan se: teposko:ntli
tiktsoyo:ni:s wa:n kwa:k yo:seseyak tiktla:lili:s a:kin o:postek. Kise:wi:s, kipati:s.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Paulina Venancio
\phrase_e Postekpatli : If someone has broken a bone you put postekpatli on him. First grind it up finely on a stone. It should be finely ground up. Then
you fry it with fat. You fry it in a metal pot and when it's cooled off you put it on the person who has broken a bone. It will sooth it, it will cure it.
\phrase_s Postekpatli : Si alguien ha quebrado un hueso le pones postekpatli. Primero muélelo finamente sobre una piedra. Se debe moler muy
fino. Entonces lo fríes. Lo fríes en una olla de metal y cuando ya se enfrióse lo pones a la persona a quien se le rompióun hueso. Lo va a calmar, lo va a aliviar.
\root posteki
\root pah
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) list this with the gloss 'bejuco huesero.'
\ref 03415
\lxam teko:ntik
\lxam_c teko:ntik
\lxoa teko:ntik
\lxoa_c teko:ntik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e to be deep-dished (a casserole bowl, i.e. with steep sides and a deep bottom); to be very concave (e.g., a loosely strung hammock when sb lies in it)
\sense_s estar hondo o profundo (una cazuela o algo de esta forma, esto es, con los lados muy inclinados y el fondo profundo); estar muy concavo (p. ej., una hamaca muy floja
cuando algn se acuesta en ella)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kaswe:lah teko:ntik. pe:ltik
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Casserole dishes are deep-dished.
\phrase_s Las cazuelas son hondas con los lados muy inclinados.
\root te
\root ko:m
\nse Teko:ntik can be applied to an area on the ground, the shape of bowls, a hat with the brim turned down and held upside-down, a loosely strung hammock as
someone lies in it, etc. In terms of shapes (such as those of bowls or similar objects), the opposite of teko:ntik is pe:ltik.
\qry See comments with /teko:ntli/ re: vowel length. At least in Oapan, this is definitely a short vowel. Perhaps it is dif. in Ameyaltepec. Check this and all similar words. Note that I
originally had the definition: 'to be sunken in (an area of a surface, particularly the ground)' but this appears in error. The word should be /teka:xtik/. Thus the following has been
removed: /O:noka:w teko:ntik./ 'It formed a sunken spot (e.g., an area in an earthen floor that is sunken in and where water may collect)'
\ref 03416
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mílá:w
\lxoa_c mílá:w
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\pitch yes
\sense_e see melá:k
\sense_s véase melá:k
\sense_d Pending
\qry Recheck all the pronunciations of /milá:k/. The p-a of the Oapan form is not easily explained right now.
\ref 03417
\lxam tlakoxelowa
\lxam_c kitlakoxelowa
\lxoa tlákoxelówa
\lxoa_pr tlakoxelowa
\lxoa_c kitlákoxelówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to divide in half (e.g., food, money, etc.)
\sense_s dividir o partir en mitad (p. ej., comida, dinero, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root tlahko
\root xel
\disamb tlakoxelowa; xelowa; tlakotlapa:na; tlakoteki
\qry Check to determine whether /tlakoxelowa/ can only refer dividing into halves or two parts, or whether it can refer to various types of divisions. Check all verbs of division that begin
with tlako and compare possible POs: tlakoxelowa, tlakoteki, tlakoposteki, tlakotlapana. Check whether tlakoxama:ni is OK, or tlakotsaya:ni, etc. Does tlako at times refer to the
location of the part, or to the division into two only.
\grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent: Note that there is no left shift of this p-a in this word, in which the first syllable of the stem has {h} as coda.
\xref tlakoxelowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref tlákoxelowília
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03418
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ítlaní
\lxoa_pr itlani
\lxoa_c kítlaní; kí:tlaní
\pitch yes-lex
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e (-ka tlatlani (Am) or tlátlaní (Oa)) to inquire about; to ask questions about [possessor of -ka]
\sense_s (-ka tlatlani (Am) o tlátlaní (Oa) preguntar sobre o por [poseedor de -ka]
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Moka tlatlani deke tinemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He inquires about you, if you are alive.
\phrase_s Pregunta por tí, si estás vivo.
\sense_e to request (a girl [O] as a bride)
\sense_s pedir (una muchacha [O] como novia)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication; kí:tlaní) to ask repeatedly for (e.g., alms)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta; kí:tlaní) pedir repetidamente (p. ej., dinero)
\sense_d Oa
\root htlani
\disamb tlatlani as transitive and tlatlani with -ka
\nse In Oapan the unreduplicated form refers solely to the requesting of a bride by the grooms family or representive. The reduplicated form is used for requesting alms, or similar things.
It is interesting that when I asked Florencia Marcelio and Inocencio Jiménez if one could say tlátlaní they both said no, although both accepted the nominalization
tlátlantsí:n. However when I later asked whether one could say moka tlátlaní, basically an antipassive form, both readily accepted this form. Finally,
itlani is not documented as a fully transitive verb in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl; rather, only the detransitivized tlatlani is used, with an oblique or relational
noun (e.g., moka tlatlani). Thus in Oapan one has the transitive ítlaní, which can take a specific object. There are also expressions such as moka
tlátlaní. In Ameyaltepec this form also exists. However, the transitive verb is f ound not as itlani but as tlat lani , i.e., reduplicated with the
tla- syllable of the stem, not the initial i as in Oapan.
\nae The initial vowel of the Oapan citation form kítlaní seems to have a slightly longer duration than might be expected, but it contrasts with the reduced reduplicated form
kí:tlaní 'to ask for alms.'
\qry Check to see if simple /tlatlani/ is used, with no oblique (e.g., /nochipa san tlatlani/. This would seem to be the basis for the nominalized /tlatlantsi:n/. For all entries check for presence
of /h/.
\vl Please consult me on this entry before tagging and linking. The citation form here is /kítlaní/, apparently not reduplicated but with pitch accent. However, originally for
entry 1280 I had /kí:tlaní/. These should have been tagged as 03418... c and d. These should be selected and joined into one long sound file of four words: kítlaní(F)
kítlaní(M); kí:tlaní(F) kí:tlaní(M).
\semref tlatlani
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 03419
\lxam arrechia:rowa
\lxam_c narrechia:rowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (Nah) arrechar
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-refl[x]
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) to have an affair; to engage in sex
\sense_s (refl.) tener una canita; coger
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xmarrechia:ro!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Have a fling!
\phrase_s ¡échate una canita!
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n xmarrechia:ro! Ma:ka san xteso:nsotik, ma mitsa:lwelita.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go for it (sexually)! Don't just act like an idiot! Let her take a good look at you and like what she sees!
\phrase_s ¡Anímate (a hacerle el amor)! No seas tan zonzo.¡Quéte vea, quéte aprecie (tu parecer, para ser su amante).
\sense_e (refl.) to get horny
\sense_s (refl.) arrecharse; tener ganas de hacer el amor; calentarse
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w -n-arrechia:rowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She (or he) has started to get horny (and want lovers).
\phrase_s Empezóa querer tener amantes (una mujer o hombre).
\nae Apparently arrechia:rowa may be used with or without the reflexive prefix, with no change in meaning. It is not found with any other specific or nonspecific object
prefix.
\qry Determine whether this verb can indeed be used with or without a reflexive. Determine the transitive. And determine whether it can apply to both men and women.
\ref 03420
\lxam tsi:npipi:to
\lxam_c tsi:npipi:to
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) pito(?)
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-loan
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to have pants or a dress that fits tight around the seat
\sense_s tener los pantalones o una falda apretados por las nalgas
\sense_d Am
\semfld clothing
\root tsi:n
\nse The etymology of tsi:npipi:to is uncertain; it is probably derived in part from a Spanish loan.
\ref 03421
\lxam kuchih
\lxam_c kuchih
\lxoa kochih
\lxoa_c kochih
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan cochino
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e sound made to drive away pigs
\sense_s sonido hecho para ahuyentar marranos
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e pig
\sense_s marrano
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tihkwa:skeh kuchih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We're going to eat pig.
\phrase_s Vamos a comer marrano.
\qry Check Am final vowel for /h/.
\vl Use first female token for link.
\ref 03422
\lxam tlapa:stika:n
\lxam_c tlapa:stika:n
\lxoa tlapa:stika:n
\lxoa_c tlapa:stika:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla-ka:n
\infn N1(N2-tla)
\sense_e place that is wet (land that is soaking from a heavy rain, a floor soaking from water that has been poured onto it, etc.)
\sense_s lugar oárea mojado (tierra empapada después de una fuerte lluvia, un piso por agua que se tiró, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlapa:stika:n, ke:n tlapeya:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is a wet place, it is really slippery (in reference to a downward sloping area).
\phrase_s Es un lugar mojado, es muy resbaloso (en referencia a un lugar con un pendiente o cuesta hacia abajo).
\root pa:ts
\root_rel -ka:n
\qry Check whether this can refer to
\semref tlawa:hka:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03423
\lxam kwetla:ntok
\lxam_c kwetla:ntok
\lxoa kwetla:ntok
\lxoa_c kwetla:ntok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be hanging down, from one fixed point
\sense_s estar colgado, desde un solo punto
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Miák kwetla:ntok wa:xin. Meláo:tla:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There are a lot of guajes hanging down (from the branches). It (the tree) really bore fruit.
\phrase_s Hay muchos guajes colgados. De veras (elárbol) rindiómucho.
\root kwetla:
\vl Use second female token as link.
\ref 03424
\lxam ma:pipichowa
\lxam_c ma:pipichowa
\lxoa ma:pichowa
\lxoa_c ma:pichowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am)
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to whistle hard (with ones lips curled inward and a finger or fingers placed between ones lips)
\sense_s silbar or chiflar fuerte (con los labios jalados hacia adentro y un dedo o dedos colocados entre los labios)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xma:pipicho!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Whistle hard (by placing your fingers inside your mouth)!
\phrase_s ¡Chifla fuerte (colocando los dedos dentro de la boca)!
\sense_e to make a loud whistling sound (e.g., fireworks specially designed with whistles as they rise)
\sense_s hacer un fuerte silbido (p. ej., cohetes especialmente diseñados para chiflar al subir)
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root pich
\ency_note communication
\nse One entry has ma:pipichowa used in refers to the sound made by a carhorn. The etymology of ma:pipichowa is uncertain, it might be related to
pipitsowa , though the reason for palatalization is uncertain. Or it might be related to pi:tsa, in which case one would expect a long vowel.
\nde Molina has mapichoa ni. 'chiflar con el dedo.' However, this word is alphabetized where mapipichoa would be, not in the spot mapichoa should
hold. Molina also has an intransitive mapipitzoa with the same meaning. A reflexive mapipitzoa nino is glossed as 'chuparse los dedos.' RS has the last verb as
fully transitive as well, mapipitzoa. Nite- 'chupar los dedos de alguien.'
\qry Check vowel length. If this is related to /pi:tsa/, then a long vowel would be expected.
\grm In the grammar a note should be made of this alternation: /pipitsowa/ and /pipichowa/ as in RS /mapipichoa/ and /mapipitzoa/.
\vl Use first female token, second male token.
\semref tlankikisi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlankisi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref ma:pipichowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref ma:pichowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03425
\lxam komoltik
\lxam_c komoltik
\lxoa komoltik
\lxoa_c komoltik
\dt 23/Feb/2006
\sense_e see tekomoltik
\sense_s véase tekomoltik
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\qry Check for size of this depression, and for anything else that might be /komoltik/.
\ref 03426
\lxam te:ncha:mol
\lxam_c i:te:ncha:mol
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e snout (of a head of cattle only, i.e., ox, calf, cow, bull, etc.)
\sense_s hocico (de un ganado solamente, p. ej., buey, vaca, toro, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\root te:n
\root cha:mol
\nae The root cha:molis uncertain but is perhaps related to chi:mahli. In the Spanish to Nahuatl section, Molina has for hocico como de
puerco the words tenchimalli and tentomactli. On the Nahuatl to Spanish side he has tenchimalli as beçudo como
negro. RS has for this same word, Befo, el que tiene el labio superior muy grueso. Thus it is possible that Ameyaltepec cha:mol is a reflex of
chi:mahli.
\root_notes The root cha:molis uncertain but is perhaps related to chi:mahli. In the Spanish to Nahuatl section, Molina has for hocico como de
puerco the words tenchimalli and tentomactli. On the Nahuatl to Spanish side he has tenchimalli as beçudo como
negro. RS has for this same word, Befo, el que tiene el labio superior muy grueso. Thus it is possible that Ameyaltepec cha:mol is a
reflex of chi:mahli.
\semref cha:mol
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03427
\lxam te:palkochi
\lxam_c te:palkochi
\lxoa te:palkochi
\lxoa_c te:palkochi
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\incorp S-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(ch)
\sense_e to sleep in the house of others (particularly as a dependent, when one does not have a home of ones own)
\sense_s dormir en casa ajena (particularmente como dependiente, cuando uno no tiene casa propia)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nite:palkochi, xnikpia nokal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I sleep in the homes of others, I don't have my own house.
\phrase_s Duermo en casa ajena, no tengo casa propia.
\phrase_n Te:palkoxtinemi, ke:n pro:beh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He goes around sleeping at other people's houses, he's really poor (i.e., does not have his own house).
\phrase_s Anda durmiendo en casa ajena, es muy pobre (esto es, no tiene casa propia).
\root kochi
\root_rel -pal
\qry Although the fact that the subject marker precedes te:pal and the inflectional markers for tense and aspect follow kochi is the main criterion for
considering te:palkochi as one word, this analysis merits a caveat. If the subject markers are considered simple prefixes, then clearly the order in
nite:palkochi indicates that te:palkochi should be considered one word. However, considering that ni and the other subject markers are
more accurately considered clause initial clitics, it is possible to analyze te:pal kochi as two words joined in a single clause (just as in niwe:i chichi is
two words). Nevertheless, given that te:pal is functionally adverbial and that very few relational expressions occur after the subject pronouns (e.g., * nimona:k
tekitis , cf. mona:k nitekitis 'I will work for you'), it is more accurate to consider the sequence te:palkochi as one word. (Note also that wi th
specific possessor s the sequence is not acceptable (* nimopalkochi). Note that Molina has an entry tepal nicochi 'ser huesped, o hospedarse en csa
de alguno.'
\qry Check for other sequences with /te:pal/ that perhaps may cause a reevaluation of this entry to /te:pal kochi/, i.e., two words with the subject clitic to the left, as in /we:i chichi/, etc.
Thus /nite:pal kochi/ or /nite:palkochi/ would seem to be little different. Check for other sequences: /nite:paltlakwa/, /nite:palcha:nti/, etc. I.e., elicit all words that begin with /te:pal/.
\grm Clitics and word formation: Although the fact that the subject marker precedes te:pal and the inflectional markers for tense and aspect follow
kochi is the main criterion for considering te:palkochi as one word, this analysis merits a caveat. If the subject markers are considered simple
prefixes, then clearly the order in nite:palkochi indicates that te:palkochi should be considered one word. However, considering that
ni and the other subject markers are more accurately considered clause initial clitics, it is possible to analyze te:pal kochi as two words
joined in a single clause (just as in niwe:i chichi is two words). Nevertheless, given that te:pal is functionally adverbial and that very few
relational expressions occur after the subject pronouns (e.g., * nimona:k tekitis , cf. mona:k nitekitis 'I will work for you'), it is more accurate
to consider the sequence te:palkochi as one word. (Note also t hat with specific possessors the sequence is not acceptable (* nimopalkochi).
\ref 03428
\lxam tlakoka:tilia
\lxam_c tlakoka:tilia
\lxoa tlákoka:tília
\lxoa_pr tlakoka:tilia
\lxoa_c tlákoka:tília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-lia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex-lex
\sense_e to continue until midday; to take half a day (in carrying out sth that one had thought to complete in the morning); to be late (i.e., to do sth that causes one to be delayed until
close to midday)
\sense_s seguir hasta mediodia; tomar medio día (en llevar a cabo algo que uno pensaba terminar en la mañana); hacerse tarde (en el sentido de hacer algo que cause a uno
demorarse hasta mediodía)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nitlakoka:tilih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I took up half a day (i.e., I was late because I didn't finish until noon sth that I had planned on completing in the morning).
\phrase_s Me tardémedio día (esto es, se me hizo tarde porque no terminéhasta mediodía algo que pensaba terminar en la mañana).
\root tlahko
\nse The etymology of tlakokatilia is not completely clear, a situation compounded by the word-medial loss of underlying {h} in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl. Apparently it is
related to the root tlahko 'half' and, by extension, half of the day.
\grm Applicative; causative; valency: Note that /tlakokatilia/ is an intransitive verb meaning 'to be late' or 'to continue doing sth late in the day, toward midday.' The interesting
point here is that a verb ending in /-lia/ is an intransitive. This should be checked and other verbs in /-lia/ searched for that might also be intransitives.
\grmx Oapan phonology: note that the high pitch on the first syllable of Oapan /tlákoka:tília/ is not as marked as in other cases. The pattern should be compared to 5-syllable
words with no pitch-accent.
\vl Use second female token.
\semref tlakwalispantilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03429
\lxam i:xtoma:wi
\lxam_c i:xtoma:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for ones face to fill out; to get a chubby face
\sense_s llenarsele la cara; ponersele la cara gordita
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w i:xtoma:wi, sepa ye o:stli kas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Her face has already started to fill out, perhaps she's pregnant once again.
\phrase_s Ya se le empezóa llenar la cara, quizás otra vez estáembarazada.
\root i:x
\root toma:
\nde In Classical Nahuatl this word, found in Molina as an adjectival ixtomauac is glossed as 'sin tiento, o atroche moche.' The aspectual ixtomauatiuh. n is defined
as 'yr como tonto o como fuera de.'
\ref 03430
\lxam kea:man
\lxam_c kya:man
\lxam_alt kea:man
\lxoa kea:man
\lxoa_alt kya:man
\lxoa_c kea:man
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-uncl
\loan (part) que
\sense_e for example
\sense_s por ejemplo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kya:man timitsihli:skia...
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e For example, I might say to you...
\phrase_s Por ejemplo, te podría decir...
\phrase_n Kea:man, yewa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e For an example, take him.
\phrase_s Por ejemplo,él.
\sense_e (sa: ~) just as soon as (i.e., a little bit before; cf. Oapan kin)
\sense_s (sa: ~) justamente cuando (esto es, un poquito antes; véase cf. Oapan kin)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Sa: kea:man o:tasik, yewa o:yah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just as soon as you arrived, he had gone.
\phrase_s Justamente cuando llegaste,él se había ido.
\root a:man
\nae The origin of the initial ke element is unclear; perhaps it is related to Classical ke:n. Note that pronuncation of kea:man varies
significantly among speakers with a form such as kya:man not uncommon. In addition, since in Oapan final i:n is extrametrical, the stress in
kea:man i:n is on the final syllable of kea:man [ke a: 'ma ni:n]. In Ameyaltepec one seems to have both [kea:man 'i:n] and [ke:a:'man i:n]. Note that the
length of the initial vowel sequence in Oapan ke:a:man varies from 257 ms (Inocencio Jiménez) to 297 ms (Florencia Marcelino). The precise boundary can not be
inequivocably determined, but it seems clear from the spectrogram and wave form that both vowels should be considered long.
\qry_fon Note that the length of the initial vowel sequence in Oapan ke:a:man varies from 257 ms (Inocencio Jiménez) to 297 ms (Florencia Marcelino). The precise
boundary can not be inequivocably determined, but it seems clear from the spectrogram and wave form that both vowels should be considered long.
\qry It may well be that the ke: of this entry is not part of kiya:man and that this latter has a completely distinct etymology. It is also unclear at this point
whether the correct pronunciation in s ke: or keh , or whether both are used interchangeably. Note that in one entry I have noted that"the /e/ is
definitely short followed by /h/ which shows up phrase finally."However, this disagrees with the other note I have recorded in the entry ke: , which mentions a long
vowel.
\qry Check this word carefully, i.e. whether /ke:/ or /keh/ (or possibly /ke:h/. I once recorded that the /e/ is definitely short followed by /h/ which shows up phrase finally. However, this
should be rechecked, cf. /ke:san/ which, thus, should perhaps be /keh san/. In one filecard I mention that I had check /ke:/ carefully with Gabriel de la Cruz as to whether the spelling
should be /ke:/ instead of /keh/; Luis Lucena's pronunciation coincided with /ke:/. Note that this word is definitely distinct from /ke:n/ This final note and correction is dated Aug.
1986, and should be taken to supercede all previous notes and corrections on the spelling of this word. But at any rate, careful attention should be devoted to the distinction in form
and meaning of /ke:/ and /ke:n/, e.g. /ke: a:man/ and /ke:n a:man/ (I think the latter enters into phrases such as /ke:n a:man i:n/ 'at the same time as today.' Also, an added note re: /ke:
itlah/. I am now unsure as to whetehr there is a final /h/. In seve ra l recordings I seem tohear a final glottal stop. This should be checked. Check also if /kiya:man/ is /ke: a:man/ or
/ke:n a:man/ in careful pronunciation.
\qry_h Evidence from San Juan Tetelcingo, where the {h} is not lost, should clarify some of the problems of etymological analysis for this entry and for ke:tla (or
Oapan ké:tlá).
\vl Link first female and second male tokens. NOTE TO SELF: Later do an anaylysis of this form.
\ref 03431
\lxam no:lowa
\lxam_c kino:lowa
\lxoa no:lowa
\lxoa_c kino:lowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to make crooked; to bend; to make wavy (sth long, soft, and pliable such as wire for a sandal, a candle, a rod or switch, etc.)
\sense_s enchuecar; torcer; encorvar (algo largo, suave, y maleable como alambre para un huarache, una vela, una vara, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tikino:loh mosurkoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You laid the furrows of your field down crookedly.
\phrase_s Dejaste chuecos los surcos (que estabas arando).
\phrase_n Xno:lo!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Bend it!
\phrase_s ¡Dóblalo!
\root no:l
\grm Paradigms: note that the root /no:l/ provides a good case of various forms: Intransitive /no:liwi/, transitive /no:lowa/, stative /no:liwtok/, and adjectival /no:ltik/. An attempt
should be made to determine the difference between the last two and this should be discussed in the grammar.
\ref 03432
\lxam chichinowa
\lxoa chichinowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e see chinowa
\sense_s véase chinowa
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root chin
\ref 03433
\lxam i:xte:nkakalaki
\lxam_c i:xte:nkakalaki
\lxoa i:xté:nkaláki
\lxoa_pr i:xté:nkalaki
\lxoa_c i:xté:nkaláki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-l)
\infv class-3a(k)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e for ones eyes to get sunken in
\sense_s sumirsele los ojos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:i:xte:nkakalak, ye we:wentsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His eyes have sunken in, he's getting old.
\phrase_s Ya se le sumieron los ojos, ya es viejo.
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root kalak
\nse This word has only been documented in the reduplicated form, as is often the case with words referring to the eyes.
\nae As is often the case in Oapan Nahuatl, with this word the reduplicant is reduced on a closed heavy (long-voweled) syllable with a final nasal (here te:n) the reduplicant is
reduced. The presence of the reduplicant is manifested in the reflex of pitch accent on the final syllable of the incorporated noun stem i:xte:n.
\grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication: As is often the case in Oapan Nahuatl, with /i:xté:nkaláki/ the reduplicant is reduced on a closed heavy (long-voweled) syllable with a
final nasal (here te:n) the reduplicant is reduced. The presence of the reduplicant is manifested in the reflex of pitch accent on the final syllable of the
incorporated noun stem i:xte:n.
\qry Check for causative.
\ref 03434
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for Oapan /chíkolá:na/. It has been deleted as a duplicate.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Please tag the sound tokens here with #6471. Note that the linked tokens should be the later recordings.
\ref 03435
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was the entry for /piya:siwi/. It has been deleted and the word listed as an alternate pronunciation for /peya:siwi/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03436
\lxam xaxa:yakatl
\lxam_c xaxa:yakameh
\lxoa xa:xa:yekatl
\lxoa_alt xa:xa:ikatl
\lxoa_c xa:xa:yekatl, xa:xa:ikatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e horsefly
\sense_s tábano
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root xa:yaka
\nse This word is used in San Juan Tetelcingo; in Ameyaltepec the Spanish tá:banoh is used. Apparently the short vowel in the initial syllable of the Ameyaltepec word is
related to the lack of use of this term in the village. However, there might well be variation among speakers as I have documented xa:xayaktsi:n from one speaker.
According to Cristino Flores (Am) both forms, with either an initial long or short vowel, are correct.
\mod When the dictionary is expanded to multidialect a way of expressing or marking/coding different dialects should be determined. Perhaps headword with a cognate priority list.
\qry_fon Check vowel legnth in Am.
\vl Use first male token.
\ref 03437
\lxam matlaktli
\lxam_c matlaktli
\lxoa mátlahtlí
\lxoa_c mátlahtlí
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Num
\compound N-N
\der N-?
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e ten
\sense_s diez
\sense_d Pending
\semfld num
\root mah
\root tlaki
\nae This word probably derives from mah plus another element that, for lack of a better determination, is here given as tlaki.
\qry_fon Check aspiration of /k/ here.
\ref 03438
\lxam yekwitla
\lxam_c yekwitla
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(ap)
\compound N-N(?)
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e person who is a big enter of beans
\sense_s persona que come mucho frijol
\sense_d Am
\root ye
\root kwitla
\nse The use of the nominal root kwitlato indicate a person who does in excess something associated with a previous nominal stem more common in Ameyaltepec than
Oapan Nahuatl.
\qry The derivation, grammatical category and roots uncertain.
\semref chi:lkwitla; cho:kwitla
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03439
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be /tlanelowa/ in a vulgar sense. It has since been removed.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03440
\lxam totopoxtli
\lxam_c totopoxtli
\lxoa totopoxtli
\lxoa_c totopoxtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Lex. rdp-s*
\der N-dvb-ni-x
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e type of thin toasted and ruffled tortilla (the sweet variety, tsope:lik , is made for Santa Cruz in May). Totopoxtli is made by grinding
masa very thin on a metate and then pushing it off the edge as another woman gathers it on top of a cloth, then placing it on a griddle to be toasted
\sense_s tipo de tortilla delgada y tostada, con volantes ("ruffles"; la variedad dulce, tsope:lik , se hace para santa Cruz de mayo). Totopoxtli se hace
cuando una mujer muele la masa dulce muy delgada sobre un metate, empujándola abajo para que salga por la parte inferior del metate. otra mujer lo toma sobre una
servieta y después lo coloca sobre un comal para dorarlo.
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Totopoxtli kwetlaxtik, xokitliwa:tskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tostadas are soft, they didn't toast them (on the griddle).
\phrase_s Las tostadas están suaves, no las doraron (sobre el comal).
\phrase_n Tlapilo:lo ika totopoxtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Totopos are being made.
\phrase_s Se estáhaciendo totopos.
\phrase_n Pi:si:ltik xkasi para kwahli ki:sas totopoxtli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Grind it (masa) very finely so that the totopoxtli comes out well!
\phrase_s ¡Muélela (la masa) muy fina para que los totopos salgan bien!
\semfld food-maize
\root topo:
\nse In Ameyaltepec at least, there are two types of totopoxtli : tsope:lik (sweet) and poyé:k (salty). The sweet variety, made from sweet
masa, is consumed during Santa Cruz in May. The salty variety used to be made to take to the coast when Ameyaltepequeños would go on salt-trading expeditions. It
is seldom, if ever, still made. The verb tlapilowais used to describe the action of making totopoxtli. In Oapan this is made, along with
i:skia:to:hlifor the offerings of Corpus Cristi. Some women color and flavor the maize with ground up prickly pears from the small cactus Opuntia
bensoniiSánchez-Mejorada.
\semref tlapilowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref totopoxpilowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref totopochpilo:hli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 03441
\lxam -te:nkopa
\lxam_c ite:nkopa
\lxoa -te:nkopa
\lxoa_c i:te:nkopa
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Rel-stem/poss
\infn Oblig poss
\gloss_e from.lips.of
\gloss_s de.los.labios.de
\sense_e in the words of; from the mouth of (particularly from sb asserting a particular fact; in this sense equivalent to -te:nko)
\sense_s en las palabras de; de los labios de (especialmente de algn quien asevera algo; en este sentido equivalente a te:nko)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mote:nkopa ma n'kaki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me hear it from your very lips!
\phrase_s ¡Déjame escucharlo de tus propios labios!
\sense_e with the word or permission of
\sense_s con el permiso o palabra de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ite:nkopa itah o:yah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He went with his father's permission.
\phrase_s Fue con el permiso de su padre.
\sense_e in the words of; from the mouth of (particularly from sb asserting a particular fact; in this sense equivalent to -te:nkopa)
\sense_s en las palabras de; de los labios de (especialmente de algn quien asevera algo; en este sentido equivalente a te:nkopa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Siempre ma nimotlatlani deke milá:k ite:nkopa i:n nokone:w, noso deke ka:.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 03441_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 42:09
\phrase_e Let me inquiry if it is really my child's will (in this case a daughter being asked in marriage), or if that's not the case.
\phrase_s Siempre déjame averiguar si de veras es el deseo de mi hija (en este caso, siendo pedida en matrimonio), o si no.
\phrase_n Inte:nkopa yo:tlakahkeh no:bioh iwa:n no:biah. Yo:kintlato:ltikeh deke milá:k nonekin para na:naskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e From the very mouths of the bridgegroom and bride they heard it. They had asked them if it was really true that they loved each other (enough) to get married.
\phrase_s De las bocas del novio y novia lo escucharon. Les había preguntado si de veras se querían (lo suficiente) para casarse.
\sense_e (i:te:nkopa dió:s) with the help of God
\sense_s (i:te:nkopa dió:s) con la ayuda de Diós
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ite:nkopa dió:s o:niwel.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e With God's help I learned (or was able to do it).
\phrase_s Con la ayuda de Diós pude (aprender algo, hacer algo, etc.).
\root te:n
\root_rel -kopa
\nse The part of speech gloss for this word, an adverbial, is based on its role as a predicate modifier, indicating the direction from which a given action comes. It is the suffix
-pa that gives this word its characteristic function as a predicate modifier.
\grm Oapan phonology: vowel length: Note that the initial /i:/ in all utterances of this word by Oapan speakers seems quite short although one token had a duration of about 100
ms (I think; recheck).
\ref 03442
\lxam tlikonexto:ka
\lxam_c kitlikonexto:ka
\lxoa tlikonexto:ka
\lxoa_c kitlikonexto:ka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to bury (sth) in the hot ashes of a hearth or fire
\sense_s enterrar o meter (algo) abajo de las cenizas calientes de un hogar o fogón
\sense_d Pending
\root tli
\root nex
\root to:ka
\root_rel -ko
\disamb tlikonexto:ka; tlikonexpachowa; tlikonexakia
\vl First female token is /tlikonexpachowa/. Tag as alternate to 2352. Link second correct female token and first male token as final sound.
\ref 03443
\lxam ista:k yetl
\lxam_alt ista:kyetl
\lxam_c ista:k yetl
\lxoa ista:yetl
\lxoa_c ista:yetl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Adj-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of white bean, very small, planted in a milpa among maize plants
\sense_s tipo de frijol blanco, muy pequeño, sembrado en una milpa entre el maíz
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipa:paxowan ista:kyetl para yepa:paya:n, xkikwe:xtilian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They pounded and split up the white beans, grinding them roughly for yepa:paya:n , they didn't grinding them up finely for it.
\phrase_s Machucharon los frijoles blancos para yepa:paya:n , no le molieron finamente.
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\semfld edible
\root sta
\root ye
\ency_note yetl
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this simply as frijol blanco.
\qry Obtain list of foods in which these beans are used. Also, check accentual pattern. Get a complete list of beans.
\grm Oapan phonology; vowel length: Note that the length of initial /i/ seems to vary a lot. One utterance of Florencia has a vowel under 50 ms, whereas Inocencio pronounces
one token with a length close to 90.
\vl Link 2nd female and 1st male token.
\ref 03444
\lxam tla:ltewitska:n
\lxam_c tla:ltewitska:n
\lxoa tla:ltewitska:n
\lxoa_c tla:ltewitska:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla:l-ka:n
\infn N1(N2-N)
\sense_e see tla:ltetewistika:n (Am) / tla:lte:tewistika:n(Oa)
\sense_s véase tla:ltetewistika:n (Am) / tla:lte:tewistika:n(Oa)
\sense_d Pending
\root tla:l
\root tewits
\ref 03445
\lxam tsope:lik
\lxam_c tsope:lik
\lxoa tsope:lik
\lxoa_c tsope:lik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\sense_e sweet
\sense_s dulce
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tastes
\root tsope:l
\qry In one entry/file card I have a long final /i/; however in other instances (and in the complex /tsope:lik a:to:hli/) the /i/ is short. This should be checked.
\vl Link 1st male token.
\semref tsopeltik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref tsopeltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03446
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for the toponym /Sakapehtsi:nko/, now in the toponym database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03447
\lxam tlatlaxistopo:ni
\lxam_c tlatlaxistopo:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex rdp-s*
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to have a very bad cough, dry and hard with phlegm or mucous dislodged with the cough
\sense_s tener un tos muy fuerte, seco y duro con flema que sale al toser
\sense_d Am
\semfld disease
\root tlasi
\root topo:
\qry Check difference between /tlatlasi chika:wak/ and /tlatlaxistopo:ni/.
\ref 03448
\lxam kochi:tia
\lxam_c kikochi:tia
\lxoa kochi:tia
\lxoa_c kikochi:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make sleepy (e.g., a cold day, an alcoholic drink, fever, etc.)
\sense_s dar sueño a (p. ej., un día de mucho frío, una bebida, fiebre, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to make spin quickly (a top, marble, etc.)
\sense_s hacer girar rápidamente (un trompo, canica, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n kikochi:tia itro:mpo, sa: koxtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He can really make his top spin well, its spinning tightly (i.e., not wobbling).
\phrase_s Hace girar bien su trompo, estágirando bien (esto es, no tambaleándose).
\root kochi
\qry Check for other possible acceptations of /kochi:tia:/.
\semref koxte:ka
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlakochi:tia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\ref 03449
\lxam ma:san
\lxam_c ma:san tli:no:n
\lxoa ma:si san
\lxoa_alt ma:san
\lxoa_c ma:si san tli:no:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) má:s
\psm Adv
\der Adv-uncl
\sense_e function word used immediately preceding a pronoun to indicate indefinite pronoun of the"any"series or"even"
\sense_s palabra funcional utilizado inmediatamente antes de un pronombre para indicar un pronombre no definido de la serie"~quiera"o"aunque"
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:san tewa, xikchi:wa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Even you, do it!
\phrase_s Aunque seas tú,¡hazlo!
\phrase_n Nihkwis ma:san yewa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I take even that!
\phrase_s ¡Me llevo aun eso!
\sense_e (~ a:kino:n) anyone; whoever; whomever
\sense_s (~ a:kino:n) quien sea; quienquiera
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:san a:kino:n nikseli:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will accept whoever it may be (anyone).
\phrase_s Aceptaréa quien sea.
\phrase_n Ma:san a:kino:n iwa:n niá:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will go with whomever (anyone).
\phrase_s Voy a ir con quien sea.
\phrase_n Ma ne:chpale:wi:ki ma:san a:kino:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let anyone come and help me!
\phrase_s ¡Quéme venga a ayudar quien sea!
\sense_e (~ ka:non) anywhere; wherever
\sense_s (~ ka:non) dondequiera
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:san ka:no:n xka:wati!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go leave it wherever (or anywhere, you want)!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a dejarlo dondequiera!
\sense_e (~ kamanon anytime; whenever
\sense_s (~ kamanon) cuandoquiera; a la hora que sea
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (~ katlewa) whichever one (thing); anyone (thing)
\sense_s (~ katlewa) cualquier que sea
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chaka ma:s san katlewa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Give me anyone (of the bunch)!
\phrase_s ¡Dame el que sea!
\sense_e (~ ke:non) in whatever or any way; however (i.e., in any manner)
\sense_s (~ ke:non) comoquiera
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (~ tli:non) whichever or whatever one
\sense_s (~ tli:non) cualquiera; lo que sea
\sense_d Pending
\root san
\qry Check whether these should all be classified as indefinite pronouns; the stimulus for this gloss is Haspelmath's book on indefinite pronouns. Cf. other Pr-indef such as /kanah/,
/yekah/, etc. of the 'some~' series.
\ref 03450
\lxam koyo:nilia
\lxam_c kikoyo:nilia
\lxoa koyo:nilia
\lxoa_c kikoyo:nilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to drill or make a hole in for
\sense_s taladrar o agujerear para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chkokoyo:nili nokabe:sas!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Drill holes in my cabezas(part of a thatched roof hut) for me!
\phrase_s ¡Taládra las cabezas de mi casa (parte de una casa con techo de palma o zacate) para mí!
\root koyo:
\xref koyo:nia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03451
\lxam patile:wtok
\lxam_c patile:wtok
\lxoa patile:htok
\lxoa_c patile:htok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der V1-tok
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be crooked; to be leaning to one side
\sense_s estar chueco o ladeado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Patile:wtok notlapech, ma nike:kchi:wa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My bed is crooked (leaning to one side), let me fix it!
\phrase_s Mi cama estáchueca (yendo a un lado),¡deja que la arregle!
\root patil
\disamb patiliwi; kwepaliwi, nekwiliw, no:liwi, etc.
\semref patiliwtok
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref patilihtok
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03452
\lxam koto:ntli
\lxam_c koto:ntli
\lxoa koto:n
\lxoa_c koto:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan algodón
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e shirt (of a man)
\sense_s camisa (de un hombre)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e blouse (of a woman)
\sense_s blusa (de una mujer)
\sense_d Pending
\nae The data at present suggest that whereas an absolutive form is found in Ameyaltepec (with the expected possessed root koto:n), in Oapan the form without an absolutive
is used both for the unpossessed and possessed form. However, this should be checked.
\ref 03453
\lxam iksika:miki
\lxam_c iksika:miki
\lxoa isika:miki
\lxoa_c isika:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp Part-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to get over-ripe (a fruit) on the vine or tree
\sense_s pasarse de maduro (una fruta) antes de cortarse o caerse delárbol o planta donde crece
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:iksika:mik melo:n, tepapa:xiwi itik kosta:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The cantaloupe (or melon) got over-ripe on the vine, it's getting smashed up in the sack (where it is placed for transport after harvest).
\phrase_s El melón se pasóde maduro antes de cortarse, se estáaplastando dentro del costal (donde se pone para transportar después de la cosecha).
\root ksi
\root miki
\ref 03454
\lxam a:yatok
\lxam_c a:yatok
\lxoa a:yahtok
\lxoa_c a:yahtok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\compound N-V1
\der *V1-tok
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be running water (as in a stream or river)
\sense_s ser agua corriente, que corre (como en un arroyo o río)
\sense_d Pending
\root a:
\root yaw
\nse My notes show that in Oapan the form a:yotok is also used, but this was not confirmed in the elicitation session.
\qry Check etymology of this form; it is unclear, but perhaps it is related to the verb yaw. Make sure Am has /a:yatok/ and not /a:yatok/. But note that the progressive of
/yaw/ in Am is /i yatok/, check in Oapan whether the prog. is /yahtok/ or /yatok/. Check translation and then add this to corrected grm notes.
\grm Note that /a:yatok/ seems to have an incorporated subject. Nevertheless, further analysis is needed. It might be that this form is similar to that of /tla:lolini/, in that
detransitivization takes place through incorporation of nouns.
\ref 03455
\lxam pa:pa:lo:tl
\lxam_c pa:pa:lo:tl
\lxoa pa:pa:lo:tl
\lxoa_c pa:pa:lo:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e generic term for butterfly
\sense_s nombre genérico para mariposa
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e generic term for moths (particularly those that fly around lights at night)
\sense_s nombre genérico para polilla (particularmente las que vuelan por las luces durante la noche)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) bugs of (e.g., i:pa:pa:lo:yo tlayo:hli , 'the moths or bugs that get into maize')
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) polilla de (p. ej., i:pa:pa:lo:yo tlayo:hli , la polilla del maíz)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root pa:lo:
\qry Check to see if there are any specific types of butterflies, or if there is a way to distinguish to which the word, in a particular instance, is referring to. The diminutive is used to refer to
moths.
\semref pa:pa:lo:tl de tlayo:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03456
\lxam temotso:liwi
\lxam_c temotso:liwi
\lxoa temotso:liwi
\lxoa_c temotso:liwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to shrink up (e.g., meat on coals)
\sense_s encogerse (p. ej., carne sobre las brazas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwa:k pa:stik katka un nakatl, we:weyak katka. A:man ika o:tikto:naya:nwikeh, o:temotso:lihkeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When the (strips of) meat were fresh they were long. Now that they've placed them in the sun to dry, they've shrunken up.
\phrase_s Cuando estaba fresca la(s tiras de) carne, eran largas. Ahora por haberlas puestas a secar en el sol, se achicaron.
\root temo
\root tso:l
\nse Etymology uncertain.
\qry Check all words with /motso:liwi/, etc.
\vl Link 1st female and 1st male token.
\ref 03457
\lxam chi:lto:to:tl
\lxam_c chi:lto:to:tl
\lxoa chi:lto:to:tl
\lxoa_c chi:lto:to:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of red bird with black wings, perhpas the White-winged Tanager, Spermagra leucoptera, or a closely related species
\sense_s tipo de pájaro rojo, con alas negras, quizáel"White-winged Tanager," Spermagra leucoptera, o una especie cercana
\sense_d Am, Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 58, p. 675
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root chi:l
\root to:to:
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'cardenal.'
\ref 03458
\lxam ma:tokilia
\lxam_c kima:tokilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp N-V
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to rub the surface of (with sth [SO]; see i:xma:toka)
\sense_s frotar o untar la superficie de (con algo [OS]; véase i:xma:toka)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xma:tokili tenextli mokoma:l para wel tlakwepas, xok sa:liwis tlaxkahli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Rub lime on your griddle so that she (the person who will cook) can turn things over, (so that) tortillas will no longer stick!
\phrase_s ¡Frótale cal sobre tu comal para que ella (la persona que la va a usar) puede voltear (las tortillas), (para que) las tortillas ya no se pegan!
\root ma:
\root toka
\nde In Oapan the applicative of this verb was not accepted by Florencia Marcelino. The nonapplicative is ma:toka, often with long vowel reduplication in the first syllable.
For rubbing a surface, Florencia stated that the more precise term is i:xma:toka.
\grm Applicative. Note the difference between the transitive /ma:toka/ and the applicative /ma:tokilia/. In both case there is the same object: /kima:toka ikoma:l/ and /kima:tokilia
ikoma:l/. However, in the first the object (the griddle) is a patient: it is what is being rubbed with the hand. In the second it is a benefactive. Note that this is different from
the usual pattern, which introduces a new benefactive argument. Thus /kimiktia nopitso/ 'he kills my pig' vs. /ne:chmiktilia nopitso/ 'he kills me my pig' In this case the
applicative introduces a new argument, the benefactive, which is different than the object affected. But in /kima:tokilia mokoma:l/, the object is the same as in /kima:toka
mokoma:l/. The difference is that in the applicative the primary object is benefited from the application of another item (the lime being spread on the surface).
\xref ma:toka
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 03459
\lxam tlatkitl
\lxam_c i:tlatki
\lxoa tlatkitl
\lxoa_c i:tlatki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e property; possession
\sense_s posesión; propiedad
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa te:tlatki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That belongs to someone (else).
\phrase_s Es cosa ajena.
\root tki
\ref 03460
\lxam kwa:polokatl
\lxam_c kwa:polokatl
\lxoa kwa:popolokatl
\lxoa_c kwa:popolokatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-o
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e dandruff
\sense_s caspa
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root poloka
\nae The derivational process here is still not fully analyzed.
\qry Check to determine whether a possessed form is correct.
\ref 03461
\lxam me:me:ya
\lxam_c me:me:ya
\lxoa me:me:ya
\lxoa_c me:me:ya
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn N1
\sense_e generic name for type of still unidentified weed, considered tlasohli , of which four species have been collected to date
\sense_s tipo de maleza todavía no identificada, considerada como tlasohli , de que cuatro especies han sido colectadas hasta la fecha
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Me:me:ya | Kipia ile:cheh. De ka:mpa o:tpostek, ki:sa ia:yo:tsin istá:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Me:me:ya : It has its milk (i.e., milky sap). If you snap it, white sap comes out.
\phrase_s Me:me:ya : Tiene su leche. Si lo rompes sale su savia blanca.
\semfld plant
\semfld herb
\root me:ya
\notes_nature Consultants mention that this plant is considered tlasohli , perhaps indicating that it is found in fields and then uprooted or burned as a weed.
\qry Check plural if it exist. Check for other plants that are /tlasohli/, i.e. whether this is a category of such items. Note also the interesting use of long vowel reduplication from what
appears to be a verbal base. Cf. if this represents some sort of property of the plant.
\ref 03462
\lxam pili:ni
\lxam_c pili:ni
\lxoa pili:ni
\lxoa_c pili:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to droop (e.g., leafy plants)
\sense_s ponerse mustio; quedar colgándose hacia abajo (p. ej., las plantas y sus hojas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pili:ni nomi:l, yo:weka:w xkiawi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My corn plants are drooping (from lack of water), it hasn't rained for a long time.
\phrase_s Se estáponiendo mustio mi milpa (por falta de agua), ya hace mucho que no llueve.
\phrase_n O:pe:w tlapili:ni, kineki kiawis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Things have started to wither, it needs to rain.
\phrase_s Ya empezóa marchitarse todo, hace falta llover.
\sense_e to wither; to dry up (plants, animals such as worms that are left in the sun)
\sense_s marchitarse; secarse (plantas, animals como gusanos que se quedan en el sol)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San o:wa:lpili:nkeh kwilin, totoma:hkeh katkan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The worms wound up shriveling all up, they were fat.
\phrase_s Los gusanos acabaron todo secados, estaban gorditos.
\sense_e to get wrinkled; to loose skin tone (a person from age)
\sense_s arrugarse (una persona al envejecerse)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye pili:ntiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His age is showing.
\phrase_s Se va envejeciendo.
\root pili:
\disamb pili:ni, pipilichiwi, ko:pi:liwi,
\nse The difference between words such as pili:ni and pipilichiwineeds to be further documented. However, at this point it appears that
pili:ni refers mostly to drooping of things such as leafy plants, as the leaves droop down from lack of water. Pipilichiwi refers more to
wrinking of the surface rather than drooping and sagging, thus, for example, one uses pipilichiwi and not pili:ni in referring to melons. When
referring to people the difference seems to be that pipilichiwi more directly refers to the wrinking of the skin as it acquires an old, parched look, while
pili:ni refers to the sagging of skin as muscle and skin tone are lost.
\qry Note the difference between /pili:ni/, which refers to withering and drying up, and /pipilichiwi/. Check for possibility of intensifier /tepili:ni/. Determine transitive form. Determine
possible transitive. Cf. to /tlipili:naltia/ in which the /altia/ form is the transitive.
\grm Directionals; plural adjectives: /San o:wa:lpili:nkeh kwilin, totoma:hkeh katkan/ 'Los gusanos acabaron todo secados, estaban gorditos.' Note two things. The first is that
/wa:l-/ is here used to indicate the arrival (coming to) a final state. Indeed, it is this final state that serves as the deictic point of reference (one of many points, both spatial
and temporal, that may serve as the point of reference). The sense of /wa:l/ + verb is that of 'winding/ending up VERB.' The second point to note is the way in which plural is
marked on /totoma:hkeh/. Note that the singular is /toma:wak/ and apparently this can be pluralized as /toma:wakeh/. However, this might be rare, and the plural is rather
found as /totoma:hkeh/ 'they are fat.' Cf. this to /totoma:wak/ 'it is fat (in various places).' Of course all this should be rechecked. The plural of /-wa:k/ adjectivals,
therefore, seems to be /-hkeh/.
\grm Progressive: /Ye pili:ntiw/ 'His age is showing.' One problem with"unaccusative verbs"is the progressive. For these verbs the /-tok/ aspectual marker is indicative of a
stative: /koto:ntok/ 'it is snapped.' One way to express the progressive is with an adverbial particle /ye/ as in /ye koto:ntok/ 'it is starting to snap.' However, as this present
example suggests, when the time period involved is long perhaps the /-tiw/ suffix may be used to indicate progression and movement through time, not space. One possibility
to be noted is that with unaccusatives it is more likely that /-tiw/ be interpreted in a temporal, not spatial sense, even though with unergatives and transitives the spatial
component seems primary. One would never thing that a verb form such as /tlakwatiw/ is primarily temporal, but forms such as /ye se:wtiw/ are problably more likely to be
interpreted as temporal, not primarily spatial, events.
\ref 03463
\lxam tose:sentew
\lxam_c tose:sentew
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-Num
\infn N2
\sense_e (tose:sentew) onesies (in jacks)
\sense_s (tose:sentew "unos"(en el juego llamado matatena)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n A:man ipan tose:sentew.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p DT #8:895 (and 783ff)
\phrase_e Now for onesies (in jacks).
\phrase_s Ahora, unos (en matatena)
\root sem
\root te
\nse When reduplicated and obligatorily possessed, se:sentetl is used to refer to"onesies"in the game of jacks. However, the numeral se:sentetl may also be
reduplicated in another, distributive sense, as in 'one by one,' 'one to every one,' etc. For this, see other entry for se:sentetl.
\ref 03464
\lxam pexte:ma
\lxam_c kipexte:ma
\lxoa pexte:ma
\lxoa_c kipexte:ma
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp S-V2
\der V2-alt-mi
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to knock down flat (e.g., driving rain and a hard wind [S] to plants such as corn)
\sense_s tumbar horizontalmente, por el suelo (p. ej., una fuerte tempestad con agua y viento [S] a plantas como maíz)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (refl. often reduplicated with short vowel) to lie flat on the ground (failing to stay upright because of size; particularly used in refers to certain single-stemmed plants such
as corriander that have their lower stems grow close to the ground)
\sense_s (refl. a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) pegarse al suelo (no manteniéndose vertical a causa del tamaño; particularmente utilizado en referencia a ciertas plantas con
un solo tallo (como silantro) cuyos tallos empiezan a crecer junto y pegado al suelo)
\sense_d Pending
\root pech
\root te:m
\qry Determine whether this can be used nonreflexively. Also, determine the difference between /nopepexte:ma/ and /pepexte:mi/. This should provide information on the difference
between transitives used reflexively and intransitives.
\mod See illustration with original 3 x 5 card.
\qry Check reduplication.
\ref 03465
\lxam i:xma:toka
\lxam_c ki:xma:toka
\lxoa i:xma:toka
\lxoa_c ki:xma:toka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-[N-V2]
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to wipe the surface of (sth) clean
\sense_s limpiar la superficie de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xki:xma:toka para ma ki:sa tla:hli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Wipe the surface clean so that the dirt comes off!
\phrase_s ¡Límpiale la superficie para que se quite la tierra (mugre)!
\sense_e to rub the face of (a person)
\sense_s frotar la cara de (una persona)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xki:xma:toka ya: a:tl para ma chipa:wi i:xa:yak!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Rub water on his face so that it gets clean!
\phrase_s ¡Frótale agua por la cara para que se quede limpio!
\root i:x
\root ma:
\root toka
\qry Check if meaning is to use ones hand, or whether it also includes the possibility of using a rag, etc.
\ref 03466
\lxam má:
\lxam_c kimá:
\lxoa má:
\lxoa_cpend kimá:
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to hit; to strike; to beat up on (with the fist)
\sense_s golpear; pegar (con el puño); dominar
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Mitsmá:s, yewa ma:s kuwtik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will beat up on you (in a physical struggle), he is stronger than you.
\phrase_s Te va a dominar (peleando), es más fuerte que tú.
\sense_e (recipr.) to fight
\sense_s (recipr.) pelearse
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Nomá:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are fighting
\phrase_s Están peleando.
\sense_e to beat down on (e.g., the sun [S] on a person's body)
\sense_s pegar (p. ej., el sol [S] sobre el cuerpo de uno)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chmá:k to:nahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sun beat down on me.
\phrase_s Me pegaba el sol.
\sense_e (~ para tlakpak) to make vomit
\sense_s (~ para tlakpak) hacer vomitar
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (~ para tlatsi:ntlah) to give diarrhea to
\sense_s (~ para tlakpak) dar diarrea a
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to give (syn. Oa maka)
\sense_s dar (sin. Oa maka)
\sense_d Am
\semfld contact
\root ma:
\nae The etymology of má is unclear, perhaps it is related to maka , which at times means 'to hit'? Appparently the use of ma with the
specialized meaning of 'to hit' is not uncommon across dialects. Note that in Oapan although * má is not a separate verb one does find the future of
makaoccasionally reduced to inflected forms such as kimá:s. In Oapan this is used as an abbreviated or apocopated form of the verb
maka. However, for actions such as the sun hitting something or someone, the form makilia(Oa) is used, a synonym of Ameyaltepec
mailia.
\qry I also this recorded with a short accented vowel, /má/; the correct form should be checked. Note that /ma:/ has the sense of 'to strike' or 'to hit. Check conjugation. Check /ma para
tlatsi:ntlah/ as this was added from memory and by analogy with /ma para tlakpak/.
\mod Cf. Gram 1985-08-12.1
\semref maka
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03467
\lxam kokolia
\lxam_c kikokolia
\lxoa kokolia
\lxoa_c kikokolia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (-yo:hlo ~) to be sad and depressed; to be upset or ill at heart; to have a heavy or aching heart
\sense_s (-yo:hlo ~) afligirse; estar molesto; sentirse con el corazón pesado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chkokolia noyohlo pa:mpa nowe:wentsi:n san tlai:tok. Xkinemilia tekichi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have a heavy heart (lit. 'my heart makes me ill') because my husband just gets drunk. It doesn't occur to him to do work.
\phrase_s Mi corazón me aflige porque mi esposo no hace más que emborracharse. No se le ocurre trabajar.
\sense_e to insist to (sb) about (sth, expressed as a complement)
\sense_s insistir a (algn) sobre (algo, expresado como complemento)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Kikokoliah ma tekíwatí!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e They talk about electing him town mayor.
\phrase_s Hablan entre si para queél sea alcalde del pueblo.
\root koko
\nse There are several interesting things about this verb. Apparently it is related to an intransitive form cocoya that in classical means"estar enfermo"(M). The only
documented occurrence of the use of cocolia in Ameyaltepec is with the transitive subject being the afflicted person's heart.
\qry Check for occurrence of /kokoya/ in Ameyaltepec.
\ref 03468
\lxam Pa:skwah
\lxam_c Pa:skwah
\lxoa Pa:swan
\lxoa_alt Pa:swah
\lxoa_c Pa:swan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan Pascua
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e Christmas
\sense_s Natividad
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:pan Pa:skwah titla:wi:lo:skeh. tiktla:wi:lwi:skeh Niño Dió:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e On Christmas Eve we will light candles (in the church), we will hold candles near the Child of God (in reference to the ceremony at midnight on Christmas when candles are
lit in front of the Child of God in order to await the Christmas Day).
\phrase_s En la víspera de Navidad vamos a prender velas (en la iglesia), vamos a poner velas cerca del Niño Diós (en referencia a la ceremonia de medianoche cuando velas se
prenden en frente del Niño Diós para esperar el día de la Natividad).
\vl Note that later in the tape Florencia states that her pronunciation of /Pa:skwah/ is mistaken (the first token of the first series of 4; nevertheless, tag this mistaken
pronunciation, but don't link, use other tokens). The two speakers then repeat the word correctly 4 times total.
\ref 03469
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be the entry for /ikxipil we:i/; it has since been combined with 33.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl This is now entry 00033; tag the tokens here with this number.
\ref 03470
\lxam plo:wechi:n
\lxam_c plo:wechi:n
\lxoa pró:wetsí:n
\lxoa_c pró:wetsí:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan pobre
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e person who is very poor or destitute
\sense_s persona muy pobre
\sense_d Pending
\nse The Ameyaltepec form with the palatalized ending is a diminutive and slightly disrespective form of plo:weh involving the palatalization of the final syllable of the
regular diminutive plo:wetsi:n.
\qry Check length of final vowel, /i/, which may be long.
\ref 03471
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was a duplicate entry for /i:xmonmemelak/. It has been removed.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03472
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was originally /tlanechko/. However, under this entry I had noted:"An Ameyaltepec consultant used this word, but stated that it is from Oapan, not Ameyaltepec.
However, this is not the case. Etymologically it seems related to forms such as /ne:yhka/ although my understanding is that /tlanechko/ refers to a place within sight whereas /ne:yhka/
refers to a place not visible."I added"The word should be removed from the dictionary."
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 03473
\lxam tlake:ntatapatik
\lxam_c tlake:ntatapatik
\lxoa tlake:ntetépatík
\lxoa_c tlake:ntetépatík
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\pitch yes-lex-lex
\sense_e to have raggedy and heavily patches clothes
\sense_s tener la ropa remendada y andrajosa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlake:nsosoleh, tlake:ntatapatik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has tattered old clothes, he has clothes that are heavily patched.
\phrase_s Tiene ropa vieja y desgastada, tiene ropa muy remendada.
\root ke:m
\root tapah
\nae The pitch accent pattern is uncertain and needs to be carefully checked. It is possible that I have erred and the correct orthography is tlake:ntetépatík
\grmx Oapan phonology; pitch-accent; secondary accent: The underlying form here seems to be {tlake:m + ta + tapah + tik}. My understanding is that the reduplicant is an open
syllable with no coda {h}. There is, however, apparently some rise in pitch on /ke:n/, which might be analyzable as secondary.
\qry_h Check /tatapahtik/? for absence of /h/ in reduplicant.
\qry_fon Ask SG to check the pitch accent pattern on this word and that of /tétépatík/.
\semref tlake:nsosoleh; tatapatik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tétépatík
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03474
\lxam kupahli
\lxam_c kupahli
\lxoa kopahli
\lxoa_c kopahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e resin used for incense, copal
\sense_s copal
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e chewing gum
\sense_s chicle
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (~ de sa:ntoh kupahli) resin of the type used for incense in religious ceremonies
\sense_s (~ de sa:ntoh kupahli) resina del tipo quemado durante las ceremonias religiosas
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e generic name for a type of tree; see kopalkuwtli
\sense_s nombre genérico por un tipo deárbol; véase kopalkuwtli
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root kopal
\qry Determine if there are different types of copal, and the trees they come from.
\root_notes Perhaps etymology includes /ko/ and /pal/.
\ref 03475
\lxam sakaomitl
\lxam_c sakaomitl
\lxgen sakaomitl
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e type of grass
\sense_s tipo de zacate
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Sakaomitl | Yo:lki wel kikwa. Ihkón kito:ka:yo:tian pa:mpa chichika:wak. Kwa:k one:wte:wa bwe:yeh para kitila:nas ara:doh nepa a:sta tlatotopoka itik tla:hli,
pa:mpa melá:k chichika:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sakaomitl : A large (grazing) animal can eat it. They call it that because it is really hard. When an ox heads out to pull a plow there is a crackling sound
from inside the ground because it is really hard.
\phrase_s Sakaomitl : Un animal grande lo puede comer. Asílo llaman porque es duro. Cuando un buey sale para jalar el arado alláhay hasta chasquidos dentro
de la tierra, porque de veras es muy duro.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root saka
\root omi
\ency_note sakatl
\notes_nature On one filecard it is mentioned that this is the same type of zacate as that called sakatl de sié:nagah. Asención Marcelo said he knew this grass, which
grows in the sand. Inocencio Díaz said he has heard of this grass but could not recognize it. Silvestre Pantaleón did not know this.
\semref sakatl de sié:nagah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref sakama:tlatl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03476
\lxam tla:kamati
\lxam_c kitla:kamati
\lxoa tla:kamati
\lxoa_c kitla:kamati
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv Irregular; see mati
\sense_e to obey; to follow the wishes of; to show obedience and respect to (sb, or at times an animal [S] following the orders or instructions of another [O])
\sense_s obedecer; honrar los deseos de; mostrar obediencia y respeto a (algn, o a veces un animal adiestrado [S] siguiendo las instrucciones de otra [O])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkitla:kamati itah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He doesn't obey his father.
\phrase_s No obedece a su papá.
\sense_e to respond to and cure (remedies [S], particularly herbal remedies that require fasting, but also at times Western medicine, that cure a person who is ill [O])
\sense_s responder a y curar (remedios [S], particularmente las de hierbas que requieren que el enfermo estéen ayunas pero también, por extensión, la medicina occidental, que
cura al enfermo [O])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xo:mitstla:kamat sese:ktsi:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sese:ktsi:ndid not respond to you and cure you.
\phrase_s El sese:ktsi:n no te respondiópara curarte.
\sense_e (refl. with -wa:n) to attend to; to be at the service of; to follow the orders or instructions of
\sense_s (refl. con -wa:n) atenderse a; estar a la disposición o servicio de; cumplir con las instrucciones oórdenes de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timotla:kamati iwa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You attend to him.
\phrase_s Estás a la disposición deél.
\root tla:ka
\root mati
\nse The use of tla:kamati in regards to traditional medicine stems from the fact that in many curing ceremonies the ill person (who is usually the perceived victim of what
would be called in English"witchcraft") first addresses the remedy, which is considered to have its own volition, and asks it to work its cure. Then if the cure works, the remedy is
said to have obeyed the ill person and respected his or her expressed wishes, uttered at the beginning of the ceremony. It is for this reason that the verb tla:kamati 'to
obey' or 'to follow the wishes of' is used in the context of curing.
\ref 03477
\lxam te:ntli
\lxam_c te:ntli
\lxoa te:ntli
\lxoa_c te:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e (inalienable possession) upper chin (of a person or animal; in people this is the area from the lower lips to the chin)
\sense_s (posesión no enajenable) mentón; barbilla (de una persona o animal; en seres humanos es laárea del labio inferior al mentón)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (alienable possession) edge (of a material object, or of an area such as a field)
\sense_s (posesión enajenable) borde (de un objeto material, o de unaárea como un terreno)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) lip (of a material object such as a window sill)
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) parte sobresaliente (de un objeto material como una ventana)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e hole leading to the nest of (insects such as ants, i.e., an anthole)
\sense_s agujero que conduce al nido de (insectos como hormigas, esto es, hormiguero)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ite:n tsi:katl, ka:n ki:san.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e (The term) i:te:n tsi:katl refers to the place where they (the tsi:kameh) emerge.
\phrase_s (Lo que se llama) i:te:n tsi:katl se refiere al lugar donde salen.
\semfld body
\root te:n
\nse Ite:n tsi:katl is also found in the plural, though less commonly so: inte:n tsi:kameh. See the form tsi:kate:ntli , which is also correct. Note
that the ants known as a:skatl and ma:kokoh also have iten , i.e., the hole in the ground from which they emerge.
\nae The noun te:ntli can be possessed in three manners as I have analyzed it. As a body part it takes no marker as inalienably possessed (even though as a consonant-final
noun it is not possible to distinguish inalienable from alienable possession). With the meaning 'edge' it takes the zero morpheme (i.e., -w lost after consonant-final stems)
of alienable possession. Finally, with the meaning 'lip' of a material object it takes the -yo marker of intrinsic (part/whole) possession. The difference between the final
two meanings is important. Many material objects or areas have an edge or border, called ite:n. However, certain material objects have an actual 'lip' that is part of
their structure. This is referred to as ite:nyo (e.g., a window ledge).
\grm Possession: The noun te:ntli can be possessed in three manners as I have analyzed it. As a body part it takes no marker as inalienably possessed (even though
as a consonant-final noun it is not possible to distinguish inalienable from alienable possession). With the meaning 'edge' it takes the zero morpheme (i.e., -w lost
after consonant-final stems) of alienable possession. Finally, with the meaning 'lip' of a material object it takes the -yo marker of intrinsic (part/whole)
possession. The difference between the final two meanings is important. Many material objects or areas have an edge or border, called i:te:n. However, certain
material objects have an actual 'lip' that is part of their structure. This is referred to as i:te:nyo (e.g., a window ledge).
\semref te:nxo:mah, te:nxi:pal
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref tsi:kate:ntli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tsi:yate:ntli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03478
\lxam miakia
\lxam_c miakia
\lxoa miakia
\lxoa_alt miekia
\lxoa_c miekia, miakia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to become plentyful; to become a lot
\sense_s multiplicarse; ser o llegar a ser muchos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:noweyakilikeh, yo:miakiakeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They've stretched out in a long line, they've gotten to be quite numerous.
\phrase_s Se alargaron en una cola, ya se congregó(mucha gente).
\root miak
\qry Check length of final /a/ in imperfect form, /miakiaya/.
\vl Use second token of female and male.
\xref miák
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref miyek
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\xref miakilia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 03479
\lxam techichikilmiki
\lxam_c techichikilmiki
\lxoa téchichikilmíki
\lxoa_pr techichikilmiki
\lxoa_c téchichikilmíki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp S-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to waste away and die
\sense_s consumirse y morir
\sense_d Pending
\root te-
\root chikil
\root miki
\fl techichikilka:miki
\vl Check p-a in Oapan for all words with /techichikil-/. I originally had this entry written /téchchikílmiki/, probably an error.
\xref techichikilmiktia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\semref techichikilka:miki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref téchichikilka:míki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03480
\lxam suwa:tla:katl
\lxam_c suwa:tla:katl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e butch lesbian
\sense_s marimacho
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e masculine-looking woman
\sense_s mujer con apariencia masculina
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Suwa:tla:katl, tepitsaktik, ye:lpanpestik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is a masculine-looking woman, she is very slender, she is flat-chested.
\phrase_s Es una mujer con apariencia masculina, es muy delgada, no tiene senos.
\root sowa:
\root tla:ka
\qry Check further meanings.
\semref tla:katlachia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03481
\lxam tlayo:lxina:xtli
\lxam_c tlayo:lxina:xtli
\lxoa tlayo:lxina:xtli
\lxoa_c tlayo:lxina:xtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e maize used for seed
\sense_s maíz utilizado para semilla
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma nikiyewa notlayo:lxina:ch!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me store my maize seed!
\phrase_s ¡Deja que guarde mi semilla de maíz!
\root o:ya
\root xina:ch
\ref 03482
\lxam itiposa:wa
\lxam_c kitiposa:wa
\lxoa ítiposá:wa
\lxoa_pr itiposa:wa
\lxoa_c kítiposá:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to make the stomach of (sb) swell up or bloat
\sense_s hacer que se le hinche la barriga a (algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa xnihkwa:s, niman ne:chitiposa:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm not going to eat that, it makes my stomach swell up right away.
\phrase_s No me voy a comer ese, luego luego hace que se me hinche el estómago.
\root hti
\root posa:
\qry Check for intransitive form and enter when obtained. Also search for other meanings/referents of this word.
\ref 03483
\lxam ma:sepo:wa
\lxam_c kima:sepo:wa
\lxoa ma:sepo:wa
\lxoa_c kima:sepo:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to cut particially through the branches of (a fallen tree, so that the branches can be bent to lie close to the ground, making them easier to burn)
\sense_s cortar, pero no atravesando por completo, su rama (de unárbol tumbado, con machete o hacha, para que se puedan colocar pegadas al suelo, facilitando el proceso de
quemarlas)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xma:sepo:wa para ma pachiwi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Cut its branches part way through (of a tree that has been chopped down) so that it lies close to the ground!
\phrase_s ¡Córtale las ramas atravesándolas parcialmente (a unárbol que ha sido tumbado, para que quede pegado al suelo)!
\sense_e to put the hand or arm of (sb) to sleep
\sense_s adormecer la mano o brazo de (algn)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root sepo:w
\ency_note tla:hli
\nse The Ameyaltepec use of ma:sepowa is clearly metaphoric, related to the meaning of sepowi of 'to get numb.' One undertakes the action indicated by
ma:sepowa after trees are felled in clearing a field. The branches are then cut part way through with a machete so that they can be bent to lie close to the ground and
thus catch fire more quickly when the field is set on fire to clear the it of brush.
\qry Check for /ma:sepowi/ perhaps meaning 'to get a numb arm'; check to see if the transitive can have this sense, i.e., can one say /ne:chma:sepowa/? Check inflection.
\root_notes The root sepowa is clearly related to /se/, 'cold'. and perhaps should be divided. The inflection pattern of this verb, e.g., o:kisepo:w suggests a
clear relation to powa , with an underlyingly long /o:/, etc.
\semref sepo:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03484
\lxam i:xmonme:melaktik
\lxam_c i:xmonme:melaktik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\sense_e to have long straight eyelashes
\sense_s tener las pestañas largas y derechas
\sense_d Am
\root i:x
\root -mon; mela:
\ref 03485
\lxam tlakoposteki
\lxam_c kitlakoposteki
\lxoa tlákopostéki
\lxoa_pr tlakoposteki
\lxoa_c kitlákopostéki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Op. inflix te- : kitlakoteposteki
\infv class-3a(k)
\pitch yes-lex-lex
\sense_e to snap or break in half (sth hard and long such as a stick, a bar, a bone, a handle, etc.)
\sense_s romper o quebrar por la mitad (algo largo y duro, como una vara, un barra, un hueso, una manga, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root tlahko
\root posteki
\vl Two tokens exist from mistake in 2972.
\ref 03486
\lxam teposwia
\lxam_c kiteposwia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to brand (an animal)
\sense_s herrar; marcar con hierro candente (a un animal)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to put ones fingerprint on (e.g., in lieu of signature)
\sense_s poner la huella digitar sobre (p. ej., como firma)
\sense_d Am
\root tepos
\nse Branding may be accomplished with either a ma:rkah de fwe:goh used on small animals or, for adult animals, the we:i tepostli.
\qry Check difference between 'marca de fuego' and 'we:i tepostli.'
\semref tepostla:lilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03487
\lxam i:xte:ntla:tlakwa
\lxam_c i:xte:ntla:tlakwa
\lxoa i:xte:ntla:tlakwa
\lxoa_c i:xte:ntla:tlakwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp [N-N]-[tla-V2]
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l; -tla-
\infv class-1
\sense_e for ones eyelids to slowly open and close
\sense_s abrirsele y cerrarsele lentamente los párpados (a algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ti:xte:ntla:tlakwa, tikochisneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your eyelids are slowly opening and closing, you're sleepy.
\phrase_s Se te abren y cierran los ojos lentamente, tienes sueño.
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root kwa
\ency_note ikopi; how body parts can move
\mod Determine a whole range of words that refer to eyelid and eye movements, perhaps in a page dedicated to eyes (shapes, colors, movements). If referring to eyes in general, the page
should be headed /i:xtetl/. If to movement only (with a cross-reference to the"eye"page, then /ikopi/ would be a good heading.
\grm Long vowel reduplication: Note the way in which /tla:tlakwa/ is used to refer to opening and closing movements; the full range of this should be checked.
\vl Link first female token.
\semref i:xte:mpe:peyo:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03488
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was for /sija:rowa/ but has now been entered as alternate pronunciation of /seja:rowa/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03489
\lxam tsi:ntata:na
\lxam_c tsi:ntata:na
\lxoa tsí:ntatá:nah
\lxoa_c tsí:ntatá:nah
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\sense_e to have a baggy seat (pants)
\sense_s estar muy holgados por los fondillos (pantalones)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to have pants with a baggy seat (a person)
\sense_s tener pantalones muy holgados por los fondillos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Titsi:ntata:na, xpi:stik motlake:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You have loose-fitting pants, your clothes are not tight-fitting.
\phrase_s Tienes pantalones holgados por los fondillos, tu ropa no estáapretada.
\root tsi:n
\root ta:nah
\qry_fon NOTE the final glottal stop on the lexicon elicitation form Am. Check this with other forms of this apocopated noun. It seems strange.
\ref 03490
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ajolnekri:yah
\lxoa_c ajolnekri:yah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan alegría
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2(1=2)
\sense_e type of sweet candy, called alegría in Spanish, made from sesame and panela that is toasted on a clay griddle
\sense_s alegría; tipo de dulce hecho de ajonjolíy panela que se dora sobre un comal
\sense_d Oa
\semref alégriah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 03491
\lxam postehki
\lxam_c postehki
\lxoa postehki
\lxoa_c postehki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\sense_e to be broken (a stick or other long, hard and brittle item)
\sense_s estar roto o quebrado (una vara u otro objeto largo y duro)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to have a fractured or broken bone (a person or animal)
\sense_s tener un hueso roto o quebrado (una persona o animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xok bwe:noh noburroh, postehki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My donkey's no good anymore, he has a broken bone.
\phrase_s Mi burro ya no estábueno, tiene un hueso quebrado.
\root posteki
\qry Determine whether /pos-/ should be considered a separate morpheme. Query the difference in meaning of /postehki/ with and without /te-/. Finally, determine potential subjects, i.e.,
can one say /ni(te)postehki/.
\vl Note that the first female token is /posteki/, not /postehki/. This first token, before the 4-word sequence, is the intransitive verb /posteki/ and should be coded with the
number 00939.
\ref 03492
\lxam papa:toti
\lxam_c papa:toti
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan pato
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\lexical Lex. rdp-s; Op. prefix te-
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to walk unsteadily and unevenly; to wobble along
\sense_s caminar tambaleándose y inseguramente
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tepapa:toti, xok nenemi ke:n tla:katl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He walks wobbly and unsteadily, he can't walk like a man anymore.
\phrase_s Camina inseguramente, tambaleándose, ya no puede caminar como hombre.
\qry Probably derived from Spanish"pato"although this should be checked. Determine if there is an /h/, e.g., in Tetelcingo or Oapan.
\ref 03493
\lxam tlapi:chilia
\lxam_c kitlapi:chilia
\lxoa tlapi:chilia
\lxoa_c kitlapi:chilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to whistle at; to blow a whistle at
\sense_s silbar a; pitar a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nyeka ina:k masa:tl. O:pe:w niktlapi:chilia, o:wa:lki:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I had gone deerhunting. I started to blow a whistle at them, one came out (of the woods).
\phrase_s Fui a cazar venado, empecéa silbarles, salióuno (del bosque).
\sense_e to honk the horn of (a motor vehicle) to
\sense_s sonar el claxon de (un vehículo) a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitlapi:chilia ika:rro. Isiwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He honks the horn on his car to him. He's in a hurry.
\phrase_s Toca el claxon de su coche. tiene prisa.
\sense_e to referee for (e.g., in basketball or other games in which a whistle is used)
\sense_s ser referípara (p. ej., en basketbol u otros juegos en que se emplea un silbato)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n On toba:leh, kintlapi:chilia un pelote:ros.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That friend of ours, he's acting as referee for those ballplayers.
\phrase_s Aquel amigo, estáde referípara esos peloteros.
\sense_e to play a wind instrument for (e.g., sb recently deceased, during the funeral procession)
\sense_s tocarle un instrumento de viento a (p. ej., algn recién fallecido durante el cortejo fúnebre)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tiktlapi:chili:ton un mihka:tsi:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We went to play (a wind instrument) for that deceased person.
\phrase_s Fuimos a tocar (un instrumento de viento) para esa persona recién fallecida.
\root pi:tsa
\nae To date the simple applicative pi:chilia has not been documented. Note that Molina gives tlapichilia. nite. 'dar a otro música con flautas, cheremías,
etc.' but does not list pichilia. RS, however, has interpreted Molina's entry as a ditransitive; he in turn does not have tlapichilia as an entry, but does have
pichilia. nitetla 'hacer música para alguien.' It appears that Molina's original form captures the fact that the applicative is on an already lexicalized form of
pi:tsa, i.e., tlapi:tsa, which signifies 'to play a wind instrument.'
\qry Check final sound (absence of glottal stop) with /karro/. Note that I have only heard this verb with /tla-/; whether it can occur with two specific object prefixes should be checked. If
not, switch main entry to /tlapi:chilia/ and redo definitions to eliminate the"with tla- "part while cross-referencing to /pi:chilia/.
\grm Indefinite null complements: Note re: the V2: /tlapi:chilia/: To date the simple applicative pi:chilia has not been documented. Note that Molina gives
tlapichilia. nite. 'dar a otro música con flautas, cheremías, etc.' but does not list pichilia. RS, however, has interpreted Molina's entry as a
ditransitive; he in turn does not have tlapichilia as an entry, but does have pichilia. nitetla 'hacer música para alguien.' It appears that Molina's
original form captures the fact that the applicative is on an already lexicalized form of pi:tsa, i.e., tlapi:tsa, which signifies 'to play a wind
instrument.'
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\xref tlapi:tsa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03494
\lxam i:xkopi:nilia
\lxam_c ki:xkopi:nilia
\lxoa i:xkopi:nilia
\lxoa_c ki:xkopi:nilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to copy for or from (an image, by drawing, photocopying, or sth written, etc.)
\sense_s copiar para o de (un imagen, al dibujarlo, fotocopiarlo, o algo escrito, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to photograph for; to take a picture of for (with a camera)
\sense_s fotografiar para
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root kopi:
\vl Tag all, but make sure not to link 2nd male token.
\xref i:xkopi:na
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03495
\lxam kwa:so:ne:wa
\lxam_c kikwa:so:ne:wa
\lxoa kwa:so:ne:wa
\lxoa_c kikwa:so:ne:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. infix te- : kikwa:teso:ne:wa
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to scare (sb) out of his wits
\sense_s asustar o espantar mucho a
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root so:ne:
\nse Apparently kwa:so:ne:wa has a metaphoric meaning derived from the basic signification of so:ne:wi, which is 'to puff up or expand' or,
more directly, the transitive so:ne:wa, which used reflexively refers to hair standing on end. The sense here seems one of frightening a person so that his
head"expands"(cf. 'to make ones hair stand on end').
\qry Check for possibility that the transitive also has a metaphoric meaning of causing an erection.
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\ref 03496
\lxam kuwmisto:n
\lxam_c kuwmisto:n
\lxoa kohmisto:n
\lxoa_c kohmisto:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e cacomixtle, Bassariscus astutus
\sense_s cacomixtle, gato del monte, Bassariscus astutus
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld mammal
\root kow
\root mis
\nse In a visit to the New York Museum of Natural History, Cristino Flores identified the exhibit of the cacomistli as the kuwmisto:n. He differentiated this from the
tla:lakato:chin and champol (Am), are equivalent and refer to an animal that was identified as a lynx. The identification of the
kuwmisto:n as Bassariscus astutus, a member of the Procyonidae (raccoon) family, is based on Leopold (1959:424) who gives"cacomixtle"as another name
for this animal. See also
\qry Check length of final /o/ with the entries for /miston/. If I remember correctly I had difficulty determining this length and used the plural form, /-tomeh/ to determine vowel quantity,
which I think was long. Check. Note that this is not a 'gato montés' which is /tla:lakato:chin/ (check vowel length).
\semref tla:lakato:chin
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03497
\lxam tlayelita
\lxam_c kitlayelita
\lxoa tláyelíta
\lxoa_pr tlayelita
\lxoa_c kitláyelíta
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv Irregular; see ita
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to find nauseating or disgusting
\sense_s ver con nausea; ver con asco; considerar asqueroso
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niktlayelita, xnihkwa:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I consider it disgusting (i.e., it nauseates or disgusts me), I'm not going to eat it.
\phrase_s Lo veo con asco (esto es, me da asco), no me lo voy a comer.
\root tlahyel
\root ita
\nae It seems that the perceived long duration of Cristino Flores's pronunciation is simply the result of the elicitation context. For now the Ameyaltepec form has been written with a short
/e/. It also remains to be determined whether the roots of words like kitláyelíta 'to find nauseating' and tláyehlí 'playful', are the same. In Oapan both
senses manifest lexical pitch accent, which suggests a root of tlahyel. However, the apparently longer vowel in Ameyaltepec tlaye(:)ltia and
tlaye(:)lita might suggest a different root. These words need to be investigated not only in Oapan and Ameyaltepec, but in neighboring villages to determine the
existence of underlying {h}.
\grm Oapan pitch-accent: kitláyelíta Note the pitch accent on this form. The form *kítlayelíta is not acceptable.
\qry_fon Check vowel length of Am form.
\qry_h Check for h.
\ref 03498
\lxam kwa:xte:roh
\lxam_c kwa:xte:roh
\lxoa kwa:xte:roh
\lxoa_c kwa:xte:roh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (Sp) kwa:xtli
\psm N
\der N-b-loan
\sense_e person who makes palm saddle blankets (see kwa:xtli)
\sense_s fabricante de cuaxtles (véase kwa:xtli)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa kwa:xte:roh, wel kisa:lowa kwa:xtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is a maker of kwa:xtli s, he can weave kwa:xtli s..
\phrase_s El hace cuaxtles, los puede fabricar.
\root kwa:ch
\nse In Oapan kwa:xte:roh is used both to mean 'shotgun' and 'person who makes kwa:xtli. In Ameyaltepec the two senses are distinguished,
kwa:xtlerah or kwa:xklerah for the former, and kwa:xtle:roh for the latter.
\mod Perhaps form new category entry for words that are partial loans, as in this case with a Spanish ending. Look up all loans and determine a typology (full, partial, etc.).
\qry Check whether this is kwa:xtle:roh/ or /kwa:xte:roh/ in Am. Check vowel length in Am forms and correct throughout as needed.
\vl Link 1st male and 2nd female token.
\semref kwa:xchi:hke:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref kwa:xtle:rah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03499
\lxam wan
\lxam_c tiá:s wan tiwi:ts
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Coord
\der Coord
\sense_e and
\sense_s y
\sense_d Pending
\root wa:n
\nse Although in many transcripts I have recorded this with a short /a/, this vowel should perhaps be represented as long. Moreover, although in rapid speech apparently the initial /i:/ is
lost, Florencia Marcelino, a Oapan consultant, gave the conjunction form as i:wa:n.
\semref wa:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03500
\lxam tepepenke:tl
\lxam_c tepepenke:tl
\lxoa té:penké:tl
\lxoa_c té:penké:tl
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e person who gathers up stones scattered along the river (to make lime)
\sense_s persona que pepena piedras regadas por la ribera de un río (para hacer cal)
\sense_d Oa
\root te
\root pena
\vl Female mistaken first token is /té:penkéh/, a plural form. Tag this as"f1c". Note then tag the 4 correct tokens"a"and"b". Link second female and second male token of this
4-word set.
\ref 03501
\lxam tlapitsahko
\lxam_c tlapitsahko
\lxoa tlapitsahko
\lxoa_c tlapitsahko
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla-k(o)
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e narrow section of land that runs up against a hill or cliff
\sense_s sección de tierra angosta que pasa entre un cerrito, risco, etc.
\sense_d Pending
\root pitsa:
\grm Phonetics: The file for this sound will be important for documenting the nature of final /-ahko/ in the speech of FM and IJ.
\vl NOTE TO SELF: Use this example to compare phonetics of /-ahko/ in speech of FM and IJ. Link 1st female token.
\ref 03502
\lxam iswate:ka
\lxam_c iswate:ka
\lxoa iswate:ka
\lxoa_c iswate:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to strip the leaves off the drying corn plant and slam them down on the ground between the dried upright stems of two corn plants
\sense_s quitar las hojas del maíz en la milpa cuando se estásecando, colocándolas entre las bases de los tallos de una mata
\sense_d Pending
\semfld harvest
\root swa
\root te:ka
\nse The action referred to is of stripping the leaves off below the mazorca and then breaking off the shoot above (espiga). When ones hands are full of the
zacate , as it is called in regional Spanish, the handful is wacked down between the stems of the maize, where it is left to dry. A couple of weeks later the bundles are
tied together (see iswasa:lowa:).
\mod Create an encyclopedia entry for planting activities.
\semref iswasa:lowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03503
\lxam axilia
\lxam_c kaxilia
\lxoa áxilía
\lxoa_pr axilia
\lxoa_c káxilía
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to hit (a target or sth aimed at, e.g., in hunting an animal)
\sense_s pegarle (a un blanco o algo a que se le tira, p. ej., a un animal cazado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tikaxilih ika tetl. Kwahli o:tiktlakal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You hit it with a stone. You threw it well.
\phrase_s Le alcanzaste con una piedra. tiraste bien.
\phrase_n O:nikaxilih un to:to:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I hit that bird (i.e., with a stone from a slighshot).
\phrase_s Le tiréen el blanco a ese pájaro (p. ej., con una piedra lanzada de un resorte).
\sense_e to strike or beat down on (e.g., the rays of sun on a person)
\sense_s pegarle (p. ej. los rayos del sol a una persona)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w to:nalwi:lo, kaxilitok to:nahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has started to get affected by the sun, the sun is beating down on him.
\phrase_s Ya le empezóa afectar el sol, le estápegando el sol.
\phrase_n Ne:chaxilitok to:nahli. Melá:k to:na, yo:nitlatlak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sun is beating down on me. It is really hot, I got burnt.
\phrase_s El sol me estápegando. De veras hace mucho calor, ya me quemé.
\sense_e to indirectly hit (i.e., with an object or even part of the body, e.g., hitting a person accidentally with a stick or ones swinging arm, etc.); to brush up against (with an object
or body part)
\sense_s alcanzar inadvertidamente (con algún objeto o parte del cuerpo, p. ej., alcanzando a una persona con una vara, algo cargado, el brazo; etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tine:chaxilih ika moma:sesepok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You hit me (accidentally) with your elbow.
\phrase_s Me alcanzaste (por accidente) con tu codo.
\phrase_n Ne:chaxilia:ya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It almost hit me (e.g., sth thrown or flying throw the air, a person with his body, etc.)
\phrase_s Estaba por alcanzarme (p. ej., algo que volaba, una persona con parte de su cuerpo, etc.).
\sense_e (refl-recipr) to collide together; (with -wa:n) to collide with
\sense_s (refl-recipr) chocarse uno contra otro; (con -wa:n) chocar contra
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:naxilikeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They collided.
\phrase_s Chocaron.
\phrase_n O:tepapa:xiw. Te:wa:n o:naxilih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It got crushed (e.g., a car, bus, etc.). It collided against something.
\phrase_s Se aplastó(p. ej., un coche, camión, etc.). Chocócontra algo.
\sense_e (with 3rd person object) to have time
\sense_s (con 3a persona objeto) tener tiempo; alcanzar (a tener tiempo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xnikaxilia:ya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I didn't have time.
\phrase_s No tenía tiempo (no me alcanzaba el tiempo).
\semfld contact
\root ahsi
\nse Axilia (Am) and áxiliá (Oa) often indicates to hit against something, but without intent, or to accidently cause something to hit something. Given that this
verb is monotransitive, it should be considered an applicative of the intransitive asi (not of the transitive form of the same verb).
\qry Check if a ditransitive (V3-d-ap) version of /axilia exists. If it does, give it a separate entry. Applicative; part-whole; valency: Note that one of the meanings of an applicative seems
to be related to part-whole relations, and indicates partial affectedness. The question is, however, whether this applicative is formed on the intransitive or whether it is formed on the
transitive. Syntactically it would seem that it would be formed on an intransitive, since the applicative is monovalent. Thus /asi/ 'to arrive at' and /axilia/ 'to hit' or 'to brush against.' It
may be possible that there is another applicative formed from the transitive, e.g., /axilia/ as in /timitsaxilia moburroh/ (from /nikasis moburroh/). This should be checked.
\grm Note the use of the imperfective to indicate"almost,": ne:chaxilia:ya. Note that the form /o:tikaxilih/ can refer to the fact that you struck something (an object, an animal, a
person) accidentally or it may be used in the sense of hitting something on purpose, premeditatedly, e.g. a deer in hunting (le diste al blanco).
\grm Applicative; part-whole; valency: Note that one of the meanings of an applicative seems to be related to part-whole relations, and indicates partial affectedness. The
question is, however, whether this applicative is formed on the intransitive or whether it is formed on the transitive. Syntactically it would seem that it would be formed on an
intransitive, since the applicative is monovalent. Thus /asi/ 'to arrive at' and /axilia/ 'to hit' or 'to brush against.' It may be possible that there is another applicative formed
from the transitive, e.g., /axilia/ as in /timitsaxilia moburroh/ (from /nikasis moburroh/). This should be checked. However, at this point note the difference between a
transitive form of an intransitive and an applicative (whether this be taken as based on the intransitive or transitive). Thus one has /asi/ intransitive and /asi/ transitive
syntacically and semantically or /axilia/ transitive syntactically, perhpas ditransitive semantically. All applicatives should b e checked for the meaning of part/whole, in
which only a part of an entire object is affected.
\xref asi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref ásí
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03504
\lxam kia:wate:nko
\lxam_c kia:wate:nko
\lxoa kia:wate:nko
\lxoa_c kia:wate:nko
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e threshold, the area immediately in front of the doorway to a house
\sense_s umbral, elárea inmediatamente enfrente de la puerta de una casa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kia:wate:nko nemi, xkalaki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is just outside the house, he hasn't come in.
\phrase_s Estájustamente fuera de la casa, no pasa.
\phrase_n Yewa nokia:wate:nko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is the area immediately in front of my house.
\phrase_s Es el umbral de mi casa.
\root kia:wa
\root te:n
\root_rel -ko
\qry Cf. note under /kia:wate:ntli/ and check difference between /kia:wate:ntli/ and /kia:wate:nko/. I have noted that /kia:wate:nko/ refers to the place just in front of, outside of the door,
the 'umbrál'. Confirm that a form such as /nokia:wate:nko/ is correct.
\ref 03505
\lxam kechkopi:ni
\lxam_c kechkopi:ni
\lxoa kechkopi:ni
\lxoa_c kechkopi:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans +Compl
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to have ones head become detached (e.g., of an animal such as a chicken when killed, a person hit by a heavy blow to the back of the head)
\sense_s desprendersele la cabeza (p. ej., a un animal como la gallina al matarse, o una persona después de un fuerte golpe a la nuca)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e for the (headlike) top of to become detached (e.g., the bud or flower of certain plants)
\sense_s deprenderse la punta (que estáen forma de cabeza, p. ej., como la flor o botón de ciertas plantas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Se: xiwtil kipia se: yewaltsi:n ipan ikwa:tipan, wa:n de o:me nasin timopilo:s, dya yewan kechkopi:ni, yewa kitla:nin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is a type of weed (called popoi:toh) that has a little round thing (like a bud) on top, and when two become entwined you pull down and the one
whose head snaps off, that's the one that was beaten.
\phrase_s Hay un tipo de maleza (llamada popoi:toh) que tiene una bolita arriba, y de dos que se juntan y se enredan te jalas, y asíal que se le desprenda la
cabeza, esta fue vencida.
\root kech
\root kopi:
\qry Check for use of /dyan yewan kechkopi:ni/ given that my original notes had /dyah iwa:n kechkopi:ni... /. Check for transitive form and other uses, significations of this word.
\ref 03506
\lxam a:pola:n
\lxam_c *a:pola:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan plátano (?)
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e type of banana not yet identified
\sense_s tipo de plátano todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\semfld food
\semfld edible
\ency_note plá:ntanoh
\qry Recheck length of final /a:/; obtain plural form.
\ref 03507
\lxam wetsi
\lxam_c wetsi
\lxoa wetsi
\lxoa_c wetsi
\dt 03/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers -lo
\der V1-b
\trans ~Caus
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to fall over (a vertically placed object on a flat surface)
\sense_s tumbarse; caerse al lado (un objeto colocado verticalmente sobre una superficie plana)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka tiwetsis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't fall over (e.g., when walking on a slippery path)!
\phrase_s ¡No te vayas a caer (p. ej., al ir caminando sobre un senda resbalosa)!
\sense_e to fall into (e.g, sth into a socket or hole); to fall back (into place)
\sense_s caerse en (p. ej., un objeto en una cuenca)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xma:machi:li ka:no:n poliwtok para xtila:nili, para wetsis ka:n katka!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Feel around it (in this case a dislocated bone) for where there is something amiss so that you can pull on it, so that it falls back into place!
\phrase_s ¡Tantéale allá(en este caso cerca de un hueso luxado) donde hay algo mal para que le puedas jalar, para que caiga donde estaba.
\sense_e (with a directional affix) to fall down to the ground (from a height, such as occurs when sb falls off an animal, a ball off a table, a rock off a ledge, etc.); to fall from a
height (to or away from a deictic point of reference)
\sense_s (con un afijo direccional) caerse de una altura a la tierra (p. ej., algn que se cae de un animal, una pelota que se cae de una mesa, una piedra que se cae de un risco, etc.);
caerse de una altura (acercándose o distanciándose de un punto de referencia deíctico)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:koki:stok mokone:w. Xkonta, tla:mo wa:lwetsis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your child (while lying down) is sliding up to the top of the bed. Take a look at him, if you don't he will fall to the ground!
\phrase_s Tu hijo (acostado sobre la cama) se estádeslizando hacia arriba.¡Vélo, porque si no lo hagas se va a caer!
\phrase_n O:nitlatskwepo:ntekok, o:niwetsiko ipan noma:choh, o:ne:cha:ltlakal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I fell to the ground with a resounding thud, I fell off my mule, it threw me down.
\phrase_s Caícon estrépito a la tierra, caíde mi macho, me aventóa la tierra.
\phrase_n O:a:pachiw, O:wetsito ka:n wekatlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It got covered with water. It fell off into a place where the water was deep.
\phrase_s Se tapócon agua. Cayóen una parte profunda del agua.
\phrase_n Ye wa:lwestok mokal. Xmi:naltili se: komaxahli para ma:ka wetsis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your house is falling down. Prop it up with a forked stick so that it doesn't fall over!
\phrase_s Se estácayendo tu casa.¡Apuntállalo con un horcón para que no se caiga!
\sense_e (with a directional prefix) to fall or come out of (passing from one side to another, from the inside to the outside of a container, etc.)
\sense_s (con un prefijo direccional) caerse o salirse (pasando de un lado a otro, desde el interior al exterior de un recipiente, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xka:nili:ti michin para kimeme:yalti:s un suwa:tl. Kemech o:mi:xiw, para wa:lwetsis le:cheh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go catch fish (crabs are also good), which will help make that woman's milk flow. She has just given birth, it (will be used) so that her milk comes forth.
\phrase_s Ve a conseguir pescado (cangrejos también son buenos) que ayudaráa que aquella señora que tenga leche. Apenas ha dado a luz, será(utilizada) para que caiga su leche.
\sense_e (with the aspectuals -tasi or -teko (Am) or (Oa) equivalents) to fall over upon hitting the ground from a height
\sense_s (con los marcadores de aspecto -tasi o -teko o los equivalentes de (Oa)) caerse al lado al caer al suelo desde una altura
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tiwestekok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You fell down here and landed on your side.
\phrase_s Te caiste (desde lo alto) aquíy te quedaste tirado y acostado.
\sense_e (-pan ~) to unexpectedly affect (sb); to happen unexpectedly to (sb)
\sense_s (-pan ~) sucederle de improvisto o repetinamente a (algn); caerle (una desgracia) de improvisto o de repente a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nopan o:wets kokolistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I unexpectedly got taken by ill.
\phrase_s De repente me cayóuna enfermedad.
\phrase_n O:kwelitakeh tli:no:n nopan o:wets.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They liked what (i.e., the misfortune) that suddenly happened to me.
\phrase_s Les gustólo que de repente me sucedió(esto es, una desgracia).
\sense_e (sahkón we:westiw) that's the way it goes
\sense_s (sahkón we:westiw) asíes la vida
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sahkó:n we:westiw, xkaman ika se: pre:sioh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That's the way it goes, it never costs the same.
\phrase_s Asíes la vida, nunca tiene el mismo precio.
\semfld motion
\ncol mihka:petlatl
\root wetsi
\nae With directional prefixes and suffixes, wetsi indicates a fall from a height down, to the ground, a body of water, etc. The unmarked forms are
wa:lwetsi, o:wetsiko , etc., which indicate that the object simply fell to the ground. Forms such as onwetsi and
o:wetsito indicate falling from a height away from a deictic point of reference, usually speaker location. Thus if a rider falls off a horse a comment might be
o:wetsiko ; if a person falls off a cliff, others who had been next to him might say o:wetsito. On the other hand wa:lwetsi
and onwetsi as forms that do not vary with tense and aspect (i.e., one finds o:wa:lwets has the sense of falling out through, toward, or away
from a deictic reference point. This sense of directional prefixes is found with words like chipi:ni. With the aspectuals -teko and
-tasi , the meaning of wetsi is apparently to fall over (i.e., wetsi in its basic sense) upon hitting the ground after falling down from a
height.
\qry Check meaning of /o:westasik/ and /o:westekok/. Make sure it means 1) to fall to the ground; 2) to fall over on ones side once hitting the ground. Check GRAM 1985 10-05.2 for
these uses. Check difference between /niwetsi/ and /niuwetsi/.
\qry Check meaning of /o:wa:lwets/ vs. /o:wetsiko/ Check for interpretation mentioned in continuation that /wa:l-/ and /on-/ so used. Cf.: With directional prefixes and suffixes in
complementary distribution, wetsi indicates to fall from a height downward. The unmarked form is wa:lwetsi , o:wetsiko , etc., which
indicate that the object simply fell to the ground. Forms such as onwetsi , o:wetsito indicate falling from a height away from a deictic point of reference
point, usually speaker location. Thus if a rider falls off a horse a comment might be o:wetsiko ; if a person falls off a cliff others who had been next to him might say
o:wetsito. On the other hand wa:lwetsi and onwetsi as forms that do not vary with tense and aspect (i.e., one finds
o:wa:lwets has the sense of falling out through toward or away from a deictic reference point. This sense of directional prefixes is found with words like chi
pi:ni.
\grm Aspectuals: /-tiw/; /-tok/: Note the difference in meaning: /Sahkón we:westiw, xkaman ika se: pre:sioh/ 'That's the way it goes, it never costs the same.' And: /westitiw/ 'he
goes along lying down.' In the first phrase /wetsi/ is a verb of motion and the aspectual indicates to go along with this motion taking place, i.e., to go 'falling' along' (to go
happening). Yet in /westitiw/ the base verb is the derived stative /westok/. Nevertheless, one does not find ?/westotiw/. There is a parallel case with /ikatok/ and /ikatitiw/ 'to
go along in an upright position'. These should be checked. However, one complication is that with the aspectuals /-tasi/ and /-teko/ one does not (at least according to my
original notes) find ?/westitasi/ but rather /westasi/. It appears that in this case the meaning is 'to hit the ground (the aspectual) falling over'. This should be check.
\semref westok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03508
\lxam tla:lti:satl
\lxam_c tla:lti:satl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e salt from ones sweat that remains behind (e.g., on clothes) as it dries
\sense_s sal del sudor que se queda (p. ej., en la ropa)
\sense_d Am
\root tla:l
\root ti:sa
\qry Check the Am form, it might be incorrect for /tla:listatl/.
\semref tla:listatl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03509
\lxam maxtia
\lxam_c kimaxtia
\lxoa maxtia
\lxoa_c kimaxtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to teach (as in a school)
\sense_s enseñar (como en una escuela)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikmaxti:s mokone:w para wel tlakwilo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will teach your child so that he is able to write.
\phrase_s Voy a enseñar a tu hijo para que pueda escribr.
\phrase_n Newa nite:maxtia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I teach.
\phrase_s Yo doy clases.
\sense_e (refl.) to study; to be able to read
\sense_s (refl.) estudiar; enseñarse; saber leer
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xo:nomaxtih ipan eskwe:lah, san o:wel.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He didn't study in school, he just learned (by himself).
\phrase_s No estudióen la escuela, solamente aprendió(por su propia cuenta).
\phrase_n Newa xniki:xmati, xniki:xmati le:tran, xwel nimomaxtia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't recognize it, I don't recognize the alphabet, I can't read.
\phrase_s No lo reconozco, no reconozco las letras, no puedo leer.
\sense_e (refl.) to pray (e.g., in church, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) rezar; orar (p. ej., en la iglesia)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:yah tio:pan, o:nomaxti:to.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He went to church, he went to pray.
\phrase_s Fue a la iglesia, fue a rezar.
\sense_e to break in (an animal such as a horse or mule for riding, an ox for plowing, etc.)
\sense_s domar (un animal como un caballo o mula para montar, o un buey para la yunta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nakopanketsas momulah, kemech nomaxtia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your mule will buck, it is just being broken in.
\phrase_s Se va a encabritar tu mula, apenas se estádomando.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to train; to show how to do (e.g., a particular job); to give pointers to
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) entrenar; mostar como (hacer algo) a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chmamaxti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Show me how!
\phrase_s ¡Enséñame cómo!
\sense_e (refl. and short vowel reduplication) to be learning how (to do a particular job, perform a particular task, etc.)
\sense_s (refl. y reduplicación de vocal corta) enseñarse (como hacer una tarea, fabricar algo, trabajar, etc.); estar aprendiendo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kemech nomamaxtia, xe weli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is just learning, he still doesn't know how (to do it).
\phrase_s Apenas estáaprendiendo, todavía no puede (hacerlo).
\sense_e (refl. and short vowel reduplication) to take root and start to yield (a tree that has been transplanted)
\sense_s (refl. y reduplicación de vocal corta) echar raices bien y empezar a rendir (unárbol que ha sido transplantado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pe:w nomamaxtia un límon, kemech pe:was tla:kis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That lemon tree has started to take hold, it's about to begin to bear fruit.
\phrase_s Ese limón ya empezóa echar bien sus raíces, ya va a empezar a rendir fruta.
\root mati
\nse Apparently the stem of mati in the causative construction is mach(i) , and Ameyaltepec maxtia simply reflects the effects of the
environmental shift of /ch/ to /x/. The difference between maxtia and mamaxtia is not altogether clear. Only the former (reflexively) can refer to
praying, but apparently both can refer to teaching, or learning and studying. It seems that maxtia is used to indicate teaching knowledge, whereas
mamaxtia involves skills, and a longer process of apprenticeship and learning a job or skill.
\qry The meanings of the two forms, reduplicated and not reduplicated, should be investigated.
\xref mati
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref maxtilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 03510
\lxam a:tokuwa
\lxam_c a:tokuwa
\lxoa a:tokowa
\lxoa_c a:tokowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-pas
\infv class-4c(pano)
\sense_e to be swept or carried away by a swollen river
\sense_s llevarse o arrastrarse por un río crecido
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:a:toko:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He got swept away by the water.
\phrase_s Se lo llevóel río.
\phrase_n Ta:toko:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will get swept away by the river.
\phrase_s Te va a llevar el río.
\sense_e to be washed away (e.g., by the rain)
\sense_s deslavarse (p. ej., por la lluvia)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:nikte:n notekal ika chi:lyo:hli para ma:ka a:toko:s un tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've spread chile seeds in my seed garden (hat has a row of stones around its perimeter so that the earth (in this case the earth and seeds) does not get washed away.
\phrase_s He sembrado semillas de chile en mi huertita con una fila de piedras por su perímetro para que no se deslave la tierra (en este caso tierra con las semillas).
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to dissolve in water (e.g., salt)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) disolverse en agua (p. ej., sal)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n O:á:tokok mostaw i:pan istaxikahli.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Your salt dissolved in the salt dish.
\phrase_s Se disolviótu sal en el salero.
\root a:
\root toka
\qry Check use of /a:to:kowa/ in example with chile seeds in a huertita.
\grm Historical change: This verb is an example of /o:/ final verbs of classical Nahuatl that have been"regularized"in Guerrero by adding /-wa:/ in the present perfect. The
underlying /o:/ appears in most other forms, for instance the preterite and progressive. Note and discuss the function of the incorporated noun as a nonvolitional agent, cf.
to /yeyekawi:lo/, etc.
\grm Phonology: Cf the words here as an example of raising of /o/ in /owa/ context.
\xref a:toktia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref a:tohtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03511
\lxam pale:wia
\lxam_c kipale:wia
\lxoa pale:wia
\lxoa_c kipale:wia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to help (another person)
\sense_s ayudar a (una persona)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tine:chpale:wi:s kwalka:ntipan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will help me tomorrow in the morning.
\phrase_s Me vas a ayudar mañana en la mañana.
\phrase_n San kipa:pale:witiá:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will just go along helping him now and then.
\phrase_s Va a ir ayudándolo de vez en cuando.
\sense_e to act in favor of; to be a help to; to help out (a particular situation or event [S])
\sense_s favorecer a; ayudar a (una situación o evento en particular [S])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chpale:wia ika tewa xo:tikwala:n, xo:tine:chte:i:xpantih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The fact that you didn't get mad helped me out, you didn't lodge a complaint against me.
\phrase_s El hecho de que no te enojaste me ayudó, no me denunciaste.
\sense_e (refl.) to give birth (women; not used in reference to animals)
\sense_s (refl.) dar a luz (mujeres; no empleada en cuanto a animales)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nopale:wih un suwa:tl, pero saniman o:mik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That woman gave birth, but she died right away.
\phrase_s Esa mujer dio a luz, pero luego ella se murió.
\sense_e (refl.) to take refuge or seek protection
\sense_s (refl.) tomar refugio
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (Ma Dió:s mitspale:wi) Cheers! (lit., 'may God help you,' a phrase addressed to sb about to take a swig of strong alcohol)
\sense_s (Ma Dió:s mitspale:wi)¡Salud! (lit., 'QuéDiós te ayude! una frase dicho a algn que apenas va a tomar un trago de una fuerte bebida alcohólica)
\sense_d Pending
\root pale:
\nse When used as a reflexive to indicate giving birth, pale:wia refers simply to the act of birth, even though the woman may have died shortly thereafter.
\root_notes The etymology of /pale:wia/ is uncertain. Given that the verb is classified as basic, the stem is considered to be /pale:wi/. However, it might well be that the stem is related to
/pal/, the relational noun.
\ref 03512
\lxam ikxinepanowa
\lxam_c nokxinepanowa
\lxoa ixinepanowa
\lxoa_c noxinepanowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) to cross ones legs in a sitting position
\sense_s (refl.) cruzarse las piernas al estar sentado
\sense_d Pending
\root kxi
\root nepan
\qry Check etymology. Check possible transitive use and also intransitive cognate ending in /iwi/. Cf. /ikxinepaniwtok/ which suggests an intransitive at some level.
\ref 03513
\lxam one:wa
\lxam_c one:wa
\lxoa one:wa
\lxoa_c one:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Dir-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to depart; to leave or take ones leave; to head out
\sense_s partir; salir
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mo:stla tone:waskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tomorrow we'll head out.
\phrase_s Mañana salimos.
\phrase_n Xwel one:wa, kinono:tsan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He can't take his leave, they are talking to him.
\phrase_s No puede salir, le están hablando.
\phrase_n De ka:no:n tone:was?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where will you leave from?
\phrase_s ¿De dónde vas a salir?
\semfld motion
\root on-
\root e:wa
\nse The verb e:wa as an intransitive occurs only with a directional prefix, which can be either on- or wa:l-, depending on the spatial
arrangement of the actors and speakers. One:wa indicates movement away from a particular point of reference; wa:le:wa indicates
movement toward a particular point of reference.
\qry I do not have /one:wi:tia/ in my corpus, but I seem to remember that it exists. Add this and /wa:le:wi:tia/ if found.
\semref e:wa; wa:le:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref e:wi:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref one:wi:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03514
\lxam ma:se:katitlan
\lxam_c ima:se:katitlan
\lxoa ma:se:katitlan
\lxoa_alt ma:si'a:titlan
\lxoa_alt ma:se'a:titlan
\lxoa_c i:ma:sia:titlan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-titlan
\infn N2
\sense_e armpit
\sense_s axila; sobaco
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root ma:
\root se:ka
\root_rel -titlan
\nse Although the etymology of this word is uncertain, it is certainly related to Molina's ciyacatl or ciacatl 'sobaco.' In this analysis the sequence
se:ka in ma:sekatitlan as well as se:ka in se:ka:nowa and ma:se:ka:nowa would be related to this root,
with the /n/ of the verbal forms epenthetic. Note that Tetelcingo, Morelos, has what would be the equivalent (adjusting for vowel shifts): se:yekatlan. If the sequence
/e:ye/ were reduced by the elimination of the glide, one would have /se:katlan/, similar to the Guerrero form.
\nae The vowel length of the Oapan form ma:sia:titlan is uncertain, but acoustic measurements of the /ia/ sequence suggest either that both vowels are short or it is the /a:/
that is long. This should be checked. Note also that in all four original recordings of this word, the initial /i:/ had a quite short duration, typical more of short than long vowels. It may
be that length is reflected in a lengthening of the nasal /m/, which also has a high level of sonority. Note that at times the highest level of pitch on a pitch-accented syllable is on the
nasal that follows a vowel nucleus.
\grm Oapan phonology, phonetics: The vowel length of the Oapan form ma:sia:titlan is uncertain, but acoustic measurements of the /ia/ sequence suggest either
that both vowels are short or it is the /a:/ that is long. This should be checked. Note also that in all four original recordings of this word, the initial /i:/ had a quite short
duration, typical more of short than long vowels. It may be that length is reflected in a lengthening of the nasal /m/, which also has a high level of sonority. Note that at times
the highest level of pitch on a pitch-accented syllable is on the nasal that follows a vowel nucleus.
\root_notes The root /se:ka/ is perhaps related to Classical /ciyaca/. Cf. the discussion under notes for the headword /ma:sekatitlan/.
\ref 03515
\lxam ikxipiltotopo:nia
\lxam_c kikxipiltotopo:nia
\lxoa ixipiltotopo:nia
\lxoa_c kixipiltopo:nia; kixipiltótopó:niah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to crack the knuckles of ones toes
\sense_s (refl.) tronarse los nudillos de los dedos de pie
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmokxipiltotopo:ni!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Crack the knuckles of your toes!
\phrase_s ¡Haz tronar los nudillos de los dedos del pie!
\root kxi
\root pil
\root topo:
\qry Check for possible transitive use.
\nse Note the lack of reduction in the reduplicated form from Oapan. The reason seems to be the very specific and lexicalized nature of this verb.
\grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note that it was impossible to obtain the reduced form of /ixipiltótopó:nia/, i.e., /ixipí:ltopó:nia/. The reason for this is not entirely clear,
but seems to be related to the fact that /totoponia/ has a very specific lexicalized meaning and is not the regular transitive form of the verb /topo:ni/, for which /topo:naltia/
is often used.
\vl Note that the sequence of sounds here are four repetitions of each of the following: /kixipiltopo:nia/, /kixipiltótopó:niah/, and /kixipiltótopó:nia/. The first, unreduplicated
form refers to the cracking of a single knuckle on the toes, the second and third sets refer to the cracking of multiple knuckles. The second has a final -h, the plural marker,
the third set has no -h (rather a final glottal stop) and has a singular subject. Tag these consecutively a, b, c, d, e, and f, for each speaker. The links should be for one
female and one male of the first unreduplicated set and one female and one male of the second (plural with final -h) set.
\ref 03516
\lxam westeko
\lxam_c o:westekok
\lxoa wéstekó
\lxoa_pr westeko
\lxoa_c wéstekó
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp V1-Asp
\der Asp
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\pitch yes
\sense_e see wetsi
\sense_s véase wetsi
\sense_d Pending
\ref 03517
\lxam kwa:pochi:ni
\lxam_c kwa:pochi:ni
\lxoa kwa:pochi:ni
\lxoa_c kwa:pochi:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b(ni/ltia)
\trans +Caus
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to have ones hair become dishevled
\sense_s desgreñarse; quedarsele el cabello desarreglado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n o:timotsonchichi:w, a:sta tikwa:pochi:ntia:ya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You really did your hair up nice (in braids), you were going around a lot with your hair disheveled.
\phrase_s Te arreglaste muy bien el pelo (en trenzas), hasta andabas con el pelo todo desarreglado.
\sense_e to have a fuzzy or frayed and unraveled end (e.g., a wooden stake repeatedly pounded on its head by a rock, rope that becomes unraveled, etc.)
\sense_s tener la punta o el rabo ablandado y deshecha o deshilachado (una estaca de madera, una soga floja)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xiska:n o:kiyekasa:loh. A:man yo:toton, o:kwa:pochi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He didn't tie its end up right away (i.e., of a rope). Now it has become unraveled, it's end is frayed.
\phrase_s No le atósu cabo luego luego (esto es, de un laso). Ya se desenredó, se quedócon el cabo deshecho.
\root kwa:
\root pochi:
\nse This most often refers to material or objects that should have a pointed, sharp, or tight end, but which become blunted, frayed, or otherwise damaged.
\xref kwa:pochi:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03518
\lxam pa:lah
\lxam_c pa:lah
\lxoa pa:lah
\lxoa_c pa:lah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan pala
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e shovel
\sense_s pala
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pa:lah, ika titla:lxi:ni:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is with a shovel that you shovel earth.
\phrase_s Es con una pala que paleas tierra.
\ref 03519
\lxam ikxinekwiliwi
\lxam_c ikxinekwiliwi
\lxoa ixinekwiliwi
\lxoa_c ixinekwiliwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for ones leg to become crooked (from injury, disease, dislocation, etc.)
\sense_s enchuecarsele la pierna (a algn, por enfermedad, dislocación, accidente, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root kxi
\root nekwil
\qry Check for transitive form and use.
\root_notes Recheck etymology, i.e. whether /nekwiliwi/ should be considered as formed from two morphemes. Probably not, but note all the /-iwi/ verbs that indicate a type of physical
distortion, bending, etc.
\semref ikxikwepaliwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03520
\lxam a:we:wentsi:n
\lxam_c a:we:wentsi:n
\lxoa a:we:wentsi:n
\lxoa_c a:we:wentsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e literally the 'old man of the water,' a being that lives underwater with his wife. They are frequently the cause of illness and soul-loss of people who are frightened near or in
the river. Offerings are given to him and a:lamatsi:n in order to appease them and gain the return of lost and frightened souls.
\sense_s literalmente la 'mujer vieja del agua', un ser que vive dentro del agua con su esposa. A menudo son ellos la causa de las enfermedades y la pérdida de alma de gente que se
asustan cerca de o adentro del río. se le hacen ofrendas a el y a a:lamatsi:n para obtener el regresos de almas perdidas y asustadas.
\sense_d Pending
\root a:
\root we:we:
\qry Cf. folklore notes and entry under /ka:wa/, as in /tlakaka:wa/.
\qry I originally had /we:we:ntsi:n/, but this has been changed based on acoustic analysis of Oapan. Recheck this and all words with /we:wentsi:n/.
\semref a:lamatsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref a:lámatsí:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03521
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was for /ma:tlakechilia/ but has been removed. C. Flores did not accept it and it appears to have been an error.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03522
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod Here /to:xtli/ has been removed from the dictionary.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\vl NOTE: this is a vulgar word, vagina, and has been removed from the dictionary. For this reason only the male pronounced it. Tag these sound clips as OM1, a through d.
But DO NOT link any tokens to the dictionary.
\ref 03523
\lxam se:sentetl
\lxam_c se:sentetl
\lxoa se:sentetl
\lxoa_c se:sentetl
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-man
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e one for each one; one apiece; individually
\sense_s uno por cada uno; individualmente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtla:li se:sentetl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place them down one by one (in this case stakes for a fence, laying them down one by one on the ground, in front of where they will be finally set up as posts)!
\phrase_s ¡Colócalos uno por uno (en este caso estacas para un corral, poniéndolos uno por uno sobre el suelo, en frente de donde se van a empotrar)!
\phrase_n Se:sentetl kipian inkal nokone:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Each one of my children has his own house.
\phrase_s Cada uno de mis niños tiene su propia casa.
\sense_e one by one
\sense_s uno por uno
\sense_d Pending
\root sem
\root te
\semref tose:sentew
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03524
\lxam tlapilo:ltsi:n
\lxam_c se: tlapilo:ltsi:n
\lxoa tlapilo:ltsi:n
\lxoa_c se: tlapilo:ltsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn N1
\sense_e slice (of meat, that is hung like that to dry)
\sense_s rebanada (de carne, que se cuelga para secar)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ma nimitskowili monakatsi:n, ma:si sa: se: tlapilo:ltsi:n!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Let me buy some meat from you, even if it's just one slice!
\phrase_s ¡Dejáme comprarte algo de carne, aunque sea solamente una rebanada!
\sense_e in a thatched roof house, the ropes that are tied to the komaxahli and run over the sole:rah to the kaltepa:ntli to hold the
latter in place
\sense_s en una casa de palma o zacates, los lazos que se atan al komaxahli and corren por arriba de la solera hasta el kaltepa:ntli
\sense_d Am
\root pilo:
\ency_note kahli
\qry Check to make sure this is used only in a thatched-roof house. Determine reason for this etymology from /pilowa/.
\mod Illustrate. Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and words listed thre.
\ref 03525
\lxam kwala:nka:kwi:tia
\lxam_c kikwala:nka:kwi:tia
\lxoa kwala:nka:kwi:tia
\lxoa_c kikwala:nka:kwi:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Part-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to irk; to vex
\sense_s irritar; desconcertar
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to make someone angry, to vex
\sense_s fastidiar; molestar; hacer enojar
\sense_d Pending
\root kwala:
\root kwi
\nse Kwala:nka:kwi:tia is often used to refer to children who, by their talking and activities, bother someone who is trying to talk, thus angering him or her.
\grm Incorporation; valency change: kwala:nka:kwi:tia Note the nature of causativization here. The verb /kwi/ is a transitive and the transitivity is unchanged with
causativization. This suggests that the incorporated participial form /kwala:nka:/ acts as a noun and reduces the valency of the compound (i.e. it is saturating, Mithun's
Type 1). Check other words with /kwitia/ causativized form.
\ref 03526
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be for /Techi:maltitlan/ a toponym of Ameyaltepec now in the toponym database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Note that this entry has been removed. Nevertheless, tag the four tokens but, obviously, don't link them.
\ref 03527
\lxam kwa:tenexioh
\lxam_c kwa:tenexioh
\lxoa kwa:tenexioh
\lxoa_c kwa:tenexioh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Trans
\sense_e to have ringworm
\sense_s tener tiña
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwa:tenexioh un toba:leh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Our friend there has ringworm.
\phrase_s Nuestro amigo allátiene tiña.
\sense_e to have dandruff
\sense_s tener caspa
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\root te
\root nex
\qry The Ameyaltepec definition might well be in error.
\grm Oapan phonology; phonetics: Analyze the nature, particularly re: nasalization, of the final vowel. The male speaker seems to manifest a greater degree of nasalization than
the female.
\root_notes Discuss the relationship of /tenex-/ to /nex-/.
\vl NOTE TO SELF: Check nature of final vowel, /o/, particularly of male speaker.
\ref 03528
\lxam tsi:ntsomo:nki
\lxam_c tsi:ntsomonki
\lxoa tsi:ntsomo:nki
\lxoa_c tsi:ntsomo:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to have its bottom ripped open (e.g., a box, plastic bucket, a cantaloupe, etc.)
\sense_s tener el fondo roto (p. ej., una caja, cubeta de plástico, un melón, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root tsi:n
\root tsomo:
\ref 03529
\lxam Miák
\lxam_c Miák
\lxoa Miek
\lxoa_alt Miak
\lxoa_c Miek
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\semfld heavens
\sense_e constellation of stars (lit. 'many') identifiable as the Pleiades
\sense_s constelación de estrellas (lit. 'muchos') idenficiable como los pleiades
\sense_d Pending
\root miak
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\ref 03530
\lxam yo:li:xko
\lxam_c i:yo:li:xko
\lxoa yo:li:xko
\lxoa_c i:yo:li:xko
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-titlan
\infn N2
\sense_e solar plexus (area located just above the ititl)
\sense_s solar plexus (área ubicada justamente arriba del ititl)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root yo:l
\root_rel -i:xko
\vl Link 2nd female token
\qry Distinguish from /ye:lkamak/ (Am).
\semref yo:ltitlan
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03531
\lxam tlasasa:lo:hli
\lxam_c tlasasa:lo:hli
\lxoa tlá:sa:ló:hli
\lxoa_c tlá:sa:ló:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes
\sense_e something that has been sewn
\sense_s algo que ha sido cosido
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Notlake:n, kwahli tlasa:lo:hli -= tlasasa:lo:hli-.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My clothes are all well sewn.
\phrase_s Mi ropa todo estábien cosida.
\phrase_n Teskaltik, kwe:xtik tlasa:lo:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is stiched close together, it is finely sewn.
\phrase_s El tejido es apretado, es finamente cosido.
\root sal
\vl Use second female token.
\semref tlasa:lo:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03532
\lxam tlalna:miktia
\lxam_c kitlalna:miktia
\lxoa tlalna:mihtia
\lxoa_c kitlalna:mihtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to remind (sb)
\sense_s acordarle a (algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:xtlana:mikti tli:n nihkowas, ma:ka nikelka:was!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Remind me of what I should buy, don't let me forget it!
\phrase_s ¡Hazme acordar de lo que debo comprar, no dejes que se me olvide!
\sense_e (refl.) to remember; to remind oneself
\sense_s (refl.) acordarse; hacerse acordar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nimotlalna:mikti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will remind myself.
\phrase_s Me voy a hacer acordar
\root na:miki
\qry Check precise meaning of /nimotlalna:mikti:s/ and the difference betwee this and /nikelna:mikis/. Check meaning difference between /xne:chelna:mikti tli:n nihkowas/ (or... /tli:non
nihkowas/) and /xne:xtlalna:mikti tli:n nihkowas/. Only the second is documented in my corpus; the first might not even be correct. The first sentence above is from a corpus/filecard;
check whether it is correct or whether one can state: /Xne:xtlalna:mikti tli:non nihkowas.../. If only the /tla- form is correct, then this might seem to be an"antipassive"form, with the
object deleted (the /tla-/) and then expressed obliquely. However, it is not immediately clear that /tli:n nihkowas/ is not a core argument even though there is no clear place on the
verb for another core argument (/(i)lna:miktia/ is a ditransitive with two objects: one is /ne:x-/ the benefactive and the other is the situation that is"reminded."However, in /tlalna:miktia/
the secondary argument is occupied by the prefix /tla-/. That leaves op e n the question of what/tli:non nihkowas/ is grammatically.
\grm /Xne:xtlalna:mikti tli:n nihkowas/ is from a corpus/filecard; check whether it is correct or whether one can state: /Xne:xtlalna:mikti tli:non nihkowas.../. If only the /tla- form
is correct, then this might seem to be an"antipassive"form, with the object deleted (the /tla-/) and then expressed obliquely. However, it is not immediately clear that /tli:n
nihkowas/ is not a core argument even though there is no clear place on the verb for another core argument (/(i)lna:miktia/ is a ditransitive with two objects: one is /ne:x-/
the benefactive and the other is the situation that is"reminded."However, in /tlalna:miktia/ the secondary argument is occupied by the prefix /tla-/. That leaves open the
question of what /tli:non nihkowas/ is grammatically.
\grm Complements: Cf. the discussion here on CD by C. Flores of the use of complementizer after /nitlalna:miktia tli:n/ or /... tli:non/.
\vl Link second male token.
\xref na:miktia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\xref na:mihtia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03533
\lxam i:xte:ntlitliki:sa
\lxam_c ni:xte:ntlitliki:sa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp [N-N]-[N-V1]
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for ones eyes to feel hot
\sense_s sentir los ojos calientes
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:xte:ntlitliki:sa. Totonias.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His eyes feel hot. He will get a fever.
\phrase_s Siente los ojos caliente. Va a tener calentura.
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root tli
\root ki:s
\nse The word /i:xte:ntlitliki:sa/ refers to a feeling or sensation that ones gets around ones eyes when one is sick and about to come down with a fever. Cristino Flores only accepted the
1st or 2nd person singular, apparently because of the fact that one cannot know, as speaker, how another feels.
\qry Check for existence of the word /tliki:sa/.
\grm Note that reduplication is common in words refering to eyes. However, here as in a few other cases (I believe one also involving /ki:sa/, it is an incorporated and new lexical
item, /tliki:sa/ that is reduplicated. Check for existence of word /tliki:sa/.
\semref i:xtliki:sa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03534
\lxam koyo:nono:tsa
\lxam_c nokoyo:nono:tsan
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to converse with (sb) in style, like rich people (e.g., while drinking elegant drinks or eating fancy food)
\sense_s placticar con (algn) como gente de clase y dinero (p. ej., al tomar un whiskey u otras bebidas de gente rica, o al comer comida elegante)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Timokoyo:nono:tsaskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We're going to have a talk like people with class.
\phrase_s Vamos a placticar como gente adinerada.
\root koyo:
\root no:tsa
\nse One can use this metaphoric extension of koyo:tl in an analytic expression such as timonono:tsaskeh ke:n koyo:meh , a phrase that might be used in
reference to a chat over a shot of whiskey, good beer, or fancy food.
\ref 03535
\lxam pi:pih
\lxam_c pi:pih
\lxoa pi:pih
\lxoa_alt pi:pin
\lxoa_c pi:pih, pi:pin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e see -pih
\sense_s véase -pih
\sense_d Am, Oa
\grm Oapan phonology: Note that this word is a good example of h-to-n in certain cases. All but the first pronunciation, of FM which has a final /h/, have either a nasalized
vowel or a nasal consonant. It seems also that (at least in the second male example) the nasal consonant affects the length of the final vowel, making it longer. This should
be checked with a phonetician.
\vl Note that Florencia begins with a word, /pipí:n/, which I do not recognize (final syllable stress, final /n/). Please tag this as a high number, e.g., 99999 so that I can ask her
later its meaning and link it to the lexicon. Link 1st female and 1st male token to the dictionary.
\ref 03536
\lxam tlakwaltipan
\lxam_c se: tlakwaltipan
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-tipan
\infn N1
\sense_e (se: ~) one meal (i.e., enough meat for one meal or, in many cases, a fix amount, such as one kilo)
\sense_s (se: ~) una comida (esto es, suficiente carne para una comida, o una cantidad fija como un kilo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:hmak se: tlakwaltipan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I gave him (in this case pork being distributed by a family planning a wedding) enough for one meal.
\phrase_s Le dí(en este caso carne de puerco que estaba siendo entregada para una familia planeando una boda) suficiente para una comida.
\root kwa
\root_rel -tipan
\qry Check to see if this can refer only to meat.
\ref 03537
\lxam suwa:pitso
\lxam_c suwa:pitso
\lxoa siwa:pitso
\lxoa_c siwa:pitso
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e sow; adult female pig
\sense_s marrana
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld domes
\root sowa:
\root pitso
\vl Link 1st female token and 1st male token.
\ref 03538
\lxam chi:koyaktik
\lxam_c chi:koyaktik
\lxoa chi:koyahtik
\lxoa_c chi:koyahtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound PM-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\sense_e to be wide open and greatly expanded in a circular form (e.g., the mouth of a sack, the hole in the roof of a thatched hut, anything that should be circular but which is two
wide in diameter)
\sense_s estar abierto ampliamente en forma algo circular (p. ej., la boca de un costal, un agujero en el techo de una casa de zacate, cualquier cosa circular pero que rebasa lo
deseado en lo ancho)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Chi:koyaktik un po:soh, o:tikpano:ltilih, xasta ihkón tikichwaskia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That well is really opened too wide, you went too far on it, you shouldn't have excavated that much.
\phrase_s Ese pozo es demasiado ancho, le pasaste, no hubieras excavado hasta así.
\phrase_n A:man o:noka:w chi:koyaktik ikal, o:kika:wilih ma isoliwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now his house has wound up split open on top (i.e., in the thatching for the roof), he let it get old.
\phrase_s Su casa (esto es, el techo de palma) ya quedóabierto, dejóque se envejeciera.
\root chi:-
\root koya:
\grm Note that all entries that are categorized as Adj-part-wi-k-tik seem to take one of the two intensifiers. Thus one has /tetomaktik/ and /chi:koyaktik/. Determine, first, whether
?chi:tomaktik is acceptable (I believe not) and whether /tekoyaktik/ is (I believe it is). If the preceding is correct, do a test for all forms that accept both /chi:-/ and /te-/.
\ref 03539
\lxam ye:kpo:hli
\lxam_c ye:kpo:hli
\lxoa yé:hpowáhli
\lxoa_c yé:hpowáhli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Oa
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes
\sense_e portion or section of a field, or a particular plant, that has sprouted from seeds planted after those originally sown did not sprout
\sense_s sección o porción de un terreno, o una planta en particular, que ha germinado de semillas plantadas después de que las semillas originalmente sembradas no brotaron
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Na:n nomi:ltsitsi:nwa:n, na:n ma:s pi:pitik pa:mpa sa: ye:kpo:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My maize plants here, here they are smaller because they are only those that have been planted (later in the season) to replace those original seeds that had failed to sprout.
\phrase_s Mi plantitas de maíz aquí, aquíson más pequeñas porque solamente son las que se sembraron (más avanzada la temporada) donde no brotaron las que originalmente se
sembraron.
\semfld agriculture
\fl ye:kpowa
\root ye:k
\root powa
\nae Perhaps these two words, ye:kpo:hli from Ameyaltepec and yé:hpowáhli from Oapan, should accorded separate entries based on their different
morphologies and derivational structure. More problematic, however, is the reason for pitch accent in the Oapan lexeme. If the roots are ye:kand
powaas they appear to be, then the motive for the pitch accent is not clear. One possibility is that this is a reduplicated form on a stem that is considered to have a
long initial vowel. In this case one would expect San Juan Tetelcingo to manifest ? yehye:kpowahle.
\qry Check /sa: ye:kpo:hli/, perhaps it should be /san ye:kpo:hli/.
\qry_h Check ye:kpowa in SJ
\vl Link first female token
\grmx Reduplication; pitch accent: Perhaps these two words, ye:kpo:hli from Ameyaltepec and yé:hpowáhli from Oapan, should accorded separate
entries based on their different morphologies and derivational structure. More problematic, however, is the reason for pitch accent in the Oapan lexeme. If the roots are
ye:kand powaas they appear to be, then the motive for the pitch accent is not clear. One possibility is that this is a reduplicated form on
a stem that is considered to have a long initial vowel. In this case one would expect San Juan Tetelcingo to manifest ? yehye:kpowahle. This needs to be
checked.
\ref 03540
\lxam xolochowa
\lxam_c kixolochowa
\lxoa xolochowa
\lxoa_c kixolochowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to bunch up; to put ruffles or little uneven pleats in
\sense_s fruncir; poner volantes en (una tela)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tikxolochoh mokoto:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You put ruffles in your shirt (e.g., where the cuff joins the sleeve).
\phrase_s Le pusiste volantes a tu camisa (p. ej., donde el puño se cose a la manga).
\root xoloch
\ref 03541
\lxam kuwtlatlatsi:n
\lxam_c kuwtlatlatsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-perf
\infn N1
\sense_e type of tree, still not identified or collected, perhaps that called mala mujer in Spanish
\sense_s tipo deárbol, todavía no colectada ni identificada, quizála que se llama mala mujer
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kuwtlatlaktsi:n | Deke tikxi:ma, ma:ka mitsasis ia:yo, tla:mo tima:xoxopo:nis.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Luis Lucena
\phrase_e Kuwtlatlatsi:n : If you take the bark off of it don't let its sap get on you, if you do your hands (where the sap touched) will blister up.
\phrase_s Kuhtlatlatsi:n : Se le quitas la cáscara ten cuidado que no te alcanze su savia porque si te toca, se te van a salir granos por las manos.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root kow
\root tlatla
\nse The sap of this tree is said to be dangerous; if one is chopping this wood and sap gets into ones eyes it will blind or hurt one.
\notes_nature Although one speaker gave this tree's name as mala mujer it is not clear that this is correct. Schoenhals (1988) gives a long entry under this name, but the
plants listed appear to be small plants and vines, not trees:"1. (Cnidoscolus spp., e.g. C. urens formerly Jatropha urens)
'spurge nettle,' 'tread softly' Rank-growing nettle spurge with large, 5-lobed leaves. Also called chaya, ortiga, ortiguilla. 2. (Toxicodendron radicans) 'poison
ivy' Also calledárbol de guao, chechén, hiedra venenosa. 3. (Cnidoscolus spp., Urea spp, Urtica spp.) Poisonous vine, shrub,
or tree. Also called chichicastle. 4. (Urera caracasana) 'flameberry scatchbush' See mal hombre. 5. (Urtica spp., e.g. U.
dioica) 'spurge nettle' See ortiga. 6. (Hibuscus bifurcatus) 'mountain rose mallow' See tulipa de monte."
\qry Although several consultants mentioned that mala mujer is a tree, Schoenhals lists it as a nettle. Perhaps there are two plants by this name, one a herbaceous plant and
the other. Check to determine if /chichikastli/ is a regional name for a plant. One consultant, Costa Venancio, mentioned: /Se kuhtsi:ntli kitowan deke tihki:tskia timoka:was siegi:toh/
'It is a small tree that supposedly if you grab it you will wind up blind.'
\ref 03542
\lxam kaxa:ni
\lxam_c kaxa:ni
\lxoa kaxa:ni
\lxoa_c kaxa:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to become loose; to loosen (a knot, braids, a saddle tightened around an animal)
\sense_s aflojarse (un nudo, trenzas, una silla puesta sobre un animal)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to become weak and exausted (one body, e.g., of a person during an illness, or after hard and strenuous work)
\sense_s debilitarse o quedar exhausto (el cuerpo, p. ej., una persona durante una enfermedad, o después de haber trabajado duro)
\sense_d Pending
\xref kaxa:ntok
\xref_t Stat
\xref_d Am, Oa
\root kaxa:
\nse The acceptation, in Ameyaltepec at least, of kaxa:ni as 'to lose weight' is perhaps related to the fact that in losing weight ones clothes become lose.
\qry Obtain examples of /kaxa:ni/ used in reference to someone's body and particularly re: weak-willed (cf. to /yo:lkaxa:nki/). I have removed this def. 'to take a step back; to retreat
(from a position or argument previously asserted and defended)'
\ref 03543
\lxam tla:pa:tl
\lxam_c tla:pa:tl
\lxoa tla:pa:tl
\lxoa_c tla:pa:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e generic name for two plants of the Solanaceae family, one white and the other purple
\sense_s nombre genérico para dos plantas de la familia Solanaceae, una blanca y la otra morada
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tla:pa:tl | Kitowan bwe:noh para aseiteh rosa:doh. Chichí:k. Tikuwitlas wa:n tikmatis ipan moma, momapilwa:n, chichí:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tla:pa:tl : They say it's good for aceite rosado. It is bitter. You pull it up and you'll get a bitter taste on you hand, your fingers.
\phrase_s Tla:pa:tl : Dicen que es bueno para aceite rosado. Es amargo. Lo arrancas y vas a tener un sabor amargo en la mano, los dedos.
\phrase_n Tla:pa:tl | Tla: se: kone:tl kipia tso:tso:tl, tihkwe:cho:s ixiwyo tla:patl ipan tetl noso ipan metlatl ika metlapihli. Ika a:tl tihkwe:cho:s wa:n kwa:k kwaltsi:n
yo:nokwe:choh, kwa:kon tika:lti:s un kone:tl ka:n tso:tso:ti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tla:pa:tl : If a child has sores, you grind up the leaves of the tla:pa:tl on a stone or on a metate with a roller. You grind it up with water and
when it's nicely ground up, it is then that you bathe the child where he has sores.
\phrase_s Tla:pa:tl : Si un niño tiene granitos, mueles las hojas del tla:pa:tl sobre una piedra o sobre un metate con la mano de metate. Lo mueles
con agua y cuando ya se molióbien, entonces le bañas al niño donde tiene granitos.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root tla:pa:
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the huevo de perro.
\qry It is not clear why they say that it is /bwe:noh para ase:teh rosa:doh/. Check. Does this mean that this oil is made from this plant?
\ref 03544
\lxam kuwasiwi
\lxam_c kuwasiwi
\lxoa kówasíwi
\lxoa_pr kowasiwi
\lxoa_c kówasíwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e for ones bones, especially the limb joints, to ache (from overwork or, particularly, from illness, such as dengue, or from a certain type of"witchcraft,"
kowasiwistli (Am), in which case it is the joints that are affected and that swell)
\sense_s sentir cierto dolor de hueso o cuerpo (que puede ser resultado o de mucho trabajo, de una enfermedad como el dengue, o de un cierto tipo de"brujería,"
kowasiwistli , en cuyo caso son las coyunturas de las extremedades que se afectan por el dolor)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikuwasiwi ipan nokxi -= kuwasiwi nokxi-.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My leg is stiff and aching.
\phrase_s Siento la pierna tiesa y adolorida.
\phrase_n Nikokuwasiwi, nochi notla:kayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am aching to the bones, all of my body.
\phrase_s Estoy adolorido hasta los hueso en muchas partes, todo el cuerpo.
\semfld disease
\root kowa
\root hsi
\nse There is, apparently, no transitive form; rather an expression such as ne:chmaka kowasiwistli would be used.
\qry The Ameyaltepec dialect, which has lost historical and underlying {h} gives no indication of the presence or absence of this consonant. Comparative information from San Juan
Tetelcingo is, therefore, necessary to answer this question. The etymology of kowasiwi is also at present still uncertain, as potential roots exist in
kukwa (Classical cocoa), or what in Classical was cocoya. There might even be a relationship to kowatl 'snake') I
believe that G. Whittaker comments on this word in his book with Coe on the Tratado de las supersticiones by Ruiz de Alarcón; he suggests an etymology including
ihsiwi and containing the meaning of 'the hurrying of.' The presence/absence of /h/ should clear this up. The pain associated with kowasiwi is often
described by the verb xama:ni.
\ref 03545
\lxam tla:lmamaxtia
\lxam_c kitla:lmamaxtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to teach the lay of the land to; to take around and show places on the land's surface to (e.g., where the paths go, who owns particular lands, etc.)
\sense_s enseñar bien el terreno a; recorrer la tierra con (algn) para enseñarle (p. ej., su aspecto geográfico como donde van los caminos, de quien son las propiedades, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\root tla:l
\root mati
\nse Although the transitive form tla:lmamaxtia has only been documented with a reduplicated verbal stem, the intransitive form occurs unreduplicated (see
tla:lmati. This responds to the principal difference between the two voices. The intransitive indicates a relatively permanent state of knowledge. The transitive
indicates an action whereby the lay of the land is repeatedly taught, as the two participants travel over the land, with one teaching the other the location of paths, names of places,
ownership of land parcels, etc.
\xref tla:lmati
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\semref í:xtlamáxtia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03546
\lxam a:chichina:wi
\lxam_c a:chichina:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get leaf burn (a plant from an overabundance of water)
\sense_s quemarsele las hojas (a una planta por una sobreabundancia de agua)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Axtopa tikto:kayan anjolí:n, o:pe:w a:chichina:wi, kokolisyowa, kokoyo:ni ixiwyoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e At first we used to plant sesame, (then) it would start to turn brown from water, it would become blighted, its leaves would become perforated.
\phrase_s Al principio sembrabamos anjolín, (después) empezaba a quemarse del agua, se infectaba de plaga, sus hojas se perforaban.
\root a:
\root china
\qry The length should be check since in all other cases I have short /a/, e.g., /tlachinawi/. If the length is changed, then also change it for this same phrase which occurs under
/kokolisyowa/. In general an effort should be made to link together in a discussion the verbs /tlachinaw/, which seems to be {tlahchinawi} and /chinowa/. Since the standard variation
is /a:wi/ and /a:wa/, and is /toma:wi/ and /toma:wa/, one would expect that if /chichina:wi/ were correct, we would find ?china:wa. But rather, the transitive is /chinowa/; perhpas the
/a/ is, therefore, short in /chinawi/.
\ref 03547
\lxam to:nalmiki
\lxam_c to:nalmiki
\lxoa to:nalmiki
\lxoa_c to:nalmiki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\trans +Caus
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to be or feel hot; to suffer from the heat
\sense_s tener calor; sufrir por el calor
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:sta hmati ye nitekwi:ntok, nito:nalmiki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I feel like I'm even on fire, I am suffering from the heat.
\phrase_s Hasta me siento ardiendo, estoy sufriendo por el calor.
\root to:na
\root miki
\xref to:nalmiktia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref to:nalmihtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03548
\lxam chikiyontik
\lxam_c chikiyontik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan chiquear (?)
\psm Adj
\der Adj-tik-ap
\sense_e person who is reluctant to do something, to say something or to help
\sense_s renegón; persona que no quiere hacer una cosa, decir algo o ayudar
\sense_d Am
\ref 03549
\lxam tonana:wi
\lxam_c *tonana:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-num
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N2
\sense_e foursies (in a game of jacks)
\sense_s cuatros (en un juego de matatena)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n A:man -i:pan- tonana:wi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now (let us play) foursies (in jacks).
\phrase_s Ahora (vamos a jugar) cuatros (en matatena).
\phrase_n O:nikpoloh ipan tonana:wi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I lost in foursies (in jacks).
\phrase_s Perdíen cuatros (en matatena)
\root na:wi
\nse In Ameyaltepec reduplicated and obligatorily possessed numbers (e.g., i:pan tonana:wi) are used in reference to the game of jacks. Apparently it is preferable to use
i:pan although possible without (one case say A:man tonana:wi! instead of A:man i:pan tonana:wi! 'Now foursies!').
\mod For a description of this game, cf. DT #8, 783 ff., continued on DT #7).
\qry Note the possession of a reduplicated adjective/numeral with this very lexicalized sense. Check to see if other numbers can be possessed (e.g., in jacks). Note that the reduplication
with numbers, /ipan tonana:wi/ can be used with other numbers referring to a game such as jacks. Apparently it is preferable to use /ipan/, although possible without: /a:man
tonana:wi/. For a description of this game, cf. DT #8, 783 ff., continued on DT #7).
\grm Reduplication: possession: Note the possession of a reduplicated adjective/numeral with this very lexicalized sense. My notes state that other numbers can be reduplicated
and possessed, although I don't know how the game is played so I don't know how many numbers can be so inflected.
\ref 03550
\lxam ma:stlakapalkwe:kwetla:ni
\lxam_c ma:stlakapalkwe:kwetla:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to fly along with its wings hanging down and flapping (e.g.,
\sense_s volar batiendo las alas despacio
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ma:stlakapalkwe:kwetla:ntiw -=matlapalkwe:kwetla:ntiw- ka:ka:lo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The crow goes along slowly flapping its wings.
\phrase_s El cuervo va volando despacio batiendo las alas.
\root ma:stlakapal
\root kwetla:
\nse Ma:stlakapalkwe:kwetla:ni has has only been documented with long vowel reduplication, apparently a nonreduplicated form does not exist. It may be used, for
example, to describe the flight motion of the garza and crow. However, according to Florencia Marcelino kwetla:ni would be used only if the wings of
the bird were broken, as if hit by a hunter. Otherwise they would not be 'hanging down' (xkwetla:nin).
\semref matlapalkwe:kwetla:ni
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03551
\lxam kechilpia
\lxam_c kikechilpia
\lxoa kechilpi
\lxoa_c kikechilpi
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\infv_d Am
\infv class-4a(oni)
\infv_d Oa
\sense_e to tie loosely in a loop (so that it can be pulled loose without untying)
\sense_s atar ligeramente con una lazada ("loop"; para que se desata nada más al jalar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San xkechilpi un burroh. San timopilo:s, wa:n un la:soh totomis. Xotikteteilpih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just tie a quick loop to tie up that burro. You'll just have to pull on it and the lasso will become undone. You didn't knot it.
\phrase_s Solamenteátale una lazada para asegurar el burro. Nada más te vas a jalar para que el lasso se desate. No le amarraste un nudo bien atado.
\sense_e to make a loosely tied loop in (e.g., a rope)
\sense_s hacer una lazada pequeña (p. ej., en un soga o laso)
\sense_d Oa
\root kech
\root ilpi
\qry Check whether /kechte(te)ilpia/ is correct and, if so, the difference from /kechilpia/. Also check whether the final /a/ is correct. In Oapan the verb is /kechilpi/.
\mod This should be split into 2 entries.
\grm Intensifier: Note the use of /te-/ in /teteilpia/ of Am, which refers to tying with a knot. Cf. this to simple /ilpia/.
\ref 03552
\lxam uwitok
\lxam_c uwitok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der *V1-tok
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be difficult
\sense_s ser difícil
\sense_d Pending
\root owih
\fl owitikah
\semref uwitikah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref ówitíkah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03553
\lxam tla:laki
\lxam_c tla:laki
\lxoa tla:laki
\lxoa_c tla:laki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to enter into (the ground or any other hard surface, e.g., a nail, stake, etc.)
\sense_s entrar (en el suelo u otra cosa dura, objetos como clavos, estacas, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to penetrate the skin
\sense_s penetrar la piel
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Un xi:kole:wi pa:mpa we:i ika yaw, wa:n wekatlan, tla:laki.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 03553_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 8:54
\phrase_e That word xi:kole:wi is used because it [the scrape] goes far, and deep, it penetrates the skin.
\phrase_s Esa palabra xi:kole:wi se emplea porque va lejos, y profundo, penetra la piel.
\root tla:l
\root ak
\ref 03554
\lxam sentena:ntsi:n
\lxam_c i:sentena:ntsi:n
\lxoa sentena:ntsi:n
\lxoa_c i:sentena:ntsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Mod-N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e unique mother of (Jesus, usually used to refer to the Virgin Mary)
\sense_s madreúnica de (Jesús, usualmente para referirse a la Virgen María)
\sense_d Pending
\root sen
\root te
\root na:n
\nse In Oapan this term is one of endearment for anyones mother, e.g., nosentena:ntsi:n. The prefix may also be used with children, e.g., nosentekone:w, but
is not used with 'father,' e.g., * nosentétatsí:n. In Ameyaltepec I have only heard this term used in reference to the mother of Jesus.
\qry Check meaning as this file card did not have a translation on it. Can it only refer to the Virgin Mary, or to other"mothers' e.g., /nosentena:ntsi:n/. Check other kinship terms and other
uses of /sente-/.
\ref 03555
\lxam tlakwite:hke:tl
\lxam_c tlakwite:hke:tl
\lxoa tlakote:hke:tl
\lxoa_c tlakote:hke:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who follows behind the plow as it turns over the earth once the maize has sprouted, uprighting the plants that have been covered by dirt or stones
\sense_s persona que sigue atrás de la yunta cuando se trabaja la milpa después de que las semillas han brotado, y que endereza las plantas, quitándoles la tierra y piedras que les
han caido encima
\sense_d Pending
\root kwi
\root e:wa
\nse Both tlakwite:hke:tl and tlakwiste:hke:tl are correct although my original notes suggest that the former is more common. The form
tlakwite:hki is also acceptable and thus probably tlakwite:hki although it is not documented in the corpus.
\semref tlakwiste:hke:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tlakoste:hke:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03556
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was originally /sowilia/ with xref to /sowilia/. It has been eliminated and only /sowilia/ remains; cf. #5460
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl This entry has been eliminated; tag the words here with additional numbering for 5460.
\ref 03557
\lxam tepo:ya
\lxam_c kitepo:ya
\lxoa tepo:ya
\lxoa_c kitepo:ya
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(y)
\sense_e to wrap up; to cover (particularly in order to protect, e.g., from the rain or cold)
\sense_s envolver; cubrir; tapar (particularmente para proteger, p. ej., de la lluvia o el frío)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtepo:ya ika sakatl! Ma tepo:xto para ixwas, tla:mo xixwas!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Cover it (in this case a tlapacho:hli or seed garden) with grass! It should be covered so that it (i.e., the seedlings) sprouts, if it isn't (covered) it won't sprout!
\phrase_s ¡Tápala (en este caso una huertita con zacate)!¡Debe estar cubiera para que germinem (las semillas), si no lo es (tapado) no van a brotar!
\phrase_n Yo:notepo:x notlaxkal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My tortillas have already been wrapped up (e.g., to keep them warm, free from the rain, etc.).
\phrase_s Ya se taparon mis tortillas (p. ej., para mantenerlas calientes, protegidas de la lluvia, etc.).
\phrase_n Kemech nimotepo:xtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm just now covering myself up (e.g., with a blanket to protect myself from the cold or rain).
\phrase_s Apenas ahorita me estoy tapando (p. ej., con una cobija para protegerme del frío o la lluvia).
\root tepo:ya
\nse The etymology of tepoya is uncertain, as no cognate forms in other dialects have yet been found.
\qry Check vowel length in progressive and perfective. I had /notepo:xtok/ on one filecard, but the perfective and progessive both with a short vowel on others (/notepoxtok/,
/o:notepox/, etc.).
\ref 03558
\lxam nakastekakanak
\lxam_c nakastekakanak
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap-wi-k
\lexical Lex. infix te- ; Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e person with sharp ears
\sense_s persona que puede escuchar sonidos muy ligeros
\sense_d Am
\sense_e light sleeper
\sense_s persona que se despierta fácilmente, con el más ligero sonido
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tinakastekakanak, niman tihkaki tli:no:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You're a light sleeper, you hear anything (any sound that is made) right away.
\phrase_s Duermes muy ligeramente, luego luego escuchas cualquier cosa (ruido).
\sense_e type of herbaceous plant still not identified
\sense_s tipo de planta herbácea todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root nakas
\root kana:
\nse Literally"thin-eared" nakastekakanak refers to a person who wakes up at the slightest noice, or hears things even when sleeping. More generally, it may refer to a
sharp hearer. Note that the reduplication of the verb stem reflects a general process noted in many other cases of events, qualities, etc. that affect pairs of a body part (in this case
both ears). However, this is not always the case, as evidenced in nakaskoyo:nki in which the verb stem is not reduplicated (or at least has not been so documented).
\qry Check possibility of forms such as /nakaskakanak/ and /nakastekakanaktik/, etc.
\grm Reduplication: Note that the reduplication of the verb stem in /nakastekakanak/ reflects a general process noted in many other cases; however, it does differ from
nakaskoyo:nki in which the verb stem is not reduplicated.
\semref i:nakas kone:joh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref nakastepalka
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref nakastlantepalka
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03559
\lxam i:xte:ntsotsoyo:tik
\lxam_c i:xte:ntsotsoyo:tik
\lxoa i:xté:ntsoyó:tik
\lxoa_c i:xté:ntsoyó:tik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound (N-N)-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-l)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have small eyes
\sense_s tener los ojos pequeños
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root tsoyo:
\qry The etymology of this word is unclear. Check to see if /tsoyo:tik/ is also found. If not, determine the base, which is perhaps related to /tsoyo:ni/ with the meaning of this word being
related to the shrinking that accompanies frying.
\qry_fon Check length of final /o:/ in all words having /tsoyo:tik/. I originally had a long /o:/ in this word for Oapan, but based on an analysis of the acoustics I have changed this to
a short vowel. I have continually switched back and forth on my analysis of the vowel length of /tsoyo:tik/.
\vl Link first male token.
\semref i:xte:mpipi:stik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xte:npi:pitik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xté:mpí:stik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref i:xte:mpitika:tsi:ntih
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03560
\lxam anjoli:n bu:rroh
\lxam_c anjoli:n bu:rroh
\lxoa a:jolkowbu:rroh
\lxoa_c a:jolkowbu:rroh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan ajonjolí; burro
\psm N
\compound N-(N-N)
\der N-complex (Am)
\sense_e long row of cut sesame plants left bundled and upright to dry in the field
\sense_s una larga hacina de plantas de ajonjolícortadas que se atan en manojos y se dejan paradas en el campo para secar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye tsonaka westok moanjolí:n bu:rroh, xkwahli o:nankitla:laktikeh punta:les.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your row of cut sesame plants is already leaning over, you didn't put the stake supports into the ground well.
\phrase_s Tu hacina de ajonjolíya se va cayendo, Uds. no metieron bien los puntales en la tierra.
\qry See the drawing/illustration with original 3x5 card. Check to see if /burroh/ can be used with the same meaning in reference to any other type of plant.
\nse The anjolí:n burroh refers to the cut sesame that is placed upright in rows, leaning one row against the other in a triangular setup, like a lean-to.
\mod Illustrate
\ref 03561
\lxam ma:tlatl
\lxam_c ma:tlatl
\lxoa ma:tlatl
\lxoa_c ma:tlatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of net, particularly of those used in catching huilotas
\sense_s tipo de red, particularmente la que se utiliza para atrapar huilotas
\sense_d Pending
\ncol i:ma:tl tokatl
\root ma:tla
\ref 03562
\lxam tlayo:ltla:hli
\lxam_c tlayo:ltla:hli
\lxoa tlayo:ltla:hli
\lxoa_c tlayo:ltla:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e maize mixed with earth that remains on the ground after the corn is shelled
\sense_s maíz mezclado con tierra que se queda en el suelo después de desgranar
\sense_d Pending
\root o:ya
\root tla:l
\ref 03563
\lxam tsi:npitentsi:n
\lxam_c tsi:npitentsi:n
\lxoa tsi:npitentsi:n
\lxoa_c tsi:npitentsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-b
\sense_e to be small-assed; to have a small butt
\sense_s tener las nalgas pequeñas
\sense_d Pending
\root tsi:n
\root piten
\semref tsi:ntebo:lah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03564
\lxam axtopa kayo:tl
\lxam_alt xtopa kayo:tl
\lxam_c axtopa kayo:tl
\lxoa axtopa kayo:tl
\lxoa_c xtopa kayo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-kayo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e first born (child or animal)
\sense_s primogénito (en cuanto a seres humanos o animales)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n On se:, axtopa kayo:tl, pero yo:nasikeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That one was first born, (a bull in this case) but they have evened out (i.e., another born later has achieved full size and now can work as well as the first born, it is just as
strong).
\phrase_s Aquel fue el primero que nació(un toro en este caso) pero ellos se han emparejado (otro nacido más tarde ha alcanzado su tamaño de adulto y ahora puede trabajar tan
bien como el que nacióprimero, ya los dos tienen la misma fuerza).
\root axto
\root -pa; -kayo:
\qry Elicit all the forms of /-kayo:tl/ possible.
\grm Note the use of /-kayo:tl/ here as elsewhere. Search for all forms and elicit additional ones.
\vl NOTE TO SELF: Recheck all occurrences of /axtopa/, perhaps this should be /axto:pa/. To Kevin: Here there should be an additional 4 tokens from what was originally
word /02285/, an entry that was a repeat and has since been deleted.
\ref 03565
\lxam milo:hli
\lxam_c milo:hli
\lxoa milo:hli
\lxoa_c milo:hli
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e hill
\sense_s cerrito; loma; colina
\sense_d Pending
\root mil
\qry Recheck to see if this is acceptable form, cf. to /tla:lmimilo:hli/. In another note I have mentioned that /milo:hli/ is the same as /mimilo:hli/ but that these words are seldom used in
Ameyaltepec, that they are more common in Oapan.
\vl Note that there are 4 extra tokens here, or should be, from the entry that was originaly 567.
\semref mimilo:hli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 03566
\lxam tla:lti:sayowa
\lxam_c tla:lti:sayowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Adj; ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to become covered with white spots from dried sweat and dust from whitish earth (e.g., clothes)
\sense_s cubrirse de manchas blancas por sudor secado mezclado con polvo de tierra blanca (p. ej., la ropa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tla:lti:sayowak mokoto:n pa:mpa o:timito:nih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your shirt got covered with white spots because you sweated.
\phrase_s Se manchóde blanca tu camisa porque sudaste.
\root tla:l
\root ti:sa
\semref tla:listayowa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03567
\lxam ke:san
\lxam_c ke:san weka
\lxoa ke:san
\lxoa_alt ke:xtsan
\lxoa_alt ke:xsan
\lxoa_c ke:xsan, ke:xtsan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\der Modal
\sense_e oh how!
\sense_s ¡quétanto!
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:san to:hla:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Oh how there are a lot of people!
\phrase_s ¡Quétanta gente hay!
\phrase_n Ke:san timitswelita! Tima:naskeh pa:mpa ke:san tikwaltsi:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Oh how I like your looks! We are going to get married because you are a real knock-out!
\phrase_s ¡Quétanto me gustas!¡Nos vamos a casar porque eres una belleza!
\sense_e how is it that?
\sense_s ¿cómo es qué?
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Ke:san timoka:wilitikah mopan tlakowa
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e How is it that you allowed him to get on your back?
\phrase_s ¿Cómo es que te dejaste que se te subiera por la espalda?
\phrase_n ¿Ke:xsan o:tikwala:n?¡Xka: te:h ni: xmila:k!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e How is it that you got mad? It's not even true!
\phrase_s ¿Cómo es que te enojaste?¡Pues ni es verdad!
\root ke:
\root san
\nse The Ameyaltepec entry could perhaps be written as two words, ke: san , but for now a single form has been used.
\qry Check vowel length of /e:/ and also look into possibility that this should be written as two words. Cf. to possible root /ken/ and cf. entry under /ke:/. All the expressions with /ke:/,
/keh/, etc. need to be revised and analyzed.
\vl Link first male token.
\ref 03568
\lxam otli
\lxam_c otli
\lxoa ótlí
\lxoa_c ótlí
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(h)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e path
\sense_s senda; vereda; camino
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne: ipan moowi, san ke:nkah umpa tlakaltok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There on the path that you take, it's lying there on the ground as always.
\phrase_s Allíen el camino que tomas, como siempre estáallítirado.
\phrase_n O:kasik otli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He took off.
\phrase_s Agarrósu camino.
\sense_e channel (where water or any other liquid flows)
\sense_s canal (donde pasa el agua o cualquier otro líquido)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San i:xmantok a:tl, o:te:niowi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The water is spread out flat (over a plain or some level ground), its channels got filled (and the water overflowed onto the land).
\phrase_s El agua estátendida sobre el suelo cubre todo, se llenósu canal (y por eso inundóuna area a su alrededor).
\sense_e (fig.) way; manner (in which sth should be done)
\sense_s (fig.) manera; camino (metafóricamente, en cuanto a como se hace o debe hacer algo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtla:ke:wa, yewa kimastok ke:no:n mistlatete:mili:s, ke:no:n yes, ke:no:n tikchi:was. Mitsakas otli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hire him, he knows how he will explain it to you, how it will be, what you will do it. He will show you the way.
\phrase_s Contrátolo aél,él sabe como te lo va a explicar, como va a ser, como lo vas a hacer. El te enseñarála manera de hacerlo.
\sense_e (san se: ~) directly; without detour or delay (i.e., in going someplace)
\sense_s (san se: ~ ~) directo; sin desviación ni demora (esto es, en ir a algún lugar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkaman noteltia, san se: otli yaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He never stops (on his way somewhere), he goes straight without any detour or delay.
\phrase_s Nunca se para (en ir a algún lugar), va derecho sin desviación ni demora.
\sense_e (possessed with -yo) grain (of a wood)
\sense_s (poseído con -yo) grano (de una madera)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Kakawana:n, melahka:n yawíowíyo, peya:stik, xma:malakaxtik.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e The cacahuanan tree, its grain goes in a line, it is straight, it is not crooked.
\phrase_s Elárbol cacahuanan, su grano va en una línea, va derecho, no estátorcido.
\ncol xo:panotli
\ncol xo:pan po:cho:tl
\ncol xo:pánotlí
\ncol xo:pan po:cho:tl
\root oh
\ref 03569
\lxam ko:lo:tl de bwe:yeh
\lxam_c ko:lo:tl de bwe:yeh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e type of large, black scorpion that lives in the ground and kills cattle
\sense_s tipo de alacrán negro y grande que vive en la tierra y mata al ganado
\sense_d Am
\root ko:lo:
\semref tla:lko:lo:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03570
\lxam ke:itlah
\lxam_alt ke:tlah
\lxam_c ke:itlah
\lxoa ké:tlá
\lxoa_c ké:tlá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Subord
\der Subord
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e as if (it were [noun])
\sense_s como si (fuera [sustantivo])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Deke tikasis wan tiktlampacho:s san yo:liktsi:n tikmatis ke:n kokó:k. Inakastlan ki:sa un kokó:k ke:itlah chi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If you catch it (the koko:ktsi:n) and hold it between your teeth, slowly you'll feel that it tastes hot (spicy). The hot taste comes out of its side, as it it were
chile.
\phrase_s Si lo agarras (al koko:ktsi:n) y lo sostienes entre los dientes, poco a poco lo vas a sentir picante. Lo picante sale de su lado, como si fuera chile.
\root ke:n
\root itlah
\nse The etymology of this word is uncertain. Apparently it derives from ke:n and itlah as manifested by the fact that Ameyaltepequeños and Oapanecos will
sometimes pronounce this as ke itlah , which is shortened in Ameyaltepec to ketlah. However, the Oapan form is different and thus might have a
different etymology. The first /e:/ is long (the length of the Ameyaltepec form will need to be rechecked from a recorded example); but most significantly, it manifests pitch accent,
which is a reflex of underlying {h}. Nevertheless, the possible origin of the underlying {h} is not clear.
\nae The origin of the first element in this phrase, ke , is unclear. Temporarily I have analyzed it as related to ke:n.
\nae The syntax of ke itlah is not altogether clear, but it appears to usually (if not always) precede a noun, which is the head of the subordinate adverbial clause.
Nevertheless, a complete review of the corpus will be necessary to determine whether this is exactly the case.
\vl Link 1st female token.
\qry_h Check
\ref 03571
\lxam pipi:nki
\lxam_c pipi:nki
\lxoa pipi:nki
\lxoa_c pipi:nki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Intrans; ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to be resistent, tough, stretchy, sinewy or fibrous; to be hard to tear apart (e.g., certain woods that are tough to split, such as tlakwa:mpets when it doesn't
dry properly, or tlamia:wahli ; meat that has a lot of veins; etc.)
\sense_s ser resistente; ser difícil de partir o destrozar (p. ej., hojas de maíz húmedas, algunas maderas difíciles de partir como el tlakwa:mpets cuando no se seca
bien, o tlamia:wahli ; algunas carnes)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tla:tlapayaw, pipi:nki un iswatl, xwel nikteki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It drizzled intermittently, the corn leaves are tough, I can't pull them off (the stem).
\phrase_s Lloviznópor ratos (intermitentemente), las hojas de maíz son resistentes, no las puedo arrancar (de los tallos).
\phrase_n Yo:ne:chsiawi:tih, melák pipi:nki, xwel niktlapa:na.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It really tired me out (in this case a piece of wood difficult to chop), it is really tough and fiberous, I can't split it.
\phrase_s Ya me hizo cansar (en este caso un tronco de madera difícil de partir), es muy resistente, no lo puedo partir.
\phrase_n Pipi:nki sintli kwa:k kama:wak, seki kohtli wel notsonteki pero xwel tlapa:ni pa:mpa pipi:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Maize plants when they are moist are pipi:nki , and some wood can be cut (crosswise) but it can't be split, because it is tough.
\phrase_s Cuando estáhúmeda la planta de maíz es pipi:nki , y algunas maderas se pueden cortar pero no se pueden partir (a lo largo) porque son fibrosas y
resistentes.
\phrase_n Deke tli:ltik motla:l, tla:ltesokitl, pipi:nki un tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If your land is black, it (forms) thick clods of mud, the earth is resistant to the plow (because it is sticky and heavy).
\phrase_s Si tu tierra es negra, (se hace) terrones de tierra, es resistente al arado (porque al mojarse con la lluvia se queda muy pesada).
\phrase_n Pipi:nki un kuwtli. Xwel niktlapa:na, ne:chweka:wi:ti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That wood (in this case firewood being chopped) is tough. I can't split it, it will keep me occupied for a long time.
\phrase_s Esa madera (en este caso leña para partir) es resistente. No lo puedo partir, me va a entretener mucho tiempo.
\root pi:n
\disamb pipi:nki; pipistik
\nse Pipi:nki refers to physical objects that are sinewy and hard to tear apart. Some consultants include corn leaves as potential subjects of this adjectival, but most
others claim that pipi:nki is more accurately used to refer to wood that is hard to split and meat that is tough to chew. On the other hand, iswatlis
more accurately referred to as pipixtik. Wood that is pipi:nki is not fully dried, corn leaves are those that have become moist and humid, such as
occurs with the morning dew.
\nde To date the intransitive verb pipi:nia has not been documented in the Balsas region. But Molina has two entries: pipinia 'humedecerse algo' and
pipinia. ni 'pararse flaco de vejez.' These are undoubtedly the same verb applied to different subjects. Note that the meaning of the intransitive verb in Classical ('to
become moist') and the adjectival in the Balsas region ('tough') are perhaps related, for the toughness is associated with moisture and resistence. In regard to the adjectival
pipinqui, Molina has 'cosa rezia y fuerte'; RS gives slightly expanded definitions. Thus he has pipinia. ni- 'hacerse fuerte, crecer, avanzar en edad o adelgazar,
quedar descarnado debido a la vejez' and pipinqui 'Fuerte, firme, viejo; ye pipinqui 'ya viejo, anciano, antiguo; pipinqui inacayo, viejo flaco,
arrugado; lit. su carne [está] vieja.' It thus seems that the basic meaning of pipi:nki is related to toughness such as leathery ol d skin, or othe r objects that are
similarly resistant.
\qry Check translation. Check for possible non-reduplicated forms.
\ref 03572
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be for /kwa:h/, but this is simply a phonetic variant on /(i)kwa:k/ and has been eliminated. /kwa:h/ is now simply an alternate pronunciation.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\ref 03573
\lxam po:so:lkwa
\lxam_c po:so:lkwa
\lxoa po:so:lkwa
\lxoa_c po:so:lkwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to eat pozole
\sense_s comer pozole
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlakwa:los, san po:so:lkwa:lo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e People won't have a full meal, they will just have pozole.
\phrase_s No va a haber una comida propia, solamente se comerápozole.
\root po:so:l
\root kwa
\vl Link 2nd female and 1st male token.
\ref 03574
\lxam ye
\lxam_c mo:stla yes
\lxoa ye
\lxoa_c mo:stla yes
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv Irregular; see kah
\sense_e suppletive stem for the copula and existential verb 'to be' in certain tenses and aspects (irrealis, eventual, impersonal)
\sense_s raíz supletiva para la cópula y el verbo existencial 'haber' en ciertos tiempos y aspectos (irrealis, eventual, impersonal)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Mo:stla yes refre:skos.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There will be soda tomorrow.
\phrase_s Mañana habrárefrescos
\phrase_n Ma:ka xkanah tiá:s, yes fie:stah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't go anywhere, there will be a fiesta!
\phrase_s ¡No vayas a ningún lado, va a haber una fiesta!
\sense_e (with locative or adverbial of place) to be present (in a specific location)
\sense_s (con un locativo o adverbial de lugar) estar presente (en un lugar dado o específico)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Umpa yelo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e People are over there.
\phrase_s Hay gente allá.
\phrase_n Nika:n yelo:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e People live here.
\phrase_s Hay gente viviendo aquí.
\root ye
\nae In Oapan Nahuatl the copula and existential 'to be' is extrametrical when monosyllabic (i.e., the pronunciation is [mo:s 'tla yes]). It could be written joined to the word as a postclitic
(e.g., mo:stlayes) but for reasons of tradition and to facilitate interdialect standardization it is written separately. The verb ye is irregular. Note that
in Oapan it is always found with a prefix, whereas in Ameyaltepec it can occur without one. Thus for the habitual/eventual, in Ameyaltepec one has yeni whereas in
Oapan one has onyeni (e.g., to describe a plant that is customarily or habitually found in a given location). This also applies to the form with kah as
in Ameyaltepec one can have kateh (as in ka:non kateh) whereas in Oapan one has, instead, onkatih (as in ka:non
onkatih).
\qry Check use of /yelo/. This would seem to be the impersonal of /ye/. However, not the phrase /nika:n yelo:k/ which my original file card said meant 'People are at home'. Check the
use of the perfective /-k/ in /yelo:k/ and compare to the absence of this perfective marker elsewhere.
\mod Perhaps include a link to the pitch contour for Oapan /mo:stla yes/ here.
\grm Copula: In Oapan Nahuatl the copula and existential 'to be' is extrametrical when monosyllabic (i.e., the pronunciation is [mo:s 'tla yes]). It could be written joined to the
word as a postclitic (e.g., mo:stlayes) but for reasons of tradition and to facilitate interdialect standardization it is written separately. The verb
ye is irregular. Note that in Oapan it is always found with a prefix, whereas in Ameyaltepec it can occur without one. Thus for the habitual/eventual, in
Ameyaltepec one has yeni whereas in Oapan one has onyeni (e.g., to describe a plant that is customarily or habitually found in a given
location). This also applies to the form with kah as in Ameyaltepec one can have kateh (as in ka:non kateh) whereas in
Oapan one has, instead, onkatih (as in ka:non onkatih).
\semref kah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03575
\lxam te:mbosa:ltia
\lxam_c kite:mbosa:ltia
\lxoa te:mposa:ltia
\lxoa_c kite:mposa:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan bozal
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to tie a rope around the snout of an animal (such as a mule, donkey, or horse) to serve as a rein
\sense_s amarrar un laso por el hocico de un animal (como una mula, burro o caballo) para servir como riendas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xte:mboza:lti moburroh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tie a rope around your donkey's snout (to serve as reins)!
\phrase_s ¡Echale un laso al hocico de tu burro (para riendas)!
\root te:n
\grm Possession: Intrinsic/alienable: Note that in Oapan the words /te:mposa:ltia/ and /te:mposahlo:tia/ are equivalent. It seems here that what occurred is that there are two
ways of considering the relationship between an animal and its"bozal"; if it is considered to be alienably possessed, then the form /te:mposa:ltia/ is understandable.
However, considered to be an intrinsic part of the animal, the verbalization is on a /-yo/ form, hence /te:mposahlo:tia/.
\semref te:mposahlo:ltia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03576
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was /sowa:kone:wati/ and has been removed. It still might be checked as a possible word but according to Florencia Marcelino, whose argument made eminent sense,
one would never say this because one never knows if the child is a boy or girl. (And perhaps even if one did know, it wouldn't be expressed in this way but rather analytically).
Nevertheless, ask Am speakers about this word.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 03577
\lxam oksepa
\lxam_c oksepa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e once again
\sense_s otra vez
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Mo:stla oksepa niá:s ipan tekitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tomorrow I will go to work once again.
\phrase_s Mañana otra vez voy a ir a trabajar.
\phrase_n Oksepa xkito!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Say it again!
\phrase_s ¡Dílo otra vez!
\sense_e (~ yes) (it'll be) another time
\sense_s (~ yes) (va a ser) otra vez
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:ne:chwisok pero nimokwepi:lti:s, oksepa yes.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He beat up on me, but I'll get back, there'll be another time.
\phrase_s Me golpeópero me voy a vengar, habráotra vez.
\root ok
\root sek
\root_rel -pa
\nde Although in Ameyaltepec oksepa has a single /p/, it is equivalent to Classical occeppa (which Molina glosses as 'otra vez').
\qry In the filecard I have this recorded with a short vowel. However, for /o:kpa/ I have a note saying that the vowel for /o:kpa/ is definitely long and should be changed to such in all
entries. Probably this does not apply to /oksepa/, with a different /ok/, but this should be checked. At any rate, the long vowel here (as in all words beginning with /ok/ or /o:k/, is
provisional and should be checked. Check length of /wisoki/ in phrase above and correct if necessary.
\vl This entry was changed and Oapan /sápá/ is a separate entry. Tag the 4 tokens here for association with entry 02110. There then follow several tokens of /kiawi:lo/ which
for reasons I don't understand are here. Obviously the original entry was changed. These should all be tagged as 00191, with the relevant continuations.
\semref sepa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref sápá
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03578
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was a duplicated entry for /kiyawi:lo/ which has been combined with another (190) for this same word.
\vl Tag tokens here to word reference 191.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03579
\lxam ko:ola:wa
\lxam_c ko:ola:wa
\lxoa koha:la:wa
\lxoa_c koha:la:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound S-N
\der N-dvb-0
\infn N1
\sense_e generic name for tree that includes two species, one red (in Ameyaltepec ko:ola:wa chi:chi:ltik) and one white (in Ameyaltepec ko:ola:wa
ista:k)
\sense_s nombre genérico de unárbol que incluye dos especies una roja (en Ameyaltepec ko:ola:wa chi:chi:ltik) y otra blanca (en Ameyaltepec ko:ola:wa
ista:k)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e specific name for the tree known in Ameyaltepec as ko:ola:wa chi:chi:ltik
\sense_s nombre específico delárbol conocido en Ameyaltepec como ko:ola:wa chi:chi:ltik
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root kow
\root a:la:
\nse Whereas in Ameyaltepec the term koo:la:wa is a generic that embraces two species, in Oapan to date consultants have identified only on tree by this name, which is
called simply koha:la:wa.
\nae From the Ameyaltepec term koo:la:wa the etymology is quite uncertain. However, the Oapan equivalent, koha:la:wa suggests {kow + a:la:wa} and this
is the etymology that has been recorded for now. Note that /h/ is syllable final. Despite the etymology given Chen Díaz (Am) stated that he hears the first of the two /o/s as long.
With koo:lo:tlhe hears the second as long.
\notes_nature According to Emidio Rosendo the branches of the koo:la:wa are occasionally used for china:ntli. Ramírez (1991) has no plant of this name;
Ramírez and Dakin (1979) have coo:lo:tl identified as cuahuilote. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:164) have a tree of the family
Sterculiaceaeof the genus/species Guazuma ulmifolia, known is Spanish by several names: cuauhlote, masacote, cuayolote,or
cuajilote. Schoenhals (1988) has a listing for cuaulote, identified as Guazuma ulmifoliaand in English called"pricklenut tree."She cross-references
this to guácimo, another name for Guazuma ulmifoliaand under which she states:"'pricklenut tree' A tree of the cacao family which has many
medicinal uses. Common in second-growth seasonal forests in the lowlands. Flowers are small and fragrant. Also called cuaulote, majagua, palote negro."
\grm Phonology; orthography: Note that in Oapan /koha:la:wa/, the /h/ is a coda and syllable division is koh + a: + la: + wa. However, this should be checked with a
phonetician.
\qry Also it is not clear if this is a bush or tree, check. Check for possible final /h/.
\semref koo:lo:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03580
\lxam kamaye:rbah
\lxam_c kamaye:rbah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) yerba
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\sense_e fungus or infection in the mouth
\sense_s hongos o una infección en la boca
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwalahki:sa moburroh, kipia kamaye:rbah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your burro is dripping saliva, he has a fungus infection in his mouth.
\phrase_s A tu burro se le sale saliva, tiene hongos en la boca.
\phrase_n Ki:stok ikwalak, kipias kamaye:rbah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Saliva is coming out of his mouth, he probably has kamaye:rbah (a type of mouth infection or fungus).
\phrase_s Se le estásaliendo saliva por la boca, a lo mejor tiene kamaye:rbah (un tipo de infección o hongo en la boca).
\root kama
\qry Check with Spanish speakers the actual name of the disease and also find out whether it is only found on certain animals, such as equines.
\semref ye:rbah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref kamayé:rbayóh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03581
\lxam pa:ka
\lxam_c kipa:ka
\lxoa pa:ka
\lxoa_c kipa:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to wash (particularly clothes)
\sense_s lavar (ropa en particular)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to wash off (dishes, metate, table tops); to rinse out (ones mouth, a container, etc.)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) limpiar; lavar (platos, metates, mesas); enjuagar (la boca, un recipiente, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xpapa:ka mokamak!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Rinse out your mouth!
\phrase_s ¡Enjuágate la boca!
\root pa:ka
\nae In Ameyaltepec the pronunciation of the reduplicated papa:ka is occasionally heard as pupa:ka. Several consultants from Oapan were asked if the
causative exists and all said that they had never heard it, although Roberto Mauricio did accept the possiblity of a form such as tlapa:kaltia and later gave an example
of how it might be used. For further discussion see tlapa:kaltia.
\qry Determine whether there is a causative ?pa:kaltia.
\semref a:pa:ka
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref pa:kilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlapa:kaltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03582
\lxam yeti:a
\lxam_c yeti:a
\lxoa yeti:a
\lxoa_c yeti:a
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to feel ones legs heavy (e.g., when tired, etc.)
\sense_s sentir las piernas pesadas (p. ej., al haberse cansado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San titla:tlaka:lotia:s, tiyeti:xtia:s, o:tisiaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will just go inching along with your legs stiff and open, you will go along feeling a burden on your legs, you got tired.
\phrase_s Solamente vas caminando despacio con las piernas tiesas y medio abiertas, vas sintiendo las piernas pesadas, te cansaste.
\root ye
\ref 03583
\lxam tlakechilihloh
\lxam_c tlakechilihloh
\lxoa tlakechilihloh
\lxoa_c tlakechilihloh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to have been made longer (e.g., a rope or strap, an amate) by having had another piece or section attached
\sense_s estar alargado (p. ej., un laso o riata, an amate) por habersele agregado otro pedazo o sección
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitas ika tlakechilihloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will notice that it has been added on to.
\phrase_s Va a ver que es algo que ha sido aumentado.
\root kechi
\grm Complementation: Note the following: /Kitas ika tlakechi:hloh./ 'He will notice that it has been added on to.' Here /ita/ is a complement-taking verb and the complement
phrase is introduced by /ita/.
\qry_fon Recheck lengths of final /i/.
\ref 03584
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was the entry for /tsopi:lo:kuhtli/. It has been deleted as a duplicate; see 919.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03585
\lxam o:lo:tl
\lxam_c o:lo:tl
\lxoa o:lo:tl
\lxoa_c o:lo:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e corncob (having been stripped of its kernels)
\sense_s olote
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) corn cob of (an elote)
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) olote de (un elote)
\sense_d Pending
\root o:lo:
\qry Check whether intrinsic possession is acceptable (?/-o:lo:yo/).
\ref 03586
\lxam ika o:kpa suwa:tl
\lxam_c ika o:kpa isuwa:w
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Adj-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e second wife
\sense_s segunda esposa
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Yewa ika o:kpa nosuwa:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is my second wife
\phrase_s Ella mi segunda esposa
\root o:k
\root sowa:
\root_rel -pa
\nse The expressions noo:kpasowa:w and ika o:kpa nosowa:w are equivalent in Ameyaltepec. In Oapan one says only ya o:hpa i:siwa:w.
Note that o:kpasowa:tl is rarely found in unpossessed form.
\semref o:kpa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03587
\lxam kakalatsa
\lxam_c kikakalatsa
\lxoa kakalatsa
\lxoa_c kikakalatsa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ka[freq]
\lexical Op. pref. te-
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to rattle or rustle
\sense_s traquetear o producir un sonido como de sonaja
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nihkakalats so:ya:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I rustled the palm.
\phrase_s Hice traquetear la palma.
\phrase_n Kikakalastok un a:yakaxtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is rattling that rattle.
\phrase_s Estáhaciendo sonar esa sonaja.
\sense_e (with te- and aspectual -tiw) to kick the bucket (i.e., to die)
\sense_s (con te- y aspectual -tiw) estirar la pata (esto es, morir)
\sense_d Pending
\root kala:
\vl Florencia originally says /kika:kalahtia/. This should be marked under 3630. Note that in the 1st series of 4, Inocencio mistakenly utters /kikikalatsa/, don't tag this. For the
male token, link 1st pronunciation of the first series of 4, since in the second repeated series he is overly careful and slow.
\xref tlakakalastiw
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref kala:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03588
\lxam a:yo:tsi:nkwepa
\lxam_c na:yo:tsi:nkwepa
\lxoa á:yotsi:nkópa
\lxoa_pr á:yotsi:nkopa
\lxoa_c ná:yotsi:nkópa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b-refl
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes
\sense_e (refl.) to do a somersault or tumble on the ground (placing ones head on the ground in front of ones knees and then tumbling forward); to do a somersault in the air
\sense_s (refl.) hacer maromas sobre el piso (poniéndo la frente sobre el suelo delante de las rodillas y volteándose hacia adelante); hacer maromas en el aire
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:na:yo:tsi:nkwep.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He did a somersault on the ground.
\phrase_s Hizo una maroma sobre el piso.
\sense_e (refl.) to boil hard (beans)
\sense_s (refl.) hervir agitadamente (frijoles)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl.) for ones eyes to roll up into ones head (as when one is drunk or on the verge of fainting)
\sense_s (refl.) voltearsele los ojos hacia adentro (p. ej., cuando uno estáborracho o a punto de desmayarse)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w na:yo:tsi:nkwepa mi:xtewa:n, ye titla:wa:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your eyes have started to roll up into your head, you are already getting drunk.
\phrase_s Ya empezaron a voltearse tus ojos hacia atrás, ya te estás emborrachando.
\root a:yo:
\root tsi:n
\root kwepa
\nae The vowel lenght in Oapan á:ytsi:nkópa is hard to determine. The cognate form in Tetelcingo, Morelos, has what is the equivalent in this dialect of three initial long
vowels: a:yo:tsi:nkwepa. In Oapan it seems that the initial /a:/ is long and the off-glide short. For reasons of orthographic convention the initial sound has been represented
as a glide /a:y/, with the pitch accent on the /á:/. The /o:/ is lost. Note that in the speech of both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez the total length of this sequence falls
between 150 and 170 ms. This is long, but the division into /a/ and /i/ is not clearly longer at either of the two targets. Note also that in Ameyaltepec my original analysis had a long
/o:/. Likewise, the etymology is not altogether clear. Molina has ayotzincuepa. nin 'voltear o trepar al modo de españa.' RS has an equivalent translation, but adds 'dar
volteretas, girar, trepar.' He suggests the possibility that it might be derived from ayot l (i.e., a:yo:tl 'tortoise' but has a question mark there.
\qry Determine whether this verb can be used transitively or if a transitive form (e.g., causative) exists. Check again whether this means sumersault or backflip.
\vl Link second female token and second male token. NOTE TO SELF: Have a phonetician look at these sound sequences.
\ref 03589
\lxam tepi:tsiwi
\lxam_c tepi:tsiwi
\lxoa tepi:tsiwi
\lxoa_c tepi:tsiwi
\dt 20/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to harden (particularly, though not only, things that should be hard in their normal state); to get firm and tough (e.g. meat)
\sense_s endurecerse (particularmente, pero no solamente, cosas que deben estar duras en su estado normal); ponerse macizo o firme (p. ej., la carne)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tepi:tsiw, puroh ye:loh itik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's gotten hard (in this case a drink that froze), it's all ice inside.
\phrase_s Se endureció(en este caso una bebida que se congeló), es puro hielo adentro.
\phrase_n Yo:tepi:tsiw pa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The bread has gotten hard.
\phrase_s Se endureció el pan.
\phrase_n Un i... ikechkuwyotsi:n kikxitian ipan tekohli wa:n itsontekon, para ma tepi:tsiwi. Ya: hkon kontla:lian pan caldo, xok xiti:ni.
\snd_am 03589_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 10:35
\phrase_e They roast its [a chicken's] neck on the coals with its head, so that it gets firm. Then they place it in the soup like this, it doesn't come apart anymore.
\phrase_s Cuecen su cuellito [de una gallina] sobre las brazas con la cabeza, para que se macice. Así lo ponen en el caldo, ya no se deshace.
\sense_e to get stuck in (e.g., an axe in a tree being cut, an arm in a tight place, etc.)
\sense_s atorarse en (p. ej., una hacha en unárbol que estaba siendo tumbado, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root tepi:ts
\disamb kuhpitsiwi; kuhtia; tepi:tsiwi
\nse The second vowel, /i:/, is definitely long. Compare to kuhpitsiwi in which apparently a root with similar meaning has a short vowel.
\qry Determine whether this is /te-/ plus /pi:tsiwi/. Or, at least, comment on the root.
\ref 03590
\lxam kostik xo:chitl
\lxam_c kostik xo:chitl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e generic name for various herbaceous plants of the Asteraceae family, all of which have bright yellow flowers
\sense_s nombre genérico de varias plantas herbáceas de la familia Asteraceae, todas las cuales tienen flores amarillas
\sense_d Am
\sense_e specific plant of the Asteraceae family, the unmarked term for kostik xo:chitl pi:pitik
\sense_s planta específica de la familia Asteraceae, el término no marcado para kostik xo:chitl pi:pitik
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld fl
\root kos
\root xo:ch
\notes_nature Not yet identified. Apparently this is distinct from ko:saltsi:n. Ramírez (1991) gives and describes this flower, which is mentioned as being of the family
Compositae. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the Rosamaría.
\semfld flower
\qry Check whether this is the same as /kokostik xo:chitl/.
\semref kokostik xo:chitl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 03591
\lxam ye:lo:a:to:hli
\lxam_c ye:lo:a:to:hli
\lxoa ye:lo:a:to:hli
\lxoa_c ye:lo:a:to:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of atole made with green corn (ye:lo:tl)
\sense_s tipo de atole hecho con elote
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xikxixi:ma ye:lo:tl para tike:kchi:was ye:lo:a:to:hli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Cut the kernels of corn off the green ear in order to make atole de elote!
\phrase_s ¡Quítales los granos de maíz del elote para hacer atole de elote.
\semfld food
\root ye:lo:
\root a:to:l
\ency_note a:to:hli
\mod See entry under /a:to:hli/ for types of this dish.
\ref 03592
\lxam ay
\lxam_c ay melá:k kokó:k
\lxoa ay
\lxoa_c Ay nona:ntsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\der Inter
\sense_e oh!
\sense_s ¡ay!
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ay nona:ntsi:n, o:tiki:xpoloh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Oh my goodness, you ruined it!
\phrase_s ¡Ay diós! lo echaste a perder.
\semfld Gender: female
\nse The exclamation Ay nona:ntsi:n is used only by females; hence only a female's voice is heard. The exclamation Ay! however, is not as
gender specific though still mostly a female phrase.
\vl Note that the phrase /Ay nona:ntsi:n/ is used only by female. Hence simply link the first token here.
\ref 03593
\lxam yeyekako:ntli
\lxam_c yeyekako:ntli
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(m)
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e hole in the ground from which air rushes out and rises in a whirlwind (occasionally making a whistling sound)
\sense_s hoyo en la tierra desde donde sale aire fuerte que sube en un remolino (ocasionalmente haciendo un sonido como de silbido)
\sense_d Am
\semfld topography
\root e:ka
\root ko:m
\ref 03594
\lxam a:hwa
\lxam_c a:hwa
\lxoa a:hwa
\lxoa_c a:hwa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(int)
\der Pr-int
\sense_e Who knows?
\sense_s ¿Quién sabe?
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:hwa! Xnikmati newa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Who knows? I don't know!
\phrase_s ¿Quién sabe?¡No lo séyo!
\root a:hwa-3-
\nae The derivation or etymology of a:hwa is problematical. Ameyaltepec does not have surface /h/ derived from underlying {h}. In addition, there is no pitch accent
marked in the Oapan cognate a:hwa, more evidence that the surface /h/ is not underlying. However, it is not clear where it comes from. It could, however, be a
borrowing from other dialects that have surface /h/. Carochi, however, notes the particle ach which placed in front of interrogative adverbials indicates that speaker does
not know the answer to a question. Thus Ach ca:mpa 'I don't know where.'
\qry Although I had this note:"The first vowel of this word is definitely short and should be corrected to a short /a/ in all entries,"it appears that the vowel is long. At least this is the
impression that the students in the literacy workshop have.
\vl Use second female token as linked to entry.
\ref 03595
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an erroneous error for /tla:ltepo:so:hli/; it has been eliminated, cf. /tla:ltepo:so:lin/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03596
\lxam tekwisiri
\lxam_alt tekwisitli
\lxam_c tekwisiri
\lxoa tekwísitlí
\lxoa_c tekwísitlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e crayfish; crab
\sense_s cangrejo del río; cangrejo
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\root tekwisih
\nse Apparently in Ameyaltepec tekwisiri is used both for crayfish and salt-water crabs. Luis Lucena, a consultant from this village classified tekwisiri as a
type of michin. In Ameyaltepec tekwisiri is almost exclusively used, not tekwisitli ; the reason for the phonological shift to /r/ is not
clear. However, in Oapan one does find tekwísitlí, where the pitch accent is a reflex of the underlying {h} that closes the stem.
\ref 03597
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry, for /teteilpia/ has been eliminated as a duplicate of another entry.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03598
\lxam ma:kwi:tia
\lxam_c kima:kwi:tia
\lxoa ma:kwi:tia
\lxoa_c kima:kwi:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ca
\trans ~Base
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to hand directly over to; to place in the hand of
\sense_s entregar directamente a; colocar en la mano de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xo:tine:chma:kwi:tih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You didn't hand it to me directly.
\phrase_s No me lo entregaste directamente.
\root ma:
\root kwi
\qry Apparently monotransitive form ?/ma:kwi/ does not exist, but this should be checked.
\grm The behavior of /kwi/ with causatives and incorporated nouns is interesting and should be further studied.
\vl Link 2nd female token. NOTE TO SELF: Recheck phonetics of /-i:tia/ sequence in all causatives from /kwi/. This should be one"set"for comparison.
\ref 03599
\lxam tlako:me:meka
\lxam_c tlako:me:meka
\lxoa tlako:me:meka
\lxoa_c tlako:me:meka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn N1
\sense_e type of very thin insect as yet unidentified (in Oapan, at least, many consultants classified this as a type of chapolin)
\sense_s tipo de insecto muy delgado, hasta ahora no identificado (por lo menos en Oapan, muchos asesores lo clasificaron como un tipo de chapolin)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlako:me:meka, iwa:n noki:tskian chapolin, no: wel nokwa, no: me:roh ihkón nekwisti. Pitsaktsi:n, so:lo ma:we:weyak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tlako:me:meka , it is similar to the chapolin , it is also edible, it smells just like it. It is thin, only that it has long arms.
\phrase_s El tlako:me:meka , es parecido al chapolin , también es comestible, también huele mero comoél. Es delgado, solamente que tiene los
brazos largos.
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root tlako:
\root me:ka
\ency_note chapolin
\nse The etymology of tlako:me:meka is complicated by the fact that word-medial {h} is lost in Ameyaltepec. But it seems to be derived from tlako:tl. The
second element might be the root meka as in mekatl. Perhaps a description and identification of this insect will contribute to an understanding of its
etymology. According to Roberto Mauricio there are male and female sexes of this insect. The female is thicker, the male is very thin. Roberto Mauricio stated that this is not a
chapolineven though it is eaten and ínekwísti ke:n chapolin.
\nae The plural of this noun is formed with the endings -meh (Am) or -mih (Oa).
\qry Check for final /h/. Check for possiblity of /tlakome:meka/ with short /o/, as some filecards had the /o/ short. Check /we-/ reduplicant in /ma:weweyak/ for vowel length.
\grm Oapan phonology; vowel length: note that the spectrogram for this word would provide a good screen shot for a web version of a phonology guide to Nahuatl.
\ref 03600
\lxam toma
\lxam_c kitoma
\lxoa toma
\lxoa_c kitoma
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-mi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to unhitch (e.g., oxen from a yoke)
\sense_s desatar y soltar (p. ej., bueyes de un yugo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtoma nobwe:yeh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Unhitch my ox (from a yugo)!
\phrase_s ¡Desata mi buey (del yugo)!
\sense_e (fig.) to undo (the harm done by stepping over a child lying on the ground; this harm is undone by stepping back over the same child)
\sense_s (fig.) deshacer (el daño hecho al pasar sobre un niño acostado en el suelo; este daño se deshace al volver a pisar sobre el mismo niño)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtoma! O:tpancholwih nopo:tsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Undo it! You've stepped over my little daughter (who was lying on the ground).
\phrase_s ¡Deshazlo! Pasaste sobre mi hijita (que estaba acostada por el suelo).
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to untie (a knot); to unhitch (e.g., untying and removing a rope, cable, cord, etc., that was tied to sth)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) desatar (un nudo) soltar (un laso, soga, cordón, etc. que estaba atado a algo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtotoma, nihkwis imekayo!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Untie it (in this case a rope around a canteen), I'm going to use its rope!
\phrase_s ¡Desátalo (en este caso el mecate de una cantimplora), voy a utilizar su mecate.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to untie (an animal that is hitched to sth, a person tied up, etc.)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) desatar (un animal atado a un poste,árbol, etc., o una persona atada por las manos, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitotomas, kwi:kas kanah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will untie it (or unhitch it, in this case an animal tied up), he will take it somewhere.
\phrase_s Lo va a desatar (en este caso un animal atado a algo), se lo va a llevar a algún lado.
\phrase_n Xne:xtotoma!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Untie me!
\phrase_s ¡Desátame!
\sense_e (refl.) to uncoil (a snake)
\sense_s (refl.) desenroscarse (una culebra)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w notoma un kowatl, yo:isak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That snake has started to uncoil, it's awoke.
\phrase_s Esa culebra ya empezóa desenroscarse, ya se despertó.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to unravel (a tangled cord, etc., that must be slowly undone); to untwist (e.g., a taught rope or riata)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) desenredar; desenmarañar (un hilo, cuerda, mecate, laso, etc., que se tiene que enderezar despacio); desenroscar o quitar lo retorcido
de (una riata muy apretada y torcida o enroscada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xto:toma! o:ko:tsi:liw moi:loh. Ma mela:wi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Unravel it! your cord has gotten twisted up. I want it to become straight.
\phrase_s ¡Desenrédalo! tu hilo se enroscó.¡Qúe se ponga derecho!
\phrase_n Xto:toma, tetsi:liwtok!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Untwist it (e.g., a wire that is twisted and coiled), it is tightly twisted up!
\phrase_s ¡Desenróscalo (p. ej., un alambre que estáenroscado), esta bien retorcido!
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to untangle (e.g., an animal that has gotten wrapped up up in its own tether)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) desenredar (p. ej., un animal que se enredóen su propio laso)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nomekanih, kito:tomas para ma:ka nomikti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's gotten tangled up in its tether (e.g., a burro, horse, etc.), he will untangle it so that it doesn't get killed.
\phrase_s Se enredóen su propia soga (p. ej., un burro, caballo, etc.), lo va a desenredar para que no se mata.
\root tom
\nse The meaning of toma in the phrase Xtoma! o:tpancholwih nopo:tsi:n refers to the action of reversing direction and stepping back over a child
(now for a second time) lying on the ground that one had just stepped over. The belief is that if one steps over a child, he or she will not grow big, and thus one must undo this by
stepping back over the same child to undo the potential harm. This meaning of toma is virtually the only time it occurs in unreduplicated form. (There is one
documented case of toma being used in unreduplicated form in reference to unhitching a team of oxen from a yoke, but this needs to be checked and confirmed.) The
use of totoma with short vowel reduplication refers to the untying of a knot; the object of this construction may be the knot, the rope or cord itself, or the person or
animal tied up. Thus it refers to untying something that it tied, or knotted, but that is not tangled. However, with long vowel reduplicati on the me aning is 'to unravel,' slowly undoing
one tangled section after another, or, such as occurs with a new riata, to untwist a tightly twisted rope.
\qry Check /xtoma/ as meaning to unhitch an ox from a yoke (or from another ox sharing a yoke). Note that it is unclear whether /xtoma nobwe:yeh/ is used only with one ox and
/xtotoma/ with two, or whether /xtoma/ is used in reference to the team. Also, of course, the unreduplicated form here might be in error, in which case it should be corrected. Check
for reflexive form and whether the same meaning of 'to fill out' is found here as with /a:toma/ and /tla:kayo:toma/. If this is the case then perhaps /toma/ should be related to /tomatl/
and, even, /toma:wa/, etc.
\root_notes The possible connection between the word /toma/ (and what I have analyzed as the root /tom/ from this word) and the root /toma:/ from /toma:wa/ should not be discarded
given the meaning of 'to fill out' for /toma/ in words such as /a:toma/ and /tla:kayo:toma/.
\vl Use first female token.
\semref a:toma
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tla:kayo:toma
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref tomilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref tlatoma
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03601
\lxam chichi
\lxam_c chichi
\lxoa chichi
\lxoa_c chichi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e dog
\sense_s perro
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (we:i ~) big shot; top dog; número uno (pl. tiuwe:i chichimeh or tiuwe:imeh chichimeh (Am))
\sense_s (we:i ~) el mero-mero; (irónico) el más importante (una persona); el número uno (pl. tiuwe:i chichimeh o tiuwe:imeh
chichimeh ((Am))
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tiwe:i chichi yes.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You're going to be a big shot.
\phrase_s Vas a ser el número uno.
\phrase_n Milá:k tila:wak motlaxkal, san ke:n chichi tlaxkalwiya!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Your tortillas are really thick, just like a dog might make tortillas (i.e., since dogs can eat thick tortillas)!
\phrase_s Tus tortillas son muy gruesas, como un perro las echaría.
\semfld animal
\semfld domes
\root chichi itskwintli
\nse In Ameyaltepec, at least, chichi cannot be possessed; for possession, the suppletive form itskwintli is employed. Note that in other central Guerrero
villages, such as Acatlán, forms such as mochichi do occur. Note finally, that the proper name of a dog may be possessed. I often heard Katli mowa:pan?
'Where is your (dog named) Oapan?'
\root_notes Notice the possibility that chichi might be a repetitive construction of the stem -(i)tskwin.
\grm Plural; NP: Note that according to Cristino Flores the plural of /we:i chichi/ is /tiuwe:i chichimeh/. It is possible to analyze this as /we:ichichi/ in which both the compounded
attributive and the noun are pluralized (the first with reduplication and the second with the nominal ending).
\ref 03602
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for Am /kwa:xklerah/. It has since been removed and /kwa:xkle:rah/ added as an alternative pronunciation to /kwa:xtlerah/.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\vl The Oapan word /kwa:xte:roh/ is a duplicate of entry 1158. Tag the tokens here with 01158.
\ref 03603
\lxam malakateyo:hli
\lxam_c malakateyo:hli
\lxoa malakateyo:hli
\lxoa_c malakateyo:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e hard clay ball, usually with a design, that is placed on the shaft of a spindle-whorl
\sense_s bolita de barro cocido, generalmente con elaborado con un diseño, que se coloca sobre la madera de un malacate
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tool-house
\root malaka
\root te
\root yo:l
\mod Illustrate.
\grm Oapan phonology: Check length of /o:/. It is probably long, but this word might be a good example of how overall word length has an impact on vowel duration. This aspect
of phonology has been studied.
\vl Link first female token.
\ref 03604
\lxam yenkwik
\lxam_c yenkwik
\lxoa yenkwik
\lxoa_c yenkwik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\pss N
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\sense_e to be new
\sense_s ser nuevo
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be a novice; to be new (at a task)
\sense_s ser novato; ser noviciado (a una tarea)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:mantsi:n me:roh nanyenkwikeh, nankito:nwian wan nankiyewalwian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are newlyweds, you got at it during the day and you go at it during the night.
\phrase_s Son ustedes recién casados, lo hacen (el amor) durante el día y lo hacen durante la noche.
\root yenkwi
\qry Determine how best to code this, as a predicate adjective in the second sense, or as a noun. If the latter, perhpas a separate entry.
\ref 03605
\lxam ma:nenemi
\lxam_c ma:nenemi
\lxoa má:nenémi
\lxoa_pr ma:nenemi
\lxoa_c má:nenémi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a(m)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to crawl
\sense_s andar a gatas; gatear
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tiktlaksaltitiá:s moma wan mokxi, tima:nenemis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will go along placing your weight on your arms and legs, you will crawl.
\phrase_s Vas a ir cargando tu peso sobre los brazos y piernas, vas a andar a gatas.
\semfld motion
\root ma:
\root nemi
\nse The work ma:nenemi refers to the action of crawling and not to the action of a child, or anyone, just dragging himself along by his hands. For this
ma:tila:na is used reflexively.
\semref tsi:nwila:na
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03606
\lxam ista:kwistli
\lxam_c ista:kwistli
\lxoa ista:hwistli
\lxoa_c ista:hwistli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Adj-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e Acacia pennatula, small tree of the Mimosaceae family
\sense_s Acacia pennatula, pequeñoárbol de la familia Mimosaceae
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ista:kwistli | Bwe:noh para tlikuwtli, para titlayewaltsakwas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Ista:kwistli : It is good for firewood, for enclosing an area with a fence.
\phrase_s Ista:kwistli : Es bueno para leña, para cercar unaárea.
\root sta
\root wits
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\notes_nature The wood of this tree is good for firewood (bwe:noh para tlikuhtli) and, according to Emidio Rosendo, for china:ntli. Ramírez (1991) and
Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this plant as the espino blanco. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) have nothing with a similar name. However, this might be an
acacia. If so, Guizar and Sánchez (pp. 98 and 99) offer two acacias (of the family Leguminosae; mimosoideaewith the word blanco in their names:
Acacia coulteri, known as the palo blanco and Acacia pennatulaknown as the cubata blanca or cenizo. It would
seem that the latter more closely matches the description of the ista:kwistli
\qry I have written this as one word, although perhaps a complex form /ista:k wistli/ would be correct. Check if possible although accentual pattern, i.e. /a:/ not accented as in /istáñk/
suggests single word analysis. Check whether this is classified as a /kuhtli/ or /kuhtsi:ntli/.
\vl Link second male token.
\ref 03607
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was for /A:molo:nka:n/ an Am toponym that is now in the toponym database.
\vl Even though this entry has been removed to another database, tag the files as if it were here. We just won't link anything.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03608
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was a duplicate for /ma:imati/ and has since been eliminated as a duplicate.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03609
\lxam tla:wi:hli
\lxam_c tla:wi:hli
\lxoa tla:wi:hli
\lxoa_c tla:wi:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e light
\sense_s luz
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xo:tlame:tsi:n no: kipia itla:wi:l, tla:tla:wi:lowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A firefly also has its light, it intermittantly gives off light (flickering on and off at more or less constant intervals).
\phrase_s La luciérnaga también tiene su luz, ilumina con luz intermitente (encendiéndose y apagándose en intervalos más o menos constantes).
\sense_e candle; flashlight; torch (i.e., any of various devices used to shed light)
\sense_s vela; lámpara eléctrica; antorcha (esto es, cualquier de varias cosas que se utilizan para arrojar luz)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chpale:wi ika motla:wi:l, xok nitlachia! Xne:chtla:wi:lwitiw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Help me out with your light (e.g., flashlight, torch, etc.)! Go along illuminating (the way) for me!
\phrase_s ¡Ayúdame con tu luz (p. ej., de una lámpara eléctica)!¡Ve echándome luz!
\phrase_n Mosa:ntoh xkipia itla:wi:l. Tle:ka xtiktlatlikwi:ltilia?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your saint (on a household altar) doesn't have a votive candle. Why don't you light a candle for it?
\phrase_s Tu santo (en un altar particular de una casa) no tiene su veladora.¿Por quéno le prendas una veladora?
\sense_e (alienable possession) guiding light of [possessor]
\sense_s (posesión enajenable) guía o luz de [poseedor]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mitstla:wi:l mosuwa:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are the guiding light of your wife (however, given that in the marriage ceremony she also holds a candle in front of you, or next to you, she is also
motla:wi:l).
\phrase_s Eres la luz guía de tu esposa, y ella también es tu guía (sin embargo, dado que durante la ceremonia de boda ella también sostiene una vela enfrente de o junto a tí, ella
también es motla:wi:l).
\sense_e (alienable possession) bright star that follows or is near (a constellation)
\sense_s (posesión enajenable) estrella brillante que le sigue o que estácerca de (una constelación)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:tla:wi:l Miák, kwa:lto:ka se: we:i si:tlalin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The following light of the Pleiades, (it is) one large star comes following after it.
\phrase_s Es la luz de los pleiades, es una gran estrella que le viene siguiendo.
\sense_e (fig., i:tla:wi:l komisa:rioh) town secretary (to the mayor, called this because in knowing how to read and write he illuminates the way for the town mayor)
\sense_s (fig., i:tla:wi:l komisa:rioh) escribano del pueblo (del comisario, asíllamado por al saber leer y escribir, ilumina las decisiones del comisario)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:n komisa:rioh, xkipia itla:wi:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e This village mayor does not have a secretary (town scribe).
\phrase_s Ese comisario (alcalde del pueblo) no tiene su escribano.
\root tla:wi:l
\notes_nature In its acceptation referring to a star, i:tla:wi:l refers to one large bright star that follows a constellation. The Pleiades has such a star (not yet identified).
Orion (called in Nahuatl ara:doh also has its single bright following star, Sirius, called in Nahuatl i:tla:wi:l ara:doh.
\semref i:tla:wi:l ara:doh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ará:do i:tlá:wi:l
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03610
\lxam chi:chi:lka:moradi:toh
\lxam_c chi:chi:lka:moradi:toh
\lxoa chi:chi:lka:mora:doh
\lxoa_c chi:chi:lka:mora:doh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) morado
\compound Part-Adj
\der Adj-loan
\sense_e dark maroonish red
\sense_s marrón obscuro
\sense_d Pending
\semfld color
\root chi:l
\grm Compounds; incorporation: Note the combination of *chi:chi:lki + moradi:toh. The question for grammar concerns the syntactic nature of this form. What it does suggest is
that even in the absence of an unbound adjectival, combinatory forms with use the archaic form. Cf. to yemanka: in combination. One difficulty that needs to be resolved
\vl Use second female token.
\ref 03611
\lxam tatapalowa
\lxam_c kitatapalowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi(a)
\trans +Comp
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to cause red bumps (like those of an allergy) to appear on the skin of
\sense_s hacer salir ronchas rojas (como las producidas por una alergia) en la piel de
\sense_d Am
\root tapal
\qry Correct: In Oapan only the intransitive is used /ta:tapale:wi/. The transitive is not used. Recheck this. Recheck the vowel length in the Am form and correct as necessary. Note that in
Oapan there seems to be a long vowel reduplication in these words. Perhpas both reduplicants are correct. Checl. I originally had /ta:tapale:wia/ but C. Flores corrected this to
/ta:tapalowa/. I have changed the entry accordingly. Note that I have therefore deleted the phrase /O:ne:xtatapale:wih tli:n o:nkwah./ 'What I ate caused red bumps to appear on my
skin.' CHECK.
\root_notes Clearly tapal is related to tlapal , the stem that appears in the word for 'color' and words with related meanings.
\semref ta:tamalowa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03612
\lxam tlimo:yo:tl
\lxam_c tlimo:yo:tl
\lxoa tlimo:yo:tl
\lxoa_c tlimo:yo:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e spark (of fire that shoots out from sth burning such as firewood, a castillo, etc.)
\sense_s chispa (que sale de algo quemándose como un pedazo de leña, de un castillo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tsetseliwtok tlimo:yo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sparks (of a castillo) are falling and scattering out onto the ground.
\phrase_s Las chispas (de un castillo) se están cayendo esparcidas por el suelo.
\root tli
\root mo:yo:
\qry Determine possessed forms: ?itlimo:yo:w, ?itlimo:yo; or ?itlimo:yo:yo.
\vl Link second female token.
\ref 03613
\lxam kokoxka:tilia
\lxam_c kikokoxka:tilia
\lxoa kokoxka:tilia
\lxoa_c kikokoxka:tilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\trans +Inchoa
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cause to become ill or sickly (particularly through overwork or physical aggression)
\sense_s hacer que se enferme o que se ponga enfermizo (particularmente por un sobrecargo de trabajo o por agresión física)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kikokoxka:tilih tekitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The work made him ill.
\phrase_s El trabajo lo hizo enfermar.
\phrase_n Mlá:k kitekipano:ltia ibwe:yeh, kikokoxka:tilia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He really works his oxen hard in the field, he makes them weak and ill.
\phrase_s De veras trabaja su yunta duro en el campo, la debilita y la hace enfermar.
\root koya
\qry Check vowel length of /wisoki/ in one of the example phrases above. I have removed this phrase /Kitekimiktia isowa:w, kwi:teki, kikokoxka:tilia./ 'He overworks his wife, he beats
her, he's made her sickly.'
\grm Causative: note that /-lia/ is used with two general types of verbs to causativize: 1) those ending in -ti (inchoatives); and 2) those ending in -ya (also inchoatives). Check this
pattern.
\xref kokoxka:ti
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03614
\lxam tlamatki
\lxam_c tlamatki
\lxoa tlámatké:tl
\lxoa_c tlámatké:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e wise person; person who knows a lot
\sense_s sabio; persona sabia
\sense_d Pending
\root hmati
\nse This appears to be a word that has been picked up from other regions; it is not common in the Balsas area.
\qry Recheck that this is correct.
\vl Florencia's first token is /tlamanke:tl/. This should be coded with #07630.
\ref 03615
\lxam kakistilia
\lxam_c nokakistilia
\lxoa kakiskatilia
\lxoa_c nokakistilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\trans +Inchoa
\trans +Refl/-tran
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to inform
\sense_s informar
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl.) to make oneself heard
\sense_s (refl.) hacerse oir
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nokakistilitoya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He was making himself heard.
\phrase_s Estaba haciéndose oir.
\root kaki
\qry Check other meanings of this word and also if it can be used transitively. Cf. entry under /na:watilia/.
\semref na:watilia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03616
\lxam no: ihkí:n
\lxam_c no: ihkí:n
\lxoa no: kíi:n
\lxoa_c no: kíi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-uncl
\pitch yes
\sense_e in this way too
\sense_s también de esta manera
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n No: ihkí:n tikchi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will also do it just like this.
\phrase_s También lo vas a hacer precisamente así.
\root no:
\root iw
\root i:n
\qry_fon Recheck this and cf. to the entire set of token from 4495. Make sure that it is /no: hki:i:n/. With 4495 the penultimate male token seems clearly /no:hki:i:n weli/. Check.
\vl Link second female token and first male token.
\grm Oapan phonology: The spectrogram of this word is interesting in that it shows the manner in which amplitude shifts (in this case between the two /i/s) creates a syllable
boundary, the lengthening of the final vowel before the nasal coda, and the step-like increase in the 3rd formant over the final two syllables ([-kií:n]), a characteristic that
seems to affect all speakers/tokens (check).
\semref ihkí:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref kíi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03617
\lxam ititl
\lxam_c iti
\lxoa í:títl
\lxoa_c í:tí
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\allomorph i-epen
\allomorph_d Oa
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e belly (from the solar plexus below)
\sense_s barriga (desde el plexo solar abajo)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root hti
\nse This term has been documented only in possessed form (inalienable possession, with no possessed suffix); for this reason the stem form (without the absolutive, used in unpossessed
constructions) has been considered the headword entry form.
\nae The Ameyaltepec possessed form is niti , the Oapan form is nótí.
\ref 03618
\lxam yo:ltepapa:wax
\lxam_c yo:ltepapa:wax
\lxoa yo:ltépapá:wax
\lxoa_alt yo:lté:pá:wax
\lxoa_c yo:ltépapá:wax
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e forgetful
\sense_s olvidadizo
\sense_d Pending
\root yo:l
\root pa:was
\nae The etymology of yo:ltépapá:wax is uncertain. It obviously contains a reduplicated stem, with {h} coda and, most likely, the intensifier te- : {yo:l + te
+ pah + pa:wax}. In Classical Nahuatl (Molina) the transitive verb pauaci is glossed as 'cozer algo en olla, o en cosa semejante.' The roots of this verb probably include
the archaic root pa: for 'water,' 'liquid,' etc. The final consonant can palatalize to /x/ in the nominalized tlapauaxtli (which is equivalent to
tlapauaztli) 'cosa cozida en olla.' It might be a leap to relate this Classical term to Balsas Nahuatl yo:ltepapa:wax , but the semantics are not incompatible
(i.e., a 'boiled' heart is one that is forgetful). However, more research needs to be done on this form.
\qry Etymology uncertain. Check.
\qry_fon Recheck vl of final /pa/ syllable.
\grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent: Note that in Oapan /yo:ltépapá:wax/ the pitch accent mark shifts to the left. Probably this has to do with the syllable structure:
{yo:ltepápá:wax}>/yo:ltépapá:wax/.
\ref 03619
\lxam kakasoltik
\lxam_c kakasoltik
\lxoa kakasoltik
\lxoa_c kakasoltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e to be very light (when a heavier weight is expected; this is often the result of the material having dried)
\sense_s ser muy ligero (cuando se espera un peso mayor; a menudo esto es el resultado de que el material se secó)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kakasoltik motlikuw. Ti:roh yo:weka:w, yo:wa:k de melá:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your firewood is very light from having dried out so thoroughly. It's been around for a long time, it really dried out.
\phrase_s Tu leña estámuy ligera por haberse secada tanto. Ha durado mucho tiempo, se secóde a deveras.
\flao kakasoliwi
\root kasol
\nse In Oapan I have heard this adjective used to describe the new Mexican money, which is small and light. This seems to confirm the fact that this word is used to describe objects
which are light but which one might expect to be heavy, in this case metal coins.
\vl Link first male token and second female token.
\ref 03620
\lxam a:tia
\lxam_c a:tia
\lxoa a:tia
\lxoa_c a:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to become watery
\sense_s hacerse o volverse aguado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka a:tias un a:to:hli! Xnelo, ma tsakwa:nki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't let the atole get watery! Stir it so that it thickens!
\phrase_s ¡No dejes que se aguade el atole!¡Bátelo para que se ponga espeso!
\root a:
\nse This word is used in particular to refer to a liquid or mixture, such or atole, to which water may be added.
\qry Check for transitive a:tilia, which should exist. Check for correct form with progressive.
\grm Note that one has /a:tki/ and /a:tia/. Thus this is part of the paradigm mentioned.
\vl Link second female token.
\ref 03621
\lxam monex
\lxam_c monex
\lxoa mónéx
\lxoa_c mónéx
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infn N0
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e dusty little devil; dusty; covered with dust; dirty
\sense_s polvoroso; empolvoreado; cubierto de polvo; sucio
\sense_d Pending
\root mohnex
\nse This word is used as a"vacilada"(playful address term) in talking to children who are dusty and dirty from playing around on the ground.
\qry I do not believe that this word can take an intensifying /te-/ prefix. In my notes I have also recorded that this word may be used as an equivalent to /(te)montextik/, i.e. as an
adjective; this should be checked as it might not be correct. Check whether /monex/ is only used as a 'vocative.'
\vl Check vl and p-a in Oapan form.
\qry_h Check in S. Juan
\ref 03622
\lxam sokimo:tla
\lxam_c kisokimo:tla
\lxoa sokimo:tla
\lxoa_c kisokimo:tla
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to plaster with mud (e.g., a house wall, by taking a swad of mud mixed with straw and flinging it hard against the surface)
\sense_s revocar con lodo (p. ej., la pared de una casa al aventar un manojo o cuchara de lodo con paja contra la superficie)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kiso:sokimo:tlatok itepa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is plastering his wall with mud.
\phrase_s Estárevocando su pared con lodo.
\root soki:
\root mo:tla
\nse The verb sokimo:tla used in the sense of 'to plaster with mud' refers to the manner in which the mud is made to stick on the surface, by throwing it hard from a
distance of about 1 meter so that it splatters and sticks on a wattle wall. The long vowel reduplication of the incorporated noun stem reflects the fact that the incorporated form is
fully lexicalized (and such reduplication often occurs with instrumental incorporation) and that the action is repeated slowly and deliberately over time.
\qry Determine whether /sokimo:tla/ can be used for the simply action of throwing mud against (e.g., a person). Check in phras /Kiso:sokimo:tlatok itepa:n/ whether /kisokimo:mo:tla/ is
also correct. Check for /kisosokimo:tla/ also.
\grm Reduplication long vowel: note that in the phrase /Kiso:sokimo:tlatok itepa:n/ 'He is plastering his wall with mud' it is the incorporated noun stem that is reduplicated, not
the verb. It will be necessary to determine the nature of reduplication in N+V compounds. Certainly in many cases when it is the incorporated noun that is pluralized, it is the
verb stem that is reduplicated /mapoposteki/. However, in the case of /sokimo:tla/, it is the incorporated noun itself that forms a new lexical item whose thematic role is that
of instrument. It seems, though this should be thoroughly investigated, that with incorporation of an instrument a new lexical item is formed and that it is this new unit as a
whole that is reduplicated. This should be checked with other N-V incorporated lexemes where the noun is instrument (cf. /a:te:kia/, etc.)
\ref 03623
\lxam kuwxi:nke:tl
\lxam_c kuwxi:nke:tl
\lxoa kohxi:nke:tl
\lxoa_c kohxi:nke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e carpinter; one who carves wooden tools (making yokes, wooden gates, sawhorses for beds, parts of plows, etc.)
\sense_s carpintero, persona que talla madera (haciendo yugos, bancos para sostener camas, timones de arados, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root kow
\root xi:ma
\vl There are additional tokens of this word at 04332.
\semref kuwxi:nki
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 03624
\lxam kwitlakoch
\lxam_c kwitlakoch
\lxoa kwitlakoch
\lxoa_c kwitlakoch
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\sense_e fungus that grows on corn
\sense_s huitlacoche
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ki:s kwitlakoch.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Huitlacoche has formed on it (an ear of maize).
\phrase_s Le ha salido huitlacoche (sobre una mazorca).
\root kwitla
\root koch
\nse Apparently the use of koch is related to the word for molar, tlankoxtli.
\nde In Oapan this is not possessed.
\qry Determine whether unpossessed form exists. If so, change entry and /cat field. Note that /-yo/ is not used. Check.
\ref 03625
\lxam fie:roh
\lxam_c fie:roh
\lxoa fie:roh
\lxoa_c fie:roh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan fiero
\psm Adj
\der Adj-loan
\sense_e ugly (in physical appearance, smell, etc.)
\sense_s muy feo; (en cuanto a apariencia física, olor, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Fie:roh un a:matl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That bark painting is ugly.
\phrase_s Esa pintura sobre papel amate es feo.
\phrase_n Fie:roh un karrete:rah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That highway is in bad shape.
\phrase_s Esa carretera estáen muy malas condiciones.
\sense_e bad (an action or behavior)
\sense_s malo (una acción o comportamiento)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Fie:roh tla:katl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is a bad man.
\phrase_s Es un hombre malo.
\sense_e (de ~) very much; intensely
\sense_s (de ~) mucho; intensamente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pa:chaka:tis moma, o:tiuwets de fie:roh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your arm will shrivel up and die (leaving virtually pure bone behind), you really had an ugly fall.
\phrase_s Se te va a quedar marchitado el brazo (dejando casi puro hueso), te caiste feo.
\nse The source of this borrowing is not entirely clear. It might well be fiero , but it also might be feo. Nevertheless, note that one meaning of
fiero is, according to the Real Academia, 'horroroso, terrible.'
\vl Link first male token.
\ref 03626
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for /na:n/ meaning the vocative for 'daughter-in-law'. I did not recognize this use and C. Flores mentioned that the name itself is used. Such is the case in
Oapan except, I was told, when there is a big age difference. Then /po:tsi:n/ is used.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 03627
\lxam tekomoltsi:n
\lxam_c tekomoltsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\sense_e small extended flat area of land, perhaps very mildly sunken in the center
\sense_s un terreno o extensión de tierra pequeño muy plano, quizáligeramente hundido en medio
\sense_d Am
\root te-
\root komol
\semref tlakomohli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03628
\lxam tlanemi:tia
\lxam_c tlanemi:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to keep alive (a young offspring, in the sense of keeping it healthy with good prospects of surviving)
\sense_s mantener vivo (un hijo pequeño, en el sentido de mantenerlo con salud y un buen prognóstico para sobrevivir)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xwel tlanemi:tia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She cannot keep her offspring alive (i.e., they die on her for no apparent reason).
\phrase_s No puede mantener sus hijos con vida (esto es, se le mueren sin una causa obvia).
\root nemi
\xref nemi:tia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\semref kone:nemi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03629
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for /Ia:pan Ka:ka:lo:tl/, an Am toponym now in its own database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03630
\lxam kalaktia
\lxam_c kikalaktia
\lxoa kalahtia
\lxoa_c kikalahtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to place inside (e.g., an object into a container or recepticle; a ball in a basket as in basketball or in a goal as in soccer); to put inside (e.g., into water, or inside a pen or
corral, etc.); to deposit (e.g., money in a bank)
\sense_s poner adentro de; meter (p. ej., un objeto dentro de un recipiente, o dentro de unaárea; una pelota dentro de una canasta como en basquetbol o en la red como en fútbol);
meter (en el agua, en un corral, en un cuarto); depositar (p. ej., dinero en un banco)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kikalaktia para ma:ka ipan kiawi:lo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He puts it inside so that it won't get rained upon.
\phrase_s Lo mete adentro para que no llueva sobreél.
\sense_e to place (as a person [O| in a job)
\sense_s colocar (una persona [O] en un trabajo)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld motion
\root kalak
\qry For word 3587, Florencia mistakenly uttered /kika:kalatsa/, (on 14_1, 31 minutes 10 sec). Find out what this means.
\xref kalaki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03631
\lxam oni:ltia
\lxam_c *koni:ltia
\lxoa oni:ltia
\lxoa_c koni:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give to drink to
\sense_s dar de beber a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Koni:ltian kuwtekomatl deke itiko:tsiliwi un mi:xihke:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They give the cuatecomate(fruit) to drink to a woman who has just given birth if she has stomach cramps.
\phrase_s Kuhtekomatl : Le dan de beber del cuatecomate (su fruta) a una mujer recién parida si tiene calambres en el estómago.
\root i:
\grm Causative: Note the variation in the causative form: /oni:ltia/ and /oni:tia/ for Oapan.
\vl Note that I mistakenly changed the elicitation. There is thus only one female token for this word. This should be tagged and linked. The forms /koni:tia/ should be tagged
with the ref. # 1288.
\semref oni:tia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref oni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03632
\lxam tewitsiwi
\lxam_c tewitsiwi
\lxoa tewitsiwi
\lxoa_c tewitsiwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Compl; +Caus
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become bumpy
\sense_s llegar a ser disnivelado, como muchos topes
\sense_d Pending
\root te
\root wits
\qry Check definition.
\nae This verb has been documented in Ameyaltepec speech with the diminutive: tewitsiwitsi:n.
\grm /tsi:n/ diminutive: The verb /tewitsiwi/ has been documented in Ameyaltepec speech with the diminutive: tewitsiwitsi:n.
\root_notes Apparently word with the sequence tewits all indicate a pointed bumpines associated with land and the earth's surface. RS has teuitztli 'piedra
puntiaguda' and give the etymology as te- and witztli. Although the meaning in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl is not precisely that of a 'pointed rock' the
meaning is close enough to suggest the same etymology.
\xref tewitso:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03633
\lxam kokochiantsi:n
\lxam_c kokochiantsi:n
\lxoa kókochíntsi:n
\lxoa_alt kókochiántsi:n
\lxoa_cpend kókochíntsi:n
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e type of small insect, still unidentified
\sense_s tipo de insecto pequeño, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root kochi
\nse This is a small insect that fakes sleep (probably as a protective defense). It is also, at least in Ameyaltepec, often caught and tied around the wrists of children so that they fall asleep.
\qry Check vowel length for possibility that /a/ is long. Dakin and Ramíez (1979) give this as a plant named"hierba dormida."
\ref 03634
\lxam i:xmi:miki
\lxam_c i:xmi:miki
\lxoa i:xmi:miki
\lxoa_c i:xmi:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to have blurry vision; to be dazzled by a bright light (e.g., in waking up and going outside to the bright sunshine)
\sense_s tener la visión nublada; deslumbrarse por una fuerte luz (p. ej., al despertarse y ir afuera donde el sol estáfuerte)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ti:xmi:mikis, xwel tiktlatlatas ma:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will be dazzled by the bright light, you won't be able to stare at it much longer.
\phrase_s Te vas a deslumbrar por la fuerte luz, ya no le vas a poder estar viéndolo directamente.
\sense_e to be dim; to be low (a light)
\sense_s estar bajo y de poca luz (una lámpara)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xok tlachia nolá:mparah, sa: i:xmi:miktok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My flashlight no longer illuminates, it is just dim and yellow (e.g., from batteries that are losing their power).
\phrase_s Mi lámpara eléctrica ya no ilumina, nomás emite una luz amarilla y media apagada (p. ej., por tener pilas gastadas)
\root i:x
\root miki
\nse Apparently only the form with long vowel reduplication exists; I was unable to elicit a form without reduplication or with short vowel reduplication.
\qry Check the possibility of /i:xmiki/ or /i:xmimiki/. Check vowel length and cf. to Oa /i:xmimiki/
\mod In general note significance of forms with /mimiki/ or /mi:miki/, as well as /miki/.
\xref i:xmi:miktia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref i:xmi:mihtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03635
\lxam kaltlatla
\lxam_c kaltlatla
\lxoa kaltlatla
\lxoa_c kaltlatla
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to have ones house to burn down
\sense_s quemarsele la casa a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kaltlatlalo:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Someone had their house burn down.
\phrase_s Se le quemóla casa a alguien.
\root kal
\root tla
\root_notes I have considered the root /tla/ given the transitive /tlatia:/.
\ref 03636
\lxam kaltepa:ntli
\lxam_c kaltepa:ntli
\lxoa kaltepa:ntli
\lxoa_c kaltepa:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(m)
\sense_e type of ladder or scaffolding that workers stand on to thatch the roof of a house
\sense_s tipo de escalera o andamio sobre que se paran los trabajadores al techar una casa de sacate o palma
\sense_d Am
\sense_e wooden beam or support upon which other horizontal, vertical, or inclined wooden construction materials rest (Am and Oa syn. sole:rah)
\sense_s solera (Am y Oa sin. sole:rah)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld tool
\root kal
\root tepa:m
\ency_note kahli
\nse This construction consists of horcones that are tied to the soleras and that go to the ground at an angle. A thick horizontal beam is laid and tied between
these horcones at the level of the beginning of the thatching. It is on this beam that the workers stand, thatching the roof from the outside. When the workers can reach
no higher, a mekato:ktli is tied onto the outside of the house, partway up on the roof. The workers stand on this in order to finish the upper part of the roof. Note
that in Oapan kaltepa:ntli refers specifically to the wall of a house.
\qry Cf. Fld-1984-04-29.1 and words listed there. Check to see if /kaltepa:ntli/ also refers to the wall of a house in Ameyaltepec. Cf. in this regard the entry under /tlapilo:ltsi:n/.
\ref 03637
\lxam kopi:na
\lxam_c kikopi:na
\lxoa kopi:na
\lxoa_c kikopi:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to detach; to pull out (e.g., a bandaid placed on a wound; a ring on a finger; or a bad rod in a woven bed of tlapextliin order to replace it)
\sense_s desprender; quitar algo pegado a o encajado en algo (una curita sobre una herida; un anillo del dedo); arrancar (algo empotrado); sacar jalando (p. ej., de una cama de
tlapextli , una varita que estámal, para remplazarla)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkopi:na un a:roh, para okse: ika tiktla:li:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pull that ring off (in this case from queso de aro, 'cheese made with a ring,' that is being molded) so that you can use it with another (piece of cheese)!
\phrase_s ¡Quítale el aro (en este caso de un queso de aro) para que lo puedas usar con otro (queso)!
\phrase_n Nihkopi:nas un tetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will pull that stone out (e.g., from where it is stuck in a wall, the ground, etc.)
\phrase_s Voy a arrancar esa piedra (p. ej., de una pared, de la tierra, etc.).
\phrase_n Xok kwahli. Ma nkopi:na! Nikpatlas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's no good anymore. Let me pull it out! I'm going to change it.
\phrase_s Ya no sirve.¡Deja que lo arranque! Lo voy a cambiar.
\sense_e to pull out threads or strands of fiber from (e.g., a ball of twine, handfuls of hemp fiber, etc.)
\sense_s sacar hilos o hebras de fibra de (por ejemplo, una bola de hilo, manojos de ixtli, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:xchia! Ok ma nikpochi:na i:n noi:ch para nihkopi:nas i:loh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Wait for me! Let me fray this hemp fiber of mine so that I can pull it off in strands (e.g., to make a rope, etc.).
\phrase_s ¡Espérame! Deja que deshilache esta fibra de maguey que tengo para que pueda ir sacandole hebras (p. ej., para hacer una soga, etc.).
\sense_e (refl. with -ka) to use (sb or sth) as a pretext, or as an excuse (e.g., not to do sth); to use (sb or sth) as an alibi
\sense_s (refl. con -ka) utilizar (a algn o alg) como pretexto (p. ej., para no hacer algo); usar (algn o algo) como coartada
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Moka o:nimokopi:n, kel tewa mowa:xka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I used you as an excuse (in this case in buying sth, I said it was for you even though it wasn't, just in order to get a better price since the seller was a friend of yours) as if it
were yours.
\phrase_s Te utilicécomo pretexto (p. ej., en no prestar algo), como si fuera tuyo.
\phrase_n Moka o:nimokopi:n para ma:ka ne:chtlai:ti:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I used you as an excuse (e.g. that I had an appointment with you) so that they would not invite me drinking.
\phrase_s Te utilizécomo pretexto (p. ej., que tenía una cita contigo) para que no me invitaran a beber.
\phrase_n Moka o:nimokopi:n, xo:niknek iwa:n niá:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I used you as an excuse (e.g., saying that I had to help you with sth), I didn't want to go with him.
\phrase_s Te utilicécomo pretexto (p. ej., diciendo que tenía que hacer algo contigo), no quería ir con el.
\phrase_n Moka o:nimokopi:n. O:niktlatlan i:n tli:n ne:chpolowa:ya, o:nte:ihlih ika tewa o:tine:chti:tlan, ma:ski xmelá:k, san para o:ne:chma:keh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I used you as a pretext. I asked for this thing that I needed, I said that it was you that had sent me even though it wasn't true. (I said it) just so they would give it to me.
\phrase_s Te utilicécomo pretexto. Pedíeste que me faltaba, dije que fuiste tu quien me había mandado aunque no fue verdad. Sólo (lo dije) para que me lo dieran.
\root kopi:
\qry In first sentence, check vowel length of /okse/, final /e/. Check vowel length of /ixtli/ and possessed form. Check whether /te-/ intensifier can be used with /kopi:na/ as well as with
the intransitive and applicative.
\nse Note that /moka nokopi:na/ is the same as /moka notlamia/ althoug this should be rechecked.
\grm Antipassive: note /Wel tlakopi:na ika ixtli/. 'He knows how to let out maguey fibers (i.e., letting them out slowly from handfuls of hemp held in the hand so that another
persons can twist them it into rope).'
\grm Note use of future as relative tense marker: /Moka o:nimokopi:n, xo:niknek iwa:n niyá:s/ 'I used you as an excuse, I didn't want to go with him.'
\xref kopi:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\xref tlakopi:na
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03638
\lxam ikxi wexo:lo:tl
\lxam_c ikxi wexo:lo:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\sense_e Boerhavia coccineaMiller, type of thin weed of the Nyctaginaceae family
\sense_s Boerhavia coccineaMiller, tipo de maleza delgada de la familia Nyctaginaceae
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ikxi wexo:lo:tl, ixwa, wekapania.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The plant known as ikxi wexo:lo:tl sprouts (and) grows tall.
\phrase_s La planta conocida como ikxi wexo:lo:tl brota (y) crece alto.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root kxi
\root wexo:lo:
\ref 03639
\lxam toya:wa
\lxam_c kitoya:wa
\lxoa toya:wa
\lxoa_c kitoya:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to spill (involuntarily wasting a liquid from a container, such as when carrying a full bucket of water, a brimming glass, etc.)
\sense_s tirar (desperdiciando, por accidente, un líquido de su recipiente, como al cargar una cubeta o vaso llena de agua u otro líquido, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwa:ltoya:wtiw, wa:lchachapakatiw
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e As he comes along he is letting it spilling out (e.g., water from a jug that is open or fissured), it is splattering out onto the ground.
\phrase_s Viene tirándola (p. ej., agua de un perol que estároto o tiene una fisura), viene caéndose salpicando al suelo.
\phrase_n Po:tsi:n, ma:ka ihkón xikchi:wa! Nika:n san titlatotoya:wa ika a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Little girl, don't do it that way (in this case pouring water too heavily on a floor being washed)! You're just wasting water by spilling it out.
\phrase_s ¡Hijita, no lo vayas a hacer así(en este caso al tirar mucha agua sobre un piso para lavarlo)! Nada más estás desperdiciando el agua.
\sense_e to pour out (throwing away a beverage or liquid that has gone bad, a food with a lot of juice such as cooked beans, or sauces such as mole or chile sauce, etc.)
\sense_s tirar (una bebida o líquido que se ha echado a perder, una comida con mucho caldo como frijoles, una salsa como mole o de chile, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtoya:wa! Yo:xoko:yak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pour it out (in this case atole that has gone bad)! It's already gone bad.
\phrase_s ¡Tíralo (en este caso atole que se había echado a perder)! Ya se acedó.
\phrase_n Niktoya:was notlakwal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to throw my food away (because it's gone bad).
\phrase_s Voy a tirar mi comida.
\root toya:
\nse The use of toya:wa with items such as food implies that the food has gone bad and that it is mostly liquid. For solid foods tlakali is more precise.
\grm Antipassive; null complement or null object: /Po:tsi:n, ma:ka ihkón xikchi:wa! Nika:n san titlatotoya:wa ika a:tl/ 'Little girl, don't do it that way (in this case by pouring
water too heavily on a floor being washed)! You're just spilling out and wasting water.' Note again this construction of /tla + V2 ika N/. What seems to be the case again and
again is that the function of /tla-/ in these cases is in accord with an effort to highlight the verbal action and background the patient. There are enough examples of this
construction to indicate that it is quite common. As to whether it is an antipassive. Note Comrie and others on passives in which they say that it is more common for
languages that have passives to not allow rather than allow the oblique expression of an agent. Applying this to antipassives, this would mean that it would be more common
for antipassives not to allow the expression of the patient. This seems to be the case in Nahuatl, since it is more common for /tla-/ to oc cur without the oblique expression of
the backgrounded patient. It will, however, be necessary to search for consultation with a native speaker to determine the true nature of this construction.
\xref toya:wilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlatoya:wa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\ref 03640
\lxam chala:ni
\lxam_c chala:ni
\lxoa chala:ni
\lxoa_c chala:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to make or have a hollow sound (a piece of pottery that is fissured or cracked)
\sense_s sonar hueco (una cerámica que estárota o resquebrajada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtsili:ni kwahli. Chala:ni, ne:si ke:n tlapa:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It doesn't have a good ring to it. It has a hollow ring (in this case a bowl), it appears to be cracked.
\phrase_s No suena bien. Suena hueco (en este caso un plato hondo de cerámica), parece como que estáresquebrajado.
\phrase_n Chala:ni kampa:nah pa:mpa tsaya:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The bell makes a hollow ringing sound because it is cracked.
\phrase_s La campana hace un sonido hueco porque estápartida.
\semfld sound
\root chala:
\qry Check diference in singificance between /chachalka/ and /chachalaka/ on the one hand, and /chala:ni/ on the other; also /chaktlatowa/.
\xref chachalka; chachalaka
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03641
\lxam si:s
\lxam_c a:ra mosi:s
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\der Interj
\sense_e (a:ra mosi:s) damn it! my goodness!
\sense_s (a:rah mosi:s)¡chin!¡híjole!
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:ra mosi:s! Tli:no:n timitschi:wilitoya? Tle:ka tine:xtelowa?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Damn it! What was I doing to you? Why do you hit me?
\phrase_s ¡Chin!¿Quéte hacía?¿Por quéme pegas?
\phrase_n A:ra mosi:s -= a:ra molo:lah- katka, kwaltsi:n o:tikchi:w!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Oh my goodness, you've made a fine mess of things!
\phrase_s ¡Híjole, que bueno lo hiciste!
\root si:s
\qry Check vowel lenght, as in many cases I had a short /i/. Xalitla has /si:s/, and the type of grasshopper /te:si:s/ is recorded with a long /i:/.
\semref si:stli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03642
\lxam iyo:wilistli
\lxam_c iyo:wilistli
\lxoa íyo:wilístli
\lxoa_c íyo:wilístli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(:)
\pitch yes-redup
\sense_e cheap things; things sold to those who have little money
\sense_s cosas baratas; cosas que se le venden a la gente sin dinero
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e suffering, misery, or poverty
\sense_s sufrimiento, miseria, o pobreza
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Iyo:wilistli, san ika chi:hli tlakwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is misery, he just eats chile.
\phrase_s Es la miseria, come solamente chile.
\phrase_n San iyo:wilistli, ika yetsi:ntli tlakwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's just poverty, he just eats beans (i.e., no meat).
\phrase_s Solamente es pobreza y sufrimiento, come sólo con frijoles (no con carne).
\root hyo:
\nae The initial vowel, at least in the Oapan speech tokens analyzed so far, has a quite long duration. It might be that the initial vowel is either the result of a reduplicative process, as it is
in Classical ihi:yo:-. However, despite the long duration, this word has been written with a short initial vowel given the additional evidence from Oapan and other Balsas
Nahuatl villages that suggest that the initial /i/ is epenthetic. Thus one finds Oapan tláyo:wía, which clearly has the same root. It could be that whereas
tláyo:wía is derived from (i)hyo: forms such as íyo:wilístli has a different etymology, similar to classical ihi:yo:-. Nevertheless,
more research needs to be done on these forms.
\grm /iyo:wilistli/ is clearly related to /iyo:wia/, 'to endure' and /tlayo:wia/. However, note that there is no nonspecific object prefix. Check to see if /tlayo:wilistli/ also exists.
Finally note the /tla-/ plus /ika/ construction in the two example sentences: /Iyo:wilistli, san ika chi:hli tlakwa/ and /San iyo:wilistli, ika yetsi:ntli tlakwa/. Here the difference
between the specific and nonspecific form should be clear, for /san kikwa yetsi:ntli/ in the final phrase you have a different sense, something to the effect that the action
refers to a specific act. However, with /ika yetsi:ntli/ the phrase is an adverbial, modifying /tlakwa/ and setting forth"how"the subject eats. Perhaps /san ika chi:hli tlakwa/
should be /saka chi:hli tlakwa/.
\vl Link second female token and first male token.
\ref 03643
\lxam i:xmomoyoka
\lxam_c i:xmomoyoka
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to see spots or blotches; to be unable to discern and see things clearly (e.g., from a scorpion bite)
\sense_s ver manchas oscuras (p. ej., del piquete de alacrán)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ni:xmomoyoka, xkwahli nitlachia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I see things blotchy, can't see well.
\phrase_s Veoáreas oscuras, no veo bien.
\root i:x
\root moyo:
\nse Apparently the base form * i:xmoyo:ni does not exist.
\qry Check/recheck inexistence of base form /i:xmoyo:ni/.
\semref tlai:xmomoyoka
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref tlai:xmomoyoka
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Am
\xref moyo:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03644
\lxam wa:xin
\lxam_c wa:xin
\lxoa wa:xin
\lxoa_c wa:xin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\sense_e generic name for a group of trees in the Leguminoseae family with pods whose seeds are often edible (called guajes in Spanish)
\sense_s guaje, un nombre genérico por un tipo deárbol con vainas cuyas semillas son comestibles
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) seed pods (of any tree of the legume family, or similar types of trees, e.g., the 'helicopter pods' of certain maples)
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) las vainas con semillas (de cualquierárbol leguminoso o también, por ejemplo, las semillas de ciertos arces)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (fig. -chi:wa ~) to make a fool out of; to cuckhold
\sense_s (fig. -chi:wa ~) hacer guaje a (esto es, burlarse de); ponerle los cuernos a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tine:xchi:w wa:xin, xmlá:k tli:n o:tine:chihlih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You made a fool out of me, it wasn't true what you said to me.
\phrase_s Me hiciste guaje, no fue verdad lo que me dijiste.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root wa:x
\nse The phrase -chi:wa wa:xin is a calque from the Spanish hacer guaje a. The alienably possessed form i:wa:x refers to a situation with a
human possessor; the intrinsically possessed i:waxyo refers to a"part/whole"relation, the relation of a seed pod to a tree with such types of fruit (not only guajes
but also, as I witnessed in the United States, the pods of maple trees).
\notes_nature The following types of wa:xin have been identified to date: a:wa:xin , chikimolin (also called wa:xin de
chikimolin or chikimo:lkuhtli), tepe:wa:xin , tla:lwa:xin , tlapalwa:xin ,
wa:xtompihtsi:n , and wetskiswa:xin. Schoenhals (1988) under guaje states:"1. (Crescentiaspp., e.g., C. cujete, C. alata)
'gourd tree,' 'calabash tree.' See cuautecomate. 2. (Lagenaria siceraria) 'bottle gourd.' See pumpo. 3. (Leucaenaspp.) '[family] pea.' Trees which bear edible
pods."Guizar and Sánchez (1991:101) give a tree in the family and subfamily Leguminosae; mimosoideaenamed Leucaena leucocephala(syn. L. glauca),
which they give the Spanish name as guaje. However, it might well be that in Nahuatl wa:xin is a generic name for a group of trees.
\qry Determine whether this is an actual single species or type, or whether it refers to a classification level of various trees of the /wa:xin/ 'family.'
\ref 03645
\lxam a:kawtlapi:hli
\lxam_c a:kawtlapi:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e see kweskomatl de a:kawtlapi:hli
\sense_s véase kweskomatl de a:kawtlapi:hli
\sense_d Am
\root a:kaw
\root tla:l
\root pi:l
\ency_note kweskomatl
\mod Illustrate
\ref 03646
\lxam toto:nka: yeyekatl
\lxam_c toto:nka: yeyekatl
\lxoa toto:nká: yeyé:katl
\lxoa_pr toto:nka: yeye:katl
\lxoa_c toto:nká: yeyé:katl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Part-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e one of the yeyekameh or aires that cause harm and disease
\sense_s uno de los yeyekameh o aires que causan malestar y enfermedades
\sense_d Pending
\semfld ritual
\root to:na
\root e:ka
\nse This yeyekatl is mentioned in texts from Ameyaltepec by Pánfilo Lorenzo.
\mod For all /yeyekameh/ determine the complete characteristics.
\grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent: Note the leftward shift of the pitch accent to the long vowel of the incorporated noun, /yéyé:katl/ to /toto:nka:/.
\ref 03647
\lxam wa:tsa
\lxam_c kwa:tsa
\lxoa wa:tsa
\lxoa_c kiwa:tsa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ki/tsa
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to dry
\sense_s secar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmouwa:tsa, ma:ka tisekwis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Dry yourself off, don't get cold!
\phrase_s ¡Sécate, no te vayas a enfriar!
\root wa:k
\ref 03648
\lxam ko:tskalaki
\lxam_c ko:tskalaki
\lxoa ko:tskalaki
\lxoa_c ko:tskalaki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e for one of ones leg(s) to give out or buckle (generally from carrying a too-heavy load)
\sense_s sumirse o rendirse una pierna (o piernas, generalmente a causa de cargar algo pesado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pe:w ko:tskalaki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His legs started to give out from under him.
\phrase_s Sus piernas empezaron a ya no aguantar.
\root ko:ts
\root kalak
\qry Check to see if it should be reduplicated: ?ko:tskakalaki
\root_notes Cf. other words ending in /-aki/ and the possibility of a derivation: /polaki/, /kalaki/, /ilaki/ (classical).
\ref 03649
\lxam kwitlatl
\lxam_c kwitlatl
\lxoa kwitlatl
\lxoa_c kwitlatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e shit; excrement
\sense_s mierda; excremento
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (fig. ara:joh i:kwitl) shit! god damn! what the hell!
\sense_s (fig. ara:joh i:kwitl)¡chin!¡al diablo!
\sense_d Am
\root kwitla
\nse As an interjection, ara:joh i:kwitl is used to express objection at the sound of something, i.e. the meaning of a phrase uttered. In a very few cases a phrase such as
ara:joh mokwitl has been documented, directed at an addressee, but the more usual term or phrase is the interjection ara:joh i:kwitl.
\semref ara:joh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03650
\lxam ye:lo:po:so:hli
\lxam_c ye:lo:po:so:hli
\lxoa ye:lo:po:so:hli
\lxoa_c ye:lo:po:so:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of pozole made with green corn
\sense_s tipo de pozole hecho con elote
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food
\root ye:lo:
\root po:so:l
\ency_note po:so:hli
\qry Check vowel length under /po:so:hli/.
\ref 03651
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry under /mati/ and xrefd to /tlamati/. However, this latter has a separate entry where an explanation is given.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Tag the words given here as 1529, which is a duplicate entry.
\ref 03652
\lxam tsi:npatilowa
\lxam_c kitsi:npatilowa
\lxoa tsi:npatilowa
\lxoa_c kitsi:npatilowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V1
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to make the hind part of an animal to go off to one side
\sense_s hacer que la parte trasera de un animal vaya de lado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:niktsi:npatiloh noburroh ika tlako:tl, ke:n tlatski.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I made the rear of my donkey go off to one side (by striking it so hard) with a switch, he's really lazy.
\phrase_s Hice ir de lado la parte trasera de mi burro (al azotarlo tan fuerte) con una vara, es muy flojo.
\root tsi:n
\root patil
\grm Oapan phonology; phonetics: Note that this word seems to provide a good example of how short certain short vowels may become. The /i/ of /-patilowa/ seems to have an
extremely short duration, perhaps somewhere around 30 ms.
\vl Link first female token.
\ref 03653
\lxam Pila:toh
\lxam_c Pila:toh
\lxoa Pila:toh
\lxoa_c Pila:toh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan pilato
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e Pontius Pilate
\sense_s Ponce Pilato
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nse In a story told by Luis Lucena, a man's penis is referred to as pila:toh as in the refrain that a priest sings to a young maiden:" quiere entrar Pila:toh, a
Jerusalén."
\vl Link first female token.
\ref 03654
\lxam cha:n
\lxam_c i:cha:n
\lxoa cha:n
\lxoa_c i:cha:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der Rel-poss-sim
\infn N2
\sense_e place of permanent residence; village; place of origin (of a person)
\sense_s lugar de residencia permanente; pueblo; lugar de origin (de una persona)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n tocha:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e This is our village (where we live).
\phrase_s Esta es donde vivimos (nuestro pueblo).
\phrase_n Ka:no:n mocha:n?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where are you from?
\phrase_s ¿De dónde eres?
\sense_e house; home
\sense_s casa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:yah te:cha:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He went to someone's house.
\phrase_s Fue de visita (a la casa de algn).
\phrase_n Niá:s te:chacha:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will go around to several people's houses.
\phrase_s Voy a pasar por las casas de mucha gente.
\sense_e place customarily found (an animal or plant)
\sense_s lugar donde se encuentra (un animal o planta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xnika:n icha:n. Nemi ipan tepe:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It isn't found here (in this case a particular animal). It lives in the hills.
\phrase_s No se encuentra aquí(en este caso un animal en particular). Vive en los cerros.
\sense_e (nimocha:n) May I enter your house?
\sense_s (nimocha:n)¿Puedo entrar a su casa?
\sense_d Oa
\root cha:n
\nse In comparing the phrase Ka:non mocha:n ? 'Where are you from?' or 'Where is your house located?' to Ka:non ticha:nti? 'Where do you live?'
(referring to the act of living in a pueblo or house, i.e., 'Where do you make your home?'), the verbal form has less a sense of permanence, the nominal form has more a sense of
identity. Note also that te:cha:n as in o:yah te:cha:n is often a response to the question ka:n(on) tiaw? 'Where are you going?' As an
answer it is, effectively, a denial of information, something to the effect of 'Somewhere (that is none of your business)!' In Oapan one uses the interjection nimocha:n
whether or not one is entering the house of a single person or many. Thus one may say nimocha:n tawa when addressing a single house owner.
\ref 03655
\lxam chika:wak
\lxam_c chika:wak
\lxoa chika:wak
\lxoa_c chika:wak
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\pss PM; TM
\der Adj-dvb-k
\sense_e forcefully; hard
\sense_s fuertemente; duramente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Chika:wak xtetelo!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hit it hard!
\phrase_s ¡Pégale duro!
\phrase_n O:kikwepo:nilitiki:s yeyekatl ikwe. O:yeyekaka chika:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The wind blew her skirt up in passing. It blew hard.
\phrase_s El viento alzósu falda al pasar. Hubo fuerte viento.
\phrase_n Tetekwikatok noyo:hlo, o:nimotla:loh chika:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My heart is pounding, I ran real hard.
\phrase_s Se me estálatiendo fuerte el corazón, corrírápidamente.
\sense_e loudly; at a high volume
\sense_s fuerte o fuertemente; de alto volumen
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:li:k xtlatsotsona, ma:ka chika:wak!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Play it softly, not loudly (e.g. a radio)!
\phrase_s ¡Tócalo despacio, no fuerte (p. ej., una radio)!
\phrase_n Kina:nkilia un tepe:tl pa:mpa chika:wak o:tsatsik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That hill echoes his voice because he shouted loudly.
\phrase_s Ese cerro le hace eco porque gritóen voz muy fuerte.
\root chika:
\qry Check for other meanings of /chika:wak/, i.e., 'hard' as in the consistency of certain woods; or difficult as in a task.
\ref 03656
\lxam te:nkoto:na
\lxam_c kite:nkoto:na
\lxoa te:nkoto:na
\lxoa_c kite:nkoto:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to eat the food of (taking sth that another had intended to eat, or was about to eat)
\sense_s comer la comida de (tomando algo que otro tenía la intención de comer, o que estaba a punto de comer)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nane:xte:nkoto:nkeh. Newa nihkwa:skia, yo:tine:chihlih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You all ate what was supposed to be for me. I was going to eat it, you told me (it was for me).
\phrase_s Ustedes comieron lo que iba a ser para mí. Yo lo hubiera comido, tu me lo dijiste (que era para mí).
\root te:n
\root koto:
\disamb te:nkoto:na; kwa:lia; te:nki:xtia
\vl Link second female and second male tokens.
\semref tlakwalkoto:na
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03657
\lxam titi:satl
\lxam_c titi:satl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e see ti:satl
\sense_s véase ti:satl
\sense_d Am
\semfld stone
\root ti:sa
\ref 03658
\lxam witso:ktli
\lxam_c witso:ktli
\lxoa witso:htli
\lxoa_c witso:htli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e knife-shaped piece of pointed metal placed on the end of a digging stick (and, by extension, the entire digging stick with this type of point attached)
\sense_s pieza de metal en forma de cuchillo que se coloca al cabo de una coa (y, por extensión, todo una coa asíarmado)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e digging stick (in general, in Ameyaltepec there are three types: espá:tulah , witso:ktli, and tewitso:ktli)
\sense_s coa (en general, en Ameyaltepec hay tres tipos: espá:tulah , witso:ktli, and tewitso:ktli)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tool
\root witso:k
\ency_note witso:ktli
\mod Illustrate and distinguish types of digging sticks and their points. See illustration in notebook.
\vl Link second female token.
\ref 03659
\lxam wistlachapa:ni:hli
\lxam_c wistlachapa:ni:hli
\lxoa wistlachapa:ni:hli
\lxoa_c wistlachapa:ni:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e branches of thorns that have been placed on the ground (to serve as a fence or barrier to animals)
\sense_s ramas espinosas que han sido colocadas por el suelo (para evitar que los animales pasen)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Korrá:l de wistlachapa:ni:hli
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e it is a fence made of thorn bushes heaped on the ground
\phrase_s es una cerca hecha de ramas espinosas colocadas y apiladas por el suelo
\semfld material
\root chapa:
\ency_note fences
\qry Check length of penultimate /i:/. Perhaps this should be short.
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\semref tlachapa:ni:hli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tlawistlachapa:nihli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03660
\lxam xoto:ni
\lxam_c xoto:ni
\lxoa xoto:ni
\lxoa_c xoto:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to pile up; to become heaped up
\sense_s amontonarse; apilarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wa:lxoto:ntiweh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are coming along in a mass (i.e., people or animals coming along in no particular order or line).
\phrase_s Vienen todos juntos en un grupo (esto es, personas o animales que van sin orden particular, todos agrupados pero no en línea).
\root xoto:
\qry Check for ?/xoto:ntitiweh/. Check interpertation of /xoto:ntiw/ as perhaps meriting a separate entry, or as a variation of /xoto:ntok/. Indeed, perhaps this should be listed under
/xoto:ntok/. Reconsider. Yet it does not seem to have a stative sense.
\ref 03661
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for /sowa/, transitive verb xref'd to /sowa/. It has been eliminated and /sowa/ is an alternate pronunciation of /sowa/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03662
\lxam kopalkukwa
\lxam_c kopalkukwa
\lxoa kopá:lkwá
\lxoa_pr kopá:lkwa
\lxoa_c kopá:lkwá
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-1
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to chew gum
\sense_s masticar chicle
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to chew its cud (a cow; see tlakwe:chowa)
\sense_s rumiar (una baca; see tlakwe:chowa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San kopalkukwatok moba:kah, san tlakwe:chotok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your cow is just chewing its cud, it is just grinding up its food.
\phrase_s Tu vaca estánada más rumiando, estánada más masticando.
\root kopal
\root kwa
\vl Link first male token.
\ref 03663
\lxam tsotsokatewitsioh
\lxam_c tsotsokatewitsioh
\lxoa tsotsokatewitsioh
\lxoa_c tsotsokatewitsioh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to have the skin condition known as tsotsokatewistli
\sense_s tener la condición de la piel conocida como tsotsokatewistli
\sense_d Pending
\semfld disease
\root tsoka
\root tewist
\vl First female token is erroneous and should be tagged as 5567.
\ref 03664
\lxam tlakoxte:ka
\lxam_c tlakoxte:ka
\lxoa tlakoxte:ka
\lxoa_c tlakoxte:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-[S-V2]
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e (for the pasto:res) to take the child saint (Jesus; actually a baby doll in his stead) to the Church for 15 days preceding Christmas, putting him to bed and
praying for him each night
\sense_s llevar (los pasto:res) el santo niño (Jesús; actualmente una muñeca de un bebé) a la iglesia por los 15 días antes de Navidad para acostarlo allíy rezar porél
\sense_d Pending
\root koch
\root te:ka
\xref koxte:ka
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03665
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa sápa séhnek
\lxoa_pr sapa sehnek
\lxoa_c sápa séhnek
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-ka:n-com
\infn N1(loc)
\pitch yes
\sense_e a different place (from that which is the topic of discourse)
\sense_s una lugar diferente o distinto (del que es el tópico del discurso)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n ¡Sapa sehnek x'tla:li!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Put it in a different place!
\phrase_s ¡Pónlo en un lugar distinto!
\root se
\root sek
\root nek
\root_rel -pa
\vl Link 2nd male token.
\qry_fon Check pitch accent pattern. Check for all cases of /sápá/.
\semref oksehka:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref seknek
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref sehnek
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03666
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tli:lihki
\lxoa_c tli:lihki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e black
\sense_s negro
\sense_d Oa
\semfld color
\root tli:l
\nse The diminutive of Oapan tli:lihki is tli:lihka:tsi:n.
\qry Check for the precise difference between /tli:ltik/ and /tli:lihki/ in Oapan Nahuatl. In the notes field I previously had"note that * tli:ltik is not acceptable, for reasons that
are still not clear, but tli:ltsi:n is correct."The meaning of this is not clear.
\grm Diminutives; Participals: Note that shift of /ki/ to /ka:/ as in: The diminutive of tli:lihki is tli:lihka:tsi:n ; note that * tli:ltik is not
acceptable, for reasons that are still not clear, but tli:ltsi:n is correct. This is also the case with /chi:chi:ltik/, which forms the diminutive as /chi:chi:ltsi:n/ not
*/chi:chi:ltiktsi:n/. However, /kostihtsi:n/ is correct, as in /ista:htsi:n/. Note that the diminutive of /-ki/ participals is with /ka:tsi:n/: e.g., also /xoxo:hki/ and /xoxo:hka:tsi:n/.
\ref 03667
\lxam papa:ya:nemi
\lxam_c papa:ya:nemi
\lxoa pápaya:némi
\lxoa_pr papa:ya:nemi
\lxoa_c pápaya:némi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Op. prefix te- : tepapa:ya:nemi
\infv class-3a(m)
\pitch yes
\sense_e to bum around (a person who doesn't want to work and just goes around looking for people who will invite him to eat)
\sense_s holganazar (una persona que no quiere trabajar y nada más anda buscando a quien le regale comida)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with prefix te-) to be or wander around in a stupor (a fumigated bug)
\sense_s (con prefijo te-) estar o andar soporífero o atarantado (un insecto fumigado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tikone:xti:s seki yo:mik wan seki sahkon tepapa:ya:nemin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You'll find that some have died (e.g., fumigated bugs) and others are just in a stupor.
\phrase_s Vas a hallar que algunos (p. ej., insectos fumigados) murieron y otros nada están como atarantados.
\root pa:ya:
\root nemi
\nae The etymology of this form is unclear as is, at this point, the vowel length. My understanding is that the pitch accent pattern in Oapan is as indicated, pápá:ya:némi.
Originally, I had analyzed this as the reduplicated (short vowel reduplicant with coda {h}) form of ? pa:ya:nemi. This would account for ?
pápa:ya:némi. However, it seems that there are two pitch accented syllables (pápá:ya:némi), and the vowel length is uncertain. Indeed, it seems that the
Oapan form is pápáya:némi ; this suggests an underlying form of {pah + pahya: + nemi}. All should be rechecked. Comparative evidence from San Juan Tetelcingo
should reveal the placement of {h}.
\qry Check to see if unreduplicated form exists. Recheck very carefully the stress pattern and the pitch accent sequence.
\qry_fon The vowel length of this in particular, and all words with /papa:ya:/ should be checked.
\qry_h The reason for what appears to be two pitch accented syllable in the Oapan form /pápá:ya:némi/ is unclear. Check the SJ form.
\ref 03668
\lxam kochini
\lxam_c kochini
\lxoa kochini
\lxoa_alt kochine
\lxoa_c kochine, kochini
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e sleepy-head
\sense_s dormilón
\sense_d Pending
\root kochi
\disamb koxtetl
\qry Cf. difference in meaning between /kochini/, /koxtetl/ and /kochpal/. If no difference, then change /dis2 to /syn
\vl Link second female token and first male token.
\semref koxtetl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03669
\lxam a:wayoh
\lxam_c a:wayoh
\lxoa á:wayóh
\lxoa_c á:wayóh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Trans
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be covered with small, prickly hairs (either sth that naturally has them, e.g., sugarcane, maize stalks, tomotlaxkahli , or a material object such as clothing
that has become covered with them)
\sense_s estar cubierto o lleno de aguates (o algo que los tiene naturalmente, como la caña dulce, los tallos de maíz, tomotlaxkahli , o un objeto material como ropa
que se ha cubierto de aguates)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Owatl, mlá:k a:wayoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sugarcane is covered with (full of) aguates.
\phrase_s La caña dulce estácubierta de (lleno de) aguates.
\root ahwa
\qry Cf. entry under /awatl/. Check first vowel length of both dialects.
\vl NOTE: TO SELF: check length of all forms from underlying {ahwa}, etc. (and other {ah-}. I am not sure why the vowel has lengthened here, but it seems a general rule.
\ref 03670
\lxam pala:nki
\lxam_c pala:nki
\lxoa pala:nki
\lxoa_c pala:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to be rotten (e.g., wood, grass, thatching, etc.)
\sense_s estar pudrido (p. ej., madera, pasto, zacate, palma, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root pala:
\disamb pala:nki; pala:ntok (if the latter exists).
\ref 03671
\lxam tlankwe:kwe:chowa
\lxam_c kitlankwe:kwe:chowa
\lxoa tlankwe:kwe:chowa
\lxoa_c kitlankwe:kwe:chowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to grind up (e.g., food) in ones mouth
\sense_s moler (p. ej., comida) en la boca
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San kitlankwe:kwe:chowa, xkitolowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It just grinds it up slowly in its mouth, it doesn't swallow it (e.g., an animal chewing its fodder).
\phrase_s Solamente lo muele despacio en la boca, no se lo traga (p. ej., un animal masticando forraje)
\root tlan
\root kwe:ch
\nae According to Cristino Flores the form with short vowel reduplication also exists (tlankukwe:chowa) and is equivalent in meaning.
\qry I have only documented this in a long vowel reduplicated form. Make sure the unreduplicated exists; also check for /tlankukwe:chowa/ and the intransitive /tlankwe:chiwi/.
\ref 03672
\lxam tlami:nki
\lxam_c tlami:nki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ki
\infn N1
\sense_e person who practices the type of"witchcraft"involving a type of"food-poisoning"described by the transitive verb mi:na
\sense_s "brujo,"persona que practica el tipo de"brujería"de envenonamiento referenciado por el verbo transitivo mi:na
\sense_d Am
\root mi:na
\nse The fact that this word is not documented in Oapan appears slightly unusual. Future research will indicate whether this reflects the nature of the lexicon or whether it reflects a
lagunae in the documentation.
\qry Check to determine whether /tlami:nke:tl/ is correct.
\ref 03673
\lxam kuwasihka: yeyekatl
\lxam_c kuwasihka: yeyekatl
\lxoa kówasihká: yeyé:katl
\lxoa_c kówasihká: yeyé:katl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Part-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e one of the yeyekameh , or aires
\sense_s uno de los yeyekameh o aires
\sense_d Pending
\semfld ritual
\root kowa
\root hsi
\root e:ka
\nse This yeyekatl is mentioned in texts from Ameyaltepec by Pánfilo Lorenzo.
\nae The pitch contour of Oapan kówasihká: yeyé:katl derives from two underlying coda {h}s and intonational stress. Underlyingly, the form is {kowahsiw + ka:
+yehyekatl}. The presence of high rising pitch on the initial syllable is the result of two factors. First, the location of the underlying {h} is unknown and therefore to native speakers
the possibility exists of either the preceding structure or {kohwasiw + ka: +yehyekatl}. Second, there is the fact that when isolated, the verb is kówasíwi, which results
from leftward shift of the lexical pitch accent to avoid clash with intonational stress on the penultimate. Although this clash is avoided in the present case by the fact that intonational
stress is on the second noun of the compound, it may well be that there is a tendency to maximize I/O identity. (yet re: I/O see the discussion under 'tlasótla).
\qry Check to determine whether /sepo:wka:/ is incorporated as a participal to /yeyekatl/ Also check whether long /o:/ is in /sepo:hka:/ and if /w/ to /h/ is correct or whether it should be
?/sepo:wka:yeyekatl/. Check lenght of /a/ after /kowasihka/.
\mod For all /yeyekameh/ determine the complete characteristics.
\grmx The pitch contour of Oapan kówasihká: yeyé:katl derives from two underlying coda {h}s and intonational stress. Underlyingly, the form is {kowahsiw + ka:
+yehyekatl}. The presence of high rising pitch on the initial syllable is the result of two factors. First, the location of the underlying {h} is unknown and therefore to native
speakers the possibility exists of either the preceding structure or {kohwasiw + ka: +yehyekatl}. Second, there is the fact that when isolated, the verb is
kówasíwi, which results from leftward shift of the lexical pitch accent to avoid clash with intonational stress on the penultimate. Although this clash is avoided
in the present case by the fact that intonational stress is on the second noun of the compound, it may well be that there is a tendency to maximize I/O identity. (yet re: I/O see
the discussion under 'tlasótla).
\vl Link 1st female token.
\ref 03674
\lxam tso:liwi
\lxam_c tso:liwi
\lxoa tso:liwi
\lxoa_c tso:liwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to shrink (e.g., clothes washed in hot water)
\sense_s encogerse; achicarse (p. ej., tela lavada en agua)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tso:liw notlake:n. Xka:wa weyak katka, saka ke:n tila:wak!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My clothes shrunk. You wouldn't believe that it was long, (it shrunk) simply because it was thick!
\phrase_s Se encogiómi ropa. No es para creer que era larga, (se encogió) por estar gruesa.
\phrase_n Nika:ki:xti:s notlake:n pa:mpa weyak, ma tso:liwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm dunk my clothes (in this case a shirt) quickly in water because they are long on me so that they will shrink.
\phrase_s Voy a meter mi ropa (en este caso una camisa) rápidamente en el agua porque es larga y para que se encoje.
\sense_e to get shorter (a cord or similar item that snaps, etc.)
\sense_s achicarse (una cuerda o cosa similar al reventarse, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tso:liw mola:soh pa:mpa o:koto:nka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your rope got shorter because it snapped.
\phrase_s Tu laso se quedómás corto porque se reventó.
\sense_e to dry up (e.g., a pond, puddle, water left standing in a bowl, a well or spring, etc.; Oapan synonym, tetso:liwi)
\sense_s secarse; evaporarse (p. ej., un charco, agua dejada estancada en un plato hondo, un pozo o manantial, etc.; sinónimo de Oapan: tetso:liwi)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tso:liwi a:tl, xok we:i.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The water is drying up, there's no longer much (left).
\phrase_s El agua se estásecando (disminuyendo), ya no hay mucho.
\root tso:l
\nse The precise meaning of tso:liwi and related terms seems to refer to a reduction in size that results from loss of a part of the original object or material. This loss might
be a piece of a material object (as occurs in clothes and cords) or it might be a natural loss, as when water dries up leaving a pond smaller or a fruit dried out. It appears that
tso:liwi refers to the action of shrinking whereas tetso:liwi refers to the action of drying up. The distinction is not 100 percent (as witness the
illustrative phrase from Ameyaltepec Tso:liwi a:tl, xok we:i) but it is fairly established. In Oapan, for example, the sense of 'to dry up (fruit, a puddle, etc.)' is
conveyed only by tetso:liwi, which has been given a separate entry for both Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl.
\qry Check use of /tso:liwi/ and /tetso:liwi/ re: potential subjects.
\semref pi:tsiwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03675
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be for the toponym /Ko:ke:ntla:n/. It has been removed from the dictionary and switched to the toponymic database. Nevertheless, there is a recording for this
place.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\vl Please tag this entry/speech tokens, with 3675. The word, however, has been eliminated from this lexicon and placed in another one that is exclusively toponyms. Therefore,
don't link it to this entry. I will later link it to a toponymic"dictionary."
\ref 03676
\lxam xi:pe:wi
\lxam_c xi:pe:wi
\lxoa xi:pe:wi
\lxoa_c xi:pe:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to peel (e.g., maize soaked in lime, beans soaked in water); to peel off (sth such as paint on a wall, the surface of fired ceramics, etc.)
\sense_s pelarse (p. ej., maíz dejando en agua con cal, frijoles remojados); descascararse (algo como la pintura de una pared, la superficie de barro cocido, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xio:tl nonextamal, xkwahli o:xi:pe:w, xkwahli tenextli, xte:kokoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e (The maize of) my nextamahli still has its skin, it hasn't peeled off well, the lime is no good, it's not strong.
\phrase_s (El maíz de) mi nixtamal todavía tiene su cáscara, no se ha pelado, la cal no estábien, no estáfuerte.
\phrase_n Deke xo:kipa:tsokeh, pe:wa xixi:pe:wi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If they didn't soak it (in this case a newly fired ceramic), it's surface will begin to flake off.
\phrase_s Si no lo mojaron (en este caso cerámica recién cocida), se va a empezar a descascarar.
\sense_e to come off; to get scraped off (e.g., ones skin that has been constantly rubbed)
\sense_s desprenderse (una capa delgado de algo, o piel que ha sido raspada y lastimada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:xi:pe:w notsi:ntew ipan burroh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The skin on my rear end as gotten rubbed off from riding on a donkey.
\phrase_s Se me rasparon las nalgas por andar sobre burro.
\phrase_n Oksepa o:texi:pe:w ka:n kikukwa, ka:n kipia itso:tso:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Once again (its skin) has peeled off where it (in this case a donkey) is hurt, where it has a sore.
\phrase_s Otra vez se peló(la piel) donde estálastimado (en este caso un burro), donde tiene una llagita.
\root xi:p
\disamb xi:pe:wi; xi:kopi:ni; a:la:wi
\nse Xi:pe:wi and xi:kopi:niare close in meaning. However, according to consultants, when referring to skin that peels as a result of sunburn,
xi:kopi:ni and not xi:pe:wi is used. When referring to human skin xi:pe:wi seems to be used more, particularly when some sort of
scraping injury is the cause.
\root_notes The root xi:can apparently be isolated in words such as xi:kopi:ni and xio:tl , although in the latter there is a short vowel.
It would seem that xi:pe:wi and xi:pe:wa has similar etymology, though the question remains whether the root of these two words should be
considered to be xi:p or xi:. For the purposes of cross-referencing
\ref 03677
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod Here /tlatsopi:ni:hloh/ has been removed from the dictionary.
\dt 03/Dec/2001
\ref 03678
\lxam a:miktia
\lxam_c ka:miktia
\lxoa a:mihtia
\lxoa_c ka:mihtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make thirsty (a person)
\sense_s hacer que tenga sed (a algn); dar sed (a algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:cha:miktia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I makes me thirsty.
\phrase_s Me da sed.
\phrase_n O:necha:miktih michin, kas toto:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The fish made me thirsty, probably it is"hot"(in the hot/cold classification of foods).
\phrase_s El pescado me diósed, quizáes"caliente"(del sistema clasificatorio para comida de frio/caliente).
\phrase_n San yewa na:miktia, xo:kwi:kak a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He himself is the cause of his thirst, he didn't take water along.
\phrase_s El mismo tiene la culpa de tener sed, no llevóagua consigo.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to drown (sb); to drown or damage with too much water (a plant)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) ahogar (una persona); ahogar o dañar por una abundancia de agua (una planta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timitsa:mi:mikti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to drown you.
\phrase_s Te voy a ahogar.
\phrase_n O:ka:mi:miktih nomi:l ika ke:n o:kiaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The heavy rains drowned my corn field (i.e., gave my maize root rot from too much water).
\phrase_s La lluvia fuerte inundómi milpa (esto es, pudrióla raíz del maíz con tanta agua).
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to prevent from breathing or to suffocate; or make it hard to breathe for (sb)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) sufocar; hacer la respiración difícil a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:cha:mi:miktia ko:lo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The scorpion (bite) is making it difficult for me to breathe.
\phrase_s El (piquete del) alacrán me dificulta la respiración.
\root a:
\root miki
\qry Note the reference in one phrase above to the hot/cold system of classification. This should be explored and referred to in the cultural encyclopedia.
\grm Re: causativization, note how it indicates when reflexively marked, indirectly by implication, culpability and responsibility: /San yewa na:miktia, xo:kwi:kak a:tl/ 'He himself
is the cause of his thirst, he didn't take water along.' This naturally emerges from the semantics of a two-person reflexive event.
\grm /O:ka:mi:miktih nomi:l ika ke:n o:kiaw/ Note use of complementation with /ika/.
\vl Link second female token.
\xref a:miki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03679
\lxam tlachi:lia
\lxam_c kitla:tlachi:lia
\lxoa tlachi:lia
\lxoa_c kí:tlachí:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref)
\sense_e to search or frisk (see tlá:machília)
\sense_s esculcar (véase tlá:machília)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:ne:chtlatlachi:likeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They frisked (searched) me.
\phrase_s Me esculcaron.
\sense_e to look around (e.g., to search for sth missing) in the things of (sb)
\sense_s buscarle (a algo) en las cosas de (p. ej., para encontrar algo)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xné:xtlatlachíli tla: tihnemilia náwa o:nikíxtek!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Look around my things if you think that I stole it!
\phrase_s ¡Búscale a mis cosas si piensas que yo me lo robé.
\sense_e (often with a directional) to keep an eye on for (e.g., a place to make sure nothing happens)
\sense_s (a menudo con una direccional) vigilar o estar cuidando para (p. ej., un lugar para ver que no pase nada)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Niaw te:cha:n. Xne:chá:ltlatlachílitóka:n deke xkalaki pitso!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I'm going to someone's house, come watch over (my house or patio) to make sure that pigs don't get it!
\phrase_s Voy de visita, ven a estar checando para ver que no entren los marranos.
\root chiya
\qry Check length of penultimate /i:/. Note that although one original filecard had short vowel reduplication meaning"to frisk"another had long vowel reduplication: /mistla:tlachi:li:s/ 'they
will search you (i.e., your body, house)' or 'they will frisk you.' Check to determine whether both long and short vowel reduplication are correct and, if so, what the difference
between the two is. Check C. Flores discussion re vowel lenght.
\grm Note the nature of the applicative here for what seems to be {chiya}; cf. to /pialia/, the applicative of /pia/. Note also the reduplication of /tla-/, which suggests fussion and
lexicalization.
\grm Directionals; durative: Note the combination in Oapan Nahuatl of a durative (-toka:n) and the directional prefix /wa:h-/: /Niaw te:cha:n. Xne:chá:ltlatlachílitóka:n deke
xkalaki pitso/ 'I'm going to someone's house, come watch over (my house or patio) to make sure that pigs don't get it!' Normally, when one utters an imperative/optative in
which the subject moves toward a particular point of reference to carry out an action, then the directional suffixes /-ki/ is used. However, with the durative, this cannot be
the case.
\xref tlachia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03680
\lxam rreá:l
\lxam_c rreá:l
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan real
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\semfld measure
\sense_e twelve and a half centavos (old money measure)
\sense_s doce centavos y medio (antigua medida de dinero)
\sense_d Am
\semref tomi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref me:dioh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03681
\lxam tlakpakopa
\lxam_c tlakpakopa
\lxoa tlahpakopa
\lxoa_c tlahpakopa
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adv
\der N-loc-3
\infv class-3a
\sense_e toward a higher area or place; in the direction of higher ground
\sense_s hacia un lugar o área más arriba o más algo
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e East
\sense_s este
\sense_d Oa
\root_rel -kpak; -pa
\qry Determine full range of meaning and, more importantly, how to classify this term, which seems nominal in Oapan but"adverbial"in Ameyaltepec.
\grm Note the direction East used with this term in Oapan.
\qry_fon Perhaps change this to /tlakpakopa/.
\ref 03682
\lxam pilisa:l
\lxam_c pilisa:l
\lxoa pilisa:l
\lxoa_c pilisa:l
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn pl. pilisa:lteh / pilisa:lmeh (Am); pisa:ltih
\sense_e blanket
\sense_s cobija
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikonkwis nopilisa:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to grab my blanket.
\phrase_s Voy a recoger mi cobija.
\phrase_n Nonamaka miák pilisa:lteh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A lot of blankets are sold.
\phrase_s Se venden muchas cobijas.
\root pilisa:l
\nse Tetelcingo has pilisol with the same meaning. In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl pilisa:l is usually found in the possessed form. There is no documentation of an
absolutive ? pilisa:hli although an unpossessed plural is documented: Nona:maka miák pilisa:lteh.
\qry Recheck vowel length though I am quite certain that the long /a:/ is correct. Note that I have seldom heard this in singular unpossessed, but I don't remember hearing ?pilisa:hli. It is
possible that this is related to the first element in /-pila:na/.
\vl Link first female token.
\semref plen
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 03683
\lxam koko:hli
\lxam_c koko:hli
\lxoa kókó:hli
\lxoa_c kókó:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Reduced rdp-s(pref): nó:kó:l
\der N-b
\pitch yes
\sense_e grandfather; father of ones godparents; grandfather of ones spouse
\sense_s abuelo; padre del padrino o madrina; abuelo del conyuge
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nokoko:l, nokompa:lna:n itah katka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is my grandfather, he was the father of my godmother.
\phrase_s Es mi abuelo, era el padre de mi comadre.
\phrase_n Nikoko:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am a grandfather
\phrase_s Soy abuelo.
\sense_e (ika o:kpa ~) great-grandfather, great-grandfather of ones godparents, great-grandfather of ones spouse
\sense_s (ika o:kpa ~) bisabuelo, bisabuelo del padrino o madrina; bisabuelo del conyuge
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa, ika o:kpa nokoko:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is my great-grandfather.
\phrase_s Es mi bisabuelo.
\sense_e (arch. se: tokoko:l) an elder man of the village
\sense_s (arc. se: tokoko:l) hombre del pueblo de una edad avanzada
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:mik se: tokoko:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e An elder man of our pueblo died.
\phrase_s Se murióun hombre de edad avanzada de nuestro pueblo.
\semfld kin
\root ko:l
\nse As with most kin terms, koko:hli is almost always possessed, although it may be used unpossessed. The possessed first person plural form is the phrase se:
tokoko:l is used in Ameyaltepec to refer to an elder man, not necessarily a principal. It has been replaced by se: towe:weh , the term now
commonly used in this village.
\semref koko:l
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03684
\lxam manchó:n
\lxam_c manchó:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan manchón
\loan_t Sp
\psm Adj
\der Adj-loan
\sense_e to be branchy; to have a lot of branches
\sense_s ser frondoso; tener muchas ramas.
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ke:n tlako:tl, san manchó:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is like a rod, just manchó:n.
\phrase_s Es como una vara, solamente manchó:n.
\qry The meaning of /machó:n/ was not explained in my notes and should be researched.
\ref 03685
\lxam chikwe:iti
\lxam_c chikwe:iti
\lxoa chikwe:iti
\lxoa_c chikwe:iti
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e for a week to pass; to be in a weeks time
\sense_s pasar o pasarse una semana
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n nichikwe:itis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to spend a week here.
\phrase_s Voy a pasar una semana aquí.
\phrase_n Yo:chikwe:it.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's already been a week.
\phrase_s Ya ha pasado una semana.
\root chik
\root ye:i
\ref 03686
\lxam kwi:stik
\lxam_c kwi:stik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e (often reduplicated with short vowel) to be uncomfortable; to be sad (from not being at home in a given place)
\sense_s (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) estar triste (por no hallarse en un lugar)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e (often reduplicated with short vowel) to be weak or exhausted; to be debilitated (e.g., from hard work, from illness, from being unhappy where one is, etc.)
\sense_s (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) estar débil; estar exhausto (p. ej., de trabajo duro, de una enfermedad, por no hallarse, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Yo:nsiawi:tih, sa: kwi:stik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I exhausted it (in this case my horse), it's now completely debilitated.
\phrase_s Lo hice cansar (en este caso a mi caballo), quedócompletamente debilitado.
\fla kwi:tsiwi
\root kwi:ts
\nse The word kwi:stik , or its virtual equivalent kukwi:stik , refers to a state of exhaustion, of being under the weather, of an animal that just goes around
sad, not feeling comfortable where it is, not eating well, etc. It may also apply to a person who is constantly under the weather, who is not lively, who is bored or feels bothered, who
has from parasites, etc.
\qry Determine the precise reasons, and all, that an animal or person may become /kwi:stik/, i.e., exhaustion, 'no hallarse', illness, etc. List these in the /nte field.
\ref 03687
\lxam tlato:lchi:kwepok
\lxam_c tlato:lchi:kwepok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e person who is long-winded, an endless talker
\sense_s persona que habla sin cesar
\sense_d Am
\root hto
\root kwepo:
\disamb tlatowa:ni; tlatole:roh; tlato:lwe:yak; tlato:lchi:kwepok
\ref 03688
\lxam papayetsa
\lxam_c kipapayetsa
\lxoa papaitsa
\lxoa_c kipapaitsa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to grind up (maize) in the mouth and eat only a little, letting the rest fall to the ground (a pig that cannot eat well because it is tomayoh i:pan i:kwitlaxkol)
\sense_s pulverizar (maíz) en la boca y comer poco, dejando lo demás caer al suelo (un marrano que no puede comer bien porque tomayoh i:pan i:kwitlaxkol)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San tlapapayetsa, xwel tlakwa un pitso.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That pig just grinds things up (in this case maize it is fed), it can't eat.
\phrase_s Ese marrano nada más pulveriza el maíz, no puede comer.
\sense_e to tingle (e.g., the feeling given by a small insect walking on the skin of [O]; cf. Ameyaltepec pepeyotsa)
\sense_s causar un sentir de hormiguero (p. ej., el sentimiento que causa un insecto que camina por la piel de algn; véase Ameyaltepec pepeyotsa)
\sense_d Oa
\root paya:
\nse Papayetsa is undoubtedly a variation of the expected papayatsa ; perhaps the very short /a/ simply got slightly fronted and raised. This might have
been idiosyncratic to the speaker who pronounced this word when I first head it.
\nae The reduplication in Oapan papaitsa does not yield a pitch accented word, as would be expected in a frequentative form in which the reduplicant does not have coda
{h}. But note that the adjectival té:paíxtikhas the te- "dummy morpheme"that is often used to provide a short vowel onto which a reduplicant can reduce.
However, it is not clear why in this case the reduplicant motivates pitch accent. This question needs to be further researched.
\qry Check O use of /papayetsa/ C. Flores says it should be /pepeyotsa/.
\qry_fon Check penultimate vowel /e/. Finally, check for possible intransitive: /papayaka/ or /papayeka/. For the Oapan forms, check vl as well. It appears that the length of a
dipthong of vowel and glide is longer than two short vowels together because the transition from one point to the other is vocalic rather than consonantal. It will be
important to determine how to measure this (cf. e.g., /pa:i/, etc.). The reduplication in Oapan papaitsa does not yield a pitch accented word, as would be
expected in a frequentative form in which the reduplicant does not have coda {h}. But note that the adjectival té:paíxtikhas the te- "dummy
morpheme"that is often used to provide a short vowel onto which a reduplicant can reduce. However, it is not clear why in this case the reduplicant motivates pitch accent.
This question needs to be further researched.
\vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 5746. These should be tagged here and perhaps two of them should be chosen for the linked tokens.
\grmx Oapan reduplication; phonology: The reduplication in Oapan papaitsa does not yield a pitch accented word, as would be expected in a frequentative form in
which the reduplicant does not have coda {h}. But note that the adjectival té:paíxtikhas the te- "dummy morpheme"that is often used to provide a
short vowel onto which a reduplicant can reduce. However, it is not clear why in this case the reduplicant motivates pitch accent. This question needs to be further
researched.
\qry_h papayetsa
\xref paya:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03689
\lxam maxaltik
\lxam_c maxaltik
\lxoa maxaltik
\lxoa_c maxaltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be forked (a material object such as a piece of wood, a snake or lizard's tongue, etc.)
\sense_s ser bifurcado (un objeto material como un pedazo de madera, la lengua de una lagartija, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root maxal
\nse Maxaltik refers to something forked, such as a horcón or a piece of wood, as well, it seems, as a snake or lizard's tongue. It appears that
maxaltik is virtually identical to maxaliwtok(and Ameyaltepec maxale:wtok) but slightly different in terms of usage. For
example, maxaltik does not appear to be used when referring to a road, whereas maxaltik is acceptable with this meaning.
\nae Maxaltik is one of the few deverbal adjectivals for which an intransitive verbal base (? maxaliwi) does not exist, or has not been documented
to date.
\ref 03690
\lxam isantsi:n
\lxam_alt isani
\lxam_c isantsi:n
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e an early riser
\sense_s madrugador
\sense_d Am
\root hsa
\grm Note /isantsi:n/, apparently this is used as a noun whereas /isani/ is more the habitual sense. Check. Apparently these forms are not used in Oapan (e.g., nothing for
/a:tlakwintsi:n/).
\ref 03691
\lxam tlatsi:ni
\lxam_c tlatsi:ni
\lxoa tlatsi:ni
\lxoa_c tlatsi:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\infn +Compl; +Caus
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to hatch (fowl or other birds, or insect larvae)
\sense_s nacer (solamente aves o pájaros, o larva de insectos como okwiltixtli)
\sense_d Pending
\root tlatsi:
\nse The only documented use of tlatsi:ni to date has been in reference to the hatching of fowl or the birth of insect larvae, which also emerge from eggs. Apparently this
meaning is an extension of a more basic signification referring to breaking. Although most Ameyaltepec consultants agreed that this word is used only in reference to birth by
hatching, some accepted its use with any living animal (though the more common term is tla:kati).
\nde Molina has for tlatzini 'sonar algo rebentando, assi como huevo quando lo asan, o cosa semejante.'
\qry Check to determine whether the basic meaning of 'reventar' is still used. Check also all -ni verbs for the possiblity of two transitive forms, and determine differences in signification if
they exist.
\grm Causatives; transitivity; agentivity: There are a very few verbs in Ameyaltepec (and perhaps Balsas Nahuatl in general) that have both a nondirected and a causative
transitive. One such verb is /komo:ni/, which is found both as /komo:nia/ and /komo:naltia/. Another is the present, /tlatsi:ni/, which forms both /tlatsi:nia/ and /tlatsi:naltia/.
Here it is interesting to note the difference between the two forms. /tlatsi:naltia/ is a classic example of a causative. With /tlatsi:ni/ one has a young animal hatching; with
/tlatsi:naltia/ one also has a young animal hatching, but now as the causee of a two-argument predicate. With /tlatsi:nia/, however, it is the sound that is reproduced (or
made to emerge) from another, which has no agentive status. Note that Classical has /tlatzini/ and /tlatziniltia/ (nite-. rebajar, humillar a alguien.), but neither /tlatzinia/ nor
/tlatzinaltia/.
\xref tlatlatsi:ni
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03692
\lxam tsokwiliwi
\lxam_c tsokwiliwi
\lxoa tsókwilíwi
\lxoa_pr tsokwiliwi
\lxoa_c tsókwilíwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to become filthy; to become really dirty and disgusting
\sense_s estar o quedar mugriento; quedar asqueroso
\sense_d Pending
\root tsohkwil
\nse Tsokwiliwi and related words are rarely used and, when they are, almost always to refer to things that are really filthy and somewhat disgusting, such as a plate with
food left on it, a child's diaper with excrement, etc. Luis Lucena mentioned that this word and its cognates are used to refer to plates, dishes, pans, pots, and other cooking utensils
and items that have had food left in them, which has dried and left things filthy and somewhat disgusting.
\vl Although not in my original notes, the p-a has been added to the Oa headword and the /pa yes field added. Check and remove if necessary.
\vl Link first female token.
\semref tsokwile:wi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tsókwilé:wi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03693
\lxam ma:nelowa
\lxam_c kima:nelowa
\lxoa ma:nelowa
\lxoa_c kima:nelowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to stir around with ones hand (e.g., grains being cleaned in a sieve)
\sense_s revolver con la mano (p. ej., maíz al cribarlo sobre un arnero o malla)
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root nel
\vl Link second female token.
\ref 03694
\lxam nakatetl
\lxam_c nakatetl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who is naked or in the buff
\sense_s persona desnuda
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e bird without feathers (e.g., a newly born bird); animal without hair (a newly born animal)
\sense_s pájaro o ave sin plumas (p. ej., un pájaro recién nacido); animal sin pelos (un animal recién nacido)
\sense_d Pending
\flao -tetl
\root naka
\root te
\fl -tetl
\qry Check to make sure the meaning 'without hair' is correct; I added it on my own based on the meaning 'without feathers' but do not have documentation of this use in my notes.
\semref a:latetl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03695
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlá:ya:wília
\lxoa_alt tlá:ya:wília
\lxoa_alt tlá:ye:wília
\lxoa_pr tlá:ya:wilia
\lxoa_c kitlá:ya:wília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to mimic or ape (the gestures or actions of); to imitate; to do an impression of (the voice of)
\sense_s remedar (los gestos o acciones de); imitar (la voz de)
\sense_d Oa
\root ya:wa -?-
\nse During a review of the dictionary, Florencia Marcelino gave Oapan Nahuatl tlá:ya:wília as the semantic equivalent of Ameyaltepec tlaka:wilia.
However, the etymologies of the two forms, Ameyaltepec tlaka:wilia and Oapan tlá:ya:wília might well be distinct; and further analysis of the semantics
of the terms might also reveal distinctive meanings. For this reason, the two have been given separate entries at present.
\nae The etymology of Oapan tlá:ya:wília is uncertain. It might be related to ka:wa as is what might be the Ameyaltepec equivalent tlaka:wilia ,
but it might have a different origin. Superficially it would seem to be derived from a reduplicated form of the verb ? ya:wilia, in which the reduplicant is realized as
lengthening and pitch on the nonspecific object prefix tla-. However, the length of the tla- syllable is uncertain (the proper orthography might be
tláya:wília) and if there is length it might be the result of /k/ deletion in an intervocalic environment. Definitely more analysis of this verb is needed.
\qry_fon Recheck vowel length of /a/, perhaps it should be short like the Am cognate.
\grm Oapan phonology; /k/ deletion: Note that from the semantics of each word it seems apparent that they are equivalent. Note the k>0 rule (in the context of a_a) is operational
here.
\vl Link first female token.
\semref tlakawilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 03696
\lxam ye:lpanxoko:ya
\lxam_c ye:lpanxoko:ya
\lxoa ye:lpaxoko:ya
\lxoa_c ye:lpaxoko:ya
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Adj; ~Trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to be left with a bitter taste in ones chest
\sense_s quedarsele un sabor amargo en el pecho
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Newa o:ne:lpanxoko:yak, o:nimilpo:ts iwa:n ki:sa xokó:k
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I was left with a bitter taste in my chest, I burped and something bitter came up.
\phrase_s Me quedóun sabor amargo en el pecho, me eructéy algo amargo salió.
\sense_e to have an upset stomach from overeating
\sense_s empacharse por comer demasiado
\sense_d Pending
\root ye:l
\root xoko
\root_rel -pan
\nse With the sense of 'to have an upset stomach' ye:lpanxoko:ya seems to be close in meaning of the reflexive noxwitia.
\nae Note the operation of a phonological rule that deletes the nasal in the Oapan form. This type of nasal deletion is common across the dialect.
\qry Check the meaning of 'to have an upset stomach' as this might have been due to a misinterpretation on my part of the meaning, or a faulty translation by a consultant.
\grm Oapan phonology: /n/ deletion: With /ye:lpaxoko:ya/, Note the operation of a phonological rule that deletes the nasal in the Oapan form. This type of nasal deletion is
common across the dialect.
\ref 03697
\lxam ayutamaltsi:ntli
\lxam_cpend *ayutamaltsi:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:ntli
\sense_e brownish yellow or dark yellow, like the yellow of squash
\sense_s amarrillo algo caféo oscuro, como el amarillo de la calabaza
\sense_d Am
\semfld color
\root ayoh
\root tamal
\qry Check whether this word should have been recorded without the absolutive ending, as is the case with many colors. Also note how /-tsi:n(tli)/ makes a noun into a color term.
Recheck here and with all words the length of the initial /a/.
\ref 03698
\lxam o:melia
\lxam_c ko:melia
\lxoa ó:meliá
\lxoa_pr ó:melia
\lxoa_c kó:meliá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-lia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-orthography
\sense_e to do a second time (e.g., to pass over a field with a plow a second time before planting; see o:ntetilia; or to put double sticking in a cloth)
\sense_s hacer por una segunda vez (p. ej., pasar con el arado sobre el terreno por la segunda vez; see o:ntetilia; o poner una costura doble al coser una tela, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kemech niko:meli:s -=nikoo:meli:s- notla:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will soon plow over my field for the second time.
\phrase_s Pronto pasaréel arado la segunda vez sobre mi terreno.
\phrase_n Tlao:melia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is going over it (e.g., his field with a plow) for a second time.
\phrase_s Le estáhaciendo por segunda vez (p. ej., arar su terreno antes de sembrar).
\phrase_n Xko:meliitlake:n! Xtlakalili o:me i:loh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Put a double stitch in his clothes (e.g., in the seam)! Put two threads in it!
\phrase_s ¡Pónle doble costura!¡Pónle dos hilos!
\root o:me
\nse In Ameyaltepec, only fields and clothes have been documented as objects of the transitive verb o:melia. In Oapan the plowing of a field for the second time is
referred to by the verb ó:ntetília. The verb ó:meliá, in this latter village, is used to refer to the first time the plow is used to weed after the maize has
sprouted. It is equivalent to tla:lwia(Oa) or xihki:xtia (Am). For a fuller account, see the notes under teki.
\qry Check for other possible objects of /o:melia/.
\mod For a diagram of the different ways in which one goes over a field the second time, depending on whether one will plant on the third pass (/ipan ye:i to:ka/) or on the fourth pass
(/ipan na:wi to:ka/), see the illustration with /o:melia/).
\grm Applicative/causative: Note the use of the /-lia/ suffix with numbers to indicate doing sth to an object for the second time. With adjectives such as /we:i/ and /yema:nki/ there
is an inchoative (/we:iya/ and /yema:nia/) and a causative (/we:ilia/ and /yema:nilia/) in which the /-lia/ substitutes for the inchoative /-ya/. However, the basic pattern is that
of Adjective + lia indicating a causative (i.e., inducing a state change to occur). With numerals this is not quite the case, since the object of /o:melia/ is not being forced to
'become two.' Rather, in seems that with numerals the /-lia/ ending has more of an applicative sense: the object is the benefactive in a sense, being benefited by having the
action on it repeated X number of times (with the x number being the base of the verbalization). Since there is no other verbal form to be considered (unlike the -lia
causatives that have an inchoative), forms such as /o:melia/ are considered deadjectival verbs. However, it appears that there is an inchoativeform of numerals + ya as in
/o:mexkayo:tl/ 'sth from two years ago'. Note that the /x/ reflects an underlying {y} and thus perhaps it is possible to assume a form ?o:meya 'to become two'. But check to see
if a straight form exists: ?o:meya, etc.
\vl Link first female token.
\semref ye:ilia; ye:itilia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ye:tetilia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03699
\lxam wa:ki
\lxam_c wa:ki
\lxoa wa:ki
\lxoa_c wa:ki
\dt 03/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ki/tsa
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers tla-
\trans Compl
\sense_e to dry
\sense_s secarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:wa:k motlake:n, xkalakti kali!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your clothes have dried, take them in the house!
\phrase_s Ya se secótu ropa,¡métela dentro de la casa!
\sense_e to dry up (a well or other place where there is water)
\sense_s secarse (un pozo u otro lugar donde hay agua)
\sense_d Pending
\root wa:
\semref tewa:ki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03700
\lxam i:xkotia:nwia
\lxam_c ni:xkotia:nwia
\lxoa i:xkotia:wia
\lxoa_f [i:x ko chia: 'wi a]
\lxoa_c ni:xkotia:wia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to do by oneself; to isolate oneself in doing sth
\sense_s (refl.) hacer algo solo; apartarse o quedarse separado para hacer algo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nitlakwatok san newa, nimi:xkotia:nwitok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am eating alone, I am doing it by myself.
\phrase_s Estoy comiendo nada más yo, lo estoy haciendo solo.
\root i:x
\root_rel -i:xko
\nse In Oapan, according to Florencia Marcelino, this refers to the action of this refers to the action of isolating oneself in doing something.
\nde Molina has several related words, none of them reflexive. Note, for example, ixcoyantia. nicn 'apropiar, o aplicar asi algo' and ixcoyantia. nite 'dar, o apropiar
o adjudicar algo a otro.'
\grm Note the use of /-wia/ with the nominalized /i:xkotiya:n/. Cf. RS who has /ixcoyan/ and /ixcoyantia/.
\vl There are several mispronunciations. Do not tag them, only the good terms (perhaps about 4 each).
\ref 03701
\lxam tsatsapotsi:n
\lxam_c tsatsapotsi:n
\lxoa tsátsapótsi:n
\lxoa_cpend @tsátsapótsi:n
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e type of tree as yet unidentified
\sense_s tipo deárbol hasta ahora no identificado
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root tsapo
\notes_nature There is no mention of this in either Ramírez (1991) or Ramírez and Dakin (1979); nor is it immediately obvious if this plant corresponds to any particular tree in Guizar and
Sánchez (1991). Schoenhals (1988) has an extensive list of zapotes, of many difference genera, particularly Casimiroa, Pouteria, Pachiraand Diospyrus.
\qry I seem to remember a /kochisapotl/ that is not, however, yet entered on the database. Make sure it is.
\ref 03702
\lxam xa:lpi:si:hli
\lxam_c *xa:lpi:si:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e fine-grained sand
\sense_s arena muy fina
\sense_d Pending
\root xa:l
\root pi:si:l
\nse Although originally documented in Ameyaltepec, Cristino Flores mentioned that he has never heard this word. It might have been uttered as a"borrowing"from another village or
region. Rather, he accepted xa:lkwe:xtli as the term meaning 'fine-grained sand.'
\semref xa:lkwe:xtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03703
\lxam chipi:nilia
\lxam_c kichipi:nilia
\lxoa chipi:nilia
\lxoa_c kichipi:nilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to let drops fall on
\sense_s dejar caer gotas sobre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nimochi:chipini:lih yetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I let drops of liquido from the beans fall on me.
\phrase_s Me dejémanchar por el caldo de los frijoles.
\root chipi:
\qry Check correctness of short vowel rdp in /O:nimochichipini:lih yetl./.
\xref chipi:nia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03704
\lxam nekwahlo:tia
\lxam_c kinekwahlo:tia
\lxoa ne:nkwahlo:tia
\lxoa_c kine:nkwahlo:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to tie with a certain type of knot (apparently a half-hitch or clove hitch)
\sense_s atar con un tipo de nudo (aparentemente un 'cabo de vuelta')
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kinekwahlo:tih
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He tied it with a half (or clove) hitch.
\phrase_s Lo atócon un cabo de vuelta.
\phrase_n Kinekwahlo:tia, kisa:lowa ika nekwahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He hitches it to it, he ties it with a clove hitch.
\phrase_s Le pone un cabo de vuelta, lo ata con un cabo de vuelta.
\root kwa
\semref nekwahli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03705
\lxam a:pachowa
\lxam_c ka:pachowa
\lxoa a:pachowa
\lxoa_c ka:pachowa
\dt 24/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to cover with water; to soak in water; to steep in water
\sense_s sumergir en, o cubrir con, agua; remojar en agua
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xka:pacho, ma a:sia:wi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Cover it with water, let it soak (e.g., palm that will be used for tying, clothes to wash, etc.)!
\phrase_s ¡Sumérgelo en agua, déjalo remojar (p. ej., palma que se necesita ablandar para que se pueda atar, ropa para lavar, etc.)!
\phrase_n Xka:pacho un so:ya:tl para ma yema:nia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Cover (soak) that palm in water so that it gets soft (and can be used to tie things).
\phrase_s Mete esa palma en agua para que se suavize (y se pueda utilizar para atar o entrelazar cosas).
\phrase_n Xka:pacho moyew para tikonxi:ni:s! Tikpapa:kas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place your beans in water, you will (later) toss them (into a pot to cook)! You will wash them (this refers to the action of placing beans in a water-filled bowl to soften and
clean them before cooking).
\phrase_s Mete los frijoles en agua, los vas a hervir (después)! Los vas a lavar (se refiere a la acción de poner frijoles en un plato hondo con agua para ablandarlos y limpiarlos
antes de cocerlos).
\sense_e to ply with drink; to give much drink to
\sense_s ofrecer bebida con insistencia; ofrecer y servir mucha bebida
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mlá:k o:te:cha:pachokeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They really plied us with drink.
\phrase_s Nos servieron mucha bebida.
\root a:
\root pach
\nse The term a:pachowa may be used to refer to the action of placing bark in a bowl of water so that the medicinal properties seep into the water, which may then
be drunk.
\qry Add phrase to entry under /xi:nia/.
\ref 03706
\lxam Jódio:s to:to:tl*
\lxam_c Jódio:s to:to:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e type of bird, still not identified, that looks like a roadrunner with a crest
\sense_s tipo de pájaro todavía no identificado, que parece a un correcaminos con una cresta
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root to:to:
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1988) has an entry under judío:"1. (Dives dives) 'melodious [singing] blackbird' See tordo cantor. 2. (Molothrus aeneus)
'bronzed [red-eyed] cowbird' See tordo ojirojo. 3. (Crotophaga ani) 'smooth-billed ani' See pico de cera. 4. (Crotophaga sulcirostris) 'groove-billed ani'
See garrapatero.'"It is not clear whether any of these correspond to the bird mentioned in this entry.
\ref 03707
\lxam te:yaman
\lxam_alt te:aman
\lxam_c te:yaman
\lxoa té:yamán
\lxoa_c té:yamán
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be bothersome (particularly some situation or object)
\sense_s ser molestoso (particularmente una situación u objeto)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to get in people's way (e.g., an object that blocks a path, or prevents people from doing certain things they wish to do)
\sense_s ser estorboso (p. ej., algo que estorba una senda, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root ahmana
\nae The plural of this deverbal adjectival is te:amankeh (Am) and té:amánkeh (Oa).
\disamb te:amanki
\qry Determine precise difference between /te:aman/ and /te:amanki/
\ref 03708
\lxam tekpin
\lxam_c tekpin
\lxoa tehpin
\lxoa_alt tekpin
\lxoa_c tehpin, tekpin
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e flea
\sense_s pulga
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:a:tin chichi, tekpin, so:lo chichi kipiya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The louse of dogs, it (is called) tekpin , only dogs have them.
\phrase_s El piojo de los perros, es (llamado) tekpin , sólo los perros lo tienen.
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root tekp
\vl NOTE TO SELF: Terrible clipping on female channel.
\ref 03709
\lxam poxa:wak
\lxam_c poxa:wak
\lxoa poxa:wak
\lxoa_c poxa:wak
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-k
\sense_e to be crumbly or loose (certain stones in regards to their consistency)
\sense_s desmigajarse, desmenuzarse, o desmoronarse fácilmente; estar muy suelto (algunas piedras)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Poxa:wak un tetl, yema:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That rock is crumbly, it is soft.
\phrase_s Se desmorona fácilmente esa piedra, estápoco dura.
\phrase_n Poxa:wak, san nima:n papaya:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is crumbly, it breaks apart right away.
\phrase_s Estámuy suelto (en este caso en referencia a la consistencia de una piedra), luego luego se desmenuza.
\sense_e to be spongy
\sense_s ser esponjoso
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be loose; to be not tight (e.g., a rope whose strands are not very tightly wound)
\sense_s estar flojo; estar no o poco apretado (p. ej., una soga con los hilos poco apretados)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Poxa:wak mola:soh, xokitetsi:loh kwahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The strands of your rope are loose (not tightly twisted together), he (its maker) didn't twine it together tightly (with a taravía).
\phrase_s Tu riata estáfloja, no lo torcióbien (él que la hizo, con una taravía).
\root poxa:
\disamb xiti:ntok; xiti:nki; poxa:wak
\nse In regards to a rope, the opposite of poxa:wak is tetsi:ltik
\qry Determine difference with /(te)poxaktik/.
\qry Note that here I have the /te'/ as optional. This should be checked. Also, the difference between /poxaktik/ and /poxa:wak/ should be discussed. Obtain plural of /poxaktik tla:katl/
to fully ascertain if the form is a compound (one word) or two.
\vl There is an extra female token at 4797.
\semref tetsi:ltik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03710
\lxam te:kekexkilih
\lxam_c te:kekexkilih
\lxoa te:kekexilih
\lxoa_c te:kekexilih
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e to be itchy; to cause itchiness
\sense_s dar comezón
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:kekexkilih sa:watl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Skin rashes are itchy.
\phrase_s El sarpullido da comezón.
\root kex
\grm Word order: /Te:kekexkilih sa:watl/ 'Skin rashes are itchy.' Note that although generic meanings of nouns usually precede the predicate (e.g., /tla:katl xkwahli/ 'men are no
good').
\grm Oapan phonology: Note that the final /h/ of Inocencio Jiménez's seems to go to a nasal. Check.
\vl Link second female token.
\ref 03711
\lxam ma:kaxa:nia
\lxam_c noma:kaxa:nia
\lxoa ma:kaxa:nia
\lxoa_c noma:kaxa:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans +Refl/-trans; ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to let ones arm go slack
\sense_s (refl.) aflojarse el brazo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:timoma:kaxa:nih. Xtili:ni moma! Nika:n o:pe:w ko:ko:tsi:liwi. Xok kwahli note:katiw in i:loh, san te:pan noma:matilotiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You've let your arm slack (in this case not pulling tight on a tarabi:yah used to make cord). Hold your arm tight! It (the rope) has begun to twist up here.
The threads are no longer laying nice and flat (on each other), in various places they are getting wound up around each other.
\phrase_s Dejaste aflojar el brazo.¡Apriétalo! Aquíya empezó(la soga) a torcer. Ya no se asientan bien (planos) los hilos, en algunos lugares ya se van enroscando.
\root ma:
\root kaxa:
\qry Check for intransitive form.
\ref 03712
\lxam pa:pa:ntsi:n
\lxam_c pa:pa:ntsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e ear of maize that remained small, poorly formed, and immature (in reference to an ear still on the stalk, or even already cooked)
\sense_s elote que quedómal formado, pequeño e inmaduro (en referencia a un elote todavía sobre la planta o hasta cuando ya se coció)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Pa:pa:ntsi:n, xo:chika:w, kwe:xtik itlayo:ltsitsi:wa:n. Pero wel nokwepa de ye:lo:tl, kikxitian itik ko:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is a small, poorly formed ear of maize, it did not mature, its kernels are small. But it can become an elote, they are cooking it in a pot.
\phrase_s Es un elote mal formado y pequeño, no maduró, sus granos son pequeños. Pero se puede volver elote, lo están cociendo en una olla.
\phrase_n Papa:ntsi:n pa:mpa o:kitlakal yeyekatl kwa:k ye:lo:tl katka. Xo:chika:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is a poorly formed immature ear of corn because the wind knocked it to the ground when it was just an elote. It didn't get fully ripe.
\phrase_s Es un elote mal formado e inmaduro porque el viento lo tiróal suelo cuando era solamente un elote (esto es, antes de que madurara). No maduróbien.
\root pa:n
\nse Because the kernels of the pa:pa:ntsi:n are small, it is not shelled. Often pa:pa:ntsi:n are given whole to pigs to eat. However, they are sometimes
cooked in boiling water and the kernels become like those of an elote. Note that pa:pa:ntsi:n refers to these ears of corn both before and after they are cooked. The
etymology of this word is unclear, perhaps its root is related to that found in pa:ya:ni.
\qry Check vowel length.
\semref sempa:pa:ntsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03713
\lxam kochpasolowa
\lxam_c kikochpasolowa
\lxoa kóchpasolówa
\lxoa_pr kochpasolowa
\lxoa_c kikóchpasolówa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to keep from sleeping (e.g., by causing a disturbance, for example with excessive noise); to keep awake (by disturbing the sleep of)
\sense_s no dejar dormir (p. ej., al molestar con ruido); molestar el sueño de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:kochpasolowa un tla:wa:nke:tl, tsatsitok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That drunk is keeping people from sleeping, he is shouting.
\phrase_s Ese borracho no deja la gente dormir, estáechando gritos.
\sense_e (refl.) to be unable to sleep
\sense_s (refl.) no poder dormir
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nokochpasolowa, o:kikwah ko:lo:tl ikone:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is unable to sleep, a scorpion bit his child.
\phrase_s No puede dormir, un alacrán le mordióa su hijo.
\root kochi
\root pahsol
\ref 03714
\lxam se:xiwtilia
\lxam_c kise:xiwtilia
\lxoa se:xihtilia
\lxoa_c kise:xihtilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Num-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e see -xiwtilia (Am) or xihtilia(Oa)
\sense_s véase -xiwtilia (Am) o xihtilia(Oa)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root se:
\root xiw
\ref 03715
\lxam tlako:lo:le:roh
\lxam_c tlako:lo:le:roh
\lxoa tlako:lo:le:roh
\lxoa_c tlako:lo:le:roh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (Sp) tlako:lo:hli
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1; Gender; pl. tlako:lo:le:ros
\sense_e man (or woman) who works a hillside parcel (tlako:lo:hli) planted with a digging stick and worked by hand
\sense_s hombre (o mujer) que trabaja un terreno en una cuesta o cerrito (tlako:lo:hli) sembrado con un coa y trabajado a mano
\sense_d Pending
\root tlako:l
\ency_note tla:hli
\vl Link second female token.
\semref tlako:lo:lto:kake:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03716
\lxam ichkatl
\lxam_c ichkatl
\lxoa ichkatl
\lxoa_c ichkatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e (alienable possession) cotton (e.g., possessed or owned by a person)
\sense_s (posesión enajenable) algodón (p. ej., el que se puede posesionar por una persona)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e cotton plant (i.e., by extension)
\sense_s planta de algodón (esto es, por extensión)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) cotton or cotton-like plant fiber (of a plant [Poss] such as that of the po:cho:tlor to:moichkatl)
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) algodón o una fibra como algodón (de una planta [Pos] como lo que tiene el po:cho:tly to:moichkatl)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n To:moichkatl kipia ichkayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The to:moichkatl cactus has cotton-like fibers.
\phrase_s El cactus llamado to:moichkatl tiene fibras como de algodón.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root chka
\vl Link second female and second male tokens.
\ref 03717
\lxam tomaxoko:ya
\lxam_c tomaxoko:ya
\lxoa tomaxoko:ya
\lxoa_c tomaxoko:ya
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to have too much ground tomato (a salsa)
\sense_s pasarse de tomate (una salsa)
\sense_d Pending
\fla tomaxokó:k
\root toma
\root xoko
\vl Note that first Florencia gives /tomaxoko:k/. This should be tagged with 1189. Then she repeats the word correctly twice. Link her second good pronunciation.
\ref 03718
\lxam tlaxkalkwa
\lxam_c kitlaxkalkwa
\lxoa tlaxkalkwa
\lxoa_c kitlaxkalkwa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to eat the tortilla of (a woman who is cooking them)
\sense_s comerle las tortillas de (una mujer que las estápreparando)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chtlaxkalkwa:ko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He came to eat my tortillas (that I was just making).
\phrase_s Vino a comerme las tortilllas (que estaba preparando).
\root xka
\nae The fact that the object of tlaxkalkwa is a"malefactive,"a person adversely affected by an action, is the result of the nature of the nominal incorporation, which is this
case represents"possessor raising"; the analytical equivalent of ne:chtlaxkalwa would be kikwa notlaxkal. However, note that as a reflection of
the"possessor raising"status of this verbal compound, tlaxkalwa is used only under the specific instance of a woman (the primary object) whose tortillas are eaten
while she is preparing them. Otherwise (e.g., if one is eating tortillas and another person comes and takes some to eat) one would say ne:chkwa:lia notlaxkal.
\grm Noun incorporation; possessor raising; inalienable possession: The fact that the object of tlaxkalkwa is a"malefactive,"a person adversely affected by an
action, is the result of the nature of the nominal incorporation, which is this case represents"possessor raising"; the analytical equivalent of ne:chtlaxkalwa
would be kikwa notlaxkal. However, note that as a reflection of the"possessor raising"status of this verbal compound, tlaxkalwa is used only
under the specific instance of a woman (the primary object) whose tortillas are eaten while she is preparing them. Otherwise (e.g., if one is eating tortillas and another
person comes and takes some to eat) one would say ne:chkwa:lia notlaxkal. Cf. to verbs such as /chi:lkwa/.
\vl Link second female and first male tokens.
\ref 03719
\lxam to:hla:nti
\lxam_c to:hla:nti
\lxoa to:hla:nti
\lxoa_c to:hla:nti
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to form a crowd; to become crowded (in the sense of their being many people)
\sense_s haber mucha gente; llegar a formar una muchedumbre o gentío
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pe:w to:hla:nti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A crowd has begun to form (gather).
\phrase_s Un gentióha empezado a juntarse.
\root to:l
\root_rel -tla:n
\mod Note that vowel length is definite as noted, having been checked acoustically on a tape.
\vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token.
\ref 03720
\lxam tlatsakwa
\lxam_c tlatsakwa
\lxoa tlatsakwa
\lxoa_c tlatsakwa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(kw)
\sense_e to close up (a building such as a house, shop, etc.)
\sense_s cerrar (un edificio como una casa, tienda, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:tlatsakwalo:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They've already closed (e.g., a store).
\phrase_s Ya cerraron (p. ej., una tienda).
\phrase_n Tiwa:ltlatsakwas wa:n tikochis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will close the door behind you as you enter (a house) and you will go to sleep.
\phrase_s Vas a entrar (a tu casa) cerrando la puerta atrás de ti y vas a dormir.
\phrase_n Nó:nokátlá:tsahtók.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Everything is closed up (e.g., various stores).
\phrase_s Todo estácerrado (esto es, en varios lugares).
\root tsakwa
\grm Directionals; /tla-/. Note the phrase /Tiwa:ltlatsakwas wan tikochis/ 'You will close the door behind you as you enter (a house) and you will go to sleep.' Here the /tla-/ prefix
functions as an indefinite null complement, identifying the object of the verb as a building (the antonym of /tlatlapowa/). However, what is interesting is the signification of
/wa:l-/. The point of reference for the deixis is a future location (the point of arrival of the subject inside the house). Note also that despite the fact that the only relevant
movement is of the subject, a directional suffix is never used with this meaning. Thus to say 'he closed the door behind him (upon entering the house) one says
/o:wa:ltlatsakw/ and not /o:tlatsakwako/. And, if one leaves a house I would imagine an aspectual: /titlatsakwte:was/. This should, however, be checked.
\vl Note that the first speech token of Florencia Marcelino is /tlá:ltsakwá/. I do not know the meaning of this word, but have assigned it entry 7642. Please give it the tag
07642-OF1a.wav. The next four tokens are fine for this entry, 3720.
\xref tsakwa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03721
\lxam ma:sesepok
\lxam_c ima:sesepok
\lxoa má:sepó:k
\lxoa_c i:má:sepó:k
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s(prev-l)
\infn N2
\sense_e elbow
\sense_s codo
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root ma:
\root sepow
\nse Although at first glance this word appears to contain the locative -k(o), it appears that ma:sesepok (Am) and má:sepó:k (Oa) might be
apocopated forms of a deverbal * sesepoktli or * sesepoktik. The etymology of this word is not clear; Classical has a completely different word,
molictli or molicpitl. However, Molina gies cepoctli and cepouhqui as 'persona entomecida, o tollida.' RS has the additional words
cepoctic, cepoctli, cepouac o cepouhqui as 'acalambrado, paralizado, adormecido.' Note that in Ameyaltepec the verb ma:sepowa is used to
refer to the action of cutting part way through a branch of a fallen tree and then bending the branch close to the ground. It might be that the word for 'elbow' in Ameyaltepec is
metaphorically related to this verb, indicating that the arm here is bent, much as occurs in the action indicated by ma:sepowa. Moreover, the derivation of an /-owa/
verb to /-ktik / is not u nreasonable. The term ma:sesepok might also refer to the fact that this is the place on the arm which, if hit, causes the arm to become numb
or numb-like.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note that the Oapan má:sepó:k would seem to show the reducation of the reduplicant on a long vowel, such as occasionally occurs.
Check San Juan, however, for the possibility of {mah-}.
\qry_h Check for /h/
\ref 03722
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This word was /patlachwia/ used by men to indicate female masturbation by rubbing. It has been removed as offensive.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Given the sense of this word tag it but do not link it to the dictionary.
\ref 03723
\lxam kwetlaxtik
\lxam_c kwetlaxtik
\lxoa kwetlaxtik
\lxoa_alt kwitlaxtik
\lxoa_c kwetlaxtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be soft; to be droopy (sth that should be stiff or hard and isn't but is rather soft and rather resistent, rubbery)
\sense_s estar suave (algo que debe estar, pero no estáduro, es algo resistente a romper, morder, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Totopoxtli kwetlaxtik, xokitliwa:tskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tostadas are soft, they didn't toast them (on the griddle).
\phrase_s Las tostadas están suaves, no las doraron (sobre el comal).
\phrase_n Kwetlaxtik merko:chah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The mercocha(a type of sugar) is soft and flexible (i.e., it can be bent and molded for form).
\phrase_s La mercocha estásuave y flexible (esto es, se puede doblar).
\sense_e to be weak; to be feeble, without energy, unable to bear up (particularly in regards to heavy work, bearing a burden, etc.)
\sense_s ser débil y sin fuerza (particularmente como resultado de trabajo pesado, de no comer, etc.); sin energía
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xma:s ke:wa tli:n yetí:k, san kwetlaxtik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It can't carry heavy loads any more, it is weak (e.g., a beast of burden).
\phrase_s Ya no aguanta cosas pesadas, es débil (p. ej., un animal de carga).
\root kwetlax
\qry Check all applications of this adjective. Create entry under /merko:chah/; seek definition. Check for whether /kwetlaxtli/ is a word. There is great variation in Oapan between those
who pronounce /kwitlaxtik/ and those using /kwetlaxtik/. Check all occurrences.
\ref 03724
\lxam tlayo:koltia
\lxam_c kitlayo:koltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to sadden; to make sad or melancholic
\sense_s entristecer; hacer melancólic
\sense_d Am
\root yo:koya
\semref ámaná
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03725
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa osto:tsi:n xokotl
\lxoa_c osto:tsi:n xokotl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e Randia thurberiS. Watson, small tree of the Rubiaceae family
\sense_s Randia thurberiS. Watson, arbusto de la familia Rubiaceae
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root osto:
\root xoko
\notes_nature According to Emigdio Rosendo, this is good for china:ntli , apparently of the type known as tlawi:kpantli. One consultant also mentioned
that ko:koneh wel kikwan itla:kihlo 'children can eat its fruit.' Ramírez (1991) gives the Spanish for this tree as tetecolochi chico, and states
that it is of the family Fouqueriaceaeand the genus/species Fouquieriasp."Guizar and Sánchez (1991:175) have one tree of the
Fouquieriaceaefamily: Fouquieria ochoterenae, known in Spanish as rabo de iguana. Schoenhals (1991) gives several of this genus under
palo santo:"1. (Fouquieria formosa, F. splendens, F. fasciculata) 'candlewood,' 'ocotillo.' Red-flowering desert shrub with long, unbranched stems. Wood is used
for fences. The seeds are used as a poultice for aching gums. Also called colorín cimarrón, ocotillo, palo de Adán, rosalillo, tecotillo, torote."Neither the description of
Schoenhals nor that of Guizar a nd Sánchez are similar to that of the tetekolo:tsi:n in Ramírez.
\qry Check etymology: reduplication or /te-/ intensifier; the former is more likely. Check whether children can eat its fruit, since in another phrase it is mentioned that /san tekoch wel
kikwa/. Also check translation of second illustrative page.
\semref tetekolo:tsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 03726
\lxam sentechi:wa
\lxam_c nosentechi:wa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (refl.) to become completely formed (e.g., a fetus)
\sense_s (refl.) formarse enteramente (un fetu)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nosentechi:w un kone:tsi:ntli, sa: xwa:lnemi, sa: to:nahli poliwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The fetus has become completely formed, it's just about to be born, it'll just be a day.
\phrase_s Ya se formópor completo el fetu, falta no más que nazca, falta solamente un día (ya es hora).
\sense_e (refl.) to become full (the moon)
\sense_s (refl.) llenarse (la luna)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nosentechi:w me:stli, yo:te:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The moon has become complete, it became full.
\phrase_s La luna ya se hizo completa, ya se puso llena.
\root sem
\root te
\root chi:wa
\nse Cristino Flores did not know of the use of sentechi:wa in reference to a full moon. However, he suggested that the term, if it exists, might be used to refer to
the"recuperation"of the moon after an eclipse.
\qry The meaning of /sa: to:nahli/ in the above phrase is unclear. Perhaps it means that only its soul is lacking, or that only a day (more or less) is lacking. Check.
\semref sentetla:lia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03727
\lxam kalxomilin
\lxam_c kalxomilin
\lxoa kaxomilin
\lxoa_c kaxomilin
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\sense_e bedbugs that often are found in the rods of beds made of tlapextli
\sense_s chinches, que generalmente viven en las varitas de las camas hechas de tlapextli
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Melá:k miák kalxomilimeh nocha:n, ipan notlapech.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There really are a lot of bedbugs in my house, in my bed.
\phrase_s De veras hay muchos chinches en mi casa, en mi cama.
\root kal
\root xomil
\notes_nature Under"chinche"Schoenhals (1988:217) mentions:"(Cimex lectularius) 'bedbug' Also called chinche de las camas."
\qry I have recorded a plural form but the possibility of pluralizing should be rechecked.
\semref tlapechxomilin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 03728
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /boli:chih/ and has been removed as a duplicate for 3041.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03729
\lxam -i:xko
\lxam_c i:xko
\lxoa -i:xko
\lxoa_c i:xko
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N(rel)
\der Rel-stem/poss-com
\infn N2(rel)
\sense_e in front of
\sense_s enfrente de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Deke ihkón o:tikihlih, xo:tiktla:tlakaki:tih. O:tikihlih i:xko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If you said it to him in that manner, you didn't just say it (sth bad, critical, or insulting) aloud so that he would overhear it. You said it to him directly (to his face).
\phrase_s Si se lo dijiste de esa manera, no lo dijiste (algo mal, crítico o insultante) simplemente para que lo escuchara así. se lo dijiste directamente (a su cara).
\phrase_n Mi:xko ma nipano!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Excuse me as I go in front of you!
\phrase_s ¡Perdón que pase enfrente de tí!
\sense_e near the surface or top of (e.g., :i:xko a:tl 'on the water's surface' = a:i:xko)
\sense_s por o cerca de la superficie de (p. ej., i:xko , 'por la superficie del agua' = a:i:xko)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (i:xko tlaxkahli) thin crust that separates from the top of a tortilla as it is cooked (syn. i:xa:mayo tlaxkahli)
\sense_s i:xko tlaxkahli) costra delgada que se separa de la"frente"de una tortilla al cocerse (sin. i:xa:mayo tlaxkahli)
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root_rel -ko
\nse -I:xko must either be possessed or be preceded by a nominal stem. Like other similar constructions it has an adverbial sense.
\qry Check other meanings and uses of /i:xko/, e.g. /i:xko ma nipano/, etc. Check for other combination of /i:xko N/. Also look for incorporation as in /tepe:i:xko/.
\semref a:i:xko; tepe:i:xko
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03730
\lxam axi:tia
\lxam_c kaxi:tia
\lxoa áxí:tia
\lxoa_pr axi:tia
\lxoa_c káxí:tia
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to complete (e.g., a load or some number of objects to be gathered together)
\sense_s completar (p. ej., una carga o alguna cantidad en particular de algunos objetos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwahli xkaxi:ti! Xasitok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Complete it entirely! It isn't finished (or complete, e.g., a load of firewood, etc.).
\phrase_s ¡Complétala bien! No estácompleto (p. ej., una carga de leña, etc.).
\phrase_n Na:nkah i:n. San kichi:was ma:s patio:tsi:n, xkaxi:ti dya nika:n timitsaxi:ltili:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here is some (money). In the event it is more expensive, pay the difference (yourself) and I will make the difference up to you here (when you get back)!
\phrase_s Aquíhay (dinero). En el caso de que salga más caro, complétale túy aquíte pago la diferencia (cuando regreses).
\phrase_n O:nikaxi:tih notomi:n para nontlakowas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've gotten together enough of my money to go shopping.
\phrase_s He juntado bastante dinero para ir de compras.
\phrase_n Yo:tlaxi:tih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's completed (finished) it (e.g., a load of firewood).
\phrase_s Ya la completó(p. ej., una carga de leña).
\phrase_n Saniman titlaxi:ti:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We will complete it right away (for example, a number of things to be gathered together).
\phrase_s Lo vamos a completar luego luego (por ejemplo, un número de cosas para juntar).
\sense_e to take to a destination; to make arrive (there)
\sense_s hacer llegar a un destino (allá)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Bueno ka:n yo:tisiahkah a:chitsi:n timose:wian ya: tikaxitian, te:h, sta pan pueblo.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 03730_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 27:51
\phrase_e Now, where we got tired we rest for a little bit and then we take it there to its destination, in the village.
\phrase_s Bueno, donde nos cansamos, descansamos un poco y entonces lo hacemos llegar, pues, hasta el pueblo.
\phrase_n Kwahli xkaxi:ti icha:n! Kwahli ma asi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take him right to his house! Make sure he gets there OK!
\phrase_s ¡Llévalo hasta su casa!¡Qué llegue bien!
\phrase_n Deke o:nimik, tine:chaxi:ti:s tocha:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If I die, make sure that I (i.e., my corpse) am taken to our village (to be buried).
\phrase_s Si me muero, tienes que asegurarte que llegue (mi cuerpo) a nuestro pueblo.
\phrase_n Ya:lwa bweno:rah o:tine:chaxi:tih tocha:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Yesterday you took me back to our village early.
\phrase_s Ayer me llevaste a nuestro pueblo a buena hora.
\phrase_n Saniman mitsaxi:ti:s, kuwtik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It will get you there right away, it is strong (in this case a beast of burden).
\phrase_s Luego luego te va a hacer llegar, estáfuerte (en este caso un animal de carga).
\sense_e (~ plus a certain number of days, months, or years) to complete (the indicated amount of time); to be of or arrive at a certain age
\sense_s (~ más un cierto número de días, meses o años) to complete (the indicated amount of time); tener la edad indicada
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:kaxi:tih o:me xihpan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is two years old.
\phrase_s Ya llegóa los dos años de edad.
\phrase_n Yo:nikaxi:tih be:ynteh a:ños.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've completed twenty years (of age, or of performing a particular task).
\phrase_s He cumplido veinte años (de edad, de hacer algo).
\root ahsi
\nse In Ameyaltepec, at least, the form tlaxi:tia (with a nonspecific object) is seldom used because of its closeness (in sound) to tlaxitia 'to get an erection'
(derived from the causative of isa 'to awaken'; note that in Oapan the minimal pair is tláxí:tia 'to complete (sth)' and tláxitiá 'to get an
erection'). Rather, a syntax that uses the definite object k- is preferred kaxi:tia.
\qry Check the difference between /axi:tia/ and /axi:ltia:/. Also note that /tlaxi:tia/ is In one filecard I have noted that /axi:ltia/ is the same as /axi:tia/. However, this should be checked to
determine possible differences.
\grm Oapan phonology; phonetics: The initial /a/ in Oapan /axitia/ varies in length very slightly among the two pronunciations each of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio
Jiménez. The range variation for the length of the initial /a/ seems to vary between 62 and 69 ms.
\xref axi:ltilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref asi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 03731
\lxam tla:katl
\lxam_c tla:katl
\lxoa tla:katl
\lxoa_alt tla:'atl
\lxoa_c tla:katl; tla:'atl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e adult man (i.e., of the masculine sex)
\sense_s hombre adulto (esto es, del sexo masculino)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e male
\sense_s del sexo masculino; macho
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Suwa:tl noso tla:katl?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Was it (in this case a child just born) a girl or a boy?
\phrase_s ¿Era niña (en este caso un niño recién nacido) o niño?
\sense_e (fig., often with a modifier) man (in the sense of exhibiting characteristics taken as masculine)
\sense_s (fig., a menudo con un modificador) hombre (en el sentido de exhibir características entendidas culturalmente como masculinas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtiitla:katl? Tle:ka xtikchi:wa?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Aren't you a man? Why don't you do it?
\phrase_s ¿No eres hombre?¿Por quéno lo haces?
\sense_e (alienable possession) male lover
\sense_s (posesión enajenable) amante masculino
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia itla:kaw, iwa:n nenemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She has a lover, she goes around with him.
\phrase_s Tiene su amante, anda conél.
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) torso; body (this has the sense of torso, but also ones body in general)
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) torso; cuerpo entero (tiene el sentido del torso solo o, también, del cuerpo en general)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chkukwa notla:kayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My body (or torso) aches.
\phrase_s Me duele el cuerpo (o torso).
\semfld body
\root tla:ka
\nse Unlike sowa:tl , tla:katl is not used in compounds to indicate the male sex.
\nde For the sense of lover, where Ameyaltepec might use itla:kaw Oapan has í:tlatlá:kaw. But note that since Ameyaltepec does have
isusowa:w with the sense of female lover (of a male), it might also use the reduplicated form of tla:katl with this sense.
\grm Oapan phonology; vowel length; compensatory lengthening: Note that the length of the /a:a/ sequence is quite long in both the female and male speech of Oapan. In most
cases it is well above 250 ms (over the length of two long vowels) and in the first token of Inocencio Jiménez it approaches 300 ms (my measurement is 292). This seems to
suggest the possibility of compensatory lengthening. This possibility is confirmed by measuring initial to final release for all four tokens of both female and male. For
Florencia the times for total word are 495 and 506 for /tla:katl/ and 439 and 510 for /tla:atl/. For Inocencio the times are 477 and 467 for /tla:katl/ and 510 and 475 for
/tla:atl/. This suggests that the deletion of the intervocalic stop /k/, which occupies perhaps 50 to 70 is compensated for by vowel lengthening.
\vl Note that there are two pronuncations. The final link should have a female/male sequence of tla:katl, tla:katl; and then a female/male sequence of tla:atl, tla:atl.
\semref tlatla:katl; i:xte:ntla:tla:katsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlátlá:katl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03732
\lxam kanaktsi:n
\lxam_c kanaktsi:n
\lxoa kanahtsi:n
\lxoa_c kanahtsi:n
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tsi:n
\sense_e to be very or quite thin (cloth, paper, sth sliced, etc.)
\sense_s estar muy delgado o ralo (tela, papel, algo rebanada, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be very shallow (water)
\sense_s ser muy poca profunda (el agua)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sa: tlatsitsikwikatok ika michin. Miák. Sa: kanaktsi:n a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The place is jumping all over with fish (e.g., a pond or small section of a river). There are a lot of them. The water is (e.g., has been left) very shallow.
\phrase_s Por todos lados los peces están brincando. Hay muchos. El agua es (p. ej., se quedó) muy poca profunda.
\root kana:
\qry Check for acceptability of /kanaktik/. Apparently /tekanaktik/ is OK. Check difference between /tekanaktik/ and /kanaktsi:n/. Check whether /kanaktsi:n/ accepts the intensifier:
?/tekanaktsi:n/.
\grm Diminutive; intensifier:
\ref 03733
\lxam xi:xaleh
\lxam_c xi:xaleh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-posr-eh
\infn N1
\sense_e person who defecates a lot (particularly a young child not yet toilet trained)
\sense_s cagón; persona que defeca mucho (particularmente un niño que todavía no sabe usar el baño)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Melá:k xi:xaleh mokone:w. Kas san tiktlakwaltitok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your child shits a lot. Maybe (it's because) you are always just giving him things to eat.
\phrase_s Tu niño es un cagón. Quizá(es porque) siempre le estás dando de comer.
\root xi:xa
\grm Possessive with /-eh/: With this word and /a:xi:xaleh/ note that the /-eh/ is added onto an apparent nominalization /axixahli/ and /xixahli/ that does not exist independently of
the possessed contruction. Classical Nahuatl also does not manifest the nominalizations that are the ostensible bases for the possessed forms.
\ref 03734
\lxam tekwe:xtli
\lxam_c tekwe:xtli
\lxoa tekwe:xtli
\lxoa_c tekwe:xtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-wi
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e gravel; small pebbles or stones
\sense_s grava; piedrecitas
\sense_d Pending
\root te
\root kwe:ch
\semref tei:skitl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03735
\lxam tsopeltik
\lxam_c tsopeltik
\lxoa tsopeltik
\lxoa_c tsopeltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e sweet
\sense_s dulce
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xteteltik a:tl, tsopeltik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The water is not tart tasting, it is sweet.
\phrase_s El agua no estáagarrosa, estádulce.
\root tsope:l
\nae The original notes for this word mention that tsope:lik and tsopeltik are equivalent in meaning. They also state that whereas tsope:lik
has a long /e:/, tsopeltik has a short /e/.
\qry Check correctness of /tsopeltik/ and make sure that it is equivalent to /tsope:lik/. Vowel length is def. short /pel-/. Check/recheck other words with same stem.
\grm Vowel length: Analysis to date shows a long /pe:l-/ in words like /tsope:lik/, but a short vowel in /tsopeltik/.
\vl Link first female token.
\semref tsope:lik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03736
\lxam te:miktli
\lxam_c te:miktli
\lxoa te:mihtli
\lxoa_alt te:miktli
\lxoa_c te:mihtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e dream (i.e., what one dreams when one is asleep)
\sense_s sueño (esto es, lo que uno sueña cuando estádormido)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:miki
\nae In one case the point of articulation of the closure, written orthographically as /h/ appears to be velar, and closer to te:miktli, as in Ameyaltepec.
\grm Oapan phonetics: The point of articulation of the closure (obstruent) in Oapan Nahuatl /te:mihtli/ seems to vary slightly. Check with a phonetician.
\vl Link 2nd female token and first male token.
\ref 03737
\lxam yeko
\lxoa yékó
\lxoa_pr yeko
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der epenthesis
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\sense_e see eko (Am) or ékó(Oa)
\sense_s véase eko (Am) or ékó(Oa)
\sense_d Pending
\pitch yes-lex
\root ehko
\vl The tokens here should be given the ref. number 661, additional numbers..
\ref 03738
\lxam sa: chika
\lxam_c sa: chika
\lxoa sa: chika
\lxoa_alt sa: cheka
\lxoa_c sa: chika
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\sense_e constantly; one time after another; see sa: ; chika
\sense_s seguido; repetidamente; una y otra vez; véase sa: ; chika
\sense_d Pending
\qry Get meaning of this term and examples of its use. Then add to either /chika/ or /sa:/ entry (or /san/?). Also, perhaps even create this entry /san/ or /sa:/ /chika/ and link to the others.
Finally, determine which is correct (or both, in different pueblos)... etc. Determine the part of speech, etc.
\vl Link first female file.
\ref 03739
\lxam tlatlastaltsi:n
\lxam_c tlatlastaltsi:n
\lxoa tlátlastáltsi:n
\lxoa_c tlátlastáltsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tsi:n
\pitch yes
\sense_e see tlatlastaltik
\sense_s véase tlatlastaltik
\sense_d Pending
\semfld color
\root sta
\ref 03740
\lxam tsonkahli
\lxam_c tsonkahli
\lxoa tsonkahli
\lxoa_c tsonkahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e headdress used for the dance called Mo:ros Chi:nos , and made of curled horse hair, bright paper, and other material on a wooden frame
\sense_s corona que se emplea en la danza llamada Mo:ros Chi:nos , hecha de cabello de caballo enrizado, papel colorido y otros materiales sobre un marco de
madera
\sense_d Pending
\root tson
\root kal
\ilus_note Illustrate and obtain, if possible
\ref 03741
\lxam papatia
\lxam_c kipapatia
\lxoa pápatiá
\lxoa_pr papatia
\lxoa_c kí:patiá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s.h(pref): kí:patiá
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to patch up; to fix by replacing worn out areas or parts; to touch up (e.g., large areas, such as walls, by painting the parts that need it)
\sense_s remendar; arreglar al reponer o remplazar las partes desgastadas; retocar (áreas grandes como paredes, p. ej., al pintar los lugares que lo necesitan)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikpapati:s nokal, yo:isoliw, yo:kokoyo:n, kalaki a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will patch up (the roof of) my house, it's gotten worn out, it has holes in it, water gets in.
\phrase_s Voy a reparar (el techo de) mi casa, ya se hizo viejo, se agujereóen varios lugares, entra el agua.
\phrase_n Kipapatia, xkipatla nochi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He patches it up (in places that are worn), he doesn't replace it all (e.g., a palm roof).
\phrase_s Le remienda en partes (donde estágastado), no lo cambia todo.
\phrase_n Nikpapati:s deke o:xi:pe:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll touch it up (with paint) if it's peeled.
\phrase_s Lo voy a retocar (con pintura) en caso de que se desconchó.
\root pa
\nse Papatia (Am; pápatiá (Oa)) refers to replacing or changing the worn out sections of any material object: the palm roof of a house, the worn out threads
of a a sack that has had some threads break and come apart, leaving an opening, or the peeled off parts of a wall with whitewash or paint.
\nae Apparently the stem for papatia (Am) is not found in nonreduplicated form (i.e., * patia does not exist in this sense). However, the root of
papatia , a reduplicated form, is probably the same as that in patla 'to exchange.' Thus there would seem to be two transitive forms:
patla for unreduplicated use and papatia for the reduplicated form.
\nde Since this verb always seems to take a 3rd-peson object prefix, it is not found with a prefix with a long vowel. Thus the headword entry pápatiá is simply the
underlying form.
\xref papatilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref pápatília
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03742
\lxam tlayo:hli de kaba:yoh
\lxam_c *tlayo:hli de kaba:yoh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) caballo
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln
\sense_e type of white maize that used to be planted in Ameyaltepec and Santa Teresa but is no longer
\sense_s tipo de maíz blanco antes sembrado en Ameyaltepec y Santa Teresa pero ya no
\sense_d Am
\semfld maize
\semfld domesticated
\root o:ya
\ency_note tlayo:hli
\nse Tlayo:hli de kaba:yoh is one of several strains of white maize; for a full list, see ista:k tlayo:hli.
\ref 03743
\lxam kuwxio:pa:pa:lo:tl
\lxam_c kuwxio:pa:pa:lo:tl
\lxoa kohxio:pa:pa:lo:tl
\lxoa_c kohxio:pa:pa:lo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound (N-N)-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e Pseudosmodingium perniciosum(Kunth) Engl., type of cuajiote tree of the Anacardiaceae family
\sense_s Pseudosmodingium perniciosum(Kunth) Engl., tipo de cuajiote de la familia Anacardiaceae
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kuwxio:pa:pa:lo:tl | Bwe:noh para komaxahli, kipia iyo:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Kuwxio:pa:pa:lo:tl : It is good for horcones, it has heartwood (and is hard).
\phrase_s Es (el kuwxio:pa:pa:lo:tl) bueno para horcones, it has heartwood (and is hard).
\semfld plant
\semfld kowtli (pending)
\root kow
\root xi
\root pa:lo:
\nae Acoustically the middle /o:/ of Oapan Nahuatl kuwxio:pa:pa:lo:tl has a very short duration and perhaps for this reason should not be considered a short vowel.
However, since no general rule for shortening has been discovered in this phonological context it has been left orthographically long, pending further analysis.
\ency_note kuhxio:tl
\qry I have also recorded /kuhxio:pa:pa:lo:tl/, check.
\vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. NOTE TO SELF: Check vowel length in all forms. Cf. my notes in 2554, where I suggest that I heard a short /o/ in /kohxiotl/. Here
too, the vowel appears to be short in the Oapan case. This should be checked here as well as elsehwere. There are four extra tokens of this word at 4478; they should be
tagged with 3743 as this latter entry has been eliminated. Perhaps link the later tokens, since the recording might be better.
\grm Oapan phonology: vowel length: Acoustically the middle /o:/ of Oapan Nahuatl kohxio:pa:pa:lo:tl has a very short duration and perhaps for this reason
should not be considered a short vowel. However, since no general rule for shortening has been discovered in this phonological context it has been left orthographically
long, pending further analysis.
\semref kuexyio:tl chi:chi:ltik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 03744
\lxam popoloxtik
\lxam_c *popoloxtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e person who mumbles, who does not pronounce his words well
\sense_s persona que murmurra, que no pronuncia bien sus palabras
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n San popoloxtik. Xkipanki:xtia tlato:hli, xtihkakis tli:n kiitowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He mumbles. He doesn't pronounce his words clearly, you won't understand what he says.
\phrase_s Habla entre dientes. No pronuncia bien las palabras, no puedes entender lo que dice.
\root polo:
\nae The deverbal popoloxtik is a modifier related to the verb popoloni, which Molina glosses as 'ser tartamudo, o empedido de la lengua.' The unreduplicated
form as well as the frequentative derivation is found in Carochi (fol. 477) and both the unreduplicated polo:ni and the reduplicated pòpolo:ni are glossed as
'ser tartamudo, y hablar barbaramente.' The derivated stem popolox is not documented in the sources, but the appearance of /x/ in derivations from verbal bases ending
in a long vowel followed by -ni is not unheard of, e.g., cualaxtli from cuala:ni.
\qry Query whether /polo:ni/ is used.
\ref 03745
\lxam tepe:tsa:hla:n
\lxam_c tepe:tsa:hla:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-1-tsa:hla:n
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e in the midst of the hills
\sense_s en los cerros; en medio de los cerros
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tepe:tsa:hla:n cha:nti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He lives in the hills.
\phrase_s Vive en medio de los cerros.
\root tepe:
\root_rel -tsa:hla:n
\nde In Oapan the construction i:tsa:hla:n kohyoh is used. As Florencia Marcelino noted, one cannot say ? in:tsa:hla:n tepe:meh because one can not be in
their midst, although one can be in the midst of trees. Cristino Flores stated that he has never heard this word, but he stated that it should be kept in the lexicon.
\qry This entry should be checked. It has been constructed from my memory of the use and meaning of /tepe:tsa:hla:n/.
\ref 03746
\lxam xakwaliwi
\lxam_c xakwaliwi
\lxoa xakwaliwi
\lxoa_c xakwaliwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become or get smashed
\sense_s aplastarse; machucarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:xaxakwaliw nomi:l. O:kaxilih ara:doh; o:kokoto:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My maize plants got smashed. A plow hit them; they got cut up.
\phrase_s Se machucómi milpa. Le pegóun arado, se destrozaron.
\phrase_n O:tixakwaliw, a:sta o:xoxo:wiak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You got smashed (from a blow to a part of the body), it even formed a bruise.
\phrase_s Te golpeaste fuerte, hasta salióun moretón.
\sense_e to be or become completely exhausted (a person, e.g., after hard labor)
\sense_s agobiarse; estar o quedar exhausto (una persona, después de mucho trabajo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Melá:k yo:nixaxakwaliw. Yo:nisiaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm really beat. I got tired.
\phrase_s Estoy agobiado. Ya me cansé.
\root xakwal
\nse Note that this root may well be related to that of xakwachowa. The reduplicated form in Oapan is xaxakwaliwi without a pitch-accent mark.
\vl Link 1st male token.
\ref 03747
\lxam pila:nke:tl
\lxam_c pila:nke:tl
\lxoa pila:nke:tl
\lxoa_c pila:nke:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e nursemaid; babysitter; woman who takes care of children
\sense_s niñera; mujer (generalmente joven) que cuida niños
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timistlapila:nili:s deke xtikpia pila:nke:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will baby-sit for you if you don't have a nursemaid.
\phrase_s Voy a cuidar los chiquitos para tísi no tienes niñera.
\root pil
\root a:na
\nse Although pila:na is a transitive verb, the agentive is formed without reducing valency through a nonspecific object prefix (tla- or te:-).
\qry Check to see if /tlapila:nke:tl/ is also acceptable.
\grm Nominalizations; agentives: It is usually the case that agentives formed on transitive verbs require a reduction in valency either through noun incorporation or the
utilization of a non-specific object. However, there are agentives of transitive verbs that do not have their valency saturated (e.g. /titlanke:tl/, /nechicoki/, etc.). For the
former it is quite possible that the base is the passive. That is, the meaning is 'someone who is sent' not 'someone who sends (messengers)' (which might be sth like
/te:titlanke:tl/. Here then, is the key to nominalizations perhaps. Valency is saturated for agentive transitive verbs when the nominalization refers to the person who performs
the action. This explains /titlanke:tl/. In forms such as /a:xi:xtli/ note again that the verb is more of a deponent, and not really a transitive. However, a
nominalization/agentive such as /nechicoh/ or /nechicoqui/, etc. is hard to explain, since it refers to an agent that undertakes a clearly transitive action. Cf. Launey for
possiblesuggestions.
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\ref 03748
\lxam cha:chaya:tsi:n
\lxam_c cha:chaya:tsi:n
\lxoa cha:chaya:tsi:n
\lxoa_c cha:chaya:tsi:n
\lxgen cha:chaya:tsi:n
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e generic name for three types of wild plants or weeds, two of the Leguminoseae family (cha:chaya:tsi:n de susowa:tl and cha:chaya:tsi:n de
xtotomioh) and one of the Caesalpiniaceae family (cha:chaya:tsi:n de tlatla:katl)
\sense_s nombre genérico para tres tipos de plantas silvestres o malezas, dos de la familia Leguminoseae family (cha:chaya:tsi:n de susuwa:tl y
cha:chaya:tsi:n de xtotomioh) y uno de la familia Caesalpiniaceae (cha:chaya:tsi:n de tlatla:katl)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e generic name for two types of wild plants or weeds, one of the Leguminoseae family (cha:chaya:tsi:n i:mátlapál pipitsa:wak) and one of the Caesalpiniaceae
family (cha:chaya:tsi:n de wa:xté:pitsák)
\sense_s nombre genérico para dos tipos de plantas silvestres o malezas, una de la familia Leguminoseae (cha:chaya:tsi:n i:mátlapál pipitsa:wak) y otra de la familia
Caesalpiniaceae (cha:chaya:tsi:n de wa:xté:pitsák)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root chaya:
\mod Add /xtlah para/ under /itlah/ as a phrase.
\qry Check vowel length of final /a:/. It does, however, appear long.
\notes_nature This plant is not used for anything: xtlah para 'it's not good for anything.' Ramírez gives its name as chachayate of the family
Leguminosae, with no further identification. She states that it is used for its medicinal properties. Schoenhals (1988) gives no plant by this name. Ramírez and Dakin
(1979) identify this as the chachayote. Cristino Flores mentioned that there are two types of this plant, although he said that both were called
cha:chaya:tsi:n.
\ref 03749
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for Am /nakamomotsowa/ that has been removed from the dictionary.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03750
\lxam tsokwiltik
\lxam_c tsokwiltik
\lxoa tsókwiltík
\lxoa_c tsókwiltík
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be filthy; to be disgustingly dirty (e.g., a plate left for a good bit of time with food on it)
\sense_s ser mugriento; ser asqueroso por sucio (p. ej., un plato dejado por un buen tiempo tener comida)
\sense_d Pending
\root tsohkwil
\ref 03751
\lxam chi:ka:hloh
\lxam_c chi:ka:hloh
\lxoa chi:ka:hloh
\lxoa_c chi:ka:hloh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e place where there is an abundance of chi:ka:lin, a type of xiwtli
\sense_s lugar donde abunda el chi:ka:lin, un tipo de xiwtli
\sense_d Pending
\root chi:ka:l
\ref 03752
\lxam ayutamahli
\lxam_c ayutamahli
\lxoa áyotamáhli
\lxoa_c áyotamáhli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e squash tamal, a tamal made of squash and panela and wrapped in corn husks (to:tomo:xtli)
\sense_s tamal de calabaza, hecho con calabaza y panela, y envuelto en hojas de elote (to:tomo:xtli)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tixtli iwa:n ayutli o:iksik, notsope:lilia ika pano:chah, de to:tomo:xtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e (Ayutamahli is made of) tixtli and cooked squash, it is sweetened with panocha, it is (wrapped in) corn husks.
\phrase_s (Ayutamahli se hace de masa y calabaza cocida, se endulze con panocha, (se envuelve con) las hojas de la mazorca.
\semfld food
\root ayoh
\root tamal
\ency_note tamahli
\qry See entry under /tamahli/.
\mod Add notes under /tamahli/ to cultural encyclopedia for tamales.
\vl NOTE TO SELF: The vowel length of all words with /ayotli/ should be checked. It is hard to determine the length. In the Oapan utterances here they seem short. I have
compared this to /a:yahtli/ and there is a definite difference in the spectrogram. Thus for now I have considered the vowel short in Oapan.
\grm Note order of attributive, meaning"cooked": /Tixtli iwa:n a:yotli o:iksik, notsope:lilia ika pano:chah, de to:tomo:xtli/, i.e.,"(It is made of) masa and cooked
squash, it is sweetened with panocha, it is (wrapped in) corn husks."Note the position of /o:iksik/, which modifies /a:yotli/.
\ref 03753
\lxam toma:wa
\lxam_c kitoma:wa
\lxoa toma:wa
\lxoa_c kitoma:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to make fat; to fatten or fatten up (e.g., an animal that is to be slaughtered)
\sense_s engordar (a una persona, o un animal que va a ser sacrificado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitoma:wa ite:ko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His owner (in this case of a pig) is fattening it up.
\phrase_s Su dueño lo estáengordando (en este caso a un marrano).
\root toma:
\ref 03754
\lxam kwa:sa:liwtok
\lxam_c kwa:sa:liwtok
\lxoa kwa:sa:lihtok
\lxoa_c kwa:sa:lihtok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\compound N-V1
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to have a cloth tied around ones forehead (because one is sick, has a headache, etc.)
\sense_s tener una tela ceñido a la frente (por estar enfermo, tener dolor de cabeza, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwa:sa:liwtok, kas kwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has a piece of cloth tied around his head and forehead, perhaps he is sick.
\phrase_s Tiene una tela ceñida a su cabeza y frente, quizáestáenfermo.
\root kwa:
\root sa:l
\nse Sometimes kaxti:lanmexkahli is placed below the cloth to help its curing effects.
\qry I have only heard this verb in the"progressive,"its occurrence without /-tok/ should be checked, and if it does occur, then an entry for the verbal should be added.
\ilus_note Illustrate
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\ref 03755
\lxam tlakwalno:tsa
\lxam_c kitlakwalno:tsa
\lxoa tlakwalno:tsa
\lxoa_c kitlakwalno:tsa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to invite to eat though a voiced invitation (generally when the person doing the inviting [S] is eating)
\sense_s invitar o convidar a comer con palabras (generalmente cuando el que invita [S] estácomiendo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne: xkaman te:tlakwalno:tsan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There (in another village for example) they never invite people to eat (when they are eating).
\phrase_s Allá(en otro pueblo, por ejemplo) nunca convidad a comer.
\root kwa
\root no:tsa
\vl Link 2nd male token.
\ref 03756
\lxam kwa:tetesonowa
\lxam_c kikwa:tetesonowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to give a crewcut or very short haircut to
\sense_s cortar el pelo muy corto, casi al ras, a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwahli o:kikwa:tetesonokeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They cut his hair real short.
\phrase_s Le cortaron el pelo muy corto.
\sense_e to give a rough and uneven haircut to
\sense_s cortarle el pelo muy disparejo a
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root teson
\nse There seems to be no clear difference in meaning between a reduplicated and nonreduplicated form although apparently the reduplicated form, here given as the dictionary
headword, is more common. Both may be used with a singular object.
\qry Note that I have at present only one code, *rdp-s for incorporated reduplication. Perhaps another code should be used for possible incorporated reduplication. As I now have it all
incorporated reduplication is possible, much like initial reduplication, although in many cases the incorporated reduplication is almost mandatory or is the more usual form. Check to
see if intransitive occurs, whether there is any other potential meaning, and whether simple /tesonowa/ exists.
\qry Note that in one entry I have /kwa:tetesonowa/ meaning 'to give a crewcut or very short haircut to' and in another entry Ihave 'to give a bad or ugly haircut to, with the hair cut very
unevenly.' Make sure that both significations are correct.
\semref kwa:tetesontilia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kwa:tetesontla:lia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kwa:tesi:gritilia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03757
\lxam ma
\lxam_c ma tlakwa
\lxoa ma
\lxoa_c ma pa:ki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\der Modal
\sense_e model enclitic to express a desire or wish of the speaker
\sense_s enclítico modal para expresar un deseo del hablante
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ok ma nima:lti! Kwa:kon tia:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me bathe first! Then we can go.
\phrase_s ¡Quéprimero me bañe! Entonces podemos ir.
\phrase_n San seknek ma ye!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let them all be together (in their own separate place)!
\phrase_s ¡Quétodos estén juntos (en un solo lugar aparte)!
\phrase_n Ma te:chpale:wi:ki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I hope he comes to help us!
\phrase_s ¡Ojaláque nos venga a ayudar!
\phrase_n Ma pano ilwitl, nia:s Te:jas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e After the fiesta is over, I'm going to Texas.
\phrase_s Pasando la fiesta, voy a Tejas.
\phrase_n Tlaiwatok, ma ntla:wi:lo!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is dark, let me shine some light!
\phrase_s Es oscuro,¡déjame echar algo de luz!
\sense_e ma ya: see ya:
\sense_s ma ya: véase ya:
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e yo ~ [verb] one who may be [verb]
\sense_s yo ~ [verbo] uno que sea [verbo]
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Nika:nasneki se: ichpo:xtli yo ma tewa:hki.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I want to marry a young girl who is thin.
\phrase_s Quiero casarme con una muchacha que sea delgada.
\root ma
\nse The particle ma is a clitic. With polysyllabic words ma , by orthographic convention, is written as a separate word: ma nitlakwa:ti
'Let me go eat.' However, like the completive particle o:-, ma allows for the deletion of the 3rd-person singular object of transitive verbs: ['man kwa]
(written ma nkwa) 'let me eat it!'
\nae Often before transitive verbs ma combines with the subject prefix of 1st or 2nd person while the 3rd-person object prefix is deleted. The result is a cliticization of
ma as in, for example, mankwa 'let me eat it!' Ma is also cliticized with single syllable predicates, as in mania in which
the stressed syllable ma confirms the cliticization (as opposed to ma nia).
\grm Optative; indefinite; ma. In Oapan, and possibly in Ameyaltepec, the use of /ma/ after the relativizer indicates an indefinite. The difference between
/nika:nasneki se: ichpo:xtli yo tewa:hki/ and /nika:nasneki se: ichopo:xtli yo ma tewa:hki/ is unclear and needs to be further researched. Also check whether the /yo ma.../
is also used in Ameyaltepec.
\qry Further study how to classify these particles in the cat entry space. Also, check how roots should be expressed.
\vl At 5659 there are two tokens, one female and one male, of /ma siawi/. These should be tagged as 3757 but not linked. They contain the modal particle /ma/ plus the verb
/siawi/. There is another extra token for this optative, the first female token at 6180. This should also be tagged as 3757, but not linked.
\semref ma:ka
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref ma:ka
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03758
\lxam ma:xi:kole:wa
\lxam_c kima:xi:kole:wa
\lxoa ma:xi:kole:wa
\lxoa_c kima:texi:kole:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\lexical Op. infix te-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to scrape or abrade the arm of (sb)
\sense_s raspar o excoriar el brazo de (algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chma:xi:kole:w, o:ne:chaxilih tetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It scraped my arm, a rock hit against me (rubbing against my skin).
\phrase_s Me raspóel brazo, una piedra me alcanzó(frotando contra mi piel).
\root ma:
\root xi:
\root kol
\nse The root xi:kol has not been found in other compounds.
\nae Despite the fact that it is found in the elicitation form, it appears that the te- intensifier in the Oapan form is optional, though very common with this verb.
\qry Check for further meanings associated with /xi:kole:wa/. Make sure the /te-/ is optional as the intrans. has it as optional for Oapan
\root_notes It would seem that /xi:/ is an element of /xi:kol/. Check. Note that this verb is not like those that alternative /-e:wi/ and /-iwi/ (cf. /chi:chi:le:wi/ and /chi:chi:liwi/) but more
similar to those like /toma:wa/ and /toma:wi/. Thus for the moment the /e:/ has been left as part of the root.
\ref 03759
\lxam texkahloh
\lxam_c texkahloh
\lxoa texkahloh
\lxoa_c texkahloh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e stony area, area covered almost completely with large, round stones
\sense_s pedregal
\sense_d Pending
\semfld soil
\root te
\root xka
\nse Texkahloh is much more common that the rarely used, but virtually equivalent, texkahli. Texkahloh refers to an area covered with
large rocks, perhaps averaging the size of a person's head, though some are much larger. This differs from tepachakahloh , which refers to an area covered by flat
slate-like stones, about the size of ones fist or perhaps a little larger. On the other hand, teyoh(or, more commonly teteyoh (Am) or
téteyóh (Oa)) refers to an area that has rocks and stones, but without the surface of the earth being completely covered with them, as is the case with
texkahloh and tepachakahloh.
\mod Illustrate. Perhaps photograph.
\semref texkalitik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref teteitik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tétéyotík
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03760
\lxam tli:liwi
\lxam_c tli:liwi
\lxoa tli:liwi
\lxoa_c tli:liwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to turn black
\sense_s ennegrecerse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Po:kiowas, tli:liwis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It will get sooty from smoke, it will turn black.
\phrase_s Se va a cubrir de hollín por el humo, se va a enegrecer.
\sense_e to darken (the color of sth, including ones skin)
\sense_s oscurecerse (el color de algo incluyendo la piel)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:ka:miliw itla:kayo. Kwalo:, yo:pe:w tli:liwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His torso has darkened. He's sick, he's begun to turn dark.
\phrase_s Su torso ya empezóa ponerse moreno. Estáenfermo, ya se le empezóa ennegrecer la piel.
\phrase_n Yo:tli:liw nomi:l, milá:k o:xoxo:wiak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My corn field got dark, it really turned (a dark green).
\phrase_s Se puso oscuro mi milpa, se quedóverde.
\root tli:l
\nse According to several consultants from Ameyaltepec, tli:liwi may refer to the color of a pot that has been used over a fire, to the skin of people that darkens from the
sun, to a corn field in which the leaves have turned a dark, healthy, green.
\vl Link first female token and first male token.
\ref 03761
\lxam mapiltopo:nia
\lxam_c nomapiltotopo:nia
\lxoa mápiltotopó:nia
\lxoa_pr mapiltotopo:nia
\lxoa_c nómapiltopó:nia; nomápiltopó:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans +Refl/-tran
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl.) to cause ones fingers to split open (e.g., by accidentally having fireworks explode in one fingers)
\sense_s (refl.) hacer que (algo) explota en los dedos
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl; reduplicated with short vowel: mapiltotopo:nia (Am); mapí:ltopó:nia (Oa)) to make ones knuckles crack
\sense_s (refl; reduplicado con vocal corta: mapiltotopo:nia (Am); mapí:ltopó:nia (Oa)) hacerse tronar los dedos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nomapiltotopo:nih, ne:chamana.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He cracked his knuckles, it bothers me.
\phrase_s Tronósus dedos, me molesta.
\root mah
\root pil
\root topo:
\nse In the form that does not have a reduplicated verbal stem the meaning is to make ones finger burst, e.g, by hitting it with a rock, exploding something in ones hand, etc. When
reduplicated, the resultant verb, used reflexively, refers to the action of making ones knuckles crack. In this case Oapan Nahuatl accepts the reduction of the reduplicant onto the
final vowel of the incorporated nominal stem, yielding 'mapí:ltopó:nia instead of ? mápíltótopó:nia.
\qry Check to see if used only in reflexive. Check for other meanings (e.g. to burst ones finger open).
\vl Note that there is first a set of four tokens (2 female and 2 male) of /nómapiltopó:nia/ (with the accent on /no/). I then asked Florencia for a different pronunciation, but she
repeats /nómapiltopó:nia/ again. This third token of hers is the one that should be linked to the first citation form. I then interrupted again and this time they both gave an
alternate pronunciation /nomápiltopó:nia/, with the pitch accent on /má/. These four tokens, two each, should be tagged with the same ref. #, 3761, but for Florencia they
would be d and e, for Inocencio c and d. The final entry should have 4 words, two each (as indicated by the semicolon.
\grmx Oapan pitch accent: Note that there are two alternative pronunciations of this word. This should form a separate section of the article, or at least be commented on.
\ref 03762
\lxam miliwi
\lxam_c mi:miliwi
\lxoa miliwi
\lxoa_c mi:miliwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Lex. rdp-l; Reduced rdp-s(pref)
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (reduplication with long vowel) to roll along (e.g., a rock slowly down a hill); to roll back and forth (e.g., a bottle laid on its side one a saddle-shaped surface)
\sense_s (reduplicación con vocal larga) irse rodando (p. ej., una piedra despacio por una cuesta); rodarse despacio de un lado a otro
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:mi:miliw ipan temowa:ya:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It rolled down the slope.
\phrase_s Fue rodando por la cuesta.
\sense_e (reduplication with short vowel) to roll up (e.g., a petate that has been stored rolled up and that rolls up on its own)
\sense_s (reduplicación con vocal corta) enrollarse (p. ej., un petate que ha sido guardado enrollado y se enrolla solo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Patla:wtoya, o:mimiliw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It was lying open and flat; it rolled up (in this case a petate that had been rolled up when stored and that when laid out flat started to roll up by itself).
\phrase_s Estaba plano, se enroscó(en este caso un petate que había estado guardado enrollado y que al extenderse empezóa enrollarse otra vez).
\sense_e (reduplication with short vowel) to roll continuously along a surface
\sense_s (reduplicación con vocal corta) rodar continuamente por una superficie
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (pitch accented reduplication: mí:miliwi) to curl up (the leaves of certain plants such as palm)
\sense_s (reduplicación con tono: mí:miliwi) enroscarse (las hojas de ciertas plantas como la palma)
\sense_d Oa
\root mil
\nae This verb has only been documented in the reduplicated form, but given that reduplication with both long and short vowels exists, the main entry has been placed under the
unreduplicated stem. Long vowel reduplication indicates that the action takes place over a distance, as in a rock or similar item rolling down a hill. Short vowel reduplication is used
for things that roll up on themselves (such as a petate). In Oapan a pitch-accented reduplication mí:milíwi exists. I have heard this used to refer to palm leaves that curl
up. I have also heard mí:milé:wi) used with this same sense.
\qry Check if the unreduplicated form exists; in one of my notes I have recorded that I have not heard the unreduplicated form. If it does exist, change the head entry. Check acceptability
of /te-/ prefix. Note that even if it doesn't exist, both short and long vowel reduplications exist, and therefore the head entry cannot be with reduplication (i.e., since both /mi:miliwi/
and /mimiliwi/ might well exist). Check precise meaning of mí:miliwi, i.e, does this refer to leaves that curl up one the plant if it lacks water, or to palm that is not
properly flattened.
\qry_h Apparently Oapan does not have p-a in the reduplicated form with a short vowel.
\grm Nahuatl phonology: in the recordings C. Flores gives several pronunciations of the minimal pair /mi:miliwi/ and /mimiliwi/.
\ref 03763
\lxam yekapupwa
\lxam_c kiyekapupwa
\lxoa yeká:powá
\lxoa_pr yeka:powa
\lxoa_c kiyeká:powá
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\pitch yes-rdp
\infv Irregular; see kukwa (Am), kokowa(Oa); Irregular; see kukwa (Am), kokowa(Oa); Irregular; see
kukwa (Am), kokowa(Oa); Irregular; Am verb has an irregular stem formation: perfective: o:kiyekapopo:w ; future:
kiyekapupwas ; progressive: kiyekapopo:wtok ; directional: ma nikyekapupwati
\sense_e to wipe the nose of (e.g., a runny nose with a handkerchief, rag, etc.)
\sense_s limpiar la nariz de (p. ej., a algn con gripa con un pañuelo, trapo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root yeka
\root po:wa
\ref 03764
\lxam te:miktia:ni
\lxam_c te:miktia:ni
\lxoa te:mihtia:ni
\lxoa_pr te:mihtia:ne
\lxoa_c te:mihtia:ne, te:mihtia:ni
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e assassin; murderer (a person)
\sense_s asesino (una persona, un toro que ha matado a algn en un jaripeo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e killer (e.g, a bull that has killed sb in a rodeo)
\sense_s asesino (p. ej., un toro que ha matado a algn en un jaripeo)
\sense_d Pending
\root miki
\vl Check heights of vowels, apparently female is lower, hence the difference in spelling.
\ref 03765
\lxam tlanemilika:yoh
\lxam_c xtlanemilika:yoh
\lxoa tlanemíliká:yoh
\lxoa_c xtlanemíliká:yoh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg(trans)
\pitch yes
\sense_e (x- ~) to be unthinking or unreflexive
\sense_s (x- ~) ser no reflexivo, que no piensa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtitlanemilika:yoh, san nimal tikchi:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are not reflexive (i.e., do not think before acting), you do it right away.
\phrase_s No eres reflexivo (esto es, no piensas antes de actuar), lo hace luego luego.
\root nemi
\qry Check to determine whether /xtlah kinemilika:yoh/ is also correct.
\ref 03766
\lxam pipichiwi
\lxam_c pipichiwi
\lxoa pipichiwi
\lxoa_c pipichiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get tough; to get rubbery or sinewy
\sense_s ponerse correoso o resistente (que se estira pero no se da ni se revienta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkomati deke yo:pipichiw, deke ye pipixtik!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go check if it's (in this case curd) has acquired a rubbery consistency, if it is rubbery!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a tentar si ya quedócorreosa (en este caso cuajada), si ya estáalgo duro y resistente!
\phrase_n Yo:pipichiw, ye kuwtiatsi:n kwaja:dah. A:man xpa:cho!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The milk curd has gotten a rubbery consistency, its gotten somewhat tough. Now squeeze down on it (to remove the liquid left in it and make cheese)!
\phrase_s La cuajada ya quedócorreoso, se puso algo duro.¡Ahora, exprímelo!
\root pich
\ncol sakatl kwa:k yo:wa:k wan pa:tsiwi
\qry Check /kuhtiatsi:n/ as correct.
\grm /-tsi:n/; predicate modification; attributives: There are a few examples of /-tsi:n/ added onto verbs. One example given elsewhere is /poliwitsi:n/, 'falta poquito.' An
illustrattive phrase from this entry gives another example: /Yo:pipichiw, ye kuhtiatsi:n kwaja:dah. A:man xpa:cho!/ 'The milk curd has gotten a rubbery consistency, its
gotten somewhat tough. Now squeeze down on it (to remove the liquid left in it and make cheese)!' Here the /-tsi:n/ after /kuhtia/ indicates that the predicate 'to become
hard/tough' is being modified by a diminutive. Thus in the cases documented /-tsi:n/ after a verb is a predicate modifier.
\ref 03767
\lxam bwe:nora kayo:tl
\lxam_c bwe:nora kayo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan buen hora
\psm N
\der N-d-kayo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e something done early (e.g., a field planted early in the rainy season)
\sense_s algo hecho a buen hora (p. ej., una milpa sembrada al principio de la temporada de lluvias)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Bwe:noraka:yo:tl, saniman o:noto:kak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It was done early (in the season), it was planted right away.
\phrase_s Fue hecho a buen hora, luego luego (esto es, al principio de la temporada de lluvias) se sembró.
\root -kayo:
\qry Check to see if /bwe:norakayo:tl/ can refer to anything done early or if it is only used to refer to a field that had been planted early in the season so that it matured early and was also
ready for the"zacateo"quite early. Recheck shortness of /a/ in /kayo:tl/ as in one example recorded it as long.
\semref sanimankayo:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03768
\lxam tlapalwa:xin
\lxam_c tlapalwa:xin
\lxoa tlapalwa:xin
\lxoa_c tlapalwa:xin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e tree of the Leguminoseae family, a type of guaje with long red pods and edible seeds
\sense_s árbol de la familia Leguminoseae, un tipo de guaje con largas vainas rojas y semillas comestibles
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tla:ki ipan abrí:l, nokwa, bwe:noh para wa:xyo:hli. Kohtli kaxa:nki, san para tlikohtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (the tlapalwa:xin) bears fruit in April, it (the fruit) is edible, it is good for huaje seeds. Its wood is soft, it's just used for firewood.
\phrase_s Rinde (el tlapalwa:xin) fruta en abril, es (su fruta) comestible, es buena para semilla de huaje. La madera es blanda, sirve sólo para leña.
\sense_e fruit of the tree by this name
\sense_s fruta delárbol de este nombre
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\semfld edible
\root tlapal
\root wa:x
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the huaje rojo. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) mention the guaje rojo as of the family and subfamily
Leguminosae, mimosoideae, genus and species Leucaena esculenta. Schoenhals (1988) simply gives one entry under guaje. The fruit of this tree is
eaten around February or April.
\semref tlapalwa:xkohtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tlapalwa:xkohtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03769
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be the entry for /tsi:nkoya:wak/. It has been removed from the dictionary, at least temporarily.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03770
\lxam yo:lkwi
\lxam_c kiyo:lkwi
\lxoa yo:lkwi
\lxoa_c kiyo:lkwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to make up (e.g., an account of sth, a word, etc.)
\sense_s inventar (p. ej., una historia de algo que supuestamente pasó, una palabra, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n San o:tikyo:lkwik un tlato:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You just made up that word.
\phrase_s Solamente inventaste esa palabra.
\sense_e to take the seeds out of (e.g., squash, watermelon, etc.)
\sense_s quitar las semillas de (p. ej., calabaza, sándia, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root yo:l
\root kwi
\nse Synonymous to the Oapan word is another from Oapan: yo:lki:xtia.
\semref yo:lki:xtia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03771
\lxam chikoki:sa
\lxam_c chikoki:sa
\lxoa chikoki:sa
\lxoa_c chikoki:sa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Mod-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to be angled or to go off at an angle; to be not at right angles (i.e., not perpendicular or parallel to an edge, e.g., an edge of a cut piece of cloth, wood, etc. that should be
squared but that although straight goes off at a non-90o angle; a furrow that does not run parallel to the others; sb walking in a certain diagonal direction)
\sense_s salir chueco, de soslayo o hacia un lado; no estar derecho (esto es, no perpendicular o paralelo a una borde, e.g., un lado de un pedazo de tela o madera que debe ser
rectangular pero que va derecho en una dirección que no hace cuadro; un surco que no sale paralelo a los demás; algn que camina en una cierta dirección que va como
de soslayo)
\sense_d Pending
\root chiko
\root ki:sa
\vl Link first female token.
\ref 03772
\lxam saniman
\lxam_c saniman
\lxoa saniman
\lxoa_c saniman
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e with anticipation; right away
\sense_s con anticipación; luego luego
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Saka tine:che:wi:tia para mania nomi:hlan, pero yewa kineki tine:chihli:s saniman.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You just (want) to send me off to my cornfield, but (to do this) it is necessary for you to tell me right away (i.e., with advance warning).
\phrase_s No más quieres enviarme a mi milpa, pero (para hacer eso) es necesario que me avises luego luego (esto es, con anticipación).
\sense_e early (in the morning)
\sense_s temprano (en la mañana)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Saniman nokwiste:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He wakes up early in the morning.
\phrase_s Se levanta temprano.
\root san
\root niman
\disamb san niman; sana:man; san a:man
\vl NOTE TO SELF: Cf Oa for 1863 to Oa for 3772 and perhaps eliminate or change one entry.
\ref 03773
\lxam te:kuwtilih
\lxam_c te:kuwtilih
\lxoa te:kohtilih
\lxoa_c té:kokohtílih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Oa)
\sense_e (te:kuwtilih (Am); té:kokohtílih (Oa)) to be tiring, causing muscle soreness or stiffness (said particularly of jobs that require one maintain a
certain position for an extended period of time, such as writing, painting, threading beads, etc.)
\sense_s (te:kuwtilih (Am); té:kokohtílih (Oa)) ser cansado o que causa dolor, o rigidez y agarrotamiento de los músculos (se aplica en particular al
trabajo que require que uno se mantenga en una sola posición por mucho tiempo, como escribir, pintar, ensartar cuentas, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:n te:kuwtilih, xwel titlamin, yo:tikuwtiakeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It really makes one's muscles sore, we can't finish, we've already gotten stiff.
\phrase_s Causa mucho dolor a los músculos, no podemos terminar, ya nos agarrotamos.
\sense_e (unreduplicated Oapan form: te:kohtilih) to be strength-giving (such as chile)
\sense_s (forma no reduplicada en Oapan: te:kohtilih) dar fuerza (p. ej., el chile)
\sense_d Oa
\root kow
\disamb te:kuhtilih; te:siawi:tih; te:kwi:tsoh
\nse In Oapan the nonreduplicated form te:kuhtilih refers to something that gives one strength, such as chile. The reduplicated form té:kukuhtílih is
synonomous with the unreduplicated Ameyaltepec form, te:kuhtilih.
\qry Get additional unreduplicated form from Oapan. Check with phonetician on status of final /h/ of Inocencio Jimenez.
\grm Reduplication, semantics: In Oapan the nonreduplicated form te:kuhtilih refers to something that gives one strength, such as chile. The reduplicated form
té:kukuhtílih is synonomous with the unreduplicated Ameyaltepec form, te:kuhtilih.
\vl Note that the first token by Florencia is /te:kó:kotitlah/. I don't know the meaning for this word, but have added an entry, 7643. It should therefore be tagged as
07643_OF1a.wav
\ref 03774
\lxam de
\lxam_c de
\lxoa de
\lxoa_alt de:n
\lxoa_c nide Wa:pan
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\loan de
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\der V1-loan
\infv Copular
\gloss_e to.be.of
\gloss_s ser.de
\sense_e to be of
\sense_s ser de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Un tepostli de newa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That rifle is mine.
\phrase_s Ese rifle es mío (de mí).
\phrase_n De tepostli moko:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your pot is made of metal.
\phrase_s Tu olla es de metal.
\sense_e to be from
\sense_s ser de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Newa nide nika:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm from here.
\phrase_s Soy de aquí.
\qry Note that when pronounced separately /de/ in Oapan has a final /n/ or /h/. Yet perhaps this is wrong for the form in actual speech.
\vl Florencia pronounces /de:h/ once before the beep, and then their is a sequence of 4 tokens (2 and 2). The token pronunciations are /de:n/ or /de:h/. These should be tagged
with the number 3774, but not linked. Then there follows a sequence of /nide Wa:pan/ by both speakers. These too should be tagged as 3774, and it is these phrases that
should be linked to the dictionary, one female and one male. Link second female and second male token of /nide Wa:pan/.
\ref 03775
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlámachióh
\lxoa_c tlámachióh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\pitch yes
\sense_e to have (e.g., pottery, paper, etc.) an elaborate painted design, with frieze patterns and figures
\sense_s tener (p. ej., cerámica, papel, etc.) un elaborado diseño pintado con grecas y figuras
\sense_d Oa
\root mati
\ref 03776
\lxam sa:koh
\lxam_c sa:koh
\lxoa sa:koh
\lxoa_c sa:koh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan saco
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e long-sleeved blouse that women, usually married, wear over their shirt, it is worn with a skirt, but not with a dress
\sense_s una blusa de manga larga que utilizan las mujeres, usualmente casadas, que se pone sobre su camisa, y que se utiliza con una falda pero no con un vestido
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:sa:koh, itlake:npani.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is her saco,it is an overgarment.
\phrase_s Es su"saco,"es la ropa (blusa) que pone sobre otra.
\semfld clothing
\ency_note tlake:ntli
\nse The sa:koh is an overgarment that older women, less and less nowadays, wear over their regular blouse (sowa:koto:ntli (Am) or
siwa:koto:ntli(Oa)). The women who wear a sowa:koto:ntli and sa:koh do not wear a full dress (besti:doh) but
rather a skirt (kwe:tli). Women who use a sa:koh only wear an apron (dela:ntal (Am) or dela:ntar(Oa)) that goes
from the waist down.
\qry Further definition needed, also a complete list of all items of female (and male) clothing.
\vl Link first female token and second male token.
\ref 03777
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa barási:l
\lxoa_alt bransi:l
\lxoa_c barási:l
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan Brazil
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\pitch yes
\sense_e tree of the Leguminoseae family, probably the one called palo de Brasil in Spanish (identified by Guizar and Sánchez as Haematoxylum
brasilettoKarst.)
\sense_s árbol de la familia Leguminoseae, probablemente el palo de Brasil (identificado por Guizar and Sánchez como el Haematoxylum brasilettoKarst.)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\semfld medicine
\notes_nature Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:113) identify a tree called in Spanish palo de Brasil, or simply Brasil as of the family Leguminosae;
caesalpinioideae and the genus/species Haematoxylum brasiletto Karst.
\qry Note that although Felix Venancio dictated the preceding text about the medicinal properties of the palo de Brasil, Luis Lucena denied any knowledge of this use.
\vl Link second female and second male tokens.
\semref frasí:l
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 03778
\lxam tlama:make:tl
\lxam_c tlama:make:tl
\lxoa tlamá:maké:tl
\lxoa_pr tlama:make:tl
\lxoa_c tlamá:maké:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\pitch yes
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e bearer (like a pallbearer), someone who carries or helps carry a heavy weight; porter; person who carries a load (such as those who hold up each
neko:xtli in transporting a heavy weight)
\sense_s cargador (como los que cargan cosas, utilizando neko:xtli al transportar y cargar un objeto pesado); alguien que lleva un peso pesado o que ayuda a
cargar algo;
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:ma
\qry Originally I only had this entry written down as plural /tlama:makeh/, under a notecard for /neko:xtli/ which is a type of crossbar used to facilitate the carrying of a large heavy object,
such as a trunk, among several people. Check the singular formation and exactly what it is used for. However, in Oapan elicitation the singular form is given, which is probably what
it should be in Am. To date I have only heard this in the plural form, tlama:makeh. The singular * tlama:maki does not exist.
\vl Link first female token of 4 token sequence and second male token. Note that before the correct sequence Florencia first gives /tlama:ka:hke:tl/. This should be tagged with
number 7645.
\ref 03779
\lxam tlalwatl
\lxam_c tlalwatl
\lxoa tlalwatl
\lxoa_c tlalwatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e vein
\sense_s vena
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Totlalwayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is our veins.
\phrase_s Son nuestras venas.
\sense_e tendon
\sense_s tendón
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nochi tlalwatl o:ne:chtoka:roh. Xkipia nakatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got stuck with all tendons (in the piece of meat I was served). It doesn't have any meat.
\phrase_s Me tocópuros tendones (en la carne que se me sirvió). No tiene carne.
\semfld body
\root tlalwa
\vl Link second female and first male tokens.
\ref 03780
\lxam kweptok
\lxam_c kweptok
\lxoa koptok
\lxoa_c koptok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der *V1-tok
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be changed; to be different (from what it was)
\sense_s ser cambiado; ser diferente (de lo que era)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwa:k o:nasik, kweptoya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When I arrived, it was different.
\phrase_s Cuando llegué, estaba diferente.
\phrase_n Kweptok totlato:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Our language (or speech) is different (e.g., than it was in the past).
\phrase_s Nuestra lengua (o habla) es diferente (p. ej., que era antes).
\root kwepa
\ref 03781
\lxam melá:k
\lxam_c milá:k
\lxoa mila:k
\lxoa_c mila:k
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\pitch yes
\sense_e see milá:k
\sense_s véase milá:k
\sense_d Pending
\root mela:
\nae Apparently this is related to mela:wakand to forms such as tetomaktik that show vowel shortening and the deletion of the verbal -iwi
ending. The intonation varies greatly
\mod This entry should probably be changed. According to Cristino Flores the correct pronunciation in Ameyaltepec is /milá:k/ with an initial /i/ not /e/. If this is found to be the case
change the entries accordingly.
\ref 03782
\lxam se:wa
\lxam_c se:wa
\lxoa se:wa
\lxoa_c se:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0(cop)
\der V0-b
\infv Copular
\sense_e to be cold
\sense_s hacer frío
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:se:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It got cold.
\phrase_s Hizo frío.
\root se:wa
\nae In my original notes I have recorded that this verb is used only in the present tense. Apparently this note derives from the fact that I wasn't able to elicit the future or past forms.
Apparently in most cases this verb is like to:na , with the future and past indicated through the copula. However, one documented case of o:se:wak
was recorded; cf. to se:wa katka , which would indicate 'it was cold.' This should be checked. Nevertheless, the verbalized /se:wati/ exists (cf. /to:nati/?). Since verbs
are not usually verbalized, this suggests a noun-like quality to /se:wa/. I do have an instance of o:se:wak meaning 'it got cold' and not 'it was cold.' However, I also
have another note that says that se:wa can be only used in the present tense.
\grm Cf. Gram 1986-08-01.1; Gram 1986-06-19.1
\qry I have removed /Sie:mpreh se:se:wa./, which C. Flores rejected. 'After all is said and done, it is rather cold.'
\vl Link second female token.
\semref se:wati
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref se:wati
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03783
\lxam tlate:na:miki:ltia
\lxam_c kitlate:na:miki:ltia
\lxoa tlate:na:miki:ltia
\lxoa_c kitlate:na:miki:ltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to take (sb, particularly a child) and bring its head and lips close in reverence to a religious object (such as a saint or cross)
\sense_s tomar a (algn, generalmente a un niño) y acercar su cabeza y labios a un objeto religioso (como un santo o una cruz) en reverencia
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitlate:na:miki:ltia ikone:tsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She holds her child up and brings it close (in this case to a saint) in reverence.
\phrase_s Alza su niño y lo acerca (en este caso a un santo) en reverencia.
\root te:n
\root na:miki
\vl Link second male token.
\xref tlate:na:miki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03784
\lxam sintli de ka:ka:lo:tl
\lxam_c sintli de ka:ka:lo:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e deformed mazorca that is split open at the top point, forming something similar in appearance to a bird's beak
\sense_s mazorca (o elote) deformada, que tiene la punta abierta y bifurcada como si fuera el pico de un pájaro
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Sintli de ka:ka:lo:tl pa:mpa kipia ikamak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e [It is called]"a crow corncob"because it has a mouth.
\phrase_s [se llama]"mazorca de cuervo"porque tiene su boca.
\root sin
\root ka:l
\ency_note sintli
\semref ka:ka:lo:si:ntli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref sintli de kowatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref sentli yón kowatsi:ntli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03785
\lxam tlakoyahko
\lxam_c tlakoyahko
\lxoa tlakoyahko
\lxoa_c tlakoyahko
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-tla-k(o)
\infn N(loc)
\sense_e place (usually a flat surface, such as a cliff or wall) with an opening (e.g., a cave in a cliff, holes in walls, etc.)
\sense_s lugar (generalmente con una superficie plana, como un peñasco o pared) con una apertura (p. ej., una cueva en un peñasco, hoyos en las paredes, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlakokoyahko, kakalakin kimichin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There are lots of openings (e.g., in a wall), mice go into them.
\phrase_s Hay muchos hoyos (p. ej., en una pared), entran los ratoncitos (en ellos).
\sense_e place with nothing in it (e.g., a room)
\sense_s lugar con nada adentro (p. ej., una sala)
\sense_d Oa
\root koya:
\root_rel -ko
\qry I originally had this with a long vowel in the Am entry. However, I think it should be short and so have changed it. The Oapan form is recorded and the /a/ is indeed short.
\vl Link first female token,
\ref 03786
\lxam toto:nilia
\lxam_c kitoto:nilia
\lxoa toto:nilia
\lxoa_c kitoto:nilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to heat up for (a food that had already been prepared)
\sense_s recalentar para (una comida que ya había sido preparada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:s san xne:xtoto:nilia notlaxkal!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just heat up my tortillas for me!
\phrase_s ¡Solamente caliéntame mis tortillas!
\phrase_n San te:chtlatoto:nili:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She will just heat something up for us (to eat).
\phrase_s Solamente nos va a recalentar algo (para comer).
\root to:n
\nse Perhaps tlatoto:nilia should be given a separate entry since it has a culturally determined and context independent meaning of 'to heat food up for (sb)."
\vl Link second female token.
\xref toto:nia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03787
\lxam kompanye:roh
\lxam_c kompanye:roh
\lxoa kompanye:roh
\lxoa_c kompanye:roh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan compañero
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N0/2; Aln(0=2)
\sense_e (vocative) companero
\sense_s (vocative) compañero
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (alienable possession) companero of (often in reference to a fellow citizen serving alongside one in a community cargo service, in the church or juzgado)
\sense_s (posesión enajenable) compañero de (a menudo en referencia a algn quien trabaja con uno en un cargo de la comunidad, en la iglesia o juzgado)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (alienable possession) penis
\sense_s (posesión enajenable) pene
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n We:i nokompanye:roh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have a big penis!
\phrase_s ¡Tengo un pene grande!
\semfld body
\ref 03788
\lxam to:nala:matl
\lxam_c to:nala:matl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e (rare) calendar
\sense_s (raro) calendario
\sense_d Am
\root to:na
\root a:ma
\ref 03789
\lxam kexsosolka
\lxam_c kexsosolka
\lxoa kexsosolka
\lxoa_c kexsosolka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[stem-final vowel loss[freq.]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to wheeze; to make a rumbling sound in ones throat (e.g., sb near death)
\sense_s hacer un sonido como resuello en la garganta (p. ej., algn a punto de morir)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kexsosolka mopió.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your hen makes a sort of rumbling sound in its throat (e.g., because it has sores in its throat).
\phrase_s Tu gallina hace sonidos como de resuello en la garganta (por tener llagitas en la garganta).
\sense_e to snore
\sense_s roncar
\sense_d Pending
\root kech
\root solo:
\qry Perhaps should be /kechsosolka/.
\grm Note the several cases of verbs like /sosolka/, /tsitsilka/, and perhaps /nanalka/. Note that in classical the form is /sosoloka/.
\xref kexsolo:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03790
\lxam xa:yakame:kotik
\lxam_c xa:yakame:kotik
\lxoa xa:ya:mé:kotík
\lxoa_alt xa:yakamé:kotík
\lxoa_c xa:ya:mé:kotík
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) meco
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-loan
\pitch yes-loan
\sense_e to have ones face streaked with dust and dirt (from sweating and not bathing)
\sense_s tener la cara sucia y rayada con polvo y tierra (por sudar y no bañarse)
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:yaka
\nse Includes among its elements the Spanish loan meco.
\semref xa:yakame:koki:sa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03791
\lxam kwitlanextsi:n
\lxam_c kwitlanextsi:n
\lxoa kwitlanextsi:n
\lxoa_c kwitlanextsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Op. prefix te- : tekwitlanextsi:n
\sense_e greyish; ash colored
\sense_s de color gris o ceniza
\sense_d Pending
\semfld color
\root kwitla
\root nex
\qry Determine if both /tekwitlanextsi:n/ and /kwitlanextsi:n/ exist and, if they do, the difference. Apparently I had this entry in my filecard under /tekwitlanextsi:n/ although /kwitlanextla:lia/
was alphabetized under /tekwitlanextla:lia/ with a note that the /te-/ was optional. Compare to other colors (e.g., /temonextsi:n/).
\qry_fon Check phonetics of female C before -tsi:n.
\vl Link first female token.
\ref 03792
\lxam to:nalkochi
\lxam_c to:nalkochi
\lxoa to:nalkochi
\lxoa_c to:nalkochi
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(ch)
\sense_e to sleep during the day
\sense_s dormir durante el día
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n To:nalkochi, tlatski.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He sleeps during the day, he is lazy.
\phrase_s Duerme durante el día, es flojo.
\root to:na
\root kochi
\ref 03793
\lxam kakawana:nchih
\lxam_c kakawana:nchih
\lxoa kakawana:nchi:n
\lxoa_c kakawana:nchi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e Bursera simaruba(L.) Sarg., large tree of the Burseraceae family
\sense_s Bursera simaruba(L.) Sarg.,árbol grande de la familia Burseraceae
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root kawa
\root na:n
\root -chin
\notes_nature This is probably derived from kakawatl and (na)na:ntsi:n , and may refer to characteristics of this tree. The termination -chih
is perhaps a palatalized variation of -tsi:n , though the vowel length here should be checked. It might be a reborrowing from Spanish. Cf.
kala:chin , which might have the same element. Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:95) identify as the"cacahuananche"a plant of the family
Chrysobalanaceaeand genus-species Licania arboreaSeemann.
\qry Perhaps this is the same as the /kuhkakawatl/. Check. If so add to synonym field.
\qry_fon Check the /awa/ sequence. In all tokens from Oapan the duration was between 230 and 240 ms, somewhat evenly divided among the 3 phonemes.
\vl Link second female token.
\semref kakawana:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 03794
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be /kupaxokotl/ but has been removed and placed as an alt. pronunciation for /kopaxokotl/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Tag and reassign numbers to 583.
\ref 03795
\lxam a:kawtomitl
\lxam_c a:kawtomitl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of high-growing weed of the Asteraceae family, with prickly hairs, (i.e., totomioh), considered tlasohli
\sense_s tipo de maleza alta de la familia Asteraceae, con vellos espinosos (esto es, totomioh), considerado tlasohli
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld herb
\root a:kaw
\root tomi
\notes_nature This is a type of a:kawtli. Ramírez (1991) refers to this as acahual. Under acahual, Schoenhals (1988) notes:"1. Applied to several plants of
the sunflower family (Compositae) with large yellow flowers. 2. (Heterotheca inuloides) 'blazing star.' Used as a poultice on bruises. Also called
árnica,árnica del país, cuauteteco, falsaárnica.3. (Bidensspp. e.g., B. aurea, B. pilosa) 'calendula-bur,' 'perennial beggar ticks.' See acetilla.
4. (Helianthus annuus) 'sunflower.' See flor de gigantón. 5. (Tithoniaspp. e.g., T. rotundifolia, T. tubaeformis) 'yellow tithonia,' 'bush sunflower.'
See girasol."Then, under acetilla or aceitilla."1. (Bidensspp., e.g., B. aurea, B. pilosa) 'calendula-bur,' 'perennial beggar ticks.'
A relative of the wild marigold. Seeds are like burs with hooks. Plant used as a preventive against eye infections in the newborn. Also called acahual, acahualillo,
mulito, téde milpa.2. (Galinsogaspp. e.g., G. parviflora'[family] aster.' See estrellita."Under girasol, there are three
entries. Girasol:"1. (Helianthus annus) 'sunflower. See flor de gigantón.2. (Tithoniaspp. e.g., T. rotundifolia, T.
tubaeformis'yellow tithonia,' 'bush sunflower.' Large sunflower-type plant with orange or yellow flowers. Also called acahual,árnica, gigantón, girasol mexicano,
mirasol."The entry for girasol amarillo has the following:"(Cosmos sulphureus) 'yellow cosmos.' Also called mirasol,
xochipali.."And, under girasol mexicano:"(Tithoniaspp., e.g., T. rotundifolia, T. tubaeformis) 'yellow tithonia,' 'bush sunflower.' See
girasol.Then, under girasol mexicano:"(Cosmos bipinnatus) 'purple cosmos.' Also called mirasol."Finally, under
estrellita:"1. (Milla biflora) 'milla,' 'Mexican st a r .' Star-shaped, white flowers. Especially common in volcanic areas. Also called azucena del
campo, estrella mexicana, flor de San Nicolás, lilia cimarrón.2. (Stellariaspp. e.g., S. nemorum) '[relative of] chickweed.' White flowers in the Fall.
Also called alahual, matanza.3. (Galinsogaspp., e.g., G. parviflora'[family] aster]. A weedy herb of the mid-elevations. White flowers with
yellow centers. Also called acetilla.
\semref ákahtlítómiyóh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03796
\lxam karayó:n
\lxam_alt karayo:n
\lxam_c karayo:n
\lxoa karayo:n
\lxoa_c karayo:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (?)
\psm Adj(ap)
\der Adj-loan (?)
\sense_e woman-chaser
\sense_s mujeriego
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (po:yoh ~) rooster (not castrated)
\sense_s (po:yoh ~) gallo (no capado)
\sense_d Oa
\nse This seems clearly to be a loan from Spanish, although the source word is still not identified. The borrowing po:yoh is also used in reference to men with a lot of women
lovers. The opposite is po:yoh kapoh(Oa).
\semref kapon
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref kapoh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03797
\lxam te:nme:melatik
\lxam_c te:nme:melatik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\lexical Lex. prefix te- ; Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e to have thick edges
\sense_s tener las bordes o labrios gruesos
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tetsatsapaltik itlaxkal, xkwahli kimana, san te:nme:melatik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Her tortillas are uneven (thicker in some places than others), she doesn't make them well, they are thickish here and there.
\phrase_s Sus tortillas son disparejos (más gruesas en algunas partes que otras), no las echa bien, en partes son más gruesas.
\phrase_n Tenme:melatik, xtlateki, xkipia itlakekia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is thick (in this case the edge of an unsharpened machete), it doesn't cut, it doesn't have its sharp cutting edge.
\phrase_s Es grueso (en este caso el filo de un machete no afilado), no corta, no tiene su filo cortante.
\root mela:
\nae Teme:melaktik is; like tekakapaltik of unclear etymology. It is apparently derived from the verb mela:wi , which no longer exists as an
intransitive in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl. But as one has tetomaktik , tekoyaktik (from toma:wi and koya:wi ,
respectively), one perhaps has temelaktik from mela:wi. Yet the translation of"thickish"(which is a translation of what a consultant said in Spanish) is
not immediately clear from the root mela:and should be checked.
\qry Check translation and meaning of /teme:melaktik/. Also check whether /temelaktik/ exists (i.e., with short vowel). Note that this phrase was recorded on two file cards, one with
/tekakapaltik/ and once with /tetsatsapaltik/. The latter seems correct and it is this that has been entered; however, check for the possibility that /tekakapaltik/ does exist.
\mod NOTE: MAKE SURE THAT THIS IS CORRECT FOR AM. I had /te:nme:melaktik/ during elicitation and C. Flores sometimes pronounces words as he sees them. He later (cf.
discussion with 5949) that the correct form is /te:nme:melatik/, from /me:melah/.
\grm Reduplication: If /teme:melaktik/ is correct in terms of vowel length, check for reduplication with other similarly formed words (e.g., is /teto:tomaktik/ correct?).
\semref tlaxkalwiya
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03798
\lxam yepatl
\lxam_c yepatl
\lxoa yepatl
\lxoa_c yepatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e skunk (zorrillo)
\sense_s zorrillo
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld mammal
\root yepa
\vl Link second female token.
\ref 03799
\lxam pi:na:wtia
\lxam_c kipi:na:wtia
\lxoa pi:na:htia
\lxoa_c kí:pi:ná:htia; kipi:na:htia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make pregnant out of wedlock (lit., 'to shame')
\sense_s dejar embarazada fuera del matrimonio (lit., 'avergonzar')
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nopipi:na:wtih, ichpokawah katka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She got pregnant out of wedlock (lit., 'shamed herself'), she used to be a virgin (unmarried girl).
\phrase_s Se quedóembarazada fuera del matrimonio (lit., 'se avergonzó), era una virgen
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to make fun of; to cause embarrassment to; to humiliate (in a malicious way, often used when sb makes fun of another persons poverty or
suffering)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) burlarse de; avergonzar a (maliciosamente, a menudo utilizado cuando algn se burla de la situación de otra persona, como su pobreza o
sufrimiento)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chpipi:na:wtian pa:mpa xtlah nikpia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They make fun of me because I'm really poor (lit., 'don't have anything').
\phrase_s Se burlan de míporque soy muy pobre (lit., 'no tengo nada').
\root pi:na:
\nse Pi:na:wtia often is found in reduplicated form, although unreduplicated it is amply documented in the corpus. Note, however, that the intransitive has not been
documented in an unreduplicated form.
\vl Note that Florencia first gives /kí:pi:ná:htia/, where the first /í:/ is long with a high pitch. She then starts a 4-token sequence with the normal form of the verb (without p-a
reduction of the reduplicant). Link the normal, non-pitch-accented, forms. For the final tagging create a 3-word sequence: /kí:pi:ná:htia/ and then the female-male sequence
as expected. The best would have been to have female-male with the p-a form and then female-male with the non pitch accented form, but unfortunately only one token
(female) exist of the p-a form.
\xref pi:na:wi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03800
\lxam tepa:ntli
\lxam_c tepa:ntli
\lxoa tepa:ntli
\lxoa_c tepa:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\sense_e wall (of a house, made of any material: mud, adobe, stone, cement, etc.)
\sense_s pared (de una casa hecha de cualquier material: lodo, adobe, piedra, cemento, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e stone wall (surrounding a house or house site, but not a stick or post fence)
\sense_s pared (que rodea una casa o solar, pero no una cerca de varas o postes)
\sense_d Pending
\root te
\root pa:m
\nse The precise extent of the meaning of tepa:ntli is not entirely clear, but apparently it refers mostly to house walls or to stone walls that surround house sites. Stones
walls that are constructed without any mortar or cement in the countryside (e.g., to divide fields) are called by the name tekorrá:l although if they are fixed with
mortar or cement, which they rarely are, tepa:ntli may be used.
\qry Determine the possessive form for 'your house's wall' (i.e. /itepa:nyo mokal/ or /itepan mokal/).
\semref tekorrá:l
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03801
\lxam pani
\lxam_c pani
\lxoa pani
\lxoa_c pani
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-place
\der Adv-pl
\sense_e on the surface
\sense_s en o sobre la superficie
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Teto:kioh motla:l. Pani xne:si tetl, kipia tlaitik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your land is full of embedded rock. On the surface the rocks can't be seen, they are inside (of the earth).
\phrase_s Tu terreno estálleno de piedras enterradas. No aparecen en la superficie, las tienen adentro (de la tierra).
\sense_e shallow (water, e.g., in a river)
\sense_s poco profundo (agua, p. ej., en un río)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Panitsi:n. Wel ta:pano:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is shallow. We'll be able to go across the river.
\phrase_s Es poco profundo. Vamos a poder cruzar el río.
\root pani
\qry Note that whether to classify this as a verb or not is a difficult decision. It seems more like a locative, although the morphology suggests a verb. Moreover, whereas /-pan/ can
combined with pronouns and nouns, /pani/ functions more like an auxiliary. Check Launey who, I believe, has a discussion of these verbs.
\nde In Oapan the form tlapani also exists. The difference between tlapani and pani is not clear.
\ref 03802
\lxam kali
\lxam_c kali
\lxoa kali
\lxoa_c kali
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der N-loc-1
\sense_e inside (of a house or building)
\sense_s adentro (de una casa o edificio)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tia:skeh nepa kali.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We're going to go there inside (e.g., the house or building).
\phrase_s Vamos alláadentro (p. ej., de la casa o edificio).
\sense_e (para ~) toward the inside (of a line dance or other types of rows, i.e., refers to the position between two parallel rows, or of a bowl or other type of
container)
\sense_s (para ~) hacia adentro o en medio (de una danza en línea, en general se refiere a la posición en medio de dos filas paralelas, de un recipiente u otro tipo de
plato hondo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:te:nkwepaliw para kali.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Its edge folded over toward the inside (e.g., of a ceramic bowl being made)
\phrase_s Su orilla se doblópara adentro (p. ej., de un olla o plato hondo de cerámica)
\semfld space
\root kal
\root hti
\nse Kali is a virtual synonym of kalitik. The etymology of this word is not entirely clear; perhaps it is an an apocopated form of kalitik.
It can either be possessed nokali 'the inside of my house' or not, nemi kali 'he is inside the house.' The former is considered nominal ('interior')
whereas the latter is considered a predicate modifier (adverbial). Kali is often used to indicate the direction of motion in relationship to the inside or outside of a
recipient-like space. Thus, as in one example, one Nokwepo:nian para kia:wak refers to a line dance in which the dancers turn to the outside of the line. The opposite
would be tlaitik or kalitik (Am).
\grm Space: Kali is a virtual synonym of kalitik. The etymology of this word is not entirely clear; perhaps it is an an apocopated form of
kalitik. It can either be possessed nokali 'the inside of my house' or not, nemi kali 'he is inside the house.' The former is
considered nominal ('interior') whereas the latter is considered a predicate modifier (adverbial). Kali is often used to indicate the direction of motion in
relationship to the inside or outside of a recipient-like space. Thus, as in one example, one Nokwepo:nian para kia:wak refers to a line dance in which the
dancers turn to the outside of the line. The opposite would be tlaitik or kalitik (Am). (and apparently, /kali/). Note therefore that the direction
of subject movement can be indicated, in Nahuatl, in 3 ways. First, it may be contained in the verb itself. Thus verbs of motion such as /yaw/ indicate extraverse movement,
and are modified by /wa:l-/ to indic ate the oppositive (intraverse). They cannot use /on-/ to indicate extraverse. Other verbs indicate a direction of movement, e.g., /kalaki/
'to enter' and the nature of the space is communicated obliquely: /kalakis mocha:n/; or the causative /kikalakti:s mocha:n/, etc. The second is the use of separate words to
indicate a spatial orientation of the action. Thus /nemi neyhka/ 'he is there.' Or /nokwepo:nian para kia:wak/. Finally, the third is the use of directionals, either prefixes or
suffixes. Here there is wide variation, from complete lexicalization (one:wa and wa:le:wa) to affixes (prefix or suffix depending on tense/aspect: /wa:lnemis/ and /o:nemiko/.
All three should be explored.
\semref kalitik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kálitík
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref kalitik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03803
\lxam teltia
\lxam_c kiteltia
\lxoa teltia
\lxoa_c kiteltia
\dt 24/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to stop (movement in a particular direction, a task that is being performed, a situation, the functioning of a machine, the flow of a liquid such as blood, etc.)
\sense_s parar; detener (movimiento en una dirección en particular, una tarea que se está haciendo, una situación, el funcionamiento de una máquina, el flujo de un líquido como
sangre, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkaman noteltia, san se: otli yaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He never stops (on his way somewhere), he goes straight without any detour or delay.
\phrase_s Nunca se para (en ir a algún lugar), va derecho sin desviación ni demora.
\phrase_n Kikwalka:nwia. saniman nokwiste:wa, saniman noteltia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He goes at it from an early hour. He gets up right away and he finishes right away (early in the afternoon).
\phrase_s Le llega desde una hora temprana. Luego luego se levanta, y luego luego termina (en la tarde temprano).
\phrase_n Xnimotelti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm not going to stop (e.g., doing a job, carrying out an activity, etc.).
\phrase_s No voy a parar (p. ej., en hacer un trabajo, llevar a cabo una actividad, etc.).
\phrase_n Xtelti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Stop him (e.g., from doing sth, going someplace, etc.)!
\phrase_s ¡Páralo (p. ej., de hacer algo, de ir a algún lugar, etc.)!
\sense_e to stop, calm, or sooth (e.g., pain through medicine, a state of agitation, etc.)
\sense_s calmar o apaciguar (p. ej., el dolor por medio de una medicina, un estado deánimo agitado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmotelti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Calm down!
\phrase_s ¡Cálmate!
\sense_e to lower (a loud sound, e.g., on the radio)
\sense_s bajar (un sonido fuerte, p. ej., en el radio)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl. + a:tl) to stop raining; for the rainy season to come to an end
\sense_s (refl. + a:tl) pararse de llover; detenerse la lluvia; terminar la temporada de lluvias
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:noteltih a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The rain has stopped (after a rainstorm).
\phrase_s Se paró(se detuvo) la lluvia (después de un aguacero).
\phrase_n Ye tlaki:stiw, ye noteltia a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The rainy season is now coming to a close, the rains are stopping.
\phrase_s La temporada de lluvias estáviniendo a su fin, se paran las aguas.
\root tel
\disamb teltia; teketsa
\nse Teltia refers mostly to physical movement or the functioning of something (like a tool) that is stopped. Although teketsa also often refers to stopping,
the two have a completely different sense. Teltia never refers to the placing of something upright, but always to a process or movement. Teketsa , on
the other hand, seems to be more based on a meaning such as 'to stand (or place) upright.' There is, however, significant overlap, as both may refer to animates that stop moving in a
certain direction, or machines and mechanisms that stop functioning.
\xref teltilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\semref tehtla:lia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03804
\lxam mo:nteyowa
\lxam_c mo:nteyowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) monte
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to become overgrown after having once been cleared (a field for planting)
\sense_s volverse monte después de haber sido desmontado (un terreno de siembra).
\sense_d Am
\nae The adjectival form is simply the nominal borrowing from Spanish mo:nteh and has no Nahuatl inflection (e.g., * mo:nteyoh).
\qry Check for transitive form
\ref 03805
\lxam kochkayo:tl
\lxam_c kochkayo:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-d-kayo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e food leftover from the day before, i.e., food that has been cooked and then saved overnight before being served the following day
\sense_s sobras, comida dejada del día anterior, esto es, comida preparada y guardada por una noche antes de ser servido al día siguiente
\sense_d Am
\fla kayo:tl
\root kochi
\root kayo:
\semref ya:lwa kayo:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03806
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /xoya:ya/ but apparently this is never used as a verb. Make note under /xoyá:k/.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\mod According to Florencia Marcelino the smell xoyá:kis that of beans and chick peas that are just starting to cook. Because of this there is no verb meaning to acquire
this smell.
\mod Check other bases for other smells: /pipiyâk/ etc. Perhaps construct a page in the ono section on different words referring to types of smells. Check possible subjects. ista:kyetl
\ref 03807
\lxam tsi:ntepolikatok
\lxam_c un kuwtli, tsi:ntepolikatok
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der *V1-*V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\semfld motion
\sense_e uprooted (a tree, with its roots standing up in the air)
\sense_s desarraigado; arrancado del raíz (unárbol, con las raices salientes y apuntadas hacia arriba)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tsi:ntepolikatok un kuwtli, o:kitlakal yeyekatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That tree is uprooted with its roots pointing into the air (e.g., after a storm), the wind knocked it over.
\phrase_s Eseárbol estádesarraigado con las raices apuntando hacia arriba (p. ej., después de una tempestad), el viento lo derribó.
\root tsi:n
\root tehpol
\root ika
\fl tsi:ntepolketsa
\semref tsi:ntepolkestok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tsí:ntepolkéstok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03808
\lxam yo:lkwa
\lxam_c kiyo:lkwa
\lxoa yo:lkwa
\lxoa_c kiyo:lkwa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to devour or eat the na:wahli of
\sense_s devorar o comer el nahual de
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:kiyo:lkwakeh nopo:tsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My little daughter had her nahual devoured.
\phrase_s Se le devoraron el nahual de mi hijita.
\root yo:l
\root kwa
\nse At least in Ameyaltepec, the transitive verb yo:lkwa refers to the action of one na:wahli against another, which causes the human counterpart of the
attacked and devoured nahual to die.
\qry Check other meanings.
\ref 03809
\lxam sakawin
\lxam_c sakawin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e variety of wi:lo:tl still not definitively identified
\sense_s tipo de wi:lo:tl, todavía no identificado definitivamente
\sense_d Am
\root saka
\notes_nature This is one of three types of wi:lo:tl , Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the zacatilla, a large bird. Schoenhals (1988) does not mention
the zacatilla but has many birds listed under zacatero, (i.e., sparrows) most of which are in the genera Aimophilaor Zonotrichia.
Apparently this is the same as the bird called sakatí:yah.
\semref sakati:yah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref sakatsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03810
\lxam ok
\lxam_c ok toto:nki
\lxoa ok
\lxoa_alt oh
\lxoa_pr ok
\lxoa_c oh a:tli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e still
\sense_s todavía
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ok toto:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is still hot.
\phrase_s Todavía estácaliente.
\phrase_n Oh ki:sas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It will still give results (turn out).
\phrase_s Todavía va a salir (bien).
\sense_e (~ + [imperative]) first [+ imperative]
\sense_s (~ + [imperativo]) primero [+ imperativo]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ok xkoxte:ka mokone:w para wel titekichi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e First put your child to bed so that you will be able to get some work done.
\phrase_s Primero acuesta a tu niño para que puedas trabajar.
\sense_e (~ + [verbal predicate in optative]) first let [+verbal predicate] (in Oapan chia + [verbal predicate in optative])
\sense_s (~ + [predicado verbal en el optativo]) deja que primero [+predicado verbal] (en Oapan chia + [predicado verbal en el optativo])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ok ma nima:lti, kwa:kon tia:skeh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me first bathe, then we will go!
\phrase_s Deja que primero me bañe, entonces iremos.
\phrase_n Xne:schia! Ok ma nikpochi:na in noi:ch para nihkopi:nas i:loh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Wait for me! Let me first fray my hemp fiber so that I can pull it off in threads (i.e., to make a rope)!
\phrase_s ¡Espérame! deja que primero deshaga mi fibra de maguey para que le pueda arrancar hilitos (p. ej., para hacer una soga).
\sense_e (~ [number]) another [number]
\sense_s (~ [número]) another [número]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ok ye:i ne:chpolowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm still missing another three.
\phrase_s Todavía me faltan otros tres.
\root ok
\nae The clitic nature of ok in Ameyaltepec is suggested by the phonological change to final /h/ in oh ki:sas. Nevertheless, by orthographic convention it is
always written as a separate word. In Oapan ok appears as such only at a phrase boundary that, given that ok is only (or virtually used before a
predicative phrase) does not seem to occur. Yet the underlying nature of the final sound is revealed in xok, which unlike ok may occur in
isolation, where the {k} appears. Note that whereas in Ameyaltepec the {k} of ok appears before vowel-initial words, in Oapan the rule k>h is operative, and
one finds, for example, oh a:tli 'he is still drinking.'
\qry Re: vowel length, this should be checked; cf. entry under /o:kpa/.
\vl Note that after /oh a:tli/ there follows a sequence of 4 tokens of /xok/. This should be marked as 5443. I added this word at this time in order to check on final /k/, even
though it was not in the lexicon at this point.
\semref xok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03811
\lxam xope:wa
\lxam_c kixope:wa
\lxoa xope:wa
\lxoa_c kixope:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to push up (e.g., earth) with its snout; to push up (e.g., earth) with the front (e.g,. a bulldozer with its scoop)
\sense_s empujar (p. ej., tierra) con el hocico; empujar (p. ej. tierra) con la parte delantera (p. ej., un bulldozer)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kixoxope:wa tla:hli mopitso ika ite:nxo:mah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your pig pushes up earth with its snout.
\phrase_s Tu cerdo empuja la tierra con su hocico.
\root xo
\root pe:wa
\semref ma:pe:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref xope:wilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03812
\lxam a:wiltilistli
\lxam_c a:wiltilistli
\lxoa á:wiltilístli
\lxoa_c á:wiltilístli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) (Oa)
\infn Stem 1(l)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e games; playing or fooling around
\sense_s juegos; vaciladas o chanzas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwahli xkító, yéwa xá:wiltilístli!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Say it right, it's not a joking matter!
\phrase_s ¡Dílo bien, no es cosa de broma!
\root a:wil
\nae The Oapan form manifests reduced reduplication (i.e., pitch accent) on the long vowel of the initial syllable. Apparently Oapan Nahuatl reduplicates the root
a:wilwhen it has the meaning of 'game' or 'toy.' Such is the case here. Note, however, that the highest frequency of the pitch is on the semivowel /w/, not the end of
the /a/.
\qry_fon Check pitch accent location with phonetician.
\ref 03813
\lxam ixi:ka
\lxam_c ixi:ka
\lxoa íxí:ka
\lxoa_pr ixi:ka
\lxoa_c íxí:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa
\trans Compl
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to drip dry by having water drip or ooze slowly out from or toward the bottom or lower part (e.g., a slow spring that gives forth little water; a new ceramic water jug from
which water seeps out; clothes left hung to dry, etc.)
\sense_s secarse por gotitas al salirse despacio el agua de la parte inferior de un lugar o recipiente; bajarse el agua despacio (p. ej., un manantial que rinde poca agua; una tinaja
nueva que transmina agua; ropa colgada para secar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yenkwik a:ko:ntli, yo:pe:w ixi:ka, ke:n a:kwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The water jug is new, water has started to seep out the bottom, it really lets water filter out.
\phrase_s La tinaja es nueva, el agua ha empezado de transminarse por abajo, de veras deja filtrar agua por sus paredes.
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w meme:ya a:tl, pero saka ixi:ka tepe:tl, ika ke:n yo:kiaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Water has started to spring forth a little, but it is just because it is seeping slowing out of the mountain as a result of the heavy rain (i.e., the water is seeping out of the
ground, but not from a permanent spring).
\phrase_s El agua ha empezado de manar un poquito, pero nada más es porque se escurre el agua del cerro a causa de la fuerte lluvia que hubo (esto es, el agua simplemente se
transmina por el suelo, no sale deun manatial permanente).
\phrase_n Ixi:katok un tlake:ntli; ye tetemo:tok a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Water is dripping off the end of those clothes (in this case hung up to dry); water is already seeping slowly down to the bottom.
\phrase_s El agua se le estáescurriendo de esa ropa (en este caso de ropa tendida); ya se estábajando poco a poco.
\phrase_n Sa: a:chitsi:n tikpe:walti:skeh, ok ma tlaxi:ka, melá:k sokitl, a:chitsi:n ma ixakawa:ki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e In just a short time we'll start it, but first let the water filter down (into the earth after a heavy rain, but before plowing), it's all mud, let the surface dry off a little.
\phrase_s En un poco de tiempo vamos a empezar, pero primero que se escurra el agua hacia abajo (de la tierra, después de una fuerte lluvia), de veras es todo lodo, que se seque
la superficie un poquito.
\phrase_n Tlaxi:ka. Yo:pe:w kalaki a:tl mokali, yo:isoliw
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Water is seeping out all over (i.e., the walls and perhaps roof). Water has started to enter your house, it's in shambles.
\phrase_s El agua estáfiltrando por todos lados (p. ej., por las paredes, tal vez el techo). El agua ya empezóa entrarle a tu casa, ya se desgastó.
\sense_e to loose its flavor or freshness as its juices seep out (a fruit, particularly elote); to loose moisture as it slowly seeps out over time (e.g., a dough)
\sense_s perderse el sabor o frescura por escurrirsele el jugo (una fruta, particularmente el elote); perder agua y secarse lentamente (p. ej., una mezcla, masa, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:ixi:kak ye:lo:tl. Ya:lwa o:nowepe:w, xok tsope:lik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The elote has lost its freshness and flavor. It was picked yesterday, it is not sweet anymore.
\phrase_s El elote ya perdiósu frescura y sabor. Ayer se cortó, ya no es dulce.
\phrase_n Ya:lwakayo:tl, yo:ixi:kak, xok tsope:lik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's left over from yesterday, the juice has already seeped out (of, typically, elote), it's no longer sweet.
\phrase_s Es una sobra de ayer, ya se le escurrióel jugo (típicamente, del elote), ya no es dulce.
\phrase_n O:ne:chmanilikeh notakaw wa:tsaltik, o:nopaya:n yo:ixi:kak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The itacatl they made for me was very brittle and dry, it (i.e., the nextamal) was ground when the water had already seeped out of it.
\phrase_s La itacatl que me hicieron salióreseco y quebradizo, lo molieron (el nixtamal) ya después de que le había escurrido el agua.
\sense_e to become dry (land just after a heavy rain when the surface is dried by the sun and the water seeps down)
\sense_s secarse (tierra después de una fuerte lluvia cuando el sol seca la superficie y el agua se filtra abajo)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to menstruate; to loose vaginal blood (particularly after giving birth)
\sense_s menstruar; perder sangre por la vagina (particularmente después de haber dado a luz)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ixi:ka, kwalo de me:stli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is menstruating, she is having her period.
\phrase_s Estámenstruando, le bajósu regla.
\root hxi:
\qry Check other applications of this word. Check vowel length of initial /i/ as in Karttunen it is long, although the form /tlaxi:ka/ would suggest a short initial /i/. Note that /ixi:ka/ refers to
water or other liquids which drip off the end of something or filters down out of something, or to the last drop dripping out of something.
\xref ixi:tsa
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref íxí:tsa
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03814
\lxam suwa:kone:tl
\lxam_c suwa:kone:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e baby or little girl (from birth to about 7 or 8 years of age)
\sense_s niña o bebéde sexo feminino (desde nacimiento hasta como siete o ocho años de edad)
\sense_d Am
\semfld age
\root sowa:
\root kone:
\semref ichpokatsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ichpakatsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03815
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was removed as a duplicate entry for /mento:narowa/.
\dt 21/Jun/2002
\ref 03816
\lxam wa:xtompihtsi:n
\lxam_alt wa:xtompistsi:n
\lxam_c wa:xtompihtsi:n
\lxoa wa:xtompistli
\lxoa_c wa:xtompistli
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e Leucaena pallidaBritton & Rose, type of small guaje tree whose fruit is occasionally eaten, though not that commonly, in February
\sense_s Leucaena pallidaBritton & Rose, tipo de guaje pequeño cuyo fruto se come, aunque no comunmente, en febrero
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e fruit of the tree by this name
\sense_s fruta del arbusto de este nombre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wa:xtompihtsi:n | Bwe:noh para tihkwa:s. Tla:ki kware:smah ipan febre:roh, ikuwyo kwe:xtik, xtlah para.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Luis Lucena, personal communication
\phrase_e Wa:xtompihtsi:n : It is good to eat. It bears fruit during the dry season, in February, it's wood is fine-grained, it isn't good for anything.
\phrase_s Wa:xtompihtsi:n : Es bueno para comer. Rinde su fruta durante la temporada de secas, en febrero, su madera tiene el grano fino, no sirve para nada.
\semfld plant
\semfld edible
\root wa:x
\root tompits
\nse Apparently this is known in Oapan as wa:xtompirichis, though Silvestre Pantaleón did not use this term when the specimen was collected.
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the ahuaje. Schoenhals (1988) has nothing by this name. Nor do Guizar and Sánchez (1991), perhaps because this
is more of a bush than a tree.
\vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 4676. They are perhaps of better sound quality than those here at 3816.
\semref wa:xtompitskuwtsi:ntli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 03817
\lxam yeka:na
\lxam_c kiyeka:na
\lxoa yeka:na
\lxoa_c kiyeka:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to walk in front of as a guide (e.g., oxen just being trained, so that they follow the person walking in the furrows)
\sense_s caminar adelante de como guía (p. ej., bueyes apenas entrenándose, para que le siguen a la persona caminando en los surcos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timitsyeka:nas, xok ma:s titlachia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to walk in front of you to lead you, you don't see well anymore.
\phrase_s Voy a caminar enfrente de tícomo guía, ya no ves bien.
\phrase_n Kiyeka:na itlakwa:te:kil un mihkatsi:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The godchild of the deceased person is leading (the funeral entourage, carrying a saint and candles).
\phrase_s El ahijdo de la persona fallecida estáyendo adelante (de la procesión funeraria, llevándo un santo y velas).
\phrase_n Xyeka:na a:chitsi:n nobweye:swa:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Lead my oxen a little (by walking in front of them so they follow you through the furrows)!
\phrase_s ¡Guía mis bueyes un poquito (al caminar enfrente de ellos para que sigan el surco)!
\sense_e (fig.) to show the way to; to demonstrate the solution to
\sense_s (fig.) mostrar en camino a; demonstrarle la solución a
\sense_d Pending
\root yeka
\root a:na
\mod Illustrate child leading oxen.
\vl Link 2nd female and 1st male token.
\xref yeka:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlayeka:na
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03818
\lxam kextsotsol
\lxam_c kextsotsol
\lxoa kexte:tsol
\lxoa_c kexte:tsol
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Reduced rdp-s* (prev-te)
\sense_e to have a bare, featherless throat (particularly said of certain chickens with this characteristic, which may extend down to its breast)
\sense_s tener el cuello pelado, sin plumas (dicho particularmente de ciertas gallinas con esta característica, que puede extender hasta su pecho)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kextsotsol nopió.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My chicken does not have any feathers on the front of its neck.
\phrase_s Mi gallina no tiene plumas en la parte de enfrente de su cuello.
\root kech
\root tsol
\qry Check other usages of /kechtsotsol/. Check for /kex/ or /kech/. It appears that I originally had /kechtsotsol/ for Ameyaltepec, but I have changed this based on comparative
information. Recheck.
\root_notes Discuss the nature of /tsotsol/ as a reduplicated form, lexicalized, that seems to be related to /tsoliwi/ etc. Note that /tsotsoltetl/ means 'naked.'
\vl Link 2nd female and 1st male token.
\semref piyo:te:tsol
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03819
\lxam mela:wa
\lxam_c kimela:wa
\lxoa mela:wa
\lxoa_c kimela:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to straighten out (sth crooked, such as a rod, or other tool, either by bending or by altering its shape)
\sense_s enderezar (algo chueco, como una vara u otra herramienta, o al desdoblarla o al alterar su forma misma)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikmela:wasneki, xwel mela:wi. Ne:chkwa:tla:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I want to straighten it (in this case a piece of wood being carved for an axe handle), but it won't get straight. It's giving me a hard time.
\phrase_s Quiero enderezarlo (en este caso un pedazo de madera que se estátallando para la manga de una hacha), pero no se endereza. Me estádando un dolor de cabeza.
\phrase_n Ma tikmela:waka:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let's straighten it out (in this case a rope by laying it on the ground).
\phrase_s Vamos a ponerlo derecho (en este caso un un lazo al acostarlo en el suelo)
\sense_e (refl.) to lay oneself down (e.g., a person to sleep; for animals the word te:kais more common)
\sense_s (refl.) acostarse (p. ej., una persona para dormir; para animals es más común te:ka)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nimomela:wtok, yo:nisiaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am lying down, I got tired.
\phrase_s Estoy acostado, ya me cansé.
\sense_e to be appropriate for; to be correct for
\sense_s ser apropriado para; ser lo correcto para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkimela:wa, xika iyo:hlo o:kichi:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is not appropriate (in this case it was not an appropriate response), he didn't do it on purpose (and thus doesn't deserve such a harse punishment).
\phrase_s No le queda (en este caso no fue una respuesta apropriada), no lo hizo a propósito.
\sense_e to be of or belong to by right
\sense_s ser propiedad de por derecho
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Newa ne:chmela:wa un tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That land is mine by right.
\phrase_s Ese terreno me pertenece por derecho.
\sense_e (with 3rd-person object) to go straight
\sense_s (con objeto de 3a persona) ir derecho
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma tikmela:wakan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let's go straight there (i.e. take the shortest route, not take any detours).
\phrase_s Vamos a ir derecho (por el camino más corto, sin desviaciones).
\root mela:
\nse Note the difference between the imperative, x(ik)mela:wa 'straighten it out' and the negative, xkimela:wa , 'it is not appropriate for it.' This difference
reflects the different status of x as an imperative marker and as a negative clitic. Note that although usually the use of -tok with a transitive verb signals
a progressive, in this case it is used as a stative. However, the difference between mela:wtok and nomela:wtok is at this point not clear. At this point
my guess is that mela:wtok refers to items that are lying down because they have been so placed, while nomela:wtok indicates that the state of lying
down was arrived at by action initiated by the subject of the stative.
\qry I removed this definition: '(~ tlato:hli) to abbreviate words; to shorten words' and exampe: /San kimela:wan tlato:hli./ 'They just abbreviate their words.' as C. Flores
did not accpet this signification.
\qry Apparently there is a difference (perhaps a lexicalized idiom) between /xikmela:wa/ 'straighten it out' and /xkimela:wa/ 'it is not appropriate for it.' This is very significant (but should
be check) and should be recorded in my grammar notes. Note that although usually the use of -tok with a transitive verb signals a progressive, in this case it is used as
a stative. However, the difference between mela:wtok and nomela:wtok is at this point not clear. At this point my guess is that
mela:wtok refers to items that are lying down because they have been so placed, while nomela:wtok indicates that the state of lying down was arrived
at by action initiated by the subject of the stative.
\grm Note that although usually the use of -tok with a transitive verb signals a progressive, in this case it is used as a stative. However, the difference between
mela:wtok and nomela:wtok is at this point not clear. At this point my guess is that mela:wtok refers to items that are lying
down because they have been so placed, while nomela:wtok indicates that the state of lying down was arrived at by action initiated by the subject of the
stative.
\semref nomela:wtok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref tlamela:wa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03820
\lxam tlaa:ki:ltia
\lxam_c kitlaa:ki:ltia
\lxoa tlá:kí:ltia
\lxoa_c kitlá:kí:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ca
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) (Oa)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to put clothes on (particularly young children still unable to dress themselves); to dress (sb)
\sense_s vestir; ponerle ropa a (particularmente a niños que no pueden vestirse solos)
\sense_d Pending
\root a:k
\nse Tlaa:kiltia may refer to any part of the costume being put on, such as the earings, crown, etc. worn by danzantes. Note that in Oapan this term is
reduplicated, as evidenced by the pitch accent on the long vowel of the first syllable.
\qry C. Flores did not accept this form at first, but did then.. Instead one would say /kitlake:ntia/ or also, only with a spec. object: /nika:ki:ltia/
\vl The first pronunciation by Florencia is /kitla:ki:ltia/, with no pitch-accent. This should be given #7650. There then follow the 4 correct tokens, /kitlá:kí:ltia/. There are also 4
extra tokens of this word at 6540. Given the better quality of later recordings, the two linked files should probably be these.
\xref a:ki:ltia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03821
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be /sayhkón/; it has been changed to an alternate pronunciation of /sahkón/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl The Oapan entry here has been removed. Tag words with # 4110
\ref 03822
\lxam ye:lmoya:wa
\lxam_c kiye:lmoya:wa
\lxoa e:lmoya:wa
\lxoa_alt ye:lmoya:wa
\lxoa_c ke:lmoya:wa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to make (sb) sick to the stomach; to make nauseous or queasy
\sense_s dar asco a; hacer sentir nausea a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w ne:chye:lmoya:wa. Nimiso:tlasneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's started to make me feel nauseous. I'm on the verge of throwing up.
\phrase_s Me empezóa dar nausea. Estoy a punto de vomitar.
\root e:l
\root moya:
\disamb ye:lmoya:wa; yo:lamana
\nde In Oapan both ke:lmoya:wa and kiye:lmoya:wa are correct.
\nse Apparently ye:lmoya:wa involves a greater sense of nausea or disgust than yo:lamana (Am).
\qry Check whether dif. between /ye:lmoya:wa/ and /yo:lamana/ have a semantic difference that is reflected in differences in the potential subjects of each verb.
\ref 03823
\lxam a:pochi:ni
\lxam_c a:pochi:ni
\lxoa a:pochi:ni
\lxoa_c á:pochí:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni[+ca]
\trans +Caus
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to become spongy or fuzzy from water; to come apart in water (e.g. tortillas, bread, some types of paper, soap, and even some rocks)
\sense_s esponjarse o desmoronarse por estar en agua; deshacerse en el agua (p. ej., tortilla, pan, algunos tipos de papel, jabón y hasta algunas piedras)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:a:pochi:n mokxitla:hlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The dirt on your feet got soft from water (i.e., in bathing, after it had hardened from not bathing).
\phrase_s La mugre sobre tus pies se ablandócon el agua (p. ej., al bañarte después de que se había endurecido porque no te habías bañado).
\phrase_n A:pochi:ni, papa:ti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It softens up in water, it starts to dissolve.
\phrase_s Se ablanda en el agua, empieza a disolverse (papel, jabón, pan, tortillas, etc.).
\phrase_n Yo:a:pochi:n nokxi. A:man ma ntetechiki para ma ki:sa un tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My foot (i.e., the dirt or even dried skin on it) has softened up in the water. Now let me scrape it so that the dirt comes off.
\phrase_s Mi pie (esto es, la tierra o mugre endurecida que ha formado una capa, o la piel muerta y dura) se ablanda con el agua. Ahora déjame rasparlo para que se caiga la
mugre.
\disamb a:yema:nia
\root a:
\root pochi:
\mod add ixkitla:hlo to dictionary. Also add the indicated phrase with /chiki/ and /pa:ti/ reduplicated under these headwords.
\nae Although the citation form from Oapan manifests pitch accent on the initial underlyingly long vowel, which is a reflex of reduplication, the headword entry is not"reduplicated."This
variation should be explored, but it would appear that Oapan a:pochi:ni is correct given that the causative form, a:pochi:naltia, has been documented
without pitch accent.
\nse Transitive form apparently takes causative.
\xref a:pochi:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03824
\lxam kwentia
\lxam_c kikwentia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to beat (in a race, competition, bet, etc.); to have more (money, goods, cattle, etc.) than; to get the better of
\sense_s ganar (a algn, en una carrera, competencia, apuesta, etc.); tener más (dinero, bienes, ganado, etc.) que; superar; derrotar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nihkwentia ne:nkah toba:leh. Yo:nikitak ma:s miak nikpia wa:kax.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have more than our buddy over there. I've seen that I have more cattle than him.
\phrase_s Le gano a ese amigo. Ya vi que tengo más ganado queél.
\phrase_n Mitskwenti:s deke iwa:n timotla:nis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will beat you if you have a contest with him.
\phrase_s Te va a ganar si haces competencia conél.
\phrase_n O:kimat kikwenti:s un to:roh, o:wa:lnoma:ka:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He realized that the bull get the better of him, (so) he let go (and jumped off its back, during a rodeo).
\phrase_s Se diócuenta que el toro le iba a ganar, (por eso) se dejócaer (durante un jaripeo).
\phrase_n I:wa:n xmotla:ni ipan pare:jah!. Tihkwenti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Race against him (e.g., in a foot race, horse race, etc.)! You will beat him.
\phrase_s ¡Echate una carrera contraél (corriendo o montado sobre caballo, etc.)! Le vas a ganar.
\sense_e (recipr.) to have a contest; to compete
\sense_s (recipr.) hacer competencia (dos o más personas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma timokwenti:ka:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let's have a contest between us (e.g., a bet, a race, a wrestling match, to see who wins)!
\phrase_s ¡Vamos a competir (p. ej., con una apuesta, una carrera, una juego o deporte, etc., para ver quien gana)!
\root kwen
\nae The etymology of Ameyaltepec kwentia is uncertain. It is not found in Oapan and a search in published Nahuatl sources does not reveal any similar or cognate terms.
It might be a partial borrowing from Spanish cuenta. For the present I have analyzed it as having a Nahuatl root.
\grm Comparative: /Nihkwentia ne:nkah toba:leh. Yo:nikitak ma:s miak nikpia wa:kax./ 'I have more than our buddy over there. I've seen that I have more cattle than him.' Note
the comparative: /ma:s miak/. Also note /nihkwentia/ in the previous phrase, which suggests a comparison.
\semref tlani
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03825
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xa:nkweskomatl
\lxoa_c xa:nkweskomatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of grain storage bin made of adobe
\sense_s tipo de troje hecha de adobe
\sense_d Oa
\root kweskoma
\root xa:m
\ency_note kweskomatl
\semref kweskomatl de xa:ntli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 03826
\lxam tlakwalpo:ni
\lxam_c tlakwalpo:ni
\lxoa tlakwalpo:ni
\lxoa_c tlakwalpo:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to eat a lot upon acquiring a liking for a particular food; to gobble up food; to get started on eating (and not stop)
\sense_s engullirse la comida; comer mucho al adquirir un gusto para una comida en particular; arrancar a comer (y no dejar de hacerlo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tlakwalpo:n, o:kwelilih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He ate a lot (of a particular food), he liked its taste.
\phrase_s Comiómucho (de algo en particular), le gustósu sabor.
\phrase_n O:tikwelilih. O:titlakwalpo:n, o:tlan notlaxkal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You liked the taste of it. You got started on eating [and] my tortillas got finished.
\phrase_s Te gustósu sabor. Arrancaste a comer, se acabaron mis tortillas.
\phrase_n Tlakwalpo:ni, xnotelti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's gotten started on eating, he won't stop.
\phrase_s Arrancóen comer, no se va a detener.
\root kwa
\root po:
\semref po:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03827
\lxam na:nkilia
\lxam_c kina:nkilia
\lxoa na:nkilia
\lxoa_c kina:nkilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to answer (a person, e.g., in response to a question)
\sense_s contestar (a una persona, p. ej., en respuesta a una pregunta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xekah tlana:nkilia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e No one answers (the door, telephone, etc.).
\phrase_s Nadie contesta (el teléfono, la puerta, etc.).
\sense_e to respond affirmatively to; to answer in the affirmative; to agree with or to
\sense_s contestar afirmativamente a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xo:timitsna:nkilih pa:mpa nikoxtlatsiwtok. Xka:wa, nihkaktok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I didn't answer you in the affirmative because I'm feeling lazy with sleep. But indeed (contrary to what you might think) I do hear it (what you are saying, asking).
\phrase_s No te contestéen lo afirmativo porque me siento flojo por el sueño. Pero si (contrariamente a lo que se podría pensar), lo estoy escuchando (lo que me dices).
\phrase_n Niman tlana:nkilia, ke:n tlatowa:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He responds right away (in this case to a call for a town meeting), he is always ready to talk.
\phrase_s Luego luego responde (en este caso a una llamada para una junta del pueblo), estápuesto para hablar.
\sense_e to talk back to; to give lip to; to stand up to; to face up to (sb, in challenging them)
\sense_s contestar en forma desafiante; enfrentar; ser insolente a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkaman ne:chna:nkilia, kichi:wa tli:n nikna:watia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He never answers me back (gives me lip), he does what I tell him to (in this case referring to the child of the speaker)
\phrase_s Nunca me desafía (nunca se opone), hace lo que le ordeno (en este caso se refiere al hijo del que habla)
\phrase_n Tiktla:tlawtia. Tle:ka xtikteuwi:teki? Xmistla:kamati, mitsnana:nkilia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You pity him (in this case an insolent child). Why don't you give him a thrashing? He doesn't obey you, he gives you lip.
\phrase_s Le tienes lástima (en este casa a un niño insolente).¿Por quéno le des una paliza? No te obedece, te es insolente.
\sense_e to echo; to resound
\sense_s hacer eco a; resoñar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kina:nkilia un tepe:tl pa:mpa chika:wak o:tsatsik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That hill sends back an echo of his voice because he shouted loudly.
\phrase_s Ese cerro le hace eco porque gritófuertemente.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to tentatively answer (in the affirmative)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) contestar en lo afirmativo, pero tentativamente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w kina:na:nkilia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's started to come around to agreeing (e.g., he's slowly becoming convinced to do sth).
\phrase_s Ya empezóa dejarse convencer (p. ej., poco a poco se deja convencer para hacer algo).
\phrase_n Ne:chna:na:nkilia, xe kwahli ne:chna:nkilia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's sort of agreed to do it for me, but he's still not given me a really good (positive) answer.
\phrase_s Tentativamente me ha dicho que sí, pero todavía no me contesta bien (en lo afirmativo).
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to echo (repeatedly, back and forth); to reverberate or resound (e.g, between two walls or hills)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) hacer eco (una y otra vez); reverberar (p. ej., entre dos paredes o cerros)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kina:na:nkilitok un tepe:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (in this case music played over a loudspeaker) is resounding (echoing) back and forth off that hill.
\phrase_s Se reverbera (hace eco) por aquel cerro (en este caso música que se toca por un altavoz).
\phrase_n Kina:na:nkilia un a:tlawtli, komo:ntok a:tepe:ya:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That gourge makes (the floodwaters) resound back and forth, the floodwaters are making a booming sound.
\phrase_s Esa barranca hace resoñar (las aguas que van bajando del cerro), las aguas torrentiales están tronando.
\root na:nki
\nse In some case na:nkilia can refer to answering in the affirmative (xo:mitsna:nkilih ? 'Did he respond (affirmatively)?') while in other cases it refers to
answering in a challenging way, to standing up to, to challenging. Context determines the sense of the verb and the nature of the response (affirmative or challenging).
\grm tla- /Xekah tlana:nkilia/ 'No one answers (the door, telephone, etc.). Again here note the use of tla- rather than te:- to indicate an action that certainly involves answering a
person. Cf. to /A:man xtikaxili:s, titlana:miktia/ 'Today you won't have time, you are marrying off a child (i.e., a son or daughter).' in which tla- is also used to indicate the
performance of an action with no specific object. Indeed, it seems rare that /te:-/ is used in this situation.
\grm Reduplication with long vowel: /Yo:pe:w kina:na:nkilia/ 'He's started to come around to agreeing (e.g., he's slowly becoming convinced to do sth).' Note the use of long
vowel reduplication to indicate an action that occurs once and again, yet slowly over time. The implication is of an incipient action, one that is partially completed once and
again. Cf. to similar use in a construction such as /ko:kochi/ 'to nod off and on in sleep'. In general document use of long vowel reduplication.
\root_notes The word na:nkilia apparently contains a stem na:n that perhaps is found in words like na:maka.
\vl Note that the first sequence of four tokens here is incorrect. It is /kina:ki:lia/ and they should be tagged as 6430. NOTE: Kevin, when you get to these mention it to me as I'd
like to check these.
\ref 03828
\lxam ma:muwtilia
\lxam_c kima:muwtilia
\lxoa ma:mohtilia
\lxoa_c kima:mohtilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical rdp-l
\lexical_d Am, Oa
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to scare (most often the animal such as a horse or mule [SO]) of
\sense_s espantar (generalmente el animal como caballo o mula [OS]) de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:mitsma:muwtilih moma:choh. Ye mitsa:ltlakalisnekiya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It frightened your mule on you. He (was about to throw you to the ground.
\phrase_s Te espantóel macho. Ya estaba por aventarte al suelo.
\phrase_n Ma:ka tine:chtlama:muwtili:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't frighten (my beast of burden) on me!
\phrase_s ¡No me espantes (a mi bestia)!
\root mawi
\xref ma:muwtia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref ma:mohtia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03829
\lxam kwetomatl
\lxam_c kwetomatl
\lxoa kwétomátl
\lxoa_c kwétomátl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e pillow
\sense_s almohada
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (~ i:tlake:nyo) pillowcase
\sense_s (~ i:tlake:nyo) funda para almohada
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kweh
\root toma
\nae The etymology of kwetomatl is uncertain. The pitch accent suggests an underlying form {kwehtomatl}, and the short /e/ suggests a derivation at least not directly
related to kwe:tli. But the alternation between ma: and mah as roots for 'hand' also indicates the possibility that the roots
kwe:and kwehare related. Finally, it is also quite possible, if a vowel shift occurred, that the root is kwah, an alternate of
kwa:'head' found in compounds.
\qry_h Check for /kwehtomatl/.
\ref 03830
\lxam chiki
\lxam_c kichiki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e see techiki
\sense_s véase techiki
\sense_d Pending
\semfld distort-shape
\root hchiki
\nse Although the form chiki , without the intensifier, is accepted by Ameyaltepec consultants (though not by those from Oapan), all documented uses are of
techiki. Note that a good indication of the lexicalization of techiki with the intensifier is the fact that when the verb is reduplicated in Ameyaltepec the
intensifier reduplicates, indicating that it is part of the stem. This is not, however, the case in Oapan, which has té:chikí, from underlying {te + reduplicant + chiki}.
\qry Determine whether the verb appears mostly with the"intensifier"or how common simple /chiki/ is. Check all words with /chiki/ in Oapan and determine pattern or reduplication/stress.
\grm Note the reduplication of /te-/: Xmotetechiki, ke:n titlatla:hloh! Rub youself hard (e.g. with a stone, hard cloth, etc.), you are really covered with dirt! The relates to the
problem of with the intensifier what reduplicates. Check /techichiki/ vs. /tetechiki/, and ?/tetekoto:na/ vs. /tekokoto:na/. Check to make sure class 3.
\semref techiki
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\xref chikilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 03831
\lxam tlawi:kpa:nahli
\lxam_c tlawi:kpa:nahli
\lxoa tlawi:pa:nahli
\lxoa_c tlawi:pa:nahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e sth aligned and interwoven (such as the cactus rods of a bed of tlapextlithat are tied together with interwoven cord)
\sense_s algo alineado y entretejido (como las varas de cactus tlapextli que se alinean y se atan para una cama, o tabiques y adobe que están asípuestos para
guardarse)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xna:hka:n o:tikwipa:n, san ye:xka:n tlawi:pa:nahli motlapech.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You didn't weave twine to hold the rods (tlapextli) of your bed in four places, it's only woven together in three places.
\phrase_s No les amarraste las varas de tu cama (de tlapextli) con cuerda entrelazándolas en cuatro lugares, estáamarrada con cuerda entrelazada nada más en
tres lugares.
\sense_e sth lined up (e.g., bricks or adobe that are aligned for storage)
\sense_s algo alineado (p. ej., tabiques y adobe que están asípuestos para guardarse)
\sense_d Pending
\root wipa:
\nse Tlawipa:nahli most often refers to the way in which many long rods are tied together in parallel fashion. The rods are lined up and then twine is woven around
them (over and under each rod to hold it in place). This weaving is used for beds and for certain fences consisting of upright rods in this way held together.
\mod Illustrate. And see illustration with original file card.
\qry Check length of /i/ in /wipa:na/ as FK lists it as long. The acoustics of the Oapan form are unclear, but comparative data from other words with this stem suggest a long /i:/
\semref tlawi:pa:ntli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03832
\lxam itlakotia:n tlatektli
\lxam_c itlakotia:n tlatektli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\sense_e see kwe:tli de i:tlakotia:n tlatektli
\sense_s véase kwe:tli de i:tlakotia:n tlatektli
\sense_d Pending
\nse The headword phrase is a relative clause referring to a type of dress in which cut fabric is used. Literally it means 'at its half is something cut.'
\qry_fon Note aspiration (check) of /k/ in /tlatektli/. Analyze acoustically.
\root tlahko
\root teki
\semref tsi:nxolo:xtik kwetli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03833
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlaxilahko
\lxoa_alt tlatexilahko
\lxoa_c tlaxilahko
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-tla-k(o)
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e place on an incline that is slippery (from being wet, being covered with loose earth, having a smooth and hard surface, etc.)
\sense_s cuesta resbalosa (por estar mojada, tener una capa de tierra, suelta, tener una superficie lisa y dura, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root xola:
\disamb tlaxola:wa; tlapeya:wa; tla:la:la:wa
\grm /tla-/ Note the words /tla:la:wa/, /tlapeya:wa/, /tlaxola:wa/.... words that seem to be derived from an archaic intransitive that has been impersonalized. Since Classical
Nahuatl had /-a:wa/ verbs as intransitives (Balsas area Nahuatl has /-a:wi/ in these cases), it is unclear whether /peya:wa/, /a:la:wa/, and /xola:wa/ might be frozen relics of
an intransitive. However, /tlaxola:wa/ might be a construction such as /tlachipa:wa/, i.e., a 3rd person agent and /tla-/ indicating that 'slipping' occurs. Thus /tlaxola:wa/
would be 0-tla-xola:wa 'it causes slipping' (i.e., a place with the characteristics given above).
\semref tlaxola:wa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tlaxilahka:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03834
\lxam tlasolitia
\lxam_c tlasolitia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to become covered with garbage, particularly organic material such as pieces of dried plants (a patio or house floor, etc.)
\sense_s cubrirse de desechos y basura, particularmente materia orgánica como pedazos rotos de plantas secas (el suelo de un patio o interior de una casa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:tlasolitiak pa:mpa xnitlachpa:na.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's gotten covered with garbage because I don't sweep.
\phrase_s Se llenóde basura porque no barro.
\phrase_n Tlasolitixtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is getting covered with garbage.
\phrase_s Se estácubriendo de basura.
\root hsol
\nae The etymology of tlasolitia is not entirely clear. Obviously it contains the underlying nominal stem tlahsol and the verbalizing ending for intransitives
ya, and probably ti. But the origin of the /i/ after the nominal stem is not certain. It might be a reduction of yo:- (e.g.,
\semref tlásoltipántia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03835
\lxam pepetlaka
\lxam_c pepetlaka
\lxoa pepetlaka
\lxoa_c pepetlaka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to glitter; to gleam; to sparkle; to shimmer (i.e., the reflect small amounts of light from different parts of a surface, such as certain rocks, water, etc.)
\sense_s resplandecer; brillar; destellar; centellear (esto es, reflejar pequeñas cantidades de luz de varias partes de una superficie, como lo hace el agua, algunas piedras, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root petla:
\nse Pepetlaka is used to indicate the sparkling that occurs on certain rocks as they catch rays of light over a varied surface. It has also been documented in reference to
an amate painted in gold and silver paint that didn't shine, but glittered.
\qry Check difference between /pepetlaka/ and /petla:ni/, i.e., the shining surface of a water: /petla:ni/ or /pepetlaka/.
\qry Check for double reduplication: /pepepetlaka/ in Ameyaltepec, /pehpepetlaka/ in Tetelcingo, and /pé:petlaka/ in Oapan.
\xref tlapepetlaka
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03836
\lxam pi:tsa
\lxam_c kipi:tsa
\lxoa pi:tsa
\lxoa_c kipi:tsa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to blow through (a tube or similar object, such as a wind instrument)
\sense_s soplar através de (un tubo u otro objeto similar como un instrumento de viento)
\sense_d Pending
\root pi:tsa
\qry Check for causative.
\xref tlapi:tsa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03837
\lxam -ko
\lxam_c o:tlakwa:ko
\lxoa -ko
\lxoa_c o:tlakwa:ko
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Suf
\der Dir
\sense_e inverse directional suffix used in the perfective, indicating that the subject has come (and not yet left)
\sense_s direccional inverso utilizado en el perfectivo, indicando que el sujeto ha llegado (y todavía no ha salido)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nae This suffix, which has a plural -ko:n in Ameyaltepec and -ko:h in Oapan, is in paradigmatic relation with -kiand
-ko:ya.
\ref 03838
\lxam mumuwtetl
\lxam_c mumuwtetl
\lxoa mohtetl
\lxoa_c mohtetl
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am)
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e scardy-cat; person who is easily frightened
\sense_s miedoso; sacón
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkanah ya:sneki ika yewahli, ke:n mumuwtetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He doesn't like to go anywhere during the night, he's a real scardy-cat.
\phrase_s No quiere ir a ningún lado en la noche,¡quésacón!
\root mowi
\root te
\ref 03839
\lxam we:lik
\lxam_c we:lik
\lxoa we:lik
\lxoa_c we:lik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\sense_e tasty
\sense_s sabroso
\sense_d Pending
\root we:li
\ref 03840
\lxam cho:ka
\lxam_c cho:ka
\lxoa cho:ka
\lxoa_c cho:ka
\dt 03/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers -lo
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to cry (a human)
\sense_s llorar (un humano)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlachocho:ka ika ko:koneh. Mlá:k kone:wakeh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is a sound of crying children all over. They really have a lot of children!
\phrase_s Hay llanto de niños por dondequiera.¡De veras tienen muchos niños!
\sense_e to moo (a cow); to bleat (a goat); to make a characteristic sound (certain other animals)
\sense_s mugir (una vaca); balar (un chivo); hacer su sonido típico (varios animales en particular)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to make a rumbling or grinding sound (the motor of a vehicle)
\sense_s rugir; rezumbar (el motor de un vehículo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I wa:lcho:katiw un tepostli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That car (or bus, etc.) is coming roaring along (its motor making the sounds).
\phrase_s Ese carro (o camión, etc.) viene rugiendo.
\sense_e to make a whistling sound (a rock thrown through the air; bullets shot from a gun)
\sense_s hacer un sonido como de silbido (una piedra aventada por el aire; balas disparadas de una arma de fuego)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San tlachocho:ka ika bala:soh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is just a screaming of bullets (e.g. as hunters try and shoot a running dear).
\phrase_s Las balas silban por todos lados (p. ej. cuando muchos cazadores están tratando de matar a un venado).
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to cry on and off; for ones voice to break occasionally in crying; to be continually on the verge of crying while crying slightly and softly
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) llorar por momentos; quebrarse ocasionalmente la voz en llanto; estar a punto de llorar o llorar quietamente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Cho:cho:ka pa:mpa o:yah imulah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His voice breaks (as he is on the verge of tears) because his mule has taken off.
\phrase_s Se le quiebra la voz (al estar al borde del llanto) porque se fue su mula.
\phrase_n Cho:cho:ka pa:mpa o:notsontek.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e At moments he cries because he cut himself.
\phrase_s Llora por momentos porque se cortó.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to bray on and off (a mule, horse, or donkey, from pain or hunger)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) rebuznar repetidas veces (una mula, caballo, o burro, por el dolor o el hambre)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Cho:cho:ka momulah, a:pismiki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your mule is braying, it's hungry.
\phrase_s Rebuzna tu mula, tiene hambre.
\semfld sound-human
\semfld sound-animal
\root cho:ka
\qry Check precise animals and things that make this sound. Note also that with the long vowel reduplication in regards to a mule: /cho:ka/ when the animal is looking for its partner, but
/cho:cho:ka/ when it is hungry. This is a different type of sound. Recheck all the meanings of long vowel reduplication.
\xref cho:kilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref cho:ktia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref cho:htia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03841
\lxam wi:kilia
\lxam_c kwi:kilia
\lxoa wi:kilia
\lxoa_c kiwi:kilia
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to owe (sth) to
\sense_s deber (algo) a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kite:wi:kilia imon, pero itech ki:sas toba:leh, nochi yewa kitlaxtla:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His son-in-law has debts (lit., 'owes it'), but everything will come from our friend, he will be the one to pay for everything.
\phrase_s Su yerno tiene deudas (lit., 'lo debe'), pero todo va a salir de nuestro amigo, va a serél quien lo paga todo.
\sense_e to carry along for
\sense_s llevar para
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kitowan, "A:chitsi:n ma nimitswi:kili!"
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 03841_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 35:10
\phrase_e They say, "Let me carry it a little ways for you!"
\phrase_s Dicen, "¡Déjame llevarlo un poquito para ti!"
\semref itilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\root wi:ka
\ref 03842
\lxam misto:n
\lxam_c misto:n
\lxoa misto:n
\lxoa_alt misto:h
\lxoa_c misto:n; misto:mih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-suf
\infn N1/2; Aln; pl. misto:meh
\sense_e domestic cat
\sense_s gato doméstico
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e one who likes to eat delicious foods
\sense_s cuzgo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timisto:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You like to eat good things.
\phrase_s Eres cuzgo.
\phrase_n Ay miston, yo:tontlamih.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Ay, you kitty, you've finished it up.
\phrase_s Ay gatito, ya lo acabaste.
\sense_e (inalienable possession; vulg.) vagina; pussy
\sense_s (posesión enajenable; vulg.) vagina
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld domes
\nse Note that the documentation shows a short vowel in the singular that is long in the plural: misto:meh.
\qry_fon Check vowel lengths. However, in one filecard I note that"the final /o:/ is definitely long as checked with G. de la Cruz in Aug. 1986. At this time the final /o:/ of /misto:n/
was compared to that of /akinon/, which is short. If shown otherwise with acoustic measurements: change in all entries.
\ref 03843
\lxam xopihli
\lxam_c xopihli
\lxoa xopihli
\lxoa_c xopihli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e spoon
\sense_s cuchara
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tool-cook
\root xopil
\nse This word is rarely used in conversation though when asked for the Nahuatl for cuchara a few elder men and women in Ameyaltepec did know produce the Nahuatl
form given here. The Spanish loan kucha:rah is now used in daily speech.
\vl There is another female token of this word from 4140. Note: please tag this token from 4140, but do not use it as the linked word.
\ref 03844
\lxam sokioh
\lxam_c sokioh
\lxoa sokiyoh
\lxoa_c sokiyoh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e full or covered with mud (e.g., clothes, a tool, etc.)
\sense_s lleno o cubierto de lodo (p. ej., ropa, una herramienta, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\disamb sokititlan, sokiyoh, etc.
\root soki
\qry The one documented case of this verb is reduplicated as /sosokioh/; check to determine whether reduplicated form is more common, difference between reduplicated and
unreduplicated forms, etc.
\ref 03845
\lxam sa:wati
\lxam_c sa:wati
\lxoa sa:wati
\lxoa_c sa:wati
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to have or break out in a rash or pox; to suffer from skin eruptions (often from lack of cleanliness)
\sense_s tener o brotarsele sarpullido o roña; sufrir una enfermedad de la piel (que se manifiesta generalmente por falta de higiene) con granitos, comezón, etc.
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be mangy (an animal such as a dog)
\sense_s tener sarna (un animal como el perro)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n xakah sa:wati.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here no one has rashes.
\phrase_s Aquínadie tiene sarpullido.
\semfld disease
\root sa:wa
\ency_note sa:watl
\nse In Oapan, at least, the reduplicated forms are also used: sása:wáti and té:sa:wáti.
\qry Apparently /sa:wati/ accepts /te-/, but check.
\vl Link first female token.
\semref sasa:wa; tesasa:wati
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref té:sa:wáti
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03846
\lxam siamiki
\lxam_c siamiki
\lxoa siahmiki
\lxoa_c siahmiki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp Mod-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to become exhausted; to suffer greatly from exhaustion
\sense_s cansarse mucho; fatigarse; quedar extenuado
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to die from exhaustion
\sense_s morirse de agotamiento
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:siamik pa:mpa o:tikma:maltih tli:n yetí:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It died (in this case a donkey) from exhaustion because you loaded it up with something heavy.
\phrase_s Se murióde agotamiento (en este caso un burro) porque lo cargaste con algo pesado.
\root sia
\root miki
\nse Although like other words that end in -miki the meaning is most commonly simply 'to suffer from [incorporated noun/stem]' it is also possible for miki
to have a literal meaning 'to die [from].' An illustrative phrase in this entry manifests this literal interpretation of miki. Note also that the Classical form of this verb is
ciammiqui , with the geminate nasal from underlying {w + m}, a phonological process that is common, as witness the combination forms with na:wi.
\qry Check for causative.
\qry_fon I originally had Oapan written /siahmiki/. Indeed, in the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez there seems to be something between the /a/ and the nasal. But it is hard to
distinguish. Later, in the tokens for /siamihtia/ (4464) I could hear no aspiration at all. Hence both entries have been changed to /siam.../. This should be checked.
\xref siamiktia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref siahmihtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03847
\lxam mapilwia
\lxam_c kimapilwia
\lxoa 'mapi:lwía
\lxoa_pr mapi:lwia
\lxoa_f ['(prefix) ma pi:l 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kímapi:lwía
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to point out with ones finger
\sense_s señalar con el dedo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmapilwi katlewa tikwelita!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Point out which one you like!
\phrase_s Señala el que te gusta!
\root mah
\root pi:l
\nae The long vowel noted in Ameyaltepec and Oapan mapi:lwia should be rechecked given that mapihli (Am) and mápihlí (Oa) have both
been recorded with a short vowel.
\qry Despite the fact that mapihli is recorded as having a short vowel, mapi:lwia is noted to have a long vowel (confirmed in an effort to recheck this
discrepancy).
\qry Comparative evidence should be examined and an effort made to explain the difference in length between /mapihli/ and /mapi:lwia/.
\qry_fon Recheck vowel length of /i/ here. Sometimes I hear /mapi:lwia/ and other times /mapilwia/. CHECK here and with other occurrences of /mapihli/.
\vl There is an extra male token of this at 4105.
\xref mapilwilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref 'mapilwília
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03848
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlánkwetól
\lxoa_c i:tlánkwetól
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e gum
\sense_s encía
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root tlan
\root kweh
\root tol
\nae It would appear that the etymology of this word includes the root kweh(for comparative purposes given as kwah), which is also found in
kwétomátland i:xté:nkwetóland is probably related to kwa:or perhaps kwe:. The presence of underlying {h} as a
coda is reflected in the pitch accent of Oapan Nahuatl tlánkwetól. The only difference between the Ameyaltepec and Oapan form is the additional morpheme
tol, the meaning of which has not yet been determined.
\qry Check /tlankeketol/.
\qry_h tlakwetol and all words with /kwetol/, which has p-a in Oapan, for presence of {h}.
\semref tlankwe
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 03849
\lxam nehli
\lxam_c nehli tiwi:ts
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-man
\sense_e intensely; absorbedly
\sense_s mucho; intensivamente
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xwel one:wa, nehli te:wa:n nonono:tsa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He can't take his leave, he's deeply absorbed in conversation.
\phrase_s No puede agarrar su camino, estámuy metida en la pláctica.
\phrase_n Nehli okse: nikchi:wtoya, san o:nkak o:tlan un ke:soh. Nihkowaskia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e For being absorbed in doing something else, I just heard that the cheese was all gone. I should have bought some (earlier, before it was sold out).
\phrase_s Por estar clavado en hacer otra cosa nada más escuchéque se había acabado el queso. Lo hubiera comprado (antes, cuando todavía había).
\root nel
\nse Gabriel de la Cruz gave the translation of nehli as 'por estar....' This seems to accord with its use to indicate absorbtion in a particular activity while something else
happened or failed to happen. Cristino Flores suggested the phrase nehli tiwi:ts but said he was not quite certain of the meaning. It might not be the most common
usage.
\ref 03850
\lxam tsatsakawa:htsi:n
\lxam_alt tsatsakawa:stsi:n
\lxam_c tsatsakawa:htsi:n
\lxoa tsátsakawá:stsi:n
\lxoa_c tsátsakawá:stsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e flower of the vine called to:to:xo:chikomekatl
\sense_s flor del bejucco llamado to:to:xo:chikomekatl
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tsatsakawa:stsi:n | To:to:xo:chikomekatl ixo:chio. Ye weka:wi, kitekia para xo:chitl, konka:wan tio:pan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tsatsakawa:stsi:n : It is the flower of the to:to:xo:chikomekatl. A long time ago they used to cut it for flowers, they would leave it in the
church.
\phrase_s Tsatsakawa:htsi:n : Es la flor del to:to:xo:chikomekatl. Hace mucho tiempo la cortaban para sus flores, las dejaban en la iglesia.
\sense_e (by extension) vine that yields the flower of this name (i.e., the to:to:xo:chikomekatl
\sense_s (por extensión) enredadera que produce la flor de este nombre (esto es, el to:to:xo:chikomekatl)
\sense_d Am
\root tsaka
\nse The name of this flower apparently derives from its comb-like shape of the flower; see tsakawa:stli.
\qry Check meaning. Although one filecard mentions that the /tsatsakawa:htsi:n/ is simply a type of plant, other entries state that the /tsatsakawa:htsi:n/ is the flower of the vine called
/to:to:xo:chikomekatl/.
\qry_fon Check vowel length of /ka-/ syllable. I think it is short, but check.
\ref 03851
\lxam ne:nepaniwtok
\lxam_c ne:nepaniwtok
\lxoa ne:nepanihtok
\lxoa_c ne:nepanihtok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be piled one on top of another (e.g., sacks, ceramic tiles for roofs, etc.)
\sense_s estar apilado, uno sobre otro (p. ej., costales, teja para techos, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\fl nepaniwi
\root nepan
\nse This stative is only documented with long-vowel reduplication. Note that although several people in Ameyaltepec used tekpa:ntok with this same sense, this latter
word is more properly used for things placed in a line or row, whereas ne:nepaniwtok describes things piled up, one on top of the other.
\qry Check for unreduplicated form ?nepaniwtok.
\ref 03852
\lxam te:ch-
\lxam_c te:chpale:wia
\lxoa te:ch-
\lxoa_c te:chmaka
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Pref(obj)
\der Pr-pre-obj
\sense_e 1st person plural object prefix ('us')
\sense_s objeto de 1a persona plural ('a nosotros')
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:te:chnono:tskeh iksan totawa:n ika wi:tseh, wi:ts teposto:to:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A long time ago, our ancestors told us that they would come, that an airplane would come.
\phrase_s Hace mucho tiempo, nuestros antepasados nos platicaron que vendrían, vendría un avión.
\ref 03853
\lxam tlakukwaltia
\lxam_c kitlakukwaltia
\lxoa tlá:kwaltiá
\lxoa_pr tlá:kwaltia
\lxoa_c kitlá:kwaltiá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\trans +Spec
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to graze (an animal); to let out to graze
\sense_s apacentar (un animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikontlakukwalti:s nobese:rrah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to take my calf out to graze.
\phrase_s Voy a ir a apacentar a mi becerra.
\phrase_n O:tlakukwalti:to.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He went to take animals out to graze.
\phrase_s Fue a apacentar a los animales.
\root kwa
\nae For purposes of analysis and cross-referencing, tlakukwaltia (Am) and tlá:kwaltiá are considered causatives of the lexicalized tlakukwa
and tlá:kwá (Am and Oa, respectively) and have so been categorized in the derivational and cross-referencing fields above. Tlakukwaltia is unusual in
that it takes only a specific object. Thus one finds nikontlakukwalti:s nobese:rrah 'I will go graze my calf,' with a specific object marked on the verb, and
nontlakukwalti:s 'I will go graze (some animals),' with no nonspecific marking of the object.
\qry Originally I had /o:tlakukwalti:to/, which I corrected to /o:tlatlakukwalti:to/ based on my memory and the fact that this should be a ditransitive with two objects and one would expect
/o:tlatlakukwalti:to/. However, this should be rechecked as I remember also the form /o:tlakukwaltito/.
\xref tlakukwa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref tlá:kwá
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03854
\lxam tsatsi
\lxam_c tsatsi
\lxoa tsátsí
\lxoa_pr tsatsi
\lxoa_c tsátsí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to shout (a person, in a loud voice)
\sense_s gritar (una persona, en una voz muy alta)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to make a characteristic sound (certain animals, particulary insects)
\sense_s hacer su sonido típico (algunos animales, particularmente insectos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Teposkakayo:tl, tsatsi ne:, ipan sie:rrah, Na:nika kwa:k xkiawi, no: tsatsi kamantika, pero kwa:kon, ye kiawis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The teposkakayo:tl , it makes its noise there, in the sierra. Here (around the village), when it doesn't rain it is also occasionally heard, but then it is about to
rain.
\phrase_s El teposkakayo:tl , hace su ruido allá, en la sierra. Acá(cerca del pueblo), cuando no llueve también a veces grita, pero entonces ya va a llover.
\phrase_n Niwa:ltsatsitiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm coming along shouting.
\phrase_s Vengo gritando.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to shout senselessly and repeatedly
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) gritar sin sentido y repetidas veces
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San tsa:tsatsi un tla:wa:nke:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That drunk is just shouting off mindlessly.
\phrase_s Ese borracho hace sus gritos sin sentido.
\semfld communicate
\semfld animal
\semfld sound
\ncol a:katl
\root tsahtsi
\qry Here use /tsa:tsati/ to elicit cases in which long vowel reduplication is used with verbs of communication/speaking, etc. to indicate doing mindlessly or irreverantly. Get precise
semantics. Cf. entries under /kaki:tia/, /tlatowa/, etc.
\grm Reduplication with long vowel: In the phrase /San tsa:tsatsi un tla:wa:nke:tl/ 'That drunk is just shouting off mindlessly.' note that this is another example of long vowel
reduplication being used with a word indicating verbal communication that signifies that this is done senselessly, without thought, and irreverantly. Cf. /tla:tlatowa/ along
with the verb /kaki:tia/, etc.
\xref tsatsi:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref 'tsatsí:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\xref tsatsilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref 'tsatsília
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03855
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was for /tsi:ntlatektli/ (Am) and has been eliminated as a duplicate of 6400.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03856
\lxam tekitla:katl
\lxam_c tekitla:katl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e male head of household (in Ameyaltepec, one responsible for participating in communal work brigades such as those to clear off the highway, for cargo
service, etc.)
\sense_s hombre cabeza de familia (en Ameyaltepec, el que es responsable para participar en trabajo comunal, como el de limpiar la carretera, para llevar un cargo en el pueblo,
etc.)
\sense_d Am
\root teki
\root tla:ka
\ency_note government
\nse In Ameyaltepec there is only one tekitla:katl per household. A male child becomes a tekitla:katl when he separates from his father. Formerly this
separation was marked by planting apart from ones parents, and by having a separate granary and kitchen. With the recent change in the economy to one of itinerant peddling of
artisanry, however, peasant activity is not the major source of income. Thus male children, particularly married sons, might have their own separate household economy (e.g., a bank
account, a car, separate merchandise to sell, etc.) but still share a kitchen. On this basis they may continue to deny separation and thus avoid community service. In other villages
boys become responsible for service (though the actual word tekitla:katl seems restricted to Ameyaltepec) upon marrying or upon reaching a certain age (usually the
late teens).
\ref 03857
\lxam ma:chikotik
\lxam_c ma:chikotik
\lxoa ma:chikotik
\lxoa_c ma:chikotik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-tik-adj
\sense_e to have (a woman) the propensity to grind corn unevenly by pushing harder on one side of the metlapihlithan on the other, thus causing it to run down
crookedly over the metate
\sense_s tener (una mujer) la propensidad de moler maíz disparejamente, empujando más fuerte a un lado del metlapihlique otro para que corra chueco sobre
el metate
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root chiko
\qry Check final /o/. In my original file card I had /chiko:tik/ but I have changed this based on cognates. Nevertheless, check.
\ref 03858
\lxam tepayoltik
\lxam_c tepayoltik
\lxoa tepailtik
\lxoa_c tepailtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be round; to be spherical (like a ball, not circular on a plane)
\sense_s ser redondo; ser esférico (como una pelota o bola, no circular y plano)
\sense_d Pending
\fl tepayolowa
\disamb yewaltik; tepayoltik
\root te
\root payol
\nae The Ameyaltepec diminutive is tepayoltsi:n. Note that the verbal base from which this adjectival derives, ? tepayoliwi (Am) or tepailiwi
(Oa), has not been documented. The length of the /ai/ sequence in Oapan tepailtik is still uncertain. More research will need to be conducted on this root.
\nde A cognate in Tetelcingo, Morelos, is tapayoltik, with no long vowels.
\qry The length of the /i/ is still in doubt for Oapan and needs to be checked in all occurrences. Here I had a short vowel that in the recording I heard long. Check again.
\semref yewaltik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03859
\lxam i:xpapa:ya:tik
\lxam_c i:xpapa:ya:tik
\lxoa í:xpapa:yá:tik
\lxoa_c í:xpapa:yá:tik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to to have poor and blurry eyesight
\sense_s tener la vista mala y nublosa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San i:xpapa:ya:tik, xwel tla:tlachia kwahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has poor eyesight, he doesn't see around him well.
\phrase_s Tiene mala vista, no ve bien a su alrededor.
\root i:x
\root pa:ya:
\nse In Oapan this refers to someone with eyes that indicate mental deficiency, e.g, with ones sight going over to a side or downwards, etc. The definition obtained for Ameyaltepec
should be checked.
\nae In certain speech tokens of this word, the initial vowel has a quite short duration, however, the root is clearly i:xand there is no reason for shortening to occur. In
one token the duration is more in accord with that expected from a long vowel. Comparative evidence from other cases of i:xin word initial position should be
sudied or documented.
\qry Check correctness of /tla:tlachia/ in above phrase, i.e. reduplicative pattern. As with other words beginning /i:xpapa:ya-/ check for correctness of /i:xte:mpapa:ya:-/. However, note
that I have the following note: This is the same as /i:xpapa:ya/ or /i:xpapa:ya:tl/, and /i:xte:mpapa:ya:tl/, /i:xte:mpapa:ya:tik/ and /i:xte:mpapa:ya/. On the basis of this the /i:xte:m-/ forms
should be added, although perhaps it should be determined which is more common.
\grm Note that I have two denominal adjectival codes in -tik: Adj-tik-n and Adj-tik-ap. Certainly in some forms the full noun does not exist, e.g. /xa:yakateoomi/ and
/xa:yakateoomitik/. But here it appears that /i:x(te:m)papa:ya:tl/ is correct, as is the apocopated /i:x(te:m)papa:ya/. Thus the distinction is not altogether clear.
\grm Oapan phonetics: Word 3859, /i:xpapa:ya:tik/ seems to manifest a quite short duration to the initial vowel. This should be checked.
\vl Link second male token.
\semref i:xte:mpapa:ya:tik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xté:mpa:yá:tik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03860
\lxam xo:tlame:tsi:n
\lxam_c xo:tlame:tsi:n
\lxoa xo:tlame:tsi:n
\lxoa_c xo:tlame:tsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e firefly
\sense_s luciérnaga
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xo:tlame:tsi:n no: kipia itla:wi:l, tla:tla:wi:lowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A firefly also has its light, it intermittantly gives off light (flickering on and off at more or less constant intervals).
\phrase_s La luciérnaga también tiene su luz, ilumina con luz intermitente (encendiéndose y apagándose en intervalos más o menos constantes).
\phrase_n Deke tiktlatlatas xo:tlame:tsi:n tihpias mi:xte:nkwitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If you stare at a firefly you will have excretions coming from your eyes.
\phrase_s Si le miras intensamente a un luciérnaga, se te va salir tener excreciones de los ojos.
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root xo:tla
\nse The identification of me: in xo:tlame:tsi:n is not completely certain, and the length of the /e:/ needs to be confirmed. Molina has xoxotla.
Once Rutilia García of Ameyaltepec referred to this insect as a xo:chitlame:tsi:n but everyone else said this was wrong and I have no documentation of this
pronunciation from any other source.
\ref 03861
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa sápatípan
\lxoa_pr sapatipan
\lxoa_c sa sápatípan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\pss Adv(tm)
\der N-loc-1-tipan
\infn N1
\pitch yes
\sense_e all at one time
\sense_s todo de una sola vez
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e once (i.e., another time in the past)
\sense_s una vez (esto es, otra vez en el pasado)
\sense_d Oa
\root san
\root se
\root_rel -pa
\nae The initial word sa in the Oapan form is probably san with the intervocalic loss of /n/ and not sa:, which has a long vowel. The vowel here
seems clearly short.
\grm Oapan phonology: loss of /n/ before vowel-initial words: in /sa sápatípan/: The initial word sa in the Oapan form is probably san with the
intervocalic loss of /n/ and not sa:, which has a long vowel. The vowel here seems clearly short.
\semref oksepatipan
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 03862
\lxam kostik xokotl
\lxam_cpend *kostik xokotl
\lxoa kostik xokotl
\lxoa_f [kos tih 'xo kotl]
\lxoa_c kostih xokotl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of plum tree still unidentified
\sense_s tipo de ciruelo todavía no identificado
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e yellow plum (i.e., the fruit, when it is yellow, of any of a variety of plum trees)
\sense_s ciruela amarrilla (esto es, la fruta, cuando es amarrilla, de varios tipos de ciruelas)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root kos
\root xoko
\notes_nature There was only one mention of this type of plum in the documentary record. It might be the same as tsope:lik xokotl de un kokostik. Nevertheless, Florencia
Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez did accept and pronounce the word, which suggests that it is commonly used. However, Cristino Flores said that it is simply a reference to
the color of a plum and does not indicate any specific type. Thus perhaps this record should be eliminated.
\grm Oapan phonology: k-to-h. Note that probably the best example of k-to-h is in /ok/, which always appears as /oh/ given that it is not ever (or has never been documented) as
phrase final.
\ref 03863
\lxam sombre:rotetekestik
\lxam_c sombre:rotetekestik
\lxoa sombré:rotétekéstik
\lxoa_c sombré:rotétekéstik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan sombrero
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf-tik
\pitch yes
\sense_e to have a hat with an upward-curving brim
\sense_s tener un sombrero con las alas encorvadas hacia arriba
\sense_d Pending
\root te
\root ketsa
\nse The translation of this term needs verification, although it is likely correct.
\qry Check for correctness of above, since in my original notes I had this translated as 'the brim of his hat curves upward'. Now, based on my understanding, this would be /tetekestik
i:sombre:roh/ with /tetekestik/ as a predicate, whereas in /sombre:rotetekestik/ it seems attributive. Check.
\grm Detransitivization: In many previous notes I have commented on the use of /-tok/ with unaccusative verbs to indicate a stative/resultative construction (there seems to be no
difference between the two in Nahuatl, although in rare instances the resultative is expressed through a reflexive). At the same time, in certain instances, /-tok/ functions as a
detransitvizing device to derive a stative/resultative from a transitive. Thus was has /kweptok/ 'changed,' 'different,' etc. It appears that both a resultative and stative
interpretation are acceptable. I had previously not thought of the adjectivalizing suffix /-tik/ in the same way, but in /tetekestik/ it clearly functions to derive an intransitive
stative from a transitive verb. Here /sombre:roh/ is obviously not a saturating incorporation of /teketsa/ 'to stand/place upright' 'to stop (in moving)' Rather, it may be
considered that from the transitive verb /teketsa/ one derives an intransitive stative/resultative /tetekestik/ 'to be up right'. Viewed in onesense, the patient of transitive
/teteketsa/ becomes the subject of the resultative /tetekestik/. However, this is not always the case, since in a word like /sombre:rotetekestik/ the thematic subject is not an
underlying patient, since the interpreation is stative, not inchoative or resultative. Other uses of /tetekestik/, with no incorporation, should be checked for the difference
between stative and resultative.
\ref 03864
\lxam chachapatsa
\lxam_c kichachapatsa
\lxoa chachapatsa
\lxoa_c kichachapatsa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to continually let pour, spill, or fall out onto the ground (e.g., juice or broth from ones food, liquido from a container, etc.)
\sense_s verter o dejar caer continuamente y en chorros al suelo (p. ej., el jugo o caldo de una comida, un líquido de un recipiente, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nitlakakapatsa ika notlakwal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I let drippings fall from my food (e.g., the juice from a tamal, taco, etc.).
\phrase_s Dejo que se escurra el líquido de mi comida (p. ej., el jugo de un tamal o taco, etc.).
\root chapa:
\qry Check whether one can say /nikchachapatsa notlakwal/, cf. notes below in grammar field.
\grm Antipassive: /Nitlakakapatsa ika notlakwal/ 'I let drippings fall from my food (e.g., the juice from a tamal, taco, etc.).' Note here again the"antipassive construction of
/tla+V2 ika N/. Here, however, it might be argued (and this should be checked) as to whether one can indeed say /nikchachapatsa notlakwal/ since it really isn't the food,
but rather part of it (the juice) that is splattered onto the ground. Check
\xref chapa:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03865
\lxam tlapetla:nalistli
\lxam_c tlapetla:nalistli
\lxoa tlapetla:nalistli
\lxoa_c tlapetla:nalistli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e lightening (heat or bolt)
\sense_s relámpago; rayo
\sense_d Pending
\semfld weather
\root petla:
\qry Determine all the different types of thunder, lightening, etc. Weather phenom. in sky. It might not be that these two types of lightening are synonyms. Check and adjust as needed.
\semref tlapetla:nahli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03866
\lxam kexsasawaktik
\lxam_c kexsasawaktik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to be hoarse
\sense_s estar ronco
\sense_d Am
\root kech
\root sawa
\qry This entry, and other cognate forms, might be in error both in regard to vowel length (the correct phonology might be kexsasa:wati) and in regard to final consonant
(perhaps the entry should be kexsawa:ni , cf. Oapan kechsawa:nibut Tetelcingo, Morelos, sahuana and sahuani, both with all
short vowels). Classical Nahuatl (Molina) has forms içauaca 'hacer ruido la culebra que corre'; and içauaca. n. 'estar ronco, o sonar las cosas huecas y
vazias, como el cacao dañado.' Molina also has içauacac 'ronco'; and içauacaliztli and içauactic, both glossed as 'ronquera.' Thus in Tetelcingo,
Morelos, and Oapan there are similar forms sawa:ni (although Tetelcingo has a short /a/) and in Classical there is isawaka (no vowel length noted). Note that
as a verb ending in -V:ni, sawa:ni would perhaps form a frequentative as ? sasawaka, close to the Classical form. The Ameyaltepec
kexsasawa ti is, at any rate, unusual and should be thoroughly rechecked.
\qry Make sure that it is /kex-/ and not /kechsasawatik/. Note that I originally had this as /kexsasawatik/ but it should be /kexsasawaktik/. Thus on the Dictionary Discussion tapes it
might be wrong because of the influence of elicitation. Apparently it should be /kexsasawaktik/ which is related to the apocopated /kexsasawak/.
\grm Whereas tense may be marked with a copula on this adjectival, i.e., nikexsasawatik yes , 'I will be hoarse,' it is more common to use the verbal form
nikexsasawatis or nikexsasawatias.
\semref kexsawa:nki
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03867
\lxam nawatia
\lxam_c kinawatia
\lxoa nawatia
\lxoa_c kinawatia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to order (sb to do sth, etc.)
\sense_s ordenar; mandar (a algn [OP] que haga algo [OS])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chnawatian tekitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They order (request) me to do a job.
\phrase_s Me mandan (piden) hacer un trabajo.
\phrase_n Nimotekipachowa pa:mpa xniwelis tli:n ne:chnawatian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am worried because I won't be able to do what they order (tell) me.
\phrase_s Estoy preocupado porque no voy a poder hacer lo que me ordenan (dicen).
\phrase_n I:na:n o:kinawatih ma tlá:pá:ka.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e His mother ordered him to wash the dishes.
\phrase_s Su mamálo ordenólavar los platos.
\sense_e to place an order for; to order (e.g., ceramics, a particular item to be bought)
\sense_s hacer un pedido de (p. ej., cerámica, un objeto en particular que se va a comprar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kinawatih xaxa:yakatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He ordered masks.
\phrase_s Hizo un pedido para máscaras.
\phrase_n Nontlanawati:s tepalkatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to order ceramic bowls.
\phrase_s Voy a ir a hacer un pedido de platos de cerámica.
\root nawa
\nae The valency and syntax of nawatia still needs further analysis. Apparently it is a a ditransitive; the secondary object may be a phrasal complement introduced by
ma (e.g., I:na:n o:kinawatih ma tlá:pá:ka), or it may be the object ordered (e.g., tekitl or xaxa:yakatl in the above
phrases. Nevertheless, this should be further analyzed.
\qry Note that my notes state that this has a definite short vowel and should be recorded as such in all entries (thus even though recorded long in some instances, I checked several times
and when focusing on this, it appeared short.). This brings up a problem of how to record the root in lexemes in which vowel length shifts with no apparent or obvious rule. Check
the correctness of the nte statement 'The object of nawatia can either be the person who is ordered to do something, or an item requested.' Thus check /O:kinawatih
xaxayakatl/ to determine if correct.
\grm Causative: /I:na:n o:kinawatih ma tlá:pá:ka/ 'His mother ordered him to wash the dished.' Note that when I asked Florencia for the translation of 'Su mamále hizo lavar los
platos' she gave me the sentence here. Note absence of causative /tlapahpa:kiltia/, as in Classical.
\grm Valency: note that it appears that one can say both /niknawatia tepalkatl/ or /nitlanawatia tepalkatl/. Recheck, but C. Flores said that both these are correct.
\ref 03868
\lxam patrio:tah
\lxam_c *patrio:tah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan patriota
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of banana
\sense_s plátano manzano
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\ency_note plá:ntanoh
\qry One Ameyaltepec consultant identified the patrio:tah as the type of banana known in Spanish as manzano.. However, this should be checked given that
I also have an entry for Ameyaltepec mansa:noh.
\ref 03869
\lxam chochoteya
\lxam_alt chochoteya
\lxoa chochoteya
\lxoa_alt chachataya
\lxoa_c chochoteya
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e type of small nsect still not identified
\sense_s tipo de insecto pequeño todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e type of edible grasshopper still not identified
\sense_s tipo de chapulin todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\ency_note insects
\root a:
\root ko:m
\root teya
\nse Florencia Marcelino stated that the animal called chochoteya, the male not the female, may be asked Ka:nika Mé:jikoh and in response it raises its arm.
The female, which is eaten, is not asked this question. Moises Domínguez, however, stated that there are in fact two different animals called by this name. One is small and this is the
one that one may ask directions of (e.g., where is ones house). The other is larger and is a type of edible grasshopper. According to Roberto Mauricio there are two sexes of this
grasshopper. The male has a small rear and the female has a large rear. Both are green.
\qry Note that my notes had only the name /a:ko:nteya/ in a list of small animals, yet with no description. Apparently this is another animal, but it should be confirmed. In my notes I had
/a:ko:nteyak/ as an alternative pronunciation. Note the C. Flores denied that the correct form was /a:kon:teya/ and instead gave /chochoteya/
\semref a:ko:nteya
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 03870
\lxam tlankwi:tsiwi
\lxam_c tlankwi:tsiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for the weave to open up of (e.g., a cloth sack filled till it is bulging, with the threads spreading and opening up)
\sense_s abrirse el tejido de (p. ej., un costal que se llena hasta que estérepleto, con el tejido abierto y los hilos separados)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:tiktili:naltih, o:tlatlankwi:tsiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You stuffed it tight (in this case a sack), its weave opened up in various places.
\phrase_s Le atestaste (en este caso un costal), se abriósu tejido en varios lugares.
\nse Apparently, at least in Ameyaltepec, the oppositive of an opened weave (o:tlatlankwi:tsiw) would be something finely or tightly woven or meshed:
pi:si:ltik.
\root tlan
\root kwi:ts
\ref 03871
\lxam tlapi:tski
\lxam_c tlapi:tski
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ki
\infn N1/2; Aln(ag)
\sense_e musician who plays a wind instrument
\sense_s músico que toca un instrumento de viento
\sense_d Pending
\root pi:tsa
\nae Accordng to some the form tlapi:tski is much more common than tlapi:tske:tl , though this latter is also accepted in Ameyaltepec, but Cristino Flores
suggested that the latter was more common. In Oapan only tlapi:tske:tl is accepted.
\vl Tag the speech tokens here with reference 121. No Oapan word should be tagged 3871.
\semref tlapi:tske:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03872
\lxam tlayo:wilistli
\lxam_c tlayo:wilistli
\lxoa tláyo:wilístli
\lxoa_c tláyo:wilístli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(:)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (i:pan ~) Holy Week
\sense_s (i:pan ~) Semana Santa
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e suffering
\sense_s sufrimiento
\sense_d Pending
\root hyo:
\qry The nominal form 'suffering' is little used and might not be correct. Check. The use to mean Holy Week is the most common.
\ref 03873
\lxam ilakastik
\lxam_c ilakastik
\lxoa ilakastik
\lxoa_c ilakastik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be crooked, to not be in a straight line (the edge of cloth, sth that goes off at an angle that is not perpendicular)
\sense_s estar chueco, no estar en una línea recta (la orilla de una tela, algo que va por unángulo que no es perpendicular)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ilakastik ke:n nenemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He walks crookedly (stiff and twisted, e.g., sb with one leg shorter than another, or whose body, especially the legs, ache from having worked all day).
\phrase_s Camina chueco (no en una línea recta, p. ej., algn con una pierna más corta que la otra, o cuyo cuerpo estáadolorido por haber trabajado todo el día).
\sense_e twisted
\sense_s torcido
\sense_d Pending
\ency_note crookedness
\root ilakats
\nae For a discussion of vowel lenght of the initial /i/, see ilakasteki.
\qry_fon Have a phonetician look at the length of the initial /i/ of the tokens of these two speakers.
\mod Cf. and compare for disambiguation with /chiko/.
\semref chiko
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03874
\lxam tlako:yoh
\lxam_c tlako:yoh
\lxoa tlako:yoh
\lxoa_c tlako:yoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to be full (i.e., a section of land) of rods and switches (as living plants)
\sense_s estar (un lugar) lleno varas (plantas vivas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:wets ipan tlako:yoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He fell into a place full of rods and switches.
\phrase_s Cayóentre las varas.
\root tlako:
\ref 03875
\lxam alkó:l
\lxam_c alkó:l
\lxoa alko:l
\lxoa_c alko:l
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan alcohol
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e alcohol
\sense_s alcohol
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e strong alcoholic beverage such as pika:dohor mezcal
\sense_s bebida alcohólica fuerte como pika:dohor mezcal
\sense_d Pending
\semref tlatlakola:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03876
\lxam inextamal osto:tsi:n
\lxam_c inextamal osto:tsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e Bunchosia canescens(Ait.) DC., small tree of the Leguminosae family
\sense_s Bunchosia canescens(Ait.) DC., arbusto de la familia Leguminosae
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kipia itla:kihlo, boboli:tah, kokostik. Xnokwa, xtlah para.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has little round, yellow fruit. It's not edible, it isn't good for anything.
\phrase_s Tiene fruta como pequeñitas bolitas amarillas. No se come, no es bueno para nada.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root nex
\root tamal
\root osto:
\grm /Kipia itla:ki:hlo, boboli:tah, kokostik. Xnokwa, xtlah para/. '"It has little round, yellow fruit. It's not edible, it isn't good for anything.' Note the reduplication for /kostik/
and /boli:tah/, this may indicate reduplication for number, i.e., there are many fruits on a given plant. However, it may also be a sort of diminutive. Check.
\root_notes Cf. /nex/ as stem to /monex/.
\ref 03877
\lxam poti:xatik
\lxam_c poti:xatik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan botija (?)
\psm Adj
\der Adj-tik-ap
\sense_e to be pot-bellied, to have an inflated belly
\sense_s ser barrigón; ser panzón
\sense_d Pending
\semref ítipó:xatiá
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03878
\lxam tlama:kukwi
\lxam_c tlama:kukwi
\lxoa tlamá:kwí
\lxoa_alt tlamá:kwí
\lxoa_pr tlama:kwi
\lxoa_c tlamá:kwí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-[N-V2]
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-l)
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to weed (e.g., a field) by hand
\sense_s quitar hierba (de un sembradío) con la mano
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w titlama:kukwi, tihkana:wa un xiwtli, tikma:kana:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You have started to weed by hand, you are thinning out the weeds, you are thinning them out by hand.
\phrase_s Ya empezaste a desherbar a mano, estás haciendo más ralo la hierba, la estás quitando a mano.
\root ma:
\root kwi
\ency_note mi:hli
\qry Check for presence of /h/ in other dialects (San Juan Tetelcingo) or for irregular stress reflex in Oapan. Also query for use with a definite object, and, if an object is acceptable (e.g.,
/kima:kukwi/) question as to what the object references. (i.e. if the object refers to the field being weeded or the actual herbs/weeds being pulled out. Unlike other verbs which refer
to planting activity, this is used with /tla-/ to indicate the general action. Apparently the use of the definite object prefix /ki-/ indicates that one weeded a particular field or plot. This
should be checked. Cf. to use of object prefixes with other verbs such as /to:ka/, /ye:kpowa:/, etc.
\qry Re: /tlamá:kwí/: Check whether one can in Oapan say also /tlamá:kwikwí/. Note that for the non-tla form the citation form is /kimá:kwikwí/. Likewise, under /má:kwikwí/ check
whether one can also say /kimá:kwí/?
\grm Many verbs that refer to actions connected with planting will accept the nonreferential object /k-/ but not /tla-/. Note how this is different. Check.
\grmx Oapan reduplication; phonology: Note that /tlamá:kwí/ is another example of underlying long vowel in a prefix or IN accepting pitch-accent to represent the reduplication.
This seems to be not that uncommon with /ma:/. Cf. /má:kapá:nia/. Moreover, here as well, as with /má:kapá:nia/ both /tlamá:kwí/ and /tlamá:kwikwí/ are correct and
equivalent. This might be a characteristic of words with body part incorporated nouns and reduplication, as both words given here have /ma:-/ incorported.
\grmx Pitch accent: the pitch contour on /tlamá:kwí/ shows what I had previously expected, that when two pitch accent are on consective syllables and the first one is long, then
the pitch peaks about halfway through the long syllable, i.e., as if it were on the first mora of a two-mora vowel. This is clear here with /tlamá:kwí/.
\grmx Oapan phonetics and phonology: Reduction of reduplication: Note that the elicitation form for entry 3878 is /tlamá:kwí/. Since it seems that the /a:/ of /ma:/ is underlyingly
long, it appears that the reduction has no direct affect on pitch accent. Cf. the form /kimá:kwikwí/ (3299). Apparently the /a:/ is just as long (this should be checked)
although the pitch probably reaches its highest point at the syllable boundary (not at midpoint as in /tlamá:kwí/). Both forms should be checked to see if the complementary
forms are also correct (tlamá:kwikwíand kimá:kwí). Also, careful attention/analysis should be given to the phonetics of /má:/ in the two forms, with and without reductoin.
\xref ma:kukwi
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\xref má:kwikwí
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03879
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry for /ikxikokoxok/ has been removed. The correct form is /kaltsonkokoxok/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 03880
\lxam maxakpi:stik
\lxam_c maxakpi:stik
\lxoa maxahpi:stik
\lxoa_c maxahpi:stik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to have a narrow separation (two branches in sth forked, such as a tree limb)
\sense_s tener una separación estrecha (dos ramas de algo bifurcado, como la rama de unárbol)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be a person who takes small steps
\sense_s ser alguien que camina con pasos pequeños (lit., 'teniendo la entrepierna cerrada')
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be unable to mount an animal with ease
\sense_s ser sin poder montar un animal con facilidad
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to have a narrow crotch (men's pants)
\sense_s tener la entrepierna apretada o cerrada (pantalones de hombre)
\sense_d Oa
\root maxa
\root pi:ts
\root_rel -ko
\nse Maxakpi:stik (lit. 'having a narrow crotch') refers to any number of situations, or individuals, in which an act is performed in which the legs are not opened widely
enough. Thus it may refer to someone who walks slowly, as if his or her crotch is narrow, with legs like two bifurcated branches that close together. Others who may have this
epithet applied are those who can't mount a beast of burden with ease, or simply one who doesn't open his legs much.
\qry Check to see if a verbal form exists: ?maxakpi:tsiwi.
\ref 03881
\lxam tsi:nketsaltia
\lxam_c kitsi:nketsaltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make buck (an animal such as a horse, mule, donkey, bull, etc.)
\sense_s hacer recabritar (a un animal como caballo, mula, burro, toro, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ma:ka tiktsi:nketsalti:s, tla:mo ne:xwa:ltlakalis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't make it buck, if you do it will toss me to the ground!
\phrase_s ¡No lo vayas a hacer recabritar, si lo haces me va a aventar al suelo!
\semfld motion
\root tsi:n
\root ketsa
\xref tsi:nketsa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 03882
\lxam chi:koya:wa
\lxam_c kichi:koya:wa
\lxoa chi:koya:wa
\lxoa_c kichi:koya:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp PM-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\lexical Op. te- : techi:koya:wa
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to make a gaping hole in (i.e., in piercing a piece of cloth or skin and then widening the diameter of the hole)
\sense_s hacer un gran y ancho aguero en (p. ej., en perforar una tela, la piel, etc. y ensanchar el agujero)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtechi:koya:wa up pitso ma:s para ti:roh ma tlapowi, ma ki:sa yestli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Open up the hole (in the neck of) that pig wider (with a knife when it is just being slaughtered) so that it really opens up, so that the blood comes out quicker!
\phrase_s ¡Ensánchale el agujero (que hiciste) a ese marrano (con un cuchillo en el momento de sacrificarlo) para que se abra más, para que salga bien la sangre!
\phrase_n Xkitati mobese:rroh! Yo:kichi:koya:hkeh kwilimeh ipan ikechpan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go take a look at your calf! The worms have opened up a gaping hole on its back.
\phrase_s ¡Ve a ver a tu becerro! Los gusanos le han abierto un gran hueco (al reventar una llaga) sobre su lomo.
\root chi:-
\root koya:
\nse The phrase about the calf was uttered in reference to what occurrs when a bat bites a cattle (or for another reason there is a small wound) and there flies lay their eggs, which hatch
and then open up the wound. Like many words with koya:wa as a root, chi:koya:wa may be used in a vulgar sense, in this case with the meaning of
'to deflower.'
\qry Check vowel length of /kechpan/ in the phrase above.
\ref 03883
\lxam a:burrah
\lxam_c a:burrah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) burra
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\sense_e type of fish not identified or described
\sense_s tipo de pescado no identificado ni descrito
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\root a:
\nse Luis Lucena was not sure what kind of fish this is. He stated that he has heard this word, but never seen the fish to which is supposedly refers. He added that it might be the same as
the a:pitsoanother type of fish of which he has heard the name but never seen.
\semref a:pitso
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 03884
\lxam michmo:hli
\lxam_c michmo:hli
\lxoa michmo:hli
\lxoa_c michmo:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of mole made from squash seeds and served with fish
\sense_s tipo de mole hecho de semilla de calabaza y servido con pescado
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food
\root mich
\root mo:l
\ency_note mo:hli
\mod List all types of /mo:hli/ with recipes.
\ref 03885
\lxam ma:rgari:tah
\lxam_c ma:rgari:tah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan margarita
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e also called xo:chitl de margari:tah , a purple flowering plant that has been collected and photographed but not identified
\sense_s también llamado xo:chitl de margari:tah , una planta herbácea con flores moraditas que ha sido colectada y fotografiada, pero no identificada
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1988:72) gives under margarita:"1. (Bellis spp.) 'daisy' 2. (Chrysanthemum spp.) 'chrysanthemum'. Luis Lucena mentioned that
he has heard the name but is not sure of its identification, though he did state that it was a xiwtli. He had also heard that it was used as a remedy.
\ref 03886
\lxam a:pani
\lxam_c a:pani
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-Adv
\der N-?
\sense_e place where the water is shallow (e.g., in a river or stream)
\sense_s lugar donde estápoco profunda el agua (de un arroyo o río)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:niki:s ka:n a:pani, xok tlawekatlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've come out where the water is shallow, it's no longer deep.
\phrase_s He salido donde el agua es poco profunda, ya no es muy profunda.
\root a:
\root pani
\qry The categorization of /a:pani/ is not clear. Launey gives /pani/ as an adverb (meaning 'on top' or encima). Cf. to /pani/. Here it would seem that the literal meaning is something like
'the water is on top' or 'el agua esta encima'. It would appear that the locative nature of /a:pani/ is diminished given the fact that /ka:n/ is used although one does have phrases such as
/ka:n wekatlan/ as a type of headless relative with a modifier.
\qry Determine when one uses /wekatlan/ (e.g., ka:n wekatlan) and when one uses /tlawekatlan/. I would think that the former can be used with /ka:n/ whereas the latter can't.
\grm Yo:niki:s ka:n a:pani, xok tlawekatlan."I've come out where the water is shallow, it's no longer deep."Note here the use of tla- with wekatlan. Whereas wekatlan is more an
adjective, though it can be a predicate, tlawekatlan seems to be a noun, refering to a place that is deep. Note the difference in the use of /ka:n/ with /a:pani/ and the prefix
/tla-/ with wekatlan (I believe a previous example had ka:n wekatlan (do a search).
\semref pani
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03887
\lxam sesen
\lxam_c sesen to:nahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Num
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e (followed by a unit of time or distance) every [unit of time or distance]
\sense_s (seguido por una unidad de tiempo o distancia) cada [unidad de tiempo o distancia]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sesen ikxitl -=sesen mokxi- xto:ka, ma:ka a:sta oo:kpa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Plant every step, not every other step!
\phrase_s ¡Siembra cada paso, no cada dos pasos!
\phrase_n Sesen to:nahli tia:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We will go one one day and the other the next day (again and again).
\phrase_s Vamos un día túy un día yo (y asídía tras día).
\root sem
\nse Sesen appears to be a preclitic with nouns or noun phrases. As the example sesen mokxi indicates, sesen precedes the two-place
predicate mokxi 'it is your foot.' One does not find *mosesenikxi. The fact that the final nasal is /n/ (probably velarized) suggests a word boundary. Neverthless, since
in most cases the following noun phrase is not (or cannot) be possessed, it is often not immediately clear whether one or two words are involved (e.g., sesen to:nahli
or sesento:nahli 'every day'). Note also that sesen can be incorporated into a verbal predicate. In these cases incorporation is indicated by the position
of the subject and object pronouns. Thus one finds kisesente:ma 'he places them neatly in order' where the position of the object pronoun ki to the left
of sesen clearly indicates incorporation. Note that beans are planted sesen ikxopahli.
\qry Check before a vowel as to whether this should be /sesen/ or /sesem/.
\ref 03888
\lxam memetlatl
\lxam_c memetlatl
\lxoa mémetlatsí:ntli
\lxoa_c mémetlatsí:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s(pref)
\infn Stem 1(l)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e toy or play metate
\sense_s metate de juego
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Titisi ipan memetlatl ika memetlapihli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She pretends to be grinding corn on a play metate with a play metlapile.
\phrase_s Finge moler maíz sobre un metate de juego con un mano de metate de juego.
\phrase_n Memetlatl pa:mpa xmelá:k metlatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is called a memetlatl because it is not really a metate.
\phrase_s Se llama memetlatl porque no es un metate de a de veras.
\root metla
\nae According to Florencia Marcelino in Oapan the diminutive tsi:ntli would be used in a form such as mémetlatsí:ntli because of the fact that the object
referred to is a toy, and hence small. She rejected the correctness of ? mémetlátl.
\grm Reduplication; metaphor: Note the phrase /Titisi i:pan memetlatl ika memetlapihli/. Note the use of reduplication for both the nominal (as plaything or toy) and verbal (for a
make-believe or pretend action).
\ref 03889
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /tlakochi:tia/ and has been removed.
\dt 04/Jul/2002
\ref 03890
\lxam te:nkwah
\lxam_c te:nkwah
\lxoa te:nkwah
\lxoa_c te:nkwah
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e to be missing part of ones lip (as with those who have a harelip)
\sense_s faltarle parte del labio (como a una persona con labio leporino)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Te:nkwah, xasitok ite:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is missing part of his lip, his lip isn't complete.
\phrase_s Le falta parte del labio, su labio no estáentero.
\sense_e to have part of the edge broken off or missing (e.g., a plate, a bucket, a cliff whose edge has crumbled, etc.)
\sense_s tener parte de la borde o orilla faltante (p. ej., un plato, cubeta, frutero, un risco o peñasco a que se le ha derrumbado para de la orilla, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root te:n
\root kwa
\qry My original notecard had /Te:nkwa, xasitok ite:n/. Since /te:nkwa/ seems to be a transitive verb, I might have made a mistake. With the caveat that this entry and phrase should be
checked, I have provisionally"corrected"/te:nkwa/ to /te:nkwah/, which as a perfective adjective/noun makes more sense.
\ref 03891
\lxam a:tli:tia
\lxam_c ka:tli:tia
\lxoa a:tli:tia
\lxoa_c ka:tli:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give water to (particularly an animal, taking it to a well, river, or brook, or giving him water in a trough)
\sense_s dar agua a o abrevar (un animal, o llevándolo a un pozo, río o arroyo, o dándole de beber de una pileta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:tli:ti:s. noburroh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will give my donkey water to drink.
\phrase_s Le voy a dar agua a mi burro para que beba.
\root a:
\root i:
\xref a:tli
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03892
\lxam ikxito:ka
\lxam_c ikxito:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Spec
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to plant with ones foot
\sense_s sembrar con el pie
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xne:xto:kili:ti noyew! San tikxi:nitia:s, xtikikxito:kas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go plant my beans for me! You'll just go along dropping them on the ground, you won't (have to) use your feet to cover them over with dirt.
\phrase_s ¡Ve a sembrarme mi frijol! Simplemente vas a ir dejándolos caer al suelo, no vas a (tener que) taparlos con tierra usando los pies.
\root kxi
\root to:ka
\nse The verb ikxito:ka refers to action of planting seed by digging a hole in the ground with either ones foot or a coa ('digging stick') and then, after
dropping the seed in the hole, pushing the loose earth over it with ones foot. It is this second action that seems to be most directly indicated by the verb.
\nae To date ikxito:ka has been documented only with a specific object; it is not clear whether it can occur, like to:ka , without an object (i.e., ?
ikxito:ka).
\qry Determine whether, like /to:ka/, the verb can take a specific object.
\xref ikxito:kilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 03893
\lxam kwa:ta:takaltik
\lxam_c kwa:ta:takaltik
\lxoa kwa:ta:takaltik
\lxoa_c kwa:ta:takaltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e to have unevenly and roughly cut hair
\sense_s tener el cabello cortado medio tusado, disparejo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwa:pestik, kwa:ta:takaltik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His hair isn't cut smoothly, it is uneven.
\phrase_s Su cabello no estácortado parejo, estádisparejo.
\phrase_n Kwa:ta:takaltik, tetewistik itson, o:kixi:nkeh ka:nah uwekatlan, ka:nah wekapan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His hair is roughly cut, it is bumpy. In some places they cut his hair short, in other places they left it long.
\phrase_s Su cabello estátrasquilado, estádisparejo. En algunos lugares lele cortaron el pelo cortito, en otros lugares lo dejaron largo.
\phrase_n Tikwa:ta:takaltik, o:mitsxi:nkeh san ke:n ihki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You hair is unevenly cut, they cut your hair just in any which way.
\phrase_s Tu cabello estátrasquilado, te cortaron comoquiera.
\root kwa:
\root taka
\nse Oapan and Ameyaltepec both have kwa:ta:takaltik with similar if not identical meanings. However, whereas Ameyaltepec also has tsonta:takaltik with the
same meaning, Oapan only has the former.
\nae In one example phrase whereas kwa:ta:takaltik is reduplicated with a long vowel, probably because of the implicit meaning 'here and there,' and the fact that the
action of cutting hair is a deliberate event, other words in the same phrase and referring (as adjectivals) to the same situation are reduplicated with a short vowel:
tetewistik and uwekatlan , while a third adjectival is not reduplicated at all: wekapan. This illustrates quite well the difficulty in ascribing
a single semantic meaning to reduplication without sensitivity to the nature of the event or situation, i.e., the verbal or adjectival semantics.
\qry Check other meanings of /ta:takaltik/.
\grm /Kwa:ta:takaltik, tetewistik itson, o:kixi:nkeh ka:nah uwekatlan, ka:nah wekapan./ 'His hair is roughly cut, it is bumpy. In some places they cut his hair short, in other
places they left it long.' Note that in one phrase above whereas kwa:ta:takaltik is reduplicated with a long vowel, probably because of the implicit meaning
'here and there,' and the fact that the action of cutting hair is a deliberate event, other words in the same phrase and referring (as adjectivals) to the same situation are
reduplicated with a short vowel: tetewistik and uwekatlan , while a third adjectival is not reduplicated at all: wekapan. This
illustrates quite well the difficulty in ascribing a single semantic meaning to reduplication without sensitivity to the nature of the event or situation.
\grm Phonology: the spectrogram of this word (kwa:ta:takaltik), particularly Florencia Marcelino's pronunciation, is particularly good for seeing vowel length.
\vl Link first female pronunciation.
\semref tsonta:takaltik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 03894
\lxam tlankopi:ni
\lxam_c tlankopi:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to have ones teeth fall out; to lose ones teeth
\sense_s perder los dientes; caersele los dientes
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tlan tlankopi:ni, ye bie:joh, o:tlan xi:ni itlanwa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has finished losing his teeth, he's already old, his teeth have all winded up falling out.
\phrase_s Se acaba de perderse los dientes, ya es viejo, terminaron de caer sus dientes.
\root tlan
\root kopi:
\semref tlampatla
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03895
\lxam ne:ch-
\lxam_c ne:chpale:wi:s
\lxoa ne:ch-
\lxoa_c ne:cha:nas
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Pref(obj)
\der Pr-pre-obj
\sense_e me (first person singular object marked directly on transitive predicates)
\sense_s a mí(objeto de primera persona singular marcado directamente en predicados transitivos)
\sense_d Pending
\ref 03896
\lxam i:xtlakukwi:lia
\lxam_c *ki:xtlakukwi:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-tla-V3
\der V2-d-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to skim (removing foam, dust or dirt, etc. from the surface of); to clean up the surface of
\sense_s espumar; limpiar (algo como espuma, basura, etc.) la superficie de
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xkita moko:n! Yo:panwets ipoposokio, xkii:xtlakukwi:li:ki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take a look at your pot! It's foam has risen to the surface, come and skim off the surface!
\phrase_s ¡Ve tu olla! Su espuma ya salióa la superficie,¡Ven a espumarlo (esto es, el líquido que estáadentro)!
\root i:x
\root kwi
\nse Apparently i:xtlakukwi:lia can be most accurately translated as 'to clean the surface of' in which the prefix tla- takes the position of that which is removed
(e.g., dirt, foam, dust, etc.). In this case it is the tla- element that reduces the valency of the ditransitive (ku)kwi:lia , whereas i:x indicates
the location at which the action takes place (it is not an thematic object). Cf. i:xkwi:lia in which this same i:x- element represents that which is
removed or taken away from the patient (the primary object of the verb) and serves to reduce the valency of the verb. Cristino Flores (Am) did not recognize this verb, which should
perhaps be removed from the lexicon.
\qry Check length of first /i/, in the reduplicant /xkii:xtlakukwi:li:ki/. Also check for other forms: /i:xtlakwi:lia/ and /ix:kwi:lia/ or /i:xkukwi:lia/, etc. Finally, check for /tlakwi:lia/.
\grm Valency; incorporation; Note the difference between the function and meaning of /i:x-/ in both /i:xkwi:lia/ and /i:xtlakukwi:lia/. Apparently i:xtlakukwi:lia
can be most accurately translated as 'to clean the surface of' in which the prefix tla- takes the position of that which is removed (e.g., dirt, foam, dust, etc.). In
this case it is the tla- element that reduces the valency of the ditransitive (ku)kwi:lia , whereas i:x indicates the location at which
the action takes place. Cf. i:xkwi:lia in which this same i:x element represents that which is removed or taken away from the patient (the
primary object of the verb) and serves to reduce the valency of the verb.
\ref 03897
\lxam iye:wtok
\lxam_c iye:wtok
\lxoa yé:htók
\lxoa_alt yé:htikáh
\lxoa_pr yé:htok
\lxoa_pr yé:htikah
\lxoa_c yé:htók
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\lexical Reduced rpd-s(vowel-l)
\infv Durative
\pitch yes
\sense_e to be stored or located it its proper place
\sense_s estar guardado o puesto en el lugar apropriado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwahli iye:wtoya, a:man yo:tine:chompostekilih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It was fine right where it was (in this case a machete), now you've gone out and broken it for me (i.e., after taking it).
\phrase_s Estaba bien guardado en su lugar, ahora ya me lo fuiste a romper (en este caso un machete después de haberlo tomado).
\phrase_n Kwahli iye:wtok, kichi:was tine:chkoto:nili:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It it happy right where it's stored, there's a good chance you will break it on me (sth such as a strap that can be snapped).
\phrase_s Estámuy bien donde estáguardado, a lo mejor me no lo vas a reventar (si lo tomas para utilizar).
\root ye:wa
\nse This is used for any number of items that may be stored in a proper location: maize, food items, clothes, tools, etc. The phrase kwahli iye:wtok is practically idiomatic,
indicating that something is fine (stored) right where it is.
\nae The Oapan form is reduplicated, with the reduplicant reduced to pitch accent on the initial long vowel, /e:/, of the verb. Note that there is no corresponding intransitive *
ye:wi to the stative.
\root_notes Note that for Stat-x verbs I have indicated that the root is the transitive, even though the category Stat-x suggests an intransitive that is not manifested in non-stative form.
This should be mentioned at some point.
\ref 03898
\lxam tooo:me
\lxam_c *tooo:me
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-num
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N2
\sense_e twosies (in a game of jacks)
\sense_s doses (en un juego de matatena)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n A:man tooo:me.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now (let's go for) twosies (i.e., in a game of jacks)
\phrase_s Ahora (vamos a jugar) doses (p. ej., en matatena).
\phrase_n O:mpoloh ipan tooo:me.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I lost at twosies (i.e., in a game of jacks)
\phrase_s Perdíen doses (p. ej., en un juego de matatena).
\fla tonana:wi
\root o:me
\fl nana:wi
\nse When reduplicated and obligatorily possessed, oo:me is used to refer to"twosies"in the game of jacks. However, the numeral o:me may also be
reduplicated in another, distributive sense, as in 'two by two,' 'every other,' etc. For this, see o:me.
\mod Make sure all numbers used (e.g., yeye:i), etc. is in the lexicon.
\semref o:me
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03899
\lxam a:wilnemi
\lxam_c a:wilnemi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to fool around (sexually); to have a lot of lovers (used in reference to women)
\sense_s andar con uno y otro, con muchos amantes (se dice de mujeres)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xa:wilnemi un ichpokawah. Xakah ka:wiltia. Kiye:kte:ne:wan pa:mpa xa:wilnemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That girl does not fool around. No one plays around with her. They speak well of her (praise her) because she doesn't fool around.
\phrase_s Esa muchacha no anda de loca. Nadie la vacila. Hablan bien de ella porque no anda con chavos.
\phrase_n Nopixtok un ichpokawah. Xa:wilnemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That girl is saving herself. She doesn't fool around.
\phrase_s Esa muchacha estácuidando su virginidad. No anda suelta.
\root a:wil
\root nemi
\nse In Oapan one will say simply kwaltsi:n nemi or xkwaltsi:n nemi.
\mod Add under /pia/: /Nopixtok un ichpokawa. Xa:wilnemi/ That girl is saving herself. She doesn't fool around./ Esa muchacha estácuidando su virginidad. No anda suelta.
\ref 03900
\lxam po:tsi:n
\lxam_c po:tsi:n
\lxoa po:tsi:n
\lxoa_c po:tsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N0/2; Aln(0=2)
\sense_e little girl (from birth to about 9 years)
\sense_s niña (de nacer hasta como los 9 años de edad)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Cho:ka mopo:tsi:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your little girl is crying.
\phrase_s Llora tu hijita.
\phrase_n Po:tsi:n! Ma:ka ihkón xikchi:wa, nika:n san titlatotoya:wa ika a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Little girl! Don't do it like that, you're spilling water all over this place!
\phrase_s ¡Hijita!¡No lo vayas a hacer así, estás tirando agua por todo este lugar.
\root po:
\ency_note ichpo:xtli
\qry_fon Voicing of stop [po:dsi:n].
\grm Oapan phonology: this word, at least one of the token by Inocencio Jiménez, demonstrates clearly the voicing of the stop [dsi:n].
\ref 03901
\lxam ki:tskia
\lxam_c kiki:tskia
\lxoa ki:tsia
\lxoa_c kiki:tsia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to grab; to seize; to grasp or take hold of
\sense_s asir; coger; sostener (en las manos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:ne:chki:tskih para ne:chwisokiskia, pero xo:ne:chwisok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He grabbed me in order to hit me, but he didn't.
\phrase_s Me agarrópara golpearme, pero no me pegó.
\phrase_n O:tihki:ki:tskeh polidó:r.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We took one handful after another of the insecticide (used in cornfields).
\phrase_s Agarramos uno tras otro manojo de polydor (una insecticida utilizada en las milpas).
\sense_e to take or use without permission
\sense_s tomar o utilizar sin permiso
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:kiki:tskih te:yo:lka:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He took someone else's animal for himself (e.g., just to use for a while or to take possession of by branding, etc.).
\phrase_s Agarróanimal ajeno (p. ej., simplemente para utilizar por un tiempo, o para hacerse deél al herrarla).
\sense_e (with a woman as object) to have sexual intercourse with
\sense_s (con una mujer como objeto) tener relaciones sexuales con
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xo:kiki:tskih isuwa:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He didn't have sexual intercourse with his wife.
\phrase_s No tuvo relaciones sexuales con su esposa.
\sense_e (refl. + -pan [noun]) to hold on tightly to [noun]
\sense_s (refl. + -pan [sustantivo]) agarrarse o aferrarse a [sustantivo]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwahli xmoki:tski ipan trase:rah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hold on tight to the back of the saddle.
\phrase_s Agárrate bien de la parte trasera de la silla.
\phrase_n Kwahli xmoki:tski! Ma:ka timotlapeto:nili:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hold on tight (in this case to the branch of a tree)! Don't slip off!
\phrase_s ¡Agárrate bien (en este caso a la rama de unárbol)!¡No te dejes deslizar!
\sense_e (refl.) to stick together (a substance such as dough, clay or wet sand, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) pegarse (una substancia como masa, arcilla o arena mojada, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl. + -wa:n) to be jointly considered with; to be of the same type
\sense_s (refl. + -wa:n) ser considerado como lo mismo de; ser del mismo tipo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlako:me:meka, iwa:n noki:tskian chapolin, no: wel nokwa, no: me:roh ihkón nekwisti. Pitsaktsi:n, so:lo ma:we:weyak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tlako:me:meka , it is similar to the chapolin , it is also edible, it smells just like it. It is thin, only that it has long arms.
\phrase_s El tlako:me:meka , es parecido al chapolin , también es comestible, también huele mero comoél. Es delgado, solamente que tiene los
brazos largos.
\ency_note carry
\root ki:tski
\mod In determining roots, with verbs that are not cognate sets should be considered separately, i.e. basic verbs. Cf the problem with a verb such as /ki:tskia/.
\qry Check vowel length of /wisoki/ and correct if necessary.
\xref ki:tskilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref ki:tsilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\xref ki:tskiltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref ki:tsi:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\qry Determine meaning of /noki:tskia/ as in fasting, perhaps.
\ref 03902
\lxam pipitsowa
\lxam_c kipipitsowa
\lxoa pi:pitsowa
\lxoa_c kipi:pitsowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am); Lex. rdp-l (Oa)
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to kiss (a person's lips)
\sense_s besar (a algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chpipitso!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Kiss me!
\phrase_s ¡Bésame!
\sense_e (fig.) to place ones lips close to (e.g, a bottleneck a canteen, bottle, etc., in order to drink)
\sense_s (fig.) poner los labios sobre (p. ej., la apertura de una botella, cantimplora, etc., para beber)
\sense_d Pending
\root pits
\nae The vowel length of the Oapan form seems long, at least when the length of the reduplicant and stem vowels of the verb are compared. Thus Florencia Marcelino has ratios of
104:50 and 98:44 ms, whereas Inocencio Jiménez has ratios of 75:50 and 73:37 ms. Whereas the length of Florencia Marcelino's first vowel is well within the range of long vowels,
that of Inocencio Jimenéz is not. However, in his pronunciation the stem vowel is conspicuously short: 50 and 37 ms. in the two speech tokens. The length of the Ameyaltepec form
should be rechecked acoustically although in the pronunciation of Inocencio Díaz the reduplicant was clearly a light syllable.
\qry Check whether intransitive form or unreduplicated form exists. Recheck vowel length as in one recording it seems to have an initial long vowel, in another this is not the case. This
should be rechecked.
\vl Link first female and second male tokens. Note that there are 4 tokens for each speaker of this.
\grm Oapan phonology; phonetics; reduplication; vowel length: re /pi:pitsowa/: The vowel length of the Oapan form seems long, at least when the length of the reduplicant and
stem vowels of the verb are compared. Thus Florencia Marcelino has ratios of 104:50 and 98:44 ms, whereas Inocencio Jiménez has ratios of 75:50 and 73:37 ms. Whereas
the length of Florencia Marcelino's first vowel is well within the range of long vowels, that of Inocencio Jimenéz is not. However, in his pronunciation the stem vowel is
conspicuously short: 50 and 37 ms. in the two speech tokens. The length of the Ameyaltepec form should be rechecked acoustically.
\ref 03903
\lxam posa:wi
\lxam_c posa:wi
\lxoa posa:wi
\lxoa_c posa:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to swell up; to become inflamed (a muscle or part of the body)
\sense_s hincharse; inflamarse (un músculo o parte del cuerpo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w posa:wi noma, o:nimoma:wi:tek.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My hand has started to swell up, I hit my hand hard.
\phrase_s Ya se me empezóa hinchar la mano, me la golpeéduro.
\root posa:
\qry Check for acceptance of intensifier.
\grm Noun Incorporation: /Yo:pe:w posa:wi noma, o:nimoma:wi:tek/ 'My hand has started to swell up, I hit my hand hard.' Note how the first mention of the patient, even though
it is a body part, is not incorporated. Immediately following, however, is an incorporated form. Rather, however, than considering that this is a manifestation of a general
tendency for non-incorporation to introduce an argument, which is then incorporated, I think it possible to assert that what this phrase demonstrates is simply a tendency for
two different types of expression of the body part.
\ref 03904
\lxam ka:mpa
\lxam_c peroh ka:mpa
\lxoa ka:mpa
\lxoa_c ka:mpa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Reltzer
\der Reltzer; Subord
\sense_e (de ~) if
\sense_s (de ~) si
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xnikmati ka:mpa kateh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't know where they are (i.e., the particular place where they are).
\phrase_s No sédonde están (esto es, el lugar en particular donde están).
\phrase_n Ka:mpa san newa.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p We:we:tlatohli by don Plutarco Ramírez [line 12]
\phrase_e The place where I am by myself.
\phrase_s El lugar alládonde yo solo estoy.
\phrase_n Ka:mpa dió:s me:chompixtikak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e [It is the place] where God is watching over you.
\phrase_s [Es el lugar] donde Diós los estácuidando.
\phrase_n De ka:mpa yo:tiah mocha:n, xtiwi:tsnekis?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If you left (in this case, if you return to your country), won't you want to come back (here)?
\phrase_s ¿Si te vas (en este caso, si regresas a tu pais), no vas a querer regresar (aquí)?
\phrase_n Timistihli:s de ka:mpa melá:k niá:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll tell you if I will really go.
\phrase_s Te voy a decir si de veras voy a ir.
\phrase_n De ka:mpa xo:nitlakakalastiah, oksepa niwi:ts.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e In the event that I didn't die, I'll be back.
\phrase_s Si no me morí, voy a venir de regreso.
\root ka:n
\root pa
\nse In Ameyaltepec ka:mpa is seldom used in natural discourse except for its common use in the subordinator de ka:mpa , which seems virtually
equivalent to tla:. Standing alone, ka:mpa is most common in ritual speech, as as ka:mpa dió:s mitsompixtikak. In Oapan
ka:mpa is much more commonly used where Ameyaltepequeños would use ka:n.
\qry The translations of the first two phrases (those without /de ka:mpa/ 'if') should be checked. Apparently /ka:mpa/ is more common in /we:we:tlato:hli/ than in normal speech. It should
be checked that /ka:mpa/ cannot be used as an interrogative. I think that in Ameyaltepec it cannot (I don't have any record of such use). Also, an effort needs to be made to work
on the relativizers and complementizers (the latter for complement clauses, the former for often headless relative clauses). Also check the correctness of /ka:mpa san newa/, or
should it be /ka:mpa san newa nunkah/, or something similar. Check out the difference between /ka:mpa kateh?/ and /ka:mpa unkateh?/.
\mod Check all relativizers, complementizers, subordinators and determine precise coding.
\ref 03905
\lxam burrah
\lxam_c burrah
\lxoa burrah
\lxoa_cpend @burrah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan burra
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e female donkey
\sense_s burra
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e a large bottle of beer (more or less a quart)
\sense_s caguama, una botella grande de cerveza (de como un litro)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xkonkwi se: burrah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go fetch a large bottle of beer!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a traer una caguama!
\sense_e wheelbarrow
\sense_s carretilla
\sense_d Am
\sense_e sawhorse
\sense_s burra (para apoyar a cosas como madera al cortarla)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld domes
\nse Note that in Ameyaltepec burrah can refers to several objects, including the female donkey. However burroh can refer only to the male animal.
\semref burroh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 03906
\lxam xo:chitsapotl
\lxam_c xo:chitsapotl
\lxoa xo:chitsapotl
\lxoa_c xo:chitsapotl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e mamey, type of fruit
\sense_s mamey
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e tree that yields the mamey fruit
\sense_s árbol del mamey
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root xo:chi
\root tsapo
\ref 03907
\lxam -ikxitlan
\lxam_c i:kxitlan
\lxoa -ixitlah
\lxoa_c i:xitlah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N(rel)
\der N-loc-tlan
\infn N2(rel)
\sense_e at the foot of (usually sb lying down)
\sense_s a los pies de (generalmente de algn acostado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pakah nokxitlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is right there at my feet.
\phrase_s Allíestáa mis pies
\sense_e below (i.e., lower down on a slope in reference to sb standing)
\sense_s abajo de (esto es, más abajo de una persona parada en una cuesta)
\sense_d Pending
\root kxi
\root_rel -tlan
\disamb tsi:ntlan; i:kxitlan; tlampa
\nse The locative ikxitlan may be uttered by a person lying down, referring to something located at his feet, or by someone standing up, referring to something at his feet.
\nae In the Oapan form there does not seem to be any evidence of a final nasal.
\qry Check and confirm final /h/ in /paka/
\ref 03908
\lxam yeyekatl
\lxam_c yeyekatl
\lxoa yéyé:katl
\lxoa_pr yeye:katl
\lxoa_c yéyé:katl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e wind; breeze
\sense_s viento; aire; brisa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Na:n kalaki yeyekatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A breeze enters here.
\phrase_s Aquíentra aire.
\sense_e (often pluralized)"demons"; aires(basically evil spirits that inhabit the sky and can cause harm, particularly loss of ones to:nal, to
humans)
\sense_s (a menudo pluralizado) aires; demonios (basicamente espíritus maliciosos que habitan el cielo que puede lastimar, particularmente en cuanto a la pérdida del
to:nal, a los humanos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:mitskwi:lih moto:nal yeyekatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e An aire took away your to:nal.
\phrase_s Un aire le quitóel to:nal.
\phrase_n O:kasikeh moto:nal yeyekameh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The aires seized your to:nal.
\phrase_s Los aires agarraron tu to:nal.
\semfld ritual
\semfld weather
\root e:ka
\nae The vowel length pattern of this word in Ameyaltepec appears to consist of two short vowels in the two initial syllables.
\vl Note that Florencia first utters /yeyeka/, which should be tagged as 2582.
\semref tia:chka:w
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03909
\lxam i:xte:ntletlekuwa
\lxam_c i:xte:ntletlekuwa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-4c(pano)
\sense_e for ones eyes to roll up and back in ones head (e.g., in fainting)
\sense_s irsele los ojos hacia arriba y atrás (p. ej., al desmayarse)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n I:xte:ntletlekuwa. O:sotla:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His eyes have rolled up and back. He fainted.
\phrase_s Sus ojos fueron para atrás. se desmayó.
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root tlehko:
\nse According to Cristino Flores, who accepted this documented word as correct after some discussion, the more usual term in reference to ones eyes rolling back is
a:yo:tsi:nkwepa , used reflexively with 'eyes' as subject.
\qry Note how here the form /i:xte/ is used, not /i:xte:m-/. Determine in general when one or the other is used.
\ref 03910
\lxam yekatso:l
\lxam_c i:yekatso:l
\lxoa yékatsó:l
\lxoa_c i:yékatsó:l
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N2
\pitch yes
\sense_e nose
\sense_s nariz
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root yaka
\root tso:l
\qry The length of the final vowel in the AM for should be checked. I originally had it short, but in Oapan it appears defnitely long. Note that etymologically it might be related to /tso:l/ of
/tso:ltik/ 'short'. Plural (possessed or unpossessed) forms might help reveal underlying length since final vowels are notoriously difficult to identify re: length.
\ref 03911
\lxam kamana:miki
\lxam_c kikamana:miki
\lxoa kamana:miki
\lxoa_c kikamana:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to articulate and utter without much thought or reflexion (i.e., saying whatever comes to mind, or is on ones tongue)
\sense_s articular y decir sin mucha reflección (esto es, diciendo lo que sea, lo que venga a la mente o estáen la boca)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:s san tli:no:n yo:kikamana:mik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just said whatever came to mind.
\phrase_s Dijo nada más lo que se le ocurrió.
\phrase_n Kitowa san tli:n kikamana:miki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He says just whatever comes to mind.
\phrase_s Dice lo que le viene a la mente.
\root kama
\root na:miki
\qry Further determine the meaning and use of this word, with examples. Check for causative.
\ref 03912
\lxam moli:nde:rah
\lxam_c moli:nde:rah
\lxoa molinde:rah
\lxoa_c molinde:rah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan molendera
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e woman hired to prepare food (so called because her primary task is to grind the nextamahliand make tortillas)
\sense_s cocinera, una mujer contratada para preparar la comida (llamada asíporque su tarea principal es moler nextamal y echar las tortillas)
\sense_d Pending
\nse These are usually women hired by single, often widowered, men during the work season. However, households in need of help with food preparation may also hire a
molende:rah (Am) to aid in the kitchen.
\ref 03913
\lxam tlai:xwi:hloh
\lxam_c tlai:xwi:hloh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to be affected with evil eye, tlai:xwi:hli
\sense_s ser afectado por mal de ojo, tlai:xwi:hli
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Deke tlai:xwi:hloh kone:tsi:ntli, para ki:sa tlai:xwi:hli kipapalowilian i:xkwa:tetsi:n, ixa:yaktsi:n, ipan ima:tsitsi:wa:n, a:kin te:i:xwia. Seki kitowa poyé:k un
tlai:xwi:hli, seki xokó:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If a little child has been given the evil eye, so that the evil eye goes away he should have his forehead, his face, his arms, licked by the person who gives evil eye. Some say
that evil eye taste salty, some say that it is bitter.
\phrase_s Si un niñito ha sido afectado por mal de ojo, para que desaparezca el mal de ojo debe ser lamido por la frente, la carita, las manitas porél que echa mal de ojo a la
gente. Algunos dicen que el mal de ojo sabe salado, otros que es amargo.
\root i:x
\qry Note taht I originally had this written as /tlai:xwi:lo/ with the following grammatical note. However, I'm almost sure this was wrong and that this actually a denominal adjectival. The
grammar notes, again probably wrong, were as follows: Passive: the passive construction in -lo has been noted in previous entries and grammatical discussions. However, the word
/tlai:xwi:lo/ represents a new case that is passive in a very classical sense. One set of passives has been noted with weather phenomena. The passive construction is built on a
transitive formation that exists only as an intermediate stage and is never realized as an agentive or transitive verb. Thus /kiawi:lo/ 'to be rained upon' is built upon *kiawia. The long
/i:/ is a clear indication of some sort of transitivization and then, through passivization, detransitivization. However, there is no transitive form so it is not possible to talk of this except
as lexicalized obligatory passivization or, perhpas, inversion. Another exampl e of a quasi-passiveconstruction is /kwa:lo/ and /kukwa:lo/. The first is lexicalized as 'to be sick.' This
is"passive"only in form and only in a diachonic perspective. However, the reduplicative form with a short vowel does have both the semantics and morphology of a passive:
/kikukwan/ 'they (e.g., bugs, moths) eat it (e.g., grains, cloth),' a reflexive passive (used with inanimate subjects) /nokukwa/ 'it gets bug eaten'. However, the form /kukwalo/ also
exists, meaning 'to get bug-eaten.' This has the semantics of a passive and the morphology, except for the fact that the /a/ is short where one would expect a long vowel (i.e., /kwa:lo/
for class 1 verbs). It is, however, /tlai:xwi:lo/ that most directly reflects the passive. Here there is a transitive form /tlai:xwia/ meaning 'to give [A] the evil eye to [P].' The form
/tlai:xwi:lo/ means 'to be given [P as S] the evil eye.' (Check to determine whether the agent can be expressed obliquely, e.g., /tlai:xwi:lo ina:k/ipampa/ika Juan / etc.) While this is a
clear passive form, it appears at present that this construction is not productive and that /tlai:xwi:lo/ is lexicalized,much like /kiawi:lo/, with the exception that a transitive/agentive form
(/tlai:xwia/) also exists. It will be important to determine how prevalent this construction is and whether it is productive at all. Perhaps the forms /nimikti:lo/, /nipale:wi:lo/, etc. should
be investigated. Another point needs to be made about passive constructions and expression of agents. Note the full phrase: /Deke tlai:xwi:lo kone:tsi:ntli, para ki:sa tlai:xwi:hli
kipapalowilian i:xkwa:tetsi:n, ixa:yaktsi:n, ipan ima:tsitsi:wan, akin te:i:xwia. Seki kitowa poyé:k un tlai:xwi:hli, seki xokó:k/ The subject of /tlai:xwi:lo/, as has already been noted, is
the young child, /kone:tsi:ntli/. There is no agent although one is implied, the man or woman who caused/released the evil eye. The next phrase has the common passive form: 3rd
person agent and human patien t. This i s common throughout modern Nahuatl and replaces the Classical /subject + Verb(future stem) + lo/. Yet note that like /tlai:xwi:lo/ the
implied agent is a singular person, the one who caused/released the evil eye. The plural marking on the verb /papalowilia/, therefore, is not a reference to a plural subject, but rather
to a nonreferenced agent. This is functionally a passive construction except that there is no movement of the object to subject status (in terms of grammatical relations). Finally,
however, the question arises as to whether the agent can be obliquely expressed. In the preceding phrase /akin te:i:xwia/ is in essence the agent that is not marked overtly on either of
the preceding two passive verbs: /tlai:xwi:lo/ or /kipapalowilian/. Since /akin te:i:xwia/ clearly refers to the"agent"of the of the verb /kipapalowilian/ it would seem best to analyze this
as oblique. It cannot be the grammatical subject of /kipapalowilian/ since the grammatical subject is plural (as a fun c t i o nal passive). If /akin te:i:xwia/ is not marked on the verb
/kipapalowilian/, i.e., not x-referenced by the zero morpheme subject marker, then perhaps the best analysis would be to consider /akin te:i:xwia/ as the oblique expression of the
agent, even though no overt oblique marker equivalent to English 'by' or Spanish 'por' is present.
\semref i:xwi:hloh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03914
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ya: o:hpa si:stli
\lxoa_c ya: o:hpa si:stli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Adj-N
\der N-b
\sense_e great-grandmother
\sense_s bisabuela
\sense_d Oa
\semfld kin
\root o:k
\root si:s
\root_rel -pa
\nse The citation form for this noun included ya, which is the Oapan Nahuatl equivalent to Classical (and Ameyaltepec) ika. It appears that this term is
possessed ya o:hpa nosi:s. See the Ameyaltepec equivalent for a comparative view.
\semref o:kpalolatli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref o:hpa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03915
\lxam Rre:tos
\lxam_c Rre:tos
\lxoa Rre:tos
\lxoa_c Rre:tos
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan Retos
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e religious dance performed by young and adult men (Ahuelicán often performs this dance, but it is presented in other villages as well)
\sense_s danza religiosa presentada por hombres (jóvenes y adultos, particularmente en Ahuelicán, pero también en otros pueblos de la zona)
\sense_d Pending
\ency_note da:nsah
\qry For this check the circumstances when it is performed. Differentiate from Mo:ros Chi:nos.
\ref 03916
\lxam tlakwa
\lxam_c tlakwa
\lxoa tlakwa
\lxoa_c tlakwa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to eat a meal
\sense_s comer una comida
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to have a full meal (i.e., with meat, as opposed to a meal without meat)
\sense_s tener una buena comida (esto es, con carne, para contrastar con una comida de sólo huevos, frijoles, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlakwa:los, san po:so:lkwa:lo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e People won't have a full meal, they will just have pozole.
\phrase_s No va a haber una comida propia, solamente se comerápozole.
\sense_e (with directional prefix and -tiw) to go/come to eat continually (i.e., every day, for example)
\sense_s (con prefijo direccional y -tiw) ir/venir a comer continuamente (p. ej., cada día)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ontlákwatíw, xok nomati i:cha:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He goes to eat there (e.g., every day to the children's shelter), he no longer feels at home in his house.
\phrase_s Va allápara comer (p. ej., todos los días, al albergue), ya no se halla en su casa.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication and -tiw ; e.g., tla:tlákwatíw Oa; tlakwa:kwatiw Am) to go along eating (or, with wa:l-)
to come along eating
\sense_s (with long vowel reduplication and -tiw ; e.g., tla:tlákwatíw Oa; tlakwa:kwatiw Am) to go along eating (or, with wa:l-)
to come along eating
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa
\nae In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan the aspectual -tiw may be used with a directional prefix (e.g., ontlakwatiw Am) to indicate a repeated action of going
(there) or coming (here) to eat. Thus if someone goes every day to eat in a given restaurant, one can say, ontlakwatiw (Am). However, if one goes along eating, the
verbal form with long vowel reduplication is used, with -tiw. Nevertheless, Ameyaltepec and Oapan reduplicate different stems. In Oapan one says,
tla:tlákwatíw 'he goes along eating', whereas in Ameyaltepec one says tlakwa:kwatiw for the same meaning. Both villages use the intraverse directional
to modify the direction of movement: wa:htla:tlákwatíw in Oapan and wa:ltlakwa:kwatiw in Ameyaltepec. Finally, note that in Ameyaltepec the form
tla:tlakwatiw is used, but with a different, metaphoric, meaning, 'to go along talking out loud' or, in reference to an animal, 'to go along crying (or making the no ise
typical of the animal).' In this sense it is the same as tla:tlatotiw.
\grm Reduplication; directionals; aspectuals: In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan the aspectual -tiw may be used with a directional prefix (e.g.,
ontlakwatiw Am) to indicate a repeated action of going (there) or coming (here) to eat. Thus if someone goes every day to eat in a given restaurant, one can
say, ontlakwatiw (Am). However, if one goes along eating, the verbal form with long vowel reduplication is used, with -tiw. Nevertheless,
Ameyaltepec and Oapan reduplicate different stems. In Oapan one says, tla:tlákwatíw 'he goes along eating', whereas in Ameyaltepec one says
tlakwa:kwatiw for the same meaning. Both villages use the intraverse directional to modify the direction of movement: wa:htla:tlákwatíw in
Oapan and wa:ltlakwa:kwatiw in Ameyaltepec. Finally, note that in Ameyaltepec the form tla:tlakwatiw is used, but with a different,
metaphoric, meaning, 'to go along talking out loud' or, in reference to an anim al, 'to go along cr ying (or making the noise typical of the animal).' In this sense it is the
same as tla:tlatotiw.
\xref tlakwa:lia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref kwa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 03917
\lxam a:kayoh
\lxam_c a:kayoh
\lxoa a:kayoh
\lxoa_c a:kayoh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to be (an area) full of growing reeds
\sense_s estar lleno (unaárea) de carrizo, o con mucho carrizo
\sense_d Pending
\root a:ka
\nse This word refers only to places that have an abundance of growing reed, not to any place that might be filled with cut cane.
\grm Vowel length: Note that the vowel length of the initial /a/ in this word (the following stop makes it easier to document) varies from 103 and 110 ms for Florencia Marcelino
and 88 and 117 ms for Inocencio Jiménez.
\ref 03918
\lxam chia:wi
\lxam_c chia:wi
\lxoa chia:wi
\lxoa_c chia:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become greasy
\sense_s engrasarse; quedar grasoso
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Newa xnikneki ma chia:wi nopla:toh
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't want my plate to get greasy.
\phrase_s No quiere que se ponga grasoso mi plato.
\phrase_n Ikwá:k nopanowa fie:stah, to:hla:n nowenti:lo, miék kante:lah tlikwi. Kamantika se: wetsi. Pa:ti tla:ltipan, tla:ltipan tlachia:wi.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e When it is the time of the fiesta, many many people give offerings, a lot of candles are burning. Sometimes one falls, it melts on the ground, the ground becomes all greasy.
\phrase_s Cuando pasa la fiesta mucha gente hace ofrendas, muchas velas se encienden. A veces una se cae. Se derrite en la tierra, la tierra se pone todo grasosa.
\sense_e to fatten up (an animal that will eaten)
\sense_s engordarse (un animal que se va a comer)
\sense_d Pending
\root chiya:
\grm Use of /tla-/ with intransitives and statives. Note the following two phrase: /San tlachiya:wtok, o:toya:w mante:kah. 'It's a greasy place (in this case a spot on the ground),
lard spilled there.' And, from the above (Oapan): /Ikwá:k nopanowa fie:stah, to:hla:n nowenti:lo, miék kante:lah tlikwi. Kamantika se: wetsi. Pa:ti tla:ltipan, tla:ltipan
tlachiya:wi/.
\vl Note that the first four tokens are /tiawih/ (the /tia/ is palatalized to /chia/ and there is a final aspiration). This means 'let's go' and should be given reference number 7657.
Of the second set of 4 tokens /chiya:wi/, link the 2nd female token and the 1st male token.
\ref 03919
\lxam mo:chilia
\lxam_c kimo:chilia
\lxoa mo:chilia
\lxoa_c kimo:chilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to shoot (sth) of or for (sb)
\sense_s tirarle (algo) a o para (algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chmo:chilikeh nowa:kax.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They shot (one or several of) my cattle on me.
\phrase_s Me tiraron (a uno o varios de) mi ganado.
\phrase_n Xo:nikitak masa:tl, o:timitsmo:chilih wi:lo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I didn't see a deer, (so) I shot a huilota for you.
\phrase_s No vi un ciervo, (por eso) te cazéuna huilota.
\root mo:tla
\qry Check for other meanings.
\xref mo:tla
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03920
\lxam i:xte:mpapa:ya
\lxam_c i:xte:mpapa:ya
\lxoa i:xté:mpá:ya
\lxoa_alt i:xté:mpapá:ya
\lxoa_c i:xté:mpapá:ya; i:xté:mpá:ya
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes
\sense_e to be poor-sighted and with blurry vision
\sense_s tener la vista mala, viendo todo borroso
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e type of stinging insect, like a wasp, as yet unidentified
\sense_s tipo de insecto, como avispa, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\semfld insect
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root pa:ya:
\nse This refers to someone who has poor eyesightseeing everything blurry. It is probably derived from a nominal root pa:ya:, with shortening of the final vowel. Note
that forms such as i:xpapa:ya:tsi:n (diminutive) and i:xpapa:yatik , adjectival, also exist.
\qry I have also heard simply /i:xpapa:ya/, and the correctness of both the forms beginning /i:xte:m-/ and /i:x-/ should be checked. In general check all /i:x-/ words with /i:xte:m-/ to
determine whether they are always interchangeable. The insect name was given by C. Flores
\vl The speech tokens for the alternate pronunciation of this entry /i:xte:mpá:ya/ are in 7057. These should be tagged as 3920, letters c and d for each speaker (female and
male). The final speech file for this entry, therefore, should be F and then M of /i:xté:mpapá:ya/ and then F and M of /i:xté:mpá:ya/. All four original files should be
concatenated into one final file.
\grmx Oapan reduplication: Note that speakers accepted, and pronounced, both /i:xté:mpapá:ya/ and /i:xté:mpá:ya/. The first is underlying {i:xte:m pah pa:ya} while the second
has a reduplicant (as evidenced by the pitch accent). However, in this case there is no reflex of the mora. This is an example of how a long vowel of a preceding syllable (an
incorporated noun in this case) takes p-a as a reflex of the reduplicant. Note that with prefixes this never occurs (i.e., /né:xtete:mówa/ but never /né:xte:mówa/). Moreover,
with many incorporated nouns it does not occur. The problem that has not bee solved is when a long vowel of a syllable preceding a stem can simply take pitch accent as
evidnece of the reduplicant.
\semref i:xpapa:ya
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 03921
\lxam kuwpistia
\lxam_c kuwpistia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to stiffen or harden (sth whose normal state is not hard and stiff)
\sense_s endurecer; ponerse tieso o duro (algo cuyo estado normal no es tieso ni duro)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be set upon by rigor mortis
\sense_s quedar rígido (un cuerpo) por rigidez cadavérica
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:kuwpistiak, yo:mik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Rigor mortis has set in, he's dead.
\phrase_s Se quedótieso su cuerpo por rigidez cadavérica, ya se murió.
\root kow
\root pits
\disamb kuhpitsiwi
\mod Determine the difference between /kuhpitsiwi/ and /kuhpistia/.
\nse I have categorized this lexeme as within the paradigm of -ki/ya/lia given the relationship of kihpistik and kuhpistia.
\qry Determine whether a transitive exists: ?kuhpistilia. Check to see if /kuhpistia/ is lexically restricted only to rigor mortis or not. Also, determine the difference, in any, between
/kuhpistia/ and /kuhpitsiwi/.
\semref kuwtia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref kuwpitsiwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref kohtia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref kohpitsiwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03922
\lxam wetskilia
\lxam_c kwetskilia
\lxoa wetskilia
\lxoa_c kiwetskilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to smile at (sb)
\sense_s sonreirle a (algn)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to laugh at; to mock (e.g, for a job poorly done, such as bad firewood collected or a poorly made stone fence; for having fallen, etc.)
\sense_s reirse de; burlarse de (p. ej., por un trabajo mal hecho, como leña verde y pequeña o un corral de piedras mal hecho; por haberse resbalado, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:kwetskilih, o:kitlatlako:lkwi:lih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He laughed at him, he mocked him for something (e.g., a task or job) that he couldn't do.
\phrase_s Se riódeél, se burlódeél por algo (p. ej., una tarea o trabajo) que no pudo hacer.
\sense_e (with short vowel open syllable reduplication) to laugh at; to mock (e.g, for a job poorly done, such as bad firewood collected or a poorly made stone fence; for having
fallen, etc.)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta y sílaba abierta) reirse de; burlarse de (p. ej., por un trabajo mal hecho, como leña verde y pequeña o un corral de piedras mal hecho;
por haberse resbalado, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root wetska
\nse The meaning of the nonreduplicated and reduplicated forms need to be researched. According to Emilia Domínguez, without reduplication the applicative indicates 'to smile at.' The
reduplicant (without coda /h/) refers to the action of mocking. This needs to be checked.
\nde In Oapan as with other /w/ initial verbs the form kwetskilia is also acceptable.
\qry The meaning of /tlatlakolwilia/ is not entirely clear. This should be checked; cf. entry. Also, recheck the difference between /noka wetska/ and /ne:chkwetkilia/.
\xref wetska
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03923
\lxam xelowilia
\lxam_c kixelowilia
\lxoa xelowilia
\lxoa_c kixelowilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to empty or pour out for (sb [PO], e.g., water, sack, etc.)
\sense_s verter o vaciar para (algn [OP], p. ej., agua, grano, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chxelowili na:w itik na:ko:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pour out my water into my water jug!
\phrase_s ¡Vacia mi agua en mi tinaja para mí!
\root xel
\qry There may be a mistake and perhaps this has a long vowel, from /xe:lowa/ 'to spill or scatter' This should be checked. In general determine all variations: /xeliwi/ and /xelowa/ vs.
/xe:liwi/ and /xe:lowa/. Also reduplication: /xexeliwi/ and /xexelowa/, /xe:xeliwi/ and /xe:xelowa/ vs. /xexe:liwi/ and /xexe:lowa/ and /xe:xe:liwi/ and /xe:xe:lowa/. Check all.
\xref xelowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03924
\lxam xikipi:hli
\lxam_c xikipi:hli
\lxoa xikipi:hli
\lxoa_c xikipi:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e bag (not a costal or sack, but rather a large cloth bag, of manta, i.e., or cotton cloth)
\sense_s talega; bolsa (no un costal pero más bien una bolsa grande de manta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtili:nalti un xikipi:hli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Stuff that sack tightly full!
\phrase_s ¡Llene ese costal hasta que estébien atascado!
\root xikip:l
\qry Note that the final vowel has been checked and is definitely long.
\root_notes Root and etymology uncertain.
\ref 03925
\lxam chichinatsa
\lxam_c kichichinatsa
\lxoa chichinatsa
\lxoa_c kichichinatsa; kichí:chinatsá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ka/tsa
\trans Compl
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to cause to itch and burn
\sense_s darle comezón o picazón a; hacer arder la piel a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:xchichinatsa mi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Corn plants (i.e., in working in the corn field stripping leaves from the stalks) make my body itch and burn.
\phrase_s La milpa (esto es, el zacateo) hace que me arde el cuerpo de comezón.
\phrase_n Ne:xchí:chinatsa mi:hli.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Maize plants cause me to itch in places (i.e., not all over, just in places).
\phrase_s Las plantas de maíz me hacen escocer en lugares (esto es, no por todo el cuerpo, solamente en lugares).
\flao chichinaka
\root china
\nse The triplicated Oapan form kichí:chinátsa represents a general morphosyntactic process in Oapan Nahuatl whereby the first syllables of frequentatives (and here
chichinatsa can be considered similar to a frequentative) may lengthen and take high pitch to indicate that the action occurs"here and there"over a given space. In this
case chichinatsa refers to an itching caused all over the body, whereas chí:chinátsa refers to an itching that is only on isolated portions of the skin.
\grm Reduplication Oapan; note that /chichinatsa/ refers to a general itching whereas /chí:chinatsa/ refers to the type of itching caused by the /iswate:kilistli/ in which one feels
the itchiness in various separated parts of the body. As FM stated, the form /chí:chinátsa/ is only used in reference to clearing the corn leaves from the stalks during the
zacateo.
\qry check inflectional paradigm. Check possibility of /te:chichinats/ as adjectival.
\vl Note that there are two forms: /kichichinatsa/ and /kichí:chinátsa/. The first sequence of 4 is the first pronunciation (without marked pitch accent) while the second is
/kichí:chinátsa/. All should be tagged with 3925, and the final sound file should have four tokens concatenated, F, M, F, M, of the first and then second pronunciation.
\ref 03926
\lxam te:nto:ne:wa
\lxam_c kite:nto:ne:wa
\lxoa te:nto:ne:wa
\lxoa_c kite:nto:ne:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi[e]
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to cause a burning sensation in the mouth of (from contact with sth spicy such as chile)
\sense_s causar un dolor ardiente en la boca de (por contacto con algo picoso como el chile)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Miste:nto:ne:wa chi:hli, ke:n kokó:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The chile will make your mouth burn, it is really spicy hot.
\phrase_s El chile se te va a hacer arder la boca, es muy picoso.
\root te:n
\root to:n
\ref 03927
\lxam tekipanotok
\lxam_c tekipanotok
\lxoa tekipánotíkah
\lxoa_pr tekipanotikah
\lxoa_c tekipánotíkah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\pitch yes
\sense_e to be functioning or working
\sense_s estar funcionando
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tekipanotok, xe uweliwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is functioning, it still hasn't broken.
\phrase_s Estáfuncionando, todavía se ha descompuesto.
\root teki
\root pano:
\ref 03928
\lxam kwepo:nia
\lxam_c kikwepo:nia
\lxoa kopo:nia
\lxoa_c kikopo:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to turn up; to turn (sth) back upon itself
\sense_s voltear para arriba; invertir o poner al revés; volver (algo) sobre si mismo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwepo:ni mi:xtew!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Fold up your eyelid (i.e., turning them inside out, referring to the top eyelid)!
\phrase_s ¡Invierte tu párpado (volteándolo sobre si mismo)!
\phrase_n O:kikwepo:nih yeyekatl ikal, o:kipasolotiki:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The wind turned up the thatching on his house, it made a mess of it as it blew by.
\phrase_s El viento levantóla palma de su casa hacia arriba, al pasar la dejótodo desarreglada.
\sense_e (refl.) to turn back upon oneself (e.g., a line of dancers as they dance)
\sense_s (refl.) voltearse sobre si mismo (p. ej., una línea de danzantes al bailar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nokwepo:nian para kia:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They (the front dancers in a line dance) make a turn toward the outside (to then go back to the end of the line).
\phrase_s Ellas (las danzantes de adelante en una danza de línea) se dan vuelta hacia afuera (y van hacia atrás a cabo de la línea).
\phrase_n Nokwepo:nian para kalitik -=tlaitik-.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They (the front dancers in a line dance) make a turn toward the inside (and then go back to the end of the line).
\phrase_s Ellas (las danzantes de adelante en una danza de línea) se dan vuelta hacia afuera (y van hacia atrás a cabo de la línea).
\root kwepo:
\nse The phrase xkwepo:ni mi:xtew is, apparently, equivalent to xchi:kwepo:ni mi:xtew and xmi:xte:n(chi:)kwepo:ni. According to Luis
Lucena, in the phrase o:kikwepo:nih yeyekatl ikal , if the force had been greater and more thatching had been turned up, then kwepo:naltia would have
been is used.
\mod For the meaning of /kwepo:nia/ in reference to a line dance, cf. illustration with the two original filecards.
\grm According to Luis Lucena, in the phrase o:kikwepo:nih yeyekatl ikal , if the force had been greater and more thatching had been turned up, then
kwepo:naltia would have been is used. This interesting distinction should be checked. However, another distinction between /kwepo:naltia/ and /kwepo:nia/
might be that the former is used when the patient is inanimate and can have no volition, and that as a reflexive the former is used when it was affected by something,
whereas the reflexive of the latter, might refer, as in the case of dancers, to action taken by the subjects as volitional agents.
\xref kwepo:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref kopo:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03929
\lxam tla:lxina:chkahli
\lxam_c tla:lxina:chkahli
\lxoa tla:lxina:chkahli
\lxoa_c tla:lxina:chkahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e nest of the insect known as tla:lxina:chin
\sense_s nido de los insectos conocidos como tla:lxina:chin
\sense_d Pending
\root tla:l
\root xina:ch
\root kal
\nae Oapan Nahuatl tla:lxina:chkahli at times seems to have an almost imperceptible liquid and a shortened initial vowel /a/. Whether or not ? tlaxina:chkahli
should be considered an alternate pronunciation or form of tla:lxina:chkahli is not, however, entirely clear.
\vl Link second female token and first male token.
\ref 03930
\lxam chi:hlowa
\lxam_c chichi:hlowa
\lxoa chi:hlowa
\lxoa_c chi:hlowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Adj
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to get stained or dirty with chile
\sense_s mancharse con chile
\sense_d Pending
\root chi:l
\nse According to Florencia Marcelino is something gets completely covered with chile then the unreduplicated form is used, e.g., if it got submerged in chile. The reduplicated
chíchí:hlówa is used if chile gets on several (isolated) parts, e.g, of clothes.
\qry Check for adjectival /chi:hloh/.
\ref 03931
\lxam tlachia:wtok
\lxam_c tlachia:wtok
\lxoa tlachia:htok
\lxoa_c tlachia:htok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\compound tla-Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be greasy all over (a place)
\sense_s ser grasoso (un lugar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San tlachia:wtok, o:toya:w mante:kah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The area's all greasy (in this case a spot on the ground), lard got out spilled there.
\phrase_s El lugar es todo grasoso (en este caso un punto en el suelo), (allí) se tirómanteca.
\root chiya:
\qry Check to make sure that /chiya:wtok/ can exist as a separate word, without /tla-/. If this does not prove true, then the entry should be changed to /tlachiya:wtok/ and a new stative
code Stat-tla should be created. Also, perhaps
\grm Note that /tla-/ with statives indicates that a particular state is common to an area. Thus one might hae /tlaxixi:ntok/, etc.
\vl All tokens in this sequence (6, I believe) are of the same word, the headword /tlachiya:htok/. All should be tagged 3931.
\ref 03932
\lxam isiwi
\lxam_c isiwi
\lxoa ísiwí
\lxoa_pr isiwi
\lxoa_c ísiwí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (rarely in tenses/aspects other than the present) to be in a hurry
\sense_s (raramente en tiempos/aspectos que no sean el presente) tener prisa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xnimitsihlia xisiwi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm not telling you to hurry up!
\phrase_s ¡No te estoy diciendo que te apures!
\sense_e to develop early in the planting season (e.g., beans; cf. yetlatski)
\sense_s desarrollarse temprano en el ciclo agrícola (p. ej., frijoles; cf. yetlatski)
\sense_d Oa
\root hsi
\nse ísiwí is used in reference to agricultural products such as beans in phrases such as yetl yunísiwí or ísiwíun yetl. One or two consultants
mentioned an incorporated form ? yeísiwí but most others rejected this as incorrect. Note that the contrary situation, i.e., to develop late in the season, is
communicated by the verb tlatsiwior by the nominalized form yetlatski.
\nae In general the past tenses/aspects utilize the progressive form: nisiwtoya 'I was in a hurry.'
\qry Check correctness of Am /isiwilia/. This might be an error.
\grm Note complementation with imperative. A study of complementation should include this possibility. Thus note: Xnimitsihlia xisiwi! 'I'm not telling (to) hurry up! This seems
somewhat similar, syntactically, to an embedded question as complement: xtimitsihlia akinon yas 'I'm not telling you who will go!' Clearly the use of an imperative follows the
use of sentence complements such as /xtimitsihlia titlakwa:s/ 'I'm not telling you to eat'
\xref isiwilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref tlasiwi:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref tlásiwí:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03933
\lxam rra:nah
\lxam_c rra:nah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan rana
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of green frog
\sense_s rana verde
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld lizard
\semref máriatsí:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03934
\lxam suwa:tia
\lxam_c nosuwa:tia
\lxoa siwa:tia
\lxoa_c nosiwa:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-tia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to take or go around with (a woman) as if she were ones wife; to take as a girlfriend
\sense_s (refl.) tomar o andar con (una mujer) como si fuera su esposa; tomar como novia
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nosuwa:wtia, ye ia:xka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He takes her for his girlfriend, she's his.
\phrase_s Se la toma como novia, ya es suya.
\root sowa:
\disamb na:miktia; sowa:wtia; a:na
\nse The implication of sowa:wtia is that the woman is not taken as a real wife (i.e., a marriage does not take place), but rather is treated as if she were a wife, i.e., is part
of a permanent relationship, a long-term lover.
\nae For a discussion of object marking, see na:ntia.
\qry Make sure only the reflexive can be used. This appears to be the case as RS has /ciuauhtia/ ninote o nicno. Also, check to see whether the unexpressed object is nonspecific, i.e.,
/nosowa:wtia/ 'he takes a wife' or specific 'he takes her as a wife.' Probably the latter since in the example, /ye ia:xka/ suggests a specific person. However, it will be necessary to
determine how this specific object is expressed. Most likely it is obliquely, i.e., /nosowa:wtia ika Juana/. But this needs to be checked. Check for other terms with /-tia/ meaning 'to
take possession of' : /nowa:xka:tia/, ?/nona:ntia/, ?/nokniwtia/, ??? Recheck that Am has /sowa:wtia/ and Oapan /siwa:tia/.
\grm Possessive; Reflexive; -tia : Object deletion: Note that in general Ameyaltepec Nahuatl (as well as that of Oapan, though perhaps somewhat less so) reflexive use of trivalent
verbs do not mark the nonreflexive specific object on the verb. Thus one might have /nimokowili:s nakatl/ 'I will buy meat for myself' In Classical this would be expressed as
/niknokowilia nakatl/. Note that whereas in Ameyaltepec one has a phrase such as /Nosowa:wtia, ye ia:xka/ 'He takes her for his girlfriend, she's his.' However, perhaps the
translation is wrong and it should be 'he takes a woman as a 'wife', she is his.' Thus use of /ye ia:xka/ suggests that a specific subject is already introduced. Note, moreover,
that the meaning of this constructions suggests that the person being taken as a wife (or mother, etc.), is not really one. Thus /nosowa:wtia/ has the implicature that the
woman is not really a wife, but like one. In this sense it seems to indicate a permanent type of relationship. This should be c hecked. RS gives a meaning that seems
equivalent to 'to marry.'
\semref suwa:wtia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 03935
\lxam iyo:tia
\lxam_c niyo:tia
\lxoa íyó:tia
\lxoa_pr iyo:tia
\lxoa_c níyó:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to breathe
\sense_s respirar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:si o:mik. Ka! Ok niyo:titok. Xe miki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It appears that he died. No! He's still breathing. He still hasn't died.
\phrase_s Parece que se murió. No! Todavía estárespirando. Todavía no se muere.
\phrase_n Timiiyo:titok chika:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are breathing hard.
\phrase_s Estás respirando fuerte.
\semfld functions
\root hyo:
\qry Check to see if only used in reflexive.
\ref 03936
\lxam a:poso:naltia
\lxam_c ka:poso:naltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca[ni]
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make froth
\sense_s hacer espumar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tika:pa:tso:s ipan moma, poso:ni ke:n jabón. Tika:poso:nalti:s
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will moisten it in the palm of your hand, it bubbles up like soap. You will make it froth up with water
\phrase_s Vas a echarle agua en la palma de tu mano, se hace espuma como si fuera jabón. Vas a hacerlo espumar con agua.
\root a:
\root poso:
\nae Unlike most verbs that end in -ni , a:poso:naltia follows the pattern of certain verbs of motion (tsikwi:ni , patla:ni) in that
the transtive is a causative, not a nondirected alternation. However, the intransitive form a:poso:ni has not been documented. There is, however, an adjectival form
a:poso:nki
\qry Check for intransitive form ?/a:poso:ni/. Also check for /a:poso:nia/.
\semref a:poso:nia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03937
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /yeyekawi:teki/ 'to whip hard (e.g., with a rope or similar flexible object)'. I believe I only heard it once and it was likely a 'vacilada'. C. Flores did not accept it
and it has been removed.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 03938
\lxam newa
\lxam_alt nowa
\lxam_c newa
\lxoa náwá
\lxoa_alt néwá
\lxoa_c náwá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(ind)
\der Pr-ind
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e I (emphatic pronoun, 1st-person singular)
\sense_s yo (pronombre enfático de primera persona)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n ¡Tiaweh yónawá!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Let us go my dear!
\phrase_s ¡Vamos corazón!
\root nehwa
\nae Often pronounced with a raised and backed vowel [nowa]. Note that this same backing of the first vowel occurs with other independent pronouns: tewa ,
yewa , tewameh , and yewameh. Although an accoustic analysis is pending, this vowel seems to be a mid-to-high central vowel, and
most likely an underlying /e/, found in other neighboring dialects, has been backed. Note that older speakers seem to have a more fronted vowel [e] than younger speakers [o].
When I asked Luis Lucena, a consultant who was then between 60 and 70 years of age, to write the first person singular pronoun, he wrote nehua , using an /e/.
\qry It is still unsure how to record this sound. Note that the independent pronouns may be use to focus on possessors, in which case they translate more like"my."See grammar.
\vl There are four additional tokens from 02810. These should be tagged with #3938, but they should not be linked as the later tokens recorded here at 3938 are better.
\semref no
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03939
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be the entry for /tlatskapanal/, which Luis Lucena used often with the sense of 'lay' (i.e., I went to see my lay, /o:nikitato notlatskapanal/). Although everyone understood
this term, it is vulgar (though amusing at the same time). I have removed it from the dictionary for now.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 03940
\lxam tsi:tsikilowa
\lxam_c kitsi:tsikilowa
\lxoa tsi:tsikilowa
\lxoa_c kitsi:tsikilowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to draw or place (e.g, in embroidery) a zig-zag line on (cf. tlalo:xtia)
\sense_s dibujar o poner (p. ej., en un bordado) una línea en zigzag sobre (cf. tlalo:xtia)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to sew up a hole or tear on by zig-zagging the thread back and forth with a sewing machine (i.e., and not using a patch)
\sense_s coser cerrado un rasgón al correr un hilo en un zig-zag cerrado con una máquina de coser (p. ej., y no utilizar un parche)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtsi:tsikilo ika:ltson!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sew up the rip in his calzones by going back and forth with the sewing machine!
\phrase_s ¡Arregla el rasgón en sus calzones al correr un hilo en zig-zag sobre ello con una máquina de coser!
\root tsikil
\nae Although more acoustic analysis needs to be conducted, it seems that in cases of a CVCV sequence in which the CV syllables are identical, lenght on the first syllable (i.e., CV:CV)
is reflected mostly in the comparative duration of the two vowel nuclei and not any nonrelative duration. Thus the duration of the first stem vowel of kitsi:tsikilowa in the
speech of Inocencio Jiménez is in one token only about 83 ms. But in this case the following vowel is only some 29 ms. The pattern across four speech tokens is 93:34 and 87:24 ms
for Florencia Marcelino, and 90:46 and 83:29 for Inocencio Jiménez. This pattern, in which length is manifested by shorter duration in a CVCV sequence with identical segments in
each syllable, seems constant across many cases.
\qry Check vowel length.
\grm Vowel length; reduplication: Re: /kitsi:tsikilowa/. Although more acoustic analysis needs to be conducted, it seems that in cases of a CVCV sequence in which the CV
syllables are identical, lenght on the first syllable (i.e., CV:CV) is reflected mostly in the comparative duration of the two vowel nuclei and not any nonrelative duration. Thus
the duration of the first stem vowel of kitsi:tsikilowa in the speech of Inocencio Jiménez is in one token only about 83 ms. But in this case the following vowel
is only some 29 ms. The pattern across four speech tokens is 93:34 and 87:24 ms for Florencia Marcelino, and 90:46 and 83:29 for Inocencio Jiménez. This pattern, in
which length is manifested by shorter duration in a CVCV sequence with identical segments in each syllable, seems constant across many cases.
\ref 03941
\lxam tlatlako:leh
\lxam_c tlatlako:leh
\lxoa tlátlakó:leh
\lxoa_c tlátlakó:leh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e sinner
\sense_s pecador
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Deke so:lo timoyo:lkwi:ti:s, hkó:n, hkó:n xtitlatlako:leh.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Lucena ichpokawa wan tiopixki
\phrase_e If you just confess, that way, that way, you aren't be a sinner.
\phrase_s Si solamente confiesas, así, así, no eres pecador.
\psm N
\der N-posr-eh
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\root htlako
\nse Undoubtedly related to /itlakowa/; enter connection in root dictionary.
\qry Check final glottal stop or absence with /so:lo/.
\ref 03942
\lxam i:xte:ntsitsikwika
\lxam_c i:xte:ntsitsikwika
\lxoa i:xte:ntsitsikwika
\lxoa_c i:xte:ntsitsikwika
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp [N-N]-V1
\der V2-alt-ka[freq]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e for ones eyelids to pulse or tick
\sense_s palpitarsele los párpados
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ti:xte:ntsitsikwika. Yewa te:tsa:wtli, itlah tli:n moyo:lka:w mikis, noso se: moje:nteh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your eyelids are pulsing. That's a bad omen, one of your animals will die, or someone from within your family.
\phrase_s Se te están palpitando los párpados. Es un mal agüero, uno de tus animales morirá, o alguien de entre tus parientes.
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root tsikwi:
\nse This pulsing of the eyelids is considered a te:tsa:wtli (Am), or bad omen.
\grm Frequentatives: Note that there is a clear difference between the semantics of a base verb and that of a frequentative. For example, although one finds the word
/i:xte:ntsitsikwika/ in both Am and Oa, there is no corresponding * i:xte:ntsikwi:ni.
\ref 03943
\lxam xi:pe:wa
\lxam_c kixi:pe:wa
\lxoa xi:pe:wa
\lxoa_c kixi:pe:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to scrape or peel off the skin or surface of
\sense_s descascarar; pelar o quitar la cáscara o superficie de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikxi:pe:was notepe:tomaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will peel the skin off my small wild tomatoes.
\phrase_s Voy a quitarles las cáscara de mis pequeños tomates silvestres.
\phrase_n Xiktexixi:pe:wa un tepa:ntli para oksepa ye:nkwika:n tiki:xa:mi:skeh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Scrape off the surface of that wall so that we will (be able to) plaster it anew (i.e., starting from a clean surface, one that is like new)!
\phrase_s ¡Quítale la capa (en este caso de revoque) de esa pared (al rascarla) para que le podamos revocar de nuevo (esto es, empezando desde una superficie limpia, como en su
estado original)!
\root xi:p
\nse Xi:pe:wa signifies the removal of the outside covering of some object. It can have as its object the thick skin of certain fruits or the bark of trees. It may be used to
signify the removal of the skin of green tomatoes (mi:ltomatl) or small wild tomatoes (tepe:tomatl) but not to the removal of the skin of red
tomatoes (xi:tomatl). It may also be used to refer to the skinning of animals. Apparently with the sense of 'to scrape off' and in reference to the plaster on a brick
wall, the intensifier te- must be used, probably the result of the energy and force needed to carry out this activity.
\qry Check when /texi:pe:wa/ and when /xi:pe:wa/ can be used. Check why it is not used for the skinning of red tomatoes, and what word is used.
\grm Intensifier: The conditions under which /te-/ is used are not entirely clear. At one point I had assumed that it was used to indicate the suddenness of an action (as with
/koto:ni/ and /tekoto:ni/). However, in the present case, with the verb /xi:pe:wa/, I was told that the /te-/ is necessary when this verb is used to refer to the action of scraping
off the plaster covering on a wall. The use of /te-/ in this case would seem to be motivated by the energy that would be needed to be expended to achieve the results
indicated.
\ref 03944
\lxam teposto:to:tl
\lxam_c teposto:to:tl
\lxoa teposto:to:tl
\lxoa_c teposto:to:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e airplane
\sense_s avión
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:te:chnono:tskeh iksan totawa:n ika wi:tseh, wi:ts teposto:to:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A long time ago, our ancestors told us that they would come, that an airplane would come.
\phrase_s Hace mucho tiempo, nuestros antepasados nos platicaron que vendrán, vendráun avión.
\phrase_n Teposto:to:tl yewa abió:n pa:mpa patla:ni iwa:n de tepostli, patla:ni ke:n se: to:to:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p DT1:008
\phrase_e Teposto:to:tl , that is what a plane is called because it flies and it is made of metal, it flies like a bird.
\phrase_s teposto:to:tl , eso es lo que llaman a un avión porque vuela y es hecho de metal, vuela como un pájaro.
\root tepos
\root to:to:
\ref 03945
\lxam tlayewalo:ltia
\lxam_c kitlayewalo:ltia
\lxoa tlayewalo:ltia
\lxoa_c kitlayewalo:ltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to carry in a religious procession (e.g., a saint from the village church)
\sense_s llevar en una procesión religiosa (p. ej., un santo de la iglesia del pueblo)
\sense_d Pending
\root yewal
\xref tlayewalowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03946
\lxam te:mpatiltik
\lxam_c te:mpatiltik
\lxoa te:mpatiltik
\lxoa_c te:mpatiltik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to have a twisted or crooked mouth (that goes off to one side)
\sense_s tener la boca torcida o chueca (que sale a un lado)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root patil
\vl First token is mistaken; it is /te:mpatiliwi/ and should be coded with ref. 02141. Then follow 4 correct tokens.
\ref 03947
\lxam tlakwalki:xtilia
\lxam_c kitlakwalki:xtilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V2-d-ap[ca]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to take the food away (from sb eating, e.g., at a fiesta)
\sense_s quitarle la comida a (algn que había estado comiendo)
\sense_d Pending
\src_s DT#7:581
\phrase_n Ma:ka mitstlakwalki:xtili:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't let him take the food you are eating away from you!
\phrase_s ¡No dejes que te quite la comida!
\sense_e to make one lose ones apetite (e.g., an illness)
\sense_s hacer perder el apetito a (p. ej., una enfermedad)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:xtlakwalki:xtilia tsompi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A cold makes me lose his apetite.
\phrase_s La gripa me hace perder el apetito.
\root kwa
\root ki:sa
\disamb tlakwalkoto:na; tlakwalki:xtilia; tlakwalka:waltia
\semref tlakwalka:waltia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref tlakwalkoto:na
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03948
\lxam ichpo:chwia
\lxoa ichpo:chwia
\lxoa_f [ich po:ch 'wi a]
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical +Nonspec
\sense_e see tlaichpo:chwia (Am) or tlaichpo:chwiya(Oa)
\sense_s véase see tlaichpo:chwia (Am) o tlaichpo:chwiya(Oa)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root chpo:ch
\vl The speech tokens here should be tagged with reference 01109.
\ref 03949
\lxam pino:lxi:ni
\lxam_c pino:lxi:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (for a piece of wood) to get spots filled with powder (e.g., from termites eating it).
\sense_s tener pedacitos (un trozo de madera) que se hicieron polvo (p. ej., por la acción de la polilla).
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kipia ipino:hlo, yo:pe:w pino:lxi:ni, yo:pe:w kukwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has powder (a piece of wood, a beam, etc.), it's started to get powdery, it's started to get eaten (by termites or other small bugs).
\phrase_s Ya estácarcomido (un pedazo de madera, una viga), ya empezóa llenarse de polvillo, ya empezóa carcomerse.
\root pino:l
\root xi:
\qry Determine whether only wood can have /-pino:hlo/ or if grains can also. Check for transitive and other forms.
\grm Noun Incorporation: Note that the intransitive verb /xi:ni/ seems often to be used with an incorporated noun to communicate the concept of being full or covered with
certain objects or small animals. At this point (Dec. 2000) two examples of N+xi:ni come to mind: /pino:lxi:ni/ and /okwilxi:ni/. In both cases the semantics of the
construction are 'to become full of [incorporated noun].' The subject is in one sense the location, but in another sense the patient. Viewed from another perspective, the
incorporated noun is at some level the subject of the intransitive verb /xi:ni/, i.e., it is that which is"scattered."Note that RS has for /xini/: 'caer, desplomarse, destrozarse,
hablando de un muro, etc.' Recheck whether these constructions are correct.
\ref 03950
\lxam ba:
\lxam_alt ba:h
\lxam_c ba:h
\lxoa ba
\lxoa_cpend ba
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\der Interj
\sense_e sure; well indeed; hey; hmph
\sense_s pues; ves
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:tine:chi:xkakaya:w. Nimitsitaya tewa. Bah! tlaka xtewa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I was fooled by someone with your appearance, I thought it was you that I was seeing. But hey, it wasn't you at all!
\phrase_s Me engañaba alguien con tu apariencia. Pensaba que te veía a tí. Pues¡no me digas, no fuiste tu!
\phrase_n A: Ke:no:n tikma:ka:was mochpo:ch? Bah, ye nona:miktia! B: Sahki, ba xnikpia tli:no:n ika!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A: How will you give away your daughter? Y'know she's about to get married! B: Without fanfare, y'know, I don't have the means (to do it with the proper trimmings, e.g., I
don't have an animal or similar thing for her to take to her in-laws)!
\phrase_s A:¿Cómo vas a entregar a tu hija?¡Pues, ya se va a casar! B:¡Asínomás, sabes pues no tengo con que (esto es, no tengo un animal ni otra cosa asíque puede llevarse a
su casa nueva con los suegros)!
\phrase_n O:ki:xpoloh itomi:n. O:kikow un tli:n o:kwelitak. Bah! Xkwahli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He wasted his money. He bought something that he liked. Hmph! It was no good!
\phrase_s Echóa perder su dinero. Comprólo que le gustó.¡Ves!¡No valía la pena!
\nse Bah is an expression typical of San Miguel Tecuiciapan. However it is also occasionally, though rarely, used in Ameyaltepec, and more rarely in Oapan.
\qry Check for possible presence of /h/ final, i.e. /bah/.
\ref 03951
\lxam nakastewe:weyaktik
\lxam_c nakastewe:weyaktik
\lxoa nakastewe:weyahtik
\lxoa_c nakastewe:weyahtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-tik-k
\lexical Lex. infix te- ; Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e to be long-eared (an animal)
\sense_s tener las orejas largas (un animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Melákwaltsi:n mobeserri:toh, o:tla:kat nakastewe:weyaktik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your calf it really pretty, it was born with long ears.
\phrase_s Tu becerrito es de veras bonito, naciócon las orejas largas.
\root nakas
\root weya
\qry Check the possibility of a form without the intensifier /te-/. Also check the length of the reduplicated vowel. In general note and discuss the nature of adjectives ending in /-ktik/. I
have varied constantly between a long and short vowel in the reduplicant. All lexemes with /weweyak/ reduplication should be checked and compared.
\qry_h Check vowel length and presence of /h/.
\grm Reduplication: /nakastewe:weyaktik/ 'long-eared (an animal)' The reason for the long-vowel reduplication here is not clear; certainly this should be checked with native
speakers. But if it does turn out that the vowel length is correct as recorded, then an explanation should be attempted.
\ref 03952
\lxam ma:niye:wa
\lxam_c kima:niye:wa
\lxoa má:yé:wa
\lxoa_c kimá:yé:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to let slip or fall out of ones hand
\sense_s dejar caer o escaparse de las manos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:wetsiko, pero san o:tikyo:kolih, o:tikma:niye:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It fell down to the ground, but you just caused it to happen, it let it slip out of your hands.
\phrase_s Se cayóal suelo, pero tu solo lo hiciste, se te fue de las manos.
\root ma:
\root yaw
\nae The etymology of this verb is uncertain. Perhaps it is related to Classical mayaui. nite- 'derribar a otro en el suelo'; nitla- 'arrojar o echar algo por ay'
(Molina). It would appear, however, that the Ameyaltepec sequence -iye:wa represents a reduplicant and stem and that this reduplicant is also reflected in the
marked pitch accent of the Oapan form. The origin of the internal /n/ in Ameyaltepec ma:niye:wa is not clear.
\qry Also check for underlying [h] and reconfirm vowel length.
\semref kamama:niye:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref kamá:yé:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03953
\lxam po:kwia
\lxam_c kipo:kwia
\lxoa po:hwia
\lxoa_f [po:h 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kipo:hwia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to burn incense in front of or around (letting the smoke envelop an object or penetrate a place as part of an offering or a curing ceremony)
\sense_s quemar incienso enfrente de o alrededor de (dejando que el humo cubra un objeto o invada un lugar como parte de una ofrenda o de una ceremonia de curación)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kemech kipo:kwi:s iye:lo:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is about to burn incense in his field of green corn (during the fiesta of Santa Cruz on 13 September).
\phrase_s Estápor quemarle incienso en su milpa de elote (durante la fiesta de santa Cruz, el 13 de septiembre).
\phrase_n Kipo:kwitok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is burning incense in front of it.
\phrase_s Estáquemando incienso frente a ello.
\root po:k
\grm Oapan phonology; /h/: Note that in /kipo:hwiya/ the /h/ is clearly audible and the spectrogram clearly manifests it. Clearly minimal pairs should be discussed.
\ref 03954
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be /tsonyowa/ but has been removed. 'to become hairy'. In ref. to a child born hairless whose hair grows one says /ixwa i:tson/.
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\mod In Oapan only forms such as te:ntsonyowaare used, with a specific reference to the place on the body that the hair emerges; there is no general term ?
tsonyowa.
\ref 03955
\lxam tlah
\lxoa tlah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Pr
\der Pr-indef
\sense_e see itlah
\sense_s véase itlah
\sense_d Am
\root itlah
\ref 03956
\lxam tsi:ntepolkestok
\lxam_c notsi:ntepolkestok
\lxoa tsí:ntepolkéstok
\lxoa_pr tsi:ntepolkestok
\lxoa_c notsí:ntepolkéstok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\compound N-Mod-Stat
\der *V1-Stat (Am); Stat-refl (Oa)
\infv Durative
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e upside-down (e.g., a water jug, bottle, canteen, etc., often in order to empty of a liquid)
\sense_s cabeza abajo (p. ej., un cántaro, botella, cantimplora, etc., a menudo para verter el líquido que tiene adentro)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Wa:ltsi:ntepolkestia:s mokósta:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your sack (e.g., of corn tied onto a donkey) is coming along tilted upside-down.
\phrase_s Tu costal (p. ej., de maíz atado a un burro) viene inclinado boca-abajo.
\semfld motion
\flao tsi:ntepolketsa
\root tsi:n
\root tehpol
\root ketsa
\nae In Oapan only the reflexive stative is used. (NB: note why and switch to entry under verb; and progressive, etc.). Although Cristino Flores seems to have initially uttered
tsi:ntepolkestok he later indicated that the reflexive stative was more common.
\qry_h kitsí:ntepolkéstok
\disamb tsi:ntepolkestok; tsi:nkestok; tsonkestok; i:xakamantok (check to see if tsi:nkestok and tsonkestok are words)
\qry Check difference between /tsi:ntepolkestok/ and, if it is correct, /notsi:ntepolkestok/. I have a card with the latter reflexive stative mentioned. This should be checked. In future add
coding for reflexive statives, perhaps Stat-refl as here.
\mod Although I originally had /tsí:ntepolkéstok/ for Oapan Nahuatl here, I also noted that this is not correct as it is, but may only be used as /kitsí:ntepolkéstok/, i.e., with an object
marker. This would seem to indicate that it is a progressive or durative. Hence the recording should not be linked here, but rather to entry 05493 along with the form already linked.
\grm Statives; aspectuals; valency reduction: Note /Wa:ltsi:ntepolkestia:s mokósta:l/ 'Your sack (e.g., of corn tied onto a donkey) is coming along tilted upside-down.' The entry
form for this lexeme is /tsi:ntepolkestok/. There are two things to note. The first thing is that both /-tok/ and /-tiw/ can function as stative/resultative endings to decrease the
valency of a verb. /ketsa/ is marked in all dialects as a transitive verb. However, in Ameyaltepec (and apparently other villages of the region), the durative form
/tsi:ntepolkestok/ is a one-place predicate with a stative/resultative meaning. There is no evidence that */ketsi/ exists in any dialect. Thus if a reflexive is used /noketsa/, this
would seem to have an anticausative interpretation (check). The other point to note is the relationship between /-tok/ statives and /-tiw/ motion-statives (if this is a good turn).
It seems that with statives of positions, /-tiw/ indicates 'to go along in X position.' Thus /tsi:ntepolkestok/ ' to b e in position X' (where X=upside-down), and /tsi:ntepolkestiw/
meanings 'to go along in positionX.' However, here the major question is whether the /-tok/ durative is maintained with the /-tiw/ aspectual marker. It seems that this only
occurs with certain lexicalized forms such as /westok/, /ikatok/, and /e:watok/. Other forms should be examined, but I do not remember them.
\ref 03957
\lxam ikxikoko:pi:l
\lxam_c ikxikoko:pi:l
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ab
\lexical Op. infix te- : ikxitekoko:pi:l
\sense_e to take small steps; to be a slow-poke (in terms of walking)
\sense_s ser lento para caminar, ser alguien que toma pasos chicos
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tikxitekoko:pi:l. Xwel tinenemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are a slow-poke on your feet. You can't walk well.
\phrase_s Eres un lento para caminar (al tomar pasos chiquitos). No caminas bien.
\root kxi
\root ko:pi:l
\nse Said of a person who is a slow-poke, who takes small and slow steps even though he is not ill.
\qry Check incorporation of /te/, apparently word can appear with or without this incorporation.
\mod There is an important question about how to translate words like this, as a noun or adjectival. Check and discuss with lexicographers.
\ref 03958
\lxam tlanawi:tia
\lxam_c kitlanawi:tia
\lxoa tlanawi:tia
\lxoa_c kitlanawi:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make extremely, even terminally, ill (so that the person who is ill is bed-ridden and virtually unable to move, e.g., one disease that follows upon another)
\sense_s hacer enfermar gravamente, y hasta terminalmente, (para que el enfermo estépostrado en la cama sin casi poder moverse, p. ej., una enfermedad que le sigue a otra)
\sense_d Pending
\root tlana
\xref tlanawi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03959
\lxam kwetla:ni
\lxam_c kwetla:ni
\lxoa kwetla:ni
\lxoa_c kwetla:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to hang down loosely or dangle in the air, fixed from a single point (e.g., a strap hanging off a saddle, a tongue hanging out of a dog's mouth)
\sense_s colgarse libremente en el aire, suspendido por un solo punto (p. ej., un tirante colgado de una silla, la lengua de un perro)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlakali morria:tah ipan ikechpan, ma kwetla:ni nepa ipan ima:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Toss your lasso on its back (i.e., of a bull in order to rope it) so that it hangs down in front of its forelegs (thus when the bull steps forward into the loop, it can be pulled
tight and the bulls legs pulled up, throwing it to the ground).
\phrase_s Aviéntale tu riata sobre su lomo (esto es, de un toro para lanzarlo) para que cuelgue abajo hacia sus patas delanteras (así, cuando avanze el toro meterálas patas en la
riata que se puede apretar y jalar, deribando el toro al suelo). ]
\phrase_n Nika:n kwetla:ntiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's going along dangling down here (i.e., a loose strap tied onto a burro, or hanging from ones shoulders, etc.).
\phrase_s Aquíva colgado (p. ej., un tirante suelto atado a un burro, o colgado de los hombros de uno).
\phrase_n Kwe:kwetla:ntiw mota:blah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your board (in this case one that your are transporting on your shoulder) is flopping up and down.
\phrase_s Tu tabla (en este caso una que vas cargando sobre el hombre) se va pandeando para arriba y abajo.
\sense_e to snap back; to suddenly jerk back (from the sudden jerking motion of an animal, a motor vehicle, etc.)
\sense_s irse bruscamente hacia atrás; sacudirse con un tirón (de un moviemiento brusco de un animal, un vehículo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikwetla:n, o:ne:cha:wiltih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I suddenly snapped back, it (a brusk movement) jerked me.
\phrase_s Me fui bruscamente hacia atrás, me aventó(p. ej., una parada violenta).
\root kwetla:
\semref kwetla:tsiwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref kukwetlaka
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Am
\xref kwekwetlaka
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Oa
\ref 03960
\lxam tlapa:ni
\lxam_c tlapa:ni
\lxoa tlapa:ni
\lxoa_c tlapa:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to break (sth hard and brittle such as a ceramic bowl or plate, etc., that either fissures or has a piece break off)
\sense_s romperse (algo duro como un plato de cerámica, etc., al salirle una fisura o caersele un pedazo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka tikwa:ltlakalis, yewa wel tetlapa:ni!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't drop it (or knock it down) to the ground, it can break into pieces!
\phrase_s ¡No lo vayas a dejar caer (o a tumbar) al suelo, se puede romper en muchos pedazos.
\phrase_n Tlapa:nis to:toltetl, ma:ka xtla:li ompú:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The eggs are going to break, don't put them down there!
\phrase_s ¡Los huevos se van a romper, no los pongas allá!
\phrase_n O:xi:niko, o:tlapa:ntekok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It fell out (e.g., from a container) onto the ground, it broke when it hit.
\phrase_s Se cayó(p. ej., desde un recipiente) al suelo, se rompióal impacto.
\sense_e to have offspring (a female member of a species)
\sense_s producir progenie (la hembra de cualquier especie)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ba:kah wel tlapa:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A cow (as opposed to a bull) can have offspring.
\phrase_s Una vaca (y no, p. ej., un toro) puede producir progenie.
\root tlapa:
\disamb tlapa:ni; posteki; tsaya:ni
\nse In its most basic sense tlapa:ni refers to the breaking apart in two pieces, and the reduplicated form to more extreme cases of breaking, such as shattering.
\grm Directionals; aspectuals: Note the use of the intraverse directional and aspectual in the following: /O:xi:niko, o:tlapa:ntekok/ 'It fell out onto the ground, it broke when it
hit.'
\ref 03961
\lxam a:kawtli
\lxam_c a:kawtli
\lxoa ákawtlí
\lxoa_c ákawtlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e general name for several weeds of the Asteraceae family still not identified
\sense_s nombre genérico para varias malezas de la familia Asteraceae todavía no identificadas
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e specific weed of those called a:kwawtli (Am) or ákawtlí (Oa), still not identified
\sense_s tipo específico de maleza de las que se llaman a:kwawtli (Am) o ákawtlí (Oa), todavía no identificada
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:kawtli | Xiwtli, pero xok xiwtli kwa:k yo:wekapaniak. Tikihli:s xiwtli kwa:k pitentsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A:kawtli : It is a 'weed,' but it is not (called) a 'weed' when it has become tall. You call it a 'weed' (i.e., xiwtli) when it is small.
\phrase_s A:kawtli : Es una maleza, pero no se llama asícuando ya creció. Le dices 'maleza' (esto es, xiwtli) cuando es pequeño.
\semfld plant
\semfld herb
\root ahkaw
\nse This is a type of light reed that is often found in fields that have been previously planted, although it is also common elsewhere; it is often used in fencing.There are two types of
a:kawtli : a:kawtli and a:kawtomitl. Note the change of category with growth, as indicated in the associated text.
\nae The length of the initial /a/ in the Ameyaltepec form needs to be rechecked. The lengths of initial vowels are often difficult to determine.
\notes_nature Not listed in Ramírez (1991) or Ramírez and Dakin (1979). See discussion under a:kawtomitl. It is considered tlasohli and is cleared from
fields before they are planted.
\vl Link second male token.
\ref 03962
\lxam tlachi:chi:wilia
\lxam_c kitlachi:chi:wilia
\lxoa tlachi:chi:wilia
\lxoa_c kitlachi:chi:wilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to be picky with
\sense_s ser quisquilloso con; ponerse exigente con
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mistlachi:chi:wilia. O:tkowilih wan xkiselia; ma:ski ma kwaltsi:n. xkwelita.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is being picky with you. You bought it for him and he won't accept it; even though it's pretty he doesn't like it.
\phrase_s Es quisquilloso contigo. Compraste algo para el y no lo recibe; aunque estébonito. no le gustó.
\root chi:wa
\xref chi:wilia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 03963
\lxam tlimiktia
\lxam_c kitlimiktia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to slightly cook (usually things such as meat that are place on a koma:hli , though occasionally on embers, in order to prevent spoilage from the sun)
\sense_s cocer ligeramente sobre el fuego (para evitar que se eche a perder con el calor, p. ej., carne)
\sense_d Am
\semfld cook
\root tli
\root mik
\qry Check to see if /tlimiki/ exists in Am. I imagine that it does. FM thinks she has heard /tlimiki/ and /tlimiktia/ but is not sure of the meaning. This should be checked.
\semref tlipili:naltia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\xref tlimiktilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 03964
\lxam yekapitsowa
\lxam_c kiyekapitsowa
\lxoa yekapitsowa
\lxoa_c kiyekapitsowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to sharpen the end of
\sense_s sacarle filo al cabo de; hacer que sea puntiagudo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kiyekapitsokeh. O:kiyekaxixi:nkeh para o:yekapitsiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They sharpened its end (in this case a stake). They shaved off its end so that it would get a sharp point.
\phrase_s Le sacaron filo a su cabo (en este caso a una estaca). Le cepillaron su cabo para que fuera puntiagudo.
\root yeka
\root pits
\qry See problem or question of vowel length under /yekapi:tsiwi/, to wit: Although my entry for /pi:tsiwi/ has a long /i:/, those for /yekapitsiwi/, /yekapitsowa/ and /yekapistik/ have a
short /i/. I have changed the vowel to short in all attesations of this root/stem pending study. Note that I do, however, have /pitsa:wa/ with a short /i/ as it is in other dialects.
\qry_fon Based on my elicitation I had a long vowel in the headword here; and in the AM example. However, I have changed it to short temporarily pending study of the tapes.
\vl For some reason Inocencio Jimenez rejected his first token and requested that we start again. I can't hear why he wanted to restart. Thus there is a female and male (then
another beep, which might have been segmented) and then the normal four-token sequence. Link the female and male tokens from one of the final two tokens for each
speaker. The initial"false start"can be tagged as an"a"file, but then make sure to link a"b"or"c."
\ref 03965
\lxam ye:lo:chapolin
\lxam_c ye:lo:chapolin
\lxoa ye:lo:chapolin
\lxoa_c ye:lo:chapolin
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\sense_e type of edible grasshopper as yet unidentified
\sense_s tipo de chapolín comestible hasta ahora no identificado
\sense_d Pending
\semfld lifeform
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root ye:lo:
\root chapol
\ency_note chapolin
\qry_fon It seems that long /e:/ preceded by epenthetic /y/ is shortened, so that the entire /ye/ sequence has the duration of a long vowel, but that the /e/ itself is short. This should be
checked.
\vl Link 1st female token.
\ref 03966
\lxam ikxipil bie:joh
\lxam_c i:kxipil bie:joh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) viejo
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e big toe
\sense_s dedo de pie grande
\sense_d Am
\semfld body
\root kxi
\root pil
\semref ikxipil we:i
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref ixipil we:i
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref ikxipil we:i
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ixipil we:i
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03967
\lxam tio:tlaki:ltia
\lxam_c kitio:tlaki:ltia
\lxoa tio:tlaki:ltia
\lxoa_c kitio:tlaki:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to keep (e.g., a worker) until late in the afternoon
\sense_s detener o retener (p. ej., un trabajador) hasta muy avanzada la tarde
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:xtio:tlaki:ltih, ye tlaiwa o:ne:chma:ka:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He kept me till late in the afternoon, it was already dark when he let me go (released me from work).
\phrase_s Me detuvo hasta ya avanzada la tarde, ya era noche cuando me dejósalir (me dejósalir de un trabajo).
\root tio:
\root_rel -tlak
\grm Causative; applicative: There are few cases that seem to indicate a causative construction on an applicative. Yet at the same time, one question in Nahuatl morphosyntax
\qry_fon The vowel length of the /o:/, which I was unsure of, here seems long for Oapan. The measurements are 93, 103, and 96 ms for the 3 tokens of Florencia Marcelino, and 86
and 85 ms. for the two of Inocencio Jiménez.
\vl The first male token (of 3) is mispronounced and should not be tagged.
\ref 03968
\lxam pare:jah
\lxam_c pare:jah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan pareja
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e (i:pan ~) in a race (foot or horserace)
\sense_s (i:pan ~) en una carrera (de pie o de caballo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n I:wa:n xmotla:ni ipan pare:jah! Tihkwenti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Race against him (e.g., in a foot race, horse race, etc.)! You will beat him.
\phrase_s ¡Echate una carrera contraél (corriendo o montado sobre caballo, etc.)! Le vas a ganar.
\ref 03969
\lxam teono:xtli
\lxam_c teono:xtli
\lxoa tekono:xtli
\lxoa_c tekono:xtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e inside fibers of the ó:rganoh cactus that remain when its fleshy exterior dries away
\sense_s fibras interiores del cactus conocido como ó:rganoh que se quedan cuando la parte carnosa de la planta se seca
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root teo
\root no:ch
\nae The Oapan acoustic data analyzed clearly indicates a short /o/; original notes from Ameyaltepec also had a short /o/. Moreover, the lack of pitch accent in Oapan indicates that the
root is not ? tekoh. For this reason the root has been given as teo; whether or not it is related to teo: 'divinity' or 'real' is not clear.
\qry Check for /h/ in /teono:xtli/ either in S. Juan or Oapan dialects.
\qry_fon Check length of first /o/ in Am as in the elicitation with C. Flores I seemed to have heard it long.
\notes_nature Teono:xtli refers to the inside only of the ó:rganoh cactus, and not the inside rods of the cacti known as tlapextli or
to:motsotsohli. The teono:xtli consists of dried sticks that may be used as a torch for hunting birds at night.
\qry_h teono:xtli?
\semref to:to:tla:wilowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref no:xtli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 03970
\lxam tsi:nchi:kwepo:ni
\lxam_c tsi:nchi:kwepo:ni
\lxoa tsi:nchi:kopo:ni
\lxoa_c tsi:nchi:kopo:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-PM-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for the anus to flare open with its edges folding over and turning outward
\sense_s ensancharse o expanderse mucho en ano, con la orilla abriéndose y doblándose hacia afuera
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tsi:nchi:kwepo:ni burroh kwa:k noxi:xa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A burro's anus flares open when it defecates.
\phrase_s El ano de un burro se abre ensanchándose cuando defeca.
\root tsi:n
\root chi:
\root kwepo:
\qry Check which, if any, transitive form exists. Check also whether /tsi:nkwepo:ni/ exists, without /chi:-/.
\vl Link second female form.
\ref 03971
\lxam ma:olo:chowa
\lxam_c kima:olo:chowa
\lxoa ma:o:lo:chowa
\lxoa_c kima:o:lo:chowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to scoop up (sth scattered on the ground such as beans, maize, earth, etc.) with both ones hands
\sense_s juntar (algo que estáesparcido sobre el suelo como frijoles, maíz, tierra, etc.) con las dos manos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka xpepena, xma:olo:cho!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't pick them up one by one (i.e., grain or other small things scattered on the ground), scoop them up in your hands (i.e., scooping them up in both hands in a sweeping
motion, bringing both hands together)!
\phrase_s ¡No vayas a recogerlos uno por uno (p. ej., maíz, frijoles u otras cosas pequeñas regadas por el suelo), júntalos en las dos manos (al arrimarlos con las dos manos en un
gran movimiento circular, cerrando las manos enfrente).
\disamb sentla:lia
\root ma:
\root o:lo:ch
\nse This word is the virtual equivalent of olo:chowa. It refers to the action of cupping of ones hands to scoop up large numbers of small items (such as grains) that are
scattered about.
\nae An acoustic analysis of Oapan ma:o:lo:chowa suggests that the first /o:/ is probably long. However, this should be checked against other data, and compared to the
forms from Ameyaltepec.
\qry_fon Check vowel length of the /o:/s of the stem. Acoustic analysis of the Oapan data suggests that both /o:/'s are long. The Ameyaltepec data needs to be checked. Check ref. 80.
\ref 03972
\lxam tlikwi:ltia
\lxam_c kitlikwi:ltia
\lxoa tlikwi:ltia
\lxoa_c kitlikwi:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to light (firewood, candle, griddle, etc.)
\sense_s prender (leña, veladora, comal, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to turn on (e.g., a light or electrical apparatus)
\sense_s encender (p. ej., un foco o aparato eléctrico)
\sense_d Pending
\root tli
\root kwi
\qry Check Oapan and Am forms for all these verbs. Also check all links. I originally had /tlikwi:ltia/ and /tlikwi:ltilia/ for both dialects, but entry 2330 was checked and Oa has
/tlikwi:tilia/. Whatever the answer is, /-tia/ or /-ltia/ for the causative check, and discuss if there is a difference in one form.
\xref tlikwi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlikwi:ltilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\semref tlikwi:tia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03973
\lxam tsi:nko:lah
\lxam_c i:tsi:nko:lah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) cola
\psm N
\compound N-N
\infn N2
\sense_e tailbone (of a person)
\sense_s coxis (de una persona)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e short tail (e.g., of a turtle)
\sense_s colita corta (p. ej., de una tortuga)
\sense_d Am
\mod This was an entry for /tsi:nkoli:tah/ 'stinger (of particular insects)' but has been removed. I had an example: /Te:kwa:ni, mitskwa:s ika i:tsi:nkoli:tah. Ompa noka:wa ka:n o:mitskwah,
o:mistsopi:nih, dya tsi:nkopi:ni, dya saniman miki./ 'It stings (the bee), it stings with its stinger. It (the stinger) gets detached there where it stung you, where it penetrated you, and then
its stinger comes out, and then it dies right away.' The following animals have a stinger: chi:lpan , tetekomasol , obeji:tas, and the
ko:lo:tl.
\ref 03974
\lxam polowilia
\lxam_c kipolowilia
\lxoa polowilia
\lxoa_c kipolowilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to lose (sth) of
\sense_s perderle (algo a algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tine:chtlapolowilih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You lost some things of mine.
\phrase_s Me perdiste algunas cosas.
\phrase_n Xnikwi:kas, kichi:was timitspolowili:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I won't take it, there's a good chance I'll lose it on you.
\phrase_s No me lo voy a llevar, es muy posible que te lo vaya a perder.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to gradually lose (or misspend, if money) for
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) perderle (o malgastarle, si dinero, algo) poco a poco a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tine:chpo:polowilih notomi:n, wan xtlah o:tikwa:hkik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You misspent my money bit by bit, and you didn't brink anything back.
\phrase_s Me malgastaste el dinero poco a poco, y no trajiste nada.
\root pol
\xref polowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03975
\lxam koma:letsi:n
\lxam_c koma:letsi:n
\lxoa komá:retsí:n
\lxoa_c komá:retsí:n; no:má:retsí:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan comadre
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N0/2; Aln(0=2)
\pitch yes
\sense_e ritual co-parent (female)
\sense_s comadre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ka:n tiaw koma:letsi:n?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where are you going comadre '?
\phrase_s ¿Dónde vas comadre?
\semfld kin
\nse The suffix -tsi:n / is used here as a reverential. The term refers to a co-parent from all occasions: baptism, confirmation, and"de medida"being the major ones. However,
the degree to which the kin term is extended to siblings and blood relations differs in Ameyaltepec and Oapan, with the latter village greatly extending the group of individuals who
ego calls by this term.
\nae The pitch accent in Oapan komá:retsí:n derives from the fact that most loan words into Spanish had a final {h}; here this {h} would fall just to the left of the reverential
suffix -tsi:n, leading to the observed pattern of komá:retsí:n.
\vl Note that here there are two sets of two speech tokens each, as indicated by the semicolon.
\ref 03976
\lxam yaw
\lxam_c yaw
\lxoa yaw
\lxoa_c yaw
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv Irregular; see yaw
\sense_e to go
\sense_s ir
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld motion
\root yaw
\nae In Oapan the plural present form has the alternate pronunciations yawih and yaweh, with perhaps the former slightly more common. A similar variation is
found with the verb wa:hlaw.
\ref 03977
\lxam teteilpia
\lxam_c teteilpia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. prefix te- ; Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to become tightly knotted
\sense_s quedar en un nudo apretado
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:nopilo:lo:k, a:man o:teteilpiak, xwel nototoma.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Someone has pulled down on it (e.g., a rope being knotted, to tighten it), now the knot has gotten really tight, it can't be undone.
\phrase_s Se jalófuerte, ahora quedóel nudo muy apretado, no se va a poder deshacer.
\root lpi
\nse The semantic relationship between a possible ilpia and teteilpia is not entirely clear. There are several nominalizations of ilpia
(-ilpihlo and ilpikatl) that suggest that the verb ilpia was once basic, even though in the corpus to date all examples of verbal forms
are with a reduplicated intensifying prefix (tete-). It is unclear at this time whether simple ? teilpia is correct. Another point for investigation is the
transitivity of the form. This entry manifests teteilpia as an intransitive.
\qry Check progressive form. Cf. /ilpia/ check as to whether this is also possible as intransitive /ilpia.
\ref 03978
\lxam topo:naltilia
\lxam_c kitopo:naltilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to burst (sth) and affect (sb, e.g., in bursting a ball that belongs to sb, or a pimple on sb's body, etc.)
\sense_s reventarle (algo) a (p. ej., una pelota, una ampolla, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\src_s DT#8: 024
\phrase_n O:tine:xtotopo:naltilih notso:tso:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You popped my pimple.
\phrase_s Me reventaste un granito.
\root topo:
\semref topo:nilia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref topo:naltia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 03979
\lxam pitsoko:hke:tl
\lxam_c pitsoko:hke:tl
\lxoa pitsoko:hke:tl
\lxoa_c pitsoko:hke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e pig-buyer
\sense_s marranero
\sense_d Pending
\root pitso
\root kowa
\qry Determine whether the form in /-ki/ is possible. Also, recheck final sequence /ko:hke:tl/ since I originally had /-ko:wke:tl/.
\ref 03980
\lxam testok
\lxam_c testok
\lxoa testitok
\lxoa_c testitok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be packed tightly, crammed, or stuffed full (e.g., a sack, box, etc.)
\sense_s estar apretado o atestado (p. ej., un costal, caja, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be packed in (sth in a cavity or container)
\sense_s estar apretado (algo en una cavidad o recipiente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Testok noyekakwitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The mucous in my nose is packed in (i.e., my nose is full of mucous).
\phrase_s Los mocos de mi nariz están apretados (esto es, mi nariz estállena de mocos).
\root tes
\nse Given that this stem has only been documented when followed by -tok it is unclear whether the underlying stem is tes or tets. No cognate
forms that might clarify this issue have been found in other dialects.
\qry Search for evidence of the stem in other words. In /Testok noyekakwitl/ recheck to determine whether this is metaphoric for, perhaps, /testok noyekatsol/. This will have a bearing
on the meaning, i.e., whether /testok/ refers to the space/item that is stuffed, or to something that is packed it.
\xref tlatestok
\xref_t plus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 03981
\lxam kwa:kuwtetepon
\lxam_c kwa:kuwtetepon
\lxoa kwa:kohtetepon
\lxoa_c kwa:kohtetepon
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound (N-N)-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to have one horn shorter than the other (an animal, usually cattle)
\sense_s tener un cuerno más corto que el otro (un animal, generalmente ganado)
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root kow
\root tepon
\ency_note kwa:kuhtli
\nse Note that the reduplication here is not due to pluralization (as in kwa:kuwtetekestik) but perhaps for lexical reasons. It appears that tetepon usually
occurs in this"reduplicated"form.
\ref 03982
\lxam to:na
\lxam_c to:na
\lxoa to:na
\lxoa_c to:na
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0(cop)
\der V0-b
\infv Copular
\sense_e to be hot
\sense_s hacer calor
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n To:na fwe:rteh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is really hot.
\phrase_s Hace mucho calor.
\phrase_n Ya:lwa to:na katka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Yesterday it was hot.
\phrase_s Ayer hacía calor.
\semfld weather
\root to:na
\nae In Ameyaltepec one consultant gave an explanation of the difference between the two inflectional classes of to:na as follows. With direct inflection (i.e., ya:lwa
o:to:nak) this verb means 'to become hot (by the sun starting to shine)'; with copular infection it means 'to be hot.' Thus the form o:to:nak means 'the sun has
started to shine causing it to become hot' whereas to:na katka refers to the temperature, i.e., 'it was hot.' However, I have only heard o:to:nak once in
Ameyaltepec. In Oapan, as well as Ameyaltepec, speakers are more prone to use to:nati when to:na is not used in the present tense (e.g., Oapan
o:to:nat 'it became hot').
\vl Link first male token.
\ref 03983
\lxam tsi:npaxia:l
\lxam_c tsi:npaxia:l
\lxoa tsi:npaxia:l
\lxoa_c tsi:npaxia:l
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (Nah) pasear
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-?
\sense_e rover; vagabond; person who travels a lot, or who goes around the village a lot visiting many people
\sense_s vagabundo; tratamundos; persona que viaja mucho o que anda mucho en el pueblo de una casa a otra
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tsi:npaxia:l, ke:n kiki:ski.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is a rover, he really gets around.
\phrase_s Es un vagabundo, sale a muchos lugares.
\phrase_n Nitsi:npaxia:l pa:mpa san nipano:tinemi, xwel nimose:witok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm a vagabond because I just go around passing from one place to another, I can't stay in one place.
\phrase_s Soy un vagabundo porque solamente ando paseando de un lugar a otro, no me puedo descansar en un solo lugar.
\root tsi:n
\root paxia:l
\nse Tsi:npaxia:l has the sense of 'vagabond.' It is used to refer to individuals who go around a lot, not on jobs or working, but in visting, passing the time, etc. The person
is never at home, is always out doing things, having fun. It is not used if the constant moving and traveling is part of a job. The roving may be within a single village, or it may take
place around the world in general.
\qry Determine part of speech? Should this be a noun or adjective. Probably the former
\ref 03984
\lxam tlasa:lo:hli
\lxam_c tlasa:lo:hli
\lxoa tlasa:lo:hli
\lxoa_c tlasa:lo:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e bundle that has been tied together
\sense_s manojo que ha sido atado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nana:wi tlasa:lo:hli xkwi:ka!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take them in bundles of four each!
\phrase_s ¡Llévalos en manojos de cuatro cada uno!
\sense_e something tied together (e.g., fronds of palm so that they will be form a long enough strip to be used for tying maize leaves; or the crossbeams of a fence that have been tied
to upright posts)
\sense_s algo atado cabo a cabo (p. ej., las hojas de palma atada una con otra para que alcanzen lo suficiente largo para atar las hojas de maíz acumuladas durante el zacateo; o
los travesaños de un corral que han sido atados a los postes)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n So:ya:tl tlasa:lo:hli para iswatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is palm that has been tied together for (bundling) the leaves of the maize plant.
\phrase_s Es palma que ha sido atada, una con otra, para amarrar las hojas de maíz (del zacateo).
\sense_e something put together with ties (e.g., a plow that has been put together and is ready to be used)
\sense_s algo armado con ataduras (p. ej., un arado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtikpia moara:doh tlasa:lo:hli? Niktlane:wtiwetsiskia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Do you have your plow already put together (i.e., with the timón, mansera,etc.)? I was going to borrow it for a short time.
\phrase_s ¿Tienes tu arado ya armado (esto es, ya con timón, mansera, etc.)? Lo iba a pedir prestado por un ratito.
\sense_e something put together (e.g., furniture or similar types of items; syn. Am. tlaye:kchi:wtli)
\sense_s algo armado o ensamblado (p.ej., muebles u otras cosas parecidas; syn. Am. tlaye:kchi:wtli)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n tlasa:lo:ltih mome:sas.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Your tables are well put together.
\phrase_s Tus mesas están bien ensambladas (o armadas).
\root sa:l
\nse In reference to things that are put or tied together, tlasa:lo:hli is often used with a modifier such as kwahlior xkwahli.
\qry Check whether there is a difference between /tlasa:lo:hli/ and /tlasasa:lo:hli/. Perhaps the former can be used for sth tied and for sth sewn, whereas the latter for only sth sewn.
\qry Check meaning of /tiwetsi/. Apparently it can mean 'for a short time.' /Xtikpia moara:doh tlasa:lo:hli? Niktlane:wtiwetsiskia/ 'Do you have your plow already put together (i.e., with
the timón, mansera,etc.)? I was going to borrow it for a short time.' Check.
\grm Check meaning of /tiwetsi/. Apparently it can mean 'for a short time.' /Xtikpia moara:doh tlasa:lo:hli? Niktlane:wtiwetsiskia/ 'Do you have your plow already put together
(i.e., with the timón, mansera,etc.)? I was going to borrow it for a short time.' Check.
\semref tlasasa:lo:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlá:sa:ló:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 03985
\lxam nenemi
\lxam_c nenemi
\lxoa nénemí
\lxoa_pr nenemi
\lxoa_c nénemí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): ní:nemí
\infv class-3a(m)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to walk
\sense_s caminar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nenenkeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They walked (e.g., as opposed to going on a beast of burden)
\phrase_s Caminaron (p. ej., y no fueron sobre una bestia)
\sense_e to follow up (e.g., a matter of concern)
\sense_s perseguir (p. ej., algún asunto)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nanenemiskeh para noyo:ltla:li:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You all will follow up (i.e., continue to pursue sth, in this case the soothing of an irate father whose daughter had eloped) so that he (the novia 's father) will
calm down.
\phrase_s Vas a perseguir (p. ej., seguir tratando o tramitando algo, en este caso apaciguar un padre cuya hija se había fugado con su novio) para queél (el padre de la novia) se
calme.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication, often in the imperative) to walk quickly
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga, a menudo en el imperativo) caminar rápidamente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:nenemi! Weliwin xya!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Walk quickly! Hurry up!
\phrase_s ¡Camina rápido!¡Apúrate!
\phrase_n Xne:nenemi! Ma:ka yo:li:k!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Walk quickly! Don't go slowly!
\phrase_s ¡Camine rápido!¡No vayas despacio! }
\semfld motion
\root nemi
\nse Note that in o:nenenkeh the implication is that they walked 'there.' If one wanted to say 'they walked here' the form o:wa:lnenenkeh would be used.
\grm Reduplication: long vowel reduplication with verbs of movement seem to indicate a rapidity of movement. Thus cf. /Xne:nenemi! Ma:ka yo:li:k!/ 'Walk quickly! Don't go
slowly! The reason for this meaning in long vowel reduplication is unclear; nor am I aware that it is has been properly researched up to the present. There are other
incidents of this usage: /xcho:cholo/. Also check /to:toka/ or /toto:ka/ (I don't remember which at present).
\ref 03986
\lxam kuwasiwistli
\lxam_c kuwasiwistli
\lxoa kówasiwístli
\lxoa_c kówasiwístli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-is
\infn Stem 1(s)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e pain in ones bones or joints, at times involving swelling (such as that which accompanies dengue, or bone-crushing disease)
\sense_s dolor de los huesos y coyunturas, que a veces se hinchan (como es el efecto de dengue); casihuiscli (regional spanish heard in sta. teresa)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e witchcraft (that causes bone and joint pain)
\sense_s brujería (que causa dolor de los huesos y coyunturas)
\sense_d Pending
\root kowa
\root hsi
\ency_note kowasiwi
\nse Note that although the bone and joint pain indicated by kowasiwistli can be caused by illness, and not witchcraft, the most common use of this deverbalized noun is to
indicate the effects of witchcraft. Some consultants described it as something that can be thrown down on the ground or at someone, who is in this was"bewitched"and becomes ill
with severe bone and muscle aches. It can, however, be used more generally to refer to bone and joint pain caused by such illnesses as dengue. Nevertheless, most often when a
person is affected by a disease, the verbal form kowasiwi is used.
\ref 03987
\lxam chi:wilia
\lxam_c kichi:wilia
\lxoa chi:wilia
\lxoa_c kichi:wilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to do to (sth to sb, e.g., to cause sth to befall sb)
\sense_s hacerle (algo a algn, p. ej., causar que algo le pase a algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tli:no:n o:tine:xchi:wilih?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e What did you do to me?
\phrase_s ¿Quéme hiciste?
\phrase_n O:nikontak. O:pe:w tikchi:chi:wilia tekitl ka:n tito:ka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I saw you over there. You started to do things here and there (to) where you plant (i.e., clear spots here and there, arrange the field for sowing, etc.).
\phrase_s Te víalli. Ya empezaste a hacerle trabajitos por acáy por alládonde vas a sembrar (p. ej., a limpiar el terreno en partes, a trabajar en las varias partes donde se necesita
hacer algo).
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to make (some produced object, or a food or dish) for
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer (una cosa fabricada o elaborada, una comida) para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chtlachichi:wilitok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is making something for me (i.e., producing sth such as ceramics, etc.).
\phrase_s Me estáhaciendo algo (p. ej., fabricando algo como cerámica, etc.).
\phrase_n O:nimochichi:wilih na:to:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I made (prepared) atole for myself.
\phrase_s Me hice atole.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to splatter on (i.e., some liquid, mud, etc.)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) salpicar; manchar (p. ej., con algún líquido, con lodo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pe:w tine:xchi:chi:wilia ika sokitl. O:tine:chtla:tla:lilih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You've started to splatter me with mud. You've gotten it on me in various places.
\phrase_s Me has empezado a salpicar con lodo. Me manchaste en varios lados.
\phrase_n O:nimochi:chi:wilih, o:ne:cha:asik ipan notlake:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I besplattered myself, it got on my clothes (e.g., chile, mud, paint, etc.).
\phrase_s Me salpiqué, me cayósobre la ropa (p. ej., chile, lodo, pintura, etc.).
\sense_e (kichi:wilia luchah) to struggle; to make a concerted effort (e.g., to make a living, to support ones family; to build a house; to sell merchandize)
\sense_s (kichi:wilia luchah) hacerle la lucha; esforzarse mucho (p. ej., para mantenerse a si y a la familia; para fabricar una casa; para vender)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xikchi:wili luchah! Ma:ka mistla:nis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Give it a go! Don't let it defeat you!
\phrase_s ¡Hazle la lucha!¡No dejes que te venzca!
\sense_e (chi:wilia kwe:ntah) to pay attention to
\sense_s (chi:wilia kwe:ntah) hacerle caso a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:xchi:wilia kwe:ntah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He doesn't pay attention to me.
\phrase_s No me hace caso (presta atención).
\root chi:wa
\xref chi:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref tlachichi:wilia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tlá:chi:wília
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\xref tlachi:chi:wilia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03988
\lxam nemi
\lxam_c nemi
\lxoa nemi
\lxoa_c nemi
\dt 03/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers -lo
\der V1-def
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e (~ [adverb of place or locative]) to be located (at)
\sense_s (~ [adverbio de lugar o locativo]) estar; estar ubicado (en)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka te:ma:k nemi yes i:xkopi:nahlo!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't let her photo get into other people's hands!
\phrase_s ¡No vayas a dejar que su foto llegue a manos ajenas!
\phrase_n Xa:k. Nemi te:cha:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's not around. He's visiting someone.
\phrase_s No está. Estáen la casa de otra gente.
\sense_e (~ ipan + [noun]) to be occupied in [activity associated with noun]
\sense_s (~ ipan + [sustantivo]) estar ocupado en [un actividad associado con sustantivo]
\sense_d Pending
\root nemi
\nse In Oapan
\nae The fact that nemi can occur with a separate copula inflected for tense suggests that it be analyzed as an adverbial particle indicating 'location at.'
\qry Check for oblig. poss. form /nemia/.
\ref 03989
\lxam tepachichi
\lxam_c tepachichi
\lxoa tepachichi
\lxoa_c tepachichi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e still unidentified insect, a type of grasshopper, that makes itself heard during the time of elotes
\sense_s insecto todavía no identificado, un tipo de chapulin, que se hace escuchar durante la temporada de elotes
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tepachichi, nokwi:katia kwa:k u:nkah ye:lo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tepachichi , it sings when there are elotes(i.e., mid- to late September).
\phrase_s El tepachichi , canta cuando hay elotes (de mediados a finales de septiembre).
\phrase_n Tepachichi, ke:n chapolin tlachia pero we:i. Xnokwa. Tlaki:ska:tlan tsatsi, pe:wa ipan San Miguel.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tepachichi , it is like a grasshopper, but big. It isn't edible. It makes noise at the end of the rainy season, beginning on the fiesta of San Miguel (Sept.
29).
\phrase_s El tepachichi es como un chapulín, pero grande. No se come. Hace ruido al terminar la temporada de lluvias, empieza al tiempo de la fiesta de San
Miguel (29 de septiembre).
\sense_e to wear a lot of clothes (e.g., a shirt, sweatshirt and coat, e.g., because of the cold)
\sense_s vestirse con mucha ropa (p. ej., una camisa, sweter y chamarra, por el frío)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ke:tla tepachichi yo:timotlá:kíh.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e You've dressed yourself like a tepachichi.
\phrase_s Te has vestido como un tepachichi.
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root tepa
\root chichi
\nse The etymology of tepachichi is uncertain. RS has, from Sahagún, tepanchichi , which is glossed as 'especie de ratón, llamado perrito de los muros.'
According to Roberto Mauricio there are male and female sexes of this animal. The female is very big and fat. The male is small and thin. Both are black and green in color.
\notes_nature Some consultants mentioned that the tepachichi starts to make noise during August, when the green corn (elote) starts to appear.
\ref 03990
\lxam katlewa
\lxam_alt katlowa
\lxam_c katlewa
\lxoa kátliwá
\lxoa_alt kátlewá
\lxoa_alt kátló
\lxoa_alt kátlió
\lxoa_pr katliwa
\lxoa_pr katlo
\lxoa_pr katlio
\lxoa_c kátliwá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(int)
\der Pr-int
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e which? which one? (used when there is a choice to be made)
\sense_s ¿cuál? (empleado cuando hay algo que escoger)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Katlewa tikwelita?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Which one do you like?
\phrase_s ¿Cuál te gusta?
\phrase_n Katlewa tihkwis?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Which one will you take?
\phrase_s ¿Cuál vas a escoger?
\phrase_n Xnikmati katlewa kinekis, nochi nihkwis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't know which one he will prefer, I'll take them all.
\phrase_s No sécual va a querer, me los llevo todos.
\ncol ma:san
\ncol ma:si san
\root katlih
\root yehwa
\qry Note that I have this recorded with a short vowel /a/, cf. Karttunen who has a long /a:/, but does not give a source, perhaps she has simply assumed the vowel length. Nevertheless,
vowel length should be checked. Also check how to say either and neither: 'Grab it with either hand' Neither horse is good.'
\qry_fon Check vowel quality of Oapan and Am tokens with a phonetician.
\vl There are 4 additional tokens from 5935. These might have better sound than the ones recorded at 3990, and perhaps the two linked sound tokens should come from these
later recordings.
\ref 03991
\lxam tio:pixki
\lxam_c tio:pixki
\lxoa tio:pixki
\lxoa_c tio:pixki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ki
\infn N1/2; Aln(ag); pl. pl. tiopixka:meh
\sense_e priest
\sense_s sacerdote; padre
\sense_d Pending
\root tio:
\root pia
\nae The plural of tio:pixki is irregular; ? tio:pixkeh is seldom if ever used (and may be incorrect). The singular form * tio:pixke:tl is also
not documented. Thus the form tiopixki is one of the few agentives that have a final -ki instead of -ke:tl (cf.
tlaxtehki). Note also that the vowel length of the /o/ appears short acoustically, and seems to have undergone some sort of shortening through a historical
process. In several other words that appear to have the same root, historically * teo:, the vowel does appear long. A thorough comparison of this root across different
words needs to be carried out.
\qry_fon Check vowel length (first /o/) with phonetician. It appears short here.
\ref 03992
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for elpo:tsa of Ameyaltepec. However, it has been shifted. There is now a single entry for Am /elpo:tsa/ and Oa /ípótsa/. Oapan does not have an e-initial form.
Am /ilpo:tsa/ is simply x-referenced.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\vl The words for this entry should be tagged with ref. number 2354
\ref 03993
\lxam yewalteki
\lxam_c kiyewalteki
\lxoa yewalteki
\lxoa_c kiyewalteki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to cut going around and around (either to produce a circular piece of material or to produce a single long strip from a spiraling cut)
\sense_s cortar yendo en círculos (o para producir una pieza circular o para producir un tirante largo resultado de ir cortando en forma de espiral)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xikyewalteki, ki:sas yewaltik!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Cut it going around, a circular piece will result!
\phrase_s ¡Córtalo yendo en forma circular, una pieza circular va a salir!
\phrase_n Xikyewalteki nokwe:roh para noyuntah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Cut my hide in a circular (and spiraling) motion for my team of oxen (i.e., to make the long leather straps that are used to tie the yoke to the oxen)!
\phrase_s ¡Corta mi pieza de piel curtida en una moción circular (y espiral) para mi yunta (esto es, para sacar las tiras largas que se utilizan para amarrar el yugo a los bueyes)!
\root yewal
\root teki
\ref 03994
\lxam tlakwahli
\lxam_c tlakwahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas(?)
\sense_e worthless
\sense_s no valer nada
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlakwahli yewa, xtlah weli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's worthless, he can't do anything.
\phrase_s El no vale nada, no sabe hacer nada.
\phrase_n Tlakwahli mosuwa:w, xtlah weli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your wife is not worth a thing, she can't do anything.
\phrase_s No vale nada tu esposa, no puede hacer nada.
\root kwa
\nse Perhaps tlakwahli it should be divided into two words, itlah kwahli , although this appears somethat doubtful. I have also often heard simply
tlakwahli. Everyone I asked gave the translation of tlakwahli as 'no vale nada' (worthless). However, Maurilio Jiménez was more specific, he said that
the word/idiom is used for example when someone is bragging, talking about himself, how he will do things, has done things, is good at things, etc. Someone hearing this may simply
say ay tlakwahli! to the effect of 'he's just shooting off at the mouth', 'there's nothing behind (or to) what he says' or, perhaps, 'no vale nada (lo que dice).' Maurilio
Jiménez insisted that the pronunciation was simply tlakwahli or ay tlakwahli and not * itlakwahli.
\qry The meaning of this word should be checked, as well as its etymology. Check final vowel length perhaps ??itlakwa:hli. Also, check Oapan pronunciation for irregular stress which
would indicate underlying {h}; in Tetelcingo possibly {h} is not heard before consonant.
\ref 03995
\lxam po:ktla:lilia
\lxam_c kipo:ktla:lilia
\lxoa po:htla:lilia
\lxoa_c kipo:htla:lilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to create smoke around (often with cow dung, and usually in order to keep away biting insects)
\sense_s crear humo acerca de (a menudo con estiercol y por lo común para ahuyentar a los insectos que pican)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nimopo:ktla:lili:s para ma:ka ne:chkwa:s sa:yo:lin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to create smoke next to me so that I don't get bitten by mosquitos.
\phrase_s Me voy a echar humo para que no me muerdan los zancudos.
\root po:k
\root tla:l
\nse Besides cow pies, the soft wood of certain trees is also used to create smoke. One of these is the tenexkuhsa:watl.
\ref 03996
\lxam ma:to:ka
\lxam_c kima:to:ka
\lxoa ma:to:ka
\lxoa_c kima:to:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to plant by hand (i.e., with a digging stick, and not by plowing)
\sense_s sembrar a mano (esto es, con un coa, y no con una yunta y arado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San kima:to:kaya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just planted it with a digging stick.
\phrase_s Sólo lo sembrócon coa.
\sense_e to plant (the actual seed) by placing it in the ground with ones hand
\sense_s sembrar (la semilla misma) por meterla en el suelo a mano
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n san xma:to:ka pa:mpa ke:n teteyoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here just use your hands to place the seed in the ground because it is very rocky (and the seed cannot just be dropped in the furrow and covered up with a sweep of the
foot).
\phrase_s Aquínada más usa las manos para meter la semilla en la tierra, es demasiado piedroso (y no puedes simplemente dejar caer la semilla para taparla con un moviemiento
del pie).
\root ma:
\root to:ka
\nse Ma:to:ka often refers to planting with a witso:ktli on a tlacolole, not with a team of oxen. However, it can also be used to indicate the actual manual
placing of the seed in the furrow. With rocky soil it is possible to use a plow, but often it is afterward impossible to simply drop the seed in the ground while walking behind the oxen,
and then cover it with earth with a sweep of ones feet (kicking earth over the seed that had been dropped). In these cases the corn seed must be put into the ground with ones hands
and covered up by earth manually as well.
\qry Check to make sure that the two acceptations of /ma:to:ka/ are correct. Check to see if the verb accepts /tla-/, and if not, whether one can simply say, /ma:to:ka/; if /ki-/ must be
used, then determine whether the object is the field planted, the type of seed dropped, or even the seed itself.
\ref 03997
\lxam iswakuwtli
\lxam_c iswakuwtli
\lxoa iswakohtli
\lxoa_c iswakohtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e tree (generally near the milpa) in whose branches the maize leaves, iswatl, used as fodder are stored, so that grazing animals cannot get at it
\sense_s árbol (generalmente uno escogido cerca de la milpa) en cuyas ramas se guardan las hojas de maíz, iswatl, utilizadas para forraje para protegerlo de
los animales sueltos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtete:ma noswaw ipan iswakuwtli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place my (bundles of) corn leaves down in rows on the tree used for storage (i.e., a tree whose branches are used to hold up stored bundles of zacate)!
\phrase_s ¡Coloca bien (los manojos de) mis hojas de maíz sobre elárbol utilizado como ramada!
\root swa
\root kow
\ref 03998
\lxam tlakwa:kwa
\lxam_c tlakwa:kwa
\lxoa tlakwa:kwa
\lxoa_c tlakwa:kwa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-tla
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-1
\sense_e to bark (a dog)
\sense_s ladrar (un perro)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlakwa:kwatok -=tlayawatok- notskwin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My dog is barking.
\phrase_s Estáladrando mi perro.
\phrase_n Kwa:k yekah panowa, pe:wa tlakwa:kwan, kikwa:kwan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When someone passes by they (dogs) begin to bark, they bark at him.
\phrase_s Cuando alguien pasa, ellos (los perros) empiezan a ladrar, le ladran.
\sense_e to open and close ones mouth (e.g., a female donkey being mounted)
\sense_s abrir y cerrar la boca (p. ej., una burra al ser montada por un burro)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pe:wa tlakwa:kwa burrah kwa:k pani u:nkah burroh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A female donkey begins to open and close her mouth when a burro is mounting her.
\phrase_s Una burra empieza a abrir y cerrar la boca cuando tiene un burro encima.
\phrase_n Sa: tlakwa:kwatok, ipan yo:tsikwin un burroh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She (in this case a female donkey) is just opening and closing her mouth, a male burro has mounted her.
\phrase_s Ella (en este caso una burra) estánomás abriendo y cerrando la boca, un burro acaba de montarla.
\sense_e to yap; to yell (people yapping in an argument in which what they are saying can't be understood; cf. tla:tlatowa)
\sense_s gritar (gente discutiendo cuando no se les entiende nada; cf. tla:tlatowa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlakwa:kwatokeh -=tla:tlatowan-, nokwala:nitokeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are yapping at each other, they are getting angry with each other.
\phrase_s Están gritándose, se están enojando.
\root kwa
\qry_fon Check length of reduplicant vowel. It would have to be long given the absence of pitch-accent, but the duration seems shorter than expected (although this is difficult to
judge after the labialized stop.
\vl Link first male token and second female token.
\xref kwa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 03999
\lxam i:xwilia
\lxam_c ki:xwilia
\lxoa i:xwilia
\lxoa_c ki:xwilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give the evil eye to (the child or animal) of
\sense_s echarle mal de ojo a (el hijo o animal) de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chi:xwilih nopo:tsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He gave the evil eye to my baby girl.
\phrase_s Me echómal de ojo a mi bebecita.
\root i:x
\xref i:xwia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref i:xwiya
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 04000
\lxam yepepenke:tl
\lxam_c yepepenke:tl
\lxoa yé:penké:tl
\lxoa_c yé:penké:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who gathers up beans (scattered on the ground in the area where they have been shelled)
\sense_s persona que pepena frijoles (regados por la tierra en el lugar donde se desvainaron)
\sense_d Oa
\root e
\root pena
\nse The term yé:penké:tl is used to refer to the action of picking up beans scattered during threshing; for harvesting or picking beans the term yé:tekíis used.
\ref 04001
\lxam xo:lo:tl*
\lxam_c xo:lo:tl
\lxoa xo:lo:tl*
\lxoa_c xo:lo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1/2; Aln
\sense_e male turkey
\sense_s guajolote macho
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root xo:lo:
\nse Some Ameyaltepec consultants mentioned that xo:lo:tl is the equivalent of wexo:lo:tl while others mentioned that it referred to a younger specimen. At
any rate, xo:lo:tl is seldom used, at least in Ameyaltepec.
\semref wexo:lo:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref wéxó:lo:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04002
\lxam tsakwa:nki
\lxam_c tsakwa:nki
\lxoa tsakwa:nki
\lxoa_c tsakwa:nki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans
\sense_e to be thick or viscous (a liquid such as glue, atole, etc., that is often somewhat gooey or sticky as well)
\sense_s ser espeso; ser viscoso (un líquido como pegamento, atole, etc. que es a menudo pegagoso también)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld consist
\root tsakwa:n
\nde Molina has tetzauac and, for other words in this paradigm tetzaua as both intransitive and transitive, with the variation in perfective formation typical of such
verbs. In Ameyaltepec the pattern of the adjectival and verbal forms seems similar to that found in other words such as yema:nki , yema:nia , and
yema:nilia. It is for this reason that the root has been analyzed as tsakwa:n.
\root_notes Classical Nahuatl has a root tetsa:as in tetzauac.
\ref 04003
\lxam ichpo:chka:wahli
\lxam_c ichpo:chka:wahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e girl who has married and then was either abandoned or wound up a widow soon afterward
\sense_s muchacha que se casóy poco después o la dejósu esposo o se murió
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e girl who has had part with a man but was then abandoned
\sense_s una joven que ha tenido relaciones con un hombre que después la dejó
\sense_d Am
\root chpo:ch
\root ka:wa
\ency_note ichpo:xtli
\nse The term ichpo:chka:wahli refers to a girl who has either been taken away (eloped) by a boyfriend who didn't marry her and then left her, or to an unmarried girl who
has been deflowered by a man, or had a baby, but did not get married.
\ref 04004
\lxam pa:nchi:hke:tl
\lxam_c pa:nchi:hke:tl
\lxoa pa:nchi:hke:tl
\lxoa_c pa:nchi:hke:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan pa:n
\psm N
\compound N-Ag(V2)
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\sense_e baker
\sense_s panadero
\sense_d Pending
\root chi:wa
\nse Pa:nchi:hke:tl is now rarely used, having given way to the Spanish loan panade:roh. Apparently * pa:nchi:hki is not acceptable.
\semref panade:roh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref semí:tachí:hke:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04005
\lxam tlalka:wa
\lxam_c tlalka:wa
\lxoa tlá:lká:wa
\lxoa_c tlalka:wa; tlá:lká:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-tla
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (reduplicated with short vowel, tlá:lká:wa (Oa) to forget (things in general)
\sense_s (reduplicado con vocal corta, tlá:lká:wa, (Oa)) olvidar (cosas en general)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to neglect or abandon ones village
\sense_s olvidarse del pueblo de donde proviene
\sense_d Oa
\root el
\root ka:wa
\nae The two Oapan forms, tlalka:wa and tlá:lká:wa are distinct in meaning. The first means to forget ones village: de nocha:n, o:nitlalka:w, deke
xkaman niaw 'my village, I abandoned, if I never go. The second form, tlá:lká:wa, refers to general acts of forgetfulness, of forgetting material objects, tasks,
chores, etc. The pitch accent seems to derive from a reduplicant reduced on the underlying short vowel of the nonspecific object prefix; vowel duration is not overly long, but does
seem to fall within the range of phonologically long vowels. The times of the first /a/ for tlalka:wa are 67 and 58 ms for Florencia Marcelino and 71 and 59 ms for
Inocencio Jiménez. For the form tlá:lká:wa the times are (for five tokens) between 90 and 94 ms for Florencia Marcelino and between 83 and 89 ms for Inocencio
Jiménez. It would appear, then, that the best explanation would be that there are two forms of this verb in O apan: tlalka:wa {tla + lka:wa} a nd
tlá:lká:wa {tla + rdps + lka:wa} (with the reduplicant being realized as lengthening and pitch accent on the nonspecific object prefix tla-. Moreover, there is
a semantic difference between the two (unreduplicated and reduplicated) forms, that is perhaps not present in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl (at least it needs to be documented). The
unreduplicated form in Oapan refers to forgetting ones place of origin (home village) by not returning, of having his place fall out of memory. The reduced reduplicated form
tlá:lká:wa refers to the forgetting of objects or tasks, i.e., a type of forgetting that is recurring. It appears that this sense is covered in Ameyaltepec by the
nonreduplicated form. Note that in Ameyaltepec the reduplicated form is tlatlalka:wa.
\vl Note that the first four tokens (two female and two male) are of /tlalka:wa/. There is no pitch accent marked and the first /a/ is short. There then follows an alternate pattern
of 5 female tokens (the first is nitlá:lká:wa, the other 4 are tlá:lká:wa) and 4 male tokens. All these are of /tlá:lká:wa/, with a longer first vowel and marked pitch accent. All
11 tokens should be coded with 04005. The final sound file should have two tokens (one male and one female) of /tlalka:wa/ and then two tokens of /tlá:lká:wa/ (make sure
not to link /nitlá:lká:wa/).
\xref elka:wa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 04006
\lxam tsokwile:wtok
\lxam_c tsokwile:wtok
\lxoa tsókwilé:htok
\lxoa_pr tsokwile:htok
\lxoa_c tsókwilé:htok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be filthy; to be disgustingly dirty (e.g., a plate left for a good bit of time with food on it)
\sense_s ser mugriento; ser asqueroso por sucio (p. ej., un plato dejado por un buen tiempo con comida)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San ke:nkah tsokwile:wtok. Ya:lwakayo:tl, xe nopapa:ka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's as filthy as it was (in this case a plate of food). It's from yesterday, it still hasn't been washed.
\phrase_s Es tan mugriento como estaba (en este caso un plato con comida). Es de ayer, todavía no se lava.
\root tsohkwil
\ref 04007
\lxam tsi:nxi:pe:wi
\lxam_c tsi:nxi:pe:wi
\lxoa tsi:nxi:pe:wi
\lxoa_c tsi:nxi:pe:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Op. infix te- : tsi:ntexi:pe:wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to scrape, abrade, or chafe ones rear end
\sense_s raspar o excoriar las nalgas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nitsi:ntexixi:pe:w, ne:chamana.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I badly scraped my rear end (over an extended area), it bothers me.
\phrase_s Me excoriémucho las nalgas, me molesta.
\sense_e to have its bottom surface scrape off (e.g., a pot losing its paint)
\sense_s rasgarsele la parte inferior y exterior de (p. ej., a una olla que estáperdiendo la pintura)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:n
\root xi:p
\root e:w
\disamb xi:pe:wi; a:la:wi
\nde According to Florencia Marcelino tsi:nxi:pe:wi would not be applied to a human who scrapes his rear; rather tsi:na:la:wi would be used.
\ref 04008
\lxam chitapetlatl
\lxam_c chitapetlatl
\lxoa chítapétlatl
\lxoa_c chítapétlatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e small petate used in cribs
\sense_s petate pequeño utilizado en las cuñas
\sense_d Pending
\root chitah
\root petla
\ilus_note illustrate, cf. illustration for /chitatli/.
\semref chitatli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref chítatlí
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04009
\lxam i:xtew peri:koh
\lxam_c i:xtew peri:koh
\lxoa i:xtepe:rikoh
\lxoa_c i:xtepe:rikoh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) perico
\psm N
\der N-complex
\sense_e flowering weed of the Asteraceae family having a small yellow flower with a black center
\sense_s maleza de la familia Asteraceae que tiene una flor amarilla con un centro negro
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root i:x
\root te
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this as of the family Compositae and the genus/species Molampodium perfoliatum. Both Ramírez (1991) and Ramírez and Dakin (1979)
identify this as the ojo del perioco. Schoenhals (1988) does not list any plant of this genus.
\qry Pronunciation has been heard with and without final /h/, check. Check grammar question: of this weed I was told: /kipia ixo:chitsitsi:wan, kokostiktsitsi:nteh/. Check whether this
should be /kipia ixo:chiotsitsi:wan/
\qry_fon Check final /w/ in /i:xtew peri:koh/ in Am pronunciation. During the session I seemed to hear [h].
\grm Check grammar question: of this weed I was told: /kipia ixo:chitsitsi:wan, kokostiktsitsi:nteh/. Check whether this should be /kipia ixo:chiotsitsi:wan/.
\ref 04010
\lxam yekayeski:xtia
\lxam_c kiyekayeski:xtia
\lxoa yekayeski:xtia
\lxoa_c kiyekayeski:xtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-[N-V2]
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give a bloody nose to; to bloody the nose of
\sense_s sacarle sangre por la nariz a
\sense_d Pending
\root yeka
\root es
\root ki:sa
\disamb yekachi:lmo:lkwaltia; yekayeski:xtia
\vl Note that Inocencio Jiménez mispronounces most of his utterances (I believe that there are four tokens from him). Link the last one to the dictionary, it is the only one that
seems slightly useful.
\xref yekayeski:sa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04011
\lxam a:mana
\lxam_c ka:mana
\lxoa a:mana
\lxoa_c ka:mana
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to place in water
\sense_s colocar en agua
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tika:man para ma:ka pili:nis niman.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You placed them (e.g., flowers) in water so that they don't shrivel up right away.
\phrase_s Las colocaste (p. ej., flores) en agua para que no se marchitaran luego luego.
\root a:
\root man
\qry Check definition/significance of word, i.e. to place"in"or"on"water. Also cf. if the intransitive form exists.
\mod Determine proper codification and root forms for /mani/, etc., which differ from other /V:ni/ verbs.
\grm Word order; predicate modification: /O:tika:man para ma:ka pili:nis niman/ 'You placed them (e.g., flowers) in water so that they don't shrivel up right away.' Note the word
order with the /niman/ at the end. This should be commented on.
\vl The first token of Florencia Marcelino is /kámaná/, with pitch accent on the first and last syllables. This should be tagged with reference 4456. The remaning four tokens
are correct utterances of /ka:mana/.
\ref 04012
\lxam arrie:raú:jah
\lxam_c arrie:raú:jah
\lxoa arrie:roh
\lxoa_c arrie:roh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan arriero + aguja
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e muleteer's needle (i.e., a thick, sturdy needle for piercing thick material such as blankets and leather)
\sense_s aguja de arriero (esto es, una aguja gruesa y fuerte que se utiliza para punzar cosas gruesas tales como cobijas y cuero)
\sense_d Pending
\nse Apparently in Oapan this item is referred to simply as arrie:roh, whereas the Ameyaltepec form has aújah (Sp. for 'needle') as well.
\ref 04013
\lxam tlatlasi
\lxam_c tlatlasi
\lxoa tlatlasi
\lxoa_c tlatlasi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to cough; to have a cough
\sense_s toser; tener tos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nitlatlastok
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm coughing.
\phrase_s Estoy tosiendo.
\root tlasi
\qry Check all tense and aspect inflections
\xref tlatlaxi:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04014
\lxam tlapahlowa
\lxam_c tlapahlowa
\lxoa tlapahlowa
\lxoa_c tlapahlowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\trans Compl
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to get stained with paint; to have spots of paint
\sense_s mancharse de pintura
\sense_d Pending
\root pa:
\ref 04015
\lxam i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon
\lxam_c i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon
\lxoa i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:n
\lxoa_c i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to have a balding forehead resulting from a high or receding hairline
\sense_s tener la frente calvo a causa de tener las entradas pronunciadas
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\root temets
\root a:yo:
\root ko:m
\nse There are many words in Nahuatl, playing and teasing words, that refer to a balding forehead. Besides i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:n one finds to
i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal(tik) , i:xkwa:tsotsoltik and i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl , among perhaps many others.
\nae The etymology of the lexeme i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon is uncertain. Obviously it contains the compound i:xkwa: 'forehead,' but little else is certain. The
sequence a:yo: might refer to a tortoise (which has a shiny and smooth shell, perhpas like a balding forehead). The duration of the penultimate /o:/ is difficult to
determine, given that it follows the /y/ semivowel. Indeed, it appears to be short in duration. However, given that the only etymology that seems possible involves a:yo:tl,
provisionally this vowel has been marked long.
\qry Note that perhaps this is related to an adjectival in -tik (e.g., -ko:ntik) referring to the flattened, shiny curve of the forehead. Vowel length should be checked. Cf and try to elicit
other words with /temets-/ in them, (or, /temestik/, etc.).
\qry_fon Check length of first /o/ in syllable sequence /-a:yo:ko:n/.
\semref i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal; i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik; i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl; i:xkwa:tsotsoltik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04016
\lxam chichinawi
\lxam_c chichinawi
\lxoa chichinawi
\lxoa_c chichinawi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get seared and blackened from being close to a fire
\sense_s chamuscarse y tiznarse por estar cerca a una flama
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:chichinaw un ko:ntli, yenkwik katka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That pot got seared, it used to be new.
\phrase_s Se chamuscóesa olla, era nueva.
\ency_note chinowa
\root china
\nae The unreduplicated form ? chinawi has not been documented in the corpus although it does occur with the indefinite null complement tla- :
tlachinawi (Am) and tláchináwi(Oa). However, in this latter form the stem is preceded by an underlying {h}, that surfaces as pitch accent in Oapan
tláchináwi. Note also that the intransitive/transitive alternation is between chinawi and chinowa a rather unusual combination. Finally, in Oapan
there is a reduplicated form chí:chináwi, which refers, as is the case in such reduplicative patterns, to a searing that is spaced out on a surface.
\qry Check to see if one says /o:chinaw notla:l/, /o:tlachinaw ipan nomi:l/, etc. Check to see if /chinawi/ can refer to a campo becoming burned (e.g., as fire spreads to it).
\semref tlachinawi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tláchináwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04017
\lxam mapiltopo:ni
\lxam_c mapiltopo:ni
\lxoa mápiltopó:ni
\lxoa_pr mapiltopo:ni
\lxoa_c mápiltopó:ni; mápiltótopó:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have ones finger split or burst open (e.g., after a rock or sth heavy falls on it; see mápiltekwe:chíwi)
\sense_s reventarsele o abrirsele el dedo (p. ej., después de que se le cayóencima una piedra u otro objeto pesado; véase mápiltekwe:chíwi)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (often with short vowel reduplication as mapiltotopo:ni (Am)) for ones knuckle(s) to crack
\sense_s (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta como mapiltotopo:ni) tronarse el dedo (los dedos)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root mah
\root pil
\root topo:
\qry Make sure that this verb can refer both to the bursting open of a finger from a hard blow, and to the cracking of knuckles.
\vl Link two sets of words: as indicated, with female + male speaker for each.
\grm Oapan reduplication; lexicalization: Note that it appears, from my recollection, that /tótopó:ni/ does not reduce, i.e., the reduplicant is not realized as
\ref 04018
\lxam totatsi:n
\lxam_c totatsi:n
\lxoa totá:tatsí:n
\lxoa_c totá:tatsí:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-l (Oa)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e male patron saint of a village (as referred to by village residents and, often, by outsiders)
\sense_s santo patrón de un pueblo (llamado asípor los miembros de la comunidad y, a menudo, por otros de pueblos circunvecinos)
\sense_d Pending
\root tah
\nae The pitch accent in the Oapan form totá:tatsí:n derives from the coda {h} of {tah} and not the reduplication.
\semref tona:ntsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref tahtsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04019
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be /tlayewa/, which is alternate form for /tlayawa/. See latter.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Tag the Oapan forms here with 2305.
\ref 04020
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /tla:lchipa:wi/ but was removed as incorrect. See the impersonal /tlatla:lchipa:wi/ and /tlachipa:wi/.
\mod This entry should probably be removed as it is not used with this sense. However, the impersonal form /tlatla:lchipa:wi/ is used in Ameyaltepec with the sense of 'to dawn' and should
be kept in the dictionary.
\qry In the phrase /Yo:pe:w tlatla:lchipa:wi, yo:tlane:s/ 'The countryside has started to become illuminated, it has dawned.' check whether the first /tla/ is a reduplicated /tla-/, in which case
it would be underlyingly {tlah}, or whether it is the impersonal /tla-/, in which case it would be underlyingly {tla-}. The difference in analysis has a significant impact on grammatical
analysis. For if the /tla-/ is reduplication, then the question arises of why reduplication of the incorporated noun. If the /tla-/ is the /tla-/ of impersonal passives, then this means that the
incorporated /tla:l-/ does not create an impersonal. Rather, it is more like a semantic patient/syntactic subject incorporation (as in /a:molo:nia/ and other /a:/ incorporations). The
/tlal-/ would be similar to N-V1 incorporation leading to a V1 compound, except in these cases the incorporated noun is seldom a subject/thematic patient but rather has some other
role, such as an instrumental. Oapan Nahuatl should reveal what is happening; if notadialect with {h} on the surface. Check whether meaning of 'to become clean of earth (e.g.,
clothes that are washed)' is correct. NO: i is not.
\vl There are two extra tokens at 4410.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 04021
\lxam suwa:chichi
\lxam_c suwa:chichi
\lxoa siwa:chichi
\lxoa_c siwa:chichi
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e bitch; female dog
\sense_s perra
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld domes
\root sowa:
\root chichi
\ref 04022
\lxam kwi:tsmiki
\lxam_c kwi:tsmiki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp S(iwi)-V
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to be overcome by boredom and annoyance (e.g., from having to do a given task or job, from listening to a long and boring speech or presentation)
\sense_s sentir mucho aburrimiento y fastidio (p. ej., al tener que hacer alguna tarea o trabajo, escuchar un discurso largo y aburrido)
\sense_d Am
\root kwi:ts
\root miki
\mod Check how to code such V-V compounds. Note that in general /-iwi/ verbs in Ameyaltepec lose the final /iwi/ in composition.
\ref 04023
\lxam mekawtia
\lxam_c kimekawtia
\lxoa mekahtia
\lxoa_c kimekahtia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to impute a lover to (a woman); to accuse (a woman) of having a lover
\sense_s acusarle o imputarle (a una mujer) de tener un amante
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chmekawtikeh. Xka:wa! Xmlá:k nomekaw, san ne:chma:maltian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They imputed that I had a lover. No way! He's not really my lover, they just accuse me of it.
\phrase_s Me imputaron un amante.¡No se puede creer! No es verdad que es mi amante, nada más me tachan de ello.
\root me:ka
\qry_fon Check with phonetician difference between w-to-h and k-to-h in Oapan. Is this the same. I would imagine there is a difference and perhaps this should be represented in the
orthography: /o:kikahkeh/ 'they heard it' vs. /o:kika:hkeh/ 'they left it.'
\ref 04024
\lxam tsotsoltetl
\lxam_c tsotsoltetl
\lxoa te:tsoltetl
\lxoa_c te:tsoltetl
\lx_te tetsotsoltetl
\lx_te_d Am
\lexical rdp.s
\lexical_d Am, Oa
\lexical te-
\lexical_d Oa
\dt 24/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Mod-N
\der N-b
\sense_e naked person (fully or partially)
\sense_s persona desnuda o semidesnuda
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Titsotsoltetl, x'kalaki kali!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are naked, get inside the house!
\phrase_s Estás desnuda,¡vete adentro de la casa!
\sense_e barren (e.g., a tree that has lost its leaves in the dry season)
\sense_s desprovisto de hojas (esto es, un árbol que queda sin hojas en la temporada de secas)
\root tsol
\root te
\nae The Oapan form te:tsoltetl has the"dummy morpheme" te- onto which the reduplicant is reduced to vowel lengthening. There is no pitch accent given that
the reduplicant is an open syllable, with no coda {h}.
\ref 04025
\lxam iswakwe:xtli
\lxam_c iswakwe:xtli
\lxoa iswakwe:xtli
\lxoa_c iswakwe:xtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-wi
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e small pieces of iswatlthat have broken off in small pieces from the leaf and are left on the ground
\sense_s pequeños pedazos de iswatlque se caen de la hoja y se dejan tirados por el suelo
\sense_d Pending
\root swa
\root kwe:ch
\semref iswamo:xo:hli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04026
\lxam moyo:ni
\lxam_c moyo:ni
\lxoa moyo:ni
\lxoa_c moyo:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl; +Caus
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to swarm (small insects)
\sense_s enjambrar (insectos pequeños)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w moyo:nin, mitskwa:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They've started to swarm about (e.g., wasps after being disturbed), they're going to bite you.
\phrase_s Ya empezaron a enjambrar (p. ej., avispas al ser molestadas), te van a morder.
\root moyo:
\nse The verb moyo:ni refers to the swarming action of animals such as ants, bees, mosquitos, moyotes, wasps, etc. that starts to move about and swarm after being
disturbed and before calming down. This verb can also be used to refer to people who are bustling about, as when they are busy doing a job.
\xref moyo:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref momoyoka
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04027
\lxam ma:kwi:hli
\lxam_c ma:kwi:hli
\lxoa ma:kwi:hli
\lxoa_c ma:kwi:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Num
\der N-dvb-pas
\sense_e five
\sense_s cinco
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nochipa ika ma:kwi:hli
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e (It is done) all the time with five.
\phrase_s (se hace) todo el tiempo con cinco.
\semfld num
\root mah
\root kwi
\nae The length of the first /i/ in Oapan seems short in the recording, but Roberto Mauricio asserted that the vowel is long (as it seems to be in Ameyaltepec). Data from other dialects
varies. Tetelcingo, Morelos, has the reflex of a long vowel. Pipil has a short vowel. Carochi seems to vary in this regard. The recordings need to be checked, although it may be that
Ameyaltepec has a long vowel and Oapan a short vowel.
\qry In neighboring dialects it will be able to check for the presence of /h/. It may also be that the /a/ is long; I have recorded it as short although FK gives /ma:cuilli/. Note that in one
entry I have recorded /ma:kwi:hli/, thus vowel length should defnitely be checked.
\qry_fon During recording I seemed to hear C. Flores with a long /i/. Check and cf to Oapan.
\ref 04028
\lxam wexiwtli
\lxam_c wexiwtli
\lxoa wéxihtlí
\lxoa_c wéxihtlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e parent-in-law of ones child
\sense_s consuegro o consuegra
\sense_d Pending
\semfld kin
\root wehxiw
\nse In Ameyaltepec it is customary to refer to the parents of ones child's spouse as compadre and comadre. That is, the ritual kinship term is extended to
these individuals. Thus consultants will often translate wexiwtli as simply kompa:letsi:n.
\qry_h Check SJ for /h/ in /wehxiwtle/.
\ref 04029
\lxam chachaktli
\lxam_c chachaktli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\sense_e spit
\sense_s escupido; saliva escupida
\sense_d Pending
\root chacha
\semref kwalahtli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04030
\lxam xakah
\lxam_alt xekah
\lxam_c xakah
\lxoa xikah
\lxoa_alt xi'ah
\lxoa_alt xekah
\lxoa_alt xe'ah
\lxoa_alt xakah
\lxoa_alt xa'ah
\lxoa_c xikah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Pr(indef)
\der Pr-indef
\sense_e no one
\sense_s nadie
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xakah kineki.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p DT #1: 108
\phrase_e No one wants (to do) it.
\phrase_s Nadie lo quiere (hacer).
\phrase_n Xakah kimakas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He won't give it to anyone.
\phrase_s No se lo va a dar a nadie.
\root ak
\qry Determine precise and proper category for /xakah/; indefinite pronoun?
\vl Link 2nd male token.
\semref yekah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04031
\lxam tepe:tlekuwa
\lxam_c tepe:tlekuwa
\lxoa tepé:tlakówa
\lxoa_pr tepe:tlakowa
\lxoa_c tepé:tlakówa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4c(pano)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to climb a hill or mountain
\sense_s subir un cerro o montaña
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to reside in the hills away from the village (during the summer to be near ones corn field; Am. syn. mi:lcha:nti)
\sense_s residir en los cerros lejos del pueblo (durante el verano para estar cerca de la milpa; Am. sinón. mi:lcha:nti)
\sense_d Oa
\root tepe:
\root tlehko:
\grmx Oapan pitch accent: Note that the long vowel of /tepe:/ attracts the stress shift leftward. The noncompounded verb is /tlákowá/.
\ref 04032
\lxam kaltia
\lxam_c kikaltia
\lxoa kaltia
\lxoa_c kikaltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to build a house for (sb)
\sense_s construir una casa para (algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nihkalti:s nokone:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to build a house for my child.
\phrase_s Voy a construirle una casa a mi hijo.
\phrase_n Nimokalti:s, yo:hnemilih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to build a house for myself, I've already thought about it.
\phrase_s Me voy a construir una casa, ya lo pensé.
\sense_e (refl.) to have a ring form around it (the moon)
\sense_s (refl.) tener un anillo que se forma a su alrededor (la luna)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Deke nokaltia me:stli, xiska:n kiawis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If the moon has a ring form around it, it will be a while before it rains.
\phrase_s Si se forma un anillo de luz alrededor de la luna, va a tardar hasta que llueve.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to shelter or protect (an animal from the sun, often those that are injured and exposed, or a candle from the wind, etc.)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) albergar o protejer (un animal del sol, a menudo los que se han lastimado y quedan expuestos; una vela del viento, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkakalti mobe:lah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Shield your candle (from the wind, e.g., by cupping your hand around it).
\phrase_s Protege tu vela (del viento, p. ej., utilizando la mano como escudo).
\phrase_n Xkakalti un topitso, tla:mo to:nalwi:lo:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Shelter our pig there (e.g., placing a small covering or making shade for it), if you don't it'll get beaten down on by the sun!
\phrase_s ¡Ponle una protección a nuestro marrano, si no lo haces, va a estar pegándose por el sol!
\phrase_n Nikontkakalti:s noba:kah. O:postek.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will go build something to shelter my cow (from the sun). It broke its leg.
\phrase_s Voy a ir a construirle algo para proteger a mi vaca (del sol). Se le rompióuna pierna.
\root kal
\mod For the significance of a ring around the moon, cf. Flk 1984-07-31.1.
\ref 04033
\lxam ma:tetena:wia
\lxam_c noma:tetena:wia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan matetena
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to play jacks
\sense_s (refl.) jugar matetena
\sense_d Am
\nse Apparently this verb is used only in the reflexive, timomatetena:wia 'you play jacks.
\mod For a description of this game cf. DT #8 783 ff. and DT #7 001 ff., which has been misnumbered and immediately follows #8.
\ref 04034
\lxam chichinaka
\lxam_c chichinaka
\lxoa chichinaka
\lxoa_c chichinaka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa
\trans Compl
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to get itchy; for ones body to burn and itch (particularly from the small prickly hairs, a:watl , and other small particles of certain plants)
\sense_s escocer o tener comezón; arder el cuerpo (particularmente por causa de los aguates y otras partículas de ciertas plantas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tichichinakas ika toniswate:kas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will get itchy and uncomfortable from working in the zacateo.
\phrase_s Vas a sentir comezón por ir a zacatear.
\root china
\nse According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) the unmarked (nonreduplicated) form chichinaka refers to a general itching that one feels all over the body. However, when
stripping corn leaves from the stem during the zacateo, the reduplicated form chí:chináka is used, as one only itches here and there, over only parts of the
body.
\nae The verb chichinaka has the form of frequentative verbs derived from a basic verb ending in -V:ni. However, * china:ni has not been found to exist.
Nevertheless; the root chin is found in other verbs and their derivatives, cf. chinowa that all appear to be related to the concept of burning.
\grm Note the form /chichinaka/, which would seem to imply *china:ni (which doesn't exist). Thus it seems that the form rdp-s+stem+ka is not always derived from a -V:ni verb.
Check Launey on this.
\root_notes Perhaps root should be /china:/; if the verb /china:wi/ exists, then the root here should definitely be changed.
\ref 04035
\lxam tlatska:kwi
\lxam_c tlatska:kwi
\lxoa tlatska:kwi
\lxoa_c tlatska:kwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Part-V2
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to feel lazy; to be overcome by laziness
\sense_s sentirse flojo; estar agarrado de flojera
\sense_d Pending
\root tlats
\root kwi
\grm Participles: Note that the verbs ending in /iwi/ have participial forms in which the entire verbal ending /-iwi/ is dropped.
\ref 04036
\lxam kuwa:yakaxtli
\lxam_alt kuwa:yekaxtli
\lxam_cpend kuwayakaxtli
\lxoa koha:yakaxtsi:n
\lxoa_cpend @koha:yakaxtsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e type of tree still not collected nor identified
\sense_s tipo deárbol todavía no colectado ni identificado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kuwa:yakaxtli | Kipia itla:kihlo boboli:tas. Xwe:lik. So:lo tikinwa:lkwi:li:s mokone:tsitsiwa:n para ka:wilti:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Kuwa:yakaxtli : Its fruit is little balls. It's not tasty. You just bring them back for you children so that they can play with them.
\phrase_s Kuwa:yakaxtli : Su fruta son bolitas. Sólo se las traes a tus niños para que puedan jugar con ellas.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root kow
\root a:yakach
\qry C. Flores did not know of this tree and suggested that it was the /kuwtekomatl/. Check.
\ref 04037
\lxam mimiltik
\lxam_c mimiltik
\lxoa mimiltik
\lxoa_c mimiltik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be cylindrical
\sense_s ser cilíndrico
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to have a solid and stout body
\sense_s tener el cuerpo sólido y macizo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timimiltik, san yumpa, xtitoma:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You have a solid, stout body. It's just right, you aren't too fat.
\phrase_s Tienes un cuerpo sólido y macizo. Estájustamente bien, no estás gordo.
\root mil
\qry Check to see if te- can be prefixed as an intensifier. No: according to C. Flores this cannot take the intensifier /te-/.
\ref 04038
\lxam tekikweskomatl
\lxam_c tekikweskomatl
\lxoa tekikweskomatl
\lxoa_c tekikweskomatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e granary used for storing communal maize
\sense_s troje para guardar maíz comunal (del pueblo)
\sense_d Pending
\flao kweskomatl
\root teki
\root kweskoma
\ref 04039
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kohyestli
\lxoa_c kohyestli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e tree with red-colored sap of the Euphorbiaceae family, still not identified
\sense_s árbol con savia de color rojo de la familia Euphorbiaceae, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root es
\root kow
\semref yeskuwtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 04040
\lxam ma:nekwiliwi
\lxam_c ma:nekwiliwi
\lxoa ma:nekwiliwi
\lxoa_c ma:nekwiliwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to have ones arm become crooked (e.g., from a disease, from getting dislocated, etc.)
\sense_s quedarsele torcido el brazo (p. ej., por enfermedad, a causa de una luxación, etc.
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root nekwil
\root_notes Check etymology of /nekwil/ and possible further analysis.
\ref 04041
\lxam tsohma
\lxam_c tsohma
\lxoa tsómá
\lxoa_c tsómá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of buzzard or zopilote, apparently the Black Vulture, Coragyps atratus
\sense_s tipo de zopilote, aparentemente el Coragyps atratus
\sense_d Am, Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 7, p. 174
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root tsohma
\nae Consultants gave tsohma , seldom used in Ameyaltepec, as synonymous with tsopi:lo:tl. The word-internal /h/ is unusual in Ameyaltepec and in this
case probably represents the fact that this word is"borrowed"San Juan Tetelcingo where underlying {h} is conserved.
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give tsoma, which they identify as the 'zopilote.'
\mod Cf. Gram 1984-04-30.1
\semref tsopi:lo:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tsópiló:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04042
\lxam pro:betilia
\lxam_c kipro:betilia
\lxoa pró:wetília
\lxoa_pr pro:wetilia
\lxoa_c kipró:wetília
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan pobre
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e to make (sb) become impoverised or go broke
\sense_s hacer empobecer
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:timitspro:betilih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I made you go broke.
\phrase_s Te hice empobrecer.
\mod Here, in general, get a list of all the variants for /pro:weh/, /plo:weh/, etc. and consolidate into a single entry with alternates, perhaps with cross references.
\mod Note that C. Flores said that /plo:weh/ is a word used when one takes pity on sb old and poor; pro:beh is used to refer to actual poverty.
\xref plo:wetia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref pró:wetiá
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 04043
\lxam tlate:tektli
\lxam_c tlate:tektli
\lxoa tlate:tehtli
\lxoa_c tlate:tehtli
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e raised ridges on certain fruits (e.g., cantaloupe, squash, etc.)
\sense_s lomitas y canalitos sobre la superficie de algunas frutas (p. ej., melón, calabaza, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e slice
\sense_s rebanada
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xikte:teki ye:i tlate:tektli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Cut three slices (e.g., of a watermelon, bread, etc.)!
\phrase_s ¡Córtale tres rebanadas (p. ej., de una sandía, pan, etc.)!
\root teki
\qry C. Flores denied that the word /tlate:tektli/ was used for 'slice'; rather the borrowing /taja:dah/ is used in this circumstance.
\vl Florencia Marcelino starts out with a word /tlá:te:téhtli/ which I am unsure of. It is not the headword here (which is /tlate:tehtli/) and I do not know its meaning, nor where it
should be placed. For now, then, let's create a pool of unidentified words that will be high numbers, e.g., 99 or thereabouts. Then code them for the original location and
speaker. Thus this might be 99_04043_OF1a.wav I think with the extra two digits in front these will drop out at the end. The _04043 will tell me later where it comes from.
\semref tlatektli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlatehtli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04044
\lxam i:xte:ntomatsi:n
\lxam_alt i:xte:ntomatl
\lxam_c i:xte:ntomatsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N2
\sense_e eyeball
\sense_s globo ocular
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root toma
\qry Determine whether nondiminutive form exist: ?i:xte:ntomatl, etc.
\semref i:xteyo:hli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04045
\lxam tlikechilia
\lxam_c kitlikechilia
\lxoa tlikechilia
\lxoa_c kitlikechilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to set light to (sth) for; to light (e.g., a cigarrette, with a match, another cigarrette, etc.) for
\sense_s encender (p. ej., un cigarro, etc., tal vez con un cerillo) para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:cha:ltlikechili, nipo:ki:sneki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Reach over and light it (e.g., my cigarrette) for me, I want to smoke!
\phrase_s ¡Enciéndamelo (p. ej., mi cigarro, al extender tu brazo con el fuego hacia acá), quiero fumar!
\phrase_n O:ne:xtlikechilikeh nokal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They set fire to my house.
\phrase_s Me encendieron la casa.
\root tli
\root kechi
\vl The tokens here are confusing. Apparently the first two male tokens (of four) are perhaps for 03160, /tlakechilia/, but the pronunciation is more of /tlekechilia/. For now
this should be considered an unidentified word, and these first two male tokens should be tagged 99_04045_OM1a and b. The final two male speech tokens are correct for
04045, /tlikechilia/. The last one should be linked. Given that the first two tokens are unclear as to whether they are actually an alternate pronunciation of 3160 /tlakechilia/
or not, they should be tagged with 99 numbers: 99_04045_OM1a and 99_04045_OM1b. For the four female tokens: they are all 04045, /kitlikechilia/ (this entry). They
should be thus tagged 04045_OF1a through d. The 3rd of the 4 tokens should be linked.
\xref tlikechia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04046
\lxam tlatsotsonahli
\lxam_c tlatsotsonahli
\lxoa tla:tsonahli
\lxoa_c tla:tsonahli
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\lexical Reduced rdp-s*(pref)
\sense_e music
\sense_s música
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chnakaskokoh motlatsotsonal, ke:n chika:wak tiktsotsona.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your music hurt my ears, you really played it loud.
\phrase_s Tu música me hizo doler los oidos, de veras lo tocas fuerte.
\root tsona
\ref 04047
\lxam tlaka:wa
\lxam_c tlaka:wa
\lxoa tlaka:wa
\lxoa_c tlaka:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (usually with a directional affix) to let out to pasture; to take out to graze (usually overnight)
\sense_s (generalmente con un afijo direccional) dejar apacentar (generalmente por la noche)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nitlaka:wato.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I went to leave (my) animals out to graze.
\phrase_s Fui a dejar (mis) animales a apacentar.
\phrase_n Tlaka:walo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e People will leave their animals out to pasture.
\phrase_s Se van a dejar los animales sueltos para apacentar.
\phrase_n Ne: tontlaka:was, melá:k xoxo:hki sakayoh, xe kose:wi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We will leave off animals to graze there, the grass is really green, it hasn't yet turned dry and yellow.
\phrase_s Vamos a dejar animales a apacentar allá, el pasto estámuy verde, todavía no se pone seco y amarillo
\sense_e to leave ones things or possessions behind
\sense_s dejar posesiones en un lugar
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Nitlaka:hte:wa mocha:n no i niaw ne:ika.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I will leave my things behind in your house, I'm going on a trip.
\phrase_s Antes de salir voy a dejar mis cosas en tu casa, voy de viaje.
\root ka:wa
\revised 5/08/04
\disamb tlaka:wa; tlama:ka:wa
\nse Apparently tlaka:wa refers to the action of letting animals out to graze (perhaps is a recently harvested field) for one or two days, maybe a little longer, and then
bringing them back to the village. If longer periods are involved the word tlama:ka:wais used.
\semref tlama:ka:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref ka:wa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04048
\lxam tekitla:hli
\lxam_c tekitla:hli
\lxoa tekitla:hli
\lxoa_c tekitla:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e communal land (the more distant land is annually leased at a low rent to village members for planting, the land within the urban zone is given permanently for house sites)
\sense_s terreno comunal (los terrenos más distantes se prestan a miembros de la comunidad por una renta baja para sembrar por un año, la tierra dentro de la zona del pueblo se
cede permanentemente para solares)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tekitla:hli katka, a:man ye te:a:xka -=te:wa:xka-.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It used to be communal land, now it is private.
\phrase_s Era terreno comunal, ahora ya es de particulares.
\root teki
\root tla:l
\ref 04049
\lxam to:hla:n
\lxam_c to:hla:n
\lxoa to:hla:n
\lxoa_c to:hla:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1
\infn N1
\sense_e (for there to be a) crowd (of people)
\sense_s (haber una) muchedumbre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n To:hla:n, miák ge:nteh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is a crowd, there are many people!
\phrase_s ¡Hay una muchedumbre, hay mucha gente!
\root to:l
\root_rel -tla:n
\nse The etymology of to:hla:n is unclear, although the possible relation to to:hli 'tule' should not be discounted. It is only used to refer to a crowd of
people, such as that which gathers in a church, at a rodeo, etc. It is often uttered as a simple comment on a situation: To:hla:n! 'There are a lot of people.' A plural
form, to:hla:meh also exists but is used much more rarely than to:hla:n. It has been documented, however, in the situation where people are working in
the fields weeding or zacateando. In this case the form to:hla:meh has been documented (perhaps here in reference to the fact that many different fields
and groups of people are working. A verbal form, to:hla:nti, also exists.
\nae It is interesting that what is essentially a toponymic form (given the long vowel in the suffix -tla:n should be used in a figurative sense to mean 'crowd.' Note that, at least
historically, there were two suffixes: -tlan used with nominal stems as a relational and -tla:n used in locative constructions. The present word,
to:hla:n manifests the long vowel of -tla:n. Whether or not the placename To:hla:n has been given a figurative meaning of 'crowd' is
unclear, or whether the form is more"directly"related to the word for 'tule.' Acoustically, the duration of the two vowels in this word are unusually long. The stem vowels of Florencia
Marcelino's two pronunciations are 148 and 191, and then 141 and 165 ms. For Inocencio Jiménez the corresponding figures are 121 and 166 for the first token, and 136 and 234
for the second.
\qry_fon Note the extremely long duration of the vowels in /to:hla:n/: The stem vowels of Florencia Marcelino's two pronunciations are 148 and 191, and then 141 and 165 ms. For
Inocencio Jiménez the corresponding figures are 121 and 166 for the first token, and 136 and 234 for the second.
\ref 04050
\lxam kechko:lah
\lxam_c i:kechko:lah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) cola
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N2
\sense_e hair that goes down to the nape of the neck (often used to refer to a characteristic of men)
\sense_s pelo que baja hasta la nuca del cuello (a menudo empleado para referirse al pelo de un hombre)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia ikechko:lah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has hair down to the nape of his neck (i.e., like a tail).
\phrase_s Tiene el pelo colgado hasta la nuca del cuello.
\root kech
\qry Check to see if this only refers to a man, given that woman of the region all have long hair. C. Flores was uncertain of this word.
\semref kechkwitlapi:hli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04051
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be an alternative pronunciation e.g., /mlá:k/. It has been deleted and all tokens should be tagged 4587.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 04052
\lxam matilowilia
\lxam_c kimatilowilia
\lxoa matilowilia
\lxoa_c kimatilowilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to twist for or on (i.e., affecting sb in some way)
\sense_s torcerle a (o para, etc., afectando la persona involucrada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chma:nekwiloh, o:ne:chmatilowilih noma.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He made my arm crooked, he twisted my arm.
\phrase_s Me enchuecóel brazo, me torciómi brazo.
\root matil
\nse The applicative matilowilia can be used, with an added applicative sense, for all the senses listed under matilowa.
\qry Make sure this can be uttered in nonreduplicated form. Although I did record in my original filecards /ma:ka xne:chmatilowili noma/, this should be checked. I mention in the original
notes that also possible is /o:kimatilokeh ima/ 'they twisted his arm'. However, I wonder if the more common expression would be with"possessor raising"/o:ne:chma:matilokeh/. This
should be checked. Also, determine more uses for /matilowilia/.
\mod In general in the discussion of how to use the dictionary, mention that applicative senses are generally less complete than the original verb, and that one should consult the base verb
for the full range of senses.
\grm Incoporation and possessor raising. /O:ne:chma:nekwiloh, o:ne:chmatilowilih noma/ 'He made my arm crooked, he twisted my arm' Note the preceding phrase and how the
incorporation/possessor raising is contrasted to non-incorporation. It would seem that this is a good example of parallel structures in which there is little difference in
meaning; perhpas this pair simply reflects a rhetorical device to repeat propositional meaning without repeating formal structure. One imagines that the speaker could say
/o:kimatiloh noma/. Check all possibilities and meanings.
\grm Applicative: Can be /kimatilowilia/ with a human object that is the benefactive or malefactive; or it can be /kimatilowilia/ with a material object such as barrilla onto which
alambre is twisted.
\xref matilowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04053
\lxam interi:noh
\lxam_c interi:noh
\lxoa interi:noh
\lxoa_c interi:noh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan interino
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e interim village mayor (komisa:rioh) and second officer chosed to fulfill the social obligations of this office during the village fiesta in December
\sense_s alcalde (komisa:rioh) y segundo interino del pueblo, escogidos para cumplir con las obligaciones sociales de estos oficios durante la fiesta del pueblo
en diciembre
\sense_d Pending
\nse In Ameyaltepec, during the two days of the fiesta of the village patron saint, starting on the night previous to the very day of the fiesta, two elders are chosen to act as village judge
and second. They are responsible for giving food and drink to the visiting musicians and authorities and in other ways entertain them at a table set up in the comisaría
that the musicians approach playing and with their own gifts. The status of the interi:noh in Oapan has not yet been determined.
\ref 04054
\lxam yo:ltilia
\lxam_c noyo:ltilia
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\gloss_e to.resuscitate
\gloss_s resucitar
\sense_e (refl.) to resuscitate; to come back to life (a fire, a plant that takes root)
\sense_s (refl.) resuscitar; volver a vivir (un fuego, una planta que echa raíces)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:noyo:ltilih tlitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The fire started up again (after ostensibly having gotten extinguished).
\phrase_s Se resuscitó el fuego (después de aparentemente haberse extinguido).
\phrase_n Xkonta un kowatl! Yo:h'miktika iwa:n oksepa o:noyo:ltilih, oksepa o:tlachi:x.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Look at that snake! I had (thought I had) killed it and it's come back to life, once again it's come to.
\phrase_s ¡Mira esa culebra! Lo había (pensado que lo había) matado y otra vez está con vida, otra vez resuscitó.
\phrase_n Kamantika de ka:n o:tlawelmat, notla:lia. Pa noka:wa, pa noyo:ltilia.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 04054_01_am
\src_p Inocencio Díaz : 0035_Am_ID_md05_tr01.wav / 1:00
\phrase_e Sometimes where it feels at home (a branch of a kopalkuwtli planted in the ground), it takes root. It stays there, it comes back to life there.
\phrase_s A veces donde se halla (una rama del a kopalkuwtli puesta en la tierra), echa raices. Allá queda, vuelve a vivir.
\sense_e (refl.) to form (part of a plant such as the peanut)
\sense_s (refl.) formarse (parte de una planta, como el cacahuate)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Umpa noyo:ltilia tla:lkakawatl para we:iyas. Kipia tli:n wel tihkwali:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There (in the ground) the peanut is germinated and grows. It has a part that you can eat.
\phrase_s Allí (dentro de la tierra) se germina el cacahuate para que crezca. Tiene una parte que le puedes comer.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to tap (a watermelon) on a hard surface (to soften and sweeten it).
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) dar (una sandía) golpecitos contra una superficie dura (para ablandarla y endulczarla).
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xyoyo:ltili i:n sá:ndiah para ma yema:nia, ma tsope:lia!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tap this watermelon (in this case against a stone) so that it gets soft, so that it gets sweet!
\phrase_s Dale golpecitos a esta sandía (en este caso contra una piedra) para que se ablande, para que se endulce!
\root yo:l
\disamb yo:ltia; noyo:ltilia; noyo:li:tia
\nse In the reduplicated form yoyo:ltilia potential subjects seem only to be watermelons, which may be tapped all around against a hard surface to sweeten them up.
Consultants mentioned, for example, that other fruits such as cantoloupe and melon are not so treated, and if they are tapped they only become more bitter.
\qry Check meaning of /noyo:ltilia/ in regards to the peanut; for what other plants may this form be used.
\ref 04055
\lxam tlachichikotektli
\lxam_c tlachichikotektli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e see kwe:tli de tlachichikotektli
\sense_s véase kwe:tli de tlachichikotektli
\sense_d Am
\root chiko
\root teki
\semref tlaí:lakastéhtli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04056
\lxam te:kalpo:wtinemi
\lxam_c te:kalpo:wtinemi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to go around house to house (without any particular purpose); to go around like a vagabond (with nothing better to do)
\sense_s andar de vago, de casa a casa (sin tener nada mejor que hacer)l; vagabundear
\sense_d Am
\root kal
\root po:w
\grm Note the metaphor here: the person does not of course"count"(/powa/) houses.
\ref 04057
\lxam parie:nteh
\lxam_c i:parie:nteh
\lxoa parie:nteh
\lxoa_c i:parie:nteh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan pariente
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N0/2; Aln(0=2)
\sense_e (alienable possession) relative of
\sense_s (posesión enajenable) pariente de
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (vocative) address term for distant relatives whose tie is not overtly coded in a specific lexeme (e.g., pri:moh)
\sense_s (vocativo) término de dirigirse o saludo a parientes lejanos cuyas relaciones no se cubren por un término específico (p. ej., pri:moh)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ka:n tiaw parie:nteh?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where are you going relative?
\phrase_s ¿A dónde vas pariente?
\nse An alternate way of expressing a kinship relation between two individuals is through the transitive verbal construction ke:n -ita as in yewa xke:n
nikita 'I'm not related to him.'
\ref 04058
\lxam ma:chiko
\lxam_c ma:chiko
\lxoa ma:chiko
\lxoa_c ma:chiko
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to have (a woman) a way of grinding nextamahlicharactized by the fact that when the subject grinds corn on a metate, she pushes one side of the
metlapihli, or roller, harder and faster than the other, causing it to move crookedly over the surface of the metate, one side faster than the other
\sense_s caracterizarse (una mujer) por el hecho de que, al moler maíz sobre el metate, pone más presión sobre un lado de la mano de metate que al otro, causando que baje chueco
sobre la superficie del metate, un lado más rápido que el otro
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root chiko
\semref ma:chiko:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref chiko
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04059
\lxam te:ntso:tso:ti
\lxam_c te:ntso:tso:ti
\lxoa te:ntso:tso:ti
\lxoa_c te:ntso:tso:ti
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-ti
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to get or have a rash around ones mouth
\sense_s salirsele granos por la boca a; tener granos por la boca
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xte:nsalo mokone:w, te:ntso:tso:ti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tie a protective cloth around your child's mouth, he has sores there!
\phrase_s ¡Amárrale una tela protectiva por la boca de tu niño, allítiene granitos!
\root te:n
\root tso:tso:
\ref 04060
\lxam pexte:ka
\lxam_c kipexte:ka
\lxoa pexte:ka
\lxoa_c nopexte:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans (Oa)
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to tilt horizontally and parallel to the ground (e.g., a machete in chopping at the base of a thorn bush; see peya:wilia)
\sense_s inclinar horizontalmente y paralelo a la tierra (p. ej., una machete al cortar arbustos de espinas en el campo; véase peya:wilia)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to knock down partway to the ground (e.g., a boxer fighting another, but not a knockdown)
\sense_s tumbar a un lado (p. ej., un peleador a otro, pero no hasta tumbarlo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:tine:chpexte:kak kwa:k o:tine:chkwateloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You laid me down flat on the ground when yoo punched me in the head.
\phrase_s Me pusiste horizontal por el suelo cuando me pegaste en la cabeza.
\sense_e (refl.) to lean over to the side (e.g., to peer around a tree)
\sense_s (refl.) inclinarse a un lado (p. ej., para ver a un lado de algo que estorba)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl.) to gallop (an animal such as horse, mule, or donkey)
\sense_s (refl.) galopear (un animal como caballo, mula o burro)
\sense_d Oa
\root pech
\root te:ka
\nse Although the forms in Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl are identical, there use differs. Ameyaltepec pexte:ka is a transitive verb that can be used reflexively with the
usual implications (e.g., a reflexive act of inclining oneself, a passive formation, etc.). In Oapan the same verb pexte:ka can only be used reflexively and refers
specifically to the act of galloping (e.g., a mule, horse, etc.). Apparently because it refers to a reflexive verb of movement, in Oapan there is a causative form, which does not exist in
Ameyaltepec. In this sense the Oapan form parallels other reflexive verbs of movement (e.g., tlalowa) that have a morphological causative whereas the Ameyaltepec
form parallels basic transitive verbs that generally do not have a causative form.
\qry Check whether /xpexte:ka momache:teh/ is correct. Note that I have 'machete' as the object of the applicative. These should be checked as well as the difference. Perhpas a sort of
'leismo' in Nahuatl?
\xref pexte:kilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref pexte:ki:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 04061
\lxam tio:pan
\lxam_alt tio:pantli
\lxam_c tio:pan
\lxoa tio:pan
\lxoa_alt tio:pantli
\lxoa_c tio:pan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e church
\sense_s iglesia
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tia:skeh tio:pan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We are going to church.
\phrase_s Vamos a la iglesia.
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n totio:pan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Our church (i.e., the village church) is beautiful.
\phrase_s Nuestra iglesia (esto es, la del pueblo) es bonita.
\root tio:
\root_rel -pan
\nse Note that whereas in Ameyaltepec the only form is without the absolutive ending, in Oapan apparently both forms, tio:pan and tio:pantli are used.
\nae The length of the /o/ is highly problematical. The Oapan speech tokens examined so far reveal a significant difference in both duration and in the time it takes the initial front vowel /i/
to reach a target position more or less of a mid-central vowel. Much work will need to be done on forms with tio- but for now the vowel has been documented as long.
This determination also reflects the judgements of native speakers in the literacy workshop, most of whom considered the /o:/ of all words containing /tio:/ 'divine' as having a long
vowel in this position.
\qry_fon Check /o/: Note: The length of the /o/ is highly problematical. The Oapan speech tokens examined so far reveal a significant difference in both duration and in the time it
takes the initial front vowel /i/ to reach a target position more or less of a mid-central vowel. Much work will need to be done on forms with tio- but for now the
vowel has been documented as long. CHECK: I hear C. Flores pronunciation with a long /o:/. Check.
\ref 04062
\lxam nakastetepon
\lxam_c nakastetepon
\lxoa nakastetepon
\lxoa_c nakastetepon
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e to have one ear shorter than the other (e.g., a donkey, dog, etc.); to have two short (cut) ears
\sense_s tener una orjea más corta que la otra (p. ej., un burro, un perro, etc.); tener las dos orejas cortadas
\sense_d Pending
\root nakas
\root tepon
\nae The differences in the surface manifestation of final nasals in Oapan Nahuatl is apparent here.
\qry Note the /tetepon/ seems to be lexicalized with reduplication; I do not recall having ever heard the nonreduplicated form ?tepon.
\qry_fon Analyze the difference in final consonant of the two speakers.
\vl Link second female and first male token.
\ref 04063
\lxam tlaxkalpacho:hli
\lxam_c tlaxkalpacho:hli
\lxoa tlaxkalpacho:hli
\lxoa_c tlaxkalpacho:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of toasted tortilla, similar in some ways to an itakatl (Am)
\sense_s tipo de tortilla tostada, parecida en alguna manera al itakatl (Am)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food-tortillas
\root xka
\root pach
\nse A tlaxkalpacho:hli is made as follows. The nextamahli is washed and let drip dry (ixi:ka (Am)). After the water
nexa:yo:tl) has all seeped out the nextamahli is ground into dry dough (tixtli). If this is not dry enough it is further let to dry in the tray
at the foot of the metate. The tixtli , now like pino:hli , is sprinkled on the clay griddle (koma:hli) and pressed down, often with a
plate, so that it sticks together (noki:tskia). It is then toasted on both sides.
\qry Cf. entry under /patlachowa/.
\ref 04064
\lxam yo:li:xkotlekuwa
\lxam_c yo:li:xkotlekuwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4c(pano)
\semfld disease
\sense_e to have a pain in ones abdomen from lack of food
\sense_s sentir un dolor en el estómago por falta de comer
\sense_d Am
\root yo:l
\root tlehko:
\qry Check for causative transitive form.
\ref 04065
\lxam tla:lpitsotsi:n
\lxam_c tla:lpitsotsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e armadillo, i.e., the nine-banded armadillo found in Mexico (Dasypus novemcinctus)
\sense_s armadillo (el especie Dasypus novemcinctus)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld mammal
\root tla:l
\root pitso
\nse Often used in the diminutive: tla:lpitsotsi:n. The synonym a:yo:to:chin is known by Ameyaltepequeños but apparently from contact with neighboring
villages. In Oapan some individuals have heard of this, but most are unfamiliar with this term. It was been recorded during a taping session by Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio
Jiménez, but Inocencio in particular was unfamiliar with the meaning, first interpreting it to refer to the clay figures of pigs that are sometimes made or painted in Oapan.
\notes_nature Information on the species name taken from Leopold (1959).
\vl Although this term is elicited, do not link it to the dictionary. Florencia and Inocenio pronounced /tla:lpitso/ but were not familiar with its meaning. It is a word from
Ameyaltepec.
\semref a:yo:to:chin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref a:yo:to:chin
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04066
\lxam chaya:wi
\lxam_c chaya:wi
\lxoa choya:wi
\lxoa_c choya:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\trans Compl
\sense_e to get distributed; to be lent out (among people)
\sense_s distribuirse (entre gente); prestarse (a varias personas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:pan ma chaya:wi! Nikte:ma:makas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It should be distributed among people! I'll give it out to people (bit by bit, in portions).
\phrase_s ¡Quése distribuya entre la gente! Voy a darle a la gente (poco a poco, en porciones).
\phrase_n Nikpia tlayo:hli pero chachaya:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have maize but it is distributed (with portions in several people's houses).
\phrase_s Tengo maíz pero estáesparcido (algunas porciones en las casas de varias personas).
\phrase_n Cachaya:wtok notomi:n; miahka:n o:nikte:ma:ma:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My money is spread out all over; I lent it out to a lot of people (each separately, in a diferent place).
\phrase_s Mi dinero estáregada; se lo prestéa gente en muchos lados (a cada uno aparte, en un lugar distinto).
\sense_e to get scattered or dispersed (clouds in the sky; objects such as seed stacked in heaps)
\sense_s desparramarse; esparcirse; disiparse (nubes en el cielo; objetos amontonados, p. ej. semillas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tila:wtoya moxtli, a:man o:chaya:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sky was thick with clouds, now they have scattered.
\phrase_s El cielo estaba cubierta con una gruesa capa de nubes, ahora ya se dispersaron.
\sense_e to spread out (sth that was piled up); to dissipate (sth that had been concentrated in a particular place)
\sense_s esparcirse; desparramarse (algo que estaba amontonado); disipar (algo que se concentraba en algún lugar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xok tili:ntok moma. O:chaya:w ika tili:ntoya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your arm is no longer swollen. That which caused the swelling has dissipated.
\phrase_s Tu brazo ya no estáhinchado. Se disipólo que causaba la inflamación.
\root chaya:
\nse There are two general senses of words such as chachaya:wtok. The first refers to something, such as grain, that has been piled up and then knocked and spread out.
The second refers to objects that have been dispersed or lent out among many people in different places.
\ref 04067
\lxam tlatio:chi:wtli
\lxam_c tlatio:chi:wtli
\lxoa tlatio:chi:htli
\lxoa_c tlatio:chi:htli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e material or animate object that has been blessed or consecrated
\sense_s objeto material o animado que ha sido bendicho o consagrado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka san ke:n ihki xikihli un tio:pixki, yewa tlatio:chi:wtli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't tell it to that priest disrespectfully, he's been consecrated!
\phrase_s ¡No le vayas a decir comoquiera a ese sacerdote,él estáconsagrado.
\root tio:
\root chi:wa
\semref tlatio:chi:wahli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04068
\lxam suwa:ka:wa
\lxam_c suwa:ka:wa
\lxoa siwa:ka:wa
\lxoa_c siwa:ka:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to leave ones wife; to get divorced from ones wife
\sense_s dejar la esposa; divorciar a la esposa
\sense_d Pending
\root sowa:
\root ka:wa
\qry Check whether /tla:kaka:wa/ exists.
\qry_fon The duration of the two long vowels in the Oa form seems quite high. Check with phonetician.
\ref 04069
\lxam wa:xin de chikimolin
\lxam_c wa:xin de chikimolin
\lxoa wa:xi de chikomolin
\lxoa_pr wa:xin de chikomolin
\lxoa_c wa:xin de chikomolin
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e Leucaena sp.Benth., type of guaje, a tree of the Leguminoseae family
\sense_s Leucaena sp.Benth., tipo de guaje de la familia Leguminoseae
\sense_d Pending
\semfld lifeform
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\semfld medicine
\root wa:x
\root chikimol
\ency_note wa:xin
\semref chikimolin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04070
\lxam tla:nka
\lxam_c i:tla:nka
\lxoa tla:nka
\lxoa_c i:tla:nka
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-ka
\infn N2
\sense_e interest (of money lent or invested, of grain, etc.)
\sense_s interés (de dinero prestado o invertido, de semilla, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikneki ika itla:nka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I want it (in this case money) with its interest.
\phrase_s Lo quiero (en este caso dinero) con su interés.
\root tla:ni
\ref 04071
\lxam witspatlaxtli
\lxam_c witspatlaxtli
\lxoa witspatlaxtli
\lxoa_c witspatlaxtli
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-wi
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e generic name for two species of Acacias: witspatlaxtli (Am and Oa) and witspatlaxtli de tepe:k (Am)
\sense_s nombre genérico para dos especies de Acacias: witspatlaxtli (Am and Oa) y witspatlaxtli de tepe:k (Am)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e Acacia cochliacanthaHumb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., small tree of the Acacia family called cubata negra or cubata in Spanish
\sense_s Acacia cochliacanthaHumb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., arbusto de la familia Acacia llamado cubata negra or cubata in Spanish
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Witspatlaxtli | Bwe:noh para tlikuwtli noso para timoyewaltsakwas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Witspatlaxtli : It is good for firewood or for enclosing your compound.
\phrase_s Witspatlaxtli : Es bueno para leña o para cercar tu solar.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root wits
\root patla:ch
\nse According to Emigdio Rosendo, this is good for china:ntli , apparently of the type known as tlawi:kpantli. The tree called simply as
witspatlaxtli is known in Ameyaltepec and Oapan, the tree called witspatlaxtli de tepe:k has not been documented in Oapan.
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this as a plant called cubata of the family Leguminosae. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this in Spanish as espino
ancho, which reflects the literal translation of Nahuatl. Schoenhals (1988) does not have anything as espino ancho but does have a listing for
cubata:"1. (Acaciaspp.) 'acacia' Various acacias with large thorns. Also called subín. 2. (Acacia cymbispina) 'boat-thorn acacia' See
cucharitas."And under cucharitas:"(Acacia cymbispina) 'boat-thorn acacia.' Canoe-shaped shells on bare branches resemble empty pods but in reality are thorns.
An unmistakable acacia. Also called cubata. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:96-100) list four types of acacia, all in the family Leguminosae; mimosoideae:
Acacia bilimekii(known as tehuixtle), Acacia cochliacantha(known as cubata negra or cubata), Acacia
coulteri(known as pa lo blanco), Ac acia pennatula(known as cubata blancaor cenizo, and Acacia farnesiana(known
as huizache).
\semref witskuwtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref witskohtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04072
\lxam te:no:tski
\lxam_c te:no:tski
\lxoa te:no:tski
\lxoa_c te:no:tski
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to be talkative; to be friendly and pleasant (i.e., sb who is very expressive, always conversing with people, speaking with them, etc.)
\sense_s ser placticador; ser amigable; ser alguien que conversa mucho (esto es, algn que es amigable, que siempre conversa, que es muy expresiva)
\sense_d Pending
\root no:tsa
\ref 04073
\lxam xió:tl
\lxam_c xió:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e fruit or grain having a skin (that should have peeled away)
\sense_s fruta o grano que todavía tiene su cáscara (que se hubiera pelado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xió:tl nonextamal, xkwahli o:xi:pe:w, xkwahli tenextli, xte:kokoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e (The maize of) my nextamahli still has its skin, it hasn't peeled off well, the lime is no good, it's not strong.
\phrase_s (El maíz de) mi nixtamal todavía tiene su cáscara, no se ha pelado, la cal no estábien, no estáfuerte.
\root xi:
\qry Check meaning and vowel length. Note that in one mention of this word I had recorded final-syllable stress: [sió:tl].
\semref xi:pe:hki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04074
\lxam po:ktli
\lxam_c po:ktli
\lxoa po:htli
\lxoa_c po:htli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e smoke
\sense_s humo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n ipo:kio
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e its smoke (the smoke that sth gives off)
\phrase_s Su humo (el humo que algo echa)
\sense_e smog; pollution (e.g., from a bus, train, car, etc.)
\sense_s esmog; contaminación (p. ej., de un camión, tren, coche, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\qry Check, but I think that the possessed form of this noun is only found with /-yo/. But if both /ipo:k/ and /ipo:kio/ exist, check the difference between the two.
\root po:k
\ref 04075
\lxam tepe:wa:xin
\lxam_c tepe:wa:xin
\lxoa tepe:wa:xin
\lxoa_c tepe:wa:xin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e Lysiloma acapulcense(Kunth) Benth., guaje tree of the Leguminoseae family with unedible fruit, called tepehuaje or tlahuitole negro in
Spanish
\sense_s Lysiloma acapulcense(Kunth) Benth., guaje de la familia Leguminoseae cuya fruta no es comestible, llamado tepehuaje y tlahuitole negro en español
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tepe:wa:xin, bwe:noh para tra:nkah.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Luis Lucena
\phrase_e The tepehuaje is good for making gates.
\phrase_s El tepehuaje es bueno para hacer trancas.
\phrase_n Deke o:mitsmi:nkeh, tihkwe:cho:s ikakawayo tepe:wa:xin ipan tetl. Tikoni:s ika a:tl. Mitsiso:tlalti:s, ki:sas tli:n xkwahli.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Florenciana Reyna
\phrase_e If you've been attacked with food-poisoning sorcery, you grind up the bark of the tepehuaje on a stone. You drink it (the ground-up bark) with water. It will
make you vomit, all that which is bad will come out.
\phrase_s Si te hicieron brujería para envenonarte, vas a moler la cáscara del tepehuaje sobre una piedra. Lo vas a beber con agua. Te va a hacer vomitar, sale todo lo malo.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\semfld -pl-med
\root tepe:
\root wa:x
\notes_nature The medicinal use of tepehuaje was reported by Florenciana Reyna, although Luis Lucena denied knowledge of this use. Schoenhals (1988) mentions in
regard to the tepeguaje"1. (Lysilomaspp. e.g., L. divaricata'borderpod acacia tree' Resembles the acacias but with ridges along the seed pods and no
thorns. Also called mauto, palo de arco. 2. (Lysiloma microphylla) 'little-leaf lysiloma' white, puffball flowers. Also called quiebrahacha. 3. (Leucaenaspp.
e.g., L. pulverulenta) 'great lead tree' A tree of up to 18 meters that may be half a meter in diameter near the base. Wood is strong and heavy. White flowers are
fragrant; fruit is a pod. Also called lilac, quiebrahacha."Guizar Nolazco and Sánchez Velez (1991:103) illustrate and describe Lysiloma acapulcensis(Kunth) Benth.
of the family Leguminosae; mimosoideae. They give the common name as"tepehuaje"and"tlahuitole negro."Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the
huaje de cerro.
\semref tepe:wa:xkuwtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tepe:wa:xkohtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04076
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod Here /tlanne:nepantik/ has been removed.
\vl Give the four words here the ref. #
\dt 16/Mar/2002
\ref 04077
\lxam i:xpepextia
\lxam_c ki:xpepextia
\lxoa í:xpepéxtia
\lxoa_pr i:xpepextia
\lxoa_c kí:xpepéxtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca[wi]
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to patch or put a patch on (particularly clothes)
\sense_s ponerle parche a algo (particularmente ropa)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xki:xpepexti nopá:ntalon!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Put a patch on my pants!
\phrase_s ¡Ponle un parche a mis pantalones!
\sense_e to place a cover on the surface of (e.g., corn stored on the ground so that it doesn't get full of earth)
\sense_s tapar (con una tela o nilon, p. ej., mazorcas guardadas sobre el suelo para que no se llenen de tierra)
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root pech
\disamb tlamamanilia
\nse In regard to clothing, i:xpepextia refers to the action of placing a patch on something, resulting in two layers of cloth. It differs from tlamamanilia ,
which is used to refer to cutting away a wornout area, e.g. on ones clothes, and replacing it with another piece of material, which is joined to the original around the border of the
cutout section.
\qry Determine if there is an applicative, ?i:xpepextilia.
\grm Note that the relationship of causatives to verbs ending in /-owa/ or /-iwi/ is not clear. Thus one has /pepechowa/ and /pepecho:ltia/ (the difference in meaning between these
should be checked, but apparently the second refers to bringing together an animate object with other (e.g."acercar") while the first refers to the action of pasting one thing
on another. Note, however, that RS has entries for both ixpechoa, nitla 'poner algo sobre el vestido, esconder, cubrir la parte de arriba de un objeto' and ixpechtia, nitla
'bajar una cosa para poner otra por encima'. It will be necessary to determine whether /i:x(pe)pechowa/ exists in Ameyaltepec.
\ref 04078
\lxam a:pachiwi
\lxam_c a:pachiwi
\lxoa a:pachiwi
\lxoa_c a:pachiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get covered with water (e.g., sth that falls into a bucket, pool, pond, etc.)
\sense_s cubrirse con agua (algo, p. ej., que se ha caido en una cubeta, charca, laguna, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:a:pachiw, O:wetsito ka:n wekatlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It got covered with water. It fell off into a place where the water was deep.
\phrase_s Se tapócon agua. Cayóen una parte profunda del agua.
\phrase_n O:a:pachiw mosombre:roh, o:tma:niyew itik a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your hat got covered with water, you let it slip out of your hands into the water.
\phrase_s Se cubriótu sombrero con agua, se te fue de la mano al agua.
\sense_e to soak in water
\sense_s remojarse en agua
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:pachiwtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The palm is soaking in water (e.g., palm to be softened, clothes that will be cleaned).
\phrase_s Estáremojandose en agua (palma para suavizarse, ropa que se va a lavar, etc.).
\sense_e to become innundated (a field or section of land)
\sense_s inundarse; cubrirse con agua (un terreno).Estáinundado (un campo o sembradío)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w a:pachiwi nomi:l, kalaki a:te:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My cornfield has started to get flooded, the (rising) river has expanded into it.
\phrase_s Ya se empezóa inundar mi milpa, el río (crecido) le estáentrando.
\root a:
\root pach
\mod Use phrase with /ma:niyewa/ with entry under /ma:niyewa/. Check vowel length.
\grm Locatives; /-ka:n/: O:a:pachiw, O:wetsito ka:n wekatlan. Note the use of /ka:n/ with a"locative."
\ref 04079
\lxam tlaitlanke:tl
\lxam_c tlaitlanke:tl
\lxoa tláitlánke:tl
\lxoa_c tláitlánke:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e elder male villager who formally requests a bride on behalf of the bridegroom and his family
\sense_s hombre, generalmente de edad avanzada, que va a pedir una novia en matrimonio como representante del novio y su familia
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e young man who is engaged in the formal process of asking for a bride
\sense_s joven que estáen el proceso de pedir novia
\sense_d Oa
\root htlani
\nae Tlai:tlanke:tl is by far the most usual form although I have also documented tlaitlanki in Ameyaltepec. Tlaitlani is derived from the verbal
base htlani, the same base that is found in the transitive Ameyaltepec verb tlatlani (which is undoubtedly underlyingly {tla + htlani}.
\qry Check.
\ref 04080
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for /umpa/ xref'd to /ompa/. It has been deleted. In the general phonology make the observation that /ompa/ is often pronounced as /umpa/.
\grm Adverbs: Note that the adverbial /ompa/ from Ameyaltepec is not found in Oapan.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\ref 04081
\lxam tlane:wia
\lxam_c kinotlane:wia
\lxoa tlane:wia
\lxoa_f [tla ne: 'wi a]
\lxoa_c notlane:wia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to borrow for oneself
\sense_s (refl.) pedir prestado para si mismo
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Kinotlane:wi:s tomi:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He will borrow some money for himself.
\phrase_s Va a pedir presentado algo de dinero para si mismo.
\root tlane:
\nae Apparently this is an applicative of the transitive tlane:wi ; the difference between tlane:wiya and tlane:wilia still needs to be explored. Note
that in Ameyaltepec (and Oapan, but much less so) it is quite common for the ditransitives used reflexively to not mark the secondary object on the verb. This was not always the
case in Classical. Thus Molina has tlaneuia. nino 'tomar algo prestado para bolverlo en la mesma especie, o arrendar viña.' Whether he used a different source is not
clear, but RS has under tlaneuia ninotla o nicno 'tomar una cosa en préstamo, arrendar un campo. In Ameyaltepec, apparently, the applicative is
more common, e.g., nimotlane:wilia.
\qry Check if this is only used reflexively. Check difference with /tlane:wilia/, if both exist in Oapan. Perhaps there is a difference in that /tlane:wilia/ (at least in Ameyaltepec) might be
used to mean 'to borrow from' and /tlane:wia/ is used for 'to borrow for.'
\xref tlane:wi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 04082
\lxam tlatsiwilia
\lxam_c kitlatsiwilia
\lxoa tlatsiwilia
\lxoa_c kitlatsiwilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to have a lack of desire to (do sth); to view with lack of excitement or desire (e.g., a given task or chore)
\sense_s darle flojera a; tener pocas ganas de (hacer algo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niktlatsiwilia para niá:s pa:mpa weka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't have much of a desire to go because it is so far.
\phrase_s Me da flojera ir porque estálejos.
\root tlats
\nse The basis of the meaning of this verb is that one views doing a given activity with reluctance (an activity that requires some level of exertion, e.g., for the distance or difficulty
involved). Tlatsiwilia and tlatska:kwitia are in some ways similar, with the task being the grammatical object of the former and the grammatical subject
of the latter.
\grm Applicative: Note the meaning of the applicative of the intransitive /tlatsiwi/: /tlatsiwilia/ : 'to have a lack of desire to (do sth); to view with lack of excitement or desire (e.g.,
a given task or chore)'. The example: /Niktlatsiwilia para niá:s pa:mpa weka./ 'I don't have much of a desire to go because it is so far.'
\semref tlatska:kwi:tia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlatsiwi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04083
\lxam sakamexkahli
\lxam_c sakamexkahli
\lxoa sakamexkahli
\lxoa_c sakamexkahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of agave still not identified, used to make mescal
\sense_s tipo de agave todavía no identificado, utilizado en la fabricación de mezcal
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sakamexkahli, iichio, yewa sakaixtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The fibers of the sakamexkahli maguey, they are called sakaixtli.
\phrase_s Las fibras del maguey sakamexkahli se llaman sakaixtli.
\root saka
\root mexkal
\nse This type of mexkahli is used to tie up sesame. My notes originally indicated that there were two types of this agave, but I have been unable reconstruction which two
were being referred to. Note that one Ameyaltepec consultant, I believe Inocencio Díaz, mentioned that it was identical to the agave known as kokohtitlantsi:n.
\notes_nature There is no documentation of this in either Ramírez (1991) nor Ramírez and Dakin (1979). The 1932 article by Bravo on cactus in the Cañon del Zopilote (see entry under
mexkahli) provides a preliminary list. Of the two types of sakamexkahli only the sakamexkahli itself is used in making mescal.
The other type, mexkahli de sakaixtli is used for string. Only Silvestre Pantaleón knew of this type of maguey but said that there is none in this area; it is
found near Alsesecan.
\qry Make sure that this agave is the type used to make mescal.
\semref mexkahli de sakaixtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref mexkahli de sakayextli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04084
\lxam a:tete:mowilia
\lxam_c ka:tete:mowilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to divine about (sth) for, using copal and maize thrown in a bowl of water
\sense_s adivinar o echar suerte (acerca de algo) para, echando maíz y copal en un recipiente con agua
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xne:cha:tete:mowili ka:n o:wetsito!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Divine for me about where it fell off (e.g., an animal off a cliff) by using copal and maize thrown in a jícara filled with water!
\phrase_s ¡Adivíname la suerte de donde se fue a caer, echando copal y maíz en una jícara con agua!
\root a:
\root te:mo
\qry Check correctness of /xne:cha:tete:mowili ka:n o:wetsito/, a phrase that I have slightly changed from the original. Make sure how the secondary object can be expressed.
\xref a:tete:mowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 04085
\lxam toma:wi
\lxam_c toma:wi
\lxoa toma:wi
\lxoa_c toma:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become fat; to fill out or become filled out (an animal or human that eats well, fruits as they become ripe, etc.)
\sense_s engordarse; llenarse (un animal o humano que come bien, fruta que llegan a estar a sazón)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w toma:wi un suwa:tl, kas ye o:stli, tewa:hkitsi:n katka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That woman has started to fill out (i.e., look like she's gained weight), perhaps she's gotten pregnant, she used to be quite thin.
\phrase_s Esa mujer ya empezóa llenarse (esto es, parecer más gorda), quizáestáembarazada, estaba bastante delgada.
\root to:ma
\qry Check for other meanings.
\ref 04086
\lxam techichiko:tl
\lxam_c techichiko:tl
\lxoa té:chikó:tl
\lxoa_c té:chikó:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-te)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e type of edible greenish lizard, sometimes having a red throat, used as a remedy for mihka:tlatlaxistli
\sense_s tipo de lagartija comestible, algo verde de color, ocasionalmente con la garganta rojo que se usa para remedio de mihka:tlatlaxistli
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld lizard
\semfld edible
\root te
\root chiko
\ency_note kowi:xin
\nse The etymology of techichiko:tl is uncertain. RS (based on Hernández) states that it is an"especie de lagarto"and identifies it as Stellio Novae Hispaniae.
One consultant identified this as chintete in Spanish. Schoenhals (1988:324) has two entries under chintete. The first is simply chintete:"1. '[long-tailed] lizard' A green
lizard with a very long tail. Probably not a very specific term. Also called lagartija verde. 2. In Oaxaca, used in a generic sense for all lizards."Then, under chintete rabón:"A lizard
wihich has lost its tail."In Ameyaltepec although many elders do recognize this animal as the techichiko:tl (the name was given by both Cristino Flores and Francisco
Ramírez) others (e.g., Inocencio Díaz) do not distinguish this lizard from the kuwi:xtataka.
\ref 04087
\lxam wekatlan
\lxam_c wekatlan
\lxoa wákatlán
\lxoa_c wákatlán
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-tlan
\infn N1(loc)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e place that is deep (e.g., a gorge, a river, a hole in the ground, etc.)
\sense_s lugar profundo (p. ej., una barranca, río, hoyo en la tierra, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nontlachi:x y melá:k wekatlan, a:sta nisesepoka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I took a glimpse over (in this case off the edge of a cliff) and it was really far down, I even got the shivers.
\phrase_s Me echéuna mirada (en este caso por un risco alto) y era mucha distancia al fondo, hasta sentíescalofríos.
\phrase_n O:a:pachiw, O:wetsito ka:n wekatlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It got covered with water. It fell into a place where the water was deep.
\phrase_s Se tapócon agua. Cayóen una parte profunda del agua.
\phrase_n Pe:ltik pa:mpa xteko:ntik, xwekatlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is described as pe:ltik because it is not concave, it is not deep (a bowl or tray).
\phrase_s Se le dice pe:ltik porque no es concavo, no estáprofundo (un plato hondo o charola).
\phrase_n Kwa:ta:takaltik, tetewistik itson, o:kixi:nkeh ka:nah uwekatlan, ka:nah wekapan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His hair is roughly cut, it is bumpy. In some places they cut his hair short, in other places they left it long.
\phrase_s Su cabello estátrasquilado, estádisparejo. En algunos lugares lele cortaron el pelo cortito, en otros lugares lo dejaron largo.
\root wehka
\root_rel -tlan
\xref tlawekatlan
\xref_t plus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 04088
\lxam tesontik
\lxam_c tesontik
\lxoa tesontik
\lxoa_c tesontik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e to be rough (such as a stone good for shelling corn or sharpending knives, the surface of stones used for metates, or the grater used for making ice snowballs
\sense_s seráspero (como una piedra buena para desgranar maíz o afilar cuchillos, la superficie de cosas como metates o manos de metate, o el cepillo para hacer raspados de
hielo)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be uneven and bumpy (such as the surface of an unsmoothed bowl, thick and bumpy in some places)
\sense_s ser desparejo (como la superficie de una olla no pulida que estámás gruesa en ciertas partes)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld texture
\root teson
\disamb chakayoltik
\ref 04089
\lxam ika o:kpa we:wentsi:n
\lxam_c ika o:kpa iwe:wentsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Adj-N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N/2
\sense_e second husband of
\sense_s segundo esposo of
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Yewa ika o:kpa nowe:wentsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is my second husband.
\phrase_s El es mi segundo esposo.
\semfld kin
\root o:k
\root we:n
\root_rel -pa
\nse The expressions noo:kpawe:we:ntsi:n and ika o:kpa nowe:we:ntsi:n are equivalent. Note that o:kpawe:wentsi:n is rarely found in
unpossessed form. In Oapan the form would be ya o:hpa nowe:wentsi:n.
\semref o:kpa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04090
\lxam tla:ltoto:nka:listli
\lxam_c tla:ltoto:nka:listli
\lxoa tla:lto:nka:listli
\lxoa_c tla:lto:nka:listli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e heating of the ground by continual exposure to the sun
\sense_s calentamiento del suelo a causa de ser expuesto continuamente al sol
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:l
\root to:n
\grm Deverbal nouns: /tla:ltoto:nka:listli/. In general note that deverbal nouns ending in /-istli/ or /-listli/ are derived from the present indicative of the verb, occasionally with
vowel reduplication. Thus one has /nemilistli/, /cho:kistli/, etc. In this present case, however, /tla:ltoto:nka:listli/ manifests a participial form of a verb ?tla:ltoto:na. The
question mark indicates that it is uncertain whether the verb exists by itself. The words /tla:ltoto:nka:n/ and /tla:ltoto:nka:miki/ have been documented; but the independent
or free-standing verb have not been recorded. An effort should be made to determine all cases of /-(l)istli/ preceded by the participial form /ka:-/.
\semref toto:nka:wi:lo
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04091
\lxam chakalin
\lxam_c chakalin
\lxoa chakalin
\lxoa_c chakalin
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e type of water animal, red in color, still not identified, smaller than the acamaya), apparently a type of shrimp-like animal
\sense_s tipo de animal acuático, rojo de color, todavía no identificado, parecido al acamaya pero más pequeño, aparentemente algo como un camarón
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\root chakal
\ref 04092
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be /sokipolaki/ but was removed when it was not documented and C. Flores denied its correctness.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 04093
\lxam panwetsi:ltia
\lxam_c kipanwetsi:ltia
\lxoa powetsi:ltia
\lxoa_c kipowetsi:ltia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp S-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to bring to the top; extract (by bringing to the top)
\sense_s hacer que llegue arriba; sacar (al poner arriba)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipanwetsi:ltia a:tl, kontila:na itik po:soh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He brings the water to the top (as he draws water from the well), he pulls it up from the inside of the well.
\phrase_s Sube el agua hasta arriba (al sacar agua del pozo), lo jala desde adentro del pozo.
\phrase_n A:man ma kalaki oksépara kipanwetsi:lti:s un tla:hli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now let another person get in (in this case to a trench being dug) so that he can take out the soil (pitching it up to the ground)!
\phrase_s Ahora que entre otra persona (en este caso en una zanja que se estáexcavando), para que pueda sacar la tierra (echándola con la pala hacia la superficie).
\root pan
\root wetsi
\nae The first vowel of Oapan powetsi:ltia is between an /o/ and /u/. Florencia Marcelino's pronunciation [o] is somewhat lower and further back than that of her husband
Inocencio Jiménez [u]. Nevertheless, it has been transribed as /u/.
\qry Apparently /panwetsi:ltia/ and /panwetsi:tia/ are equivalent, though this needs to be thoroughly checked.
\semref panwetsi:tia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref powetsi:tia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04094
\lxam sandiaxiwtli
\lxam_c sandiaxiwtli
\lxoa sándiaxíhtli
\lxoa_c sándiaxíhtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) sandía
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\pitch yes
\sense_e vine of the watermelon plant
\sense_s tallo rastrero y hojas de la sandía
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root xiw
\nae The Oapan form sá:ndiaxíhtli has been written with a /d/ for orthographic convenience. However, when followed by /ia/, the voiced stop [d] undergoes the same
palatalization to the voiceless affricate [ch] that affects [t]. The form might have been written /sá:ndiaxíhtli/, /sá:ntiaxíhtli/, or /sá:nchiaxíhtli/. In order to preserve the underlying Spanish
root, the /d/ has been maintained.
\semfld flower
\ref 04095
\lxam tekamak
\lxam_c tekamak
\lxoa tekamak
\lxoa_c tekamak
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-1-k(o)
\infn N(loc)
\sense_e opening between two large rocks or boulders where people can pass
\sense_s espacio entre dos rocas grandes donde gente puede pasar
\sense_d Pending
\root te
\root kama
\root_rel -ko
\ref 04096
\lxam sese:ktsi:n
\lxam_c sese:ktsi:n
\lxoa sese:htsi:n
\lxoa_c sese:htsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\sense_e name used for a variety of plants including two that are used as remedies; one is employed in a cure in which a person drinks a herbal potion or concoction (see
pai), the other is used in curing aches by placing its leaves on the sore parts of the body
\sense_s nombre de una variedad de plantas que incluye dos que se utilizan como remedios; una se utiliza en un brebaje que el enfermo bebe (véase pai), la
segunda se utiliza contra los dolores del cuerpo al poner las hojas de la planta sobre la parte doliente del cuerpo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sese:ktsi:n, ika pai:lo. Tihkwe:cho:s san ixiwyo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e In regard to the plant named sese:ktsi:n , it is used in the drinks that people take as a cure. You just grind up its leaves.
\phrase_s En cuanto a la planta llamada sese:ktsi:n , se emplea en los brebajes que se toma para remedio. solamente mueles sus hojas.
\phrase_n Deke o:mitsmi:nkeh, noso o:mitsma:keh kuwasiwistli, tikwalo, mitskukwa mitik, yewa ika tikoni:s sese:ktsi:n. Kikwe:chowan san ixiwyo, ihkón tikoni:s. Mitsisotlati:s,
mitsi:xiwi:nti:s, welis mitssotla:wi:s, pero ki:sas tli:n mitik tikpia. Te:muwtih, pero ihkí:n te:patia.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Christino Flores and Emilio Ramírez
\phrase_e If you've been bewitched with food poisoning (see mi:na), or if you've been given kowasiwistli , (and) you are ill, your belly hurts you, for
this reason you will drink sese:ktsi:n. They grind up only its leaves, that's how you are to drink it. It will make you vomit, it will get you drunk, it might make
you faint, but whatever you had inside your belly will be expelled. It is fierce, but this is how it cures people.
\phrase_s Si te echaron brujería metiendo animalitos en tu barriga (véase mi:na), o si te dieron kowasiwistli , (y) te enfermas, te duele la barriga,
por esta razón vas a tomar sese:ktsi:n. Muelen solamente sus hojitas, asíte lo tomas. te hace vomitar, te emborracha, hasta te puede hacer desmayar,
pero sale lo que tienes adentro. Es bravo, pero de esta manera alivia a la gente.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semfld medicine
\root se:k
\nse This name seems much more common in Ameyaltepec than in Oapan. In the former village it is applied to several plants with large leaves noted for their coolness, that can be applied
to the skin to mitigate pain. For example, the plant known in Oapan as to:xnakaxo:chitl(a plant still unidentified) was said to be called sese:ktsi:n by
Inocencio Díaz, an Ameyaltepec consultant. The most well known plant named sese:ktsi:n (Am) is apparently hallucinogenic and used in curing ceremonies. It still has
not been collected. It grows in the area around Xochicuetla, just south of Xalitla. According to Bartolo Mondragón, a curandero from Oapan, this plant is also known as
Margari:tah. It is thus like the tenexyetl(Sa:n Pe:droh) and chikomolin(Sa:n Martí:n), which also have
alternate human or saints names.
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this plant as of the family Convolvulaceae. Both she and Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give the Spanish name of this plant as
purísima. Check the fact that my notes indicate that there are two plants of this same name.
\qry Recheck verb form /mitssotla:wi:s/. Make sure in dictionary. But it may be in error; /sotla:wa/ might be both intransitive and transitive as it was in classical.
\qry_fon Check with phonetician nature of {k} sound before /-tsi:n/.
\ref 04097
\lxam kaxa:ntok
\lxam_c kaxa:ntok
\lxoa kaxa:ntok
\lxoa_alt kaxa:ntikah
\lxoa_c kaxa:ntok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be loose (a knot, a saddle strapped on a beast of burden, earth that is not tightly packed, hair braids, etc.)
\sense_s estar flojo (un nudo, una silla amarrada a una bestia, la tierra suelta y no muy apretada, trenzas de cabello, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kaxa:ntok. Xtili:ni, tla:mo tiwetsis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is loose (in this case a saddle). Tighten it, if you don't you'll fall!
\phrase_s Estáflojo (en este caso una silla sobre una mula).¡Aprétalo, si no te vas a caer!
\phrase_n Xtepi:tso i:n tla:hli! Ma tili:ni! Kaxa:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make this ground hard (e.g., by poudning on it)! It should get tightly packed! It's loose (right now).
\phrase_s ¡Haz que esta tierra se ponga maciza (al golpearla repetidas veces)!¡Quése macice! Estáalgo suelto (ahora)!
\root kaxa:
\fl kaxa:ni
\ref 04098
\lxam yekoka:tia
\lxam_c noyekoka:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to have a visitor or visitors (arrive at ones house from another village)
\sense_s (refl.) tener una visita o visitas (en la casa, de otro pueblo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:timoyekoka:tikeh, xok tikaxilian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We have visitors, we no longer have time.
\phrase_s Tenemos visitas, ya no tenemos tiempo.
\phrase_n Segi:doh nekoka:tia, san yekolo:tok icha:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is always having visitors, people are always arriving at his home.
\phrase_s Siempre tiene visitas, gente siempre estállegando a su hogar.
\root yehko
\ref 04099
\lxam temo:ltia
\lxam_c kitemo:ltia
\lxoa temo:ltia
\lxoa_c kitemo:ltia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to take down; to lower (a physical object, such as sth hanging); to unload (e.g., sacks and other similar items off a beast of burden, the back of a truck, etc.)
\sense_s bajar (un objeto material, como algo colgado); descargar (p. ej., bultos de una bestia, una camioneta, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to lower (a price)
\sense_s reducir (un precio)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to roll down; to lower (e.g., pant legs that have been rolled up, etc.)
\sense_s (con redupicación de vocal corta) bajar; desenrollar (p. ej., los pantalones arremangadas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niktetemo:lti:s nopantalón, xohkó:n nipantalontetekwixtos.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to roll down my trousers, I won't have them rolled up like that anymore.
\phrase_s Voy a desenrollar mis pantalones, ya no los voy a tener arremangados así.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to lower (material objects) one after another
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) bajar (objetos materiales) una cosa tras otra
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikte:temo:lti:s tlayo:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will take down the sacks of maize (one after the other, e.g., off a truck or train of mules).
\phrase_s Voy a bajar los costales de maíz (uno tras otro, p. ej., de una camionete o recua de mulas).
\semfld motion
\root temo:
\nse Apparently temowia is a synonym of temo:ltia although the former seems much less common.
\semref temowia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\xref temo:ltilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref temowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 04100
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixikaso:ntepailihtok
\lxoa_c ixikaso:ntepailihtok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to have ones trousers rolled up
\sense_s estar con los pantalones arremangados
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root te
\root payol
\qry_fon The length of the sequence /pai:/ in Oapan /tepai:lowa/ and all derivatives and associated words is in question. It definitely seems from this example here that one of the two
vowels, either the /a/ or the /i/ has a long duration. This is because Florencia Marcelino's vowel sequence is 196 and 212 ms. and Inocencio Jiménez has sequences of 183
and 163 ms. For now I have considered the /i/ long, although this should be checked across all stems with this root.
\semref pantalontetekwixtok
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref pantaló:ntekwíxtok
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref ixikasó:ntekwixtok
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref ixipantaló:ntekwíxtok
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref ixipantalo:ntepai:lihtok
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04101
\lxam sasa:lik
\lxam_c sasa:lik
\lxoa sasa:lik
\lxoa_c sasa:lik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e to be sticky
\sense_s ser pegajoso
\sense_d Pending
\root sa:l
\nae The derivational process for sasa:lik is fairly unusual. It is obviously related to the -iwi verb sa:liwi, but has become
adjectivalized in a manner that is not common. In addition, sasa:lik participates in the paradigmatic sequence of adjectivals, inchoatives, and causatives that
includes such adjecitvals as yema:nki, yenkwikamong many others. Molina gives this form as equivalent to çaçasaltic, which
would be the expected construction (cf. Ameyaltepec and Oapan mimiltik).
\ref 04102
\lxam yewaltik
\lxam_c yewaltik
\lxoa yewaltik
\lxoa_c yewaltik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\sense_e to be circular (in a flat plane, not round and three-dimensional)
\sense_s ser circular (en un plano, no redondo y de tres dimensiones)
\sense_d Pending
\ency_note shape: e.g., yewaltik; tepayoltik
\root yewal
\nse At least in Ameyaltepec, yewaltik is often present in the corpus in the diminutive yewaltsi:n.
\root_notes In Classical the corresponding form was youaltic.
\ref 04103
\lxam Siye:tah
\lxam_c Siye:tah
\lxoa Silye:teh
\lxoa_c Silye:teh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan silleta
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e constellation of stars still not identified
\sense_s constelación de estrellas todavía no identificada
\sense_d Pending
\semfld heavens
\ency_note si:tlalin
\ref 04104
\lxam o:kpawia
\lxam_c ko:kpawia
\lxoa o:hpawia
\lxoa_f [o:h pa 'wi a]
\lxoa_c ko:hpawia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\der V2-d-wia
\sense_e see -pawia
\sense_s véase -pawia
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root o:k
\root_rel -pa
\ref 04105
\lxam mapilwilia
\lxam_c kimapilwilia
\lxoa 'mapilwília
\lxoa_pr mapilwilia
\lxoa_c kímapilwília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to point (sth) out with ones finger to
\sense_s señalarle (algo) con el dedo a
\sense_d Pending
\root mah
\root pi:l
\nae Although the high pitch is on the object prefix of 'mapilwilia (the same occurs with 'mapilwia), pitch rises mostly through the course of the nasal /m/.
Here as in other cases (e.g., 'tlasótla) the placement of pitch accent on the prefix suggests that the basic pattern for pitch assignment is on the penultimate syllable
before the syllable having coda {h}. As with other examples, it is easier to account for an initial placement on the prefix than account for leftward shift/reassignment, which in this
case would not be motivated by either clash avoidance or a long vowel.
\qry_fon Syllable structure; pitch accent: Note that in a pitch contour of /kímapi:lwília/ the initial pitch accent reaches its peak at the end of the nasal (not so much its middle, it
seems). This perhaps suggests that the syllable division of Nahuatl is not unambiguously ki-ma-pi:l-wi-ya, but perhaps kim-(m)a-pi:l-wi-ya. The question of syllable division
needs further research, but the pitch evidence here suggests that the nucleus is not simply vocalic. Check vowel length in Am and Oa forms.
\vl The sequence begins with Florencia utters /kímapi:lwília/. Inocencio Jiménez then follows with /kímapi:lwíya/. Florencia follows again with /kímapilwília/. There then follow
2 tokens each of the headword /kímapilwília/. Thus in total there are 4 female tokens of the headword, 2 male tokens of the headword, and one male token (the first of
three) of /kímapi:lwíya/. This should be tagged with #3847.
\grm Orthography: Note in the text that an apostrophe is used before a consonant initial transitive verb to indicate that pitch always falls on the prefix, never on the first syllable
of the stem. Make sure this is clear.
\grmx Although the high pitch is on the object prefix of 'mapilwilia (the same occurs with 'mapilwia), pitch rises mostly through the course of the
nasal /m/. Here as in other cases (e.g., 'tlasótla) the placement of pitch accent on the prefix suggests that the basic pattern for pitch assignment is on the
penultimate syllable before the syllable having coda {h}. As with other examples, it is easier to account for an initial placement on the prefix than account for leftward
shift/reassignment, which in this case would not be motivated by either clash avoidance or a long vowel.
\grm Syllable structure; pitch accent: Note that in a pitch contour of /kímapi:lwília/ the initial pitch accent reaches its peak at the end of the nasal (not so much its middle, it
seems). This perhaps suggests that the syllable division of Nahuatl is not unambiguously ki-ma-pi:l-wi-ya, but perhaps kim-(m)a-pi:l-wi-ya. The question of syllable division
needs further research, but the pitch evidence here suggests that the nucleus is not simply vocalic.
\xref mapilwia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref 'mapi:lwía
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 04106
\lxam tlamontilia
\lxam_c tlamontilia
\lxoa tlamontilia
\lxoa_c tlamontilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to bring (a recently married woman [S]) a husband to live with her family in lieu of bridewealth
\sense_s traer (una mujer recién casada [S]) el esposo para vivir con sus suegros en lugar de recibir un animal u otro tipo de compensación
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Juana o:tlamontilih, tlayowia iwe:wentsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Juana had her husband live with her family as a son-in-law (giving service to the household), her husband is very poor.
\phrase_s Juana trajo su esposo para la casa de sus papás (para hacer servicio de yerno), su esposo es muy pobre.
\root mon
\nse Apparently this can refer to a woman who brings a husband to live with her family even if he has paid bridewealth. The fact that a man accepts such an arrangement is usually
considered a sign of his limited wealth.
\nae This word has not been documented without the nonspecific object prefix (i.e., there is no record as yet of ? montilia). Thus it is not clear whether the object slot
would be occupied by the spouse who is brought to live with his in-laws, or the bride's parents, into whose household the husband is brought. The verb has been classified as a
causative even though it could well be classified as V1-tlaindicating the use of tla- as a nonspecific null complement.
\semref monti
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04107
\lxam a:totsowa
\lxam_c ka:totsowa
\lxoa a:totsowa
\lxoa_c ka:totsowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to water down or make watery (a mixture that normally would have some water added to it)
\sense_s echarle agua para hacer más aguado (una mezcala a que normalmente se le agrega agua)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xka:totso un sokitl para titlai:xmanaskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Add water to that mud so that we can spread cover a surface (e.g., a floor, with it).
\phrase_s Echale agua al barro para que podamos cubir una superficie (como un piso, con ello)
\root a:
\root tots
\qry See note under /a:totsiwi/.
\ref 04108
\lxam tsontekwitlatl
\lxam_c tsontekwitlatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound (N-N)-N
\der N-b
\sense_e type of earthy material carried by the tsontetl (carrier) ant; it is used as fertilizer (particularly for onions, corriander, etc.)
\sense_s tipo de tierra o despercidio llevado por la hormiga llamada tsontetl y utilizado como fertilizante (particularmente para cebollas, cilantro, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\root tson
\root te
\root kwitla
\nse The precise makeup of tsontekwitlatl needs to be determined. It might be earth, or it might be some sort of rotted organic material
\qry Apparently some type of remnant or excrement-type item associated with the type of ant called /tsontetl/. Check.
\semref tsi:yakwitlatl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04109
\lxam pai:tia
\lxam_c kipai:tia
\lxoa 'paí:tia
\lxoa_c kípaí:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give a drink of a medicinal herbal to
\sense_s dar una bebida de una yerba medicinal a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:man ne:chpai:ti:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now they are going to give me a herbal medicine to drink.
\phrase_s Ahora me van a dar un yerba medicinal para tomar.
\fl pai:hli
\root pah
\root i:
\qry_fon The sequence [paí:] is underlyingly {pah + i:}. The underlying coda {h} has its reflex in the high pitch of the nucleus to which it is a coda. Thus the sequence would have a
short /a/. However, acoustic measurements of the vowel sequence /ái:/ suggest that the duration is in accord with two long vowels (e.g., one of Inocencio Jiménez's tokens
has this syllable with 239 ms). This suggests that perhaps a combination of factors (pitch accent and a following long vowel) might affect the duration of short vowels. This
is relevant to the question of the length of /a/ in /tepai:liwi/. All /ai/ sequences should thus be checked and, if possible, a phonological rule for Oapan Nahuatl that write
V>V: / ___ [+pitch]V (or sth equivalent). Then the question is one of orthography, i.e., should it be written /pai:/ or /pa:i:/. My opinion is that in general an effort should be
made to preserve a morphological/morphophonemic spelling for vowel length, except perhaps in certain cases (e.g., frequentati v es, /xokotl/ and /xoko:ya/, etc.). Ask SG
to analyze this.
\grmx Vowel length; orthography; Oapan phonology: The sequence [paí:] is underlyingly {pah + i:}. The underlying coda {h} has its reflex in the high pitch of the nucleus to
which it is a coda. Thus the sequence would have a short /a/. However, acoustic measurements of the vowel sequence /ái:/ suggest that the duration is in accord with two
long vowels (e.g., one of Inocencio Jiménez's tokens has this syllable with 239 ms). This suggests that perhaps a combination of factors (pitch accent and a following long
vowel) might affect the duration of short vowels. This is relevant to the question of the length of /a/ in /tepai:liwi/. All /ai/ sequences should thus be checked and, if possible,
a phonological rule for Oapan Nahuatl that write V>V: / ___ [+pitch]V (or sth equivalent). Then the question is one of orthography, i.e., should it be written /pai:/ or
/pa:i:/. My opinion is that in general an effort should be made to preserve a morphological/morphophonemic spelling for vowel l ength, except perhaps in certain cases
(e.g., frequentatives, /xokotl/ and /xoko:ya/, etc.)
\xref pai
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref páí
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 04110
\lxam kalmi:hli
\lxam_c kalmi:hli
\lxoa kalmi:hli
\lxoa_c kalmi:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e cornfield adjacent to a house within a village
\sense_s milpa situada junto a una casa, dentro del pueblo
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e temporary house built for the plowing season at a milpa that lies a considerable distance from the village
\sense_s casa temporal construida cerca de una milpa que queda a una distancia considerable del pueblo y que sirve como residencia a los que allísiembran durante la temporada
\sense_d Pending
\root kal
\root mi:l
\qry Check the correctness of the meaning given that refers to a field where people who plant have gone to live for the planting season.
\ref 04111
\lxam xi:lo:motsontli
\lxam_c xi:lo:motsontli
\lxoa xi:lo:motsontli
\lxoa_alt xi:lo:mo:tsontli
\lxoa_c xi:lo:mo:tsontli, xi:lo:motsontli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e corn tassles
\sense_s pelos o cabello de elote
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:tsotsopits xi:lo:motsontli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Corn tassles are prickly (e.g., when they enter ones eyes).
\phrase_s Los pelos de elote causan picor (p. ej., al entrar en los ojos).
\ency_note mi:hli stages/parts
\root xi:lo:
\root mo
\root tson
\nae The etymology of this word is unclear. Classical Nahuatl has xilotzontli ; Tetelcingo, Morelos, has xi:lo:motsontli. In Oapan there appears to be a variation in
vowel length of /mo(:)/ between two consultants, Florencia Marcelino (who has a long vowel) and Inocencio Jiménez (who has a short vowel). That is, even though some variation in
duration is to be expected, the differences here are great enough to posit different orthographies for the two forms. To compound this problem, no obvious etymological basis for the
mo-, or mo:-, syllable has been found.
\qry Check to make sure possessed is with /-yo/.
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\ref 04112
\lxam tlape:lotok
\lxam_c tlape:lotok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e to have ones legs spread apart and wide open
\sense_s tener las piernas muy abiertas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:sta tlape:lotok un tla:wa:nke:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That drunk is just there with his legs spread wide open.
\phrase_s Ese borracho estáhasta con sus piernas muy abiertas.
\root pe:l
\semref tlachikipe:lotok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tlachikipé:lotók
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04113
\lxam tlaixpan
\lxam_c tlaixpan
\lxoa tlai:xpan
\lxoa_c tlai:xpan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1[tla]
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e altar (of a church or private household; lit., 'in front')
\sense_s altar (de una iglesia o de una casa particular; lit., 'en frente')
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xto:naltsatsili nokoko:l tlaixpan! Ma kalaki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Call to the soul of your grandfather from before the altar! Have him come eat (i.e., during the All Saints festivities)!
\phrase_s ¡Lláma a la alma de tu abuelo desde el altar!¡Quévenga a comer (durante las ofrendas de todos santos)!
\phrase_n Niktla:li:s notlaixpan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will place it on my altar.
\phrase_s Lo voy a colocar en mi altar.
\root_rel -i:xpan
\nse For private altars this is a place in a house where the family keeps its religious objects, usually photographic images of a saint, flowers, and a candle that is often kept continuously
burning.
\qry Note discussion by C. Flores of the difference between /tlai:xpan/ and /tla i:xpan/. CHECK. Inocencio Diaz insisted that in Ameyaltepec this has a short /i/. This needs to be
checked.
\ref 04114
\lxam teteltik
\lxam_c teteltik
\lxoa teteltik
\lxoa_alt tetelik
\lxoa_c teteltik
\dt 23/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-tik-?
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e to have a sharp or tart taste, one that leaves ones mouth slightly puckered or numb (such as occurs with green bananas, persimmons, green plums such as
a:waxokotl and xa:xokotl, and nanches)
\sense_s se agarroso, con un sabor que deja la boca con menos sensibilidad (como ocurre con plátanos verdes, ciruelos verdes como el a:waxokotly
xa:xokotl , o nanches)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xteteltik a:tl, tsopeltik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The water is not tart tasting, it is sweet.
\phrase_s El agua no estáagarrosa, estádulce.
\sense_e to be a braggart; loud-mouth (particularly about money)
\sense_s ser fanfarrón; ser bocón (particularmente acerca de dinero)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Teteltikeh pa:mpa tsatsin kwa:k kipian tomi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are braggarts because they shout (about it) when they have money.
\phrase_s Son fanfarrones porque gritan (sobre ello) cuando tienen dinero.
\phrase_n Titeteltik wan xmelá:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are a braggart (about money), and it isn't even true.
\phrase_s Eres un fanfarrón (en cuanto a dinero), y ni es verdad.
\root tel
\nse The most common description of the taste signified by teteltik is that of an unripe a:waxokotl, although consultants also refer to the taste of a green
banana. The relationship between the two acceptations of teteltik (the sense of 'braggart' may be typical only of Ameyaltepec, this needs to be checked) is not
clear and should be investigated (but cf. xokono:tsa. The sense of"braggart"refers to the fact that a person who has something good or valuable, such as money,
immediately lets everyone know about it, either shouting it out or showing it off to others.
\nde Molina has tetelquic 'cosaáspera al gusto.' Zacapoaxtla has tete:lic 'agarroso' (which refers to a taste, as does the Balsas cognate
teteltik). There is no obvious nominal or verbal base for this derived adjectival.
\qry Note that FK has /tete:lik/ with a similar meaning. Recheck vowel length. Check to see that both meanings are in fact of the same word. Perhaps /teteltik/ as 'braggart' is related to
/xokono:tsa/. Cf. entry under /tsopeltik/ re: /Xteteltik a:tl, tsopeltik./
\ref 04115
\lxam tla:lilia
\lxam_c kitla:lilia
\lxoa tla:lilia
\lxoa_c kitla:lilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to put (sth) on (e.g., a saddle [SO] on a horse [PO], a brand [SO] on cattle [PO], a hat [SO] on a man [PO], etc.)
\sense_s ponerle (algo) sobre (p. ej., una silla [OS] sobre un caballo [OP], un hierro [OS] a un ganado [OP], un sombrero [OS] a un hombre [OP], etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:htla:lilih itepos mowa:kax.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You've already branded your cattle.
\phrase_s Ya le pusiste una marca de fierro a tu ganado.
\phrase_n A:man xtla:lili kolo:res!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now put (paint) colores on it (e.g., in putting the finishing touches on sth)!
\phrase_s Ahora ponle colores (p. ej., en darle un acabado a algo)!
\sense_e to serve (food, by placing it on a plate)
\sense_s servir (comida, al ponerla sobre un plato)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San se: tlaxtekwtli o:tine:xtla:lilih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You just served me (e.g., on a plate) a tiny morsel.
\phrase_s Me pusiste (p. ej., sobre un plato) solamente un poquito.
\sense_e (refl.) to set aside (sth) for oneself; to pack (e.g., clothes [SO]) for oneself
\sense_s (refl.) apartar y colocar (algo) para si mismo; empacar o guardar (algo [OS]) para si mismo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:notlatlatla:lilih, tli:n kimastok kwi:kas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She's already packed what she knows she will take with her (in this case a girl about to elope with her boyfriend).
\phrase_s Ya se guardótodo lo que sabe que se va a llevar (en este caso una muchacha a punto de fugarse con su novio).
\sense_e to do it to (a man [S] having sexual relations with a woman [O])
\sense_s hacérselo (en el sentido sexual, un hombre [S] que tiene relaciones sexuales con una mujer [O])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n On toba:leh kitla:lilia un ne:nkah ichpokawah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That friend of ours does that young girl there.
\phrase_s Ese amigo se lo hace a esa muchacha allí.
\root tla:l
\qry Check for final /h/ in /ichpokawa/. I have one sentence on a filecard that is unclear and should be checked: /milá:k o:tili:n ilo:moh moburroh, yo:notla:lih. Topo:nis, kipias te:mahli/.
This was translated as"The back of your burro has gotten swollen, something got on it. It will burst, it will get pus."The meaning of /notla:lih/ is not altogether clear. Check the
meaning of /yo:notlatlatlalilih/, particularly for the location of the underlying /h/. Perhaps ?/yo:notlatlahtla:lilih/, where the middle /tlah-/ is from short vowel reduplication and the first
/tla-/ is the nonspecific object. However, the problem here is that it seems like there is a specific object in the NP /tli:n kimastok kwi:kas/. This should be checked.
\grm Reduplication; /tla-/: Note the following phrase: /Yo:notlatlatla:lilih, tli:n kimastok kwi:kas/ 'She's already packed what she knows she will take with her (in this case a girl
about to elope with her boyfriend)' The difficulty, or question, is the morphology of /yo:notlatlatla:lilih/ and the relationship of the following subordinate clause. The verb
/tla:lilia/ is a ditransitive. One argument slot is represented by the reflexive and the other by a /tla/. However, it is unclear where each of the first two /tla-/'s comes from.
Perhaps the underlying form is {tla+tlah+tla:lilia} in which the middle /tlah-/ is from reduplication and the first /tla-/ is the object marker for nonspecific objects.
\xref tla:lia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04116
\lxam osto:te:ntli
\lxam_c osto:te:ntli
\lxoa osto:te:ntli
\lxoa_c osto:te:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e edge of a cliff
\sense_s orilla de un precipicio
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka timoteketsas pon itech osto:te:ntli, tla:mo tonwetsis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't stand right there next to the edge of the cliff, if you do, you'll fall off.
\phrase_s No te vayas a parar allípor la orilla del precipicio, si lo haces, te vas a despeñar.
\root osto:
\root te:n
\qry Note use of /tla:mo/ in the example sentence. This should be checked. If the usage is incorrect this phrase should be deleted from the entry for /tla:mo/.
\ref 04117
\lxam tla:ltepo:so:lin
\lxam_alt tla:ltepo:so:hli
\lxam_c tla:ltepo:so:lin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e bulbous, edible root of the plant called tla:lto:ntsi:n(Dalembertia populifoliaBaill.)
\sense_s raíz bulbosa y comestible de la planta llamada tla:lto:ntsi:n (Dalembertia populifoliaBaill.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yeún tla:ltepo:so:lin, yewa de se: kuwtsi:ntli tikihlian tla:lto:ntsi:n, un ikuwyo. A:man un inelwayo, kalaki itik tla:hli. Wa:n de ya itik tla:hli u:nkah inelwayo, kipia un
boboli:tas, hkontsitsi:nteh. Yewa tikihlian tla:ltepo:so:lin.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 04117_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 3:56
\phrase_e The tla:ltepo:so:lin , it is from a bush that we call tla:lto:ntsi:n , which is its tree part. Now its [the bush's] root, it goes into the ground. And
when its root is there in the ground, it has small little balls, little things like this. This is what we call tla:ltepo:so:lin.
\phrase_s El tla:ltepo:so:lin , es de un arbusto que llamamos tla:lto:ntsi:n , que es su parte como arbusto. Ahora su [del arbusto] raíz, penetra la
tierra. Y una vez adentro allíestásu raíz, tiene unas bolitas, asíde pequeñas. Esto es lo que llamamos tla:ltepo:so:lin.
\phrase_n Tla:ltontsi:n kipia inelwayo ke:n po:cho:ko:niah, ito:ka: tla:ltepo:so:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tla:lto:ntsi:n has its roots like a po:cho:ko:niah , it is called tla:ltepo:so:hli.
\phrase_s El tla:ltontsi:n tiene sus raices como un po:cho:ko:niah , se llama tla:lteposo:hli.
\phrase_n Tla:ltepo:so:lin | Ke:itlah tlako:tl. Xtotoma:wi. Ihkón kihlian inelwayo tla:lto:ntsi:n. Nokwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tla:ltepo:so:lin : Its like a rod. It doesn't get thick. This is what they call the root of the tla:lto:ntsi:n. It is edible.
\phrase_s Tla:ltepo:so:lin : Es como una vara. No crece grueso. Esto es lo que le llaman a la raíz del tla:lto:ntsi:n. Es comestible.
\root tla:l
\root te
\root po:so:l
\semfld plant
\nse The bulbous portion of the root grows during the rainy season. It is sweet and something like a jícama.
\nae The etymology of tla:ltepo:so:lin is still uncertain. It is possible that there is a relationship to the verbal root poso:and that an explanation by a native
speaker of the meaning of tla:ltepo:so:hli would shed some light on thsi subject. Both tla:ltepo:so:hli and tla:ltepo:so:lin are
pronunciations that have been documented in the corpus.
\revised 16/07/05
\semref tla:lto:ntsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tla:ltepisolin
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04118
\lxam ikxipan
\lxam_c i:kxipan
\lxoa ixipan
\lxoa_c tlaxipan
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N(rel)
\der N-loc-pan
\infn N2(rel)
\sense_e on foot
\sense_s a pie
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tokxipan tia:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We will go on foot.
\phrase_s Vamos a ir a pie.
\phrase_n San tlaxipan yaweh.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e The are just going by foot.
\phrase_s Solamente van a pie.
\root kxi
\nse In Oapan Nahuatl the relational expression ixipan has only been documented with the nonspecific possessor tla- meaning, in general, 'on or by foot.'
\qry Check for other possible meanings.
\ref 04119
\lxam isatok
\lxam_c isatok
\lxoa ísatók
\lxoa_pr isatok
\lxoa_c ísatók
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be awake
\sense_s estar despierto
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nisatok, xwel nikochi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am awake, I can't fall asleep.
\phrase_s Estoy despierto, no puedo dormir.
\root hsa
\ref 04120
\lxam pepextia
\lxam_c kipepextia
\lxoa pépextiá
\lxoa_pr pepextia
\lxoa_c kí:pextiá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\lexical Reduced rdp-s.h(pref): kí:pextiá
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to pad or place a pad on (e.g., an animal before mounting it, ones shoulder before placing a heavy weight on it, etc.); to cushion
\sense_s acolchonar o poner una colcha sobre (p. ej., a un animal antes de montarlo, o el hombro de uno antes de empezar a cargar algo pesado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mejó:r xmopepexti, tla:mo tito:ne:wis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You should pad yourself (in this case placing a pad on your shoulder before starting to carry a sack of chile), if you don't your skin will burn.
\phrase_s Debes acolchonarte (en este caso al poner una colcha por el hombro antes de cargar un costal de chile), si no se te va a arder la piel.
\sense_e to place a flat covering on (e.g., putting a petate on top of maize of one color in a granery to separate it from maize of another color stored on top)
\sense_s colocar algo plano directamente sobre (p. ej., poner un petate sobre maíz de un color que ha sido guardado en una troje para mantenerlo separado de maíz de otro color
almacenado arriba)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kipepextih tlayo:hli, tlatsi:ntlah noka:wa ya:wtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He placed a flat separator (usually a petate) between the (layers of) maize (of different colors), on the bottom is the dark-colored maize.
\phrase_s Colocóalgo (generalmente un petate) sobre el maíz (para separar sus dos tipos), abajo queda el maíz oscuro.
\phrase_n Xtlá:pextípara i:pan kochis!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Cover (the ground) with something laid down so that he can sleep on it!
\phrase_s ¡échale (algo al suelo) para que pueda dormir!
\root pech
\nde Molina has two entries for pepechtia : pepechtia. nitla 'enalbardar bestia, o cosa semejante, o fundar sobre alguna auctoridad el sermoño pláctica' and
pepechtia. nino 'hacer la cama donde tengo de dormir, o aderezar y componer el lugar donde me tengo de asentar.' The meaning of 'to make the bed' is clearly a
reference to the laying out of a mat or other type of cushion as a mattress.
\mod Illustrate /o:kipepexti tlayo:hli/. See illustration on original file card.
\ref 04121
\lxam tsatsayaka
\lxam_c tsatsayaka
\lxoa tsatsayaka
\lxoa_c tsatsayaka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to rip apart (particularly lengthwise, or in a long line, e.g., cloth or similar material as it is torn apart)
\sense_s rasgarse; desgarrarse (particularmente a lo largo, p. ej., tela o material parecido al romperse jalando)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tsatsayakatia:s notlake:n de ka:mpa tomopilo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My clothes will go ripping apart if you pull hard.
\phrase_s Mi ropa se va a ir desgarrandose si te jalas fuerte.
\root tsaya:
\disamb tsatsayaka; tsotsomoka
\nse At this point it is not clear whether tsatsayaka refers to the action itself of ripping, or to the sound made as it occurs. The notes for this word do mention,
however, that tsatsayaka , along with tsotsomoka, refers to the sound made (e.g., of tearing cloth) and not to the action itself. Both words,
tsatsayaka and tsotsomoka are often found with the aspectual marker -tiw.
\xref tsaya:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04122
\lxam xo:koyo:lin
\lxam_c xo:koyo:lin
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e red maize, of a deep soft marronish red
\sense_s maíz rojo, de un color rojo oscuro como marrón
\sense_d Am
\ency_note tlayo:hli.
\semfld food-maize
\root xo:koyo:
\nse Xo:koyo:lin refers to a specific color of maize; also known as chi:chi:ltik tlayo:hli.
\mod Note that previously I had here:"For a full list, see tlayo:hli."Since this will be a webpage, the connection should be
\ref 04123
\lxam kaltso:nkokoyak
\lxam_c kaltso:nkokoyak
\lxoa kaso:ntekoyak
\lxoa_c kaso:ntekoyak
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am); Op. infix te- : kaltso:ntekokoyak (Am)
\sense_e to have cotton pants, made of manta, that are loose-fitting and baggy, particularly around the rear
\sense_s tener calzones holgados, particularmente por las nalgas
\sense_d Pending
\root koya:
\disamb tata:natik
\qry For this entry note that I had /kaltso:nkokoyak/ and the /ts/ should be checked here as elsewhere. I have checked with Maurilio Jiménez (Dec. 1993) and he used /s/ not /ts/.
\qry_fon Note that the first female token here seems to be a fairly good example of vowel devoicing before nasals, or is this a pre-aspirated nasal. Check with a phonetician.
\vl Link 1st male token.
\semref kaltso:nkokoxoktik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 04124
\lxam a:lma:mi:hli
\lxam_c a:lma:mi:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan alma
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e cornfield planted late in the season, about August 15 when teams of oxen are traditionally let out to graze, so that elotes are available for All Saints Day
\sense_s milpa sembrada hacia el final de la temporada de lluvias, aproximadamente el 15 de agosto cuando tradicionalmente se deja la yunta para apacentar, para que los elotes
estén para Todos Santos
\sense_d Am
\root mi:l
\nse In Oapan there is no specific or single word equivalent of this Ameyaltepec term. Rather, one might just say nito:kas i tlahpak para i:pan mihka:ilwitl onyes ye:lo:tl.
\qry Recheck vowel length on original filecard. Once recorded as /a:lma:mi:hli/, another time as /a:lmami:hli/.
\ref 04125
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was for /Itsi:nkamak Lamatsi:n/, which has been eliminated and placed in the toponymic database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 04126
\lxam si:matl
\lxam_c si:matl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e Ramirezella strobilophora(B. L. Rob.) Rose, spectacularly flowering vine of the Leguminoseae family, also called si:matl komekatl
\sense_s Ramirezella strobilophora(B. L. Rob.) Rose, enredadera de la family Leguminoseae con flores llamativas, también llamado si:matl komekatl
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Si:matl, yewa komekatl, kipia ixo:chio.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The si:matl , it is a vine, it has flowers.
\phrase_s El si:matl , es una enredadera, tiene sus flores
\sense_e the purple flower of the si:matl (also so:chitl de si:matl)
\sense_s la flor morada del si:matl (también so:chitl de si:matl)
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root si:ma
\notes_nature According to Emidio Rosendo this is a tree that may be employed tomake"toritos"(carved wood bulls) for San Lucas. RS has simatl as"planta cuya raíz se usa
en guisados."
\semfld flower
\qry Check vowel length. Also check to determine whether this is the same as /simarró:n xo:chitl/. Finally, Emidio Rosendo stated this this is a tree called the"cimarrón"in Spanish; check.
Note also that whereas in one entry I have recorded this as a vine, in another I have noted that Emidio Rosendo mentioned that this is a tree, the wood of which is used to make
tori:tos. Thus check whether a vine or tree, and whether this is the same as si:marró:n.
\semref xo:chitl de si:matl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref i:yexo:w masa:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04127
\lxam mi:lyetl
\lxam_c mi:lyetl
\lxoa mi:letl
\lxoa_c mi:letl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of reddish bean grown on the cornplants in high lands
\sense_s tipo de frijol rojizo que se enreda sobre la milpa y se siembra en terrenos altos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mi:lyetl | Tla:ki ipan mi:hli iwa:n noto:ka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Mi:lyetl : It bears fruit on the corn plant and it is planted with it.
\phrase_s Mi:lyetl : Rinde su fruta sobre las plantas de maíz y se siembra con ellas.
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root mi:l
\root ye
\mod Determine all types of beans.
\semref yexo:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04128
\lxam tlatlatia
\lxam_c tlatlatia
\lxoa tlatlatia
\lxoa_c tlatlatia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to start a cooking fire
\sense_s prender un fuego para cocinar o calentar comida
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlatlati. Yo:asik tlakwalispan, titlakwa:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Start a fire! It's now noon, we are going to eat.
\phrase_s ¡Prende un fuego! Ya es mediodía, vamos a comer.
\flao tlatia
\root tla
\xref tlatlatilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlatia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04129
\lxam ye:lpanpestik
\lxam_c ye:lpanpestik
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be flat-chested
\sense_s estar sin senos
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Suwa:tla:katl, tepitsaktik, ye:lpanpestik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is a masculine-looking woman, she is very slender, she is flat-chested.
\phrase_s Es una mujer con apariencia masculina, es muy delgada, no tiene senos.
\root ye:l
\root pets
\root_rel -pan
\grm Adjectivals; possessor raising: Note that /ye:lpanpestik/ has a subject that is the possessor of the /ye:lpan/ 'breast.' The construction is similar to possessor raising with verbs
(e.g., ye:lpanpetsiwi, if such a word exists).
\ref 04130
\lxam pachowilia
\lxam_c kipachowilia
\lxoa pachowilia
\lxoa_c kipachowilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to press the button of (e.g., a botton [SO] on an electrical appliance [PO] so that it starts)
\sense_s oprimirle (p. ej., un botón [OS] a una máquina [OP] para que prenda)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xpachowili, ma tlikwi para tlatsotsonas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Push down on it (e.g., a button on a radio) so that it turns on and plays.
\phrase_s Oprímeselo (p. ej. un botón a un radio) para que se prenda y suene.
\sense_e (~ [noun]) to overwhelm with [noun] (e.g., work, responsibilities, etc.)
\sense_s (~ [sustantivo]) abrumar con [sustantivo] (p. ej., trabajo, responsabilidades, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:xtekipachowan, ne:chpachowilian tekitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They heap work on me, they overwhelm me with work.
\phrase_s Me cargan mucho trabajo, me abruman con trabajo.
\root pach
\qry What, if any (or are both correct?) is the difference between /ne:chpachowilia tekitl/ and /ne:chpachowa ika tekitl/.
\grm Applicative; Noun Incorporation: The verb /pachowilia/ is a good example of the variation in the meaning of the applicative. In /Xpachowili, ma tlikwi para tlatsotsonas/ the
affected, primary object is the radio or electronic gadget that is being turned on. However, it probably can also refer to the person, e.g., /xne:chpachowili/ 'press down on it
(e.g., a button in an elevator) for me.' In /kipachowilia itlake:n/ the primary object is undoubtedly the benefactive, the person whose clothes are being ironed.
\grm Reduplication with long vowel: /Kipachowilia itlake:n, kite:techikilia ika pla:nchah para ma petsiwi/ 'She irons her clothes for her, she rubs an iron back and forth on them
so that they get smooth.' Note the long vowel reduplication which refers to the steady and slow complete repetition of the action.
\xref pachowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04131
\lxam tsi:nteyewaltik
\lxam_c tsi:nteyewaltik
\lxoa tsi:nteyewaltik
\lxoa_c tsi:nteyewaltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\sense_e to have (a short) a type of cut on the bottom in which the edge goes straight around, with no inverted u-shaped section cut out at the side seams
\sense_s tener (una camisa) un tipo de corte por la orilla inferior en el cual la orilla va recta alrededor de la camisa, sin ninguna sección en forma de"u"invertida sacada de los
lados por la costura
\sense_d Oa
\semfld clothing
\root tsi:n
\root yewal
\mod See illustration with original 3x5 filecard.
\semref tsi:nteyewahli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 04132
\lxam tlachikipe:lowa
\lxam_c tlachikipe:lowa
\lxoa tlachikipe:lowa
\lxoa_alt tlaxikipe:lowa
\lxoa_c tlachikipe:lowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to place oneself in a position with ones legs wide open
\sense_s colocarse en una posición con las piernas muy abiertas
\sense_d Oa
\root chiki
\root pe:l
\qry Check ?tlape:lo:ltia? Also, check whether there is a reduplication in Oapan tlá:chikipe:lowa
\semref pi:kia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref tlape:lowa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 04133
\lxam ye:wah
\lxam_c ye:wah
\lxoa ye:wah
\lxoa_alt ye:wan
\lxoa_c ye:wah, ye:wan
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan yegua
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2); dimin. yewi:tah
\sense_e mare
\sense_s yegua
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld domes
\vl Note difference in final consonant, /h/ vs. /n/ in female and male tokens. This entry should have F-M, one token from each, hence the comma in the /lxoc field.
\ref 04134
\lxam a:xi:xtlami
\lxam_c a:xi:xtlami
\lxoa a:xi:xtlami
\lxoa_c a:xi:xtlami
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-mi(a)
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to urinate completely (emptying ones bladder so that one does not immediately need to go again)
\sense_s terminar con la necesidad de orinar (para que no tiene que ir otra vez en seguida)
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root xi:x
\root tlami
\nse This is usually used in the negative, as is the similar term xi:xtlami.
\vl Link first female token and second male token.
\semref tlapia:stlami
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04135
\lxam tlakwaltekon
\lxam_c i:tlakwaltekon
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e favorite food
\sense_s comida favorita
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Notlakwaltekon, melá:k nihkwa:ni, ke:n nikwe:lilia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is my favorite food, I really eat it often, I really like it.
\phrase_s Es mi comida favorita, me lo como seguido,¡cómo me gusta!
\root kwa
\root tekom
\qry Check for other meanings not associated with food. This word might have been a"vacilada"by Don Luis Lucena, it might not be commonly used. Check.
\ref 04136
\lxam iú:n
\lxam_c nihkwis iú:n
\lxoa yo on
\lxoa_pr yo on
\lxoa_c yo on
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(dem)
\der Pr-dem
\sense_e that one there; that very one
\sense_s ese mismo; ese que estáallí
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Iú:n, ma:ka tikelka:was!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That thing, don't forget it!
\phrase_s Esa cosa,¡no se te vaya a olvidar!
\phrase_n Iú:n sila:ntroh na:ichwia para xwa:kis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That corriander gets sprinkled with water so that it doesn't dry up.
\phrase_s Aquel cilantro se rocía con agua para que no se seque.
\root in
\root on
\qry The use of /in/, /iwí:n/, /un/ and /iún/ needs to be thoroughly explored. There might also be a demonstrative pronoun /i:n/, though this is not certain. Check the possibility of phrases
such as /nikwi:kas i:n/. Is this correct or should it be /nikwi:kas iwí:n/. Check.
\qry_fon Apparently all final /-on/ sequences in Oapan Nahuatl have a long duration (although this should be checked). This seems to definitely be the case with forms in which the
final /-on/ represents. Certainly in the present case, the sequence /yo:on/ is extremely long. Measurements are approximately 417 and 402 ms for Florencia Marcelino, and
354 and 358 ms for Inocencio Jiménez. For now I have written this as /yó:ón/. If this orthography is maintained then perhaps a note should be added to the entry for /on/
and to the chapter on Oapan phonology that when final /-on/ represents the demonstrative it has a long duration (as occurs in /a:kinon/, /tli:non/, etc.). It will be important
to check for the phonetic-accoustic difference between final /-on/ sequences from underlying {on} of the demonstrative, and from other sources of this sequence.
\grm Oapan phonology: the question of the duration and length of final /-on/ is important and needs resolution. It seems definitely to be the case that when this represents the
demonstrative the duration is long. This should be checked with other cases, e.g., when the final /on/ results from the perfective formation of certain verbs (although here
distinguish between /-o:ni/ and /-oni/ final verbs (there may not be any of the latter, check. Also cf. to /miston/, etc. All other forms should be checked, e.g., /ka:non/,
/tli:non/, /kamanon/, etc.
\ref 04137
\lxam te:i:xmatka:w
\lxam_c i:te:i:xmatka:w
\lxoa te:i:xmatka:w
\lxoa_c i:te:i:xmatka:w
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn N2
\sense_e acquaintance; friend
\sense_s conocido; amigo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa note:i:xmatka:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is my acquaintance.
\phrase_s Yo lo conozco.
\root i:x
\root mati
\disamb ba:leh; te:i:xmatka:w
\qry Determine whether this means more 'friend' or 'acquaintance.' Also determine the difference between this and /ba:leh/. Finally, determine whether /te:i:xmatka:w/ can refer to both
sexes.
\ref 04138
\lxam segundoh
\lxam_c segundoh
\lxoa sego:ndoh
\lxoa_c sego:ndoh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan segundo
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e second highest secular official in the village, assisting the komisa:rioh
\sense_s segundo oficial en importancia en el pueblo, ayudante del komisa:rioh
\sense_d Pending
\semfld govern
\ency_note officials
\ref 04139
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /tlakwa:chin/ and has been removed as Spanish.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 04140
\lxam xo:pi:liwi
\lxam_c xo:pi:liwi
\lxoa xo:pi:liwi
\lxoa_c xo:pi:liwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to have the sides come toward the center (a circular object, such as a fishing net poorly thrown)
\sense_s metersele los lados hacia en centro (un objeto circular, como una red de pescar mal aventada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:xo:pi:liwtasik notera:yah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My atarraya(a woven circular fishing net) wound up oval-shaped as it hit the water.
\phrase_s Mi atarraya quedóen forma ovalda al entrar en el agua.
\phrase_n O:xo:pi:liw motepalkaw, xo:tiktla:lih ipan ko:ntli. Xok yewaltik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your ceramic bowl came in at the edges (i. e., as it shrunk from drying it lost its round shape and became slightly ovaloide), you didn't place it over a pot (as a mold while it
was drying). It's no longer round.
\phrase_s Tu plato hondo de cerámica se sumiópor las orillas (al secarse con el calor y perder su forma olvada), no las colocaste sobre una olla (como molde, para que se
preservara su forma original). Ya no estáredondo.
\phrase_n Xkwahli mokomal, o:xo:pi:liw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your clay griddle is no good, its edges came in and up, leaving it oval-shaped (from being poorly or carelessly fired).
\phrase_s Tu comal no estábien, sus orillas se metieron y se alzaron, dejándolo ovaldo (como resultado de estar mal cocido).
\root xo:pi:l
\qry Directly compare this to /xopihli/ 'spoon'.
\mod Illustrate (e.g., aterrayah poorly thrown).
\vl The first pronunciation, which might have my"mm"(no) tacked on at the end, is /xopihli/. This should be coded with ref #3843.
\ref 04141
\lxam maya:na
\lxam_c kimaya:na
\lxoa maya:na
\lxoa_c kimaya:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Spec
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (without an object prefix) to constantly suffer from hunger (generally as the result of a poor yield in maize)
\sense_s (sin prefijo de objeto) sufrir constantement por falta de comer (generalmente como resultado de un bajo rendimiento de las milpas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nimaya:na, xnikpia tli:n nihkwa:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I continually suffer from hunger, I don't have what to eat.
\phrase_s Sufro continuamente por falta de comida, no tengo que comer.
\sense_e (with object prefix) to be longing for; to be wanting (some specific item to eat that was planted but didn't yield)
\sense_s (con prefijo de objeto) desear o anhelar comer (algo específico que fue sembrado pero no rindió)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kimaya:nan sá:ndiah pa:mpa xotla:k imi:hlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are longing for watermelon because there was no yield of it in their field.
\phrase_s Anhelan sandía porque no rindióen su milpa.
\phrase_n Tewameh tikmaya:naskeh sá:ndiah pa:mpa xo:kiaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We will be wanting watermelon (later in the season) because it didn't rain.
\phrase_s Vamos a quedar deseando sandía porque no llovió.
\phrase_n Kimaya:na ye:lo:tl pa:mpa deke xo:to:kak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is wanting for some fresh corn because he didn't plant a maize field.
\phrase_s Estáanhelando elotes porque no sembró.
\root maya:na
\nae As a transitive verb, maya:na takes only specific, 3rd-person, objects. An acoustic examination of the central vowel sequence of maya:na (Oa
pronunciation) does not immediately reveal any major difference in the length of the first and second /a/. A more complete study of this root is needed to determine the phonological
form. For now it has been maintained as /maya:na/, which is the phonology applicable to other reported dialects.
\disamb toli:na
\qry Check for other dialects in which this verb is both transitive and intransitive.
\qry_fon An acoustic examination of the central vowel sequence of maya:na (Oa pronunciation) does not immediately reveal any major difference in the length of the
first and second /a/. A more complete study of this root is needed to determine the phonological form. For now it has been maintained as /maya:na/, which is the phonology
applicable to other reported dialects.
\mod Note that at times the verbs /-toli:na/ and /-maya:na/ are similar in meaning. However, /-maya:na/ is used only because a person didn't plant or a crop didn't yield, while /-toli:na/ may
also and indeed usually refers to a craving that one has from being ill, or just recovering.
\ref 04142
\lxam oli:nia
\lxam_c koli:nia
\lxoa oli:nia
\lxoa_c koli:nia; kó:lí:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to rock (e.g., in a cradle or hammock)
\sense_s mecer (p. ej., en una hamaca o cuna)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma timitsoli:ni! xkoxtiwetsi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me rock you! Go to sleep quickly!
\phrase_s ¡Déjeme mecerte!¡Duérmete de una vez!
\sense_e (refl.) to swing (as a child on a swing)
\sense_s (refl.) columpiar (como a un niño por un columpio)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to head out (e.g., to work)
\sense_s (refl., con reduplicación de vocal corta) tomar camino (p. ej., al ir a trabajar)
\sense_d Pending
\root oli:
\nse In Oapan Nahuatl the unreduplicated koli:nia is used to refer to the action of rocking a baby to sleep. The reduplicated nó:lí:nia refers to children playing
on a swing (e.g., a rope hung from a tree).
\vl Florencia Marcelino first says /kó:lí:nia/. She and Inocencio then give /koli:nia/ with no pitch accent and then /kó:lí:nia/, with pitch accent. The final sequence should have
four tokens, F-M and F-M in the order given in the lxoc field.
\mod Check vowel length of /oli:nia/. All consultants have confirmed that this is a short vowel.
\ref 04143
\lxam kuwmimilohli
\lxam_c kuwmimilohli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e round, unplaned log
\sense_s tronco redondo, no cepillado
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tikneki de tlaxi:mahli, noso kuwmimilohli?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Do you want wood that has been planed, or just a round log (e.g., to make a sawhorse, banco , etc.)?
\phrase_s ¿Quieres madera cepillada, o solamente redonda (p. ej., para hacer un burro, banquito, etc.)?
\root kow
\root mil
\ref 04144
\lxam -tok
\lxam_c tlakwatok
\lxoa -tok
\lxoa_c tlákwatók
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\psm Durative
\infv Durative
\sense_e durative aspectual ending found in both progressives and statives/resultatives
\sense_s terminación aspectual durativa encontrada tanto en los progresivos como estativos/resultativos
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semref -tikah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\nae The durative irregular forms are more fully treated in the grammar. Basically, one finds past: -toya; future: -tos ; conditional:
-toskia (in Oapan also -tosia; and the modal forms -to and -tia.
\ref 04145
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsi:nkokaxtli
\lxoa_c tsi:nkokaxtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(x)
\sense_e section of the rear end below the small of the back and about where the spine ends; small of the back
\sense_s parte de las nalgas abajo de la región baja de la espalda y ubicada más o menos donde termina la columna vertebral; parte baja de la espalda
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\root tsi:n
\root kax
\root_rel -ko
\qry Check precise location. In another file card I note simply"trasero."
\semref tsi:nkwalkaxtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 04146
\lxam ka:walti
\lxam_c ka:walti
\lxoa ka:walti
\lxoa_c ka:walti
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to become widowed (said of either a man or a woman)
\sense_s enviudarse (dicho de un hombre o una mujer)
\sense_d Pending
\root ka:wa
\ref 04147
\lxam me:roh
\lxam_c yewa me:roh
\lxoa me:ro
\lxoa_c i me:ro; me:ro yáwá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan mero
\psm Adv
\der Adv-loan
\sense_e function word referring to the fact that the following noun is indeed the one, the actual and real thing
\sense_s palabra funcional que indica que el sustantivo es el indicado, lo más real
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Me:ro yewa kichi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He himself (and no one else) will do it.
\phrase_s Meroél (y no otro) lo va a hacer.
\phrase_n Nika:n me:ro!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Right here!
\phrase_s ¡Aquímero (mismo)!
\sense_e (ya (Am) / i (Oa) ~) just about; nearly
\sense_s (ya (Am) / i (Oa) ~) ya mero
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ya me:ro tiaweh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We're just about to set out!
\phrase_s ¡Ya mero nos vamos!
\qry Check spelling pronounciation; perhaps this should be /meroh/, /me:ro/ or /me:roh/. Determine how best to analyze this as a part of speech.
\qry_fon Note the pitch accent pattern in /me:ro yáwá/. The pitch accent does not shift left as it does in phrases such as /nopáyekó/. The reason for this is probably semantic, whereas
/-pan yékó/ is a set phrase, /me:ro yáwá/ is not. More attention should be given to the shift of p-a over word boundaries.
\grmx Oapan pitch accent: The question of shift or readjustment, clash avoidance, etc., across word boundaries is a topic that needs much analysis and study. In the present case
we have both speakers (Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez) uttering /me:ro yáwá/. There is no leftward shift. I have analyzed the first /á/ of /yáwá/ as short. This
appears to be the case acoustically, although it should be checked. If this is true, then length cannot account for the retention. Perhaps the reason is morphological or
semantic, i.e., the relationship of /me:ro/ as a predicate modifier. At any rate, much work needs to be done of p-a shift across word boundaries (and within words
themselves).
\ref 04148
\lxam nenepochiwi
\lxam_c nenepochiwi
\lxoa nenepochiwi
\lxoa_c nenepochiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to speak with a lisp; to pronounce poorly
\sense_s sisear; malpronunciar las palabras
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ninenenpochiwi pa:mpa kaxa:ni notlan, xma:s wel nikpanki:xtia tlato:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have poor pronunciation because my teeth are loose, I can't pronounce words very well.
\phrase_s Malpronuncio porque tengo los dientes flojos, I can't pronounce words too well.
\root nene
\root poch
\qry Check to see if there is a transitive form.
\ref 04149
\lxam kexno:liwi
\lxam_c kexno:liwi
\lxoa kexno:liwi
\lxoa_c kexno:liwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to have ones neck become twisted or crooked
\sense_s torcersele el cuello
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tikexno:liw pa:mpa o:tinekwilkoch.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your neck got a crick in it because you slept twisted.
\phrase_s Tu cuello se te quedóalgo torcido porque durmiste chueco.
\phrase_n O:kexno:liw un pio:tsi:n. Kwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That chicken's neck got crooked. It's sick.
\phrase_s Se le quedótorcido el cuello a esa gallina. Estáenferma.
\root kech
\root no:l
\qry Check for transitive form. Check Am if /kechno:liwi/ or /kexno:liwi/ It seems that the combination form is /kex-/. Check throughout.
\vl Link first male token.
\ref 04150
\lxam tla:lkwe:hli
\lxam_c tla:lkwe:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e land surface that is uneven and undulating
\sense_s terreno que es ondulante, no parejo
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tla:lkwe:hli, xso:wtok itla:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The surface is undulating and uneven, his land is not flat and extended.
\phrase_s La superficie es algo ondulante, su tierra no estáplana y extendida.
\root tla:l
\root kwe:l
\nse Tla:lkwe:hli was described as land that is 'twisted,' with little hills, mounds, bumps, and ravines and, as such is difficult to plow (unlike land that is
so:wtok).
\grm Nominalizations: Note that like other verbs that end in /-iwi/ or /-owa/, the nominalizations and adjectivalizations of these verbs loses the entire ending /iwi/ or /owa/ as the
case may be.
\ref 04151
\lxam tepitsaktik
\lxam_c tepitsaktik
\lxoa tepitsahtik
\lxoa_c tepitsahtik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\sense_e see pitsaktik (Am) or pitsahtik(Oa)
\sense_s véase pitsaktik o pitsahtik(Oa)
\sense_d Pending
\root pitsa:
\ref 04152
\lxam kone:watia
\lxam_c kikone:watia
\lxoa koné:watiá
\lxoa_pr kone:watia
\lxoa_c kikoné:watiá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e to impregnate (speaking of humans or animals)
\sense_s empregnar (hablando de humanos o animales)
\sense_d Pending
\root kone:
\nse Although propositionally equivalent to o:stia , it seems that kone:watia is more polite and more often used for humans, whereas o:stia is
more common in reference to animals.
\semref o:stia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04153
\lxam tla:
\lxam_c tla: tikneki
\lxoa tla:
\lxoa_c tla: tekitis
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Subord
\der Subord
\sense_e if
\sense_s si
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tla: kwahli, nihkowas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If it is good, I will buy it.
\phrase_s Si estábien, lo voy a comprar.
\root tla:
\ref 04154
\lxam tlankikisi
\lxam_c tlankikisi
\lxoa tlankisi
\lxoa_alt tlankesi
\lxoa_c tlankesi, tlankisi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am)
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to whistle (by puckering ones lips)
\sense_s silbar (con los labios apretados)
\sense_d Pending
\root tlan
\root kisi
\qry Check
\vl Link second female token.
\grm Reduplication: The comparative morphology and semantics is interesting; one of the more unstudied aspects of Nahuatl is comparative dialectology. In previous notes I have
compared, for example, Oapan /tlaó:yá/ with Ameyaltepec /tlatlao:ya/. There are other cases, e.g., Am /tlalka:wa/ which seems to be equivalent to Oa /tlá:ká:wa/, whereas
Oa /tlaka:wa/ has a more reduced or limited meaning of 'to forget/leave behind ones village of origin.' There is a similar variation with /-kuhtia/ as applied to body parts (if I
remember correctly). Here we see the words for whistle that also vary. Am has reduplication (/tlankikisi/ and /ma:pipichowa/) whereas Oa does not (/tlankisi/ and
/ma:pichowa/). Perhaps do a search for all entries that have an"rdp"in the /aff field and then (Am) or (Oa) there as well.
\semref ma:pipichowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ma:pichowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04155
\lxam ixwi
\lxam_c ixwi
\lxoa ixwi
\lxoa_c ixwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get full (from food); to be satisfied (from eating)
\sense_s llenarse (de comida); estar satisfecho (de comer)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Deke yo:ixwik, nekwani:s, xok tlakwa:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If it has gotten full (in this case a grazing animal), it will move along, it won't eat anymore.
\phrase_s Si ya se llenóde comer (en este caso un animal apacentando), se va a cambiar de lugar, ya no va a comer.
\phrase_n Xnitlakwa:s, ke:n nixwitok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I won't eat, I'm really stuffed.
\phrase_s No voy a comer, estoy bien lleno.
\phrase_n Burroh xkaman ixwi, nochipa kinektok tlakwa:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Donkeys never get full, they always want to eat.
\phrase_s Los burros nunca se llenan, siempre están queriendo comer.
\phrase_n Mlá:k kwahli o:ixwik, a:sta o:po:te:tiak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It really got full (in this case an ox), its belly even got bloated.
\phrase_s De veras se llenóbien, hasta se hizo bola su barriga.
\sense_e to full up (an object or container, particularly as sth expands or increases in quantity inside of it)
\sense_s llenarse (un objeto o recipiente, particularmente cuando se expande o se incrementa en número lo que estáadentro)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nonexko:n kwahli o:ixwik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My pot for nextamal has filled up (i.e., the nextamal has expanded to fill it completely).
\phrase_s Mi olla para nextamal se llenóbien (esto es, el nextamal ha expandido con agua hasta llenarla).
\root xwi
\grm Generic; word order. It appears that when a singular subject precedes a verbal predicate it has a generic sense: /Burroh xkaman ixwi, nochipa kinektok tlakwa:s/ 'Donkeys
never get full, they always want to eat.'
\xref ixwitia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04156
\lxam a:yawtok
\lxam_c a:yawtok
\lxoa a:yahtok
\lxoa_c a:yahtok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der *V0-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be foggy or misty
\sense_s juntarse la neblina o brizna
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:yawtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is foggy (or, becoming foggy).
\phrase_s Hay neblina (o, estáponiéndose neblinoso).
\semfld weather
\root a:
\root yawi
\qry Check actual use in a phrase. Determine that no impersonal/detransitivizing marker can be used. Also check whether the stative or progressive interpretation is more common for
/a:yawtok/, or whether the particle /ye/ must be used with the progressive, to wit /ye a:yawtok/ 'it is becoming foggy.' Check whether the intransitive can be used. Originally I had
/a:yawi/ as an entry, but all examples are of the stative.
\qry_fon For the determination of vowel length in words with /aya/ sequences, the pattern here in the spectrograms seems quite indicative (paradigmatic) for a /a:ya/ sequence.
\root_notes Note problem of etymology here and in other words of climate, etc., i.e. should root be /a:yawi/ or simply /a:ya/; cf. /kiawi/, etc. For roots of /a:yawi/, /ce:payawi/, /kiawi/,
etc. made a x-ref. note.
\xref tlaa:yawtok
\xref_t plus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 04157
\lxam kwecha:wak
\lxam_c kwecha:wak
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-k
\sense_e to be moist; to be humid
\sense_s estar húmedo; estar ligeramente mojado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwecha:wak motlake:n, xe kwahli wa:ki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your clothes are damp, they still haven't dried well.
\phrase_s Estáhúmeda tu ropa, todavía no se seca bien.
\sense_e to be rare (e.g., meat that is lightly cooked, chicharrón not fully fried)
\sense_s estar poco hecho o cocido (p. ej., carne, chicharrón no bien frito)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka kwahli iksis, san kwecha:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't let it get well-done, just rare.
\phrase_s No dejes que se cocine mucho (carne), que estépoco hecho.
\root kwecha:
\nse In regards to cooking, kwecha:wak is often applied to meats, such as steak and chicharrón not fully fried. However, it is not used for tortillas not fully done (for which
simply xiksik is used).
\semref kwecha:htok
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04158
\lxam tla:ltekwtli
\lxam_c tla:ltekwtli
\lxoa tla:lte:htli
\lxoa_c tla:lte:htli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e dust (on a floor, furniture, etc.); dust or loose powdery earth (e.g., such as is found at times on top of hard ground)
\sense_s polvo (sobre un piso, muebles, etc., o bien la capa delgada de polvo y tierra que se extiende a veces sobre la tierra)
\sense_d Am
\root tla:l
\root tekw
\disamb tla:ltehtli; tla:ltemolohtli
\nse In Oapan the difference between tla:lte:htli and tla:ltemolohtliis that the former refers to dust that is stirred up outside by the wind and the latter to dust
that is within a space, such as a house. Thus in Oapan tla:lte:htli refers only to dust that is outside, while in Ameyaltepec there seems to be no difference in the types of
dust (inside or outside). Note also that in Oapan before beginning to plow for the first time in a season one may address the earth in the following manner:"nona:n tla:lte:htli, ika
molise:nsiah ma nikalaki"or"nona:n tla:lte:htli, xne:chpii:li pase:nsiah, sápáma nimitsté:xikolé:was."
\qry_fon IMPORTANT: cf. 5524 to 4158 for final sound. Is there a difference between the /h/ that results from k>h and kw>h. However, it will also be necessary to determine if this
is the same as /h/ from /w/. Check.
\mod Record oration for beginning to work land in Oapan.
\ref 04159
\lxam tsotso:yo:tik
\lxam_c tsotso:yo:tik
\lxoa té:tso:yó:tik
\lxoa_c té:tso:yó:tik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-te); Op. prefix te- (Am)
\sense_e runty (an animal of a litter, or a child who is small and not well developed or healthy and who stays this way)
\sense_s animal más pequeño de una camada; alfeñique, niño pequeño y poco robusto
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San tsotso:yo:tok, xkipia iyesio.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's just runty, he doesn't have any color (a child who even as he gets olders stays small and looks sickly).
\phrase_s Es pequeño y poco robusto, no tiene buena tez.
\root tso:yo:
\qry_fon Check length of final /o:/ in all words having /tsoyotik/. For Oapan I originally had a long /o:/, but have changed it based on an analysis of the present speech tokens. I
have consistently wavered in my vowel length interpretation of these words. Note that according to Chen Díaz the /o:/ is long. In Oapan the retention of pitch accent in
words such as /té:tsó:yo:tl/ is a clear indication of the length of this syllable.
\semref techi:pa:lo
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04160
\lxam xi:hkopalwia
\lxam_c kixi:hkopalwia
\lxoa xi:hkopalwia
\lxoa_f [xi:h ko pal 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kixi:hkopalwia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-[N-V2]
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to push and twist a piece of cloth with copal incense into the navel of (particularly to cure stomach pains)
\sense_s empujar y torcer un pedazo de ropa con copal en el ombligo de (particularmente para curar dolor del estómago)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld medicine
\root xi:k
\root kopal
\nse This refers to the action of heating up a little copal until it beomes soft and sticky and then placing it on a small sqaure piece of cloth, which is then twisted into sb's
belly-button, sticky side down.
\semref xi:kmatilowa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref xi:hmatilowa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04161
\lxam kuwxi:ntli
\lxam_c kuwxi:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(m)
\sense_e wood shaving(s)
\sense_s viruta(s) de madera
\sense_d Pending
\root kow
\root xi:m
\grm Nominalization; deverbal nouns: Note that scholars often talk of two types of verbal nouns, those derived from the shortened (perfective) stem (such as Am /kuhxi:ntli/ and
those derived from a"passive"formation (e.g., Oapan /kohxi:mahli/). The fact that two neighboring villages each use a noun from a different derivational process with the
same referent belies the suggestion that the two processes have distinct semantic correlates/implications.
\semref kohxi:mahli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04162
\lxam tepotsotik
\lxam_c tepotsotik
\lxoa tepótsotík
\lxoa_c tepótsotík
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N; Adj
\der N-ap
\pitch yes
\sense_e hunchback (a person or an animal)
\sense_s jorobado (una persona); tener joroba (un animal)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e curved (as a curved stick)
\sense_s tener una curva (p. ej., una vara)
\sense_d Oa
\root tepotso
\qry Check for final /h/ as noted in FK. Ramírez and Dakin has simply /tepotso/, with no final /h/. In my notes I have"Note that this (i.e., /tepotso/) may also be used to refer to the part of
a curved stick, etc. in metaphoric extension."This is not clear. I.e., is the use with a possessive: /itepotso un tlakotl/, or is it /tepotso un tlakotl/ 'that stick is curved.' Check.
\semref tepotso
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 04163
\lxam tlane:xtilia
\lxam_c tlane:xtilia
\lxoa tlane:xtilia
\lxoa_c tlane:xtilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-lia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to stay awake to dawn of (e.g., after spending the night in a vigil); to remain sleepless for the entire night
\sense_s estar despierto al amanecer (p. ej., después de haber pasado toda la noche en un vigilio); desvelar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nitlane:xtilih. Xo:nikoch, nimito:tia:ya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I stayed awake till dawn. I didn't go to sleep, I was dancing.
\phrase_s Me desvelé. No dormí, estaba bailando.
\phrase_n San a:man ma nitlane:xtili!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just let me stay up all night today!
\phrase_s ¡Déjame amanecer aquíhoy nada más!
\root ne:si
\nae Tlane:xtilia is clearly derived from the lexicalized meaning of tlane:si as 'to dawn.' Given the derivational process (a -lia causative ending on
an underlying inchoative ending in -ti), one would expect tlane:xtilia to be a transitive (divalent) verb. This is not the case as syntactically it behaves as an
intransitive. Note that another derivational process is of ne:xtilia as an applicative (benefactive) of the causative ne:xtia 'to find.' In this
analysis, which is not applicable here, ne:xtilia would be a ditransitive having a primary and secondary object. In this case tla- would be the
nonspecific secondary object and another object (specific or nonspecific te:-) would be the primary object. This derivation does exist as the ditransitive
ne:xtilia.
\nde This is used in Oapan in particular to refer to 'seeing the light of a new day,' e.g., an extremely ill person who might have died in the night.
\qry Check valency; check for reflexive, etc. Also check sense 'to be awake at the dawn of the day (e.g., after spending the night in a vigil)' which is from memory.
\grm Verbalization: Note that the compound ending /-lia/ (often /-tilia/) is apparently used with 'times of the day' to indicate an action that continues to that time of day. One
example is /tlane:xtilia/ 'desvelarse'; another example is /tlakwalispantilia/ 'to continue to do sth to midday' and /tio:tlakilia/ 'to continue (to do sth) till late in the afternoon'.
\ref 04164
\lxam tla:lsa:wayowa
\lxam_c tla:lsa:wayowa
\lxoa tla:ltsa:wayowa
\lxoa_c tla:ltsa:wayowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Adj/-Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to get covered with the bites of the tla:lsa:watl
\sense_s cubrirse con piquetes del tla:lsa:watl
\sense_d Pending
\root tla:l
\root sa:wa
\grm Oapan phonology: Note that the rule s>ts operates here, apparently conditioned by the preceding /l.
\ref 04165
\lxam tekwi:ni
\lxam_c tekwi:ni
\lxoa tekwi:ni
\lxoa_c tekwi:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b(ni/ltia)
\trans +Caus
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to flare up (a fire)
\sense_s llamear (un fuego)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tekwi:n, o:nakokw tlitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It flared up, the flames rose up.
\phrase_s Llameó, se alzaron las llamas.
\phrase_n Tlixo:xtli san xo:tlatok, xtekwi:ntok, xtetekwikatok, xwekapan ki:stok itliyo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The coals are just burning bright, the flames are not rising, they are not crackling, their flames are not rising very high.
\phrase_s Las brasas solamente están encendidas, no están llameando, no están crepitando, sus llamas no salen muy altas.
\sense_e (reduplication with short vowel plus -tiw) to go along bouncing in an agitated way
\sense_s (reduplicación con vocal corta más -tiw) ir agitandose, o brincando en forma agitada
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tetekwi:ntiw, tlato:tolopochka:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It goes bouncing along (in this case a wheelbarrow on bumpy ground), there are bumps all over.
\phrase_s Va brincando (en este caso una carretilla sobre un terreno disparejo), estátodo disparejo con topes por dondequier.
\sense_e (fig.) to suddenly feel extremely hot (as if on fire)
\sense_s (fig.) de repente sentirse con mucho calor (como si estuviera ardiendo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:sta hmati ye nitekwi:ntok, nito:nalmiki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I even feel like I'm on fire, I'm suffering from the heat.
\phrase_s Hasta me siento ardiendo, estoy sufriendo por el calor.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to beat (the heart); to tick (a watch)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) latir (el corazón) hacer tictac (un relój, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:tekwi:ni toyo:ltsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Our heart beats strongly and continually (e.g., after hard exercise).
\phrase_s Nuestro corazón late fuerte y continuamente (p. ej., después de hacer ejercicio).
\phrase_n Cho te:tekwi:ntok moreló:k, tekipanotok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your watch is really ticking, it's working.
\phrase_s Tu relój estáhaciendo tictac, estátrabajando.
\root tekwi:
\xref tekwi:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tetekwika
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04166
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for /tsa:tsa:stilia/ but has been removed as C. Flores did not recognize it. The definition was 'to make an open weave or mesh on (e.g., an
a:ya:tl , tema:tlatl , or hammock)' And I had the following notes: 'Although the adjectival tsa:tsa:stik is documented in both
Ameyaltepec and Oapan, Florencia Marcelino (a consultant from Oapna) stated that a transitive verbal form is not acceptable. The reason she gave was that the adjectival refers to
things such as sacks and ayates that are old and have an open, wornout weave, or to cheap plastic sacks used to store chile, and that one would not want to create a
material object with these characteristics.' 'The original meaning I had here was in reference to a fine, closed weave, but this is probably in error. FM indicated that the adjectival
/tsa:tsa:stik/ refers to things such as sacks and ayates that are old and have an open weave; or to cheap plastic sacks for chile. She wo uld n ot accept a verbal form, since one
would not want to create something with this type of weave.'
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 04167
\lxam weka:wi
\lxam_c weka:wi
\lxoa wíká:wi
\lxoa_alt wéká:wi
\lxoa_pr wika:wi
\lxoa_c wíká:wi, wéká:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to take or be a long time (in doing sth)
\sense_s dilatar o demorar mucho (en hacer algo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niweka:wis, xiska:n nekos.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will take a long time, I won't arrive back here right away.
\phrase_s Voy a dilatar, no voy a estar de regreso pronto.
\sense_e to last a long time (e.g, a tool, a given amount of grain or food, etc.)
\sense_s durar mucho tiempo (p. ej., una herramienta, una cantidad dada de granos o comida, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Weka:wis nowe:rach.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My sandals will last a long time.
\phrase_s Mis huaraches van a durar mucho tiempo.
\sense_e (ye (Am) or i (Oa) ~) a long time ago
\sense_s (ye (Am) o i (Oa) ~) hace mucho
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye weka:wi, tomi:n kitla:lto:kayan ika ko:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A long time ago they used to bury money in the ground inside a pot.
\phrase_s Hace mucho tiempo enterraban dinero dentro de una olla.
\root wehka:
\grm Discuss forms such as nisiwi, weka:wi, etc.
\vl Link first male token. Note that the 2nd male token is a mispronunciation and should not be tagged.
\xref wekawi:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 04168
\lxam poliwtok
\lxam_c poliwtok
\lxoa polihtok
\lxoa_c polihtok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be amiss
\sense_s estar mal o fuera de lo normal
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xma:machi:li ka:no:n poliwtok para xtila:nili, para wetsis ka:n katka!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Feel around it for where there is something amiss (in this case a dislocated bone) so that you can pull on it, so that it falls back into place!
\phrase_s ¡Tantéale por donde algo anda mal (en este caso un hueso luxado) para que le puedas jalar, para que caiga donde estaba.
\sense_e to be missing
\sense_s faltar
\sense_d Pending
\root pol
\ref 04169
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was the obligatory possessed word /kuwmi:n/ meaning 'semen' (i.e., /nokuwmi:n/). It has been removed as offensive. My original notes: 'The etymology of this word probably
involves mi:tl , although this is not certain. I have never been able to elicit the absolutive form. Thus although the -w is probably the possessed marker
on a stem mi: , this is not completely certain.'
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 04170
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod Although I had documented /tlapechxomilin/ as equivalent to /kalxomilin/ C. Flores did not confirm this, although he immediately stated that it was equivalent to /kalxomilin/ he stated
that it was a Oapan word, which it isn't.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 04171
\lxam chichipika
\lxam_c chichipika
\lxoa chichipika
\lxoa_c chichipika
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to be dripping (e.g., sth left out to dry)
\sense_s estar escurriendo (p. ej., algo dejado a secar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Chichipikatok notlake:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My clothes are dripping.
\phrase_s Se le estáescurriendo agua de mi ropa.
\root chipi:
\qry Check for /tlachichipika/ and cf. to /tlachipi:ni/. Also check for /chichipitsa/
\xref chipi:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04172
\lxam tsi:nketsa
\lxam_c kitsi:nketsa
\lxoa tsi:nketsa
\lxoa_c nó:tsi:nkétsa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Caus (Am)
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref) (Oa)
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to tilt upside-down (e.g., a bucket, basket, bottle, sack, etc., in order to empty it)
\sense_s voltear o poner cabeza abajo (p. ej., una cubeta, canasta, botella, costal, etc., para vaciarla)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtsi:nketsa unálmo:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Turn that basket upside-down (e.g., in order to empty it)!
\phrase_s ¡Voltea esa canasta boca abajo (p. ej., para vaciarla)!
\sense_e (refl.) to buck (an animal such as a horse, bull, donkey, etc.); to jolt up and down (e.g., a motor vehicle on a bumpy road)
\sense_s (refl.) recabritar (un animal como un caballo, toro, burro, etc.); traquitear (p. ej., un vehículo sobre un camino con baches)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:notsi:nkekets, o:ne:cha:ltlakal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It bucked a lot, it tossed me to the ground.
\phrase_s Recabritómucho, me aventóa la tierra.
\phrase_n Notsi:nkestia:s fle:chah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The bus will go along jolting up and down (on a bumpy road).
\phrase_s El camión va a ir traquiteando (sobre un camino con muchos baches).
\phrase_n Notsitsi:nkestiw fle:chah, tla:lto:tolopochka:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The bus goes along bouncing along up and down, the earth is full of bumps.
\phrase_s El camión va traquiteando, la tierra estállena de baches y topecitos.
\semfld motion
\root tsi:n
\root ketsa
\disamb tsi:ntepolketsa; tsi:nketsa; tsonketsa; i:xakamana. Apparently /tsonketsa/ is used for turing upside-down containers that hold some sort of liquid.
\nse There are two entries for the verb tsi:nketsa as a reflection of the different argument structure. As a transitive verb tsi:nketsa takes a grammatical
object as patient, the item that is placed upside-down (such as a bucket, bottle, etc.). This usage has prototypical transitive semantics. However, as in this entry,
tsi:nketsa can also express a one-person event in which the reflexive marker functions to communicate middle voice, in a manner similar to that which occurs with
tlalowa. And as with tlalowa transitivization is achieved with a causative construction; as tlalo:xtia is the transitive causative of
tlalowa , so is tsi:nketsaltia the causative transitive of tsi:nketsa as a reflexively marked middle.
\nae The pattern for reduplication of tsi:nketsa needs to be further explored. Although an illustrative sentence from Ameyaltepec has O:notsi:nkekets,
o:ne:chwa:ltlakal another had Notsitsi:nkestiw fle:chah. In comments on one filecard I recorded that the most common reduplicated form is
notsitsi:nketsa. Finally, another illustrative sentence had no reduplication in the verbal stem even though the action was repeated once and again:
notsi:nkestia:s. In Oapan it appears that the only accepted reduplicative form is nó:tsi:nkétsa, which reflects underlying {no + tsih + tsi:nketsa}.
\qry The pattern for reduplication of tsi:nketsa needs to be further explored. Although an illustrative sentence had O:notsi:nkekets, o:ne:chwa:ltlakal another
had Notsitsi:nkestiw fle:chah. In notes to one entry I recorded that the most common reduplicated form is notsitsi:nketsa. Finally, another illustrative
sentence had no reduplication in the verbal stem even though the action was repeated once and again: notsi:nkestia:s.
\nae The causative tsi:nketsaltia is a causative of the reflexive not transitive meaning of this verb.
\qry Note that in one entry I had the reduplicated /notsitsi:nketsa/ and in another card /notsi:nkeketsa/. Check if both are correct and equivalent.
\grm Reflexive; causative; middle: re: /tsi:nketsa/ and /tsi:nketsaltia/: There are two entries for the verb tsi:nketsa as a reflection of the different argument
structure. As a transitive verb tsi:nketsa takes a grammatical object as patient, the item that is placed upside-down (such as a bucket, bottle, etc.). This usage
has prototypical transitive semantics. However, as in this entry, tsi:nketsa can also express a one-person event in which the reflexive marker functions to
communicate middle voice, in a manner similar to that which occurs with tlalowa. And as with tlalowa transitivization is achieved with a
causative construction; as tlalo:xtia is the transitive causative of tlalowa , so is tsi:nketsaltia the causative transitive of
tsi:nketsa as a reflexively marked middle.
\grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note that in the following it is the IN that reduplicates: /nó:tsi:nkétsa/.
\vl There are four tokens of /kitsi:nketsa/ at 5045. These should be tagged with 4172 and the final sound file for 4172 should contain female-male kitsi:nketsa; female-male
nó:tsi:nkétsa.
\xref tsi:nketsaltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 04173
\lxam chika
\lxam_c chika
\lxoa chikas
\lxoa_alt chekas
\lxoa_c chekas, chikas
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\der Modal-evid
\sense_e that's right (I, as speaker, stand corrected)
\sense_s asíes de veras (yo, como hablante, lo reconozco aunque pensaba lo contrario)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Chika -=tlakachikas- yewa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That's right, it is him (I had forgotten or been mistaken)!
\phrase_s ¡Asíes, esél (se me había olvidado o me había equivocado)!
\phrase_n Chika ke:mah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Yes indeed!
\phrase_s ¡De veras que si!
\phrase_n O:ne:chilna:mihtih, chikas teh nitlá:pa:kásiah!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He reminded me that indeed I should have washed the dishes!
\phrase_s Me acordóque de veras pues, hubiera lavado los platos!
\sense_e (~ sa: ~) always indeed; indeed incessantly or all the time (used to indicate an element of surprise or marvel on the part of the speaker that a certain event
occurs once and again)
\sense_s (~ sa: ~) de veras en seguida o a cada rato, sin cesar (indica un elemento de sorpresa o maravilla por parte del hablante que un evento ocurra repetidas
veces)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sa: chika ikximatiliwi moburroh. Xkwahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your burro is indeed always getting its feet tangled up (crossed) when walking. That's no good.
\phrase_s En seguida se le cruzan las piernas de tu burro al caminar. No es bueno.
\phrase_n Yo:tine:chnemaxtih, sa: chika niwa:hlaw o:kpa noso ye:xpa ipan se: to:nahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You got me accostumed to it (in this case to visiting you); indeed I come a lot, twice or three times a day.
\phrase_s Ya me acostumbraste (en este caso a visitarte seguido), hasta vengo dos o tres veces en un día.
\phrase_n Sa: chika tine:chihlia timitswi:kilia. Bah! timistlaxtla:wili:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Really, you don't stop mentioning that I owe you money. Hey! I'm going to pay you!
\phrase_s No dejas de mencionar que te debo dinero.¡Híjole!¡Te voy a pagar!
\ncol sa:
\root chika
\nse This word is used in the following manner. For example, if one identifies a person as so-and-so and then either remembers or is reminded that it was someone else, one may say
chika yewa or the equivalent tlakachikas yewa with a meaning something like,"I stand corrected, it is him,"or"Indeed (you're right), it is him."A phrase
such as chika ke:mah indicates that the speaker had thought to say no, but then changed his or her mind. The etimology of tlakachikas and
chika remains uncertain, perhaps they are related to chika:wi. See further account under tlaka. In the phrase O:ne:chilna:mihtih,
chikas teh nitlá:pá:kasiah! the use of chikas is because the responsibility had been forgotten. Note that chika as in sa: chika, is different
from chikas or chekas.
\qry Get meaning of /san chika/ (Oa) and /sa: chika/ (Am).
\vl Link first female token (chekas) and first male token (chikas).
\semref ka: chika
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlakah; tlakachikas
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04174
\lxam xakwachiwi
\lxam_c xakwachiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get or become crumpled or wrinked (e.g., clothes)
\sense_s quedarse o llegar a estar arrugado (p. ej., la ropa)
\sense_d Am
\root xakwach
\qry Note that the adjectival /xaxakwaxtik/ is entered in reduplicated form; check to see if the verb (and adjective) can occur non-reduplicated.
\ref 04175
\lxam tsonwe:weyak
\lxam_c tsonwe:weyak
\lxoa tsonwe:weyak
\lxoa_c tsonwe:weyak; tsontewe:weyak
\lx_te tsontewe:weyak
\lx_te_d Oa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e long-haired
\sense_s con el pelo largo
\sense_d Pending
\root tson
\root weya
\qry Check for verbal forms.
\nae In Oapan the use of the intensifier te- marks a difference between men and women with long air. The unmarked form tsonwe:weyak indicates a woman
with long hair. The undertanding is that it is a description and that women should have long hair. The form tsontewe:weyak, on the other hand, is used for men with
long hair. The implication is that men should not have long hair; hence the use of te-.
\grm Intensifier /te-/: In Oapan the use of the intensifier te- marks a difference between men and women with long air. The unmarked form
tsonwe:weyak indicates a woman with long hair. The undertanding is that it is a description and that women should have long hair. The form
tsontewe:weyak, on the other hand, is used for men with long hair. The implication is that men should not have long hair; hence the use of te-.
\qry_fon As in all cases with words containing /weweyak/, recheck length of reduplicant vowel.
\vl Tag all with 04175 ref #. Then link two tokens of female and two tokens of male, for each pronunciation.
\ref 04176
\lxam a:chichi:n
\lxam_c a:chichi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e teeny-weeny bit
\sense_s poquitito
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San a:chichi:n, noyo:lchi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just a teeny-weeny bit, my honey-bunch.
\phrase_s Sólo un poquitito, mi corazóncito.
\root a:chi
\nse Achichi:n is an alternative palatalized pronunciation of achitsi:n that is used most commonly by children or in talking to children. However, it is also
used to emphasize that what is wanted is a very, very little (and less than would be indicated by achitsi:n.
\qry I made a final check of /achichi:n/ in June 1986 and determined a vowel sequence of /a:chichi:n/. However, though apparently the second vowel, /i/, is definitely short, my recording
of a long /a:/ is questionable and should be rechecked, as in all other entries I have a short /a/.
\semref a:chitsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref á:chitsí:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04177
\lxam awa
\lxam_c kawa
\lxoa áwá
\lxoa_pr awa
\lxoa_c káwá
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to scold
\sense_s regañar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nona:n ne:chawaya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My mother used to scold me.
\phrase_s Mi mamáme regañaba.
\phrase_n Te:awa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He scolds people.
\phrase_s Regaña a la gente.
\root ahwa-1-
\nae When preceded by the nonspecific object marker te:- an epenthetic /y/ is often inserted between the verb root and the object prefix: te:yawa (Am) /
té:yawá (Oa).
\qry Confirm shortness of final /a/, cf. imperfect.
\ref 04178
\lxam xonakatl
\lxam_c xonakatl
\lxoa xonakatl
\lxoa_c xonakatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e onion
\sense_s cebolla
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) onion-like part (of a plant)
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) parte (de una planta) que es como una cebolla
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tla:ltekpiolin, se: xiwtli kipia ixonakayo. We:lik. Nokwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tla:ltekpiolin, it is a plant that has an onion-like part. It is tasty. It is edible.
\phrase_s El tla:ltekpiolin, es una planta que tiene su"cebolla."Es sabroso. Se come.
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root xonaka
\nse In Oapan the bulbous portion of the tla:ltepisolihis referred to as i:kámoyó.
\nae In Ameyaltepec the possessed form of xonakatl is noxonak with the expected loss of the stem-final vowel. In Oapan this loss does not usually occur
(e.g., noxonakaw) although some speakers do drop the stem-final vowel in the possessed form.
\semref kámotlí
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04179
\lxam ma:kakapa:nia
\lxam_c kima:kakapa:nia
\lxoa má:kapá:nia
\lxoa_pr má:kapa:nia
\lxoa_c kimá:kapá:nia; kimá:kakapá:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-l)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e (for an animal) to rear up and hit (sb) with its front legs
\sense_s encabritar (un animal) y golpear con las piernas a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chma:kakapa:nih noburroh. Tlawe:leh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My donkey reared up and hit me with its forelegs. It is fierce.
\phrase_s Se encabritómi burro y me golpeócon las piernas de adelante. Es bravo.
\semfld contact
\root ma:
\root kapa:
\nse Note that there is a difference between Oapan kimá:kapá:nia and kimá:kakapá:nia. The first refers to the action of an animal that hits with its front legs.
Thus kimá:kapá:nia i:burroh. But if someone holds a child's hand and then slaps it repeatedly: kimá:kakapá:nia i:kone:w 'he repeatedly slaps his childs
hand.' Equivalent is ma:té:tlatsí:nia or má:tlátlatsí:nia. Note the variation in patterns of reduplication.
\nae The pitch accent on the two Oapan forms is of problematical analysis. Kapa:nia has not underlying {h}, therefore one would not expect two high-pitched syllables on
má:kapá:nia unless there were a reduplicant with coda {h}. This would be perfectly reasonable as reduplicants do occasionally reduce onto heavy (long-voweled)
syllables, particularly when they refer to incorporated body parts. Under this analysis the underlying form would be {ma: + kah + kapa:nia}. Also, given the Ameyaltepec cognate
kima:kakapa:nia , it would appear that the reduplicant (the first ka- syllable) has been"reduced"on the long vowel of the incorporated noun
ma:-, an slightly unusual although fully documented process. The only reflex of the reduplicant in this context is the pitch accent on the nominal stem má:-,
and there is no lengthening. Thus one has underlying {ki + ma: +kah +kapa:nia} surfacing as kimá:kapá:nia. This would make se nse phonologi cally, alt hough the
semantics of a reduplicated verb are not entirely transparent in this case. More problematical is the form má:kákapá:nia. There is obviously a rising high pitch on the
syllable má:. It also appears quite certain that there is a high pitch on the first ká- syllable. In the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino, it certainly
appears that the pitch level of this reduplicated syllable is at the same level as that of the preceding syllable má:- and the penultimate syllable pá:-.
However, in the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez the pitch level of this reduplicated syllable is about half-way between the high pitch of má:- and pá:-
on the one hand, and ka- (the 1st syllable of the stem). This is difficult to interpret. One possibility is that the high pitch on ká- is simply a result of a
preceding high pitch on má:-. In this case the high pitch on má:- would represent reassig nment (leftward shift) from the following syllable {kah}. This is
possible, but brings out additional problems. Most importantly, it would mean that there is a semantic difference between a fully expressed reduplicant and a reduced reduplicant.
There is no evidence that this occurs elsewhere and it would be highly unusual. Another possibility is that the form má:kákapá:nia has two reduplicants, what in other
contexts results in"triplication"with the sense of 'here and there'. Thus one would have a reduplicated má:kapá:nia and a"triplicated" má:kákapá:nia (the
parallel forms would be, for example, mimiliwi and mí:milíwa with the notable exception that with má:kákapá:nia the two reduplicants are
separately realized, one is reduced onto the incorporated noun ma:- and the other is prefixed to the verb stem. For the present, given that the underlying form of this
reduplicant syllable probably has {h} as a coda, it is assume d that one pitch accent derives from t hi s ov ertly expressed reduplicant. Thus it appears that in addition to the
reduced reduplicant on ma:-, there is a further reduplication (i.e.,"triplication") that yields má:kákapá:nia (or perhaps má:kakapá:nia). Note
that there is another complication, and this relates to the role of the incorporated noun stem ma:in the two verbs. In the former, Oapan má:kapá:nia
the arm or leg is the"instrument"with which the animal hits the person. Perhaps it would be best to consider the nominal stem fused into a new single verbal compound. With
má:kákapá:nia the nominal stem is the place at which the event (slapping) takes place. It should be determined whether Ameyaltepec Nahuatl makes a difference
between these two forms or meanings. It might well be that the different meanings or functions of the incorporated noun (as the means of carrying out the verbal action, in
má:kapá:nia, or as the loc ation where the verbal action is effected, in má:ka kapá:nia -
\qry Check whether /má:tlátlasí:nia/ has an accent on /tlá/ as indicated.
\qry_fon Check with a phonetician whether or not there is high pitch on the /ká/ of /má:kákapá:nia/. Find this word in the corpus; it is not online, and check p-a patterns.
\grm NOTE: sound file not on internet: obtain and upload.Oapan reduplication; triplication The pitch accent on the two Oapan forms is not entirely clear. Obviously in both
words there is a high pitch on the first syllable, má: and on the penultimate syllable pá:. The question is in regard to the pitch pattern on the
reduplicated syllable ka- in the second word, kimá:kákapá:nia (or perhaps kimá:kákapá:nia). In the pronunciation of
Florencia Marcelino, it certainly appears that the pitch level of this reduplicated syllable is at the same level as that of the preceding syllable má:- and the
penultimate syllable pá:-. However, in the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez the pitch level of this reduplicated syllable is about half-way between the high
pitch of má:- and pá:- on the one hand, and ka- (the 1st syllable of the stem). For the present given that the un derlying form of
this reduplicant syllable proba bly has {h} as a coda. The next question concerns the motivation for pitch accent in the two parallel forms: kimá:kapá:nia
and kimá:kákapá:nia. In the former, and given the Ameyaltepec cognate kima:kakapa:nia it would appear that the reduplicant (the first
ka- syllable) has been"reduced"on the long vowel of the incorporated noun ma:-, an unusual although documented process. The only reflex of
the reduplicant in this context is the pitch accent on the nominal stem má:-. Thus one has underlying {ki + ma: +kah +kapa:nia} surfacing as
kimá:kapá:nia. In the second case, one that is not documented in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, it appears that in addition to the reduced reduplicant, there is a
further reduplication (i.e.,"triplication") that yields má:kákapá:nia (or perhaps má:kakapá:nia). Note that there is another com plication, and
this relates to the role of the incorporated noun stem ma:in the two verb s. In the former, Oapan má : k apá:nia the arm or leg is
the"instrument"with which the animal hits the person. Perhaps it would be best to consider the nominal stem fused into a new single verbal compound. With
má:kákapá:nia the nominal stem is the place at which the event (slapping) takes place. It should be determined whether Ameyaltepec Nahuatl makes a
difference between these two forms or meanings.
\ref 04180
\lxam ma:ktilia
\lxam_c kima:ktilia
\lxoa ma:htilia
\lxoa_c kima:htilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap[ca]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give legal possession (of sth such as a plot of land, an animal, etc.) to
\sense_s dar a posesión legal (de algo como un terreno, un animal, etc.) a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kima:ktilih tomi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He turned the money over to him (legally, so that it would always be his).
\phrase_s Le entregóel dinero (legalmente, para que siempre fuera suyo).
\root ma:
\root_rel -ko
\nae The presence of a slight aspiration, the reflex of /k/, is difficult to discern in the Oapan variant kima:htilia and should be studied in more acoustic detail.
\qry Here and elsewhere check for the vowel length in /tomin/. In the above phrase I had it recorded as long, but I have now changed it provisionally to short, based on what I have
recorded elsewhere. Note /O:kima:ktilih tomin/ which seems to have a primary and secondary object: he gave legal possession to him (the marked object with the prefix) of money.
But is this is a ditransitive, then what is the transitive. Is there /imaktia/ or even /imaktla/? Check.
\qry_fon The presence of
\grm Note /O:kima:ktilih tomin/ which seems to have a primary and secondary object: he gave legal possession to him (the marked object with the prefix) of money. But is this is a
ditransitive, then what is the transitive. Is there /imaktia/ or even /imaktla/? Check.
\ref 04181
\lxam tlatlaxtla:wa:ni
\lxam_c tlatlaxtla:wa:ni
\lxoa tlatlaxtla:wa:ni
\lxoa_alt tlatlaxtla:wa:ne
\lxoa_c tlatlaxtla:wa:ne, tlatlaxtla:wa:ni
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e person (e.g., itinerant buyer or bulker of rural goods) who pays a good price
\sense_s persona (p. ej., comprador que anda en las comunidades) que paga un buen precio
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e person who pays up debts
\sense_s persona que sus deudas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Asta ihkón o:tiktlane:wtih! Mitsi:xpolo:s, xtlatlaxtla:wa:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You lent him that much! He will ruin you, he isn't one to pay up.
\phrase_s ¡Le prestaste hasta esa cantidad! Te va a arruinar, no es de los que pagan.
\root xtla
\ref 04182
\lxam tlayo:wi:ltia
\lxam_c kitlayo:wi:ltia
\lxoa tláyo:wí:ltia
\lxoa_pr tlayo:wi:ltia
\lxoa_c kitláyo:wí:ltia
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to make suffer; to cause suffering to
\sense_s hacer sufrir
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Pues o:nimotlayo:wi:ltih. O:pe:w nimotla:nilia, o:pe:w nimokuwilia tli:n ne:chpolowa. Newa itekiw xnimotlake:ntia, xnimo... xnimoni:tia norefre... un
refresco.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 04182_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 46:39
\phrase_e Well, I made myself suffer. I began to earn money for myself, I began to buy myself what I was lacking. But certainly I didn't buy myself clothes, I didn't... I didn't invite
myselt to sodas.
\phrase_s Pues, me hice sufrir. Empecé a ganarme dinero, empecé a comprarme lo que me faltaba. But de por sí no me compraba ropa, no me... no me compraba refrescos para
tomar.
\root hyo:
\nae The verbal form without tla- ? iyo:wiltia has not yet been documented in the corpus.
\xref iyo:wia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref íyo:wíya
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 04183
\lxam totoma
\lxam_c kitotoma
\lxoa tótomá
\lxoa_pr totoma
\lxoa_c kí:tomá
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-mi
\trans Compl
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): kí:tomá
\infv class-3a(m)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e see toma
\sense_s véase toma
\sense_d Pending
\root tom
\ref 04184
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be for /Ia:pan Koyo:tl/, which is now in the toponymic database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 04185
\lxam kwa:petsiwtok
\lxam_c kwa:petsiwtok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to have hair well combed and arranged (i.e., smooth and not disheveled)
\sense_s tener el cabello bien peinado y arreglado (esto es, liso y no desgreñado)
\sense_d Am
\semfld distort-surface
\root kwa:, pets
\disamb kwa:petsiwtok; kwa:pestik
\qry Recheck the distinction between /kwa:petsiwtok/ 'well combed' (bien peinado) and /kwa:pestik/ '
\ref 04186
\lxam yo:ltitlan
\lxam_c iyo:ltitlan
\lxoa yo:ltitlan
\lxoa_c i:yo:ltitlan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-titlan
\infn N2
\sense_e solar plexus
\sense_s solar plexus
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root yo:l
\root_rel -titlan
\vl Link second female token.
\semref yo:li:xko
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04187
\lxam yesa:tli
\lxam_c yesa:tli
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-[N-V1]
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a(oni)
\sense_e to drink blood
\sense_s chupar o beber sangre
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:ne:chkwah sa:yo:lin. Kwahli o:yesa:tli:k, pero a:man yohmiktih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A mosquito bit me. It drank a lot of blood, but now I've killed it.
\phrase_s Me picóun mosquito. Chupómucha sangre, pero ahora lo maté.
\root es
\root a:
\root i:
\ref 04188
\lxam bie:joh
\lxam_c bie:joh
\lxoa bie:joh
\lxoa_cpend bie:joh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan viejo
\psm Adj
\der Adj-loan
\sense_e big (in size)
\sense_s grande (in size)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e old (in age)
\sense_s viejo (en edad)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e nominal suffix meaning big, e.g., michbie:joh(or michwe:weh) 'big fish'
\sense_s sufijo nominal que significa 'grande', p. ej., michbie:joh(or michwe:weh) 'pez grande'
\sense_d Oa
\nse This word is usually found with the Spanish augmentative biejo:teh. It also varies according to the gender of the modified noun, e.g., biejo:tah. This term
is more common in Ameyaltepec than in Oapan.
\ref 04189
\lxam tlakwalpachowa
\lxam_c kitlakwalpachowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to give a hearty meal to; to feed well
\sense_s dar harta comida a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chtlakwalpachowan Ame:yaltepe:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They feed me well in Ameyaltepec.
\phrase_s Me dan harta comida en Ameyaltepec.
\root kwa
\root pach
\nse In Oapan one might use a phrasal equivalent, e.g., ne:chpachowilian tlakwahli 'they offer me a huge amount of food.'
\semref pachowilia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04190
\lxam chia
\lxam_c kichia
\lxoa chia
\lxoa_c kichia
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3c
\infv_d Am
\infv class-4c
\infv_d Oa
\irregular In Oapan chia is a class-4a; in Ameyaltepec it is class 3c(long).
\sense_e to wait for
\sense_s esperar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma tikinchiaka:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let's wait for them!
\phrase_s ¡Vamos a esperarlos!
\phrase_n Xne:xchia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Wait for me!
\phrase_s ¡Espérame!
\phrase_n San timitschichi:xtiw. Xtla:tlaksa! Ke:n tiyo:li:k!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I just go along constantly having to stop and wait for you (i.e., to catch up). Get a move on! Oh how slow you are!
\phrase_s Solamente voy yendo, parándome a esperarte constantement (esto es, para que me alcanzes).¡Apúrate!,¡Quélento eres!
\root chiya
\nae Occasionally in Ameyaltepec in the plural imperative the sequence /ia/ is fronted almost to /e/ (with a slight glide) as in ma tikcheka:n. Note that in Ameyaltepec this is
a class 3 verb, with loss of final vowel and underlying {y} surfacing as final /x/ (and with vowel lengthening): o:kichi:x 'he waited for him.' In Oapan this verb is a class
4 verb, with the aggregation of /k/ in the perfective: o:kichiak. This also applies to other forms such as the progressives: Ameyaltepec kichi:xtok and
Oapan kichiatok. Roberto Mauricio (Oa) accepted o:kichi:x as an alternate form, though he said it was rarely used. Finally, note that in other derivatives
of this verb in Oapan the Ameyaltepec pattern is followed: o:tlachi:x 'he came to,' is used both in Ameyaltepec and in Oapan.
\qry In this verb, in all forms, including noun and other derivates, the /i:/ is definitely long ansd should be recorded as such in all cases: /okichi:x/, /kichi:xtok/, etc. In this manner it differs
from the /i/ in pia , i.e., kipixtok , which is definitely short.
\xref tlachia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref chialtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04191
\lxam poye:k a:to:hli
\lxam_c poye:k a:to:hli
\lxoa poye:h a:to:hli
\lxoa_c poye:h a:to:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of atole
\sense_s tipo de atole
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food
\root poye:
\root a:to:l
\ency_note a:to:hli
\mod See entry under /a:to:hli/ for types of this dish.
\ref 04192
\lxam sentemani
\lxam_c sentemani
\lxoa sentemani
\lxoa_c sentemani
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Mod-V1
\der N-dvb-0
\sense_e single, basic monetary unit (at one time equivalent to one peso, then 100, and now 1,000)
\sense_s una unidad básica de dinero (antes equivalente a un peso, después 100, y ahora 1,000)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e big bill (i.e., as opposed to change)
\sense_s billete grande (esto es, sin cambio)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San se: sentemani nikpia, xtlah tei:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I just have one big bill, there's no change.
\phrase_s Nada más tengo un billete grande, no hay cambio.
\root sem
\root te
\root man
\nse Sentemani constrasts to tei:nki, which refers to smaller denominations of money and to change.
\qry Determine whether this only refers to money and nothing else.
\ref 04193
\lxam tli:nono:n
\lxam_c tli:nono:n?
\lxoa tli:no:no:n
\lxoa_c tli:no:no:n
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm Pr(indef)
\der Pr-indef
\sense_e what is it?
\sense_s ¿quées?
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne: ontlachi:xtok.¡Ahwa tli:nonon!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is gazing out over there. Who knows what it is!
\phrase_s Estámirando hacia allá.¡Quién sabe que es!
\phrase_n O:nikonkak milá:k xixitika tli:nonon, kas notekorral.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I heard something (that I wasn't sure what it was) fall down, perhaps it was my fence of lose stones.
\phrase_s Escuchéalgo (que no estaba seguro que) desbaratándose, quizáera mi cerca de piedras apiladas.
\fla a:kinono:n
\root tli:n
\qry_fon It is unavoidable to conclude that words like /tli:no:no:n/, at least in Oapan, have all long vowels. There seems to be no reason not to record this as such. A thorough review
should be conducted on Am and Oa forms! Including the demonstratives.
\ref 04194
\lxam tlasolte:mi
\lxam_c tlasolte:mi
\lxoa tlásolté:mi
\lxoa_pr tlasolte:mi
\lxoa_c tlásolté:mi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-mi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(m)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to become (or be) flowing or full of garbage (a place or space)
\sense_s tener mucha basura (un lugar o espacio)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wa:ltlasolte:mi itech kahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is garbage right up next to the house.
\phrase_s Hay basura hasta pegado a la casa.
\root hsol
\root te:m
\ref 04195
\lxam tlate:milia
\lxam_c kitlate:milia
\lxoa tlate:milia
\lxoa_c kitlate:milia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to lay eggs in (the wound) of (a fly or other insect [S] in the wound of an animal [O])
\sense_s dejarle o ponerle huevos en (la herida) a (una mosca u otro insecto [s] en la herida de un animal [o])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xiwsa:yo:lin o:kitlate:milikeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Flies filled its wound with eggs (which turned into larvae).
\phrase_s Moscas le llenaron la herida con sus huevecitos (que se convirtieron en gusanitos)
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to explain to
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) explicar a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtla:ke:wa, yewa kimastok ke:no:n mistlatete:mili:s, ke:no:n yes, ke:no:n tikchi:was. Mitsakas otli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hire him, he knows how he will explain it to you, how it will be, what you will do it. He will show you the way.
\phrase_s Contrátolo aél,él sabe como te lo va a explicar, como va a ser, como lo vas a hacer. El te enseñarála manera de hacerlo.
\root te:m
\nse The form tlate:milia refers to the action whereby insects, particularly flies, lay their eggs in the wound of an animal, causing maggots to form. In this case
tla- conventionally refers to the eggs that are laid. However, in the context of kimastok ke:non mistlatete:mili:s the implicit"object"signified by
tla- is the ideas or thoughts of the subject, what he wants to say to someone.
\qry Check whether both uses of /tla-/ Both involve indefinite null complementation (with tla- as the null complement) of the verb te:milia.
\xref te:milia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04196
\lxam no:chilia
\lxam_c kino:chilia
\lxoa no:chilia
\lxoa_c kino:chilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to speak to (sb [SO]) in representation of or for (sb [PO]); to speak to (sb [PO]) about (sb or sth)
\sense_s hablar o placticar a (algn [OS]) de parte de [algn [OP]; hablar a (algn [OP]) sobre (algn o algo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chno:chili un suwa:tl, newa xwel nikno:tsa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Speak to that woman for me (in this case in order to court her), I can't speak to her myself!
\phrase_s ¡Háblale a esa mujer de mi parte (en este caso para cortejarla), yo no le puedo hablar!
\sense_e (refl. with te:- prefix) to speak (to people) about oneself or ones affairs
\sense_s (refl. con el prefijo te:-) hablar (a la gente) acerca de si mismo o los asuntos de si mismo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nimote:no:chilih para ne:chpalewi:skeh ika i:n tekitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've already spoken to people about this matter of mine so that they will help me with this job.
\phrase_s Ya he hablado con gente acerca de este asunto mío para que me ayuden con este trabajo.
\phrase_n Timote:no:chili:s para ma mitspale:wi:kan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will tell people about yourself (in this case a particular problem) so that they help you.
\phrase_s Vas a hablar a la gente acerca de tí(en este caso sobre un problema en particular) para que te ayuden.
\root no:tsa
\grm Impersonal; nonspecific subjects and specific objects: Note the following phrase: /Yo:nimote:no:chilih para ne:chpalewi:skeh ika in tekitl/. 'I've already spoken to people
about this matter of mine so that they will help me with this job.' The interesting thing in this phrase is the interaction between specific and nonspecific subjects and objects.
In /nimote:no:chilia/ there is a specific (1st person) Agent, a nonspecific Goal/Addressee (/te:-/) and a specific (first person) theme (the reflexive). The structure of this word
reflects the possibility of having a specific Subject (Agent) with a nonspecific Primary Object (Goal/Addressee). However, in the following clause the situation is reversed:
the specific Subject becomes the specific Object of the transitive /pale:wia/. However, since the object is specific, it is not possible to have a nonspecific Subject, at least not
marked by the nonspecific suffix /-lo/. One could perhaps have used /te:pale:wi:lo:s/ or /tlapale:wi:lo:s/, but he re the 3rd person isused with an impersonal, nonspecific
significance. In Classical perhaps one would have had a passive construction here: /nipale:wi:lo:s/ (e.g., with a full meaning of both phrases something like 'I've given word
so that I get help with this task').
\xref no:tsa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04197
\lxam te:tlatki
\lxam_c te:tlatki
\lxoa te:tlatki
\lxoa_c te:tlatki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\sense_e see tlatkitl
\sense_s véase tlatkitl
\sense_d Pending
\root tki
\ref 04198
\lxam na:nah
\lxam_c na:nah
\lxoa na:nah
\lxoa_c na:nah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rpd-l
\infn N0
\sense_e (vocative) mother-in-law
\sense_s (vocativo) suegra
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (vocative; rare) mother
\sense_s (vocativo; raro) mamá
\sense_d Pending
\root na:n
\nse Na:nah is used to address one's mother and, out of respect, it is usually extended to one's mother-in-law. The failure to do so is considered to show lack of respect
for one's spouse's mother. According to the documentation to date, the possessive form * nona:nah is not acceptable. However, this needs to be rechecked.
\qry Recheck etymology and final /h/. Also check to see if this term is used in addressing any other real or fictive kin.
\ref 04199
\lxam i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl
\lxam_c i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound (N-N)-N
\der N-b
\sense_e (sarc.) to have a balding forehead resulting from a high or receding hairline
\sense_s (sarc.) tener la frente calvo a causa de tener las entradas pronunciadas
\sense_d Am
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\root te:n
\root te
\nse The reference of i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl is to the forehead being like the large, flat, and somewhat polished stones, often found along the river, used for sharpening
machetes and knives.
\semref i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon; i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal; i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik; i:xkwa:tsotsoltik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04200
\lxam tla:wa:ntia
\lxam_c kitla:wa:ntia
\lxoa tla:wa:ntia
\lxoa_c kitla:wa:ntia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make drunk (an alcoholic beverage, or a person who invites one to drink)
\sense_s emborrachar; hacer emborrachar (una bebida alcohólica, o una persona que le invita a uno tomar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San serbe:sah xne:chtla:wa:ntia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Beer alone does not get me drunk.
\phrase_s Sólo cerveza no me hace emborrachar.
\phrase_n Timitstla:wa:nti:s, xkoni!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to get you drunk, drink it!
\phrase_s Te voy a hacer emborrachar,¡Tómalo!
\root tla:wa:
\xref tla:wa:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04201
\lxam kalneko:xtli
\lxam_c kalneko:xtli
\lxoa kalneko:xtli
\lxoa_c kal neko:xtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e wooden rivet that is passed through the kabe:sas where they come together in a thatched-roof house (at the part of the house called
kaltsonko ; also called simply neko:xtli)
\sense_s el remate de madera que atraviesa las cabezas donde se juntan (en el lugar llamado kaltsonko) en una casa de palma o zacate (también llamado simplemente
neko:xtli)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld construct-part
\root kal
\root ne
\root ko:ch
\ency_note kahli
\nse Some people refer to the kalneko:xtli as simply neko:xtli although it would appear that neko:xtli is the more generic
word for 'rivet' or clavija and that kalneko:xtli is used specifically to refer to the rivet used in the house.
\qry Check possessed to see if /x/ is underlying /ch/.
\mod Cf. words listed in Fld 1984-04-29.1. Cf. drawing with /neko:xtli/ in original filecards.
\semref neko:xtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04202
\lxam Dió:s
\lxam_c Dió:s
\lxoa Dió:s
\lxoa_c Dió:s
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan Dió:s
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e God
\sense_s Diós
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkineltoka Dió:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He doesn't believe in God.
\phrase_s No cree en Diós.
\phrase_n Ma Dió:s mitspale:wi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Cheers (said to sb about to take a drink of hard alcohol)!
\phrase_s ¡Salud (dicho a una persona a punto de tomar un trago de una bebida fuerte)!
\phrase_n Ma Dió:s mitswi:ka!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e May God be with you (said to sb about to embark on a journey)!
\phrase_s ¡QuéDió:s te acompañe!
\nse The first example phrase is said in drinking rounds, and is said by those not drinking to one who is about to take a swig of picado (pure alcohol mixed with soda,
juice, etc.), who himself first says ika molise:nsiah.
\mod Add /ika molise:nsiah/
\ref 04203
\lxam tlawe:ltepo:xa
\lxam_c tlawe:ltepo:xa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) bolsa
\psm Adj
\der Adj-loan
\lexical Lex. inflix te-
\sense_e to be very fierce; to be full of hate
\sense_s estar lleno de odio
\sense_d Am
\root tlawe:l
\nse Tlawe:ltepo:xah is apparently derived from the nominal root tlawe:land the Nahuatlized loan (te)po:xah. Literally it would mean
something like"sack of hate."
\qry Check to determine whether the form without /te-/ exists.
\ref 04204
\lxam komo:ntok
\lxam_c komo:ntok
\lxoa komo:ntok
\lxoa_c tekomo:ntok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e see tekomo:ntok
\sense_s véase tekomo:ntok
\sense_d Pending
\root komo:
\ref 04205
\lxam ya:lwa
\lxam_c ya:lwa
\lxoa ya:lwa
\lxoa_c ya:lwa
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adv
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e yesterday
\sense_s ayer
\sense_d Pending
\root ya:lwa
\ref 04206
\lxam ma:tla:ni
\lxam_c kima:tla:ni
\lxoa ma:tla:ni
\lxoa_c kima:tla:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (often with nonspecific prefix tla-) to earn the rights to use (a yunta) in exchange for working them in the field of the owner (lit. 'to earn with ones hand/labor')
\sense_s (a menudo con el prefijo no específico tla-) ganar el derecho a usar (una yunta) en cambio de trabajar con ellos en la milpa del dueño (lit. 'ganar con la
mano/trabajo')
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikma:tla:nis mona:k bwe:yesteh. No: nito:kasneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will gain rights to use your oxen to plow my fields by working them in your fields too. I also want to plant.
\phrase_s Voy a ganar el derecho de utilizar tus bueyes en mi milpa al trabajarlos también en la tuya. también quiero sembrar.
\phrase_n Nitlama:tla:nis motech -=mona:k-.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will work with you to earn rights (usually to a team of oxen) in a labor exchange relationship (specifically, earning the right to use your oxen in my field after having first
used them to plow your field)
\phrase_s Voy a trabajar contigo en un arreglo de intercambio para ganar derechos (por lo común a una yunta; más específicamente, voy a trabajar tu yunta en tu milpa para
ganar el derecho a utilizarla en la mía).
\sense_e to overcome the grip of; to wrench from the grasp of; to make (sb) loose control (over sth held in the hand); to win out over (particularly in regard to sth one does with ones
hands)
\sense_s vencer (como algn tiene algo agarrado, causándole a soltarlo); hacer perder el control (sobre algo agarrado en la mano, guiado por la mano, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chma:tla:ni ara:doh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The plow gets out of my control (i.e., my arm isn't strong enough to hold it steady, as a result the furrows are crookedly laid down).
\phrase_s El arado me vence (esto es, mi brazo no es lo suficiente fuerte para controlarlo bien, y por esta razón los surcos no salen derechos).
\phrase_n O:tsokwe:liw mosurkoh, o:mitsma:tla:n kwahli, xok mela:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your furrow came out slightly crooked, (the plow) got out of your control, (the furrow) is not straight anymore.
\phrase_s El surco se te salióun poquito chueco, (el arado) te ganó, (el surco) ya no estáderecho.
\phrase_n O:kima:tla:n iko:chin, o:ye:wito itech tepa:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He lost control over his car, it wound up against a wall.
\phrase_s Perdióel control de su coche, fue a dar contra una pared.
\phrase_n Ontepe:w un tlayo:hli, o:ne:chma:tla:n. A:man xtlapepenaka:n ko:koneh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I spilled that maize on the ground, it slipped out of my hand (e.g., it was in a heavy sack that got the upper hand on me). Now gather it up, children!
\phrase_s Tiréel maíz por el suelo, se me fue de la mano (p. ej., estaba en un costal pesado que me venció).¡Ahora niños, a recogerlo!
\sense_e to be better (quicker, stronger, etc.) with ones hands than; to beat (particularly in reference to sth done with the hands)
\sense_s ser mejor (más rápido, más fuerte, etc.) con las manos que; ganar (particularmente en referencia a algo que se hace con las manos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chma:tla:ni para tiswate:kan, un toba:leh ke:n ma:isiwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has quicker hands than me in stripping corn leaves off the stalk, our buddy over there is really quick with his hands.
\phrase_s Me gana en el zacateo, ese cuate es muy rápido con las manos.
\phrase_n Se: nobwe:yeh kima:tla:nin, yewa ma:s yo:li:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e One of my oxen always lags behind, he is slower (i.e., the other ox in the team has stronger legs and moves ahead).
\phrase_s Un de mis bueyes siempre sale rezagado, es más lento (esto es, el otro buey es más fuerte y camina más rápido).
\phrase_n A:man xok nikpapaxo:s, ne:si ne:chma:tla:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I won't massage him anymore, it (in this case an illness that one hopes to cure with massage) appears to have gotten the better of me (in this case uttered by a person who
uses massage to extract illnesses when realizing that the illness will not be beaten this way).
\phrase_s Ya no le voy a dar masaje, parece que me ganó(en este caso una enfermedad; dicho por un masajista que absorbe las enfermedades en sus manos al darse cuenta que la
enfermedad no se deja vencer).
\root ma:
\root tla:ni
\nse The word ma:tla:ni has two basically distinct acceptations. The first treats ma: as a metaphor for labor and refers to earning something
(kitla:ni) with ones labor (most often the right to use a yunta, although other resources might be acquired by labor exchange). The usual arrangement, which may
vary, is for the laborers to worked the team of oxen at alternate fields every week (the field of the owner, and then his own). In the other case it is the 'hand' or 'arm' that is
itself"beaten"; here the translation might be 'to hand-beat' or 'to win out over the hand of.' This is more akin to"possessor raising"than the former, in which ma:
represents the"instrument"with which earning is achieved.
\qry Check to see if only a yunta can be"earned"in the activity referred to by /ma:tla:ni/, i.e., question what else one can /ma:tla:ni/.
\grm Nouns: /Ne:chma:tla:ni para tiswate:kan, un toba:leh ke:n ma:isiwi/ 'He has quicker hands than me in stripping corn leaves off the stalk, our buddy over there is really
quick with his hands.' Note how the the /para tiswate:kan/ is used in the above. It indicates an activity with specific participants. In Spanish one might say 'me gana en el
zacateo'. In English perhaps 'he beats me when we"zacateamos"Perhaps also correct would be ?ne:chma:tla:ni ipan iswatekilistli Check.
\grm Nonspecific object: /Ontepe:w un tlayo:hli, o:ne:chma:tla:n. A:man xtlapepenakan ko:koneh!/ 'I spilled that maize on the ground, it slipped out of my hand (e.g., it was in a
heavy sack that got the upper hand on me). Now gather it up, children!' Note how in the Nahuatl /tlayo:hli/ is the object of the first verb /tepe:wa/ and the subject/agent of
the second /ma:tla:ni/. But then it"disappears"from the /tlapepenakan/ although clearly what is being picked up is the corn that had been spilled onto the ground. It is
obvious, then, that the"object"of /pepena/ is the maize, but by using the /tla-/ prefix it is the action of picking up that is emphasized, with no direct reference to what is being
picked up (clearly the maize).
\grm Noun incorporation: Note that role of /ma:/ in /ma:tla:ni/ varies greatly. In one meaning /ma:/ is the thing that is 'earned' (/-tla:ni/). Literally the sense of /nikma:tla:ni/ as 'I
hand(labor)-earn it.' In this structure 'it' refers to the object, that which is 'earned' by the labor (hand/arm) or the subject. In a second construction /ma:/ represents the
location at which the 'beating' takes place, e.g., /ne:chma:tla:ni/ meaning 'it hand-beats me,' As the examples indicate this may refer to the fact that the force (subject) of the
verbal complex is that which gets the better of subject's hand. This can be a force such as that in the wheel of a car (/ne:chma:tla:ni noko:cheh/) or it may refer to a disease
that overcomes the efforts of a curandero's hands.
\ref 04207
\lxam ka:no:n
\lxam_c ka:no:n
\lxoa ka:no:n
\lxoa_c ka:no:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\der Adv-int
\sense_e where?
\sense_s ¿dónde?¿a dónde?
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ka:no:n tiá:s?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where will you go?
\phrase_s ¿Dónde vas a ir?
\phrase_n Ka:no:n onkah?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where are there some?
\phrase_s ¿Dónde hay?
\phrase_n Ka:no:n niktla:li:s? --Ma:san ka:no:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where should I place it? --Wherever (you want)!
\phrase_s ¿Dónde lo pongo? --¡Dondequiera!
\sense_e (pero ~) but how? by what right?
\sense_s (pero ~)¿pero cómo?¿con quéderecho?
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:lchika:wiya. Pero ka:no:n? Xumpa icha:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He acted in a very self-assured manner (as if he were in his house and was the boss). But how can that be? It isn't his house there (i.e., he has no right to impose himself).
\phrase_s Actuaba en una forma tenaz (como si estuviera en su casa yél fuera el jefe).¿Pero cómo es posible? Alláno es su casa.
\ncol ma:san
\ncol ma:si sa:n
\root ka:n
\nse The difference between ka:non tiá:s? and ka:n tiyáw? appears to be that the latter is more of a greeting between two individuals passing each other in
the street (and probably an apocope for ka:non tiyaw) and asks where is the addressee going in the precise moment of utterance. The second refers to a future event,
an event that will begin in the future.
\ref 04208
\lxam iyo:tsakwa
\lxam_c kiyo:tsakwa
\lxoa íyo:tsákwa
\lxoa_pr iyo:tsakwa
\lxoa_c kíyo:tsákwa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(kw)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to cut off the breath of and keep from breathing; to suffocate
\sense_s cortarle el aire o respiración a, haciendo que no puede respirar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:niknekw chi:hli, o:ne:chiyo:tsakw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I breathed in chile (alcohol would have the same effect), it cut off my breath.
\phrase_s Inhaléchile (alcohol haría lo mismo), me cortóla respiración.
\root hyo:
\root tsakwa
\qry_fon Check with a phonetician on the phonetics of this word. Note that there is a devoicing of the palatal fricative between the two vowels. I have simply written this as
/kíyo:tsákwa/.
\ref 04209
\lxam a:toktia
\lxam_c ka:toktia
\lxoa a:tohtia
\lxoa_alt a:toltia
\lxoa_c ka:tohtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to allow to be swept away by the current (sth let loose in moving water, such as a river)
\sense_s dejar que se lleve por el agua (algo soltado en la corriente, p. ej., de un río)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nika:toktih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I let it get swept away by the river.
\phrase_s Dejéque el río se lo llevara.
\phrase_n O:nitla:toktih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I let things (e.g., that I was holding) get swept away by the river.
\phrase_s Dejéque el río se llevera algunas cosas.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to let or make dissolve (e.g., salt in a salt dish by putting water in it)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) disolver o hacer disolver en agua (p. ej., sal al agregar agua al salero)
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root toka
\qry Determine whether this only refers to accidently letting something get swept away, for whether it might be intentional. Thus, for example, cf. R. Siméon who gives: atoctia, nite-
arrojar a alquien al agua and nitla- tirar una cosa a una corriente de agua para que se la lleve.
\grm Causatives: Note that this is apparently a causative of a passive; and it has the meaning or significance, at least in some senses, of"let"or"allow that."Cf. Comrie's and
others' discussion of causatives. Add this word to the chapter on causatives.
\xref a:tokowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\xref a:tokuwa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 04210
\lxam tsopi:lo:tl
\lxam_c tsopi:lo:tl
\lxoa tsópí:lo:tl
\lxoa_c tsópí:lo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e (rarely used in Oapan) zopilote; buzzard (equivalent to tsohma(Am) and tsómá(Oa)); apparently the Black Vulture, Coragyps
atratus
\sense_s (raramente se usa en Oapan) zopilote (equivalente a tsohma(Am) y tsómkó:ltsi:n(Oa)); aparentemente el"Black Vulture," Coragyps
atratus
\sense_d Am, Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 7, p. 174
\sense_e Swietenia humilisZucc.; type of tree of the Meliaceae family; equivalent to tsopi:lo:kuwtli(Am) and tsopi:lo:kohtlio
tsopi:lo:tl(Oa))
\sense_s Swietenia humilisZucc.; tipo deárbol de la familia Meliaceae; equivalente a tsopi:lo:kuwtli(Am) y tsopi:lo:kohtlio
tsopi:lo:tl(Oa))
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root tsopi:lo:
\nse In Ameyaltepec tsopi:lo:tl refers to both a large buzzard (occasionally although rarely called tsohma) and to a type of tree, more completely called
tsopi:lo:kuhtli. In Oapan the use of tsópí:lo:tl to refer to a buzzard is extremely rare. In fact during the elicitation there was a discussion between
Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez about the term. It appears that Florencia Marcelino was familiar with its use as equivalent to tsómakó:ltsi:n and stated that
some people from Oapan used the former term. Her husband disagreed, even though he had repeated Florencia's utterance of tsópí:lo:tl, and stated that this was a
word used in Ameyaltepec. They both agreed, however, that tsopi:lo:tl, without pitch accent, was an alternative word for the tree also called
tsopi:lo:kohtli.
\nae The Oapan pronunciation of tsópí:ló:tl with pitch accent is interesting, given that there is no underlying {h} in this lexeme. Apparently this word is very rare in Oapan
and not in the basic lexicon of the two consultants. They did know the word tsopi:lo:kohtlias the name of the tree of the Meliaceae family, and stated that
tsopi:lo:tl, without pitch accent, is a common short term for this same tree. The common word is tsómá.
\notes_nature To date the following types of buzzards have been identified: tsopi:lo:tl , ko:le:tl (a type of buzzard with a red head), and
tsomakwi:xin
\vl Extra tokens are found from word 919.
\semref tsómá
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04211
\lxam suwa:ikni:wtli
\lxam_c i:suwa:ikni:w
\lxoa siwa:ihni:htli
\lxoa_c i:siwa:ihni:w
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e fellow woman
\sense_s compañera (empleada para indicar una relación entre una mujer y otra)
\sense_d Pending
\root sowa:
\root kni:w
\nse Usually sowa:ikni:wtli (Am) and siwa:ihni:wtli (Oa) is found in possessed form, although it appears that it, like ikni:wtli (Am) can occur
in the plural unpossessed (i.e., sowa:ikni:wteh 'they are fellow women,' perhaps members of the same hermandad).
\qry Make sure or check that the plural is correct, i.e., /sowa:ikniwteh/. If so, change the entry to the unpossessed form /sowa:ikniwtli/ and do the same for /tla:kaikniw/. Finally, check
the precise meaning and use of these terms. Also determine how to enter headwords that only exist in plural and possessed. Perhaps simply indicate in /inf field"Oblig. poss. or
plural"
\semref ikni:wtli; tla:kaikni:w
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04212
\lxam kalte:ntitiw
\lxam_c kalte:ntitiw
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-N
\der V1-d-ti
\infv Irregular; see -tiw
\sense_e to expand outward in a ring (e.g., certain scalp infections such as ringworm)
\sense_s expander hacia afuera en forma de círculo (p. ej., algunas infecciones como la tiña)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kalte:ntitiw, xok ma:s kipia itson.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It goes along expanding outwards in a circle, she no longer has much hair left.
\phrase_s Se va expandiendo en forma de círculo, ya no le queda mucho cabello.
\root kal
\root te:n
\qry However, note that /kwa:tenextli/ is 'ringworm'.
\ref 04213
\lxam tlato:hli
\lxam_c tlato:hli
\lxoa tlátó:hli
\lxoa_c tlátó:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e language
\sense_s lengua
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtimotlato:lkakin, nokse: motlato:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We don't understand each other, you speak a different language.
\phrase_s No nos entendemos, tu hablas otra lengua.
\phrase_n Niweli ye:i tlato:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I know three languages.
\phrase_s Hablo tres lenguas.
\sense_e word
\sense_s palabra
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n o:notla:lih nochi tlato:hli tli:n yo:tikte:te:ne:hkeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e All the words that we have talked about have been put down here.
\phrase_s Todas las palabras que hemos discutidos están anotados aquí.
\sense_e ([verb of communication] ~) to exchange or say unpleasant words to
\sense_s ([verbo de comunicación] ~) intercambiar palabras poco agradables con (quizá, p. ej., palabras insultantes o injuriosas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka tia:s, mitsihli:s tlato:hli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't go, he's have some unpleasant words to say to you!
\phrase_s ¡No te vayas, te va a decir unas palabras poco agradables!
\root hto
\vl The first two pronunciations are of /tlátó:leh/. These should be given number 7683 and linked to that word.
\ref 04214
\lxam tewameh
\lxam_c tewameh
\lxoa tó:méh
\lxoa_pr to:meh
\lxoa_c tó:méh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Pr
\der Pr-ind
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e we
\sense_s nosotros
\sense_d Pending
\root tehwa
\nse Often pronounced with a raised and backed vowel [towameh]; see newa.
\ref 04215
\lxam ikxiko:tsi:liwi
\lxam_c ikxiko:tsi:liwi
\lxoa ixiko:tsi:liwi
\lxoa_c ixiko:tsi:liwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get or have cramps in ones leg
\sense_s tener calambres en la pierna
\sense_d Pending
\root kxi
\root ko:tsil
\qry Also check existence of transitive cognate and possible usage.
\root_notes Perhaps further analysis will yield roots of /ko:/ and /tsilV/. Check.
\ref 04216
\lxam pa:pah
\lxam_c pa:pah
\lxoa pa:pah
\lxoa_c pa:pah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-bb
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e tortilla
\sense_s tortilla
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma tihkwa:ka:n se: topa:pah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let's eat one or our tortillas!
\phrase_s ¡Vamos a comer una de nuestras tortillas!
\semfld baby
\nse The etymology of pa:pah is uncertain, but is also found in other dialects. The term is used mostly in talking to babies during feeding.
\qry Gram 1984-10-16.1
\ref 04217
\lxam nana:ntsi:nkuwtli
\lxam_c nana:ntsi:nkuwtli
\lxoa nána:ntsi:nkóhtli
\lxoa_c nána:ntsi:nkóhtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth, tree of the Malpighiacea family; see nana:ntsi:n (Am) / náná:ntsi:n(Oa)
\sense_s Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth,árbol de la familia Malpighiacea; véase nana:ntsi:n(Am) / náná:ntsi:n(Oa)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root na:n
\root kow
\ref 04218
\lxam panawia
\lxam_alt panowia
\lxam_c kipanawia
\lxoa panawia
\lxoa_f [pa na 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kipanawia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to pass; to overtake (e.g., in walking, driving, running, etc.)
\sense_s rebasar (p. ej., en caminar, correr, manejar, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tikpanawi:skeh, yo:li:k nenemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We will pass him, he walks slow.
\phrase_s Lo vamos a rebasar, camina despacio.
\phrase_n San tine:chpa:panawia. Kas tine:chtlawe:lita. Xtine:chno:tsa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You just pass back and forth in front of me. Is it possible that you hate me? You don't speak to me.
\phrase_s Sólo pasas enfrente de mí, una y otra vez.¿Quizáme odias? No me hablas.
\sense_e to supercede; to overtake (e.g., in wealth, in age, etc.)
\sense_s superar; rebasar; adelantarse a; tomarle la delantera a (p. ej., en cuanto a riqueza, edad, tamaño)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Se: ri:koh miák kipia wa:kax. O:kitakeh un okse: tla:katl xma:s kipiaya, pero sana:man o:ri:kot. O:kipanawitiki:s, o:kipanawih un se: ma:s kipiaya, o:noka:wtiki:s,
o:noka:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A rich person, he had a lot of cattle. They saw another man who didn't have very many, but he (the latter man) got rich quickly. He passed right by him (the first man), he
overtook that one who had more, he got left behind in the process, he stayed behind.
\phrase_s Un hombre rico tenía mucho ganado. Vieron a otro que no tenía más, pero luego luego se enriqueció(este segundo), rebasóal otro en el camino (de enriquecerse),
rebasóal que tenía más. El (el primero) se quedóatrás (durante este proceso), quedórezagado.
\sense_e to cross (a river)
\sense_s atravesar (un río)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tikpanawi:s a:te:ntli -= ta:pano:s- para tasis imi:hlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will (have to) cross the river to arrive at his cornfield.
\phrase_s Vas a (tener que) cruzar el río para llegar a su milpa.
\sense_e (recripr.) to pass each other (e.g., two people walking in opposite directions); to intersect; to cross (e.g., two perpendicular streets)
\sense_s (recirp.) rebasarse (p. ej., dos personas caminando en direcciones contrarias); cruzarse (p. ej., dos calles perpendiculares)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne: ka:n nopanawian ka:yes.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There where the streets cross.
\phrase_s Allídonde se cruzan las calles.
\root pana
\nse Panawia (Am) / panawiya (Oa) obviously is related to the same root as panowa and its causative pano:ltia.
However, it is not clear if this is because of a historical association or some derivational process not understood. For now the root here is analyzed as pana.
\nae According to Chen Díaz the majority of Ameyaltepequeños pronounce this word with an /o/: panowia.
\grm Reduplication with long vowel. Note the following case: /San tine:chpa:panawia. Kas tine:chtlawe:lita. Xtine:chno:tsa./ 'You just pass back and forth in front of me. Is it
possible that you hate me. You don't speak to me.' Note how the long vowel reduplication is used here; and in many other cases, to indicate motions that repeat themselves in
their entirety and in a measured manner.
\ref 04219
\lxam kwe:momoloka
\lxam_c kwe:momoloka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to have a dress of fabric that is fuzzy (typically said of velvet)
\sense_s tener una falda la tela de la cual es vellosa (típicamente por ser terciopelo)
\sense_d Am
\root kwe:
\root molo:
\nse At this point I have only heard kwe:momoloka in reference to a velvet dress. Thus nikwe:momoloka is effectively 'I have a dress made of velvet.' Note
that in Classical Nahuatl momoloka was used to indicate the bubbling up of water or the swirling about of clouds. Apparently the difference relates to two different
meanings of the base, molo:ni , which can refer to the springing forth of water, and molo:nia , which can refer to such things as carding wool or pulling
apart feathers. The latter definition is apparently related to the Ameyaltepec use of momoloka to refer to (the texture of) velvet.
\semref kwe:pacho:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref kwe:pacho:ntik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref molo:nia
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 04220
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was for /I:tlampa To:pi:ltepe:k/, which is now in the toponym database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 04221
\lxam a:chika:wi
\lxam_c a:chika:wi
\lxoa a:chika:wi
\lxoa_c a:chika:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become hardened by having been immersed in water, or having been used to hold water for a long time (ceramics and other similar materials)
\sense_s macizarse a causa de haber sido sumergida en agua o haber sido llenado con agua por mucho tiempo (particularmente la cerámica o materiales parecidas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xte:kili a:tl un tso:tsokohli, ma a:chika:wi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pour water into that water jug so that it hardens!
\phrase_s ¡Viértele agua a ese cántaro para que se macice!
\root a:
\root chika:
\nse Once hardened as such, a ceramic container will no longer allow water to leak or filter out.
\qry_fon Note that the initial vowel in this word is 95 and 99 ms for Florencia and 81 ms for both tokens of Inocencio. A question will be to compare the initial /a:/ of several words
that would seem to have a long /a:/ in the incorporated noun stem with other words in which the /a/ should be short. Is there a difference?
\grm Orthography: The tension between a deep and shallow orthography should be thoroughly discussed in the introduction. One question concerns vowel length. It seems clear
that in certain contexts, particularly initial and final vowels (including final vowels followed by the absolutive) there might be some predictable vowel shortening. The
question is, if length is found to be neutralized in initial position, should it not be marked. My feeling at this time is that in regard to vowel length, perhaps an effort should
be made to mark underlying form (i.e., length) despite the lack of clarity as to whether length is continually maintained across positions in words. Certainly in /a:chika:wi/ it
is not clear that the initial vowel has a long duration. But it should probably be written.
\ref 04222
\lxam tlatla:katik
\lxam_c tlatla:katik
\lxoa tlátla:kátik
\lxoa_c tlátla:kátik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): ní:tla:kátik
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be man-like; to have male or masculine tendencies (a woman, e.g., one who likes women as opposed to men, or a woman who wears mens clothes, drinks, etc.)
\sense_s ser marimacho; ser una mujer con algunas características de hombre (p. ej., a quien le gustan las mujeres y no los hombres, o una mujer que se viste como hombre, bebe,
etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San tlatla:katik, xkineki nona:mikti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She has masculine tendencies, she doesn't want to get married.
\phrase_s Es algo marimacho, no quiere casarse.
\semfld emotions
\root tla:ka
\grm Reduplication: As FM stated: /tlátla:kátik pampa xmilá:k tla:katl/.
\semref susuwa:tik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04223
\lxam si:marro:n xo:chitl
\lxam_c si:marro:n xo:chitl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) cimarrón
\psm N
\der N-complex
\sense_e flower of the vine with red flowers called simply si:marró:n
\sense_s flor roja del bejucco llamado simplemente si:marró:n
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kipia ixo:chio chi:chi:ltik. No: kwi:kan tio:pan ke:n a:man xo:pantlah. Xok notekin, nochi wa:le:wa Iguala.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Luis Lucena
\phrase_e It has red flowers. They are also taken to the church (as part of an offering) such as now, during the summer. They are no longer picked (in the wild), all come from Iguala
(i.e., are bought in the market).
\phrase_s tiene flores rojas. también se llevan a la iglesia (como parte de una ofrenda) en momentos como ahora, durante el verano. Ya no se cortan (como flores silvestres), todas
vienen de Iguala (esto es, del mercado).
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\semfld -pl-fl(pend)
\semfld flower
\qry Check to determine whether /si:marrón xo:chitl/ is the same as /si:marró:n/ or whether it refers only to the flower.
\qry_fon Check vowel length.
\grm Adjectives: attributive. Note the following: /Kipia ixo:chio chi:chi:ltik/ 'It has red flowers' (lit. 'it has its flower, it is red'). It appears, based on my intuition, that the order of
N and Adj shift depending on whether the noun is S or O (nominative or accusative) and the adjective is predicative or attributive. A simple statement such as 'Its flowers are
red' is expressed by /chi:chi:ltik ixo:chio/ in which the prenominal position of the adjective indicates that it is a predicate (and the noun is subject). A sequence such as N
Adj would be used with generic nouns /a:tl xtsope:lik/ 'water is not sweet'. However, note that in /kipia ixo:chio chi:chi:ltik/ the noun is an object and the adjective modifies.
Check to determine whether one can say ?kipia chi:chi:ltik ixo:chio, and, if one can say this, whether it is more or less common that the order given in this entry.
\ref 04224
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsi:ntla:ltextia
\lxoa_c tsi:ntla:ltextia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to have the bottom get close to the ground (e.g., a car that is heavily laden)
\sense_s acercarse a la tierra o suelo la parte baja o inferior de (p. ej., un coche con una carga pesada)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:n
\root tla:l
\root_rel -tech
\semref tsi:ntla:ltechiwi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 04225
\lxam tlatekontetso:tsona*
\lxam_c tlatekontetso:tsona
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-0
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\sense_e type of bird still not identified, apparently quite similar to the tekoch or woodpecker
\sense_s tipo de pájaro todavía no identificado, aparentemente muy parecido al tekoch o pájaro carpintero
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root tekoma
\root tsona
\qry This entry is only on my original file cards, not the ones that were reviewed in the field. Thus it did not have vowel length recorded and may, in fact, be in error. Check all!
\ref 04226
\lxam selkaya:ktik
\lxam_c selkaya:ktik
\lxoa sélkayá:htik
\lxoa_c sélkayá:htik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-tik-adj
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have an unpleasant smell because of unripeness (certain fruits such as watermelons)
\sense_s tener un olor poco agradable por ser verde (varias frutas como la sandía)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Selkaya:ktik, xma:s tikwe:lili:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is unripe and unpleasant smelling, you won't like the taste of it much.
\phrase_s Es verde y de un olor poco agradble, no te va a gustar.
\semfld smell
\root sel
\root hya
\nse Selkaya:ktik seems to clearly contain the stems sel, found in such words as selik 'to be green or unripe (e.g., a fruit or vegetable)'
and hya'to be foul or unpleasant smelling.' The Ameyaltepec stem selkaya:k is a participial adjectival (much like awiá:k) to which
the adjectival derivative -tik has been added. The reason for the short first /a/ in selkaya:ktik is unclear; it seems to be an element used to join Nahuatl
roots and is probably related to ka: found in participial compounds such as kwala:nka:no:tsa.
\qry Check for verbal form ?/selkaya:ya/ and adjectival /selkaya:k/. Further clarify meaning.
\grm Ligature /-ka-/: Selkaya:ktik seems to clearly contain the stems sel, found in such words as selik 'to be green or unripe
(e.g., a fruit or vegetable)' and hya'to be foul or unpleasant smelling.' The stem selkaya:k is a participial adjectival (much like
awiá:k) to which the adjectival derivative -tik has been added. The reason for the short first /a/ in selkaya:ktik is unclear; it
seems to be an element used to join Nahuatl roots and is probably related to ka: found in participial compounds such as kwala:nka:no:tsa.
\ref 04227
\lxam montilia
\lxam_c kimontilia
\lxoa montilia
\lxoa_c kimontilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to work hard (a son-in-law at the house of his wife´s family)
\sense_s trabajar duro (un yerno en la casa de la familia de su esposa)
\sense_d Pending
\vl Link first male token.
\ref 04228
\lxam ompú:n
\lxam_c ompú:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-place
\der Adv-pl
\sense_e right there (in the sight of speaker)
\sense_s allímero; allímismo (en la vista del hablante)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ompú:n xtla:li!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place it right over there!
\phrase_s ¡Pónlo allímero!
\root on-
\root on
\root_rel -pa
\nse Apparently ompón is a contraction of ompa and on. The difference between ompón and omponkah on
the one hand, and ompa and ompakah on the other is not entirely clear at this point. Apparently the former refer to a more precise location, within
sight of the speaker who is indicating the place either directly or indirectly. On the other hand, ompa and ompakah seem to indicate a more general
direction or place away from speaker.
\qry Compare this and /ompún/ to /ompa/ and /ompakah/. In general the difference between /ompa(kah)/ and /ompún(kah)/ should be determined, as should the precise meaning of many
of these deictics. See entry under /ompa/. Apparently /ompunkah/ refers to a place within the sight of the speaker who is looking or otherwise indicating it.
\vl The Oapan entry here has been removed as a duplicate of a previous entry for this word. The 4 tokens here at 4228 should be tagged with number 1924.
\semref pon
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref páo:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref pon
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04229
\lxam mansa:nah
\lxam_alt mamansani:tah
\lxam_c mansa:nah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan manzana
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of small tree still not identified
\sense_s tipo deárbol pequeño todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Mansani:tah | Wel nokwa itla:kihlo, tsotsope:lik. Istá:k itla:kihlo, kwe:xtik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Mansani:tah : It's fruit is edible, it is sweet. Its fruit is white, it is very small.
\phrase_s Mansani:tah : Su fruta es comestible, es dulce. Su fruta es blanca, muy fina.
\semfld plant
\semfld kuwtsi:ntli
\qry Check dif. (see example sentence) between /tsope:lik/ and /tsotsope:lik/.
\ref 04230
\lxam okse: bi:dah
\lxam_alt se: bi:dah
\lxam_c okse: bi:dah
\lxoa se: bi:dah
\lxoa_c se: bi:dah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) vida
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e (in the) afterlife
\sense_s (en la) vida después de la muerte
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Okse: bi:dah -=se: bi:dah- nikchi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll do it in the afterlife.
\phrase_s Lo harédespués de la muerte.
\phrase_n Timitsmakas se: bi:dah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll give it to you in the afterlife.
\phrase_s Te lo voy a dar en la otra vida.
\qry Check to see if use is /se: bi:dah/ or /okse: bi:dah/. Recheck the correctness of /timitsmakas se: bi:dah/ 'I'll give it to you in the afterlife.'
\ref 04231
\lxam to:kilistli
\lxam_c to:kilistli
\lxoa to:kilistli
\lxoa_c to:kilistli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e planting (of a maize field)
\sense_s siembra (de una milpa)
\sense_d Oa
\ency_note mi:lpa
\root to:ka
\qry Check whether Am has /to:kilistli/ or /to:kistli/ or both.
\ref 04232
\lxam sintli de kuwatl
\lxam_c sintli de kuwatl
\lxoa sentli yón kowatsi:n
\lxoa_c sentli yón kowatsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e deformed mazorca with one side flat and smooth, without kernels, and often twisted toward the end; see sentli yón de metlatsi:ntli
\sense_s mazorca (o elote) deformada, con un lado plano y liso, sin granos, y a menudo torcido hacia la parte de arriba; véase sentli yón de metlatsi:ntli
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Sintli de kowatl pa:mpa pepestik itlampa, iwa:n wewe:i, seki nomamatilowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e [It is called]"a snake corncob"because they are flat and smooth underneath, and they are big, some get twisted.
\phrase_s [se llama]"mazorca de culebra"porque su parte inferior es plano y liso, y son grandes, algunos son retorcidos.
\sense_e deformed mazorca with a bifurcated end like a snake's tongue; see sintli de ka:ka:lo:tl
\sense_s mazorca (o elote) deformada, con el rabo bifurcado como la lengua de una serpiente; véase sintli de ka:ka:lo:tl
\sense_d Oa
\root sin
\root kowa
\nse At least according to my original documentation there is a mismatch in the terms and meanings of the headwords for this entry. Ameyaltepec sintli de kowatl refers to
a type of flattened mazorca that is called sentli yon de metlatsi:ntli in Oapan. And the Oapan term sentli yon kowatsi:n is called sintli
de ka:ka:lo:tl in Ameyaltepec.
\nde In Oapan the sentli yún kowa:tsi:n are placed in their entirety inside a granary to keep the maize safe from robbers.
\mod Illustrate both this and previous entry.
\grm Length of /kowatsi:n/.
\semref sentli yón de metlatsi:ntli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04233
\lxam isolowa
\lxam_c kisolowa
\lxoa ísolówa
\lxoa_pr isolowa
\lxoa_c kísolówa
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\allomorph i-epen
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to wear out (e.g., clothes [O] by wearing them, or other objects that get worn, thin, tattered, etc.)
\sense_s desgastar (p. ej., ropa o tela [O], en general objetos materiales que se usan mucho se dan evidencia del uso al ponerse más delgados)
\sense_d Pending
\root hsol
\vl There are 4 extra tokens of this word at 6221, which was mistakenly elicited.
\xref isolowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref ísolowília
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 04234
\lxam a:tli
\lxam_c a:tli
\lxoa a:tli
\lxoa_c a:tli
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a(oni)
\sense_e to drink water or, by extension, any other liquid
\sense_s beber agua o, por extensión, cualquier otro líquido
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma na:tli. Na:miki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me take a drink! I'm thirsty.
\phrase_s ¡Déjame tomar agua! tengo sed.
\phrase_n Kwa:k tlakwa a:tli:tiw.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 04234_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 12:03
\phrase_e When he eats, he drinks along (i.e., continually takes sips of water).
\phrase_s Cuando come, va bebiendo (esto es, va tomando agua, poco a poco).
\root a:
\root i:
\nae Although reduplication of vowel initial stems in Oapan almost always involves the aggregation of a fixed pitch accent and (if possible, i.e., with short initial vowels) length to the initial
vowel, there are exceptions. For a:tli the reduplication is realized on a preceding vowel: ó:ná:tli and not * oná:tlí. Also, note that if there is
no preceding short vowel, then the initial vowel is overtly reduplicated: áá:tli. If the use of the verb is transitive, then the 3rd person object prefix is used:
ka:tli then it is reduplicated with the reduplicant: káká:tli. The precise conditions under which this type of reduplication occurs is not clear; however, it
does seem to be related to cases (e.g., a:wiltia) in which a transitive verb is reduplicated with the 3rd-person object marker k- : káká:wiltiá.
Note, moreover, that at least according to the pronunciation of Roberto M auricio the lexicalized incorporated prefix assumes th e quality of the consonant of the prefix. Thus one
finds: káká:wiltiá as well as mitsátsá:wiltiá and né:chachá:wiltiá.
\grm Reduplication: Although reduplication of vowel initial stems in Oapan almost always involves the aggregation of a fixed pitch accent and (if possible, i.e., with short initial
vowels) length to the initial vowel, there are exceptions. For a:tli the reduplication is realized on a preceding vowel: ó:ná:tli and not *
oná:tlí. Also, note that if there is no preceding short vowel, then the initial vowel is overtly reduplicated: áá:tli. If the use of the verb is
transitive, then the 3rd person object prefix is used: ka:tli then it is reduplicated with the reduplicant: káká:tli. The precise conditions under
which this type of reduplication occurs is not clear; however, it does seem to be related to cases (e.g., a:wiltia) in which a transitive verb is reduplicated with
the 3rd-person object marker k- : káká:wiltiá.
\grm -tiw In the phrase /kwa:k tlakwa a:tli:tiw note that the use of -tiw clearly has a temporal and not spatial meaning.
\vl The first female token is /a:tl/. This should be given ref. 1657. Then she makes another mistake and the next token is /a:ti/. This should be tagged as 7685. Finally there is
the correct form, /a:tli/.
\xref a:tli:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04235
\lxam paika
\lxam_c paika
\lxoa payá:
\lxoa_alt paika
\lxoa_c payá; paika
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-pl
\pitch yes-irregular
\sense_e over there; over in that direction; over that way
\sense_s para o hacia allá; por allíen esa dirección; por ese rumbo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Paika iye:wtok, ka:n timitsihlia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's stored over there, where I'm telling you.
\phrase_s Por alláestáguardado, donde te digo.
\phrase_n Kipiaikal paika.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has his house over there in that direction.
\phrase_s Tiene su casa por ese rumbo.
\root pa
\root ika
\ency_note Adverbs of place
\nse The difference between nepaika and paika is unclear, as is the difference of these two words with paikón. It seems to be that
nepaika indicate a place that is across some sort of spatial boundary, whereas paika involves no such crossing. The precise and distinct meaning of
paikón (Am) is unclear. Note that in Oapan one finds the forms payá: and payá: on. The difference is not yet clear. The former,
however, is seldom used by itself while the second can be commonly used in response to a question: ¿ka:no:n nihtla:li:s? and in response payá: on 'por
allí'. But in response to a question: ¿ka:no:n tekiti? one can say payá: on tlakomolko, payá: tekiti. More research needs to be done on this subject.
\vl There are extra speech tokens of this word, the variant pronunciation /paika/ from entry 6068, which has been deleted. The original sound tokens recorded at 6068 should
be tagged as 4235 and then two of each pronunciation selected for linking (4 total).
\ref 04236
\lxam pa:tsowa
\lxam_c kipa:tsowa
\lxoa pa:tsowa
\lxoa_c kipa:tsowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to make wet (particularly by soaking)
\sense_s mojar; empapar (particularmente al colocar un objeto dentro del agua)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Deke xo:kipa:tsokeh, pe:wa xixi:pe:wi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If they didn't soak it (in this case a newly fired ceramic), it's surface will begin to flake off.
\phrase_s Si no lo mojaron (en este caso una cerámica recién cocida), se va a empezar a descascarar.
\root pa:ts
\qry Check for applicative.
\ref 04237
\lxam tlankwi:ts
\lxam_c tlankwi:ts
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to be missing part of the upper lip so that some teeth are always bared
\sense_s hacerle falta parte del labio superior (a algn, o a un animal) dejando algunos dientes siempre visibles
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to be (a person or animal) buck-toothed
\sense_s tener (una persona o animal) los dientes salidos, con dientes de conejo
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be always snarling (i.e., person or animal that is always snarling)
\sense_s ser gruñón (esto es, persona o animal que siempre estágruñiendo)
\sense_d Pending
\root tlan
\root kwi:ts
\nse Tlankwi:ts refers to a person with buck teeth who cannot close his mouth over his teeth. Occasionally the pronunciation tlankwí:ts , with final-syllable
stress, has been noted. The plural form is tlankwi:tsmeh
\root tlan
\root kwi:ts
\semref tlankwi:stik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref tlakwi:stik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04238
\lxam mo:to
\lxam_c mo:to
\lxoa mo:to
\lxoa_c mo:to
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N1; pl. mo:tomeh
\sense_e squirrel
\sense_s ardilla; tuza
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld mammal
\root mo:to
\notes_nature Various consultants gave the Spanish name tuza.
\qry Check for final /h/ as in Molina one finds /mototli/, which suggests /h/.
\ref 04239
\lxam popo:chko:ntli
\lxam_c popo:chko:ntli
\lxoa po:chko:ni
\lxoa_c po:chko:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am)
\sense_e incense burner (essentially a round pot that is held with alambre recocido)
\sense_s sahumerio (esencialmente una ollita que se sostiene con alambre recocido)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tool
\root po:ch
\root ko:m
\nse Ameyaltepec Popo:chko:ntli and popo:chkahli are synonyms. The incense burners of Ameyaltepec are bowlshaped and are held with a wire of
alambre retorcido, a type of wire such as that used in fencing, from which the clay pot is hung. In Oapan, as well as the po:chko:ni there are also incense
burners called kante:lah. They have three legs, one of which is extended like a long pot handle and which is grabbed by the person holding the pot.
\nae The Oapan form po:chko:ni is not reduplicated. As Florencia Marcelino indicated, the reduplicated form, pópo:chkó:ni would indicate that it is not really
an incense burner, that it is a sort of toy. The reason for the absence of the absolutive -tli ending and the presence of a final i is not clear.
\nde Florencia Marcelino noted that popo:chko:ntli indicates (i.e., because of the reduplication) that it is not really an incense burner.
\mod Illustration
\semref popo:chkahli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref po:chkaxitl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04240
\lxam te:nkaki
\lxam_c kite:nkaki
\lxoa te:nkaki
\lxoa_c kite:nkaki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to recognize the voice of
\sense_s reconocer la voz de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kite:nkak iburroh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He recognized the sound (voice) of his donkey.
\phrase_s Reconocióla voz de su burro.
\phrase_n Xo:nikte:nkak a:kino:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I didn't recognize the voice of who it was.
\phrase_s No reconocíde quien era la voz.
\root te:n
\root kaki
\grm Akinon: Note the use of /akinon/ in /Xo:nikte:nkak akinon/ 'I didn't recognize the voice of who it was.' Determine the grammatical description of such use.
\ref 04241
\lxam to:nalika:xiw
\lxam_c i:to:nalika:xiw
\lxoa to:náleká:xiw
\lxoa_c i:to:náleká:xiw
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound (N-posr-eh)-xiw
\der N-xiw
\infn N2
\pitch yes
\sense_e close and good friend of or bossom-buddy of [possessor]
\sense_s amigo bueno y cercano de [poseedor]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa noto:nalika:xiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is my close and good friend.
\phrase_s Es mi buen y cercano amigo.
\sense_e little child (boy or girl) that [possessor] likes
\sense_s niño (o niña) chiquito que cae bien o es el consentido [al poseedor]
\sense_d Pending
\root to:na
\nse Some Ameyaltepec consultants indicate that to:nalika:xiw refers to a relationship of close confidentiality between two adults. Others maintained that
to:nalika:xiw references a child that the possessor likes and is attracted to, and wants to hold and play with. Finally, some speakers accepted both definitions.
\nae The etymology of this term, which is not apparent from the Ameyaltepec form to:nalika:xiw is clarified by Oapan Nahuatl to:náleká:xiw. The pitch
accent derives from an underlying coda {h}, in the possessor suffix -eh ; the -ka: syllable is the possessed ending for nominal constructions ending in
-wah or -eh (e.g., i:to:pi:lehka:w). Thus in Ameyaltepec surface /i/ represents underlying {eh}.
\ref 04242
\lxam teto:kioh
\lxam_c teto:kioh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-d-yoh
\sense_e to be full of embedded rocks (e.g., a field)
\sense_s estar lleno de piedras enterradas (p. ej., un terreno)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Teto:kioh motla:l, pani xne:si tetl, kipia tlaitik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your land is full of embedded rock, on the surface the rocks can't be seen, they are inside (of the earth).
\phrase_s Tu terreno estálleno de piedras enterradas, no aparecen en la superficie, las tienen adentro (de la tierra).
\root te
\root to:ka
\ref 04243
\lxam tla:lto:ka
\lxam_c kitla:lto:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to place or bury in the ground
\sense_s enterrar; meter abajo de la tierra
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niktla:lto:kas notomi:n ika ko:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll bury my money in a pot in the ground.
\phrase_s Voy a enterrar mi dinero en una olla.
\phrase_n Ye weka:wi, tomi:n kitla:lto:kayan ika ko:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A long time ago they used to bury money in the ground inside a pot.
\phrase_s Hace mucho tiempo enterraban dinero dentro de una olla.
\sense_e (refl.) to go deep into the ground (e.g., a plow)
\sense_s (refl.) enterrarse, meterse por abajo de la tierra, tapándose (p. ej., la reja de un arado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Notla:lto:ka moara:doh. Xkwahli tlasa:lohli, ke:n tlakpak notsi:nteketsa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your plowshare goes deep into the ground. It's not tied properly, it (the back) goes bucking up into the air (causing the point to enter too deeply into the earth).
\phrase_s La reja de tu arado se mete por debajo de la tierra. No estábien amarrada, la parte posterior va brincando (haciendo que la punta se vaya adentro de la tierra).
\root tla:l
\root to:ka
\disamb to:ka; tla:lto:ka; tla:laktia
\nse Apparently to:ka is restricted to planting and burying animate beings. For the action of placing something in the ground various other words are used.
Tla:lto:ka is 'to bury,' in the sense of 'to cover (a material object) with earth.' And tla:laktia is apparently used for the placing of objects in the ground
that at the same time appear above ground, such as posts or plants being transplanted. Thus the key differences seem to be as follows. To:ka is used for seeds (and
animates) that are placed completely underground and that then sprout or germinate. Tla:lto:ka is used for material (inanimate) objects that are buried definitively in
the ground. And tla:laktia is used for plants or material objects that are placed partially in the ground and partially above.
\semref tla:lpachowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04244
\lxam weyakia
\lxam_c weyakia
\lxoa wiyakia
\lxoa_alt weyakia
\lxoa_f [wi ya 'ki a]
\lxoa_c wiyakia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to grow long (e.g. hair); to get long (e.g., rope that is stretched)
\sense_s crecer (haciéndose más largo, p. ej., cabello); alargarse (p. ej., un laso que se estira)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Oksepa weyakias motson.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your hair will grow back long again.
\phrase_s Otra vez tu cabello va a quedar largo.
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w weyakia, ma:s weyakixtiw un i:loh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's started to get longer, that string is getting longer.
\phrase_s Ya empezóa hacerse más largo, ese hilo ya va alargándose.
\root weya
\ref 04245
\lxam tlatemachi:wtli
\lxam_c tlatemachi:wtli
\lxoa tlatemachi:htli
\lxoa_c tlatemachi:htli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\sense_e measure (e.g., cloth, rope, a measured amount of an alcoholic drink being passed around in a bottle)
\sense_s medida (p. ej., ropa, un laso, una cantidad medida de una bebida alcohólica que se bebe de la botella)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkoni se: tlatemachi:wtli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Drink one measure!
\phrase_s ¡Tómate una medida!
\sense_e (ye (Am) / i (Oa) ~) measured (e.g., a particular area or material object)
\sense_s (ye (Am) / i (Oa) ~) medido (p. ej. unaárea en particular o un objeto material)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye tlatemachi:wtli nosi:tioh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My house lot is already measured.
\phrase_s Mi sitio ya estámedido.
\root tema
\root chi:wa
\vl Link second male token.
\ref 04246
\lxam kwa:naka
\lxam_c kwa:naka
\lxoa kwa:naka
\lxoa_c kwa:naka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound V2-N
\der N-ap
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2);.dim. nokwa:nakatsi:n
\sense_e large hen that is of egg-laying age and ready to eat
\sense_s gallina madura que estáponiendo y se puede comer
\sense_d Pending
\ency_note hens
\root kwa:
\root naka
\disamb pió(ichpo:chpió; ichpochpiótsi:n, kwa:naka; ichpo:chkwa:naka)
\notes_nature The terms pió and kwa:naka refer to the same animal although the latter refers to a chicken ready to be eaten, already fattened, while the
former is more generic and refers to hens in general. A young hen is also called /ichpochpiotsi:n.
\qry Check plural.
\semref ichpo:chpió
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ichpo:chpiyo
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04247
\lxam tlawe:lki:xtia
\lxam_c notlawe:lki:xtia
\lxoa tlawe:lki:xtia
\lxoa_c notlawe:lki:xtia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl. + -pan) to take ones rage or anger out on
\sense_s (refl. + -pan) descargarse la ira contra
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mopan nimotlawe:lki:xti:s. San tli:mach yo:tikiitoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to take out my anger on you. You just said whatever thing occurred to you.
\phrase_s Voy a descarga mi ira en tí. Nada más dijiste cualquier cosa que se te ocurriera.
\phrase_n Kitsi:ntlatlatsi:ni:s ikone:w. Ke:n cho:kani, ipan notlawe:lki:sti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's going to give his child a spanking. He really cries a lot, he's going to take out his anger on him.
\phrase_s Le va a dar unas nalgadas a su hijo. Es un llorón, se va a descargar (el padre) su ira enél.
\root tlawe:l
\root ki:sa
\ref 04248
\lxam mo:tla
\lxam_c kimo:tla
\lxoa mo:tla
\lxoa_c kimo:tla
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to shoot (with a gun, arrow, etc.); to throw at or against, or to hit with (sth thrown such as a stone, plate, etc., that can be mentioned obliquely in an adjunct clause
introduced by ika)
\sense_s tirar (con un rifle, flecha, etc.); tirar a o aventar contra (con algo como una piedra, plato, etc., que puede mencionarse en una claúsula adjunta introducida por
ika)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timitsmo:tlas ika tetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will throw a rock at you.
\phrase_s Te voy a tirar una piedra.
\phrase_n O:kimo:tlakeh un masa:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They shot that deer.
\phrase_s Le tiraron a ese venado.
\semfld motion
\semfld contact
\root mo:tla
\nse In composition, i.e., with an incorporated noun stem, the verb mo:tla is usually found with a te- prefixed, e.g. kwa:temo:tla.
\qry It will be important to use this as a test, i.e., the difference between /nitlatlamo:tlas/ and /nitlamomo:tlas/. In a notebook from Oapan I had the word /motlatok/ with no explanation.
Check.
\grm Reduplication; antipassive: /Nontlatlamo:tlas ina:k (ika) wi:lo:meh/ 'I'm going to go hunting huilotas ' Note several things here. The first is that the
reduplication is of the nonspecific prefix, and not the verbal stem. It will be important to use this as a test, i.e., the difference between /nitlatlamo:tlas/ and /nitlamomo:tlas/.
Also important to note is the antipassive formation here: /nontlatlamo:tlas i:na:k/ika wi:lo:tl/. Here perhaps the problem with specific objects is clearer than other cases.
Thus one may compare: /nikonmomo:tlas wi:lo:tl/ and /nontlatlamo:tlas ina:k/ika wi:lo:tl/. Note that in my notes I have written that either /ina:k/ or /ika/ is correct here to
introduce the oblique.
\semref tetlamo:tla
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlamo:tla
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref mo:chilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04249
\lxam yeleh
\lxam_c yeleh
\lxoa yeleh
\lxoa_c yeleh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-posr-eh
\infn N1
\sense_e person who farts a lot
\sense_s pedorro
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n On toba:leh ke:n yeleh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Our friend really farts a lot.
\phrase_s Nuestro amigo es muy pedorro.
\sense_e something that causes farting
\sense_s algo que causa pedos
\sense_d Pending
\root yel
\ref 04250
\lxam í:dolos
\lxam_c í:dolos
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan ídolo
\loan_t Spn
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e prehispanic figurine
\sense_s figura prehispánica
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chpanwetsi:tih uní:dolos, miák o:hne:xtika. Xka:wa, ke:n nitlayo:wia:ya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The prehispanic figurines made me rich, I found a lot of them. You wouldn't believe it, I used to be poor.
\phrase_s Las figuras prehispánicas me hicieron rico, encontrémuchos. No lo vas a creer, pero antes estaba muy pobre.
\semref temunye:kos
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04251
\lxam kuw
\lxam_c kuw
\lxoa koh
\lxoa_c koh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\der Interj
\sense_e shit!
\sense_s ¡chin!
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ka:n tiaw ma:noh Jo:seh, kuw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where're you going bud? Shit!
\phrase_s ¿A dónde vas, hermano? !chin¡
\semfld Gender: male
\root kow
\nse This word or interjection is not from Ameyaltepec but rather Oapan. Each village has its own type of interjection. In San Juan kwitl , in Oapan kow for
men, and pi or se, which are used by women. In Ameyaltepec the most common words are a:rah or ara:joh , in San
Miguel bah, and in Ahuehuepan awe:boh. Ameyaltepequeños will use kuh when passing a Oapaneco on the road, adding
ma:noh ('señor,' originally from Spanish hermano) and jo:seh ('buddy,' given that Ameyaltepequeños joke that all Oapan men are named
Joséand the women María). Literally kuh is the apocopated form of kuhtli , 'penis.' Note that in general interjections are used without the absolutive
ending, cf. San Juan Tetelcingo kwitl for kwitlatl, 'excrement.'
\qry_fon Get precise phonetics of Oapan /kow!/ and Am.
\ref 04252
\lxam tetontia
\lxam_c kitetontia
\lxoa tetontia
\lxoa_c kitetontia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to place a prop or support (such as a bundle of cloth or a blanket) at the side of (to prevent movement)
\sense_s colocar algo (como una bola de tela o una cobija) al lado de (para evitar movimiento)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtetonti, ma:ka wa:lwetsis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place something at its side (e.g., a sleeping child, a drunk) so that he doesn't fall off (e.g., the bed) onto the ground!
\phrase_s ¡Colócale algo a su lado (p. ej., un niño durmiendo, un borracho) para que no se caiga (p. ej., de la cama) al suelo!
\root te
\root ton
\nse The only documented use of tetontia is in the illustrative phrase of this entry. Both the etymology and the precise meaning are still not certain. Thus it is not clear
whether only cloth or similar objects can be used to effect the action, or whether any type of prop is acceptable.
\nae The etymology of tetontia is not entirely clear, but it may derive from what in Classical Nahuatl was tetontli 'piedra pequeña' (Molina), having been
metaphorically extended to include proppings of all types, not simply of small stones.
\ref 04253
\lxam kwalka:ntipan
\lxam_c kwalka:ntipan
\lxoa kwalka:ntipan
\lxoa_alt kwalka:ntipah
\lxoa_c kwalka:ntipah, kwalka:ntipan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-tipan
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e the following day in the morning; in the early morning
\sense_s el día siguiente en la mañana; a buen hora
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tine:chpale:wi:s kwalka:ntipan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will help me tomorrow in the morning.
\phrase_s Me vas a ayudar mañana en la mañana.
\root kwal
\root_rel -ka:n; -tipan
\nse In many respects kwalka:n and kwalka:ntipan are synonyms. However, it seems that the latter is used more exclusively to refer to 'tomorrow in the
morning' whereas the former can be used more generally to refer simply to 'in the morning'. Thus kwalka:n has a more adverbial function whereas
kwalka:ntipan is perhaps more nominal. However, the two forms need to be further checked.
\qry The above notes might be an erroneous assumption; check the possibility of /momo:stla kwalka:ntipan tekiti/, etc. In general check the meaning of /-tipan/ forms. Apparently
/kwalka:ntipan/ refers to the time, i.e., 'during the early morning of tomorrow.' Cf. /kwalka:n/.
\vl Link the female form where the aspiration is clearest, I think this is the second token.
\semref kwa:lka:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04254
\lxam pepecho:ltia
\lxam_c kipepecho:ltia
\lxoa pepecho:ltia
\lxoa_c kipepecho:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca[wi]
\trans from nondirected alternation
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to bring together (one animate being to another, as a male donkey brought to impregnate a female donkey)
\sense_s juntar; acercar (un ser animado a otro, como un burro llevado a impregnar a una burra)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Un ne:nkah toba:leh kipepecho:lti:s noburri:toh itech iburrah, ma chi:chi iwa:n iburri:toh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That friend of ours over there will take my little donkey over to his female donkey (who is nursing) so that it (my donkey) will nurse alongside his.
\phrase_s Este amigo va a acerca a mi burrito a su burra para que amamante con el suyo.
\root pech
\qry Determine the difference between the nondirected transitive /-pepechowa/ and the causative formation /-pepecho:ltia/. My first inclination is to suggest that the first is used with
inanimate and the second with animates that can have a will or volitionality of their own. This should be checked.
\grm Transitivity: There are several verbs, very few however, that manifest a difference between nondirected alternation for transitivity and morphologically marked causativity.
One is /a:poso:ni/, which seems to have /a:poso:nia/ and /a:poso:naltia/, apparently with no difference in meaning (though this should be checked). Another is /pepechiwi/,
which has both /pepechowa/ and /pepecho:ltia/. I have not directly inquired of speakers the difference between /pepechowa/ and /pepecho:ltia/, but I have only heard
/pepecho:ltia/ used in reference to placing an animate being close to another (even though forms such as /xmopepechokan/ can be used for animates (e.g., in this phrase
'place yourself close together'). Thus a strict animate vs. inanimate distinction is not entirely (if at all) correct. Note, finally, that if the use of /-ltia/ involves animates, this
would explain forms sch as /-tsikwi:naltia/, etc.
\ref 04255
\lxam yo:lka:tsi:n
\lxam_c yo:lka:tsi:n
\lxoa yo:lka:tsi:n
\lxoa_c yo:lka:tsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e small animal (such as insects and small lizards)
\sense_s animalito (como insectos y lagartijas)
\sense_d Pending
\root yo:l
\qry Check all possible referents of /yo:lka:tsi:n/.
\semref yo:lki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04256
\lxam chikino:lowa
\lxam_c kichikino:lowa
\lxoa chikino:lowa
\lxoa_c kichikino:lowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to bend (e.g., a strip of metal in a circle to mold cheese; wood for a round cradle, chitatli (Am)); to make crooked
\sense_s doblar; encorvar (p. ej., una tira de metal en un círculo para moldear queso; una varita para hacer una cuña, chitatli); enchuecar
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl.) to bend over backwards, arching the back
\sense_s (refl.) doblarse hacia atrás, haciendo un arco con la espalda
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmochikino:lo -=xmono:lo-!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Bend over backwards arching your back!
\phrase_s ¡Dóblate hacia atrás, haciendo una curva con la espalda!
\phrase_n Ma:ka xmochikino:lo para mokwitlapan!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't arch your back!
\phrase_s ¡No te arquees por la espalda!
\ency_note body positions
\root chiki
\root no:l
\nse Whereas chikino:lowa is used for the action of bending backwards, for that of bending over forward pachowa is used: Xmopacho.
\mod See illustration; illustration /chikino:ltik/, etc.
\semref chikitolowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 04257
\lxam teteilpi
\lxam_c teteilpi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. prefix te- ; Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-4a
\sense_e see teteilpia
\sense_s véase teteilpia
\sense_d Am
\root lpi
\semref tesa:liwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04258
\lxam tla:lwa:hka:pan
\lxam_c tla:lwa:hka:pan
\lxoa tla:lwa:hka:pan
\lxoa_alt tla:lwa:hka:pah
\lxoa_c tla:lwa:hka:pah, tla:lwa:hka:pan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound Part-Rel
\der N-loc-1-pan
\infn N1
\sense_e dry earth; land (as opposed to sea)
\sense_s tierra seca; (tierra, y no mar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xi:pan tla:lwa:hka:pan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It isn't on dry earth.
\phrase_s No estásobre tierra seca.
\root tla:l
\root wa:
\root_rel -pan
\vl Check, female token ends in /h/, male in /n/.
\ref 04259
\lxam tlako:wtli
\lxam_c tlako:wtli
\lxoa tlako:htli
\lxoa_c tlako:htli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e something bought
\sense_s algo comprado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tla:hli tlako:wtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is land that is bought (i.e., not inherited).
\phrase_s Es terreno comprado (esto es, no legado).
\root ko:wa
\ref 04260
\lxam tlate:ma
\lxam_c tlate:ma
\lxoa tlate:ma
\lxoa_c tlate:ma
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-alt-mi
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to fill up (containers, usually peroles or water jugs with water, o racks of soda, exchanging empty bottles for full ones)
\sense_s llenar (recipientes como peroles o cántaros con agua, o rejas de refresco, cambiando envases vacíos por unos llenos)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:m
\vl Repeated several times, all tokens are valid expressions of this word.
\xref te:ma
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04261
\lxam a:ltika:yoh
\lxam_c xna:ltika:yoh
\lxoa á:ltiká:yoh
\lxoa_c xná:ltiká:yoh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg(refl.)
\lexical Reduced rpd-s(vowel-l)
\sense_e (x + refl.) unbathed
\sense_s (x + refl.) no bañado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xnama:ltika:yokeh. Nankwa:tla:hlokeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You (pl) are not cleanly bathed. You have dirty heads.
\phrase_s No están ustedes bien bañados. Tienen las cabezas llenas de tierras.
\root a:
\qry Although I have not checked in this present case, in other similar words ending in /ka:yoh/ apparently there is a tendency for them to be used in the negative; check to see if this is a
necessary condition. Cf. also forms such as /xtlah tikchi:wka:yoh/ or similar phrases.
\grm Mention this form in the grammar. Also all should be coded and an explanation given in the coding manual that these are listed in the basic affirmative form. Note also that
from /xtlah tikchi:wka:yoh/ that the negative marker is phrasal and may not occur next to the participial form. Note that it may take a reflexive morphology.
\ref 04262
\lxam nakatl
\lxam_c nakatl
\lxoa nakatl
\lxoa_c nakatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e (alienable possession) meat
\sense_s (posesión enajenable) carne
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) flesh (of ones body)
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) carne del cuerpo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipiainakayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has flesh (e.g., a bone that still has flesh).
\phrase_s Tiene carne (p. ej., un hueso que todavía tiene carne, que es carnoso).
\root naka
\ref 04263
\lxam te:nweyak
\lxam_c te:nweyak
\lxoa te:nwiyak
\lxoa_c te:nwiyak
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Intrans; ~Trans
\sense_e to have a long narrow snout (various animals such as pigs, dogs, etc.)
\sense_s tener el hocico largo y angosto (varios tipos de animales como marranos, perros, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:nweyak un pitso.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That pig has a long, narrow snout.
\phrase_s Ese marrano tiene el hocico largo y angosto.
\sense_e to have a long jaw (e.g., the Pila:toh mask for Mo:ros Chi:nos)
\sense_s tener la mandíbula larga (p. ej., la máscara de pila:toh para Mo:ros chi:nos)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root weya
\nse Even though the Pila:toh mask has a long beard, te:nweyak and not te:ntsonweyak is used, apparently because the beard is of wood
and hangs down in one piece.
\mod Illustrate Pila:toh mask or connect to.
\grm Plural; deadjectival adjectives: /-tik/: There is a long discussion of what the plural of this form would be. Inocencio Jiménez first gives /te:nwe:weyakeh/. I believe that the
first vowel of the modifier is long, but this is not entirely clear. But Florencia Marcelino then states that /xniweli/, basically meaning 'I'm not familiar with it (this form)'. And
/xma:s kaman 'kaki/ 'I haven't heard it much.' She then offers /te:nteweweyaktikeh/. Note the use of the adjectivalizing /-tik/ on top of an adjectival form.
\semref te:nyekapistik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04264
\lxam teposkakayo:tl
\lxam_c teposkakayo:tl
\lxoa teposkakayo:tl
\lxoa_c teposkakayo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e type of small flying insect still unidentified
\sense_s tipo de insecto pequeño que vuela, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Teposkakayo:tl, tsatsi ne:, ipan sie:rrah. Na:nika kwa:k xkiawi, no: tsatsi kama:ntika, pero kwa:kon, ye kiawis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The teposkakayo:tl , it makes its noise there, in the sierra. Here (around the village), when it doesn't rain it is also occasionally heard, but then it is about to
rain.
\phrase_s El teposkakayo:tl , hace su ruido allá, en la sierra. Acá(cerca del pueblo), cuando no llueve también a veces grita, pero entonces ya va a llover.
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root tepos
\root kayo:
\notes_nature There is another named insect, the kakayo:tl that seems to have many of the characteristics of the teposkakayo:tl. They might be variants of
the same species, or even different names for the same animal.
\semref kakayo:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04265
\lxam sa:
\lxam_c sa: koxtok
\lxoa sa:
\lxoa_c sa: koxtok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-man
\sense_e just (usually in reference to sth that is in a waning or reduced state: sb's health, an event drawing to a close, etc.)
\sense_s nomás (generalmente en referencia a un estado decayendo o en decadencia: la salud de algn, un evento que llega a su término, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sa: tepe:ixko u:nkah to:nahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sun is now just above horizon (at dusk and about to disappear).
\phrase_s El sol estánomás justamente arriba del horizonte (al atardecer y a punto de ponerse).
\phrase_n Sa: pa:pastiw, yo:tla:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is just going along with small, uneven steps, he's gotten drunk.
\phrase_s Ya no más anda con pasos pequeños e inseguros, ya se emborrachó.
\phrase_n Sa: tepapa:totik, xok wel nenemi, ye we:wentsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is just barely able to walk (with slow, deliberate steps), he can't walk anymore, he's already an old man.
\phrase_s Ya camina con pasos pequeños e inseguros, ya no puede caminar (bien), ya es viejo.
\phrase_n Nomi:l sa: chi:chi:le:wtok, yo:ne:chtlan, yo:wa:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My cornfield is just turning reddish, it got the better of me, it's dried up.
\phrase_s Mi milpa se estáquedando rojizo, me ganó, se secó.
\phrase_n Xkitati momi:l! Sa: chi:chi:le:wtok, ye wa:ktok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go take a look at your milpa! It's just turning all red, it's already drying up.
\phrase_s ¡Ve a ver tu milpa! Estánomás quedándose rojo, ya se estásecando.
\phrase_n Sa: tikateh ika mahka:listli, yo:tikitakeh ika milá:k wel wa:hlaweh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here we've been reduced to fear, we've seen that they (in this case robbers) really can come.
\phrase_s Aquíhemos sido reducidos al miedo, hemos visto que de veras pueden (en este caso los ladrones) venir.
\phrase_n Sa: noltektok, xok weli tlato:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's reduced to just wheezing, he can't talk anymore.
\phrase_s Estáreducido a resollar, ya no puede con palabras.
\phrase_n Xok tlachia nolá:mparah, sa: i:xmi:miktok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My flashlight no longer illuminates, it is just dim and yellow (e.g., from batteries that are losing their power).
\phrase_s Mi lámpara eléctrica ya no ilumina, nomás da una luz amarilla y media apagada (p. ej., por tener pilas gastadas)
\sense_e just (in reference to an incipient state or a state or action that the speaker minimizes, through the use of sa:)
\sense_s apenas; simplemente (en referencia a un estado incipiente o un estado o acción que el hablante desea minimizar al utilizar sa:)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Newa naxtopa, yewa sa: tlatoka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm the firstborn, he just follows (though he is not necessarily the last born)
\phrase_s Soy el primogénito,él nomás sigue (aunque no es necesariamente elúltimo en nacer).
\phrase_n Sa: tlatoka, xsan seknek yaweh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just trails behind (the others), they aren't all going together (in a single, separate group).
\phrase_s Nomás sigue a los demás, no van todos juntos (en un grupo aparte).
\phrase_n Sa: itekiw xtlah tikpia, titetsotsol.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's clear that you don't have anything, you are in ruin (i.e., so don't brag or talk big).
\phrase_s Es claro que no tienes nada, estás en la ruina (por eso, no debes andar jactando).
\phrase_n Puro sa: ika chi:hli de wa:ktli tihkwa:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will eat it just with chile huajillo.
\phrase_s Te lo vas a comer nada más con chile huajillo.
\phrase_n Niá:s Xa:litlah sa: ipan burroh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to Xalitla just on donkey.
\phrase_s Voy a Xalitla en burro nada más.
\phrase_n Ma:ka sa: ihkón xne:chto:ka:yo:ti!
\phrase_d Am
\src_p DT 8:281
\phrase_e Don't call me by that name anymore!
\phrase_s ¡No me llames así!
\sense_e only (in reference to an event that rarely occurs)
\sense_s solamente; nada más (en referencia a un evento que sucede nada más de vez en cuando)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sa: ipan yeko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It only affects him every once in a while (in this case fits of madness that come upon and affect a particular individual)
\phrase_s Solamente le afecta de vez en cuando (en este caso la locura que a ratos llega a afectar una persona en particular)
\sense_e (~ [with impersonal verb]) all over; completely (sa: in this context is used to indicate that the impersonal event is occurring all over, that it is
generalized)
\sense_s (~ [con verbo impersonal]) completamente; por todos lados (sa: se utiliza en este contexto para indicar que el evento impersonal sucede en todos lados,
que es generalizado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sa: tlatsitsikwikatok ika michin. Miák. Sa: kanaktsi:n a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The place is jumping all over with fish (e.g., a pond or small section of a river). There are a lot. The water has been left very shallow.
\phrase_s Estábrincando con peces por todos lados. Hay muchos. El agua se quedómuy poca profunda.
\sense_e (~ chika) always indeed; indeed incessantly or all the time (used to indicate an element of surprise or marvel on the part of the speaker that a certain event
occurs once and again)
\sense_s (~ chika) de veras en seguida o a cada rato, sin cesar (indica un elemento de sorpresa o maravilla por parte del hablante que un evento ocurra repetidas
veces)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sa: chika ikximatiliwi moburroh. Xkwahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your burro is indeed always getting its feet tangled up (crossed) when walking. That's no good.
\phrase_s En seguida se le cruzan las piernas de tu burro al caminar. No es bueno.
\phrase_n Yo:tine:chnemaxtih, sa: chika niwa:hlaw o:kpa noso ye:xpa ipan se: to:nahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You got me accostumed to it (in this case to visiting you); indeed I come a lot, twice or three times a day.
\phrase_s Ya me acostumbraste (en este caso a visitarte seguido), hasta vengo dos o tres veces en un día.
\phrase_n Sa: chika tine:chihlia timitswi:kilia. Bah! timistlaxtla:wili:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Really, you don't stop mentioning that I owe you money. Hey! I'm going to pay you!
\phrase_s No dejas de mencionar que te debo dinero.¡Híjole!¡Te voy a pagar!
\sense_e (ma:s sa: mela:k) straighter; more direct
\sense_s (ma:s sa: mela:k) más derecho
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:s sa: mela:k ka:n tiaweh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The way we are going is more direct.
\phrase_s Es más derecho por donde vamos.
\sense_e (ma:s sa: kimich) more recent
\sense_s (ma:s sa: mela:k) más reciente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa ma:s sa: kemech.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That is more recent.
\phrase_s Ese es más reciente.
\sense_e (~ ke:n) without a doubt (generally in response to an assertion)
\sense_s (~ ke:n) sin duda (generalmente en respuesta a una aseveración)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (~ i ya:) the last time
\sense_s (~ i ya:) laúltima vez
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n ¿Kamano:n sa: i ya: o:tieka?
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e When was the last time that you went?
\phrase_s ¿Cuándo fue laúltima vez que te fuiste?
\root sa:
\nse Note that the meaning of sa: as something that is near the end is made clear by comparing sa: tepe:ixko onkah to:nahli , which refers only to dusk, to
kimich tepe:ixko onkah to:nahli , which refers only to dawn. For a fuller explanation of the meaning and use of this word, see the entry under
san.
\qry Note, i.e., check that /sa: ihkón/ contrasts with /sayhkón/.
\qry Recheck /ma:s sa: mela:k/ and /ma:s sa: kimich/ for the correctness of /sa:/ rather than ?/san/.
\grm Antipassive; impersonal: /Sa: tlatsitsikwikatok ika michin. Miák. Sa: kanaktsi:n a:tl/ 'The place is jumping all over with fish (e.g., a pond or small section of a river). There
are a lot. The water has been left very shallow.' Note that in many previous notes I have discussed the antipassive form in Nahuatl. In these cases the /tla-/ prefix is used with
a transitive verb in order to detransitivize and omit the patient, which is still, given the nature of the verb, implied. Thus /tlakwa/ does imply a patient: that which is eaten. In
such cases the patient may be obliquely expressed: /nitlakwa ika yetl/. Parallel to this construction is one in which the subject is backgrounded or eliminated through the use
of the /tla-/ (or -lo) impersonal. Again in these cases it is possible to express the subject obliquely, as in the example phrase: /Sa: tlatsitsikwikatok ika michin. Miák. Sa:
kanaktsi:n a:tl/ has a backgrounded subject in this impersonal passive; the clause /ika michin/ in effect re presents the subject obliquelely.
\semref san
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04266
\lxam masa:nakatl
\lxam_c masa:nakatl
\lxoa masa:nakatl
\lxoa_c masa:nakatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e venison; deer meat
\sense_s carne de venado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yaw ne: ipan, ipan pwe:bloh. Konamaka un masa:nakatl.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p LLGT
\phrase_e He would go there to, to the village. There he would sell venison.
\phrase_s Iba allápara, para el pueblo. Allívendía carne de venado.
\root masa:
\root naka
\ref 04267
\lxam akopilowa
\lxam_c kakopilowa
\lxoa ákopilówa
\lxoa_pr akopilowa
\lxoa_c kákopilówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Adv-V
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to hang up (by the feet or neck)
\sense_s colgar (por los pies o el cuello)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne: xkonakopilo, ma yestemo!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go hang it up there so that the blood flows down (in this case a chicken hung up upside-down, to be eaten later, so that the blood flows to its head)!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a colgarlo, que se baje la sangre (en este caso una gallina colgada arriba-abajo para que la sangre baje a su cabeza para que después se coma)!
\phrase_n Yo:nikakopiloh se: un tópio para tihkwa:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've hung up (upside-down in this case) one of our hens (after breaking its neck) so that we can eat it.
\phrase_s He colgado una de nuestra gallinas (cabeza abajo, después de haberle roto el cuello) para que la podemos comer.
\sense_e (refl.) to hang upside down (e.g., a bat, whip-poor-will, a monkey, children in playing, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) colgar boca abajo (p. ej., un muciélago, poxacuate, un chango, niños al jugar, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to tie upright and in a stretched out vertical position (an animal such as a dog by the neck, with its feet on the ground so that it can't lie down)
\sense_s colgar o amarrar en posición vertical (un animal como un perro por el cuello, estirado hacia arriba con los pies en el suelo para que estéparado en puntas)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Nikimakopilowa:ya nokone:wa:n. Xkipia itlakakilis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I used to tie my children up by their necks. They aren't obedient.
\phrase_s Solía amarrar a mis hijos del cuello. No obedecen.
\phrase_n Xkakopilo motskwin!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tie your dog up high (by the neck so that it can't lie down; for example, near a milpa so that the dogs barking scares off animals)!
\phrase_s ¡Amarra a tu perro estirándolo para arriba (por el cuello para que no se pueda acostar; por ejemplo, a la orilla de una milpa para que ladre y ahuyente a los animales).
\phrase_n O:nika:piloh notskwin para ma tlayawato. Ke:n ne:xtlakwa:lia yo:lka:tsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I tied my dog up by the neck (so that he couldn't lie down) so that he would be barking. Animals have really eaten my milpa.
\phrase_s Amarréa mi perro por el cuello (para que no se pudiera acostar) para que estuviera ladrando. Los animales me han comido la milpa.
\root ahko
\root pil
\disamb ahkopilowa; pilowa
\qry_fon This and other words beginning with /ahko/ at times have been recorded with a long vowel, and at times with a short vowel. They should all be rechecked: /a:koita/,
/a:koki:sa/, /a:kopilowa/, /a:kotlachia/ and /a:kotoka/. However, all words with the root /ahko/ should be checked for initial vowel length. Also, cf. cognates in San Juan
Tetelcingo and Oapan for /h/ and unusual stresIndeed, all have at least occasionally been recorded with a long initial /a:/ except /akukwi/ which is consistently short. For
/a:kopilowa/ I have rechecked and determined that the initial /a:/ is indeed long. Note that the variation between /ako/ and /a:ko/ perhaps indicates a suppletive process
similar to derivatives with /mah/ and /ma:/. Check and perhaps rewrite canonical head entries. The length of the first vowel in the Oapan Nahuatl tokens are 69 and 78 ms
for Florencia Marcelino and 79 and 81 ms for Inocencio Jiménez.
\mod Add entry under /yestemowa/ and /tlakakilistli/.
\grm Note lack of number agreement in the example: /Nikima:kopilowa:ya nokone:wan. Xkipia itlakakilis/. This is a common occurrence and this particular one should be
commented on re: number agreement.
\ref 04268
\lxam tsopilote:rah
\lxam_c tsopilote:rah
\lxoa tsopilote:rah
\lxoa_c tsopilote:rah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (Sp) tsopi:lo:
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e part of a house with a ceramic tile roof, the main beam that runs alongside the kabaye:teh
\sense_s parte de una casa con techo de teja, la viga principal que corre por donde estáel kabaye:teh
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e tie beam: in a zacate or palm-roofed house, the small"beam,"usually made of rods from the inside of the cactus called tlapextli , that are bundled together in
a roll and placed so that they run along at the very top of the house, above the part called kaltsonko
\sense_s caballete, en una casa de palma o zacate la"viga", a menudo hecho de una racima de varas de lo interior de un tipo de cactus llamado tlapextli , que corre
por donde los dos lados del techo se juntan, arriba de la parte conocida como kaltsonko
\sense_d Oa
\semfld construct-part
\ency_note kahli
\root tsopi:lo:
\nse The meaning of this term and kabaye:teh is unclear. According to Ameyaltepec consultants the tsopilote:rah is the beam that in a house with a tile roof
runs alongside the caballete. In turn, the kabaye:teh (a borrowing from Spanish) is, for Ameyaltepequeños consulted, only found alone in a thatched roof
hut or along with the tsopilote:rah in a tile roof house. However, according to the Oapanecos consulted, the only term used (for both the thatched and tile roofed
houses) is tsopilote:rah. However, this all needs to be more carefully investigated.
\nae The vowel length on this word does not follow that expected from Nahuatl, probably because it is a reborrowing from Spanish, perhaps regionalized Spanish.
\qry The file card with this term did not have vowel length marked, so it should be checked, as the partial borrowing might alter the Nahuatl vowels. Also question why this name, and get
Spanish equivalent. Perhpas this is so called because it is where the /tsopi:lo:tl/ might alight? Cf. illustration under /kahli/ and Fld 1984-04-29.1
\qry_fon Recheck the vowel length of the Ameyaltepec forms. It might be that vowel length is added through analogy to the Sp. or Nahuatl forms of this word.
\vl There are 4 extra tokens of Oapan /tsopilote:rah/ from 6267 that should be tagged here.
\ref 04269
\lxam tlanekilistli
\lxam_c tlanekilistli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e (ika -tlanekilis) desire; will
\sense_s (ika -tlanekilis) voluntad; deseo
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Un suwa:tl umpa tlaka:wtli, yewa itekiw, ika itlanekilis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That woman is that way, it's her character, it's her will (e.g., to do sth like she does).
\phrase_s Asíes esa mujer, es su caracter, es con su voluntad (p. ej., que lo hace así).
\phrase_n Nopan yo:yekok tlanekilistli, nikwelita un ne:nkah suwa:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Desire has overtaken me, I like the looks of that woman.
\phrase_s El deseo me ha llegado, me gusta esa mujer.
\phrase_n Xo:kichi:w ika itlanekilis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He didn't do it voluntarily.
\phrase_s No lo hizo voluntariamente.
\root neki
\qry For the problems with this phrase and definition, see /tlaka:wtli/.
\ref 04270
\lxam matsa:nkihli
\lxam_alt matsa:nkihli
\lxam_c matsa:nkihli
\lxoa mátsa:nkíhli
\lxoa_c mátsa:nkíhli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound S-S
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes
\sense_e generic name for a weed of the Asteraceae family, which includes two species: matsa:nkihli de istá:k i:xo:chio (Am) and matsa:nkihli de kostik
i:xo:chio
\sense_s nombre genérico de una maleza de la familia Asteraceae, que incluye dos especies: matsa:nkihli de istá:k i:xo:chio (Am) and matsa:nkihli de kostik
i:xo:chio (Am)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Matsa:nkihli | Xiwtli, kikwa burroh, pitso.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Gabriel de la Cruz
\phrase_e Matsa:nkihli : It is a plant, burros and pigs eat it.
\phrase_s Matsa:nkihli : Es una planta, la come los burros y los marranos.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root matsa:n
\root kil
\mod Determine how to classify the root /-kihli/ as well as the morphology (i.e. is /-kihli/ a N or a S. Also, for the above word determine the meaning of /matsan/ and its morphological
status.
\ref 04271
\lxam a:xi:xpal
\lxam_c a:xi:xpal
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-N-pal
\der N-loc-2
\sense_e to be a person who urinates a lot
\sense_s ser un meón; ser alguien que orina mucho
\sense_d Am
\root a:
\root xi:xa
\root_rel -pal
\semref a:xi:xaleh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref a:xi:xtewe:i
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref a:xi:xte:roh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04272
\lxam wiwiyoka
\lxam_alt uwiyoka
\lxam_c wiwiyoka
\lxoa wiwiyoka
\lxoa_c wiwiyoka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to tremble rapidly (e.g., the leg of a person bearing a heavy weight, ones body from the cold, etc.)
\sense_s temblarse rapidamente (p. ej., la pierna de algn que estásoportando algo muy pesado, el cuerpo por el frío, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Uwiyoka fle:chah kwa:k tlikwi imoto:r.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The bus trembles when its engine is turned on.
\phrase_s Tiembla el camión cuando se prende su motor.
\root wiyo:
\nse Uwiyoka refers only to a very rapid shaking or trembling, not to the movement back and form of things such as tables and chairs that have legs of uneven length. For
this, the reduplicated form of wiyo:ni is used.
\disamb wiwiyoka; kwekwetlaka; momoyoka; tsitsilka
\qry Cf. Gram 1985 06-10.1
\xref wiyo:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04273
\lxam tsatsati
\lxam_c tsatsati
\lxoa tsatsati
\lxoa_c tsatsati
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to become deaf; to become poor of hearing
\sense_s quedar sordo; ensordecer; quedar medio sordo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nitsatsatka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I had lost my hearing (but this is no longer the case).
\phrase_s Había dejado de poder oír (pero ya no es así).
\root tsa
\qry For all V1-d-ti verbs, check for causatives. Also, for all 4b verbs, check tense/aspect for Am and Oa.
\vl Florencia Marcelino first says /tsatsatik/. She then starts correctly the sequence of 4 tokens of /tsatsati/. Link /tsatsatik/ to ref. 7687. Link second male token.
\xref tsatsatilia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04274
\lxam tlatlatsi:naltia
\lxam_c tlatlatsi:naltia
\lxoa tlatlatsi:naltia
\lxoa_c tlatlatsi:naltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to incubate (a fowl or bird its chicks)
\sense_s empollar; incubar (un ave o pájaro, hasta hacer nacer su cría)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w tlatlatsi:naltia no pió.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My hen has started to hatch her eggs (i.e., she has been incubating them for some time y now they are being born).
\phrase_s Mi gallina ya empezóa empollar a su cría (esto es, empezóy ahora están naciendo)
\root tlatsi:
\nse It is not clear whether tlatlatsi:naltia refers to the entire process of incubating eggs, from laying them till hatching, or only to the final stage during which they hatch. The
verb is a causative of tlatsi:ni 'to hatch' with a null complement tla- that refers to the understood, or culturally specified, object: the eggs of a fowl or
lizard.
\disamb fowl/birth
\qry Check to determine whether form with specific object occurs, /kitlatsi:naltia/. Also, do a page on birds and hatching.
\xref tlatsi:naltia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04275
\lxam tsotsokolowa
\lxam_c kitsotsokolowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s; Op. prefix te-
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to pockmark the surface of
\sense_s llenar la superficie de con pequeños agujeros y depresiones poco profundos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitetsotsokolowa imetlapil para sana:man tlapaya:nas. Yo:petsiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She pockmarks the surface of her metlapihli so that it grinds up (the nextamahli) right away. It's gotten smooth.
\phrase_s Marca la superficie de su metlapile con pequeños agujeros y depresiones para que luego luego muela (al nixtamal). Se había quedado liso.
\semfld distort-surface
\root tsokol
\nde To date no cognate forms have been documented from other dialects.
\qry Check for intransitive.
\semref koyo:nia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04276
\lxam chaya:wa
\lxam_c kichaya:wa
\lxoa choya:wa
\lxoa_c kichoya:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\trans Compl
\sense_e to disperse or distribute (things among people)
\sense_s distribuir (cosas entre gente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikchaya:was, nikte:ma:makas. Te:pan chaya:wis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to disperse it, I'm going to give it out to people bit by bit. It will get distributed among people.
\phrase_s Lo voy a distribuir, se lo voy a dar a la gente parte por parte. Serádistribuido entre la gente.
\phrase_n Xikchaya:wa! Xikte:ma:maka!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Distribute it! Give it out to people (e.g., in portions given separately perhaps bread given to friends and relatives, house by house)!
\phrase_s ¡Distribúyelo!¡Dáselo a la gente (p. ej., en porciones dadas separadamente, como pan distribuido a amigos y parientes, casa por casa).
\phrase_n Nikchaya:was notlayo:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will distribute my maize (giving a little to various people).
\phrase_s Voy a distribuir mi maíz (dando un poquito a varias personas).
\sense_e to dissipate (smoke or other similar substances)
\sense_s disipar; hacer desvanecer (humo u otras substancias parecidas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:kichaya:w yeyekatl un po:ktli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The wind dissipated the smoke.
\phrase_s El viento dispersóese humo.
\sense_e to scatter or spread out (items on the ground)
\sense_s extender o desparramar (cosas que están sobre el suelo)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (wa:lchaya:wa (Am) / wa:hchaya:wa (Oa) to scatter or spill from a height to the ground (objects, not liquids, that are spilled without any
particular order)
\sense_s (wa:lchaya:wa (Am) / wa:hchaya:wa (Oa) regar o tirar de arriba hacia el suelo (objetos materiales, no líquidos, que están tirados sin ningún
orden)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pe:w notsi:nketsa, o:pe:w tlauwelowa. Kwa:lchachaya:wtiw notlikow.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's started to buck (e.g., a mule), it's started to make things come apart (in this case a load of firewood tied onto the animal). It's coming along scattering my firewood onto
the ground.
\phrase_s Ya empezóa encabritar, ya empezóa deshacer las cosas (en este caso la atadura o la carga de leña). Viene regando mi leña al suelo.
\root chaya:
\nse According to Gabriel de la Cruz (Am) chaya:wa differs from tepe:wa in that the former, besides referring to the distribution of things in several places
and among various individuals, is used to refer to something that is piled on the ground, e.g. seeds piled up, and then knocked over and spread. However, tepe:wi is
used to refer to refer to scattering with more of a purpose, e.g., someone taking seeds in their hand and scattering them on the ground.
\mod In /ono distinguish: /chaya:wa/, /toya:wa/, /moya:wa/, /tepe:wia/, /chapa:nia/ and other similar words
\ref 04277
\lxam tlatetso:lowa
\lxam_c tlatetso:lowa
\lxoa tlatetso:lowa
\lxoa_c tlatetso:lowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\lexical Lex. prefix te-
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to spread or put fruit out to dry in the sun
\sense_s poner o extender fruta en el sol para que se reseque
\sense_d Pending
\flao tso:liwi
\root tso:l
\vl Note that first Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez give four tokens (two each) of /tlate:tsolowa/ (the /e:/ is long and the /o/ is short). This was a mistaken in the
elicitation and should be assigned number 7688. Then they give the correct form /tlatetso:lowa/ (short /e/ and long /o:/). These is the final set of 4 tokens. These are the ones
that should be numbered 4277.
\xref tso:lowa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 04278
\lxam pi:si:ltik
\lxam_c pi:si:ltik
\lxoa pi:si:ltik
\lxoa_c pi:si:ltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e to be finely knit or woven; to be tightly stiched; to be close together (e.g., stiching on cloth, the mesh of a net)
\sense_s ser fino; estar apretado; estar cerrado (p. ej., una puntada de algo cosido, el tejido de una red)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pi:si:ltik moa:yaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your a:ya:tl is finely woven (with small openings between the strands).
\phrase_s Tu ayate estátejido muy finamente (con aperturas muy pequeñas).
\phrase_n Ma:ka san we:weka tiksasa:lo:s un notlake:n, kineki xkasi pi:si:ltik!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't sew my clothes with open stiches, you need to use fine stiching!
\phrase_s ¡No vayas a coser mi ropa con puntadas muy abiertas, necesitas hacerlo con puntadas finas.
\phrase_n Pi:si:ltik xiksasa:lo, ma:ka san tewe:wekatik!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sew it finely, don't just use a real open stitch!
\phrase_s ¡Cóselo con una puntada cerrada, no una muy abierta!
\phrase_n Pi:si:ltik xne:chsasa:lowili, ma:ka san tikso:sos!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sew it for me finely, don't just baste it!
\phrase_s ¡Cósemelo con una puntada cerrada, no lo vayas a simplemente hilvanar!
\sense_e to be highly detailed (e.g., a painting, particularly an ink drawing, with the lines drawn close together)
\sense_s ser muy detallado (p. ej., un dibujo, particularmente de tinta china, con las líneas muy finas y cerradas)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be light or fine (e.g., a drizzle, mist, etc.)
\sense_s ser ligero (p. ej., una llovizna, bruma, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be finely ground (particularly referring to masa ground very fine by placing the metlapihli down with each stroke very close to the previous
one, and near the end of the metate)
\sense_s estar molida muy fina (particularmente masa molida muy finamente al bajar la mano del metate sobre el metate cada vez muy cerca a donde tocóel metate la vez anterior,
colocando cada empujón casi al final del metate)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pi:si:ltik xkasi para kwahli ki:sas totopoxtli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Grind it (masa) very finely so that the totopoxtli comes out well!
\phrase_s ¡Muélela (la masa) muy fina para que los totopos salgan bien!
\root pi:si:l
\nse In the phrase Pi:si:ltik xkasi para kwahli ki:sas totopoxtli , the action referred to is one of placing the metlapihli near the edge of the metate and pushing
off the masa in very small and fine strips so that the totopoxtli is thin and has ridges close together as they come off the metate.
\nde Classical Nahuatl has several lexemes with this root. Thus Molina has the following: piciliui 'hacerse menudo lo que era gruesso y redondo'; piciloa. nitla
'desbastar o achicar cosas grandes y redondas'; and piciltic 'cosas menudas, assi como chinas o aljosar.'
\qry Check to determine if verb /pi:si:liwi/ exists; it does in Classical. Recheck first vowel lenght. FK has short vowels reported in Tetelcingo and Zacapoaxtla. Check final vowel length in
/tikso:sos/.
\vl The dynamic range of the female tokens are very low, apparently under 5,000. For this reason they may not have segmented and need to be segmented by hand. I have
extracted these sound files and can give them to you.
\ref 04279
\lxam yo:kolia
\lxam_c kiyo:kolia
\lxoa yo:kilia
\lxoa_c kiyo:kilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\infv class-2a
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\sense_e to provoke (an event or occurrence); to cause to happen; to do on purpose
\sense_s provocar; causar (que algo sucede); hacer al propósito
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wa:n deke tiroh toma:wak, ka te:h xtikyo:kolian.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 04279_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 19:15
\phrase_e And if it is really fat (in this case, a snake), no then, we don't provoke it (by attacking it with a stick)..
\phrase_s Y si es muy gordo, entonces no, no lo provocamos (con un garrote).
\phrase_n O:tlaximiktih. We:i o:kito:kak, san o:kiyo:kolih, xo:kitlapoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He allowed (his field) to become overgrown with weeds. He planted a lot, he provoked it (it was his fault), he didn't weed it.
\phrase_s Dejóque (su milpa) se llenara de maleza. Le sembrómucho;él lo provocó, no lo limpió.
\phrase_n O:tikyo:kolih, o:tikwa:ltlakal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You caused it to happen, you knocked it to the ground.
\phrase_s Tu lo causaste, lo tiraste al suelo.
\phrase_n O:wetsiko, pero san o:tikyo:kolih. O:tikma:niye:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It fell to the ground but you caused it to happen. You let it slip out of your hand.
\phrase_s Se cayóal suelo pero tu lo causaste. Dejaste que se te fuera de la mano.
\phrase_n O:tikyo:kolih wan yewa melá:k o:misteloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You provoked him and he really socked you one.
\phrase_s Lo provocaste yél de veras te golpeó.
\phrase_n O:mistlaxtekilikeh pero o:tikyo:kolih. O:tka:w motomi:n ka:n nochimeh o:kitakeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You got robbed but you brought it about. You left your money where they all saw it.
\phrase_s Te robaron pero lo provocaste. Dejaste tu dinero donde todos lo vieron.
\phrase_n O:kichinoh sakayoh, o:kiyo:kolih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He set the field of grass ablaze, he did it on purpose (i.e., the blaze did not start accidently, as it sometimes does).
\phrase_s Incendióel campo de zacate, lo hizo a propósito (esto es, el incendio no se prendiópor accidente, como a veces sucede).
\phrase_n Gri:ngas melá:k mitsyo:kolian. Tla:kanekin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e American women (gringas) really provoke you. They desire men (as sexual partners, i.e., they are sexually aggressive).
\phrase_s Gringas de veras te provokan. Quieren a los hombres (como parejas sexuales, esto es, son agresivas sexualmente).
\phrase_n On toba:leh yewa te:yo:kolia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Our friend there provokes people (i.e., he starts or instigates things, picking fights, insulting people, etc.).
\phrase_s Nuestro amigo provoca a la gente (esto es, empieza los problemas al buscar pleitos, insultar gente, etc.).
\sense_e (refl.) to bring (sth) upon oneself
\sense_s (refl.) traer a si mismo (una desgracia)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pero o:timoyo:kolih. Tle:ka a:sta ihkón o:titlai:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e But you brought it upon yourself. Why did you drink that much alcohol?
\phrase_s Pero tu mismo te buscaste esta desgracia.¿Por quétomaste tanto alcohol?
\root yo:ko
\nae The argument structure of yo:kolia is not entirely certain given the existence of monovalent tlayo:koya and divalent tlayo:kilia (Am) /
tlayo:kolia(Oa), which suggest that yo:kolia might be a semantically ditransitive verb that takes a complement, i.e., the event that takes places (in
the example O:tlaximiktih. We:i o:kito:kak, san o:kiyo:kolih, xo:kitlapoh this would be the overgrowing of the field, with the primary object being the field itself).
\xref tlayo:kolia
\xref_t val_reduce2
\xref_d Am
\xref tlayo:kilia
\xref_t val_reduce2
\xref_d Oa
\ref 04280
\lxam yekapanawia
\lxam_c kiyekapanawia
\lxoa yekapanawia
\lxoa_f [ye ka pa na 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kiyekapanawia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to take the lead (in terms of leading the way in decisions)
\sense_s tomar la delantera (en cuanto a las decisiones)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kiyekapanawia ikone:w, yewa kineki kimatis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His child is taking the lead, he wants to make the decisions.
\phrase_s Su hijo toma la delantera,él quere hacer las decisiones.
\root yeka
\root pana
\nse Luis Lucena indicated that yekapanawia is not used in the physical sense of passing by someone rapidly as they walk or run.
\qry Check to determine if the figurative sense given here is the only one for /yekapanawia/.
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\ref 04281
\lxam nenepi:ltso:tso:ti
\lxam_c nenepi:ltso:tso:ti
\lxoa nenepi:ltso:tso:ti
\lxoa_c nenepi:ltso:tso:ti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-ti
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to have or get pimples on one's tongue
\sense_s salirsele granitos en la lengua a uno
\sense_d Pending
\root nene
\root pi:l
\root tso:tso:
\nse Nenepi:ltso:tso:ti refers, in particular, to the pimples that form on ones tongue from eating certain foods, such as things that are very sweet.
\nae The duration of the vowels in the nominal stem nenepi:l is interesting, in that as a compound in a long word, the vowel durations are significantly less than those
found in the isolated noun. The following is an account of vowel lengths of nenepi:l in nenepi:hli and in nenepi:ltso:tso:ti for both Florencia
Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. For Florencia the lengths are 82-69-129 and 91-70-125 for nenepi:hli and 51-63-137 and 51-70-108 for
nenepi:ltso:tso:ti. For Inocencio the corresponding figures are 73-68-100 and 80-70-118 for nenepi:hli and 77-58-88 and 64-69-84 for
nenepi:ltso:tso:ti. If we looked at the combined times for the three sequences, the figures are: Florencia Marcelino 280 and 286 (for nenepi:hli) and 251
and 229 (for nenepi:ltso:tso:ti); Inocencio Jimenez 241 and 268 (for nenepi:hli) and 223 and 217 for (for nenepi:ltso:tso:ti). Of course this
represents the figu res for only one word, but there is the suggestion that absolute vowel duration decreases in long words. The process of"compressing"of sound durations in long
words has been documented in other languages.
\qry_fon The duration of the vowels in the nominal stem nenepi:l is interesting, in that as a compound in a long word, the vowel durations are significantly less
than those found in the isolated noun. The following is an account of vowel lengths of nenepi:l in nenepi:hli and in
nenepi:ltso:tso:ti for both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. For Florencia the lengths are 82-69-129 and 91-70-125 for nenepi:hli
and 51-63-137 and 51-70-108 for nenepi:ltso:tso:ti. For Inocencio the corresponding figures are 73-68-100 and 80-70-118 for nenepi:hli and
77-58-88 and 64-69-84 for nenepi:ltso:tso:ti. If we looked at the combined times for the three sequences, the figures are: Florencia Marcelino 280 and 286
(for nenepi:hli) and 251 and 229 (for nenepi:ltso:tso:ti); Inocencio Jimenez 241 and 268 (for nenepi:hli) and 223 and 217 for
(for nenepi:ltso:tso:ti). Of course this represents the figu res for only one word, but there is the suggestion that absolute vowel duration decreases in long
words. The process of"compressing"of sound durations in long words has been documented in other languages.
\grm Phonetics; vowel duration: The duration of the vowels in the nominal stem nenepi:l is interesting, in that as a compound in a long word, the vowel
durations are significantly less than those found in the isolated noun. The following is an account of vowel lengths of nenepi:l in nenepi:hli
and in nenepi:ltso:tso:ti for both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. For Florencia the lengths are 82-69-129 and 91-70-125 for
nenepi:hli and 51-63-137 and 51-70-108 for nenepi:ltso:tso:ti. For Inocencio the corresponding figures are 73-68-100 and 80-70-118 for
nenepi:hli and 77-58-88 and 64-69-84 for nenepi:ltso:tso:ti. If we looked at the combined times for the three sequences, the figures are:
Florencia Marcelino 280 and 286 (for nenepi:hli) and 251 and 229 (for nenepi:ltso:tso:ti); Inocencio Jimenez 241 and 268 (for
nenepi:hli) and 223 and 217 for (for nenepi:ltso:tso:ti). Of cour se this repr esen ts the figures for only one word, but there is the suggestion
that absolute vowel duration decreases in long words. The process of"compressing"of sound durations in long words has been documented in other languages.
\ref 04282
\lxam tlawe:hloh
\lxam_c tlawe:hloh
\lxoa tlawe:hloh
\lxoa_c tlawe:hloh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e place that is full of contention or dispute (a situation or action that can lead to eavy disputes); place in which hatred and malicious feelings abound
\sense_s lugar contencioso (una situación o acción que puede causar problemas); lugar donde se provoca odio y sentimientos maliciosos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tewa xkitili. Deke tikpe:walti:s para tihkwi:li:s tli:n kitlasotlatok, yewa tlawe:hloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Consider carefully if you are going to initiate action to take away from him something that he cares for a lot. It is an issue that can be highly contentious
\phrase_s ¡Considéralo bien si vas a iniciar acción para quitarle lo que estima mucho. Es algo muy contencioso (que puede causar muchos problemas y enojo).
\root tlawe:l
\qry Check if this applies only to situations, or to people (or animals) also.
\ref 04283
\lxam temana
\lxam_c temana
\lxoa temana
\lxoa_c temana
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-b
\trans +Spec
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to set stones in a line (particularly the action of removing stones from the plow's path and placing them between the maize plants so that they aren't thrown up against the
plants as the plow passes along the furrow)
\sense_s poner piedras en línea (particularmente la acción de quitar las piedras de donde va a pasar el arado y ponerlas entre las matas de maíz para que al pasar el arado no se
avienten contra las plantas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mo:stla temanalo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tomorrow people will set the stones in piles between the corn plants.
\phrase_s Mañana la gente va a amontonar las piedras entre las matas de maíz.
\phrase_n A:man o:niktemanato nomi:ltsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Today I went to set the stones in piles between my maize plants.
\phrase_s Hoy fui a amontonar las piedras entre las matas de maíz de mi milpa.
\phrase_n Temanalo, kitla:tla:lian tetl ipan surkoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Stones are being set in a row, they are placing stones one by one on the mound between the maize plants.
\phrase_s Se están colocando piedras en fila, están poniendo piedras una por una en el surco (entre las matas de maíz).
\root te
\root man
\nse My notes for Ameyaltepec indicate that temana refers only to the setting of stones in-between the corn plants of a field. The intransitive is used to refer to the act
itself; the transitive when one wishes to indicate a specific field where the activity was carried out.
\qry Check other contexts in which /temana/ can be used.
\ref 04284
\lxam xoya:wi
\lxam_c xoya:wi
\lxoa choya:wi
\lxoa_c choya:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to die down; to become reduced (swelling); to become disinflamed (skin inflation or swelling)
\sense_s desinflamar; bajar (parte de la piel hinchada, la barriga llena, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:man yo:xoya:w ka:n tili:ntoya, xok a:sta ihkón tili:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now the swelling has gone down, it's no longer as swollen as it was.
\phrase_s Ahora ha bajado la inflamación, ya no estátan hinchado.
\sense_e to diminish (the quantity of sth, particularly sth that literally or figuratively can be piled up, like sth swollen)
\sense_s disminuir (la cantidad de algo, particularmente algo que puede ser, literal o figurativeamente amontonado, como algo hinchado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:xoya:w itomi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His wealth has been diminished.
\phrase_s Ya se disminuyósu riqueza.
\sense_e to have ones belly cave in (from not having eaten, i.e., to be famished)
\sense_s quedarsele eléstomago vacío y disminuido en tamaño (por no haber comido)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nixoya:w, oksepa ye na:pismiki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My belly's caved in, I'm hungry again.
\phrase_s Se me quedóel estómago vacío, ya tengo hambre otra vez.
\root xoya:
\nse Xoya:wi refers to the reduction in the physical the size of things, such as swelling that goes down or ones belly as it caves in from hunger. It can also refer to a water
level that decreases, or to tasks that are reduced as they get done. Thus the general significance seems to be the reduction in size of things that are swollen or, literally or figuratively,
piled up. When the subject is an animate it refers to the sinking in of the flanks or belly from hunger.
\nae Although Oapan Nahuatl does show some interesting phonological changes (e.g., komitetlfor Ameyaltepec omitl and tla:ltsa:watlfor
Ameyaltepec tla:lsa:watl), some of which are predictable by general phonological rule, the change of /x/ to /ch/ at the beginning of choya:wi is not
predictable.
\qry_fon Note x>ch in the form /choya:wi/. This is not a general process for /x/-initial words.
\grm Oapan phonology: changes from fricatives to affricates in Oapan is not unusual. Although Oapan Nahuatl does show some interesting phonological changes (e.g.,
komitetlfor Ameyaltepec omitl and tla:ltsa:watlfor Ameyaltepec tla:lsa:watl), some of which are predictable
by general phonological rule, the change of /x/ to /ch/ at the beginning of choya:wi is not predictable.
\ref 04285
\lxam te:tlayo:koli:hli
\lxam_c te:tlayo:koli:hli
\lxoa te:tlayo:kili:hli
\lxoa_c te:tlayo:kili:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e gift
\sense_s regalo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San te:tlayo:koli:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is just a gift.
\phrase_s Es solamente un regalo.
\root yo:koya
\qry_fon My original notes have a long penultimate /i:/. The acoustic data from Oapan seems to confirm this. Also check the fact that the verbal form is /tlayo:kilia/ in Ameyaltepec
(but /tlayo:kolia/ in Oapan) whereas the nominalization has the /o/.
\ref 04286
\lxam i:xpa:lakachiwi
\lxam_c i:xpa:lakachiwi
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to have ones head wobble, bob, or droop (literally and physically)
\sense_s tambalearsele la cabeza (a algn, físicamente)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w i:xpa:lakachiwtok. Ye tla:wa:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His head has started to wobble around. He's already drunk.
\phrase_s Ya se le empezóa tambalear la cabeza. Ya estáborracho.
\sense_e for ones head to spin or reel
\sense_s tener la cabeza dando vueltas; estar atarantado
\sense_d Am
\semfld motion
\root i:x
\root pa:lakach
\qry Elicit other words with /palaka-/.
\root_notes It would seem that this root is divisible. Note that neither /palakachiwi/ nor any similar sounding word is in RS. But cf. words such as /malakatl/, /ilakatsiwi/, /wi:laka/, etc.
that all seem to have something to do with twisting, turning, going off to the side, etc.
\ref 04287
\lxam ikwech kuwatl
\lxam_c ikwech kuwatl
\lxoa i:wech kowatl
\lxoa_c i:wech kowatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e snake's rattle
\sense_s cascabel de serpiente
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e design of woven palm in the shape of a snake's rattle, used on Palm Sunday
\sense_s diseño de palma tejida, que parece como el cascabel de serpiente, para Domingo de Ramos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wel kichichi:wa so:ya:tl ke:n ikwech kuwatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He can weave palm like the rattle of a snake.
\phrase_s Puede tejer palma como la cascabel de una serpiente.
\ency_note so:ya:tl; Easter
\root kwech
\root kowa
\mod For /so:ya:tl/ in ono, cover all types.
\qry_fon Check the phonetics of the second female token, particularly the final /a/.
\semref i:a:yakach kowatl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04288
\lxam tsaya:nia
\lxam_c kitsaya:nia
\lxoa tsaya:nia
\lxoa_c kitsaya:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-2a
\trans Compl
\sense_e to fracture; to split (e.g., wood)
\sense_s rajar; partir; fracturar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitsaya:nia itlikuw ika a:chah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He splits his firewood with an axe.
\phrase_s Parte su leña con una hacha.
\disamb tlapa:na; tsaya:nia
\root tsaya:
\qry Note that although in other entries I have noted that /tsaya:ni/ refers to a fissure or crack that does not go all the way through an object, here, in /kitsaya:nia itlikuh/ the implication is
of totally splitting the wood. Cf. /kitlapa:na itlikuh/ from /kitsaya:na itlikuh/.
\ref 04289
\lxam kweskomatl de a:kawtlapi:hli
\lxam_c kweskomatl de a:kawtlapi:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of grain storage bin made from upright rods covered with mud
\sense_s tipo de troje hecha de varas colocadas verticalmente y cubiertas con lodo
\sense_d Am
\ency_note kweskomatl
\root kweskoma
\root akaw
\root pi:l
\nse The kweskomatl de a:kawtla:lpi:hli are usually small, and sometimes may even be built inside a house. For making a kweskomatl de muñe:koh , see
entry under sokimatilowa. This is also called kweskomatl de a:kwatlapi:stli.
\qry_fon Check length of first /a/ of /a:kwatli/. If short correct here and in all entries with /a:kawtli/.
\ref 04290
\lxam ka:soliwi
\lxam_c ka:soliwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to be hunched over (often from illness), with ones arms tight to ones side
\sense_s estar encogido (a menudo de una enfermedad), con los brazos pegados al cuerpo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sa: tika:soliwtok. Tikwa:lo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are just hunched over with your arms tight to your side. You are sick.
\phrase_s Estás nomás encogido con los brazos pegados al cuerpo. Estás enfermo.
\phrase_n Sa: ka:ka:soliwtiw un wi:lo:tl pa:mpa o:kimo:tlakeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That huilota is going along in pain with its wings hunched up because it got hit (e.g., by sb shooting a slighshot).
\phrase_s Esa huilota va encogido de dolor con sus alas arqueadas porque lo tiraron (p. ej., con una resortera).
\root ka:sol
\nse Ka:soliwi is used to indicate that the subject is stiff and hurting, with the superior limps (or wings) slightly raised and extended out from the body. With people it
indicates a position with the shoulders raised and the arms slightly raised and bowed out from the side of the body.
\mod Apparently the wrong word was recorded here. /kakasoliwi/. Recheck and if necessary make a separate recording.
\qry This verb should be rechecked. In my original entry I had /ka:soliwi/ with a long /a:/ and next to /tika:soliwtok/ I had written"=tika:kasoliwtok"Thus check whether root /a/ is short.
Cf. to /kakasoliwi/ entry meaning 'to be light.' Cf. also /ka:ka:liwi/. Also, comparative dialect study is necessary in order to determine whether there is an underlying {h}.
\vl It seems like I made an error here. The tokens are definitely /kakasoliwi/, which is ref. 6121. Thus the four tokens here should be tagged as 06121,"c"and"d"tokens for
each speaker.
\ref 04291
\lxam a:wiska:n
\lxam_alt a:uska:n
\lxam_c a:wiska:n
\lxoa á:wiská:n
\lxoa_c á:wiská:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Loc
\pss Adv
\der Adv-pl
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e everywhere; in all places and directions
\sense_s por todos lados o lugares; en todas direcciones
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:wiska:n nemi
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's all over the place (i.e., he can't stay put, in one place).
\phrase_s Estápor todos lados (esto es, no puede quedarse en un solo lugar).
\phrase_n A:wiska:n tlatlachia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He glances all over the place.
\phrase_s Mira por todos lados.
\root a:wis
\root_rel -ka:n
\nse This word is used, it seems, to indicate actions such as that of a child who goes from one place to another, or a person who, scared (or perhaps looking for something to rob) looks
all around a:wiska:n tlatlachia. Some pronounce this word a:uska:n.
\nae The pitch accent in the Oapan headword is apparently from reduplication of the initial syllable (reflective of the semantics of this lexeme). Since a surface pitch accented long vowel
might result from reduplication on any of a series of underlying sequences, {a:}, {a}, or {ah}, it is not clear that the underlying vowel is simply from Oapan Nahuatl phonology. For
now (20 March 2002) the underlying vowel has been considered to be long (based in part on the fact that my original notes from Ameyaltepec, which must be checked, indicate a
long initial vowel).
\qry Check in the phrase a:wiska:n tlatlachia whether the first /a/ in /tlatlachia/ should be long: /tla:tlachia/.
\qry_h Check /a:wiska:n/ for /h/.
\ref 04292
\lxam chi:ltlako:lo:hli
\lxam_c chi:ltlako:lo:hli
\lxoa chi:ltlako:lo:hli
\lxoa_c chi:ltlako:lo:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e a tlako:lo:hli(inclined hill of poor terrain to steep to be plowed) hand-planted with chile
\sense_s un tlacolol sembrado a mano con chile
\sense_d Pending
\ency_note tla:hli
\root chi:l
\root tlako:l
\ref 04293
\lxam koyotsa
\lxam_c kikoyotsa
\lxoa tékoyótsa
\lxoa_pr tekoyotsa
\lxoa_c kitékoyótsa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Op. prefix te- (Am); Lex. prefix te- (Oa)
\infv class-3a(ts)
\pitch yes
\sense_e to drag and pull along, scraping along the ground (both animates and material objects, although with animates the implication is that it is forcibly done)
\sense_s arrastrar y jalar sobre la tierra, para que se vaya raspando (se aplica tanto a objetos materiales y a seres animados, aunque con losúltimos implica que se hace
involuntariamente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mistekoyotsas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's going to pull and drag you along.
\phrase_s Va a irte arrastrando.
\phrase_n Kikoyotsa wistli para tlakorra:lti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is dragging along branches of thorns to make fencing.
\phrase_s Estáarrastrando varas de espinas para hacer una cerca.
\phrase_n Ma:s san xkoyotsa na:nika! Xkwa:lwi:ka ka:n tlase:waya:n, o:to:nalwi:lo:k!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just drag him over in this direction (in this case a drunk who has lost consciousness)! Bring him over here where there is some shade, he's been beaten down on by the sun!
\phrase_s ¡Jálalo para acá(en este caso un borracho que ha perdido el conocimiento)!¡Tráelo acádonde hay sombra, ya quedómuy pegado por el sol!
\disamb koyotsa; techwila:na
\root koyo -?-
\nae Although the vowel length of koyotsa is distinct from that of koyo:tl there might be a relation. There remains a difficulty in determining the
underlyng form and the root of this lexeme. It would seem that the initial té- syllable of the Oapan form represents a lexicalized te- ; the pitch accent that it
carries, however, is apparently not the reflex of reduplication, given that the /é/ is definitely short. The only other possible explanation for the pitch accent, other than reduplication, is
a coda {h} in the verbal stem. If this were the case, the stem would have to be either {kohyo} or {koyoh}. From the information at hand there is no way to determine which is the
case and no relevant cognate forms have been found in other dialects. However, information from San Juan Tetelcingo might clarify the matter.
\qry The verb refers to the action of pulling (apparently only a person or animal, check to see if it can also apply to things) along, dragging; if a person or animal, the implication is that this
occurs against the person or animal's will, forcefully.
\qry_h Check for presence of /h/ which would explain the pitch accent.
\semref tékoyóka
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04294
\lxam to:to:lasi:toh
\lxam_c to:to:lasi:toh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) lasito
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e thin fibrous twine of rrea:lixtli used in snares for catching wi:lo:tl
\sense_s delgado cordón de fibra hecha de rrea:lixtli que se emplea en trampas para wi:lo:tl
\sense_d Am
\semfld tool
\root to:to:
\ilus_note Make and photograph.
\ref 04295
\lxam tsatsa
\lxam_c tsatsa
\lxoa tsatsa
\lxoa_c tsatsa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e to be deaf
\sense_s ser sordo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Titsatsa, xtlah tihkaki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are deaf, you don't hear anything.
\phrase_s Eres sordo, no escuchas nada.
\root tsa
\ref 04296
\lxam te:na:miki
\lxam_c kite:na:miki
\lxoa te:na:miki
\lxoa_c kite:na:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to bring ones lips to an object (such as a saint or cross), bowing in a reverential kiss
\sense_s acercar los labios a un objeto (como a un santo o una cruz), inclinándose ligeramente en un beso reverencial
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be a good fit (a top or stopper, i.e., sth that goes in or on the"lips"of an object)
\sense_s quedar justamente bien de tamaño (un tapón, esto es, algo que se mete o se pone sobre los"labios"de un objeto)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San kwahli kite:na:miki ite:ntsahka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's top fits in perfectly.
\phrase_s Su tapón le queda justo.
\root te:n
\root na:miki
\nse In the sense of"to bring ones lips to an object, bowing in a reverential kiss,"one does not necessarily make ones lips actually kiss or even meet the object. Rather, the action is one of
reverence and devotion, the lowering of the head and bringing ones lips close to the revered object.
\qry_fon Note that acoustically the [n] does not seem longer than one would expect from a single /n/, even though underlyingly there is an {nn} sequence. However, the following
long /a:/ seems to have an unusually long duration, much longer than I would have expected. The duration of the same /a:/ in other cases of /na:miki/ should be researched.
\grm Phonetics; phonology: Note re: Oapan /te:na:miki/: Note that acoustically the [n] does not seem longer than one would expect from a single /n/, even though underlyingly
there is an {nn} sequence. However, the following long /a:/ seems to have an unusually long duration, much longer than I would have expected. The duration of the same
/a:/ in other cases of /na:miki/ should be researched. The /e:/ and /a:/ have the following durations. For Florencia Marcelino 122 + 142, 117 + 147. For Inocencio Jiménez:
104 + 113, 91 + 125.
\xref tlate:na:miki
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04297
\lxam kamatlatlata
\lxam_c kikamatlatlata
\lxoa kamá:tlatá
\lxoa_pr kamá:tlata
\lxoa_c kikamá:tlatá
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-[tla-V2]
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv Irregular; see ita
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to observe carefully, to stare intently at (sb) while (he or she is) eating
\sense_s observar detenidamente a (sb) mientras que (él o ella) come
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chkamatlatlastok, no: kikwa:sneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's staring at me while I'm eating, he also wants to eat it.
\phrase_s Se estáfijando en lo que estoy comiendo, también se lo quiere comer.
\root kama
\root hta
\nse The verb kamatlatlata (Am) represents the incorporation of a nominal stem on the verb tlatlata , underlyingly {tlah + tla + (i)ta}. The middle
tla- is the nonspecific object prefix in a modifying (i.e., non-valency reducing) function. This incorporated prefix is then reduplicated (the reduplicant is tlah-).
In Oapan Nahuatl the reduplicant is realized as vowel lengthening and pitch accent on the final light (short-voweled) syllable of the preceding incorporated noun. This is the nominal
root kama-in a further non-valency reducing incorporation, indicating the place at which the action (staring) occurs: the mouth. This verb may refer to watching a
person eat, watching very carefully in order to see that the other person does not eat too much, or because one is interested in what the person is consuming.
\grm Noun incorporation: /kamatlatlata/: The verb kamatlatlata (Am) represents the incorporation of a nominal stem on the verb tlatlata ,
underlyingly {tlah + tla + (i)ta}. The middle tla- is the nonspecific object prefix in a modifying (i.e., non-valency reducing) function. This incorporated prefix is
then reduplicated (the reduplicant is tlah-). Then, the nominal root kama-in a further non-valency reducing incorporation, indicating the place
at which the action (staring) occurs: the mouth. This verb may refer to watching a person eat, watching very carefully in order to see that the other person does not eat too
much, or because one is interested in what the person is consuming.
\semref tlatlata
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlátlatá
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04298
\lxam kone:tl
\lxam_c kone:tl
\lxoa kone:tl
\lxoa_c kone:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e child; offspring (of a person or animal)
\sense_s niño; cría (de una persona o animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nankitaskeh nokone:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will see it, my children.
\phrase_s Lo van a ver, mis hijos.
\sense_e offshoot (of a tree, i.e,. that which gives birth to the offshoots)
\sense_s retoño (de unárbol, esto es, de donde nacen los retoños)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Yon na:nkah san te:kone:w, me:ro na:ntli katka yo:ntsontek.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e The ones that are here are just offshoots, the trunk itself (of a tree) I have already chopped down.
\phrase_s Los que aquíestán son puros retoños, el que era el mero tronco, ya lo tumbé.
\sense_e (possessed in reference to a metate) pestle or stone 'rolling pin' used with a metate
\sense_s (poseído referencia a un metate) la mano de metate
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (kone:tsi:ntli) very small and young child, recently born
\sense_s (kone:tsi:ntli) niñito o cría muy pequeño, recién nacido
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (kone:tsi:ntli) fetus
\sense_s (kone:tsi:ntli) fetu
\sense_d Pending
\semfld age
\root kone:
\nse Kone:tl is unmarked for gender. Although the plural of kone:tl is irregular: ko:koneh a very few times in Ameyaltepec I
have heard kone:meh. The"rolling pin"of the metate is referred to, more so in Oapan than Ameyaltepec, as i:kone:w Oa, as for instance in
toma:wak i:kone:w 'its"rolling pin"is thick (and thus, e.g., no good for making totopoxtli)
\nae In Oapan Nahuatl, at least, the length of the final vowel, /e:/, is of unusually long duration.
\qry_fon Check lengths of long vowels in final closed syllable sequences: CV:C. Here the /e:/ is quite long. Florencia Marcelino has a vowel of 213 and 192 ms in her two tokens.
Inocencio Jiménez has vowels that are 176 and 175 ms.
\qry Check to see what else might be referred to by /kone:tl/.
\grm Phonology: The problem of measuring vowel length in final CVC syllables needs to be explored. In /kone:tl/, however, the two tokens of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio
Jiménez manifest lengths of 213 and 192 ms for the former, and 176 and 175 ms for the latter.
\semref suwa:kone:tl; kichkone:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04299
\lxam tsi:nwekaliwi
\lxam_c tsi:nwekaliwi
\lxoa tsí:nwakalíwi
\lxoa_pr tsi:nwakaliwi
\lxoa_c tsí:nwakalíwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e for a hollow to form in the bottom or lower section (of something like a ledge constantly battered by water, etc.)
\sense_s formarse un hueco en la parte inferior (de algo como un risco que se golpea constantemente por el agua)
\sense_d Pending
\src_s DT #7: 564
\phrase_n Yo:yah a:sta ne:. Yo:tsi:nwekaliw pa:mpa koyo:ntiw, xiti:ntiw. Xiti:ntiw ya na:n ke:itlah kaltsi:ntli o:noka:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It went (was formed) up to there (i.e., a given depth). A hollow was formed at the bottom as it went along over time getting opened up, over time it crumbled down. It went
crumbling along and here something like a little hollowed-out shelter was left behind.
\phrase_s Se fue hasta allá(p. ej., de profundidad). Se hizo un hueco en la parte inferior porque se iba agujereando, se iba desmorronando. Se iba desmorronando y aquíse
quedóalgo como una casita (esto es, un hueco como un alberguecito).
\root tsi:n
\root wahkal
\ref 04300
\lxam tamaliswatl
\lxam_c tamaliswatl
\lxoa tamaliswatl
\lxoa_c tamaliswatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e green corn leaves used to wrap tamals
\sense_s verdes hojas de maíz utilizadas para envolver tamales
\sense_d Oa
\root swa
\root tamal
\nse In Ameyaltepec the cognate is iswatamahli , which interestingly reverses the order of the noun roots.
\grm In Oapan the cognate is tamaliswatl , which interestingly reverses the order of the noun roots. Note also that instead of teki with an
analytically expressed patient, in Oapan the compound tamaliswapi(s(k)eh) is used. (The vowel length of the final /i/ in the Oapan form is uncertain
(-pis(k)eh or -pi:s(k)eh), but it may be long from the verb /-pi:/. Re: the order of /tamal/ and /iswa/, the point might be made that this confirms
Mithune's observation that the meaning of compounding is entirely determined by convention (her example of 'alligator shoes'). This is a good reason for multidialect
studies.
\semref iswatamahli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 04301
\lxam tli:mach
\lxam_c tli:mach
\lxoa tli:mach
\lxoa_c tli:mach
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(indef)
\der Pr-indef
\sense_e (san ~) just whatever thing
\sense_s (san ~) cualquier cosa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chamanka:kwi:tih, san tli:mach o:ne:chihlih
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He annoyed me, he just said whatever he felt like to me.
\phrase_s Me hizo enfadar, me dijo cualquier cosa que se le ocurriera.
\phrase_n San tli:mach yo:kichi:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just did whatever (occurred to him).
\phrase_s Hizo cualquier cosa (que se le ocurrió).
\phrase_n Mopan nimotlawe:lki:xti:s, san tli:mach yo:tikiitoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to take out my anger on you, you just said whatever thing occurred to you.
\phrase_s Me voy a descarga mi ira en tí, nada más dijiste cualquier cosa que se te ocurriera.
\sense_e (san tli:maxtsitsi:n (Am) or tlátlamáxtsi:n (Oa)) odds and ends; small things of little value (e.g., goods such as fruit,
candies, candles, etc., being sold by an itinerant merchant)
\sense_s (san tli:maxtsitsi:n (Am) o tlátlamáxtsi:n (Oa)) cositas sueltas sin mucho valor (p. ej., fruta, dulces, velitas, etc., vendidos
por un vendedor ambulante); chucherías
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia miák tli:maxtsitsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has a lot of little odds and ends.
\phrase_s Tiene muchas chucherías.
\root tli:n
\root mach
\nse Tli:mach is usually found following san. It implies a series of things or actions that have little value or positive effect. Florencia Marcelino
gave the etymology of this word as tli:non plus the borrowing ma:s, as in tli:non mas, though the roots seem to be clearly prehispanic and
Nahuatl in their entirety. It is documented three times in Carochi: Inìqua:c mochi:uhticàMissa,àmo ninoteo:chi:hua,ça:çan tleinmach niquìilnamiqui 'en tiempo de Missa no
reço, sino que me diuierto en mil disparatadas imaginaciones' (Lockhart, p. 422); tleinmach tiquìtoa? 'que es lo que suele dezir el Español: quéDiablos dizes?' (Lockhart,
p. 424); and Tleinmào:tinechmìtlanililìin màcamo niman o:nintitznotl camachtî? 'quécosa me ha pedido V. m. en que yo no le aya obedecido al punto?' (Lockhart, p. 452).
The Classical reference or use that is closest to Guerrero Nahuatl is that in the first two utterances. Thus the translation 'quéDiablos dizes?' seem s to refer to the fact that the
spoken words in question are without"rhyme or reason' that they are just whatever comes to mind or, as the previous sentence indicates 'mil disparatadas' (a thousand foolish things).
In the example sentences phrases like san tli:mach yo:tikiitoh are very close to Carochi's documented usages.
\nae The word tli:mach is often found reduplicated. However, it is interesting that the pattern of reduplication is quite distinct in the two dialects. Thus Ameyaltepec
reduplicates the diminutive ending, yielding tli:maxtsitsi:n. In Oapan Nahuatl, however, it is the stem that is reduplicated, with a change in the stem vowel, yielding
tlátlamáxtsi:n. The motive for this variation is unclear, yet it reveals that any simple blanket statement of a"Nahuatl"grammar of reduplication faces the problems of
interdialect variation.
\qry Check Oapan whether /tlátlamáxtsi:n/ is possible as /tlítli:máxtsi:n/. If the equivalence is correct, then create a separate"pointing entry"for Oa /tlátlamáxtsi:n/.
\grm Reduplication: The word tli:mach is often found reduplicated. However, it is interesting that the pattern of reduplication is quite distinct in the two
dialects. Thus Ameyaltepec reduplicates the diminutive ending, yielding tli:maxtsitsi:n. In Oapan Nahuatl, however, it is the stem that is reduplicated, yielding
tlátlamáxtsi:n. The motive for this variation is unclear, yet it reveals that any simple blanket statement of a"Nahuatl"grammar of reduplication faces the
problems of interdialect variation.
\vl Check vowel /i/ in /tli:mach/ and cf. to 3256 where Oapan has /tlamach/.
\ref 04302
\lxam machistia
\lxam_c kimachistia
\lxoa machistia
\lxoa_c kimachistia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make known to
\sense_s hacer saber a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kite:machistih, nochi kite:ihlia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He made it known, he tells everything.
\phrase_s Se lo hizo saber a la gente, todo lo plactica.
\nse In Oapan, at least, this verb is used most often used to indicate the conveyance of information about the elopement of a daughter: o:kimachistikeh ya: o:choloh
i:chpo:ch.
\nae The form machistilia was not accepted by several Oapan speakers and is apparently not a correct form, at least in this village. Cf. kakistilia.
\root mati
\ref 04303
\lxam teki:xkitl
\lxam_c teki:xkitl
\lxoa tei:xkitl
\lxoa_c tei:xkitl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-?
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e tequesquite, a naturally occurring carbonate of soda that, ground up, is added to atole, beans, and other foods to help them cook faster
\sense_s tequesquite; un mineral natural con carbonato sódico que, hecha polvo, se agrega a atole, frijoles y otros guisados para ayudar a que se cuezcan más rápido
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld stone
\root teki:xki
\nse When found in nature, teki:xkitl is a powdery rock that can be easily crumbled.
\root_notes The etymology of teki:xkitl is not altogether clear; FK suggests a derivation from te- 'stone' and a nominalized participial of ki:sa.
For now the root teki:xki has been left undivided.
\vl The recording level was so low for the female that it will probably have to be corrected by hand.
\ref 04304
\lxam nenepoch
\lxam_c nenepoch
\lxoa nenepoch
\lxoa_c nenepoch
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to have a lisp, or a speech impediment that impedes good pronounciation
\sense_s tener un siseo, hasta que sea difícil hablar y pronunciar bien
\sense_d Pending
\root nene
\root poch
\nse The plural of nenepoch is nenepochmeh, which perhaps suggests an analysis as a nominal.
\nae The etymology of nenepoch is unclear, but it probably includes the same element nene that is found in nenepi:hli 'tongue,' and perhaps
poch , which would be related to the same sequence in verbs like pochi:ni 'to become fuzzy (like cotton).'
\semref kamanenepoch
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kamanenepoxtik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kamanenepoch
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref tláto:lnenépoch
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04305
\lxam te:ka
\lxam_c kite:ka
\lxoa te:ka
\lxoa_c kite:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to pour (a liquid); to serve by pouring (e.g., soup)
\sense_s verter (un líquido); servir (vírtiendo un líquido como caldo).
\sense_d Pending
\src_s DT1:328
\phrase_n Umpa kite:kan a:tl
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They pour water into it over there.
\phrase_s Allále echan agua adentro.
\phrase_n Xte:ka ka:ldoh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Serve the clear soup!
\phrase_s ¡Sirve el caldo!
\phrase_n Xte:ka -=xikxelo- a:tl ipan a:ko:ntli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pour water into that large earthenware water vessel!
\phrase_s ¡Echale agua a esa tinaja de barro!
\sense_e (refl.) to lie down (particularly animals, in order to rest or sleep)
\sense_s (refl.) echarse (particularmente animales, para descansar o dormir)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xwel note:ka un chichi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That dog can't lie down.
\phrase_s Ese perro no se puede echar.
\phrase_n Note:katiki:sa moburroh. O:kiyeti:ka:mat tli:n o:tma:maltih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e In the middle of the route, your burro has lied down on the ground to rest. Whatever you loaded was too heavy for him.
\phrase_s A medio camino se echa tu burro en el suelo. Sintiópesado lo que le cargaste encima.
\phrase_n Yo:note:kak, ye kochi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has already lied down, he is already asleep.
\phrase_s Ya se acostó, ya duerme.
\sense_e to lay or hold horizontally; to place in a flat horizontal position (e.g., a machete when cutting down bushes)
\sense_s inclinar horizontalmente (p. ej., un machete al cortar arbustos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka xteketsa, xte:ka -=xpexte:ka- mowitso:k!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't hold your witso:ktli upright, incline it horizontally (e.g., when weeding, so that the blade enters the ground at a low angle)!
\phrase_s No mantengas tu espátula (witso:ktli) en posición vertical, acuéstalo horizontalmente (p. ej., al limpiar la milpa de hierba, colocándola para que la
hoja entre la tierra a unángulo muy cerrado)!
\phrase_n Yo:timoma:kaxa:nih! Xtili:ni moma, nika:n o:pe:w ko:ko:tsi:liwi, xok kwahli note:katiw in i:loh, san te:pan noma:matilotiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You've let your arm go slack (in this case not pulling tight on a tarabi:yah used to make cord)! Hold your arm tight! Here it's begun to twist up, the threads
are no longer laying out nice and flat (i.e., the strands on each other), they go twisting over and around each other in places.
\phrase_s ¡Dejaste aflojar el brazo (en este caso al no jalar fuerte a una tarabilla)!¡Apriétatelo! Aquíya empezóa quedar torcido en varios lugar, ya no se va quedando plano el
hilo, más bien se va enredando, se va enroscando sobre si mismo en algunos lugares.
\sense_e (refl.) to give birth (to lie down to give birth and recuperate afterward)
\sense_s (refl.) dar a luz (acostarse para dar a luz y recuperar después)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:note:kak, yo:tla:kat ikone:tsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She has given birth, her child has already been born.
\phrase_s Dio a luz, ya naciósu niñito.
\sense_e (refl.) to overflow and spread out over low-lying ground (a swollen river)
\sense_s (refl.) rebasar su cauce y extenderse sobre un terreno plano (un río crecido)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:note:kak a:tentli, ye we:ixtiw, yo:we:iyak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The river has overflowed its banks and inundated the adjoining land, it's swelling, it's gotten big (e.g., from the summer rains).
\phrase_s El río ha rebasado su cauce e inundado el terreno colindante, va creciendo, ya se hizo grande (p. ej., de la lluvia del verano).
\semfld motion
\root te:ka
\disamb note:ka; nomela:wa; nokoxte:ka
\nse In the sense of pouring liquid into a container, in Ameyaltepec it is more common to use xelowa than te:ka , although both are correct. Used
reflexively in the sense of 'to lie (oneself) down' the most common subject is an animal, such as a dog. Used with humans (except women who are about to give birth) the word
te:ka has a slightly aggressive or insulting sense. Thus, said to a person Nika:n xmote:ka ! 'Lie down here!, is somewhat insulting or joking (like
Spanish 'échate aquí' would be); the more correct and usual statement would be Nika:n xmomela:wa ! However, the reflexive use with humans is fully acceptable in
reference to women about to give birth.
\xref te:kilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04306
\lxam ximiki
\lxam_c ximiki
\lxoa xihmiki
\lxoa_c xihmiki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to get overgrown with weeds (a plant, garden, field, etc.)
\sense_s ahogarse, cubrirse o llenarse de maleza o hierba (una planta, jardín o milpa, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n We:i o:tito:kak. Ximikis momi:l, xok wel nowapa:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You planted a lot of land. Your field will get overgrown with weeds, it won't grow high.
\phrase_s Sembraste mucho. Tu milpa se va a ahogar con hierba, no va a crecer muy alto.
\phrase_n Yo:ximik, xo:tikma:te:kak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It got overgrown with weeds (in this case a planted field), you didn't weed it.
\phrase_s Se ahogócon maleza (en este caso un campo sembrado), no lo deshierbaste.
\root xiw
\root miki
\qry Check whether Ameyaltepec also has remnants of /w/.
\qry_fon Ask phonetician for acoustic analysis of {xihmiki}.
\xref ximiktia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref xihmihtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 04307
\lxam tepe:wa
\lxam_c kitepe:wa
\lxoa tepe:wa
\lxoa_c kitepe:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to (intentionally) sprinkle or scatter on the ground (e.g., seeds or other small, solid objects)
\sense_s regar o esparcir (intencionalmente) sobre la tierra (p. ej., semillas u otros objetos pequeños y sólidos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tikte:tepe:was sempwalxo:chitl para ixwas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will slowly scatter the marigold seeds on the ground so that they sprout.
\phrase_s Va a regar las semillas del cempualxochitl despacio sobre el suelo para que germinen.
\sense_e to (accidentally) spill onto the ground (objects such as grains, beans, coins)
\sense_s desparramar (objetos sólidos como granos y semillas, sin intención)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ntepe:w un tlayo:hli. O:ne:chma:tlan. A:man xtlapepenaka:n ko:koneh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I spilled the maize onto the ground (by accident, e.g., by carelessly carrying an open sack). It (e.g., a sack) slipped out of my hand. Now children, gather it all up!
\phrase_s Desparraméel maíz sobre el suelo (sin propósito, p. ej., al llevar sin cuidado un costal abierto). se me fue de la mano.¡Ahora niños, a recoger!
\root tepe:-2-
\ref 04308
\lxam ni:siwtsi:n
\lxam_c ni:siwtsi:n
\lxoa ni:sihtsi:n
\lxoa_c ni:sihtsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-pl-tsi:n
\sense_e very close
\sense_s muy cerca, pegaditos
\sense_d Pending
\root ni:siw
\nse Ni:siwtsi:n indicates a distance that is less than that indicated by ni:siw.
\mod Note that it is unclear whether these diminutives should have separate entries; the same would apply to /wekatsi:n/. But since it is hard to predict which adverbs accept the
diminutive, perhaps it is best to give them separate entries. Note that /ni:siwtsi:n/ is closer than /ni:siw/.
\ref 04309
\lxam tla:lwa:xin
\lxam_c tla:lwa:xin
\lxoa tla:lwa:xin
\lxoa_c tla:lwa:xin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e Desmanthus sp.Willd., type of small guaje whose fruit is eaten in September, a member of the Leguminoseae family
\sense_s Desmanthus sp.Willd., tipo de guaje pequeño cuyo fruta se come en septiembre, miembro de la familia Leguminoseae
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld edible
\root tla:l
\root wa:x
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the ahuaje. Schoenhals (1988) has nothing by this name. Nor do Guizar and Sánchez (1991), perhaps because this
is more of a bush than a tree.
\ref 04310
\lxam tlakwa:mpets
\lxam_c tlakwa:mpets
\lxoa tlankwa:pets
\lxoa_c tlankwa:pets
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e folk generic name for a group that includes two folk species: tlakwa:mpets istá:k (Am) or tlankwa:pets ista:k (Oa); and tlakwa:mpets
tli:ltik (Am) or tlankwa:pets mora:doh (Oa); both are of the genus Cordiain the Boraginaceae family
\sense_s nombre genérico foklórico de un grupo que incluye dos especies folk: tlakwa:mpets istá:k (Am) o tlankwa:pets ista:k (Oa); y
tlakwa:mpets de tli:ltik (Am) o tlankwa:pets mora:doh (Oa); ambos son del género Cordiaen la familia Boraginaceae
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlakwa:mpets | San para tlikuwtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tlakwa:mpets : It's just for firewood.
\phrase_s Tlakwa:mpets : Solamente es para leña.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root tlakwa:m
\root pets
\nse Local consultants (in Feb. 2001) consistently gave the Spanish name of this tree as palo prieto.
\notes_nature Silvestre Pantaleón of Oapan (Feb. 2001) stated that there were types of tlakwa:mpets among which he gave tlakwa:mpets moradi:toh ,
probably a variety or form of the tlakwa:mpets (perhaps with purple flowers). Ramírez (1991) identifies the tlakwa:mpets. as the palo
prieto, a tree of the Boraginaceaefamily and the genus/species Cordia alliodora. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) also give this as palo
prieto. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:176) give one tree of this family, the Cordia morelosana, which they mention has various names in Spanish: palo
del muerto, macahuite, palo prieto, flor de anacahuite,and nacahuite. Schoenhals (1988) has several trees of this genus. Under siricote, for example,
she states:"1. (Cordiaspp., e.g., C. dodecandra) 'orange cordia,' starbell.' Vivid flowering tree with leaves that can be used as sandpaper. Orange
tube-flowers; edible, rather acid fruit. F lo wers and fruit a re used in cough syrup; wood is used for furniture. Also called anacahuite, copté, cupape. 2. (Cordia
boissieri) 'anacahuita.' See anacahuite."And the Cordia alliodorais mentioned under hormiguillo:"1. (Platymiscium dimorphandrum) '[family] pea.' See
palo de marimba. 2. (Cordia alliodora) 'onion cordia.' A hardwood tree used in construction because the wood splits nicely. The tree houses nests of stinging ants.
Also called bojón. 3. (Pithecolobiumspp., e.g., P. dulce) 'ape's earing,' blackbead bush.' See guamúchil."
\qry Etymology uncertain, check.
\ref 04311
\lxam kochma:tlatl
\lxam_c kochma:tlatl
\lxoa kochma:tlatl
\lxoa_c kochma:tlatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound S-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e hammock
\sense_s hamaca
\sense_d Pending
\root kochi
\root ma:tla
\nse This word is rarely used in Ameyaltepec, and appears to be a borrowing from nearby villages such as Oapan or even more probably Copalillo, where hammocks are made. More
common in Ameyaltepec is the Spanish borrowing ama:kah.
\ref 04312
\lxam tsotsoyoktli
\lxam_c i:tsotsoyokio
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-ni-k
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infn Stem 1(:)
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\sense_e sap of firewood that bubbles out as it is burning
\sense_s savia que sale al quemarse leña
\sense_d Am
\root tsoyo:
\nae Whether tsotsoyoktli , which to date has only been documented in possessed form with -yo, should be considered derived from tsoyo:ni
or tsotsoyoka is not clear. There are cases in which a nominal ending in /-ktli/ is derived from a verb ending in /-ni/ (e.g., kwalaktli) although in most
cases the verbal stem is reduplicated, thus suggesting that the derivation might be based on the frequentative stem. Yet given the previous classification of nominals ending in /-ktli/,
tsotsoyokio has been so classified, with the observation that this word has only been documented in the inalienably possessed form marked by -yo ; there
is no documented abstract noun ? tsotsoyokio:tl. In Oapan the term used for sap that comes out of firewood as it is burned is tlikuhtli i:a:yo.
\qry For all -yo obligatorily possessed nouns, check for abstract form. Here that would be /tsotsoyokio:tl/.
\grm Inalienable possessoin; /-yo/: Whether tsotsoyoktli , which to date has only been documented in possessed form with -yo, should be considered
derived from tsoyo:ni or tsotsoyoka is not clear. There are cases in which a nominal ending in /-ktli/ is derived from a verb ending in /-ni/
(e.g., kwalaktli) although in most cases the verbal stem is reduplicated, thus suggesting that the derivation might be based on the frequentative stem. Yet
given the previous classification of nominals ending in /-ktli/, tsotsoyokio has been so classified, with the observation that this word has only been
documented in the inalienably possessed form marked by -yo ; there is no documented abstract noun ? tsotsoyokio:tl.
\ref 04313
\lxam tlatska:yo:tl
\lxam_c i:tlatska:yo
\lxoa tlatska:yo:tl
\lxoa_c i:tlatska:yo
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-?
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e laziness
\sense_s flojera
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Sayái:tlatska:yo tlakwalchi:wa.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e She's preparing food without any desire at all.
\phrase_s Estáhaciendo comida sin nada de ganas.
\ref 04314
\lxam ipan
\lxam_c ipan
\lxoa i:pan
\lxoa_c i:pan
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Subord
\der Subord
\sense_e (~ [noun]) on [noun]
\sense_s (~ [noun]) sobre o por encima de [sustantivo]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kistekw ipan ima.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He pinched him on the arm.
\phrase_s Lo pellizcópor el brazo.
\phrase_n Xkontla:li ipan me:sah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go put in there on the table!
\phrase_s ¡Pónlo allásobre la mesa!
\phrase_n Nitsikwinis ipan un tepantli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will jump up on that wall.
\phrase_s Voy a brincar sobre esa pared.
\phrase_n I:pan tia:skeh un ne:nkah ko:chin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We will go in that there car.
\phrase_s Vamos en ese coche allí.
\sense_e (~ [noun]) from [noun]
\sense_s (~ [noun]) desde o de [sustantivo]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nitlatskwepo:ntekok. O:niwetsiko ipan noma:choh. O:ne:cha:ltlakal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I fell to the ground with a resounding thud. I fell off my mule. It thew me down.
\phrase_s Caícon estrépito a la tierra. Caíde mi macho. Me aventóa la tierra.
\sense_e (~ [noun indicating an area]) at, on, within [the area indicated by the noun]
\sense_s (~ [sustantivo indicando unaárea]) a, en, hacia, entre [laárea indicada por el sustantivo]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xontlachia ipan nomi:l deke xkalaki wa:kax!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go take a look at my milpa to see if cattle are getting in!
\phrase_s ¡Vete a asomar a mi milpa a ver si han entrado ganado!
\phrase_n I:tik kuwyoh cha:ntilo, ipan tepe:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e People live in the woods, in the hills.
\phrase_s Se vive en el bosque, en los cerros.
\phrase_n Ne: ipan otli o:nikwa:lka:wtiki:s noburroh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I left my burro tied up there on the path behind me (as I was coming this way).
\phrase_s Allíen el sendero atrás dejéamarrado mi burro (mientras que venía en esta dirección).
\sense_e (~ [noun indicating an open space]) through; out through (e.g., a door, a window)
\sense_s (~ [sustantivo indicando un espacio abierto]) a través; por (p. ej., una puerta, una ventana)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xontlachia ipan benta:nah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take a look (peek) out the window.
\phrase_s Asómate por la ventana.
\sense_e (~ tsikwini) to mount (one animal with another); (vulg.) to screw (i.e., have sexual intercourse with a woman [O])
\sense_s (~ tsikwini) montar (sexualmente, un animal a otro); (vulg.) coger (esto es, tener relaciones sexuales con una mujer [O])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tewa ipan o:titsikwin un ne:nkah suwa:tl?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Did you screw that woman there?
\phrase_s ¿Cogiste esa chava allá?
\sense_e (~ [noun (phrase) indicating a time period]) during, within (e.g, a week, etc.)
\sense_s (~ [sustantivo (frase sustantival) indicando un periodo de tiempo) dentro de, durante (p. ej., una semana)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:pan sema:nah sa:ntah yes kamotli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There will be sweet potatoes during Holy Week.
\phrase_s Durante semana santa habrácamotes.
\phrase_n I:pan ye:i to:nahli tia:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We will go in three days.
\phrase_s Vamos en tres días.
\sense_e (~ [noun indicating a productive activity or an object that is produced or the focus of a particular activity]) to engage in (a given productive task)
\sense_s (~ [sustantivo indicando una actividad productiva o un objeto que se produce o que es el foco de una actividad productiva]) trabajar en (una actividad)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nkak timote:ne:waya ipan iswatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I heard that you think you were good at stripping dried corn leaves from the stalk (during the zacateo).
\phrase_s Escuchéque te jactaba que eres bueno para el zacateo.
\phrase_n Tli:no:n ipan tekiti?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e What does he work at (do, i.e., as a job)?
\phrase_s ¿En quétrabaja?
\sense_e (~ [number]) the [ordinal] time
\sense_s (~ [número]) el [ordinal] tiempo o vez
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:pan ye:i to:ka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He plants on the third time (he runs the plow over the field).
\phrase_s Siembra la tercera vez (que ara el terreno).
\phrase_n I:pan na:wi to:ka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He plants on the third time (he runs the plow over the field).
\phrase_s Siembra la tercera vez (que ara el terreno).
\root_rel -pan
\nse For an illustration of the different ways one plows depending on whether one plants on the third or fourth pass, see diagram with o:melia filecard.
\semref -pan
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04315
\lxam teiksi
\lxam_c teiksi
\lxoa teisi
\lxoa_c teisi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to get hard-boiled (an egg)
\sense_s cocer hasta que se ponga duro (un huevo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka kwahli teiksis, san niktlapalo:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't let it (an egg) get real hard-boiled, I'll just scoop it up to eat it!
\phrase_s ¡No vayas a dejar que se ponga duro (un huevo), voy a sopearlo nada más!
\root te
\root ksi
\nae It is not clear whether the te element is the nominal root for 'stone' (tetl) or the intensifier te-. For now I have analyzed it as
derived from the nominal root since this word is used only in referece to eggs that become hardboiled.
\qry In the original phrase/filecard I had /Ma:ka kwahli teiksis, san tiktepalo:s/. Since I do not remember having heard /tepalowa/ at all, and /tlapalowa/ has a sense matching that of the
translation I had written down '... I'll just scoop it to eat it' I have changed the Nahuatl to /tlapalowa/. However, the correctness of the original /tepalowa/ should be checked. Check
for causative; I originally had /teikxitia/ and /teixitia/ here xref'd. But perhaps these aren't word.
\semref iksi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref isi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04316
\lxam kwelpachowa
\lxam_c kikwelpachowa
\lxoa kwelpachowa
\lxoa_c kikwelpachowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp S-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to fold, to fold up or over (paper, clothes, and other items that are flat and can be folded up)
\sense_s plegar; doblar (papel, tela o ropa y otros objetos planos que se pueden doblar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwelpacho mopilisa:l, xte:tekwia!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Double up your blanket, fold it up half by half!
\phrase_s ¡Dobla tu cobija, dóblala mitad por mitad!
\phrase_n Xkwe:kwelpacho mopilisa:l!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Fold up your blanket, half by half!
\phrase_s ¡Dobla tu cobija, mitad por mitad!
\phrase_n Xkwelpacho un la:soh! Xkwi:teki un burroh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Double up that lasso! Whip that donkey!
\phrase_s ¡Dóblale a esa riata!¡Azota ese burro!
\phrase_n Xkwe:kwelpacho mola:soh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Fold your lasso over and over itself (e.g., to store or carry it)!
\phrase_s ¡Dobla tu laso una y otra vez (p. ej., para guardarlo o cargarlo)!
\sense_e to double over; to bend (a stick or rod, sth long so that it is almost doubled back on itself)
\sense_s doblar (una vara, algo largo hasta que casi se dobla sobre si mismo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwelpacho para tiksa:lo:s para chi:tatli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Bend it around (in this case a rod) so that you can tie its ends for a hanging basket!
\phrase_s ¡Dóblala (en este caso una vara) para que lo puedas atar para una cuña!
\phrase_n Xkwelpacho, ma no:liwi para un a:roh de tambo:rah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Bend it over (a rod) so that it curves around and can be used for the ring of the big bass drum.
\phrase_s Dóblalo (una vara) para que se encorva y se puede utilizar para el aro del tambor.
\root kwel
\root pach
\nse Kwelpachowa is used to indicate bending something flexible, such as a rod, or to folding over something like cloth or even something hard (e.g., a
petate) and creasing it.
\root_notes Recheck analysis of root /kwel/ for possible further derivation; perhaps related to /kwep/.
\xref tlakwelpachowa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04317
\lxam pitsa:wak
\lxam_c pitsa:wak
\lxoa pitsa:wak
\lxoa_c pitsa:wak
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-k
\sense_e narrow (sth long such as a stick, strips of leather, or rope, as well as a person or animal's waist)
\sense_s delgado (algo largo como una vara, tirantes de cuero, o una soga, como también la cintura de una persona o animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nipitsa:wak, xwe:i nitlakwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm thin (i.e., have a thin waistline), I don't eat a lot.
\phrase_s Soy delgado (esto es, con una pequeña cintura), no como mucho.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) close together (in reference to the space between rows of items or, particularly, the furrows in a field)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) juntos (en referencia al espacio entre hileras de cosas o, particularmente, los surcos de un terreno para sembrar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pipitsa:wak -=pipi:stik- kwentli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The furrows are close togther (i.e., the mounds between them are narrow).
\phrase_s Los surcos están muy apretados (esto es, los montículos entre ellos son angostos).
\sense_e high-pitched (as a voice or sound)
\sense_s agudo (una voz o sonido)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pitsa:wak tlatowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He speaks in a high voice.
\phrase_s Habla con una voz alta y aguda.
\semfld shape
\semfld sound
\disamb pitsa:wak; tewahki
\root pitsa:
\qry Distinguish meaning of /nipitsa:wak/ and /nitewahki/.
\ref 04318
\lxam ma:tetekwia
\lxam_c noma:tetekwia
\lxoa má:tekwía
\lxoa_pr ma:tekwia
\lxoa_f ['ma: te 'kwi a]
\lxoa_c kima:té:tekwía, kima:tétekwía
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-3c(pia)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl.) to roll up ones shirt sleeves
\sense_s (refl.) arremangarse la camisa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmoma:tetekwia para timomateki:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Roll up your sleeves so that you can wash your hands!
\phrase_s ¡Arremángate la camisa para que te puedas lavar las manos!
\root ma:
\root te
\root hkwiya
\nae The verbal stem has an underlying {h} that, as expected, is lost in surface Ameyaltepec form and is realized as pitch accent in Oapan. The elicitation form for Oapan Nahuatl has a
definite long vowel in the speech of Florencia Marcelino. Measurement of the two /e/ vowels in her speech tokens yields 104:74 and 97:66. The first vowel in each sequence is well
within the range of long vowels. The speech tokens of Inocencio Jiménez yield patterns of 74:52 ms and 66:39 ms. Here the ration is similar to that of Florencia, but the absolute
duration is quite a bit shorter. It might also well be that in Oapan (and Ameyaltepec as well) the verb tékwiyá (Oa) has two reduplicative patterns, one with a long
vowel and another with a short vowel. This was found to be the case with a verb such as miliwi. Short vowel reduplication referenced a rolling up movement that
occurs in one place, as a petate that is rolled up (or rolls up). Long vowel reduplication (e.g., mi: miliwi) is used to represent the action of rolling over an
extended surface or space, as when a rock is rolled (or rolls) over the ground. However, the absence of an additional pitch accent on the syllable má: in the speech of
Inocencio Jiménez suggests that his reduplicant might indeed have a long vowel. If this were the case, then the action referred to would perhaps be the rolling up of ones sleeves,
neatly one time over another. In general all compounds with tekwia (Am) / tékwiyá (Oa) should be analyzed for possible reduplicative patterns and
their meanings.
\qry Check to determine possibility of transitive, non-reflexive, use. Check all the words that might have /tetekwia/; also fully determine the inflectional paradigm. Check
/pa:ntalontetekwia/, which I have as a non-reflexive. Cf. /ikxitekwia/ which I have recorded without reduplication of the verb stem, and /ma:tetekwia/ which is entered with
reduplication.
\ref 04319
\lxam sentekone:tl
\lxam_c sentekone:tl
\lxoa sentekone:tl
\lxoa_c sentekone:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound Mod-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e beloved child
\sense_s niño muy querido
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewameh nosentekone:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are my beloved children.
\phrase_s Son mis niños queridos.
\root sem
\root te
\root kone:
\qry Determine all other forms that begin with /sente-/, which seems to have the meaning of 'totality,' 'completeness,' etc.
\ref 04320
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwa:xohtli
\lxoa_c kwa:xohtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e Parkinsonia praecox(Ruiz et Pav.) Hawkins, tree of the Leguminoseae family, characterized by its green bark and apparently called paloverde in
Spanish
\sense_s Parkinsonia praecox(Ruiz et Pav.) Hawkins,árbol de la familia Leguminoseae caracterizado por su cáscara verde y aparentemente llamado 'palo verde' en español
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root kow
\root xo
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this trees as"palo verde"but gives no further identification. However, Schoenhals (1988) does discuss the palo verde:"(Cercidiumspp.,
e.g., C. praecox, C. microphyllum) 'paloverde,' 'foothill paloverde,' 'yellow paloverde' Low spiny, deciduous tree in central, arid areas. Has 4-10 pairs of
yellowish-grean leaflets per side of the branch. Pale green bark and yellow flowers. Also called palo brea. 2. (Cercidium floridum) 'blue paloverde' Similar
to the foothil paloverde but has a bluish bark and bluish-green leftlets. Has 1-4 pairs of leaflets per side of this branch. Blooms earlier than the foothill paloverde. Flowers
appear in masses covering the tree. 3. (Parkinsonia aculeata) 'yello paloverde,' Jerusalem thorn,' 'Mexican paloverde' Yellowish-green twigs and yellow flowers.
Also called bagota, espinillo, mezquite verde, retama."Guizar and Sánchez (1991) describe the retama, or Parkinsonia aculeata. It do es not see m to
correspond to the kuhxoxoktli.
\semref kuwxoxoktli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 04321
\lxam iksan kayo:tl
\lxam_c iksan kayo:tl
\lxoa isan kayo:tl
\lxoa_alt isen kayo:tl
\lxoa_alt iksan kayo:tl
\lxoa_c isan kayo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e sth from a long time ago; ancient
\sense_s algo de hace muchos años; antiguo
\sense_d Pending
\root iksan
\root kayo:
\nse The word isanor iksanis not commonly used in Oapan. Thus there is quite a variation in how the initial vowel is realized. The common term is i
weka:w kayo:tl.
\nae There is a possibility that Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez have different vowel quantities in the initial /i/ of isan kayo:tl. The two speech tokens of Inocencio
have a duration well within the range of long vowels: 96 ms. However, those of Florencia are considerably shorter, just under 80 ms. Initial vowels seem to vary considerably in
duration, so it might simply be a natural variation. More examples would be needed to make any definitive statement; for now the word and its root have been written with a long
initial vowel.
\vl Link 1st female and 1st male token.
\ref 04322
\lxam panwetsi
\lxam_c panwetsi
\lxoa powetsi
\lxoa_c powetsi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp S-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to arrive at the top (e.g., of a hill); to overflow (a river its banks)
\sense_s llegar a la cima (p. ej., de un cerro); desbordarse (un río su lecho)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xwel nipanwetsi, yo:nisiaw, we:i tlakaltech.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I can't make it to the top (in this case of a hill), it is a long steep slope.
\phrase_s No puedo llegar a la cima (en este caso de un cerro), es una larga subida muy inclinada.
\phrase_n Xtsikwi:nalti mokaba:yoh, ma panwetsi ipan tla:losto:tsi:ntli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make your horse jump so that it leaps up on that small ledge of ground!
\phrase_s ¡Haz brincar a tu caballo, que alcance subir a ese pedazo saliente de tierra!
\phrase_n Yo:panwets a:tl itik nomi:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The water (of a river) overflowed into my milpa.
\phrase_s El agua (de un río) desbordóentrando mi milpa.
\phrase_n Xwel nipanwetsi, ke:n tlakpak. Xne:cha:ltila:na!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I can't make it to the top (in this case of a high wall), it's really high. Reach down and pull me up!
\phrase_s No puedo llegar arriba (en este caso de una pared alta), es muy alta.¡Estírate hacia acápara jalarme arriba!
\sense_e (fig.) to make it to the top (in terms of wealth, professional standing, etc.); to become wealthy; to emerge from poverty
\sense_s (fig.) llegar a la cima (en cuanto a riqueza, posición profesional, etc.); salir de la pobreza; hacerse rico
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sana:man o:panwets. Xka:wa, melá:k tlayo:wia:ya, a:man miák iyo:lka:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He got rich in a hurry. Who would have thought it, he used to really suffer, now he has a lot of animals.
\phrase_s Se hizo rico rápido.¿Quién lo iba a creer? sufría mucho, ahora tiene muchos animales.
\sense_e to show up on the surface (e.g., pimples from a rash, foam on water, etc.)
\sense_s manifestarse sobre la superficie (p. ej., granitos de una alergia que aparecen sobre la piel, espuma en el agua, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:panwets tso:tso:tl, tlaxwistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sores, boils, have appeared on my skin.
\phrase_s Granos, furúnculos salieron sobre mi piel.
\phrase_n Xkita moko:n! Yo:panwets ipoposokio, xkii:xtlakukwi:li:ki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take a look at your pot! It's foam has risen to the surface, come and skim it off the top!
\phrase_s ¡Ve tu olla! su espuma ya salióa la superficie,¡ven a espumarlo (esto es, el líquido que estáadentro)!
\phrase_n Yo:panwets ipoposokio a:tepe:ya:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Foam has formed on the top of the torrent of water.
\phrase_s Espuma saliópor la superficie de este torrente de agua.
\sense_e (often with an intraverse directional) to come up (a seedling); to come out or break the surface; to appear on the surface (sth from underwater or underground)
\sense_s (a menudo con una direccional intraversa) brotar o germinar (una semilla saliendo a la superficie de la tierra); salir a flote (algo que aparece en la superficie del agua o la
tierra)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xewa:lpanwetsi mi:hli, kemech ixwa, seki o:panwetsiko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The corn plants have not sprouted yet, they are about to, (yet) some have broken through the surface.
\phrase_s Las plantas de maíz no han salido, apenas van a germinar, (sin embargo) algunos ya salieron a la superficie.
\phrase_n Xmotlalo, xma:tlakali! Xkita ke:n miák michin yo:panwetsikon -=yo:panwetskeh-!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Run, throw yourself into the water! Look how many fish have come to the surface (after having used a máquina to fish, stunning them so they float to the
surface)!
\phrase_s ¡Corre, aviéntate al agua!¡Ve que tantos peces ya salieron a la superficie (p. ej., después de usar una"máquina"para pescar, dejándo a los peces aturdidos)!
\phrase_n Yo:panwets noara:doh, xok tla:laki, melá:k chika:wak tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My plow has come up to the surface, it's no longer (going along) in the earth, the ground is really hard.
\phrase_s Saliómi arado por la superficie, ya no va dentro de la tierra, el suelo es de veras muy duro.
\phrase_n Xkitati, yo:polak! Kas yo:a:mi:mik yes! Ka, yo:panwetsiko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take a look, he's gone underwater! Maybe he's drowned! No, he's come up to the surface.
\phrase_s ¡Ve, ya se metióabajo del agua! A lo mejor se ahogó! No, ya salióa flote.
\root -pan; wetsi
\grm Future; copula; modal Note the use of the future copula with a perfective formation to indicate doubt: /Kas yo:a:mi:mik yes!/
\grm Directional: /Xwel nipanwetsi, ke:n tlakpak. Xne:chwa:ltila:na!/ 'I can't make it to the top (in this case of a high wall), it's really high. Reach down and pull me up!' In this
example the /wa:l-/ indicates that the action is taking place toward a deictic reference point, but does not involve subject movement. The action that occurs is that of the A
(already at the top of the wall) reaching toward the O (also down to the ground) and pulling him up to the top of the wall. Note another use of directionals; here intraverse
directionals to indicate the piercing of a plane, and the passing from one side to another. Cf. /Xewa:lpanwetsi mi:hli, kimich ixwa, seki o:panwetsiko/ 'The corn plants have
not sprouted yet, they are about to, (yet) some have broken through the surface.' Here the maize plants break the surface of the ground, as the seedlings come up. This same
use of directionals is found in /chichipini/, /peti/, etc. It is very obvious is sth like /pilkatok/ 'to be hanging down' vs. /wa:lpilkatok/ 'to behanging down through.'
Nevertheless, perhaps it will be good to further explore the difference between /o:panwetsiko/ and /o:panwets/.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note that in /powetsi/ apparently the etymology is /pon/ with loss of /n/. This loss of /n/ is not uncommon in Oapan.
\xref panwetsi:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref panwetsi:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref powetsi:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\xref powetsi:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 04323
\lxam a:xi:xkwalo
\lxam_c a:xi:xkwalo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp [N-N]-V1
\der V1-pass
\infv class-4a(pass)
\sense_e to feel pain when urinating
\sense_s sentir dolor al orinar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Na:xi:xkwalo. Toto:nki nikpia nitik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It hurts when I urinate. I am hot inside.
\phrase_s Me duele al orinar. siento caliente adentro.
\root a:
\root xi:xa
\root kwa
\nse In Ameyaltepec it is said that if one goes to burn the fields (monte), one will as a result feel a burning pain when urinating (a:xi:xkwalo:s) as a result of
being near the heat of the burning field.
\semref tlapia:skwalo
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04324
\lxam panowa
\lxam_c kipanowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4c(pano)
\sense_e to be at a given place (during a fiesta or holiday)
\sense_s pasar (una fiesta o dia festivo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:kipano:k fie:stah nika:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He was here during the fiesta.
\phrase_s Pasóla fiesta aquí.
\sense_e to pass a moment (either well or poorly, depending on the context); to have a (hard or easy) time of it
\sense_s pasarselas (bien o mal, según el contexto)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xmi:xkwi:ti ina:k un ne:nkah tla:katl, ke:n kichi:wtok! A:man kipano:tok xkwahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take example (or warning) from how that that there man is doing it! Now he is having a hard time of it.
\phrase_s ¡Toma ejemplo (o toma aviso) de como lo estáhaciendo ese hombre! Ahora se la estápasando mal.
\root pano:
\nse In Oapan one would say, for example, nika:n nipano:s fie:stah
\ref 04325
\lxam tla:lomitl
\lxam_c tla:lomitl
\lxoa tla:lomitl
\lxoa_c tla:lomitl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of small, worm-like animal that lives in the ground
\sense_s tipo de animalito pequeño, como gusano, que vive en la tierra
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tla:lomitl, ke:itlah kwilintsitsi:nteh. Cha:ntin itik tla:hli, wel kikwa itsi:nelwayo:tsi:n mi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tla:lomitl , they are like little worms. They live in the ground, they can eat the bottom of the roots of maize plants.
\phrase_s El tla:lomitl , son como gusanitos. Viven en la tierra, pueden comer las partes inferiores de las raíces del maíz.
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root tla:l
\root omi
\nae Although as an independent word Oapan Nahuatl has komitetlfor 'bone,' here in a compound the more expected form omitl appears.
\ref 04326
\lxam a:to:hli
\lxam_c a:to:hli
\lxoa a:to:hli
\lxoa_c a:to:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e atole (in general, of which there are many types)
\sense_s atole (en general, de que hay muchos tipos)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food-atole
\ency_note a:to:hli
\root a:to:l
\nse There are the following types of atole documented in Ameyaltepec, perhaps not a complete list: poyé:k a:to:hli , /tsope:lik a:tohli ,
/ye:lo:a:to:hli , /tlayo:la:to:hli , /i:skia:to:hli or /a:to:hli de i:skitl , and /a:to:hli de le:cheh or le:cheh
a:to:hli.
\qry Under /kaxtiltsi:n/ I mention, taken from notes, that this bean is used for atole; however, it is not clear from the entry under atole what type might use this bean. Check.
\mod For onomasiological section, give a complete account of how atole is made, the types, etc. Note that one type uses /pi:pitik yetl/; check which one.
\vl There is an additional female token from 4600.
\ref 04327
\lxam miki xiwtli
\lxam_c miki xiwtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\sense_e Mimosa pudicaL., small plant of the Leguminoseae family that closes up and droops when touched
\sense_s Mimosa pudicaL., pequeña planta de la familia Leguminoseae que se cierra al ser tocado
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Se: xiwtli, san tikwiyo:ni:s, tikonaxili:s, wetsi ipan tla:hli. Kochi, ke:itlah pipi:liwi.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Gabriel de la Cruz
\phrase_e It (the miki xiwtli) is a plant that when you just move it, just brush by it, it falls over to the ground. It droops over like it (its leaves) just shrivels up and hangs
down in a clump.
\phrase_s Es una planta (el miki xiwtli) que nada más la mueves, nada más le alcanzas ligeramente, cae a la tierra. Duerme, es como síse encoge y se pone mustio.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root miki
\root xiw
\nse The consultant who named this plant, Gabriel de la Cruz, mentioned that although he was not sure of its precise identification he was sure that it did exist: Another consultant, Luis
Lucena, stated that he did not know of any plant by this name. It is almost certain that this is the plant also known as kokochi xiwtlior xiwtli de
kochi in Ameyaltepec and kochi xihtliin Oapan.
\semref kokochi xiwtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref xiwtli de kochi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kochi xihtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04328
\lxam xelwa:swia
\lxam_c kixelwa:swia
\lxoa xalwa:swia
\lxoa_f [xal wa:s 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kixalwa:swia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to comb the hair of (sb) with the type of maguey-fiber brush known as a xelwa:stli
\sense_s peinar (a algn) con el tipo de cepillo hecho de fibra de maguey conocido como xelwa:stli
\sense_d Pending
\root xel
\vl There are 3 female tokens and 2 male ones. There is also one mispronounced male token that should not be tagged.
\ref 04329
\lxam a:wihli
\lxam_c a:wihli
\lxoa á:wihlí
\lxoa_c á:wihlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes
\sense_e toy; game
\sense_s juguete; juego
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e Carnival
\sense_s Carnaval
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ki:sas a:wihli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The Carnival will take place.
\phrase_s Se va a llevar a cabo el carnaval.
\root a:wil
\nse In Oapan the reduplicated form á:wihlí refers to toys whereas the unreduplicated form a:wihli only refers to Carnival. In Ameyaltepec the unreduplicated
form can refer to either Carnival or a single toy. Reduplication is used to pluralize the latter (although the unreduplicated a:wilteh is also an acceptable plural form).
\qry_fon Note that the pitch accent on the final syllable of Oapan á:wihlí does not seem to peak at the end of the syllable. For Florencia Marcelino it peaks about
halfway through the /i/, while for Inocencio Jiménez it peaks at the end of the preceding /l/. Perhaps an acoustic study should be done of final syllable pitch accent to
determine the pattern found. The pattern also seems to show devoicing of the final vowel before the glottal stop ending. Finally, a study of the duration of these final vowels
should be conducted. Although"short", the final /i/ of /á:wihlí/ seems to measure well over 100 ms. In nonfinal contexts this would be within the range of a phonologically
long vowel. It seems that this is a function/reflex of the final pitch accent. Thus a ramification, in this interpretation of final pitch accent is vowel lengthening.
\ref 04330
\lxam tlanepano:hli
\lxam_c tlanepano:hli
\lxoa tlanepano:hli
\lxoa_c tlanepano:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e second or subsequent spouse, i.e., a member of the opposite sex that one takes as a partner without a formal marriage
\sense_s segundo esposo, u otro después, esto es, un miembro del sexo opuesto que uno toma como compañero sin casarse formalmente
\sense_d Pending
\root nepan
\disamb tlawi:kahli; tlanepano:hli
\nse Apparently this is synonymous, or nearly synonymous, to tlawi:kahli.
\semref tlawi:kahli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04331
\lxam ma:xiw
\lxam_c i:ma:xiw
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-xiw
\infn N2
\sense_e person with an arm or hands like [possessor]
\sense_s persona con el brazo o la mano como [poseedor]
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ma tlakwilo moma:xiw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let the person write who has a hand like mine (e.g. also left-handed, or who is as good or well trained a writer as me, etc.)!
\phrase_s ¡Deja que escribaél que tiene la mano como yo (p. ej., que también es surdo, o que también escribe tan bonito, o que es tan proficiente como yo).
\phrase_n Yewa ima:xiw, nochimeh tlatskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's just the same as him with his hands, they are both lazy.
\phrase_s Es comoél con las manos, los dos son unos flojos.
\phrase_n Noma:xiw. Xtimotla:nin, san pare:jos tiaweh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's my equal with what he can do with his hands (or arms). We don't compete, we just go (working along) at the same pace.
\phrase_s Es mi igual con lo que puede hacer con las manos (o los brazos). No hacemos competencia, vamos trabajando al mismo ritmo.
\phrase_n Moma:xiw, no: tlakwilowa ika ma:poxtli ke:n tewa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's your counterpart with his hand, he also writes with his left hand like you.
\phrase_s Es tu compañero de mano, también escribe con la izquierda como tú.
\root ma:
\root_rel -xiw
\qry C. Flores did not accept thsi word at first but later changd his mind.
\semref ma:tli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04332
\lxam kuwxi:nki
\lxam_c kuwxi:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ki
\sense_e carpinter; one who carves wooden tools (making yokes, wooden gates, sawhorses for beds, parts of plows, etc.)
\sense_s carpintero, persona que talla madera (haciendo yugos, bancos para sostener camas, timones de arados, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root kow
\root xi:ma
\vl Note that the Oapan words here should be tagged as additional tokens of 3623.
\semref kuwxi:nke:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kohxi:nke:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04333
\lxam kone:wetsi
\lxam_c kone:wetsi
\lxoa kone:wetsi
\lxoa_c kone:wetsi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to suffer a miscarriage; to abort (naturally)
\sense_s sufrir un aborto espontáneo o no provocado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kone:wets, xo:tla:kat kwahli ikone:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She had a miscarriage, her child wasn't born properly.
\phrase_s Sufrióun aborto no provocado, no nacióbien su hijo.
\root kone:
\root wetsi
\vl Link first female token.
\grm For a good set of examples of the nature of noun incorporation, use N-V where the N is /kone:tl/.
\grm Vowel length: the tokens for Oapan, this word, are particularly good example of a long vowel. The /e:/ has a duration of about 150 ms in the examples I measured.
\ref 04334
\lxam i:xkwa:tsotsoltik
\lxam_c i:xkwa:tsotsoltik
\lxoa i:xkwa:tsotsoltik
\lxoa_alt i:xkwa:te:tsoltik
\lxoa_c i:xkwa:tsotsoltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound (N-N)-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*; Op. infix te- : i:xkwa:te:tsoltik
\sense_e to have a balding forehead resulting from a high or receding hairline
\sense_s estar con la frente calvo a causa de tener las entradas pronunciadas
\sense_d Pending
\disamb i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon; i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal; i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik; probably all these terms should be linked to a single entry afterwards. Certainly such terms that make fun
of a physical aspect should be carefully checked and those that are considered offensive removed. It is certainly the case that from my hanging out in Am with young boys I
obtained a lot of these words.
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\root tsol
\qry Check vowel length. Perhaps should be long.
\ref 04335
\lxam ma:se:walxiw
\lxam_c moma:se:walxiw
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-xiw
\infn N2
\sense_e to be an indigenous person like [possessor]; to be a country bumpkin like [possessor]
\sense_s ser una persona indígena com [poseedor]; ser un rústico como [poseedor]
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Moma:se:walxiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's a country bumpkin like you.
\phrase_s Es un rústico como tú.
\root ma:se:wal
\nse It might well be that ma:se:wahli , the stem of ma:se:walxiw is a reborrowing into Nahuatl from the Spanish. The vowel length of this term is not
definite. Ma:se:wahli is used in a sort of joking self-deprecative genre, much the same as i:ndioh is used by Nahuatl speakers when referring to
themselves.
\ref 04336
\lxam i:xelka:wa
\lxam_c ki:xelka:wa
\lxoa i:xilka:wa
\lxoa_c ki:xilka:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to forget the appearance of; to forget the looks of
\sense_s olvidarse de la apariencia de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ka:n o:nowitih i:xtlamati, xkaman ki:xelka:wa ka:n o:nowitih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He knows lay of the land that he has passed through, he never forgets the appearance of places where he has been.
\phrase_s Conoce el terreno por donde ha pasado, nunca olvida la apariencia de donde ha ido.
\phrase_n Niki:xelka:wa, xok nikmati ke:no:n tlachia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I forget how he looks, I don't know how he looks anymore.
\phrase_s Se me olvida como se ve, ya no sécomo es su apariencia.
\root i:x
\root elka:wa
\qry Check precise meaning of /i:xelka:wa/, whether it only refers to forgetting the layout of a terrain, or whether it can refer to any surface, appearance, etc. Check as to whether this can
refer to the appearance of things or animals and not simply to humans. Check also root, i.e. whether the more standard /(i)l/ should be recorded.
\root_notes Discuss the meaning of words that begin with /il-/ or /el-/. Perhaps reanalyze as /+ka:wa/.
\ref 04337
\lxam a:wilto:ka:yo:tl
\lxam_c i:a:wilto:ka:yo
\lxoa a:wilto:ka:yo:tl
\lxoa_c i:a:wilto:ka:yo
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-d-yo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e (rare) nickname
\sense_s (raro) apodo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia ia:wilto:ka:yo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has a nickname.
\phrase_s Tiene su apodo.
\root a:wil
\root to:ka:
\qry_fon The spectrogram of the final sequence /a:yo/ provides a good illustration of vowel length before /y/.
\ref 04338
\lxam temonexiwi
\lxam_c temonexiwi
\lxoa témonexíwi
\lxoa_pr temonexiwi
\lxoa_c témonexíwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e see monexe:wi / mónexé:wi
\sense_s véase monexe:wi / mónexé:wi
\sense_d Pending
\root mohnex
\nse C. Flores denied that temonexiwi was a word in Ameyaltepec, accepting only temonexe:wi. He did, however, state that this word was used in other
villages of the region.
\qry Make sure that /temonexe:wi/ is synonymous with /monexe:wi/, with perhaps the /te-/ being an intensifier.
\ref 04339
\lxam tekwixtok
\lxam_c tekwixtok
\lxoa tékwixtók
\lxoa_pr tekwixtok
\lxoa_c tékwixtók
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (often with long vowel reduplication) rolled up; coiled up (e.g., a straw mat, tortillas, toilet paper, clothes in a bundle, a lasso, a snake, etc.)
\sense_s (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal larga) enrollado (p. ej., un petate, tortillas, papel higénico, ropa amarrada, una riata, una culebra, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tekwixtok pa:mpa yewa de yo:t'kwe:kwelpachokeh wa:n hkon tikiye:wan.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 04339_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 17:22
\phrase_e It is coiled (a lasso) because we've folded it up on itself and that's the way we store it.
\phrase_s Está enrollado (una riata) porque lo hemos doblado y asílo guardamos.
\phrase_n Koxtok noye:yewalowa, dya: no: tikihlian tekwixtok pa:mpa hkon ye:yewaliwtok u:nkah.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 04339_02_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 17:40
\phrase_e It (a snake) makes itself up into a circle, and we also say that it is coiled because it is in a circle like that.
\phrase_s Se pone en un círculo, y también le decimos que estáenrollado porque estáen un círculo así.
\sense_e covered, wrapped up (e.g., furniture that has been protected by wrapping a sheet around it)
\sense_s envuelto, cubierto, tapado (p. ej., un mueble que tiene una protección por ejemplo de plástico)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Un toba:leh o:h'ne:xti:to, tlakwalispan san ke:nkah tekwixtok.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 04339_03_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 18:08
\phrase_e I went and found our friend, it's noon and as always he's just wrapped up (in a blanket, i.e., he has woken up yet).
\phrase_s Fue a encontrar nuestro amigo, es mediodía y como siempre estáenvuelto (en una cobija, esto es, todavía no se ha levantado).
\root te
\root hkwiya
\nse The form without a reflexive is used more for objects (e.g, a laso). It refers to things that are rolled up. A further discussion is under notekwixtok (Am)
\revised 7/28/04
\semref tekwia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref notekwixtok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tékwiá
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref notékwixtók
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04340
\lxam yekakwitlatl
\lxam_c yekakwitlatl
\lxoa yekakwitlatl
\lxoa_c yekakwitlatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e snot; mucous from ones nose
\sense_s mocos
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root yeka
\root kwitla
\ref 04341
\lxam tla:lmo:motsi:ni
\lxam_c tla:lmo:motsi:ni
\lxoa tla:lmo:motsi:ni
\lxoa_c tla:lmo:motsi:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\impers Am, Oa
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-l; Op. inflix te- ; tla:lte:mo:motsi:ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for the earth to crack (from becoming wet from rain and then drying in the hot summer sun)
\sense_s agrietarse la tierra (al mojarse por la lluvia y después secarse por el sol)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tla:ltemo:motsi:n. O:kiaw, a:man yo:tlawa:k. O:pe:w mo:motsi:ni tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The ground got many cracks in it. It rained and now everything has dried. The surface of the earth started to crack.
\phrase_s La tierra se agrietóen muchos lugares. Llovióy ahora todo se secó. La superficie de la tierra empezóa agrietarse.
\sense_e for the dirt and earth on ones skin to crack (because of drying and getting caked on ones body)
\sense_s agrietarsele la tierra y mugre que se seca y se endurece sobre la piel
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nitla:lmo:motsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The dirt caked on my skin became cracked.
\phrase_s Se agrietóla tierra y mugre que quedósecado y endurecido por mi piel.
\root tla:l
\root motsi:
\nse The documented cases of this verb are all with long vowel reduplication, and those that refer to the cracking of the earth's surface (as opposed to dirt on ones skin) all manifested the
incorporation of the intensifier te-.
\nae The two acceptations of tla:lmo:motsi:ni reflect two different roles of noun incorporation that are themselves dependent on verbal semantics. In signifying 'for the earth
to crack' the incorporation is that of a semantic patient to an unaccusative verb. When nouns incorporate into intransitives, this seems to be one of the most common roles of the
incorporated element. The other meaning, 'for the dirt and earth on ones skin to crack' reflects an incorporative process akin to"possessor raising"in which the grammatical subject is
the possessor of the incorporated noun. Although nouns that so incorporate are very often body parts (e.g., nima:tlatla 'My hand get burned') they may well be other
objects that are intrinsically related to the subject (e.g., nikoma:ltlapa:ni 'My comal broke'). In the present case it is the earth or dirt, caked on the body,
that is intrinsically possessed and the grammatical subject that is a possessor.
\grm Noun incorporation: The two acceptations of tla:lmo:motsi:ni reflect two different roles of noun incorporation that are themselves dependent on verbal
semantics. In signifying 'for the earth to crack' the incorporation is that of a semantic patient to an unaccusative verb. When nouns incorporate into intransitives, this seems
to be one of the most common roles of the incorporated element. The other meaning, 'for the dirt and earth on ones skin to crack' reflects an incorporative process akin
to"possessor raising"in which the grammatical subject is the possessor of the incorporated noun. Although nouns that so incorporate are very often body parts (e.g.,
nima:tlatla 'My hand get burned') they may well be other objects that are intrinsically related to the subject (e.g., nikoma:ltlapa:ni 'My
comal broke'). In the present case it is the earth or dirt, caked on the body, that is intrinsically possessed and the grammatical subject that is a possessor. Note
als o that the documented cases of this verb are all with long vowel reduplication, and those that refer to the cracking of the earth's surface (as opposed to dirt on ones
skin) all manifested the incorporation of the intensifier te-.
\ref 04342
\lxam kosahka
\lxam_c i:kosahka
\lxoa kosahka
\lxoa_c i:kosahka
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-ka
\infn N2
\sense_e yolk (of an egg)
\sense_s yema (de un huevo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkaman nihkwa ikosahka to:toltetl
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I never eat the yolk of an egg.
\phrase_s Nunca como el yema de un huevo
\root kos
\nse The only documentation of kosahka is possessed and meaning 'yolk.'
\qry_fon The tokens are good examples of the long /i:/ of the possessor prefix.
\ref 04343
\lxam nakasteteketsa
\lxam_c nonakasteteketsa
\lxoa naká:stekétsa
\lxoa_pr naká:steketsa
\lxoa_c nonaká:stekétsa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-tran
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-3a(ts)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e (refl.) to prick up ones ears to listen carefully (a person or animal)
\sense_s (refl.) poner atención para escuchar bien (una persona o animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nonakastetekets, kikakisneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He pricked up his ears to listen carefully, he wants to hear it.
\phrase_s Puso atención para escuchar bien, lo queire escuchar.
\root nakas
\root te
\root ketsa
\nse Given that this action always involves both ears the verbal stem is reduplicated (in Oapan Nahuatl this results in pitch accent and lengthening on the final short vowel of the
incorporated nominal stem). In addition, this is always a"one-person"event, hence only the reflexive forms have been documented.
\ref 04344
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was the entry for /Osto:kalko/, which is now in the toponymic database
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 04345
\lxam ke:n
\lxam_c ke:n we:yak
\lxoa ke:n
\lxoa_c ke:n tlachia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Subord
\der Subord; Adv-man
\sense_e how
\sense_s como; que
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:n iwa:n nimowi:ka!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How I really get along with him!
\phrase_s ¡Cómo me llevo bien conél!
\phrase_n Ke:n tiwe:i!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How big you are!
\phrase_s ¡Quégrande eres!
\sense_e (~ -ita) to be related to
\sense_s (~ -ita) ser pariente de
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ke:n nikita.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is a relative of mine (lit., 'it is how I see him')
\phrase_s Es pariente mio (lit., 'es como lo veo')
\ncol ihki
\root ke:n
\vl Link middle of 3 female tokens, link first male token.
\ref 04346
\lxam tlakpamontatli
\lxam_c tlakpamontatli
\lxoa tlahpamóntatlí
\lxoa_c tlahpamóntatlí
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound Adj-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(h)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e stepfather of ones spouse (wife or husband)
\sense_s padrastro del esposo (mujer o hombre) de uno
\sense_d Pending
\semfld kin
\root tlakpa
\root mon
\root tah
\vl First Florencia Marcelino utters /tlahpamontli/. This should be tagged with #5507.
\ref 04347
\lxam i:xte:mpa:chaka:ti
\lxam_c i:xte:mpa:chaka:ti
\lxoa i:xte:mpa:chika:ti
\lxoa_c i:xte:mpa:chika:ti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to become blind in an eye as it shrivels up from disease or injury (from a blow perhaps, or disease, that causes the eye to go bad and dry up)
\sense_s quedarse ciego por secarsele los ojos de enfermedad o una herida (de un golpe o de una enfermedad que hace que el ojo se eche a perder y se seca)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:xte:mpa:chaka:titok, wa:kis i:xtew.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is becoming blind (from a diseased or injured eye), his eye will dry up.
\phrase_s Se estáquedando ciego (de un ojo enfermo o pudrido), se le va a secar el ojo.
\semfld disease
\ency_note i:xtetl
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root pa:chaka:
\mod In an encyclopedic entry for /i:xtetl/ include everything about eyes: colors, shapes, eyelashes, diseases.
\nse This refers to blindness in which there is an actual physical and observable problem with the eye. It differs from siego:ti , a derivation from a Spanish loan, which
refers to blindness caused by something internal, such as a cataract.
\root_notes Etymology and derivation of /pa:chaka:/ is uncertain. Cf. RS /papachca/ meaning 'cuajarse, congelarse, coagularse'. However, this is with a short vowel; thus check vowel
length in /pa:chaka:tl/ words. Although possibility is a relationship to /pachiwi/, but here again the initial /a/ is short. Recheck /pa:chaka:tl/.
\semref pa:chaka:ti
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref pa:chika:ti; i:xtemechiwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04348
\lxam chakayolowa
\lxam_c kichakayolowa
\lxoa chakailowa
\lxoa_c kichakailowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to pockmark; to roughen (a hard surface such as clay or stone)
\sense_s cacarañar (una superficie dura como de cerámica o piedra)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kichakayolowan mo:lkaxitl ika arrie:raú:jah
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They pockmark the surface of the mortar with a muleskinner's needle.
\phrase_s Cacarañan la superficie del molcajete con una aguja de arriero.
\phrase_n Kichakayolowa tepalkatl ika o:lo:tl, ma noka:wa tesontik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He uses a corncob to roughen up the surface of a ceramic bowl so that it winds up roughly textured.
\phrase_s Con un olote dejaáspera la superficie de un plato hondo de cerámica, para que quedéáspero.
\semfld texture
\root chakayol
\nse A surface that has been altered in the process indicated by chakayolowa becomes chakayoltik or tsotsokoltik. In Oapan one would
say, for example, kitetsotsona para ma chakailiwi. Thus in Oapan the transitive does not exist.
\qry Perhaps related to /chachakwa:toh/; cf. /chachakwa/. Check for the existence of intr. /chakayoliwi/; if it does exist, delete [x] from code.
\vl There are 4 tokens for this word at 6946. They should be tagged as 4348.
\ref 04349
\lxam xo:chikupahli
\lxam_c xo:chikupahli
\lxoa xo:chikopahli
\lxoa_c xo:chikopahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e Bursera vejar-vazqueziiMiranda, tree of the Burseraceae family whose resin is used as incense
\sense_s Bursera vejar-vazqueziiMiranda,árbol de la familia Burseraceae cuya savia se utiliza como incienso
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e incense made from the resin of the tree of this name, used mostly during ceremonies such as Santa Cruz in September
\sense_s incienso que es la savia delárbol de este nombre, que se utiliza durante ceremonias como la de Santa Cruz de septiembre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xo:chikupahli | Tikonxi:mas. Bwe:noh para ika tontlapo:kwi:s kwa:k ye u:nkah ye:lo:tl ipan Sa:ntah Krus.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Xo:chikupahli : You shave it down. It is good for letting off smoke when there are elotes during Santa Cruz (the fiesta of September).
\phrase_s Xo:chikupahli : Lo cepillas. Es bueno para echar humo cuando hay elotes, durante la fiesta de Santa Cruz (de septiembre).
\ency_note Santa Cruz de septiembre
\root xo:chi
\root kopal
\qry Determine the precise identify of this incense, as well as other types. For the cultural encyclopedia, elaborate a page on the Santa Cruz ceremonies of May and September.
\ref 04350
\lxam poxa:hka:suwa:tl
\lxam_c poxa:hka:suwa:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound Part-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e sickly or weak woman, one who gets exhausted and ill easily (particularly from overwork)
\sense_s mujer débil, que se agota y se enferma fácilmente (particularmente de un sobrecargo de trabajo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Poxa:hka:suwa:tl, xtepistik itla:kayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is a woman who weakens easily, her body isn't tough.
\phrase_s Es una mujer débil, su cuerpo no estáduro.
\disamb kaxa:nka:sowa:tl; poxa:hka:sowa:tl
\root poxa:
\root sowa:
\semref kaxa:nka:suwa:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kaxa:nka:siwa:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref tepi:tska:siwa:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04351
\lxam tla:luwa:na
\lxam_c tla:luwa:na
\lxoa tla:lwawa:na
\lxoa_c tla:lwawa:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e to hoof or paw the earth, scraping it (an animal such as a horse, donkey, mule, etc.); to scratch the earth (e.g., a chicken)
\sense_s raspar la tierra con la pata o mano (un animal como caballo, burro, mula, gallina, etc.); piafar; escarbar la tierra (p. ej., una gallina)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tla:luwa:na un to:roh, kwala:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That bull is hoofing the earth, it is mad.
\phrase_s Ese toro estáraspando la tierra, estáenojado.
\root tla:l
\root wawa:
\disamb tla:luwa:na; tla:ltekomolowa
\nse Given the phonology of Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, the reduction of the first reduplication syllable to /u/ is entirely predictable (cf., uwetska , uwe:i , etc.).
As is often the case with w-initial words, the reduplicant does not have {h} as a coda. The verb tla:luwa:na refers to the scraping and scratching of the earth generally,
it seems, by animals. It differs from tla:ltekomolowa in that the latter refers to the actual creation of a small hole or cavity, whereas tla:luwa:na refers
simply to the scraping and scratching of the surface.
\qry Check final vowel length. Check which animals engage in this activity.
\ref 04352
\lxam xomo:lko
\lxam_c xomo:lko
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-1-k(o)
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e in the corner
\sense_s en la esquina
\sense_d Am
\root xomo:l
\root_rel -ko
\semref tlaxomo:lko
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlaxomo:lko
\xref_t plus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 04353
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /tlama:yo/ and it has been removed as a vulgar word.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 04354
\lxam mama:xtlatsi:n
\lxam_c mama:xtlatsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\sense_e Passiflora sp.L., spectacularly flowering vine of the Passifloraceae family so called because of the shape of its leaves (which are like small pairs of trousers)
\sense_s Passiflora sp.L., bejuco pequeño de la familia Passifloraceae con flores espectaculares, asíllamado por la forma de sus hojas (que son como pantalones de
hombre)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Mama:xtlatsi:n | Ixiwyo ihkón onkah, ke:n ka:ltson.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Mama:xtlatsi:n : It's leaves are like that, like traditional cotton pants.
\phrase_s Mama:xtlatsi:n : Asíson sus hojas, como calzones.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root ma:xtla
\qry In one entry I have recorded this as /ma:ma:xtlatsi:n/: the length of the first /a/ should be rechecked.
\semref papa:ntalo:ntsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kakaltso:ntsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref pápantaló:ntsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref kákasó:ntsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04355
\lxam a:ya:tl
\lxam_c a:ya:tl
\lxoa a:ya:tl
\lxoa_c a:ya:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e cloth type of woven square (or slightly rectangular) meshed fiber cloth, two ends of which are tied to make a sling (used in harvesting corn and other similar activities)
\sense_s ayate, tela tejida o malla de fibra en forma cuadrangular (o algo rectangular) que se ata en las dos esquinas para formar un tipo de bolsa (utilizado paracosechar mazorca
u otros objetos parecidos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:hka:n nosa:lowa a:ya:tl kwa:k tipixkas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e An ayate is tied in two places when you are going to (use it to) harvest.
\phrase_s Un ayate se amarra en dos partes cuando vas a (utilizarlo para) cosechar.
\semfld tool-cultivate
\ency_note ma:tlatl
\root a:ya:
\nse The tema:tlatl , like the a:ya:tl , is also used to harvest, but the former is a net bag with straps.
\qry Check for possibility of /na:ya:w/ as possessed form.
\ilus_note Illustrate. In ono field give a discussion of different types of nets, how they are made, and what they are used for.
\semref tema:tlatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04356
\lxam se:wahlo:tl
\lxam_c se:wahlo:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-yo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e shade (e.g., of a tree, ramada, etc.)
\sense_s sombra (esto es, de unárbol, ramada, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tikateh ipan te:se:wahlo -=i:pan se:wahlo:tl-.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We are in the shade of someone's house (i.e., resting under the ramada of the"porch").
\phrase_s Estamos en la sombra en la casa de alguien (esto es, en la sombra abajo de su ramada).
\root se:wa
\nse Although se:wahli is not found in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl it is found in Classical, hence the categorization of se:wahlo:tl as a derived abstract noun.
\qry Note that the possessed form of /-yo:tl/ verbs is often simply /-yo/. The fact that I recorded /te:se:wahlo:w/ might reflect the fact that the possessed form is seldom used and was
overcorrected. I seem to remember that it is more common simply to say /se:wahlo:tl/. This should be checked.
\semref tlase:wihlo:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04357
\lxam ma:maltia
\lxam_c kima:maltia
\lxoa ma:maltia
\lxoa_c kima:maltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to load onto (e.g., a beast of burden [PO] with firewood [SO], a pick-up truck [PO] with merchandise [SO], etc.)
\sense_s cargar (p. ej., una bestia [OP] con leña [OS], una camionete pick-up [OP] con mercancía [OS], etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wa:n kamantika, kwa:' me:dio, tiknekin tikitaskeh a:kino:n ma:s ke:wa tlayo:hli, pos xakah kima:maltian, san yewa noma:maltia.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 04357_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 23:12
\phrase_e And sometimes, when we sort of feel like seeing who can carry the most maize, well then no one places the load on his back [on that of the person who will carry the maize
up to the top of the granery], rather, he himself puts the load on his back.
\phrase_s Y a veces, cuando queremos ver quien aguanta más el maíz, pues nadie se lo carga (a la persona que lo va a subir a la troje) sino queél solo se lo carga por la espalda.
\phrase_n Xkimpepecho un burros! Ma tikintlama:malti:kan, ye tio:tlak!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Round up those donkeys! Let's load them up, it's already late in the afternoon!
\phrase_s ¡Arríma a estos burros!¡Vamos a cargarlos, ya es tarde!
\phrase_n Xkwahli titlatlama:maltitok, titlauwelo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You aren't loading things up right (e.g., firewood on a donkey or mule), you're going to make everything come apart (i.e., the knots, the firewood, etc., so that it all falls to
the ground).
\phrase_s No estás poniendo bien la carga (p. ej., leña a un burro o mula), todo se te va a derrumbar.
\sense_e to blame or hold responsible for; to accuse of (e.g., a person for a crime, often with a sense of unjustness)
\sense_s responsabilizar; culpar; echar la culpa a; acusar (p. ej., una persona por un crimen, a menudo con el sentido de una acusación injusta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chmekawtikeh. Xka:wa! Xmlá:k nomekaw, san ne:chma:maltian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They imputed that I had a lover. No way! He's not really my lover, they just accuse me of it.
\phrase_s Me imputaron un amante.¡No se puede creer! No es verdad que es mi amante, nada más me tachan de ello.
\phrase_n Kima:maltian deke tlaxtehki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They accuse him of being a theif.
\phrase_s Lo acusan de ser un ladrón.
\phrase_n Mitsma:maltian tewa o:tikmiktih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They charge you with being the one who killed him.
\phrase_s Te imputan que fuiste túel que lo mató.
\sense_e to credit (a person with able to do sth, usually a task that others do not wish to perform); to ascribe (a certain skill or talent to sb)
\sense_s imputar; cargar (a una persona, en que puede hacer algo, fabricar algo, generalmente algo que otras personas no quieren hacer)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chma:maltian newa wel nikchi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They claim that I (am the one who) will do it.
\phrase_s Me cargan con esto de que yo soyél que lo va a hacer.
\root ma:ma
\qry Check to see whether with both objects expressed the secondary is oblique, or direct: /kima:maltia o:te:miktih/ or /kima:maltian ika (or deke) o:te:miktih/. Check to determine
whether this is used only for unfounded accusations. Check for correctness of /tlatlama:malti:lo/ or /tlama:malti:lo/. Add as indefinite null complement entry. Perhaps (and check)
/tlama:maltia/ shuld be a separate entry. Cf. /tlama:ma/
\xref ma:ma
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04358
\lxam tlate:nko
\lxam_c tlate:nko
\lxoa tlate:nko
\lxoa_c tlate:nko
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1[tla-]
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e on the edge or outskirts (of a village; for Oapan, see kalte:mpan; tlate:mpan)
\sense_s en la orilla o afueras (de un pueblo; para Oapan véase kalte:mpan; tlate:mpan)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Cha:nti tlate:nko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He lives at the edge of the village.
\phrase_s Vive por la orilla del pueblo.
\phrase_n San tlatlate:nko xikto:kili un yetsi:ntli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Plant the beans just around the edge (e.g., of the milpa)!
\phrase_s ¡Siembra los frijoles solamente por la orilla (p. ej., de la milpa)!
\sense_e (yaw ~) to go to the bathroom (whether in the fields or in a modern facility)
\sense_s (yaw ~) ir al baño (o en el campo o en una facilidad moderna)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:yah tlate:nko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He went to the bathroom.
\phrase_s Fue al baño.
\root_rel -te:nko
\nse In Oapan tlate:nko is used in yaw tlate:nko to refer to going to the bathroom. However, the edge of the village is referred to as
tlate:mpanor kalte:nko.
\grm Reduplication with short vowel: /San tlatlate:nko xikto:kili un yetsi:ntli!/ 'Plant the beans just around the edge (e.g., of the milpa)!' Reduplication is here used with a locative
to indicate a repetition of places. /tlate:nko/ means 'the edge' and thus /tlatlate:nko/ means 'all around the edge,' i.e., at various points along the edge.
\ref 04359
\lxam xi:ktlapowa
\lxam_c kixi:ktlapowa
\lxoa xi:htlapowa
\lxoa_c kixi:htlapowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\irregular The progressive is as expected, kixi:ktlapotok.
\sense_e to unclog (sth such as a faucet, the narrow opening of a tube, the barrel of a gun, a hose, or similar object, etc.)
\sense_s destapar; desatascar (algo como una llave de agua, la apertura de una troje, el cañon de un rifle o pistola, un tubo, manguera u otro objeto parecido, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root xi:k
\root tlapo
\root tlapo
\nse Xi:ktlapowi and its transitive form refer to the unclogging up of things that have narrow openings, such as the spigot-like opening of a granery (which is stopped up
with a corncob) that can get clogged with maize. This seems to be the primary meaning, and the relationship to"navel"is clear. But in Ameyaltepec xi:ktlapowi can also
refer to any narrow opening that is clogged, although simple tlapowa is more often used in such cases. In Oapan tlapowa is used in these latter cases
and xi:htlapowa is limited to opening up the"spigot"of a granary which is said to have its"belly"(hence the metaphoric use of xi:htli).
\ref 04360
\lxam i:xakamana
\lxam_c ki:xakamana
\lxoa i:xakamana
\lxoa_c ki:xakamana
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Adv-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to lay face down (a person, an object such as a bucket, plate, or cup that as a clear"mouth"or"face")
\sense_s acostar boca abajo (una persona, un objeto como una cubeta, plato o taza con una"boca"o"cara")
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmi:xakamana!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Lie face down!
\phrase_s ¡Acuéstate boca abajo!
\phrase_n Xki:xakamanaka:n para ma:ka ya:s a:kin o:kimiktite:w!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place him face down (in this case sb recently killed) so that the person who killed him and left does not get away!
\phrase_s ¡Pónlo boca abajo (en este caso algn recién matado) para que la persona quien lo matóy huyóno escape!
\phrase_n Xki:akamana! Ma:ka neltsimi:s ika ikwalak!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Lay him (place him) face down (in this case a drunk)! Don't let him choke on his saliva!
\phrase_s ¡Pónlo boca abajo (en este caso a un borracho)!¡No dejes que se ahoge en su saliva!
\phrase_n Xki:xakamana ma:ka ihkón a:kesto!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place it upside down (i.e., a plate, bowl, bucket, etc.), don't leave it face up!
\phrase_s ¡Pónlo boca abajo (p. ej., un plato, plato hondo, barrica, etc.), no dejes que se quede boca arriba!
\disamb tsi:ntepolketsa; tsi:nketsa; tsonketsa; i:xakamana
\root i:xaka
\root man
\ref 04361
\lxam rrea:l ixtli
\lxam_c rrea:l ixtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) real
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e see ka:ka:lo:te:ntli
\sense_s véase ka:ka:lo:te:ntli
\sense_d Am
\root ich
\qry For now, see entry under /ka:ka:lo:te:ntli/, pending further analysis of this type of hemp.
\ref 04362
\lxam nekwiliwi
\lxam_c nekwiliwi
\lxoa nekwiliwi
\lxoa_c nekwiliwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become bent; to become crooked or twisted (as in a long object that is bent in one direction or another)
\sense_s torcerse; enchuecarse (como objetos largos que se tuercen o se doblan por un lado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nekwiliw noma, o:nima:kelo:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My arm got crooked (from being out of joint), I severely sprained my arm.
\phrase_s Se enchuecómi brazo, se me destendió.
\disamb patiliwi
\root nekwil
\qry My feeling is that /ma:-/ is more likely to be stated in a nonincorporated form from /nekwiliwi/ than from /kelo:ni/, although of course the form /ma:nekwiliwi/ exists and has been
entered in the dictionary. Probably /nekwilowa/ should be added to the dictionary.
\grm /O:nekwiliw noma, o:nima:kelo:n/ 'My arm got crooked (from being out of joint), I dislocated my arm.' Note here how there are two verbs, and the topic is introduced in a
nonincorporated form and then reexpressed as incorporated. This is a good example of the shift from non-incorporated to incorporated patient. Cf. to and check to see
whether possible or highly marked: /o:nima:nekwiliw, o:kelo:n noma/? check with a speaker.
\vl Link second token of each speaker.
\ref 04363
\lxam kwa:tepochik
\lxam_c kwa:tepochik
\lxoa kwa:tepochik
\lxoa_c kwa:tepochik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik(ap)
\lexical Lex. inflix te-
\infn N0
\sense_e to have disheveled hair; to have hair that is in a mess (from not being combed)
\sense_s tener el cabello en greñas (por no peinarse)
\sense_d Pending
\disamb kwa:tepochik; kwa:tepasol
\root kwa:
\root pochi:
\nae The lexeme kwa:tepochik is basically an apocopated deverbal adjectival ? pochiktik (from pochi:ni). The derivational
process whereby verbs ending in -o:ni or -V:wi form adjectival derivatives ending in oktik or Vktik, with a shortened vowel, is not
unusual. Here this same process has occurred although the attributive adjectival has been apocopated, losing the final -tik.
\grm Note re: apocopated nouns: kwa:tepochik. Apparently this is related to the transparent deverbal adjectival /pochiktik/, a normal derivational process. The ellision of /-tik/ is
common and apparently gives the form a more nominal quality, although the precise meaning of these forms should be studied in context. Certainly at times they seem to
function as naming terms, i.e. like a vocative, and thus have some relationship to general shortening processes that affect hypocorism. Add a section on hypocorism in
grammar.
\ref 04364
\lxam ma:xi:nia
\lxam_c kima:xi:nia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (with directional prefix wa:l-) to cut the branches down of (a tree)
\sense_s (con direccional prefijo wa:l-) cortarle las ramas de (unárbol)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitoto:nka:maka nomi:l un kohtli, a:man nikwa:lma:xin:is.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That tree (at the edge of a my planted field) radiate heat onto my milpa, now I'm going to come cut its branches down.
\phrase_s Eseárbol (por la orilla de mi milpa) le irradia calor a mi milpa, ahora le voy a cortar las ramas.
\root ma:
\root xi:
\mod This should be changed in elicitation to /kwa:lma:xi:nia/.
\semref ma:chapa:nia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04365
\lxam Pasto:res
\lxam_c Pasto:res
\lxoa Pasto:ra:s
\lxoa_c Pasto:ra:s
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan pastor
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e little girls who dress up as shepherds during the Christmas season and carry a ka:ka:xtli on their backs
\sense_s niñas que se visten como pastoras durante las fiestas navideñas y llevan un ka:ka:xtli a cuestas
\sense_d Pending
\ilus_note Make illustration.
\ref 04366
\lxam a:xi:xmiki
\lxam_c a:xi:xmiki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to need to urinate badly
\sense_s tener muchas ganas de o necesitar orinar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Na:xi:xmiki, xok nikxi:kowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have to urinate badly, I can't bear it anymore.
\phrase_s Tengo muchas ganas de (necesidad de) orinar, ya no lo aguanto.
\root a:
\root xi:xa
\root miki
\disamb miki
\mod Add onomasiological entry discussing /miki/ as a compound verb.
\semref tlapia:smiki
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04367
\lxam sakayoh
\lxam_c sakayoh
\lxoa sakayoh
\lxoa_c sakayoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to be covered or full of grass (a field or area); to be an area with pasture (i.e., covered with grass used as pasture)
\sense_s estar cubierto de zacate (un terreno, campo oárea); ser un lugar con mucho pasto (bueno para apacentar a los animales)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pe:w kitlima:wa un sakayoh. Xmotlalo. Xikse:wi:ti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The fire has spread to that grass-covered field. Run! Go put it out!
\phrase_s El fuego se ha extendido a estaárea cubierta.¡Córrele!¡Ve a apagarlo!
\root saka
\ref 04368
\lxam tlakwalispantilia
\lxam_c tlakwalispantilia
\lxoa tlakwalispantilia
\lxoa_c tlakwalispantilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-lia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to arrive at a place nearly at nearly midday (when one had thought of finishing earlier)
\sense_s llegar a un lugar sino hasta mediodía (p. ej., al salir a trabajar muy tarde)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nitlakwalispantilih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I was late (i.e., working until close to midday when I had imagined finishing sooner).
\phrase_s Me tardéhasta mediodía (p. ej., trabajando hasta entonces cuando originalmente penséterminar luego).
\root kwa
\root_rel -pan
\qry Check with /tiotlakilia/ and /tlayowilia/; make sure the /ti-/ and /-lia/ is still an intransitive.
\semref tlakoka:tilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04369
\lxam akoki:sa
\lxam_c akoki:sa
\lxoa ákokí:sa
\lxoa_pr akoki:sa
\lxoa_c ákokí:sa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Adv-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to move or slide upward (e.g., from a horizontal position, such as from the foot to the head of a bed)
\sense_s deslizarse hacia arriba (desde una posición horizontal, p. ej., desde el pie a la cabeza de una cama)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Akoki:stok mokone:w. Xkonta, tla:mo wa:lwetsis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your child (while lying down) is moving up to the top of the bed. Go take care of him, if you don't he will fall to the ground!
\phrase_s Tu hijo (acostado sobre la cama) se estádeslizando hacia arriba. Vélo, porque si no lo hagas se va a caer.
\root ahko
\root ki:sa
\nae The length of initial vowels is often difficult to determine, as the range of variation between long and short vowels is not as great as it is in other phonological contexts. Acoustic
measurements of the Oapan speech tokens reveals durations in the upper range of that for short vowels.
\qry As with several other compounds beginning with the root /ahko/ this has been recorded with a long /a:/. Cf. extended note under /akopilowa/. For both /a:koita/ any /a:koki:sa/ I
have one recorded example of each, both with an initial long /a:/ which should, nevertheless, be checked.
\qry_fon Here as elsewhere check for all /ako/ morphemes.
\ref 04370
\lxam tlatoto:nka:n
\lxam_c tlatoto:nka:n
\lxoa tlatoto:nka:n
\lxoa_alt tlatoto:nka:h
\lxoa_c tlatoto:nka:h, tlatoto:nka:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla-ka:n
\infn N1(N2-tla)
\sense_e place or area that is very hot
\sense_s lugar oárea donde hace mucho calor
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Melá:k tlatoto:nka:n mokali.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The inside of your house is extremely hot.
\phrase_s Hace muchísimo calor en el interior de tu casa.
\root to:n
\qry Check for /tla:ltoto:nka:n/ and /tla:ltoto:nka:miki/, etc.
\qry_fon Check with a phonetician for the final sound of Florencia Marcelino's pronunciation here.
\ref 04371
\lxam o:stia
\lxam_c ko:stia
\lxoa o:stia
\lxoa_cpend @ko:stia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to impregnate; to get or make pregnant (a female animal)
\sense_s empregnar (a una hembra de cualquier animal)
\sense_d Pending
\root o:ts
\disamb kone:watia
\vl I think there is a mistake here. Both speakers give /kostia/. This might well be a different word as I hear the vowel short whereas in the nominal /o:stli/ it is clearly long.
Therefore, for now tag the four tokens here with 7736.
\nse Although the propositional content of o:stia and kone:watia appears to be the same, the latter is considered more decent and is more frequently used
for humans. In Oapan, in fact, it seems that o:stia is reserved for reference to animals and koné:watiáfor humans. Perhaps one might say that
o:stia is more equivalent to English 'impregnate' and kone:watia to 'to get pregnant.'
\nae Comparative evidence reveals that the underlying final consonant of the stem is {ts}. The length of the first vowel seems clearly long from the nominal form
o:stli.
\nde Pipil (Campbell, p. 555) has the equivalent of a short initial vowel but Tetelcingo, Morelos, reports it long.
\semref kone:watia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref koné:watiá
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04372
\lxam a:tintli
\lxam_c a:tintli
\lxoa a:tintli
\lxoa_c a:tintli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(t)
\sense_e louse or lice
\sense_s piojo(s)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root a:t
\nse There are said to be the following types of a:tintli : i:a:tin pitso , i:a:tin burroh , i:a:tin mulah , i:a:tin pio ,
kalwa:wtli (which is found on fowl, perhaps the same as i:a:tin pio). However, consultants stated that despite its name te:tsa:wa:tintli is
not a type of a:tintli.
\nae The duration of the initial vowel in four speech tokens from Oapan shows some variation: Florencia Marcelino has an initial vowel of 93 and 87 ms; her husband Inocencio Jiménez
had an initial vowel that measured 135 and 127 ms.
\qry There are said to be the following types of a:tintli : ia:tin pitso , ia:tin burroh , ia:tin mulah , ia:tin pio ,
kalwa:wtli (which is found on fowl, perhaps the same as ia:tin pio). Note, however, that consultants stated that despite its name
te:tsa:wa:tintli is not a type of a:tintli. Check all this and determine whether each form should be given a separate entry, and whether each animal's lice
are different species in Western classification.
\root_notes Note that the root has been given as a:t in part because of the word a:tpatli. The root has also been analyzed at a:t based on
the hypothesis that the final form is related to those types of nouns ending in -in (e.g., michin).
\ref 04373
\lxam i:xpapa:ya:tsi:n
\lxam_c i:xpapa:ya:tsi:n
\lxoa í:xpapa:yá:tsi:n
\lxoa_c í:xpapa:yá:tsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\sense_e person having bad eyesight or blurry vision (but not blind)
\sense_s persona con la visión mala, borrosa o nublosa (pero no ciego)
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root pa:ya:
\nse Generally the diminutive i:xpapa:ya:tsi:n is used, although i:xpapa:ya:tl is also heard.
\qry Check for the correctness of /i:xte:mpapa:ya:tsi:n/ (or /i:xte:mpapa:ya:tl/); the correctness of both the forms beginning /i:xte:m-/ and /i:x-/ should be checked.
\qry_fon All forms with /papa:ya:tsi:n/ need to be checked for vowel length. It is extremely unclear whether there is a short or long vowel in the penultimate syllable.
\semref i:xte:mpapa:ya:tsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xté:mpa:yá:tsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04374
\lxam axto:pa
\lxam_alt xto:pa
\lxam_c axto:pa
\lxoa xto:pa
\lxoa_c xto:pa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\pss PM; Pred
\der Adv
\sense_e (predicate) first (one in order, e.g., in a race; noun sg)
\sense_s (predicado) el primero en orden; (p. ej., en una carrera; sustantivo sg)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma timotla:nika:n a:kin xto:pa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let's race (or bet) to see who's first (e.g., arrives first).
\phrase_s Vamos a echar una carrera (o bien, apostar) para ver quien es (llegue) primero.
\phrase_n Newa niaxtopa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am the first (e.g., firstborn, etc.).
\phrase_s Yo soy el primero (p. ej., en nacer).
\sense_e (adjectival) the first or earliest (in speaking of a noun)
\sense_s (adjectival) el primero o más temprano (en cuanto a un sustantivo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtopa itsontsitsi:wa:n yo:tsomik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Its first hairs (of a maize plant) have already dried up.
\phrase_s Sus primeros pelos (de una planta de maíz) ya se han secado.
\sense_e (predicate modifier) first (in doing sth, in occurring, etc.)
\sense_s (modificador de predicado) el primero (en hacer algo, en suceder, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:man tikitaskeh a:kin xtopa yekos.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now we will see who arrives here first.
\phrase_s Ahora vamos a ver quien llega aquíprimero.
\phrase_n Axtopa o:nemiko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He was born first.
\phrase_s El nacióprimero.
\sense_e in the beginning; at first
\sense_s al principio; primero
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Axtopa nia:ya. A:man xok niaw, ne:si ne:chtlawe:litan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e In the beginning I used to go. Nowadays I no longer go, it appears that they despise me.
\phrase_s Al principio solía ir. Estos dás ya no voy, parece que me detestan.
\root achto
\root_rel -pa
\nse The more usual pronunciation is xto:pa. In Oapan this is the only pronunciation accepted. The precise part of speech of this headword still needs to be further
explored. It seems definitely to function at times as a predicate, but it is also commonly a predicate modifier. Its use as a term modifier (adjectival) is also documented. Obviously
more research needs to be conducted.
\nae The question of vowel length is still unclear. In the Oapan speech tokens for this entry (2 each of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez) the /o:/ seems to be consistently long.
However, in their pronunciation of xtopa kayo:tl (reference #3564) the same /o/ is definitely short. I have written the present entry with a long /o:/ although there is no
clear motive for vowel lengthening. Apparently in other dialects the
\qry Check length of long /o:/. Cf. also discussion in notes under /asta:man/. Check whether meaning is more adjectival or adverbial. Finally, check whether the phrase /newa niaxto:pa/ is
correct, or whether one can only say /niaxto:pakayo:tl/.
\qry In /A:man tikitaskeh akin xto:pa yekos/ 'Now we will see who arrives here first' I would have expected perhaps /akinon/. However, there might be an explanation. Perhaps /A:man
tikitaskeh akinon xto:pa yekos/ would refer to someone not known, someone not present, whereas /A:man tikitaskeh akin xto:pa yekos/ would refer to one of the people referenced
by the subject if /ita/. Check.
\ref 04375
\lxam tlayo:ltla:like:tl
\lxam_c tlayo:ltla:like:tl
\lxoa tlayo:ltlá:liké:tl
\lxoa_alt te:yo:ltlá:liké:tl
\lxoa_c tlayo:ltlá:liké:tl
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e representative of the bridgegroom and his father who goes to appease the father of a girl who has eloped, going to the girl's father's house and asking permission for the
marriage while calming his ire
\sense_s representante dell novio y su padre quien va a calmar al padre de la novia que había fugada, yendo a la casa del padre de la novia para tranquilizarlo y pedirle su
consentimiento para la boda
\sense_d Pending
\root yo:l
\root tla:l
\ref 04376
\lxam to:ntomo:hli
\lxam_c to:ntomo:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) tonto
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of meatless mole, so-called because it is"foolish"or simple in that it has no meat
\sense_s tipo de mole sin carne, asíllamado porque es"tonto"o sencillo en que no tiene carne
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n To:ntomo:hli, a:yowextli kisekin wan nokwe:chowa ika chi:ltsi:ntli, chi:lwa:ktli, ipan metatl. Ma kwe:xtia. Deke yo:kwe:xtiak, konxi:nian itik se: ko:ntli ika a:poso:nki.
A:man kixi:nilian xonakatl, sila:ntroh, wan istatl. Saihkón. Kito:ka:yo:tian to:ntomo:hli pa:mpa xkipia ni:m pióni:m michin ni:n yetl. Xtlah. To:ntoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e To:ntomo:hli (is made in the following way): squash seeds are toasted on a clay griddle and ground up with chile, with chile huajillo, on a metate. It should
become finely ground. Once so ground, it (the mixture) is thrown into a pot of boiling water. Then onion, silantro, and salt is added. That's it. It is called
to:ntomo:hli because it doesn't have either chicken, or fish, or beans. Northing. It is"foolish."
\phrase_s to:ntomo:hli (se hace en la siguiente manera): se muelen semillas de calabaza con chile, con chile huajillo sobre un metate. se debe quedar finamente
molido. si ya se molióbien, le echan a una olla de agua hervida. Ahora le echan cebolla, cilantro y sal. Asínada más. Le dicen to:ntomo:hli porque ni
tiene pollo, ni pescado ni frijol. Nada. Es"tonto".
\semfld food-mole
\root mo:l
\disamb mo:hli
\ref 04377
\lxam te:ntsonki:sa
\lxam_c te:ntsonki:sa
\lxoa te:ntsonki:sa
\lxoa_c te:ntsonki:sa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to grow a beard; to become bearded
\sense_s salirsele o crecersele la barba a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tite:ntsonki:s, xok pestik moxa:yak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You grew a beard, your face is no longer smooth
\phrase_s Se te crecióla barba, ya no tienes la cara lisa.
\root te:n
\root tson
\root ki:sa
\disamb te:ntsonki:sa; te:ntsonyowa
\ref 04378
\lxam iksan tla:katl
\lxam_c iksan tla:katl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e ancestor
\sense_s antepasado
\sense_d Am
\root iksan
\root tla:ka
\qry Check to see if this should be recorded as one word /i:ksantla:katl/. Perhaps one manner of telling is the position of pronominal prefixes. However, since prefixes are in Ameyaltepec
at the left of a clause and since /i:ksan/ is or would not be pluralized, it might be difficult to assert that /ti iksan tla:kah/ is definitely one or two words. Check to see where plural
markers might go: /ti iksan tla:kameh/ or ?/iksan titla:kameh/. Perhaps a better test of word boundaries is velarization of /n/.
\ref 04379
\lxam tlaxi:mahli
\lxam_c tlaxi:mahli
\lxoa tlaxi:mahli
\lxoa_c tlaxi:mahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\sense_e wood (or other objects such as stone) that has been planed
\sense_s madera (u otros materiales como cantera) cepillada
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tikneki de tlaxi:mahli, noso kuwmimilohli?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Do you want wood that has been planed, or just a round log (e.g., to make a sawhorse, banco, etc.)
\phrase_s ¿Quieres de madera cepillada, o solamente redonda (p. ej., para hacer un burro, banquito, etc.)?
\sense_e logs that have had their bark removed
\sense_s troncos a que se les han quitado la cáscara
\sense_d Oa
\root xi:ma
\nse In Oapan tlaxi:mahli is used to refer to beams from which the bark has been stripped (e.g., for morillos of houses). Tlaxi:ntlican also be so
used, though it is also used for things that have been squared off, such as large thick pieces of wood, or stones for building. However, for planed wood kohxi:mahliis
used.
\qry Check this last statement as in the entry for /kohxi:mahli/ I had first recorded that it only refers to wood shavings.
\semref tlaxi:ntli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04380
\lxam te:nka:wa
\lxam_c kite:nka:wa
\lxoa te:nka:wa
\lxoa_c kite:nka:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to leave uneaten; to leave on the plate
\sense_s dejar sin comer; dejar en el plato
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root ka:wa
\qry Can anything but food be the object; can subjects be inanimate.
\ref 04381
\lxam kwa:tsotsoltik
\lxam_c kwa:tsotsoltik
\lxoa kwa:tsotsoltik
\lxoa_alt kwa:te:tsoltik
\lxoa_c kwa:tsotsoltik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s; Op. infix te- : kwa:tetsotsoltik (Am); kwa:te:tsoltik (Oa)
\sense_e to be bald
\sense_s ser calvo
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root tsol
\nae When the infix intensifier te- is used in the Oapan form, the reduplicated first syllable of the stem reduces onto the intensifier, lengthening the /e/.
\qry Check to see if it can also mean having simply thinning or thin hair, or to be bare-headed. Check vowel length.
\ref 04382
\lxam tlakpa-
\lxam_c tlakpakone:tl
\lxoa tlahpa-
\lxoa_c tlahpakone:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-b
\sense_e step- (as in stepmother, stepfather, etc.)
\sense_s -astro(a) (como en madrastra, hermanastro, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld kin
\root tlakpa
\nse Tlakpa- (Am) / tlahpa- (Oa) is a prefix used with kin terms to indicate 'step-' as in tlakpana:ntli (Am) 'stepmother.'
\qry Determine precise meaning of 'step' in Nahuatl.
\semref tlakpawi:tek
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 04383
\lxam a:temia
\lxam_c ka:temia
\lxoa a:temia
\lxoa_c ka:temia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-?
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to delouse; to pick the lice out of the hair of
\sense_s despiojar
\sense_d Pending
\root a:t
\qry Check length of initial /a/. In other dialects one finds /a:tintli/.
\mod Modify /cat field coding as the nature of /-ia/ here is determined.
\grm The nature of this grammatical construction should be determined. Cf. whether there are other similar forms with other nominal roots.
\root_notes Note that here the root seems the"classical"form for louse: /atemitl/; but in Ameyaltepec the word for louse itself has changed to /a:tintli/. Thus we seem to have {a:tim} and
{a:tem} as suppletive roots.
\ref 04384
\lxam yo:ltla:lia
\lxam_c kiyo:ltla:lia
\lxoa yo:ltla:lia
\lxoa_c kiyo:ltla:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to appease; to calm down; to console; to soothe the hurt feelings of (particularly a father [O] after the elopement of his daughter)
\sense_s calmar; tranquilizar; consolar; aplacar (particularmente a un padre [O] después de la fuga de su hija)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikyo:ltla:li:s notah, ma:ka sa: kwala:nto.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will appease my father so that he is not just brooding (e.g., because his daughter ran off with her boyfriend).
\phrase_s Voy a consolar a mi papápara que no esténomás enojado (p. ej., porque su hija se había fugado).
\phrase_n O:mitsyo:ltla:likeh, o:tla:k momi:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You have been consoled (in this case, by God), your cornfield has proferred a good yield.
\phrase_s Fuiste consolado (en este caso, por Diós), tu milpa rindióbien.
\sense_e (refl.) to calm down
\sense_s (refl.) tranquilizarse; calmarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pe:w noyo:ltla:lia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's started to calm down.
\phrase_s Ya empezóa tranquilizarse.
\root yo:l
\root tla:l
\grm Passive: Note that in Nahuatl the 3rd person plural marker with a transitive verb functions as a passive, with an unspecified agent. Thus in /o::mitsyo:ltla:likeh, o:tla:k
momi:l/ the translation is 'You have been consoled (i.e., by God), your cornfield has proferred a good yield.' The 3rd person plural is use even though from the context and
the cultural basis for this, all speakers know intuitively who the agent is. That is, context establishes the agent.
\ref 04385
\lxam ikxipiltewia
\lxam_c nokxipiltewia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp [N-N]-V2
\der V2-d-wia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to stub ones toe or foot
\sense_s (refl.) darse en el dedo de pie o en el pie
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nimokxipiltewih, te:kokoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I stubbed my toe, it hurts.
\phrase_s Me di (me golpeé) en el dedo de pie, duele.
\root kxi
\root pil
\root te
\qry I have only heard this used in the reflexive, check to see if other forms exist. I also have never heard an intransitive cognative; probably this is because the derivation is from the noun
stem /te/ 'rock' with the verbalizer /-wia/. Finally, recheck vowel length as in one instance I have /ikxipilte:wia/ and in another /ikxipiltewia/.
\semref ixipiltechakwa:nia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04386
\lxam ne:ne:wia
\lxam_c kine:ne:wia
\lxoa ne:ne:wi
\lxoa_c kine:ne:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia (Am)
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to be just like (sb or sth else)
\sense_s ser tal como; ser parecido o igual a (otra persona o cosa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:n na:nkah kine:ne:wia un ne:nkah, no: ihkón.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e This one here is similar to that one over there, it's just like it.
\phrase_s Este que estáaquíes similar al otro allí, es parecido aél (es de la misma manera).
\root ne:
\nse The etymology of this word is unclear, but the form nenewilia is found in Tetelcingo, Morelos and in Classical (perhaps as ne:newilia, cf. the discussion in
FK). It appears that the applicative formation involves a human agent who is comparing one thing to another; the form ne:ne:wia (Am) / ne:ne:wi (Oa)
has one of the two items being compared as subject. This verb is used, for example, to refer to one animal that is lame like another, a person who, like another, is learning a task, a
person who is the same age as another, a house that is as ugly or nice as another, etc.
\qry Recheck vowel length. Check to see if /nene:wilia/ also exists.
\ref 04387
\lxam pa:tla
\lxam_c kipa:tla
\lxoa pa:tla
\lxoa_c kipa:tla
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tla
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to melt down (wax, lead, etc.)
\sense_s fundir (cera, plomo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n nikpa:tlatok nose:rah para nitla:lti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm melting down my wax here in order to make candles.
\phrase_s Aquíestoy derritiendo mi cera para hacer velas.
\sense_e to mix (with water and other ingredients, as in making cement or mortar, adobe, etc.)
\sense_s mezclar o revolver (con agua y otros ingredientes, como en hacer mezcla o cemento, lodo para adobe, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipa:tla sokitl para xa:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is mixing up mud (with water and zacate) to make adobe.
\phrase_s Estárevolviendo lodo (con agua y zacate) para hacer adobe.
\sense_e (refl.) to dissolve
\sense_s (refl.) disolvers
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San nopa:tla.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It just dissolves.
\phrase_s Solamente se disuelve.
\sense_e to stir in (various ingredients into a watery mixture)
\sense_s agregar y revolver (varios ingredientes a una mezcla aguada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikpa:tlas nolimo:na:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will mix up my lemonade (i.e., stir in sugar and ice).
\phrase_s Voy a revolver mi limonada (esto es, agregando azúcar y hielo).
\root pa:
\nse Whereas pa:ti refers to things that melt, such as ice, the anticausative nopa:tla refers to things that dissolve, such as sugar in coffee.
\qry Check the difference between /san nopa:tla/ and, if it is correct, /san pa:ti/. I.e., what happens to sugar, for example, in coffee: /pa:ti/ or /nopa:tla/.
\mod Although I originally categorized the alternation /pa:ti/ and /pa:tla/ as a nondirectional alternation, with a /-ti/ ~ /-tla/ alternation (/pa:ti/ and /-pa:tla/), I have since changed this to a
denominal verb, even though the original nominal stem is now archaic (/pa:/). Note that nopa:tla seems, therefore, to be an anticausative (like /notsakwa/).
\vl Tag all 3 female and 2 male tokens, but don't link the first female token.
\grm Anticausative Whereas pa:ti refers to thinks that melt, such as ice, nopa:tla refers to things that dissolve, such as sugar in coffee. Note the
apparently the form nopa:tla is an anticausative. It is important to keep this difference in mind and perhaps use it as an example in the grammar.
\ref 04388
\lxam kompa:lna:ntli
\lxam_c kompa:lna:ntli
\lxoa kompa:hla:ntli
\lxoa_c kompa:hla:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan compadre
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e godmother
\sense_s madrina
\sense_d Pending
\root na:n
\nse Apparently, unlike other terms of relational kin, this is used only in reference, and not as a vocative, for which ma:mali:nah is employed in Ameyaltepec. Note
however, that in this village. both nokompa:lna:n and noma:mali:nah are correct and used.
\nae Note the shift in the initial /n/ of na:ntlito /l/ and then the shift to /h/ of the initial consonant of the geminate pair. The plural possessed also manifests the typical loss of
/n/ before /w/: nokompa:hla:wa:n, the same change that occurs with the diminutive: nokaltsitsi:nwa:n.
\grm Orthography: Note the shift in the initial /n/ of na:ntlito /l/ and then the shift to /h/ of the initial consonant of the geminate pair. The plural possessed also
manifests the typical loss of /n/ before /w/: nokompa:hla:wa:n, the same change that occurs with the diminutive: nokaltsitsi:nwa:n.
\qry Check if the absolutive form can be used, e.g. perhaps /newa nikompa:lna:ntli/. Check vocative form of godmother in Oapan.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note the phonological process n>0 /l ___. It seems that several interesting phonological changes (e.g., s>ts) occur in the post-/l/ environment.
\ref 04389
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /tla:lte po:cho:ko:niah/; it was removed when not recognized at all by Cirstino Flores.24/Jun/2002
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 04390
\lxam kelo:ni
\lxam_c kelo:ni
\lxoa kelo:ni
\lxoa_c kelo:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to suffer a severe strain
\sense_s sufrir muy duramente
\sense_d Pending
\nse Like verbs that affect a body part (e.g., posteki), kelo:ni may take as a subject either the precise bone that is dislocated, or the animate being that has
suffered this injury. Thus one may have a general statement o:nikelo:n , a more specific o:kelo:n noma. A"possessor raising"construction,
o:nima:kelo:n , may also be used. Note, however, that Florencia Marcelino (Oa) asserted that the meaning of kelo:ni is more like 'to sprain'; the
bone is neither dislocated nor broken. Moreover, given that this action can only occur accidentally, she denied that a transitive form exists. Obviously this discrepancy in meaning
needs to be checked.
\qry Check for NI forms, and add.
\ref 04391
\lxam tla:ltekwtlan
\lxam_c tla:ltekwtlan
\lxoa tla:ltehtlah
\lxoa_alt tla:ltehtlan
\lxoa_c tla:ltehtlah, tla:ltehtlan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-tlan
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e place with a lot of dust (because of the wind, sb sweeping, etc.)
\sense_s lugar donde se levanta mucho polvo (a causa del viento, de algn que barre, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root tla:l
\root tekw
\root_rel -tlan
\qry Check this entry since on some filecards I had /tla:ltekwtlan/ and on others /tla:ltektlan/.
\vl Link second male token.
\ref 04392
\lxam chialtia
\lxam_c kichialtia
\lxoa chialtia
\lxoa_c kichialtia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to save for
\sense_s guardar para
\sense_d Pending
\src_s DT1:106
\phrase_n Ne:chsentla:lilia: un a:tl, wan ne:xchialtia a:sta ma nasi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He accumulates the water there for me and saves it until I arrive.
\phrase_s Me junta el agua alláy me la guarda hasta que llegue.
\root chiya
\qry Check meaning to make sure meaning is not 'to make someone wait for something'.
\semref a:chialtia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref chia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04393
\lxam te:kakaya:wani
\lxam_c te:kakaya:wani
\lxoa té:kakaya:wáni
\lxoa_c té:kakaya:wáni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e person who deceives, misleads, or fools others (e.g., often promising to do sth and then not doing it); person who doesn't keep his word
\sense_s persona que engaña (p. ej., a menudo prometiendo hacer algo y después no cumpliendo con la promesa); persona que no respeta su palabra
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkukwalteh. ke:n te:kakaya:wanimeh. Mitsna:nkilian para mitsompale:wi:skeh, pero xmlá:k yaweh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They're no good, they really deceive people. They'll agree to go help you, but they won't really go.
\phrase_s Son malos, engañan a la gente. Te responden que te van a ir a ayudar, pero no van de veras.
\root kaya:
\nse Te:kakaya:wani (Am) / té:kakaya:wáni (Oa) in general refers to individuals who don't keep their word, who make promises and assertions that they fail
to follow. Thus it may apply to people who ask for a loan and never return it, or to those who tell people that something is not what it is, who are prone to state what in Spanish are
called 'vaciladas' (e.g., one might say that a certain person is the husband of someone when this is not true).
\ref 04394
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was a separate entry for Am /sakapepextli/, whereas another entry had already existed for Ameyaltepec. In this entry, 4394, the Oapan word for the grass, i.e., /saká:pextlí/
was entered. This has been moved to the other entry, 652.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\vl The recording here of /saká:pextlí/ should be assigned number 652.
\ref 04395
\lxam ite:ntson chi:boh
\lxam_c ite:ntson chi:boh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) chivo
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1(N2-NP)
\sense_e grass, a member of the Poaceae family, not yet identified
\sense_s zacate, miembro de la familia Poaceae, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root te:n
\root tson
\notes_nature Although I have heard this plant mentioned repeatedly, when asked L. Lucena responded that he did not know its identity. However, Ramírez and Dakin (1979) have
te:ntzonchivo , which identify as the barba de chivo.
\semref ite:ntson chi:boh de xixiwtli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04396
\lxam nenemintsi:n
\lxam_c nenemintsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n; N-bb
\infn N0
\sense_e little walker (vocative used in speaking to babies)
\sense_s caminantito (vocativo empleado en hablar a bebés)
\sense_d Am
\semfld baby
\root nemi
\nse The use of -ntsi:n to indicate a child agentive is not uncommon (cf. a:tlakwintsi:n) and this use here seems to parallel the agentive. Yet at the same time
is reflects the occasional use of -tsi:n with verbs (cf. poliwitsi:n). Apparently, then, nenemi:ntsi:n is a type of vocative used to address
little children who are just beginning to walk; the presence of /n/ before -tsi:n suggests that at some level this is a nominal and not verbal form.
\qry Check length of penultimate /i:/.
\mod See and add Gram 1984-10-16.1
\grm Oapan baby talk; reduplication: Note the form /ne:nentsi:n/; here it appears that the long vowel reduplication. It would appear that this is related to forms such as
/che:ncheh/, etc. in which a long vowel reduplication is used in baby talk.
\vl The first female and male token is /ne:ne:tsi:n/ (all long vowels). These two tokens (one female and one male) should be tagged with #7697 and linked there. Then there
follow 4 tokens of /ne:ne:ntsi:n/. I am not sure if this is a different term or not. It should be tagged to 7698. I will have to determine whether this is the same as /ne:ne:tsi:n/,
or Am /nenemi:ntsi:n/. Do not confuse /ne:ne:tsi:n/>7697 with /ne:ne:ntsi:n/ 7698.
\ref 04397
\lxam panoche:ros
\lxam_alt tsikatl de panoche:ros
\lxam_c panoche:ros
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan panochero
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e type of dark-colored ant, of those known as tsi:katl
\sense_s tipo de hormiga color oscuro, de los que se conocen como tsi:katl
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root tsi:ka
\disamb hypo tsi:katl
\notes_nature The tsi:katl panoche:roh is not red but dark, poyaktik.
\ref 04398
\lxam pi:tso:yo
\lxam_c i:pi:tso:yo
\lxoa pi:tso:yo
\lxoa_c i:pi:tso:yo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-yo:tl
\infn N2
\sense_e younger, recently born sibling who follows another closely in the birth order
\sense_s hermano menor recién nacido que muy de cerca le sigue a otro en el orden de nacer
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:man kipia ipi:tso:yo, yo:nemiko oksé.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now he has his young sibling, another (child) has been born.
\phrase_s Ya tiene su chípil, otro (niño) ya nació.
\root pi:tso:
\nse Apparently an expression such as i:pi:tso:yo is used only to refer to a younger child who has been born, not one that is still in the womb.
\qry Determine whether unpossessed form can be used; if not the headword should be /pi:tso:yo/ and the /cat field should be N-poss. Also recheck cat field. Check whether /ipi:tso:yo/
can refer to any younger sibling or only to one that is the source of chipil. It appears that the former is the case.
\ref 04399
\lxam yewalwia
\lxam_c kiyewalwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to do (an activity or task, at times implicitly sex) during the night
\sense_s hacer (una actividad o tarea, a veces implicitamente el amor) durante la noche
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tikyewalwi:s kamantika, xniman kalaki masa:tl, san kwalka:n kalaki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sometimes you'll spend the whole night at it (in this case deerhunting), the deer doesn't always come back in (e.g., to where they live) right away, it's just in the early
morning they come in.
\phrase_s A veces pasas toda la noche haciéndolo (en este caso cazando venado), no siempre vuelve a entrar el venado (p. ej., a donde habita) luego, solamente es temprano en la
mañana que entran.
\phrase_n A:mantsi:n me:roh nanye:nkwikeh, nankito:nalwian wan nankiyewalwian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are newlyweds, you got at it during the day and you go at it during the night.
\phrase_s Son ustedes recién casados, lo hacen (el amor) durante el día y lo hacen durante la noche.
\root yowa
\nse For comparative purposes the root has been entered as yowa.
\semref to:nalwia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04400
\lxam iseki
\lxam_c kiseki
\lxoa ísekí
\lxoa_pr iseki
\lxoa_c kísekí
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\allomorph i-epen
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to toast on a griddle (comal; e.g. guaje seeds, corn kernels, beans, etc.)
\sense_s tostar sobre un comal (p. ej., guajes, maíz, frijoles, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkiseki un a:yowextli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Toast those squash seeds on a griddle!
\phrase_s ¡Tuesta la semilla (de calabaza) sobre el comal!
\root hseki
\nse Check root.
\nae The initial /i/ is epenthetic and lost after the reflexive and nonspecific tla-.
\xref isekilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref ísekília
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 04401
\lxam ye:kpowa
\lxam_c kiye:kpowa
\lxoa yé:hpowá
\lxoa_pr ye:hpowa
\lxoa_c kiyé:hpowá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Spec
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes
\sense_e to replant with new seed (particularly maize) where the original seeds did not sprout
\sense_s volver a sembrar con semilla nueva (particularmente de maíz) donde la semilla original no germinó
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:mantsi:n nia:s nomi:hlan, san nonye:kpo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e In a moment I'm going to go to my corn field, I'm just going to replant where the seeds I originally planted did not sprout.
\phrase_s Ahorita voy a ir a mi milpa, solamente voy a volver a sembrar donde no germinaron las semillas que sembréoriginalmente.
\root ye:k
\root po
\nae The etymology of ye:kpowa needs further clarification. If it were related to the root powaof the transitive 'to count' then one would expect an
underlyingly long {o:} and a perfective form such as o:ye:kpo:w (Am). But the perfective is a"class 2"form, o:ye:kpoh. If the etymology included the
stem tlapowa 'to open' then the inflectional paradigm would be consistent but the missing element tla- unexplainable. In a certain sense, in terms of
meaning either 'to count' or 'to open' would be appropriate stems yet neither seems to offer a precise fit: the inflectional pattern of ye:kpowa argues against
powa 'to count' and the lack of the tla syllable argues against an etymology deriving from tlapowa, since root for 'open' appears to be
tlapoand not simply poas it would have to be in this case given the perfective form. Finally, there is the question or problem of pitch accent. It m
ight be that the Oapan pitch accent derives from a reduplicant, like in kéwá 'he stores it' (Am has kiyewa) but the difference here is that the
Ameyaltepec form ye:kpowa does not manifest any reduplicant. Thus the original of Oapan pitch accent remains a mystery at present.
\qry Check the perfective and make sure it is /o:ye:kpoh/ and not /o:ye:kpo:w/. If the latter this would confirms relation to /powa/. Also check future, is it /ye:kpo:s/ of /ye:kpowas/.
Check the presence of /h/ in San Juan. The reason for the lack of leftward shift of the pitch accent in Oapan is not clear. Apparently, however, it is because this is reduplicated and
with an initial glide the reduplication does not shift leftward. However, note that in drawing blood one states: /o:kí:nyeskí:xtih/ in which the reduplication is applied to the prefix.
\qry_h ye:kpowa; find explanation for p-a
\ref 04402
\lxam a:xi:xtemi:na
\lxam_c ka:xi:xtemi:na
\lxoa a:xi:xtemi:ni
\lxoa_c ka:xi:xtemi:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to urinate on (dogs and other animals that mark territory with urine)
\sense_s orinar sobre (perros y otros animals que marcan su territorio con orines)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with tla-) to urinate by shooting ones urine a great distance (e.g., males yo hold their penises and urinate up in the air, causing the stream to go a great
distance)
\sense_s (con tla-) orinar echando la orina lejos (p. ej., un hombre que agarra su pene y orina hacia arriba, echando su orina lejos)
\sense_d Pending
\root a:
\root xi:xa
\root mi:
\nse This verb may be used with a reflexive marker as a reciprocal to indicate events such as when young boys play and try to urinate on one another.
\ref 04403
\lxam tla:ltoto:nka:miki
\lxam_c tla:ltoto:nka:miki
\lxoa tla:lto:nka:miki
\lxoa_alt tla:ltoto:nka:miki
\lxoa_c tla:lto:nka:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp Part-miki
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rpd-s (Am)
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to suffer (a burning sensation at ones feet) from steppping on earth or sand that has been heavily heated up by the sun
\sense_s sufrir (una sensación de quemarse los pies) por pisar sobre tierra o arena que ha sido muy calentada por el sol
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Titla:ltoto:nka:mikis pa:mpa o:tlaxo:tlak wan xtikpia mowe:rach.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your feet will get burned from the hot earth because its scorching and you don't have your sandals.
\phrase_s Se te van a quemar los pies porque hace muchísimo calor y no traes tus huaraches.
\root tla:l
\root to:n
\root miki
\nae The Oapan form tla:lto:nka:miki is interesting in that the expected reduplication, toto:nki, is not present. The same situation is noted with the locative
tla:lto:nka:n, which is discussed there. It seems best to analyze tla:lto:nka:miki as simply the nominal locative tla:lto:nka:ncompounded
with miki.
\ref 04404
\lxam a:chi:wiltepalkatl
\lxam_c a:chi:wiltepalkatl
\lxoa a:chi:wiltepalkatl
\lxoa_c a:chi:wiltepalkatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e little bowl used to hold water that is mixed with something being ground or kneaded (particularly nextamahli being ground on a metate)
\sense_s recipiente pequeño que contiene agua que se mezcla con algo para suavizarlo mientras que se muela o se amase (particularmente nixtamal al molerlo sobre un metate)
\sense_d Pending
\fla a:chi:wia
\root a:
\root chi:wa
\root tepalka
\nae The question of vowel length here is problematical. In the four Oapan speech tokens (of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez) the duration of the initial /a:/, in the range of 60
to 80 ms, is not what one would expect from a long vowel (even though standard parameters for measurement have not yet been set). Yet the short vowels in
tepalkatl seem to be singificantly reduced (e.g., 43 to 53 ms for /te/ and 47 to 73 ms for /pal/). It might be the case that the duration of long vowels in this case is
reduced because of the overall length of the word. For now the orthographic representation of this word has been left at a:chi:wihli. A complete comparison of
all tokens (in isolated, possessed and incorporated forms) will need to be carried out). Note, finally, that comparative data exists for Tetelcingo (cf. a:chi:wahli 'agua que
se ocupa para moler') and Pipil (cf. a:chiwal 'bowl of water for making tortillas'; note that in Pipil the word chiwa al so h as a short /i/).
\qry_fon Re /a:chi:wiltepalkatl/: note problem of vowel length, cf. question of reduction in duration of individual vowels as words get longer. Perhaps do a study on this.
\ilus_note Make illustratation
\ref 04405
\lxam potohki:sa
\lxam_c potohki:sa
\lxoa potohki:sa
\lxoa_c potohki:sa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to emit vapor or steam (a hot food, sth cooking, a hot drink, etc.)
\sense_s echar vapor (una comida caliente, algo cocinándose, una bebida caliente, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root potok
\root ki:sa
\nse In Oapan po:hki:sais used for hot foods that emit steam whereas ítipotohkí:sais used for pots that emit vapor from within. The form
potohki:sa is apparently acceptable but not often used.
\mod Perhaps remove this Oapan entry since FM later said that eeryone uses /itipotohki:sa/.
\semref po:hki:sa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref ítipotohkí:sa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04406
\lxam tsi:npo:naltia
\lxam_c kitsi:npo:naltia
\lxoa tsi:npo:naltia
\lxoa_c kitsi:npo:naltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b(ni/altia)
\trans from nondirected alternation
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to position so that the posterior part is raised in the air (e.g., a bucket or other type of container propped up in this manner so that any water might drip out)
\sense_s colocar con la parte posterior alzada hacia arriba (p. ej., una cubeta u otro tipo de recipiente apuntalada o apoyada asípara que salga un líquido que estaba adentro)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kitsi:npo:naltih imo:sah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He placed his lover with her rear end raised up (for sexual intercourse from behind).
\phrase_s Posicionóa su amante con sus nalgas expuestas y alzadas (para tener relaciones sexuales).
\root tsi:n
\root po:
\nse This word can be used in a sexual sense meaning "to bend over (a lover [O], either while standing or kneeling) so that the rear end is exposed and jutting out into the air (particularly
used to refer to a sexual position in which the woman is placed in such a posture)" [hacer agachar (a una amante [O], en posición parada o sobre las manos y rodillas)) con las
nalgas alzadas (particularmente empleada para referirse a una posición sexual tomada por una mujer)]. In regards to the sexual position, several male speakers mentioned that this is
a position that one does not engage in with ones wife ("because one respects her") but rather with a lover who is arre:ychah 'playfully sexual' or a 'feisty lover.'
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\xref tsi:npo:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04407
\lxam a:xi:xtekiwia
\lxam_c na:xi:xtekiwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-refl[ca]
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to make an effort to urinate
\sense_s (refl.) hacer un esfuerzo para orinar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xma:xi:xtekiwi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make an effort to urinate (so that afterwards you do not want to)!
\phrase_s ¡Haz un esfuerzo para orinar (para que después no te den ganas de orinar)!
\root a:
\root xi:xa
\root teki
\qry Determine whether only reflexive is used. Also, cf. use of /tekiwia/ in other contexts to indicate making an effort. Question Launey re: use of /-tekiwia/ to indicate making an effort to
do sth. Check if there is a causative form.
\semref a:xi:xtekimaka
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04408
\lxam koto:ntekoch
\lxam_c koto:ntekoch
\lxoa koto:ntekoch
\lxoa_c koto:ntekoch
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) algodón
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\infn N2/Adj
\sense_e checkered or plaid shirt or blouse
\sense_s camisa o blusa de cuadros
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tikpia mokoto:ntekoch.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You have a checkered shirt.
\phrase_s Tienes tu camisa de cuadritos.
\sense_e to be wearing a checkered shirt
\sense_s estar vestido con una camisa de cuadritos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tikoto:ntekoch.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are wearing a checkered shirt.
\phrase_s Estás vestido con una camisa de cuadritos.
\fl tekoch
\nse The loan word koto:ntli is combined here with tekoch , a word that refers to the woodpecker and, by extension, to its coloring, which is said to be
checkered. Koto:ntekoch is either obligatorily possessed or a predicate, with a subject prefix.
\ref 04409
\lxam ne:si
\lxam_c ne:si
\lxoa ne:si
\lxoa_c ne:si
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\der Aux
\sense_e it seems; it appears that
\sense_s parece
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:si xok te:cha:lpale:wi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It appears that he will no longer come to help us.
\phrase_s Parece que ya no viene a ayudarnos.
\root ne:si
\ref 04410
\lxam tlachipa:wi
\lxam_c tlachipa:wi
\lxoa tlachipa:wi
\lxoa_c tlachipa:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp tla-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for the sky to become clear of clouds
\sense_s depegarse de nubes el cielo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tlachipa:w; xok tlamoxte:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sky has cleared, it is no longer cloud-covered.
\phrase_s Se despejóel cielo, ya no estátapado de nubes.
\root chipa:
\vl The first female and first male tokens are /tla:lchipa:wi/. These should be tagged as 4020.
\xref chipa:wi
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04411
\lxam tla:kato:naleh
\lxam_c tla:kato:naleh
\lxoa tla:kato:naleh
\lxoa_alt tla:kato:nalih
\lxoa_c tla:kato:naleh, tla:kato:nalin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-posr-eh
\infn N1
\sense_e (woman who is) attractive to men
\sense_s (mujer que es) atractiva a los hombres
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Miák tla:katl kwelita. Tla:kato:naleh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A lot of men like the way she looks. She is attractive to men.
\phrase_s A muchos hombres les gusta su apariencia. Es atractiva para los hombres.
\root tla:ka
\root to:na
\nse In Oapan this refers to a woman who after becoming widowed finds a man and gets married right away. The implication is that the woman's 'to:nal' is to have a man.
\nae The variation in pronunciation between Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez (both of Oapan) is interesting. His final vowel is higher, and in at least one pronunciation he has a
final nasal, where his wife has a light aspiration.
\qry Determine any other words ending in /to:naleh/, e.g., ?/sowa:to:naleh/.
\qry_fon Check acoustics of final /h/ vs. /n/; note vowel raising: in /tla:kato:naleh/. The variation in pronunciation between Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez (both of
Oapan) is interesting. His final vowel is higher, and in at least one pronunciation he has a final nasal, where his wife has a light aspiration.
\vl Link second male token.
\ref 04412
\lxam tlatso:mia
\lxam_c tlatso:mia
\lxoa tlátso:mía
\lxoa_pr tlatso:mia
\lxoa_c tlátso:mía
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-refl[tla]
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to snort (through the nose, e.g., a donkey, horse, mule, goat, bull, etc.)
\sense_s bufar; resoplar (p. ej., un burro, caballo, mula, chivo, toro, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlatso:mitok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is snorting.
\phrase_s Estábufando.
\sense_e to slurp ones food (said often to young children who eat sloppily, slurping up the food and making noises as if blowing air through the nose into the plate)
\sense_s sorber o comer (cosas líquidas como caldo o chile) haciendo ruido (utilizado mucho como advertencia a niños que comen sin cuidado, sorbiendo la comida y haciendo
mucho ruido como si estuvieran echando aire por la nariz)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka ihkón xtlakwa! Titlatso:mitok itik mopla:toh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't eat like that! You're slurping up your food and snorting into your plate.
\phrase_s ¡No vayas a comer así! Estás haciendo mucho ruido como si estuvieras bufando hacia el plato.
\root htso:mi
\nde Molina has tlatzomia. nitla 'bufar el gato, o cosa semejante.' The tla- here is undoubtedly from reduplication, not the object prefix.
\qry Check etymology. Also for interlinearization, it is unclear how to parse this word. For now the root is given as /tlatso:mi/.
\xref itso:mia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\xref ítso:mía
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Oa
\ref 04413
\lxam i:xiwinti
\lxam_c i:xiwinti
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to feel dizzy
\sense_s sentirse mareado
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root iwin
\qry Check root whether /iwin/ or /win/. Check if there is any difference between /i:xiwinti/ and /kwa:i:xiwinti/.
\semref kwa:i:xiwinti
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04414
\lxam te:nkwepa
\lxam_c kite:nkwepa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to turn the head of (e.g., an animal such as a donkey, mule, or horse, by pulling on its reins)
\sense_s voltear la cabeza de (p. ej., un animal como un burro, mula o caballo, al jalar las riendas por un lado)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ma:ka sam paika xya! Xte:nkwepa un burroh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't go off in that direction! Turn the head of the donkey (by pulling in the reins on one side)!
\phrase_s ¡No vayas hacia allá!¡Voltéale la cabeza al burro (al jalar las riendas por un lado)!
\root te:n
\root kwepa
\semref xa:ya:kopa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04415
\lxam tlachwa
\lxam_c tlachwa
\lxoa tlachwa
\lxoa_c tlachwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to excavate (particularly when using a pick ax); to dig into the earth
\sense_s excavar (particularmente cuando se usa un pico)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:te:mpostek mopi:koh, xok wel titlachwas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The end of your pick broke off, you won't be able to dig anymore.
\phrase_s La punta de tu pico se rompió, ya no vas a poder escarbar.
\root chwa
\ref 04416
\lxam te:h
\lxam_c Ma nia te:h!
\lxoa te:h
\lxoa_alt te:l
\lxoa_alt te:n
\lxoa_c xtlakwa te:n!
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\der Interj
\sense_e well then!
\sense_s pues
\sense_d Pending
\root teh
\nse Te:n or te:h is often a phrase-final term that is perhaps best translated by Spanish phrase-final pues! or perhaps English
phrase-initial. It often follows an imperative and serves to mitigate its force. Thus Xtlakwa! 'Eat!' as compared to Xtlakwa te:h! 'Well eat
then!' or 'Just eat then!' or other similar forms. After propositional phrases, te:h serves to indicate that the speaker is asserting the communicated situation or
event is true, perhaps despite hearer or addressee doubt. Thus, O:te:pale:wi:to te:h! 'Well he went to help out, y'know!' In this regard te:h
functions somewhat like an evidential. Finally, note that in Ameyaltepec, but not in Oapan, the negative form xte:h? is quite common. It is used to indicate something
to the effect of 'Isn't that true?' Once I was present when a small group of people from Ameyaltepec and Oapan were arguing whether I spoke more like those from Ameyaltepec or
from Oapan. One of the arguments that I spoke like an Ameyaltepequeño was that I used the term xte:h.
\qry_fon Determine nature of final vowel, nasalized, or with closing nasal, etc.
\semref xte:h
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04417
\lxam yexo:xiwtli
\lxam_c yexo:xiwtli
\lxoa yexo:xihtli
\lxoa_c yexo:xihtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e vine of any bean plant
\sense_s enrededera de cualquier planta de frijól
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root ye
\root xo: xiw
\semfld flower
\qry Check definition.
\ref 04418
\lxam nana:ntsi:n
\lxam_c nana:ntsi:n
\lxoa náná:ntsi:n
\lxoa_c náná:ntsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e Byrsonima crassifolia(L.) Kunth, tree of the family Malpighiaceae; some consultants from Ameyaltepec distinguish two types: nana:ntsi:n de kokostik
and nana:ntsi:n xoxo:hka:iksi
\sense_s Byrsonima crassifolia(L.) Kunth,árbol de la familia Malpighiaceae; algunos consultantes de Ameyaltepec distinguen entre dos tipos: nana:ntsi:n de
kokostik and nana:ntsi:n xoxo:hka:iksi
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e fruit of the Byrsonima crassifolia(L.) Kunth
\sense_s fruta del Byrsonima crassifolia(L.) Kunth
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nana:ntsi:n | Nokwaitla:kihlo. Bwe:noh paraitsontekon burrosi:yah noso kaba:yosi:yah, no: para trase:rah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Nana:ntsi:n : Its fruit is eaten. It is good for the horn of a saddle for donkeys or for horses, also for its back.
\phrase_s Nana:ntsi:n : Se come su fruta. Es bueno para la parte de la silla de burro o caballo donde se agarra la riata, también para la parte de atrás donde el
jinete se recarga.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\semfld edible
\root na:n
\nse Honorio de la Rosa (Am) distinguished two types of nana:ntsi:n : nana:ntsi:n de kokostik and nana:ntsi:n xoxo:hka:iksi , something
which consultants from other villages did not do. They have both tentatively been identified as Byrsonima crassifolia. According to Hoyo de la Rosa, however, the
nana:ntsi:n de kokostik has fruit which turns yellow and becomes edible on the tree; the nana:ntsi:n xoxo:hka:iksi , however, falls off while still green
(and this is how it is eaten). This is indeed the case, though whether these represent two distinct Latin species is not clear.
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this as of the family Malpighiaceae and genus/species Byrsonina crassifolia. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:148) identify this as the"nanche
amarillo."They also give two other members of the Malpighiaceae family: Malpighia mexicana, the 'nanche rojo' or 'guajocote' and the Bunchosia
lanceolata, the 'nanche de coyote' or 'nanche de zorra.' Schoenhals (1988) lists only the Byrsonina crassifolia(under nance and nanche) and the Bunchosia
lanceolata(under capulincillo). Under nance:"(Byrsonima crassifolia) 'nanche,' 'pickle tree.' A tre with small, acid, red or yellow berries which are
edible."Under capulincillo:"1. The term is used for bushes and trees of at least eight genera; most, if not all, have small berry-like fruits. 2. (Ribesspp., e.g., R.
ciliatum) 'gooseberry.' A shrub with greenish-white, fragrant flowers and a berry-like fruit with several seeds. 3. (Rhamnusspp., e.g., R. serrata) 'b
uckthorn.' See capulín cimarrón. 4. (Pernettya cilata) '[family] heath.' A shrub of mountain savannas and meadows. The fruit resembles a blueberry and is very
juicy. Also called arrayán, capiroto, lengua de vaca, lolito, tecapulín, tesguate. 5. (Conostegia xalapensis) 'tropical blueberry.' A small fruit with a good blueberry
flavor. Also called conostegia, pupu. 6. (Karwinskia humboldtiana) 'Humboldt coyotillo.' See tullidora. 7. (Bunchosia lanceolata) '[family] malpighia.' A
bush with climbing tendencies. Yellow flowers; fruit has one seed. Also called zapotillo de San Juan. 8. (Belotiaspp., e.g., B. mexicana) '[family] basswood.'
Tree is up to 30 m. tall. Violet flowers; fruit is a capsule covered with rigid hairs. Also called cerza, corcho colorado, cotomate, cuapetate, guacimilla, yaco de venado."
\qry Note that Ramírez (1991) has /nana:ntsi:n/. On my filecard I have simply /na:ntsi:n/, but on a list of trees I had /nanantsinkuhtli/. Since I seem to remember the reduplication this is
how I have entered it for now. But it should be checked. Perhaps enter /burrosi:yah/ and /kaba:yosi:yah/ as headwords. Definitely determine what /itsontekon burrosi:yah/ refers to,
and what the /trase:rah/ is.
\ref 04419
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was Am /tlanpatla/ which has been eliminated and given as an alternate spelling of /tlamptla/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 04420
\lxam tepe:chi:pilin
\lxam_c tepe:chi:pilin
\lxoa tepe:chi:pi:lin
\lxoa_c tepe:chi:pi:lin
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e Crotalaria sp., herbaceous nonedible wild plant of the Leguminoseae family
\sense_s Crotalaria sp., planta herbáceae silvestre no comestible de la familia Leguminoseae
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tepe:chi:pilin | Ke:n chi:pilin pero ma:s wekapania. Xnokwa, san burroh wel kikwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tepe:chi:pilin : It is like the chi:pilin but it grows higher. It isn't eaten, just donkeys are able to eat it.
\phrase_s Tepe:chi:pilin : Es como el chi:pilin pero crece más algo. No se come, solamente los burros pueden comerselo.
\root tepe:
\root chi:pi:l
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\qry Check whether this is classified as a"type"of /chipilin/. Note that in one entry I had a long /i:/ as in /tepe:chi:pi:lin/. Check.
\ref 04421
\lxam so:ya:rrea:l
\lxam_c *so:ya:rrea:l
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part.) real
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of palm with very long leaves, not indigenous to the Balsas region
\sense_s tipo de palma con hojas largas, no indígena a la región del Balsas
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root so:ya:
\qry Check where this palm is found.
\ref 04422
\lxam kuwtik
\lxam_c kuwtik
\lxoa kohtik
\lxoa_c kohtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e strong; powerful (a human or animal)
\sense_s fuerte (una persona o animal)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e stiff; sturdy; resistent to physical alteration (an object or material such as cardboard)
\sense_s macizo; difícil de doblar o alterar físicamente (un objeto o materia como cartón)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tiktepa:xo:s, xkuwtik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will crush it (e.g., a carton box by sitting on it), it is not sturdy.
\phrase_s Lo vas a aplastar (p. ej., una caja de cartón al sentarte sobre ello), no estáfuerte.
\root kow
\nse In reference to objects, kuhtik refers to something that resists being doubled or bent. For example, it may be used to refer to something like a tough rubbery tube that
can't be bent, or a hardened material that is also difficult to manipulate and mold.
\ref 04423
\lxam tsaya:ni
\lxam_c tsaya:ni
\lxoa tsaya:ni
\lxoa_c tsaya:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to crack; to split open; to become fissured (sth hard such as a stone, wall, ceramics, a wooden post that splits lengthwise, clothes that are ripped in a straight line, etc.)
\sense_s rajarse; partirse; agrietarse (algo duro como una piedra, una pared, cerámica, un horcón o pedazo de madera que se raja a lo largo, tela que se rasga en una línea recta,
etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwa:k kiawi wan pe:wa tlawa:ki, pe:wa tsaya:ni, tsa:tsaya:ni -= tso:tsomo:ni- tla:hli
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When it rains and then the ground starts to dry, it begins to crack, cracks open up here and there over the land's surface.
\phrase_s Cuando llueve and el suelo se empieza a secar, empieza a agrietarse, en varias partes se abren fisuras en la tierra.
\phrase_n O:tsaya:n ikal, o:tla:loli:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His house (wall) cracked, there was an earthquake.
\phrase_s Se partió(la pared de) su casa, hubo un temblor (o terremoto).
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w tsaya:ni un tetl, kitlapa:na ika kunyah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That rock has started to split, he is breaking it up with a wedge.
\phrase_s Esa piedra ya empezóa partirse, lo estárompiendo con una cuña.
\semfld distort-fissure
\disamb tsaya:ni; tsomo:ni; posteki; motsi:ni; tsaya:ni; siotomi
\root tsaya:
\nse Tsaya:ni refers to the objects that become fissured or cracked; the motion is one that occurs lengthwise, splitting a hard surface. It usually refers to a crack that does
not go fully through from one side to the other. For example, it is often used to refer to the cracks that form in the wood of posts as they get older and drier, or to plastered walls.
Nevertheless, as the phrase kitsaya:nia itlikuh indicates, it can refer to the splitting of objects completely, though it always seems to be the case that this splitting or
fissuring occurs lengthwise. Tsomo:ni , on the other hand, refers to a deeper split, often all the way from one side to another. Tsaya:ni also differs
from tlapa:ni and words with this root, which do not seem to indicate any particular direction to the breaking or splitting.
\qry In a filecard for /tsaya:ni/ reference is made to see Gram 1985-10-01.1.
\xref tsatsayaka
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04424
\lxam teo:lo:cho:hli
\lxam_c teo:lo:cho:hli
\lxoa teo:lo:cho:hli
\lxoa_c teo:lo:cho:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e boundary marker of made of loosely piled stones
\sense_s lindero hecho que piedras apiladas
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e boundary marker (in general)
\sense_s lindero (en general)
\sense_d Pending
\root te
\root o:lo:ch
\nae The only sequence of sound tokens that have been analyzed acoustically are those of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez, both of Oapan. In their speech the first /o:/ is
definitely long. It might well be long in Ameyaltepec as well, my original filecard data and transcriptions were uncertain on this point.
\qry_fon For now I have written the Am form with a long initial vowel, following the information from Oapan.
\ref 04425
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was for /tsi:tsikiliwi/ and has been deleted as a duplicate of 6010.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Tag the 4 tokens here as 06010; this record is a duplicate of 6010.
\ref 04426
\lxam tlankoxtli
\lxam_c tlankoxtli
\lxoa tlankoxtli
\lxoa_c tlankoxtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e molar
\sense_s muela
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chkukwa notlankoch.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A molar hurts me.
\phrase_s Me duele una muela.
\root tlan
\root koch
\ref 04427
\lxam tlatska:tekiti
\lxam_c tlatska:tekiti
\lxoa tlatska:tekiti
\lxoa_c tlatska:tekiti
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Part-V1
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to work lazily and carelessly, without much desire
\sense_s trabajar con flojera y sin cuidado, sin mucho deseo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlatska:tekiti, xkwahli ke:n kichi:wtok tekitl, xtikwelitas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He works lazily, he's not doing his job well, you won't like it (e.g., the results).
\phrase_s Trabaja con flojera (e.g., de mala gana), no estáhaciendo bien su trabajo, no te va a gustar (p. ej., los resultados).
\root tlats
\root teki
\ref 04428
\lxam tsi:nki:xtia
\lxam_c kitsi:nki:xtia
\lxoa tsi:nki:xtia
\lxoa_c kitsi:nki:xtia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to move back (e.g., to keep sb away from sth; to remove sth from a given location, etc.)
\sense_s sacar; hacer echarse o moverse hacia atrás (p. ej., para que algn no entre en algún lugar, o mover un objeto de donde estaba, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitsi:nki:xtitok iko:chin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's backing up his car.
\phrase_s Estáhaciendo su coche para atrás.
\phrase_n Xtsi:nki:xti nokone:w, ma:ka san ke:n ihki kichi:chi:wa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pull your child back so that he doesn't go around just doing whatever occurs to him!
\phrase_s ¡Saca a tu hijo para que no estéhaciendo cosas como se le de la gana!
\phrase_n Xtsi:nki:xti, ma:ka te:wa:n nomaili:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pull him back, don't let him get into a fight!
\phrase_s ¡Sácalo para atrás, no dejes que se pelee!
\phrase_n Xtsi:nki:xti, xkekwani!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Move it back, move it away (from where it is)!
\phrase_s ¡Retíralo, muévelo (de donde está)!
\sense_e to back up; to rewind (a tape on a recorder, or similar object)
\sense_s regresar (una cinta de una grabadora, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtsi:nki:xti, ma tikitaka:n oksepa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Rewind it (e.g., a tape), let's see it again!
\phrase_s ¡Regrésalo (p. ej., una cinta), vamos a verlo otra vez!
\sense_e (refl.) to shy away from (an obligation); to get cold feet (and avoid doing sth); to renege (on carrying out a certain activity); to remove oneself (from a situation)
\sense_s (refl.) echarse hacia atrás (de una obligación o trabajo); sacarse o rajarse (de una situación u obligación); retirarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka timotsi:nki:xti:s a:sta ma titlamikan!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't take yourself away (i.e., don't take off from what we're doing) until we've finished!
\phrase_s ¡No te retires (p. ej., de lo que estamos haciendo) hasta que acabemos!
\phrase_n Ma:ka timotsi:nki:xti:s, sie:mpreh tika:nas mono:biah! Ke:n timitswelitilia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't back out, you'll wind up marrying your girlfriend! I really envy you her good looks.
\phrase_s ¡No te reniegues, siempre te vas a casar con tu novia! De veras te tengo envidia por la guapa que se te ve contigo.
\root tsi:n
\root ki:sa
\xref tsi:nki:sa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04429
\lxam teki
\lxam_c kiteki
\lxoa teki
\lxoa_c kiteki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to cut (once, with sth sharp)
\sense_s cortar (una vez, con algo cortante)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nimotek.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I cut myself
\phrase_s Me corté.
\sense_e to eat (as a moth does clothes)
\sense_s comer (como la polilla a la ropa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:malintsi:n kiteki tlake:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The ma:malintsi:n(a type of grasshopper) eats cloth.
\phrase_s El ma:malintsi:n(un tipo de chapulín) come la tela.
\sense_e (often with short vowel reduplication) to pull off; to pick (e.g., flowers, beans, fruit from its stem or tree, etc.)
\sense_s (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) arrancar; cortar; piscar (p. ej., flores, frijoles, fruta de su tallo oárbol, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tla:tlapayaw. Pipi:nki un iswatl, xwel nikteki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It drizzled intermittently. The corn leaves are tough, I can't pull them off (the stem).
\phrase_s Lloviznópor ratos (intermitentemente). Las hojas de maíz son resistentes, no las puedo arrancar (de los tallos).
\phrase_n Kontetekis yetl imi:hlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will go pick beans in his corn field.
\phrase_s Va a ir a cortar frijoles en su milpa.
\sense_e to erode (e.g., water of the earth)
\sense_s erosionar (p. ej., el agua a la tierra)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:i:xpoliw motla:l. We:i o:kitek a:tl, we:i o:xi:kopi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your land has been ruined. Water has eroded a lot of it away, a lot of the surface soil has been swept away.
\phrase_s Se echóa perder tu terreno. Lo erosionómucho el agua, se deslavómucho la capa superior del suelo.
\phrase_n A:tepe:ya:tl o:kitetek notla:l, chika:wak o:kiaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Flash flood waters cut gullies in my land, it rained hard.
\phrase_s Aguas torrenciales cortaron mi terreno, lloviófuerte.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to cut (repeatedly, such as occurs when scissors are used on cloth, paper, etc.)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) cortar (repetidamente, como ocurre cuando se usan tijeras para cortar tela, papel, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to slice (e.g., fruit such as watermelon and cantaloupe, bread, etc.)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) rebanar (p. ej., fruta como sandía y melón, pan, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xte:teki, ma:s tiweli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Slice it, you are better at it!
\phrase_s ¡Rebánalo, lo haces mejor!
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to work the land with a plow for the first time in a season (in Oapan with short vowel reduplication: tétekí, as in
tlá:tekí)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) trabajar la tierra por la primera vez durante una temporada; (en Oapan con reduplicación de vocal corta: tétekí, como
en tlá:tekí)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kemech kite:tekis itla:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is just going to plow over his field for the first time of the season.
\phrase_s Apenas va a surcar su terreno por la primera vez de la temporada.
\phrase_n Tlate:tekis, ye pe:wa kiawi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will plow the land up for the first time this season, it's started to rain.
\phrase_s Va a arar la tierra por la primera vez de la temporada, ya empezóla lluvia.
\root teki
\disamb Note that /tlate:teki/ is part of a sequence including /o:melia/, /ye:ilia/, /surka:rowa/, and /barbe:chowa/.
\nse In regard to plowing land, the verb te:teki refers to the first time plowing a field at the beginning of the rainy season. In these cases the land had, however, been
previously worked. Sakamowa , on the other hand, refers to breaking in the land for the first time ever, often at the end of the rainy season in preparation for the
coming year. This is necessary because the first time that land is ever planted it is very hard. Finally, note the difference between te:teki and
barbe:chowa. With te:teki the furrows are laid down with relatively large spaces between them, perhaps a meter or so. The field is then plowed a
second (o:melia (Am) and ó:ntetília(Oa)), and sometimes third time (ye:ilia (Am) and yéye:tilia, as in
tlá:ye:tília (Oa)) before the maize seeds are planted. With barbe:chowa the furrows are plowed very close together, and the land is then planted
immediately. Appare ntly in Oapan an d Ameyaltepec the term xopo:niais used generically to refer to the action of plowing the land for the first time at the beginning
of the planting season, in mid June. However, according to Roberto Mauricio, it more precisely refers to the action of plowing lines close together so that one can then
tlasurka:rowa and plant the seeds upon this second pass of the plow. After the maize has sprouted, peasants can pass over the land twice with the plow, to weed the
field and throw earth onto the base of the maize plants. In Ameyaltepec the first time over the sprouted field is called xihki:xtia , as in tlaxihki:xtia ,
whereas in Oapan the equivalent term is ó:meliá, as in tlaó:meliá. According to Roberto Mauricio the term tla:lwiamay also be used with
the same meaning. The second time over the sprouted field is mostly to throw earth onto the base of the maize plants. In Ameyaltepec the te rm tla:lwia is used, as in
tl a t la:lwia. In Oapan the equivalent term is ma:ka:wa, as in tlama:ka:wa. Note that in Oapan the term xihki:xtiais also
used, but this refers to weeding a field by hand; it is the equivalent of má:kwí. In Ameyaltepec the term for 'to weed by hand' is ma:te:ka.
\nae With an indefinite null complement, the reduplicated te:teki indicates the activity of plowing a field for the first time during a planting season. With an object
recoverable from context, tlate:teki can mean 'to slice.'
\qry In the impersonal there is a short final /i/: /tlatekilo/.
\semref tlatektli; tlate:tektli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlatehtli; tlate:tehtli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref tekilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlateki
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04430
\lxam tlantli
\lxam_c tlantli
\lxoa tlantli
\lxoa_c tlantli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e tooth
\sense_s diente
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (i:tlan a:joh (Am); ajos i:tlan (Oa)) clove of garlic
\sense_s (i:tlan a:joh (Am); ajos i:tlan (Oa)) diente de ajo
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root tlan
\qry Check what other fruits/vegetables have /itlanwan/
\semref kwilin
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04431
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa u:ch
\lxoa_cpend @u:ch
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Call
\der Onom
\sense_e call used to encourage a burro to come along
\sense_s grito empleado para llamar un burro para que se acerque
\sense_d Oa
\semref uch
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04432
\lxam tsa:walkaxtsi:n
\lxam_c *i:tsa:walkaxtsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N2
\sense_e (rare) knee-cap
\sense_s (raro) rótula
\sense_d Am
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root tsa:wal
\root kax
\nse This word was uttered by Joaquín de la Rosa and his wife, María Venancia, both elders of Ameyaltepec in the mid-1980s. It has not been documented with other speakers. The
etymology of tsa:walkaxtsi:n is also problematic. The first element tsa:wal is unclear; the final element kaxmight be related to the root
found in mo:lkaxitl among other words, and which refers to a hard bowl made of stone.
\qry Obtain words for all body parts.
\ref 04433
\lxam tsili:nia
\lxam_c kitsili:nia
\lxoa tsili:nia
\lxoa_c kitsili:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to ring (e.g., bell, doorbell, etc.); to cause a ringing or hollow metalic sound (e.g., in striking a machete against a rock, etc.)
\sense_s tocar (p. ej., campanas u objetos similares); timbrar (ciertos timbres de puertas); hacer sonar (objetos planos de metal como un machete bien hecho al golpearlo contra
algo duro, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld sound-material
\root tsili:
\xref tlatsili:nia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04434
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was /kitlaxtla:wia/, a defective applicative that is already cited in 02818.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 04435
\lxam chikola:tl
\lxam_c chikola:tl
\lxoa chikola:tl
\lxoa_c chikola:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e chocolate beverage
\sense_s bebida de chocolate
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food-drink
\root chikol
\root a:
\nse Chicola:tl is a beverage made of ground chocolate beans, sugar, cinnamon and water; for the hard candy chocolate the back-borrowings
chikola:teh (Am) and chokola:teh(Oa) are used. Note that in the purely Nahuatl form both Oapan and Ameyaltepec show the initial sequence
chiko- whereas in the reborrowing Oapan switches to the Spanish choko-.
\qry_fon Note length of final /a:/, which is definitely long. This should be compared to short /a/ in the same position (e.g., before /tl/). It might be taht /siwa:tl/ is in fact"short"and
appears long only in compounds. This would be a nice discovery of phonetic variation.
\vl Link first male token.
\root_notes For a discussion of this word, see Dakin's article (check citation).
\ref 04436
\lxam tlaiwatok
\lxam_c tlaiwatok
\lxoa tlaíwatíkak
\lxoa_pr tlaiwatikak
\lxoa_c tlaíwatíkak
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\pitch yes
\sense_e to be dark (e.g., outside after nightfall, in a room with no windows, etc.)
\sense_s estar oscuro (p. ej., afuera después del anochecer; en un cuarto sin ventanas, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlaiwatok, ma ntla:wi:lo!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is dark, let me shine some light!
\phrase_s Es oscuro,¡déjame echar algo de luz!
\flao tlaiwa
\root yowa
\nae Note the use of the ending -'tikák in Oapan. Apparently this is the cause of the lexical pitch accent, though the reason for the shift is not clear.
\vl The first male token (of 3) is /tlaíwatíkatl/ is erroneous and should not be tagged at all. For links to the dictionary chose, first female token and second (first correct) male
token.
\grm Aspecuals; Oapan: Note the use of /-tikak/ in /tlaiwatikak/. This has not been documented elsewhere, at least not to my recollection. The reason for /-tikak/ here, instead of
/-tikah/ is not clear. In general the cognate form for /-tok/ is /-tikak/. Check and then ask for the difference, if /-tikak/ can be used anywhere else, etc. (e.g., /tlane:stok/,
/tlane:stikah/, or /tlane:stikak/). Note the use of the ending -'tikák in Oapan. Apparently this is the cause of the lexical pitch accent, though the reason for the
shift is not clear.
\ref 04437
\lxam tlayo:ltoto:nia
\lxam_c tlayo:ltoto:nia
\lxoa tlayo:ltoto:nia
\lxoa_c tlayo:ltoto:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to spread maize out in the sun (to kill the vermin)
\sense_s extender el maíz en el sol (para matar los animalitos que le infestan)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nitlayo:ltoto:ni:s para ma mikika:n tlakwa:nimeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to spread the maize out in the son so that the bugs that are eating it die.
\phrase_s Voy a poner el maíz extendido en el sol para que se mueran los animalitos que lo están picando.
\root o:ya
\root to:n
\xref tlayo:ltoto:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04438
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /tla:la:la:wa/ but it has been removed as it was never confirmed. I had originally thought that /tla:la:wa/ was a shortened form of /tla:la:la:wa/, but this might not
be the case.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 04439
\lxam kuwtepol
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\sense_e lesbian (lit. 'short-penis')
\sense_s lesbiana (lit. 'pene-corto')
\sense_d Am
\root kow
\root tepol
\nde In Tetelcingo, Morelos, tepolli in compounds means something like short, or stumpy (cf. FK, p. 231). In Ameyaltepec note the use of tepontsi:n to
mean short, as in tsi:ntetepontsi:n "short-skirted"and the body part tetepon "knee."According to one consultant, kuhtepol refers to a
penis that does not have its sombre:roh , i.e. its"head"; it is like a stump. Note that in Tetelcingo, Morelos, kwa:tepoltik (spelling standardized), means 'sin
sombrero,árbol sin follaje, cosa que no tiene punta.' Allegedly, in Ameyaltepec lesbians are referred to by kuhtepol because they are supposed to have a"stumpy"penis
that, neverthless (and here, apparently, like a penis), makes them want women.
\ref 04440
\lxam kuwpistik
\lxam_c kuwpistik
\lxoa kohpistik
\lxoa_c kohpistik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be stiffened or hardened; to be brittle (e.g., certain types of plastic, tortillas that have become hard, and even clothes that have not been washed for a long time and are
stiff from dirt and sweat)
\sense_s ser tieso o duro; ser quebradizo (p. ej., ciertos tipos de plástico, tortillas viejas que se han endurecido, y hasta ropa que por no haber sido lavada por mucho tiempo ha
quedado algo tieso por polvo y sudor)
\sense_d Pending
\root kow
\root pits
\mod Adjectives: get paradigms of plural formations and add a field.
\qry The first /i/ is definitely short and should be recorded as such in all entries.
\ref 04441
\lxam pihli
\lxam_c pihli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\sense_e (rare) child
\sense_s (raro) hijo
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Miák ipilwa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She has a lot of children.
\phrase_s Tiene muchos niños.
\root pil
\nse This word has only been documented in possessed form, e.g., i:pilwa:n.
\semref piltsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04442
\lxam tei:nki
\lxam_c tei:nki
\lxoa tei:nki
\lxoa_c tei:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-ki
\infn N1/2; Aln(ag)
\sense_e change; coins
\sense_s cambio (en cuanto a monedas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San se: sentemani nikpia, xtlah tei:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I just have one big bill, there's no change.
\phrase_s Nada más tengo un billete grande, no hay cambio.
\phrase_n Xnikpia tei:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't have any change.
\phrase_s No tengo cambio.
\semfld mass
\root te:i
\ref 04443
\lxam komalakawistli
\lxam_c komalakawistli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e still unidentified thorny bush of the Rosaceae family with small orange edible fruit,
\sense_s arbusto con púas de la familia Rosaceae con fruta comestible, pequeña anaranjada
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root kow
\root malaka
\root wits
\notes_nature Neither Ramírez and Dakin (1979) nor Ramírez (1991) mention this plant.
\root_notes Perhaps etymology of /malaka(tl)/ includes the root /mal/ as in /mali:na/, etc. Check all words with /mal/.
\ref 04444
\lxam i:xmonme:melaktik
\lxam_c i:xmonme:melaktik
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to have long straight eyelashes
\sense_s tener las pestañas largas y derechas
\sense_d Am
\root i:x
\root mon
\root mela:
\vl Check p-a with all entries containing Oapan /í:xmotlí/.
\semref i:xmópepeyá:stik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04445
\lxam itipa:tsmiki
\lxam_c itipa:tsmiki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp N-[S-V]
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to have a heavy stomach (particularly from overeating, so that one is unable to work or has difficulty working)
\sense_s sentir el estómago pesado (particularmente por comer demasiado, hasta que no se puede trabajar, o que llega a ser difícil)
\sense_d Am
\root hti
\root pa:ts
\root miki
\nse To have a heavy stomach, particularly from overeating, so that one is unable to work, or has difficulty working. Recheck meaning and possible other uses. Note also problem of
morphology; check for other apparent verb roots without /ka:/.
\semref íyo:míki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04446
\lxam popo:xa
\lxam_c popo:xa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan bolsa (?)
\psm Adj
\der Adj-loan
\sense_e see xokotl tsope:lik de popoxa
\sense_s véase xokotl tsope:lik de popoxa
\sense_d Am
\nse Popo:xah might be a reduplicated form of the loanword po:xah , from Spanish bolsa..
\qry Check the meaning of /popo:xah/ and see if interpretation as a loan from Sp. 'bolsa' fits.
\qry_fon Recheck vowel length. Cf. to other entry with this lexeme.
\ref 04447
\lxam a:xi:xaleh
\lxam_c a:xi:xaleh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-N
\der N-posr-eh
\sense_e to be a person who urinates a lot
\sense_s ser un meón; ser alguien que orina mucho
\sense_d Am
\root a:
\root xi:xa
\nae With an overtly marked subject, there is usually no realization of the /i/, e.g., na:xi:xaleh
\root a:
\root xi:xa
\semref a:xi:xpal
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref a:xi:xtewe:i
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref a:xi:xte:roh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04448
\lxam kamakoxo:nia
\lxam_c nokamakoxo:nia
\lxoa kamakoxo:nia
\lxoa_c nokamakoxo:nia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to rinse out ones mouth
\sense_s enjuagarse la boca
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timokamakoxo:nia ika a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You rinse your mouth out with water.
\phrase_s Te enjuagas la boca con agua.
\root kama
\root koxo:
\nae To date kamakoxo:nia has only been documented in the
\qry Check for intransitive form. Also make sure that the verb stem is not usually reduplicated in this usage, since it would seem likely that it would be.
\ref 04449
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was the entry for /Xokotekpa:ni/, which has been deleted and placed on the toponym database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 04450
\lxam ma:kwilowa
\lxam_c kima:kwilowa
\lxoa má:ikwilówa
\lxoa_pr ma:ikwilowa
\lxoa_c kimá:ikwilówa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to write by hand; to write out in script (e.g., a letter, a sign, etc.)
\sense_s escribir (algo como una carta, etc.) a mano
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root hkwil
\nse Preliminary notes suggest that this refers specifically to writing in script, not block letters.
\qry Check to see whether this refers to all types of writing (script and block).
\semref tlatepospacho:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlama:kwilo:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlamá:ikwiló:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04451
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be lxa chabukoh and lxo a:wistli. The latter was a duplicate and chabukoh has been eliminated as a loan. The information is now under /a:wistli/.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\vl This entry has been eliminated; /a:wistli/, the word given should be tagged with # 624
\ref 04452
\lxam kwetlaxiwi
\lxam_c kwetlaxiwi
\lxoa kwetlaxiwi
\lxoa_c kwetlaxiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become soft and floppy, losing firmness (cloth, leather that is old and broken in, etc.)
\sense_s ponerse suave y blando (una tela vieja, cuero desgastado, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kukwetlaxiw -=o:kwetlaxiw- nosombre:roh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My hat got floppy (i.e., because of rain and wear, its brim has lost its stiffness and has started to droop).
\phrase_s Mi sombrero perdiósu rigidez (esto es, por la lluvia y el desgaste sus alas ya perdieron su forma y están caídos).
\sense_e to become weak and exhausted (particularly from overwork)
\sense_s quedarse débil; quedarse sin fuerzas; debiltarse (una persona, particularmente por un sobrecargo de trabajo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w nikwetlaxiwi -=nikukwetlaxiwi-, a:man xe nitlakwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've started to feel weak and exhausted, I haven't eaten yet today.
\phrase_s He empezado a sentirme débil, hoy todavía no he comido.
\root kwetlax
\nse Check for transitive form.
\ref 04453
\lxam xoto:ntetla:lia
\lxam_c kixoto:ntetla:lia
\lxoa xoto:ntetla:lia
\lxoa_c kixoto:ntetla:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Stem-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. inflix te-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to push into a heap or pile; to place in a heap or pile
\sense_s amontonar al empujar o bien al verter y apilar (algo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xikxoto:ntetla:li motlayo:l!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Put (or pile up) your shelled maize into a heap!
\phrase_s ¡Empuja tu maíz en un montón!
\phrase_n Xikxoto:ntetla:li, ma xoto:nto!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Push it all up into a pile (e.g. corn cobs), let them be just piled up in a heap!
\phrase_s ¡Empújalo todo en un montón (p. ej., mazorcas), quéestén todos amontonados!
\root xoto:n
\root te
\root tla:l
\disamb se:sentla:lia; olo:chowa
\nse Often xoto:ntetla:lia refers to the pushing of objects that are scattered about so that they form a heap. It can thus be used to refer to this action carried out on corn,
beans, squash seeds, sesame, etc.
\grm Compounds; incorporation; modification: Note /xoto:ntetla:lia/ 'to push into a heap or pile; to place in a heap or pile' The combination is not participial but rather a
perfective or shortened form of the verb /xoto:ni/, which itself seems to include a root (xoto:) and a verbalizer (-ni). It seems interesting that the participial form is not used
?/xoto:nka:tetla:lia/ and the reason for this should be explored. Perhaps one is that incorporation with participial endings is used for predicate modification. In general this
should be explored since not all V+V compounds have a /ka:/"ligature."
\ref 04454
\lxam ikxitemotso:liwtok
\lxam_c ikxitemotso:liwtok
\lxoa ixitemotso:lihtok
\lxoa_c ixitemotso:lihtok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\compound N-Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be in a position with ones legs drawn up close to the body
\sense_s estar en una posición con las piernas encogidas y pegadas al cuerpo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nikxikokohtiak, san nikxitemotso:liwtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My legs have gotten sore, I've just been sitting with my legs pulled up close to my body.
\phrase_s Se me agarrotaron las piernas, he estado nada más sentado con mis piernas encogidas.
\root kxi
\root temo
\root tso:l
\qry Discuss difference between /ikxitemotso:liwtok/ and /nokxitemotso:lotok/
\qry Determine whether form ?/ikximotso:liwi/ exists; I do not believe that I have heard it.
\qry Again, as with several other verbs, problem of etymology. In this case two possible divisions should be checked: temo+tso:lV and te+motso:lV. The first would contain the same
root as in /tso:ltik/ (check vowel length) whereas the second would manifest the *te intensifier, and perhaps be related to a root /motso:/, as in /momotsowa/.
\root_notes Under /temotso:l/ root, connect and analyze in connection of /temotsoliwi/ and other forms with /tsol/.
\ref 04455
\lxam tia:chka:w
\lxam_c tia:chka:w
\lxoa tia:chka:w
\lxoa_c tia:chka:w
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-posr-uncl
\infn N1
\sense_e word used to refer to the powerful inhabitants of chikna:wtipan , the world above
\sense_s palabra utilizada a referirse a los señores poderosos que habitan chikna:wtipan , el mundo sobre nosotros
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tia:chka:wa:n chikna:wtipan cha:nekeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e (They are) the powerful lords who inhabit chikna:wtikpan.
\phrase_s (son) los señores poderosos que habitan chikna:wtikpan.
\sense_e the Devil
\sense_s el diablo
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Tia:chka:w chikna:wtipan ye:i krus, tia:chka:w chikna:wtipan si:tlalkwe:yoh, tia:chka:w chikna:wtipan si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl....
\phrase_d Oa
\src_p DT #8: 604
\phrase_e The lord of chikna:wtipan called ye:i krus (three crosses), the lord of chikna:wtipan called si:tlalkwe:yoh
(star-skirted, i.e., the Milky Way), the lord of chikna:wtipan called si:tlalkosama:lo:tl (rainbow of stars, i.e., the Milky Way)...
\phrase_s El señor de chikna:wtipan llamado ye:i krus (tres cruces), el señor de chikna:wtipan llamado
si:tlalkwe:yoh (falda de estrellas, esto es, la Vía Láctea), el señor de chikna:wtipan llamado si:tlalkosama:lo:tl (arcoiris
de estrellas, esto es, la Vía Láctea) ...
\sense_e respected person (i.e., within a village)
\sense_s persona respetada (p. ej., dentro de un pueblo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n "Tia:chka:w"kito:sneki se: ye we:i.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tia:chka:w means (i.e., is applied to) someone who is an elder (i.e., a principal, advanced in age and respected).
\phrase_s tia:chka:w quiere decir que (esto es, se le dice a) uno que ya es de edad (un principal, respetado).
\sense_e important person (i.e., holding a high or important position, such as a politician or lawyer); big man
\sense_s persona o personaje importante (esto es, con un puesto alto, como un político o un abogado); pez gordo
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Newa nitia:chka:w.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I'm an important person.
\phrase_s Soy una persona importante.
\phrase_n Tia:chka:w pa:mpa yewa we:ixtok.
\phrase_d Oa
\src_p DT #8:592
\phrase_e He is (called) a tia:chka:w because he is a big shot.
\phrase_s Es (o, se le llama) un tia:chka:w porque es un pez gordo.
\sense_e (San Miguel ~) the Devil under San Miguel Archangel
\sense_s (San Miguel ~) el diablo sobre que pisa San Miguel Arcangel
\sense_d Oa
\root a:chka:
\nse Apparently this is derived from a:chka:wtli , 'elder brother,' a word no longer used in Ameyaltepec. Although tia:chka:w is occasionally heard in
reference to elites, such as lawyers and politicians, or to village elders as a sign of respect, it is most often heard in petitions to the yeyekameh , the aires
who inhabit chikna:wtipan and cause harm to earthly mortals. Cristino Flores (see Flk 1984-07-29.1) stated that the rey de yeyekatl was a personage
called miktlan tia:chka:w yeyekatl. Apparently, however, all residents of chikna:wtipan are referred to as tia:chka:wan. Thus Pánfilo
Lorenzo mentioned several constellations (besides those in the illustrative phrase above, he included ikxinekwil and si:tlalmankwe:rnah. In Oapan,
however, there is a difference between tia:chka:w, which is used to refer to the devil and ta:chka:w, which is used to refer to an elderly man, or even, if
posse ssed, ones father; see ta:chka:w.
\mod Elicit texts on the /tia:chka:wan/, on /chikna:wtipan/, etc.
\qry Check plural: /tiachka:wan/ for long final /a:/, i.e., /tiachka:wa:n/. On one file card I have /niachka:wa:n chikna:wtipan cha:nekeh/ 'Mis señores, los habitantes de 'chicnauhtipan.' I
note then that /niachka:w/ is a word that is used when one talks with respect during the ceremonia known as /tlakaka:wa/. However, this should be rechecked, and for now I have
not entered into the database/lexicon /achka:w/ or whatever the stem should be.
\semref ta:chka:w
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 04456
\lxam amana
\lxam_c kamana
\lxoa ámaná
\lxoa_pr amana
\lxoa_c kámaná
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to bother, annoy, or irritate
\sense_s molestar o enfadar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chamantok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is bothering me (causing me to get worked up).
\phrase_s Me estámolestando.
\phrase_n Ke:n timitsamana!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Oh! how I bother (irriate) you!
\phrase_s ¡Como te molesto!
\phrase_n Ne:chamana, ke:n te:rkoh para kalakis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (e.g., an animal) bothers me, its really stubborn about trying to get in (e.g., to my patio or house site).
\phrase_s Me enfada (p. ej., un animal), es muy terco para entrar (p. ej., a mi patio o solar).
\sense_e to get in the way (an object that hinders movement); to block ones view
\sense_s estorbar el movimiento (algún objeto); estorbar la vista (a algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chamana, xwel nitekiti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It gets in my way, I can't work.
\phrase_s Me estorba, no puedo trabajar.
\sense_e (refl.) to be worried, bothered, disturbed, or perturbed (by sth that is not right and causes worry)
\sense_s (refl.) preocuparse, molestarse (por algo que no estábien)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nimamana.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am worried.
\phrase_s Estoy preocupado.
\sense_e (refl.) to be grieved or saddened (e.g., by the death of sb, so that one is not able to be at peace)
\sense_s (refl.) estar triste (p. ej., por la muerte de algn, hasta que no puede uno estar en paz)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtimámanáya: o:mik?
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Are you grieved by his death?
\phrase_s ¿Estás triste con su muerte?
\root ahmana
\nse When used reflexively the prefix always loses the /o/: namana and not * noamana.
\qry Ask for /ne:chamana/ in Oa and check where p-a falls.
\grm In general the /no-/ of the reflexive loses /o/ before vowel-initial stems. However, the /no-/ of the possessive 1st person marker is often retained, though not always: /na:w/.
\vl There is an additional token from 4011.
\ref 04457
\lxam kochpal
\lxam_c kochpal
\lxoa kochpal
\lxoa_c kochpal
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-2
\infn N1
\sense_e sleepy-head
\sense_s un durmilón
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:n kochpal!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's a real sleepy-head!
\phrase_s ¡Es un durmilón!
\disamb koxtetl
\root kochi
\root_rel -pal
\vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens.
\ref 04458
\lxam tati:tah
\lxam_c tati:tah
\lxoa tati:tah
\lxoa_c tati:tah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (Sp) tahtli
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N0/2; Aln
\sense_e (vocative) sir (generally used to address elder men from Oapan)
\sense_s (vocativo) señor (utilizado generalmente para dirigirse a hombres de edad avanzada de Papan)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (totati:tah) elder man from Oapan
\sense_s (totati:tah) señor de Oapan
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Se: totati:tah wi:ts.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e An elder man from Oapan will come here.
\phrase_s Un señor de Oapan va a venir aquí.
\root tah
\nse Tati:tah derives from the Nahuatl root tah'father' and the Spanish diminutive. Both tati:tah and na:ni:tah are
terms for elders in Oapan and have been adopted into the lexicon of Ameyaltepec when referring to or directly addressing older men and women from Oapan. When possessed,
both terms are found only with the 1st-person plural possessor to-.
\semref na:ni:tah; ma:noh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04459
\lxam tlapila:nke:tl
\lxam_c tlapila:nke:tl
\lxoa tlapila:nke:tl
\lxoa_c tlapila:nke:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e nanny; baby-sitter; person (female or male) who takes care of a child (rocking it to sleep, feeding it when necessary, etc.)
\sense_s niñera; persona (mujer o hombre) que cuida a un niño (meciéndolo, dándole de comer cuando se necesita, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e female animal that cares for the offspring of another animal
\sense_s hembra que cuida el progénito de otro animal
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n On ne:nkah noba:kah, yewa tlapila:nke:tl. Okse nobeserri:toh o:mik ina:n ya a:man kitokatinemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That there cow of mine, it's raising some other cows offspring. That the mother of that calf of mine died and now it follows (the first cow) around.
\phrase_s Esa vaca mía, estáde niñera. Se murióla madre de uno de mis becerros y ahora le sigue a la primera.
\root pila:
\qry Although one consultant, Luis Lucena, stated that tlapila:nki was also correct, it has never been documented in natural conversation.
\ref 04460
\lxam tlampa:pa:xowa
\lxam_c kitlampa:pa:xowa
\lxoa tlampa:pa:xowa
\lxoa_c kitlampa:pa:xowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to bite down on (sth) trying to crush or grind (it) in ones teeth
\sense_s morder en la boca, tratando de moler (algo) en una manera gruesa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niktlampa:pa:xotok i:n nextamahli para nopio:tsitsi:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm crushing up this nextamahli with my teeth for my chicks.
\phrase_s Estoy masticando y moliendo este nixtamal en mi boca para mis pollitos.
\root tlan
\root pa:x
\nse Tlampa:pa:xowa is equivalent or close in meaning to tlampapaya:na , meaning to grind something up coarsely in ones mouth. I have only heard
tlampa:pa:xowa used in reference to grinding nixtamal for chicks.
\disamb tlampa:pa:xowa; pa:ixowa
\qry Check to see if /tlampa:paya:na/ exists and, if so, the difference with the present entry. This should be discussed generally, i.e., if such variants are common. If both /tlampapaya:na/
and /tlampa:pa:xowa/ have the same meaning and the vowel length is correct as recorded, this should be commented on in the grammar (i.e., how long and short vowel reduplication
with different stems have a similar meaning).
\ref 04461
\lxam te:nkwala:ni
\lxam_c te:nkwala:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to get or have an angry look on ones face
\sense_s tener o ponerse cara de enojado
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n San tite:nkwala:ntok, san tite:mposa:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You just have an angry look on your face, you are just pouting.
\phrase_s Solamente tienes cara de enojado, tienes cara de berrinche.
\phrase_n Te:mposa:wtok, o:kitla:lih itlawe:lxa:yak. San te:nkwala:ntok, xkineki tekichi:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is pouting, he put on his angry face. He just has a mad look, he doesn't want to do any work.
\phrase_s Tiene cara de berrinche, se puso su cara de enojo. Nada más se le ve un rostro de enojo, no quiere ponerse a trabajar.
\root te:n
\root kwala:
\ref 04462
\lxam koma:lko
\lxam_c koma:lko
\lxoa koma:lko
\lxoa_c koma:lko
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-k(o)
\infn N1/2; Aln
\sense_e on the griddle
\sense_s sobre el comal
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkontla:li ne: koma:lko! Ma toto:nixto!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place it there, on the griddle! Let it heat up!
\phrase_s ¡Póngalo allásobre el comal!¡Deje que se estécalentando!
\phrase_n O:wetsiko nokoma:lko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It fell down onto my griddle.
\phrase_s Se cayósobre mi comal.
\root koma:l
\root_rel -ko
\qry Check: if /nokomalko/ acceptable. If not, eliminate the example phrase, that I have added from memory, and adjust /cat field.
\ref 04463
\lxam moya:wtok
\lxam_c moya:wtok
\lxoa moya:htok
\lxoa_c moya:htok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be spread out on a flat surface (e.g., grain on a petate to dry in the sun, merchandise on the ground or a table to sell in a market, etc.)
\sense_s estar esparcido sobre una superficie plana (p. ej., granos para secarse sobre un petate, mercancía para vender sobre el suelo o una mesa, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtepayolo, ma:ka sayhkó:n moya:wtok!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Gather then together in a pile (e.g., beans), don't leave them just lying there spread out (e.g., to dry in the sun)!
\phrase_s ¡Júntalos en un montoncito (p. ej., frijoles), que no estén asínada más de regados (p. ej., para secarse en el sol)!
\root moya:
\qry Check to determine whether /moya:wi/ as an intransitive can have this sense of 'becoming spread out' (like grain or merchandise) as with the stative. Also, can water/river be
/moya:wtok/, or is the perfective /o:moya:w/ more preferably used.
\vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens.
\ref 04464
\lxam siamiktia
\lxam_c kisiamiktia
\lxoa siahmihtia
\lxoa_c kisiahmihtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to exhaust (particularly from overwork); to cause to suffer from exhaustion
\sense_s cansar mucho; fatigar; dejar extenuado (principalmente por un sobrecargo de trabajo)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to kill from overwork or exhaustion (particularly a beast of burden or animal worked in the field)
\sense_s matar por un sobrecargo de trabajo, o de cansancio (particularmente una bestia de cargo o de trabajo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tiksiamiktih noburroh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You made my burro die from exhaustion.
\phrase_s Mataste mi burro por agotamiento.
\root sia
\root miki
\qry_fon For 3846 I originally had Oapan written /siahmiki/. Indeed, in the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez there seems to be something between the /a/ and the nasal. But it is
hard to distinguish. Later, in the tokens for /siamihtia/ (4464) I could hear no aspiration at all. Hence both entries have been changed to /siam.../. This should be checked.
\xref siamiki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref siahmiki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 04465
\lxam tlatete:mowilia
\lxam_c kitlatete:mowilia
\lxoa tlá:te:mowília
\lxoa_pr tlá:te:mowilia
\lxoa_c kitlá:te:mowília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Reduced rpd-s(prev-s)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e to divine for (e.g., in attempting to find lost animals, the source of an illness, etc.)
\sense_s adivinar para; echar suertes para (p. ej., en tratar de encontrarle a algn sus animales perdidos, la fuente o origen de una enfermedad, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:xtlatete:mowili, o:mpoloh noburroh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Divine for me, I've lost my donkey!
\phrase_s ¡Adivina para mí, perdími burro!
\root te:m-2-
\nae The applicative te:mowilia can have the sense of 'divine' with or without the nonspecific object prefix tla-. Without this prefix the applicative takes
two specific objects, both of which must be present in the discourse (e.g., ne:xtete:mowilia noburroh 'he divines for me (to locate) my burro'). However,
tla- may also function as an indefinite null complement, and in this sense the verb means simply 'to divine for' (e.g., Xne:xtlate:mowili 'Divine for me') and
the tla- signifies 'that which is lost (usually an animal, but perhaps, in regards to an illness, the diviner is to search for the source of cause of this illness). Since
tlate:mowilia cannot take a theme as a complement, if any information is to be communicated about what is being"searched for"then this must be done through a
separate predication. In the example phrase Xne:xtlatete:mowili, o:mpoloh noburroh 'Divine for me, I've lost my donkey!' each clause i s independent. T he first,
Xne:xtlatete:mowili simply states 'Divine for me,' i.e., the subject is asked to engage in the act of divinition for a beneficiary, the object of the applicative
tete:mowilia. Then the background to the request is mentioned: o:mpoloh noburroh 'I lost my donkey.' Note that without tla- the object of
the search would be directly mentioned: Xne:xtete:mowili noburroh. Here tete:mowilia is a ditransitive with two specific objects: the benefactive and
the theme. Finally, note how a directional changes the meaning from 'to divine (for)' to 'to search for.' Thus Ne:xtete:mowili:s implies that the action or event indicated
by the verb takes place at the location of the speaker/addressee interchange. Therefore the search must be essentially"by proxy,"i.e., through divination. However, with
Ne:xontete:mowili:s the directional indicates subject movement. Understanding that divination usually takes pla ce in the presence of the be n e f active, the
significance of the verb should be interpreted as indicating subject movement, and the"searching"involving an action that takes place at a distance from the benefactive, i.e., on the
plains where the animal is located.
\grm Applicative; directional: The applicative te:mowilia can have the sense of 'divine' with or without the nonspecific object prefix tla-. Without this
prefix the applicative takes two specific objects, both of which must be present in the discourse (e.g., ne:xtete:mowilia noburroh 'he divines for me (to locate)
my burro'). However, tla- may also function as an indefinite null complement, and in this sense the verb means simply 'to divine for' (e.g.,
Xne:xtlate:mowili 'Divine for me') and the tla- signifies 'that which is lost (usually an animal, but perhaps, in regards to an illness, the diviner
is to search for the source of cause of this illness). Since tlate:mowilia cannot take a theme as a complement, if any information is to be communicated about
what is being"searched for"then this must be done through a separate predication. In the example phrase Xne:xtlatete:mowili, o:mpoloh noburroh 'Divine for
me, I've lost my donkey!' each c lause it independent. The first, Xne:xtlatete:mowili simply states 'Divine for me,' i.e., the subject is asked to engage in the act
of divinition for a beneficiary, the object of the applicative tete:mowilia. Then the background to the request is mentioned: o:mpoloh
noburroh 'I lost my donkey.' Note that without tla- the object of the search would be directly mentioned: Xne:xtete:mowili noburroh. Here
tete:mowilia is a ditransitive with two specific objects: the benefactive and the theme. Finally, note how a directional changes the meaning from 'to divine
(for)' to 'to search for.' Thus Ne:xtete:mowili:s implies that the action or event indicated by the verb takes place at the location of the speaker/addressee
interchange. Therefore the search must be essentially"by proxy,"i.e., through divination. However, with Ne:xontete:mowili:s the directional indicates subject
movement. Understanding that divin ation usually takes place in t he presence of the benefactive, the significance of the verb should be interpreted as indicating subject
movement, and the"searching"involving an action that takes place at a distance from the benefactive, i.e., on the plains where the animal is located.
\semref tlate:mowilia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref tete:mowilia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\xref téte:mowília
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Oa
\ref 04466
\lxam kwa:tso:tso:ti
\lxam_c kwa:tso:tso:ti
\lxoa kwa:tso:tso:ti
\lxoa_c kwa:tso:tso:ti
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-ti
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to get sores or pimples on ones face
\sense_s tenerúlceras, llagas o granos en la cara
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root tso:tso:
\qry The root /tso:tso:/ might have a lexicalized reduplication. Check analysis.
\mod Determine whether lexicalized reduplication (as in /tso:tso:tl/), necessary reduplication (as in /i:xte:n +) should be differently coded.
\ref 04467
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was originally a word /tiotlahka:nwia/. I seem to remember that it was given when I asked for the afternoon"equivalent"of /kwalka:nwia/. I have never heard this. C. Flores
stated that Am's say instead /kimailia tiotlak/ or some equivalent form. My original definition was 'to go at or start (a task such as working in the field) in the afternoon (as opposed to
at the beginning of the workday)'
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 04468
\lxam tepe:i:xkihli
\lxam_c tepe:i:xkihli
\lxoa tepe:i:xkihli
\lxoa_c tepe:i:xkihli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e Coursetia sp.DC., tree of the Leguminoseae family not yet fully identified
\sense_s Coursetia sp.DC.,árbol de la familia Leguminoseae todavía no identificado plenamente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tepe:i:xkihli | San para tlikuwtli. Iksan notekia itlako:yo para titlamemekawi:s, tikasis wi:lo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tepe:i:xkihli : It is just used for firewood. In the past its rods were cut for setting snare traps to catch huilotas.
\phrase_s Tepe:i:xkihli : Es solamente para leña. En el pasado se cortaba sus varas para tender trampas, para atrapar a las huilotas.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root tepe:
\root xkil
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this as tepeixquil of the family Leguminosae. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the tepeixquil also,
stating that it is a medicinal tree of some 4 meters. There is no reference to a tepeixquil in Schoenhals (1988). Guizar and Sánchez (1991) have quite a few
Leguminosae, but the only one that seems similar in name is the tehuixtle, which is of the family Leguminosae; mimosoideae, and the
genus/species Acacia bilimekii. According to Juan de la Rosa of Ameyaltepec, the branches of this tree can be used as switches; see tlako:tl.
\mod Illustrate how the /tepe:i:xkihli/ rods were used in setting snare traps.
\qry_fon Check vowel length of /i/.
\ref 04469
\lxam mawisowa
\lxam_c kimawisowa
\lxoa mawisowa
\lxoa_c kimawisowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to check out and observe (a person and his or her surroundings, with some ulterior motive in mind such as to later gossip maliciously about the wealth of the owner)
\sense_s observar detalladamente a (una persona, y sus alrededores y posesiones, motivado por la posibilidad de notar algo y, quizácorrer chismes acerca de la persona observada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkineki nose:wi:s, san te:chmawisowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He doesn't want to come in and rest, he is just checking us out (in this case said of sb who just stands in the doorway looking into a house and checking out what is inside).
\phrase_s No quiere descansar, solamente nos observa (en este caso dicho de algn que se queda parado en la entrada a una casa observando y mirando lo que hay adentro).
\sense_e to enjoy (sth such as a dance, a fireworks display, etc.)
\sense_s disfrutar (algo como una danza, cohetes y castillos, un concierto, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma nikomawiso un nito:tikeh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me go over and enjoy (watching) those dancers!
\phrase_s Deja que vaya a disfrutar a los danzantes!
\root mawis
\xref tlamawisowa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04470
\lxam mache:teh garaba:toh
\lxam_c mache:teh garaba:toh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan machete; garabato
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e curved machete
\sense_s machete garabato
\sense_d Am
\semfld tool
\ency_note machete
\ref 04471
\lxam a:xi:xaltia
\lxam_c ka:xi:xaltia
\lxoa a:xi:xaltia
\lxoa_c ka:xi:xaltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V2-d-ca
\trans from reflective
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cause (sb) to urinate (e.g., a type of diuretic food or drug)
\sense_s hacer orinar (a algn, una comida o droga con efectos diuréticos [S])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mitsa:xi:xalti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It will make your urinate.
\phrase_s Te va a hacer orinar.
\root a:
\root xi:xa
\xref a:xi:xa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04472
\lxam sandiayo:hli
\lxam_c sandiayo:hli
\lxoa sándiayó:hli
\lxoa_c sándiayó:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) sandía
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e watermelon seeds
\sense_s semillas de sandía
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\root yo:l
\vl Link 1st female token.
\ref 04473
\lxam te:ixtakakwa:ni
\lxam_c te:ixtakakwa:ni
\lxoa te:í:xtakakwá:ni
\lxoa_alt te:í:xtakakwá:ne
\lxoa_c te:í:xtakakwá:ne, te:i:xtakakwá:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound PM-N
\der N-ag-ni
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(vowel-s) (Oa)
\sense_e animal that bites without warning (e.g., a dog)
\sense_s animal que muerde sin aviso (p. ej., un perro)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:ixtakakwa:ni, xtlayawa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It bites without warning, it doesn't bark.
\phrase_s Muerde sin aviso, no ladra.
\root i:xtaka
\root kwa
\nae The Oapan form te:í:xtakakwá:ni manifests pitch accent on the underlyingly short /i/, which has been lengthened and has acquired pitch accent. This is undoubtedly
because animals that bite, and that are known for this, do it multiple times. Nevertheless, the Ameyaltepec form does not manifest reduplication, at least not in the data documented
so far.
\qry Check whether /ixtakakwa/ is a verb by itself.
\ref 04474
\lxam malwilistli
\lxam_c malwilistli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e something needing to be handled with great care (e.g., a certain type of animal in a delicate state, or sth manufactured that is particularly easy to damage)
\sense_s algo que require ser manejado o tratado con cuidado (p. ej., un animal que es algo delicado, o un objeto que necesita ser cuidado en su fabricación)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa ma:s malwilistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That needs more care (in this case in reference to the making of a ceramic plate, as opposed to a bowl, given that plates need to be more carefully made to prevent their
base from rising or curling up)
\phrase_s Eso necesita más cuidado (en este caso un plato plano de cerámica, en oposición a un plato hondo, dado que con el primero se necesita cuidad que no se alce o se combe
la base)
\root malwi
\qry Check etymology, i.e. for presence of /h/ and also possible derivation from /mah/.
\semref malwi:hli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04475
\lxam tlankoyak
\lxam_c tlankoyak
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Op. infix te- : tlantekoyak
\sense_e to be lacking some front teeth
\sense_s tener algunos dientes faltando
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Dia:bloh miktla:n titlankoyak!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The hell with you, you toothless hag!
\phrase_s ¡Al diablo contigo, vieja sin dientes!
\root tlan
\root koya:
\nse Because of its significance perhaps, tlankoyak is almost always used with the intensifier (i.e., tlantekoyak) although consultants did accept the form
without te- as correct. It is an apocopated form of tlankoyaktik. Note that Oapan has the full adjectival form, but the shortened form has not yet been
documented.
\vl Tag the four tokens of /tlankoyahtik/ with #01634
\semref tlanwá:wakátik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref tlankoyahtik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04476
\lxam i:xtepopo:ni
\lxam_c i:xtepopo:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to be with ones eyes wide open and alert
\sense_s estar con los ojos bien abiertos y alertos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xi:xtepo:po:ni, ma:ka tiwetsis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Open your eyes up wide (looking carefully, in this case in the dark), don't fall!
\phrase_s ¡Ten los ojos bien abiertos (fijándote cuidadosamente, en este caso en la oscuridad), no te vayas a caer!
\sense_e (fig.) to open ones eyes (in considering various possiblities)
\sense_s (fig.) abrirse los ojos (en el sentido de reflexionar sobre varias posibilidades)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San a:man i:xtepo:po:ni, san a:man tla:tlachia ke:no:n kichi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is just now beginning to open his eyes, he is just now pondering how he will do it.
\phrase_s Apenas ahora estáabriendo los ojos, apenas ahora estáreflexionando cómo lo va a hacer.
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root po:
\semref i:xté:me:tsíwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04477
\lxam mo:yo:tlan
\lxam_c mo:yo:tlan
\lxoa mo:yo:tlah
\lxoa_pr mo:yo:tlan
\lxoa_c mo:yo:tlah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-1-tlan
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e place infested with biting mosquitos (in Spanish zancudos)
\sense_s lugar infestado de zancudos
\sense_d Pending
\root mo:yo:
\root_rel -tlan
\ref 04478
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was a duplicate entry for /kuhxio:pa:pa:lo:tl/ and has been deleted.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Tag the 4 tokens here with ref 03743
\ref 04479
\lxam tlawi:kahli
\lxam_c tlawi:kahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e second or subsequent spouse, i.e., a member of the opposite sex that one takes as a partner without a formal marriage
\sense_s segundo esposo, u otro después, esto es, un miembro del sexo opuesto que uno toma como compañero sin casarse formalmente
\sense_d Am
\disamb tlawi:kahli; tlanepano:hli
\root wi:ka
\nse Apparently tlawi:kahli is synonymous, or nearly synonymous, with tlanepano:hli , although the former has a more joking implication.
\qry Make sure that /tlawi:kahli/ refers to a second spouse, like /tlanepano:hli/.
\semref tlanepano:hli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04480
\lxam tepoxaktik
\lxam_c tepoxaktik
\lxoa tepoxahtik
\lxoa_c tepoxahtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\sense_e to be very crumbly or very loose (certain stones in regards to their consistency)
\sense_s tener la característica de desmigajarse, desmenuzarse, desmoronarse muy fácilmente; estar muy suelto (algunas piedras)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be very loose; to not be tight (e.g., a rope whose strands are not very tightly wound)
\sense_s estar muy flojo; no estar apretado (p. ej., una soga con los hilos poco apretados)
\sense_d Pending
\root poxa:
\qry Check difference between /tepoxaktik/ and /poxa:wak/; this should be discussed. Check whether simply /poxaktik/ is acceptable. Make sure both senses given above are correct,
i.e., that /tepoxaktik/ applies to things such as ropes. Check collocations of this and all /-a:wak/ and /-ktik/ word pairs to determine if a general difference exists. Finally, generate all
such forms and compare in each case checking for 1) difference (e.g., /pitsa:wak/ and /tepitsaktik/, or /pitsaktik/); and 2) whether /te-/ is obligatory in all of the latter categories
(Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik).
\vl There is another female token at 5626.
\semref poxa:wak
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04481
\lxam tla:kakochi
\lxam_c tla:kakochi
\lxoa tla:kakochi
\lxoa_c tla:kakochi
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to sleep with a man or men
\sense_s acostarse con un hombre o hombres
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma tla:kakochika:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let them sleep with men (in reference to a group of women)!
\phrase_s ¡Quése acuesten con hombres (en referencia a un grupo de mujeres)!
\sense_e (joking) to sleep"like a man"(uttered occasionally by men, as a double entendre, who go into the hills and are not afraid to sleep there by themselves)
\sense_s (joking) dormir"como hombre"(dicho ocasionalmente, con doble sentido, por los hombres que suben al cerro y alláno tienen miedo de dormir solo)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld Gender: male
\root tla:ka
\root kochi
\qry_fon The vowel length of the"long"first /a:/ seems conspicuously short, particularly the first token of two for each speaker, Florencia Marcelino adn Inocencio Jiménez. The
times of the first two /a/s in her speech are 76:78 and 94:79, for Inocencio the times are 77:79 and 90:76. This should be looked into. There is no reason/context that I can
think of that would lead to vowel shortening, but it would seem that in two of the four cases the first vowel has a shorter duration than the following phonologically short
vowel.
\vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token.
\ref 04482
\lxam suwa:mo:monteh
\lxam_c suwa:mo:monteh
\lxoa siwa:mo:montih
\lxoa_c siwa:mo:montih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e irregular pl., see sowa:montli (Am) / siwa:montli(Oa)
\sense_s pl., véase suwa:montli (Am) / siwa:montli(Oa)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\qry_fon The first female token has vowel duration of 81:73:38 for the first three vowels. Note that the second vowel is phonologically long (her second token measures 90:97:31).
This illustrate the problem of phonetic variation in duration.
\grm Note this irregular form as one of the view with plural through reduplication.
\ref 04483
\lxam sokitl
\lxam_c sokitl
\lxoa sokitl
\lxoa_c sokitl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e mud (on the ground, e.g., after a heavy rain)
\sense_s lodo (sobre la tierra, p. ej., después de una fuerte lluvia)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e certain mixtures based on mud or clay (such as the mixture of mud, grass, and donkey dung used to make adobe, or the clay and po:cho:ichkatl mixture
used for ceramics, etc.)
\sense_s ciertas mezclas de lodo o barro (como la mezcla de lodo, zacate y estiércol de que se hace adobe, o la mezcla de arcilla y po:cho:ichkatl empleada para la
cerámica)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitlatskapa:naltia sokitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He makes the clay (used for ceramics) give off a wet, slapping sound (in slapping it down hard against a flat stone or wooden table to knead it).
\phrase_s Hace que el barro emita un fuerte sonido como de palmada (al azotarla duramente contra una piedra plana o tabla de madera para amasarlo).
\semfld soil
\root soki
\disamb sokitl; tesokitl
\ref 04484
\lxam kwa:chia:wa
\lxam_c nokwa:chia:wa
\lxoa kwa:chia:wa
\lxoa_c nokwa:chia:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans +Refl/-trans; ~Intrans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (refl.) to put oil or perfume on one's hair
\sense_s (refl.) ponerle aceite, brillantina, o perfume en el cabello
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root chiya:
\qry Apparently the intransitive does not exist; but I believe that the transitive is mostly used reflexively. This should be checked. Also, determine whether a full transitive can be used and,
also, if there is an applicative and its meaning.
\ref 04485
\lxam kwa:tepasole:wtok
\lxam_c kwa:pasole:wtok
\lxoa kwá:pasolé:htok
\lxoa_pr kwa:pasole:htok
\lxoa_c kwá:pasolé:htok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e see kwa:tepasole:wtok (Am) / kwa:tépasolé:htok
\sense_s véase kwa:tepasole:wtok (Am) / kwa:tépasolé:htok
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root pahsol
\ref 04486
\lxam tsi:na:kan kwitlatl
\lxam_c tsi:na:kan kwitlatl
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e bat dung
\sense_s estiercol de murciélago
\sense_d Am
\root tsi:na:kan
\root kwitla
\nse Used as fertilizer, along with /tsontekwitlatl/, particularly in fertilizing plants such as chile. Check full uses.
\semref pátlí
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04487
\lxam ia:xi:x si:tlalin
\lxam_c ia:xi:x si:tlalin
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e small shooting star
\sense_s pequeña estrella fugaz
\sense_d Pending
\semfld heavens
\root a:
\root xi:xa
\root si:tlal
\semref kabaye:roh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04488
\lxam patlaxtik
\lxam_c patlaxtik
\lxoa patlaxtik
\lxoa_c patlaxtik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be flat and wide (an itakatl (Am) / ítakátl(Oa) or tortilla, a cockroach, certain types of bricks, and some ceramic canteens)
\sense_s ser ancho y plano (un itakatl o tortilla, una cucaracha, ciertos tipos de tabiques y algunas cantimploras de cerámica)
\sense_d Pending
\root patlach
\ref 04489
\lxam yekasosolka
\lxam_c yekasosolka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[stem-final vowel loss][freq.]
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to make a mucousy rumbling sound while inhaling (a person with a clogged nose, an ox that has been beaten hard on the snout and has difficulty breathing)
\sense_s hacer un sonido rasposo al inhalar (una persona con la nariz congestionada, un buey que ha sido golpeado por el hocico y que tiene dificultad en respirar)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to make a rushing or whirring sound (e.g., trees as a hard wind passes by)
\sense_s hacer un sonido como de zumbido o soplido (p. ej.,árboles al pasar un fuerte viento)
\sense_d Am
\semfld sound
\root yeka
\root solo:
\qry Check to make sure this word in its second acceptation is /yekasosolka/ and not /yeyekasosolka/. Check to make sure that both acceptations are correct.
\grm Noun incorporation: Note the debate on incorporation to one-place predicates. One argument is that the incorporation only takes place on certain types of intransitives
(unaccusatives?). Check. Also cf. this incorporation to other ones such as /me:sto:na/, /tla:loli:ni/, etc., where a natural phenomenon is the incorporated noun.
\ref 04490
\lxam tsi:npatiliwi
\lxam_c tsi:npatiliwi
\lxoa tsi:npatiliwi
\lxoa_c tsi:npatilowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for the hind part (of an animal [S]) to go off to one side
\sense_s por la parte trasera (de un animal [S]) irse de lado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tsi:npatiliw noburroh, o:kipatiloh yeyekatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The hind part of my donkey went off to one side, the wind pushed it off course.
\phrase_s La parte trasera de mi burro se fue chueco, el viento lo empujóa un lado.
\root tsi:n
\root patil
\ref 04491
\lxam xoko:lia
\lxam_c kixoko:lia
\lxoa xoko:lia
\lxoa_c kixoko:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make sour (e.g., a food, particularly by adding sth such as wild plums)
\sense_s hacer agrio (p. ej., una comida, particularmente al agregarle ciruelas silvestres)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ti:roh o:kixoko:lih, miák o:kite:milih xokotl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He really made it (a food) sour, he put a lot of wild plums into it.
\phrase_s De veras lo puso agrio, le metiómuchos ciruelos silvestres.
\sense_e to let spoil (food that in the process becomes sour)
\sense_s dejar echarse a perder (comida que en el proceso se pone agrio)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:tikxoko:lih un tlakwahli, xo:tiktoto:nih tlaiwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You let that food go bad, you didn't heat it up last night.
\phrase_s Dejaste que esa comida se echara a perder, no la calentaste anoche.
\root xoko
\qry_fon Recheck length of /o/. It is long in /xoko:ya/, but the transitive should be rechecked. Note the pattern in /sese:ya/ and transitive /seselia/. Perhaps /xoko:ya/ and /xokolia/
manifest the same pattern.
\grm Causative: Note that /xoko:lia/ is a causative of the inchoative /xoko:ya/, in a regular pattern in Nahuatl. However, note that in the phrase /O:kixoko:lih un tlakwahli,
xo:tiktoto:nih tlaiwa/ 'You let that food go bad, you didn't heat it up last night.' the meaning is 'to let go bad' not 'to make go bad.' This is clearly indicated by the following
clause, for the subject, it is stated here, failed to do something (heat up the food), and it was this failure that caused the food to go sour. Thus the event was caused not by
the volitional action of an agent, but by the neglect of the"agent"to do something.
\ref 04492
\lxam te:nyema:nki
\lxam_c te:nyema:nki
\lxoa te:nyema:nki
\lxoa_c te:nyema:nki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Intrans; ~Trans
\sense_e to have a soft edge
\sense_s con la borde o orilla suave
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:nyema:nki momache:teh. Yo:te:nkwe:kwepaliw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The edge of your machete is soft (i.e., not well forged, and easily dented). It's gotten bent in several places.
\phrase_s El filo de tu machete es poco duro (esto es, no bien forjada, y que se abolla fácilmente). se doblóen varios lugares.
\sense_e sensitive to the bit (a horse or mule)
\sense_s sensible al freno (un caballo o mula)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Te:nyema:nki mokaba:yoh. Xkohtik, niman noteltia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your horse is senstive to the bit. It isn't strong, it stops right away (i.e., with any little bit of pressure on the bit).
\phrase_s Tu caballo es muy sensible al freno. No estáfuerte, luego luego se detiene (esto es, con la más mínima presión al freno).
\root te:n
\root yema:n
\nse The opposite of te:nyema:nki in regard to a beast of burden is te:nkohtik
\semref te:nkohtik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04493
\lxam tsokwe:ltik
\lxam_c tsokwe:ltik
\lxoa tsokwe:ltik
\lxoa_c tsokwe:ltik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\sense_e to be slightly curved at the end; to be slightly curled at the end (e.g. eyelashes)
\sense_s estar ligeramente encorvado al cabo; estar ligeramente rizado a un lado (p. ej., pestañas)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tsotsokwe:ltik un surkos.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The furrows are curled in one direction at the end.
\phrase_s Los surcos están encorvados hacia donde terminan.
\root tsokwe:l
\nse This adjectival has only been documented with furrows and eyelashes as subjects.
\mod Illustrate
\ref 04494
\lxam chi:kwati
\lxam_c chi:kwati
\lxoa chi:kwati
\lxoa_c chi:kwati
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to get a rash (such as diaper rash); to break out in heat rash (or a similar condition)
\sense_s escaldarse (un bebé); tener la piel lastimada por frotarse, saliendo un sarpullido rojo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nichichi:kwati ipan nonakas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have a heat rash behind my ears.
\phrase_s Tengo escaldadora atrás mis orejas.
\semfld disease
\ency_note skin disease; kokolistli
\root chi:kwa
\nse Chi:kwati refers, in particular, to a type of rash affecting babies on the inside of joints: under their arms, on the inside of their thighs, etc. Consultants gave the
translation as escaldadora. It is a a reddish sore rash that results from from heat and rubbing. The etimology is problematic, although vowel length is definitely correct.
Perhaps chi:kwati is formed from the intensifier chi: and kwa, with the verbalizer -ti, although this would be an
unusual construction.
\ref 04495
\lxam ihki
\lxam_c ihki weli
\lxoa hkíi:n
\lxoa_alt ihkíi:n
\lxoa_alt hki:
\lxoa_alt ki:
\lxoa_c ki: weli; hkíi:n weli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\der Adv-man
\sense_e in this manner
\sense_s así, de esta manera
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ihki, ke:n tikonchi:wilian
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e This is the right way, the way we are doing it.
\phrase_s Esta es la manera, como lo estamos haciendo.
\root iw
\nse Ihki is more commonly found in the negative xihki which, at any rate, seems rarer than /xihkó:n/. However, cf the more common ihkí:n
or ihkó:n , both of which are more common than ihki.
\nae At least sometimes the /i/ of ki: (Oa) might be greatly extended in duration. However, this seems more a prosodic or pragmatic feature than a direct representation of
the surface form. It is questionable whether the orthographic representation hki: (Oa) is correct. Several consultants indicated that there is always a preceding /h/.
However, in some individuals speech the initial /h/ sound is not perceptible and thus the form ki: has been written as an alternative form.
\qry Do a study of contextual use of all the /ihki/, /ihkí:n/, /ihkó:n/, etc. Check for Oapan equivalent of Am /san ke:n ihki/.
\qry_fon Check carefully with a phonetician for all tokens that were originally here (some will have been renumbered to be at 3616, for initial /h/ or aspiration after /no:/.
\qry During the elicitation of the tokens for this word, C. Flores suggested that /ihki/ was not used in Ameyaltepec. Rather, forms such as /ihkón/ and /ihkín/ are found, as well as /xihki/.
Nevertheless, I seem to have documented /ihki/ and for now it has been maintained as a lexical entry. Its use and correctness in Am. should be rechecked.
\vl There are a total of 6 female and 6 male tokens. They are basically divided into two groups: The set of three from each speaker that is /no: hki:i:n weli/, i.e., the final three
of each speaker, should be tagged with re. #3616. For this present entry; 4495, there are therefore 3 tokens from each speaker. Link as follows: for /ki: weli/ use the 2nd
female token and the 2nd male token. Then, for the sequence /ki:i:n weli/ link the first female token and the first male token. Thus the final sequence should be: 2nd
female-2nd male-1st female-1st male. As with all other cases, the final joining here should be done manually.
\semref ke:nihki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref no:hki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04496
\lxam totopotsa
\lxam_c kitotopotsa
\lxoa totopotsa
\lxoa_c kitotopotsa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to cause (sth) to make a sputtering sound (an engine or mechanical device); to cause a crackling sound (e.g., in eating certain foods such as fried pork rinds or various
types of tortilla-like foods such as tlaxkalsosohli , totopoxtli , and tlaxkaltetso:nontli)
\sense_s hacer petardear; causar (que algo haga) un sonido como de pequeñas explosiones; hacer un sonido como chasquido (p. ej., al comer ciertas comidas como chicarrón y
ciertos tipos de tortilla como tlaxkalsosohli , totopoxtli , and tlaxkaltetso:nontli)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlatotopotsa ika tlaxkalsosohli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He causes a crackling sound to be made with old tortillas (that he is eating).
\phrase_s Hace que se escuche chasquidos con las tortillas viejas (que estácomiendo).
\semfld sound
\root topo:
\disamb kukwalaka; totopoka (in regards to ones stomach growling; see /itikukwalaka/ and check for /ititotopoka/).
\grm Antipassive: /Tlatotopotsa ika tlaxkalsosohli/ 'He causes a crackling sound to be made with old tortillas (that he is eating).' Note again, as in many other cases, the
presentation of a transitive verb with the nonspecific object prefix /tla-/ followed by an oblique expression indicating the indirect cause of the sound (i.e., the demoted object
of the transitive construction).
\grm Oapan phonology; reduplication. Note that */ki:topotsa/ is not acceptable.
\xref topo:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04497
\lxam kopaxokotik
\lxam_c kopaxokotik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e to be a braggart; to be a big-talker (who promises things he doesn't have or actions that he cannot carry out); to be misleading (in ones words)
\sense_s ser fanfarrón; ser engañoso (que promete cosas que no tiene o acciones que no puede cumplir)
\sense_d Am
\fl kopaxokonono:tsa
\root kopa
\root xoko
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the ciruelo berraco. Ramírez (1991) identifies it as the ciruelo copajocote , of the family
Rosaceae. Schoenhals (1988) has a tree called copalcojote of which see says:"(Cyrtocarpa procera) '[family cashew]' see
coco de cerro."And under this latter plant she states:"(Cyrtocarpa procera) '[family cashew]' A tropical tree with oblong leaves, tiny white flowers and small,
round, edible fruit with one seed. Also called copalcojote, chupundía, maxocote."
\qry Cf. Flk 1984-05-03.1.
\ref 04498
\lxam tlakwe:chohli
\lxam_c tlakwe:chohli
\lxoa tlakwe:cho:hli
\lxoa_c tlakwe:cho:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e something ground up finely (such as powdered chile)
\sense_s algo finamente molido (como chile en polvo)
\sense_d Pending
\root kwe:ch
\ref 04499
\lxam o:lo:wia
\lxam_c ko:lo:wia
\lxoa o:lo:wia
\lxoa_f [o: lo: 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kó:lo:wía, ko:lo:wia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to use a corncob on (e.g., wet clay of a ceramic bowl to smooth it before firing)
\sense_s aplicar un olote a (p. ej., para alisar la arcilla de una cerámica antes de cocerla)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Axtopa niko:lo:wi:s tepalkatl para petsiwis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e First I'll go over the bowl with a corncob so that it becomes smooth.
\phrase_s Primero voy a frotar un olote sobre la superficie del plato hondo para que se alise.
\root o:lo:
\nae Apparently the speech token of Florencia Marcelino (Oa) manifests pitch accent on the initial syllable. This is the result of reduplication, reduced onto the first vowel-initial syllable of
the verbal stem. However, the speech token of Inocencio Jiménez does not seem to manifest this pitch pattern. It would seem, then, that the two have given different forms.
Florencia gave a reduplicated form, undoubtedly because the action signified by o:lo:wiya is one that repeats itself constantly, as the agent rubs the cob back and forth
over a surface. Nevertheless, Inocencio seems to have given an unreduplicated form (no pitch accent), a form that perhaps indicates a single application of the cob to a surface. This
should be checked.
\qry_fon Check the four tokens of this word for the correctness of my percent that Florencia has pitch accent/reduplication while Inocencio does not.
\ref 04500
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ayó:penké:tl
\lxoa_c ayó:penké:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who gathers up squash during the harvest
\sense_s persona que cosecha la calabaza
\sense_d Oa
\root ayoh
\root pena
\qry_fon Check vowel length of /ayutli/ again as always. The length of the first /a/ is hard to determine in initial position. Here it seems longer than the /o:/. There are other
interesting things about this word. First, note that the compound is /áyotlí/. Here there is pitch accent from underlying {h}. The compound has additional pitch accent and
lengthening on {o}. Thus one might expect two pitch accent marks, as in ?áyó:penké:tl. However, this is not the case. The reason is not clear as in other cases there are 3
pitch accents on a 4 syllable but 5 or 6 mora word. The second point of interest is that it seems that in Nahuatl in general there is a rule or constraint that limits vowel length
in certain positions. That is, the sequence V:? (long vowel followed by glottal stop/h) does not exist. Yet at least underlyingly the {o} in {ayoh - tli} is followed by /h/. This
should counterfeed vowel lengthening. It appears taht the /o/ is in fact not long, but this would be c ounter to the process do c umentedin all other cases of reduplicant
reduction: the preceding vowel is lengthened (if it is underlyingly short) to compensate or account for the mora of the reduplicant. If vowel lengthening does not occur here
(and it would be unusual if it doesn't) then it would provide a counter example to the process heretofore described. An effort should be made to research potential for vowel
lengthening and pitch accent ascription on final shortvowels of nominal stems when the short vowel is followed by underlying {h}. To do this cases of incorporation must be
looked at where the incorporated noun ends in {(C)V?} and in which the following predicate stem has the potential (i.e., for semantic reasons) to reduplicate. A TEST
SHOULD BE CONDUCTED FOR PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF + LENGTH + P-A IN SUCH CIRCUMSTANCES.
\grmx Reduplication; Oapan phonology; vowel length: There are other interesting things about this word. First, note that the compound is /áyotlí/. Here there is pitch accent from
underlying {h}. The compound has additional pitch accent and lengthening on {o}. Thus one might expect two pitch accent marks, as in ?áyó:penké:tl. However, this is not
the case. The reason is not clear as in other cases there are 3 pitch accents on a 4 syllable but 5 or 6 mora word. The second point of interest is that it seems that in Nahuatl
in general there is a rule or constraint that limits vowel length in certain positions. That is, the sequence V:? (long vowel followed by glottal stop/h) does not exist. Yet at
least underlyingly the {o} in {ayoh - tli} is followed by /h/. This should counterfeed vowel lengthening. It appears taht the /o/ is in fact not long, but this would be counter to
the process documented in all other cases of reduplicant reduction: the preceding vowel is lengthe ned (if it is underlying l y short)to compensate or account for the mora
of the reduplicant. If vowel lengthening does not occur here (and it would be unusual if it doesn't) then it would provide a counter example to the process heretofore
described. An effort should be made to research potential for vowel lengthening and pitch accent ascription on final shortvowels of nominal stems when the short vowel is
followed by underlying {h}. To do this cases of incorporation must be looked at where the incorporated noun ends in {(C)V?} and in which the following predicate stem has
the potential (i.e., for semantic reasons) to reduplicate. A TEST SHOULD BE CONDUCTED FOR PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF + LENGTH + P-A IN SUCH
CIRCUMSTANCES.
\semref ayusentla:lia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04501
\lxam ma:se:katsontli
\lxam_c ma:se:katsontli
\lxoa ma:sia:tsontli
\lxoa_alt ma:se:katsontli
\lxoa_c ma:sia:tsontli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e armpit hair
\sense_s pelo de la axila
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:se:kapochik, notla:lia itlampa tetl, tikontas melá:k ke:n toma:se:katson, xtokatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The ma:se:kapochik , it makes its home underneath rocks, they look just like armpit hair. They are not considered tokatl.
\phrase_s Los ma:se:kapochik viven abajo de las piedras, los ves como pelo de axilas. No se consideran tokatl.
\root ma:
\root se:ka
\root tson
\qry_fon NOTE TO SELF: Check vowel length of this form and all related words. Third female token seems clearly to indicate /ma:sia:tsontli/. However, as is often the case, with
glides vowel length is very hard to determine. Recheck. Also, it would be interesting if the form with /k/ has /ma:se:katsontli/ and without /k/ has /ma:sia:tsontli/. This shuld
be carefully determined.
\vl Link 3rd female token and 2nd male token.
\ref 04502
\lxam wi:laka
\lxam_c wi:laka
\lxoa welaka
\lxoa_c welaka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e tree snail; snail
\sense_s caracol de monte
\sense_d Pending
\root wi:laka
\nae The etymology of wi:laka (Am) / welaka (Oa) is uncertain. The vowel change from /i:/ in Ameylatepec to /e/ in Oapan is interesting, and reveals the
problem of relying on any one village for information on historical vowel length. It appears that the alternation /i:/ ~ /e/ is not standard in Nahuatl.
\qry_fon Check length of /e/ in Oapan and /i:/ in Ameyaltepec. Also, if the preliminary observation is confirmed (long /i:/ in Am and short /e/ in Oapan) other cases of similar
alternation should be looked for.
\ref 04503
\lxam mits-
\lxam_c mitsa:polaktia
\lxoa mits-
\lxoa_c mitsa:polahtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Pref(obj)
\der Pr-pre-obj
\sense_e you (first person singular object)
\sense_s a tí. (objeto de primera persona singular)
\sense_d Pending
\qry_fon The length of the /a:/ of /a:polahtia/ in this context (i.e., non word initial) should be compared to that of /a:polaki/ as an intransitive verb with initial vowel and zero
morpheme subject.
\ref 04504
\lxam kechki:tskia
\lxam_c kikechki:tskia
\lxoa kechki:tsia
\lxoa_c kikechki:tsia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to grab by the neck (a person or animal, bottle, or other type of container with a"neck")
\sense_s agarrar por el cuello (a una persona o animal, o a una botella u otra cosa o recipiente que tiene algo como un cuello)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San xtlakechki:tski.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just grab things by the neck.
\phrase_s Simplemente agarras las cosas por el cuello.
\root kech
\root ki:tski
\vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens. There is one extra token of this at 6729.
\ref 04505
\lxam pochawistli
\lxam_c pochawistli
\lxoa pochawistli
\lxoa_c pochawistli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-is
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e something from the previous year or one year old (particularly used in reference to maize but also applicable to other items)
\sense_s algo del año anterior o de hace un año (particularmente usado en referencia al maíz, pero también aplicable a otras cosas también)
\sense_d Pending
\root pocha
\qry The verbal base of this is unclear and should be checked. No cognate form is in RS or other Nahuatl sources. Also, precisely determine the meaning of /pochawistli/. My original
notes give this as the same as /se:xkayo:tl/. Check the meaning and possible meaning differences. Check vowel length.
\semref se:xkayo:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04506
\lxam tlama:kweptli
\lxam_c tlama:kweptli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(p)
\sense_e type of sleeve cuff with buttons and sewn so that the opening is on the bottom and there are no pleats or ruffles where the cloth is taken in, as occurs with the cuff known as
ma:xoloxtik
\sense_s tipo de puño con botones de la manga de una camisa; tiene la parte abierta por abajo y no tiene pliegues ni tablas como ocurre con el puño conocido como
ma:xoloxtik
\sense_d Am
\semfld clothing
\root ma:
\root kwepa
\ref 04507
\lxam mo:xkah
\lxam_c i:mo:xkah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan muesca
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e notch (generally in wood)
\sense_s muesca (generalmente en madera)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtla:li imo:xkah para tiktila:naskeh, tla:mo sahkó:n texi:kopi:nis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place a notch on it (in this case at the end of a log) so that we can drag it along (with a rope), if you don't do it, it will just slip out (the log from the rope's loop)!
\phrase_s ¡Pónle una muesca (en este caso a un tronco) para que lo podamos jalar, si no, se le va a zafar (el tronco de la soga)!
\nse Mo:xkah apparently refers only to the placing of a notch on wood, all the way around so that a rope can catch on it.
\qry Determine whether the word can be used in both possessed and unpossessed constructions.
\mod Cf. original filecard for illustration.
\semref mocha:rowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04508
\lxam cha:wi:lo
\lxam_c cha:wi:lo
\lxoa cha:wi:lo
\lxoa_c cha:wi:lo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-pas
\infv class-4a(pass)
\sense_e to become blighted (certain plants such as maize, wheat, watermelon, squash, etc.)
\sense_s tener chahuistle, un tipo de enfermedad (ciertas plantas como el maíz, trigo, sandía, calabaza, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:cha:wi:lo:k mi:hli, pe:wa tsi:ntlasolwa:ki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The milpa got blighted, the bottom of the plant has begun to dry up.
\phrase_s La milpa agarróchahuistle, la raíz se empezóa secar.
\root cha:wi
\nse Most people attribute the state signified by cha:wi:lo to an overabundance of rain water. However, a few consultants have stated that it may be due to a lack of
water. Other plants such as watermelon and squash may also become affected by the state known as cha:wi:lo.
\qry Check how exactly the plants are affected, and whether with watermelon and squash it is the leaves, not root, that is affected. Determine all plants that can be so affected; also check
for existence of /cha:wistli/ or similar form.
\grm Passive: Note that this is a passive verb. FK has /cha:huistli/ from Zacapoaxtla and the definitio 'plaga, enfermedad (de plantas)' In a quick review I did not find it in
Classical. The verbal form has also not been documented for other dialects.
\ref 04509
\lxam ma:kwepo:ntok
\lxam_c ma:kwepo:ntok
\lxoa ma:kopo:ntok
\lxoa_c ma:kopo:ntok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\compound N-Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to have ones cuffs folded back
\sense_s tener los puños (de una camisa) doblados
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timakukwepo:ntok, ne:si ye pe:wa titekitis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You have the cuffs of your shirt folded back, it seems that you are about to start working.
\phrase_s Tienes los puños (de la camisa) doblados, parece que ya vas a trabajar.
\root ma:
\root kwepo:
\ref 04510
\lxam i:wia:ntik
\lxam_c i:wia:ntik
\lxoa í:wiá:ntik
\lxoa_c í:wiá:ntik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-tik-ap
\sense_e to be sharp, clever, intelligent
\sense_s ser listo, abusado, inteligente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xni:wia:ntik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm not sharp.
\phrase_s No soy listo.
\phrase_n I:wia:ntik, lije:roh kichi:wtiwetsi itlah tli:no:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's sharp, he does anything right away.
\phrase_s Es listo, luego luego hace cualquier cosa.
\phrase_n Xi:wia:ntik un tla:katl, xtlah weli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That man is not sharp, he can't do anything.
\phrase_s Ese hombre no es abusado, no puede hacer nada.
\root i:wia:n
\nae The etymology of this word is unclear, but it would seemingly be related to words like Classical iuian, which Molina glosses as 'mansamente, o con tiento'; cf.
iuianyo 'persona cuerda, atentada y reposada.' Carochi has this word listed several times (cf. Lockhart, pp. 400, 438) and although he is not entirely consistent, it seems
reasonable to posit an initial long /i:/ and a long /a:/. However, there is no evidence of an underlying 'saltillo' (glottal stop) anywhere; if this is the case then the only origin for pitch
accent in Oapan would be reduplication. The underlying Oapan form, therefore, would be {ih + i:wia:n + tik}. This seems possible. Evidence from other dialects, such as San Juan
Tetelcingo, might confirm the reduplication although it should be kept in mind that villages might well vary in the presence or absence of a reduplicant. Finally, note that the length of
the second /i/ is apparently short, but this is hard to document at present given the lack of esta bl ished criteria for determining length before and after glides.
\qry Etymology uncertain; check. Check length of initial vowel. I originally had a short /i/, but Oapan evidence suggests a long one. Nevertheless, check.
\qry_fon Re: /í:wiá:ntik/ and /í:wiá:ntilia/. The etymology of this word is unclear, but it would seemingly be related to words like Classical iuian, which Molina glosses as
'mansamente, o con tiento'; cf. iuianyo 'persona cuerda, atentada y reposada.' Carochi has this word listed several times (cf. Lockhart, pp. 400, 438) and
although he is not entirely consistent, it seems reasonable to posit an initial long /i:/ and a long /a:/. However, there is no evidence of an underlying 'saltillo' (glottal stop)
anywhere; if this is the case then the only origin for pitch accent in Oapan would be reduplication. The underlying Oapan form, therefore, would be {ih + i:wia:n + tik}.
This seems possible. Evidence from other dialects, such as San Juan Tetelcingo, might confirm the reduplication although it should be kept in mind that villages might well
vary in the presence or absence of a reduplicant. Finally, note that the length of the second /i/ is apparently short, but this is hard to docum en t at present given the lack
of established criteria for determining length before and after glides.
\qry_h Check for presence of /h/. The motive for Oapan pitch accent is unclear.
\ref 04511
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be for Oapan /páon onkah/. It has been deleted and the word tokens linked at 1924.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\vl Tag these tokens as 1924 and link as the second set of female-male tokens under the headword here. Thus there should be four linked words at 1924.
\ref 04512
\lxam xa:nkahli
\lxam_c xa:nkahli
\lxoa xa:nkahli
\lxoa_c xa:nkahli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e house made of adobe
\sense_s casa de adobe
\sense_d Pending
\root xa:m
\root kal
\ref 04513
\lxam kuwkakawatl
\lxam_c kuwkakawatl
\lxoa kohkakawatl
\lxoa_c kohkakawatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e bark (of a tree, used to refer to the bark that is scattered on the ground)
\sense_s cáscara (de unárbol, utilizado para referirse a la cáscara que estáregada por el suelo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e wood shavings (the wood shaved off from planing)
\sense_s virutas de madera (la madera que sale después de aplanarse una tabla de madera)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xpepenati un kuwkakawatl, 'ka tiktlatlati:skeh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go pick up some wood shavings, we will light them (to start a fire)!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a juntar unas virutas de madera, las vamos a quemar (para prender una fogata).
\sense_e type of tree still not collected nor identified
\sense_s tipo deárbol todavía no colectado ni identificado
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kuwkakawatl | Xtlah para, nochipa kipa itlase:wahlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Kuwkakawatl : It isn't used for anything, it always provides shade.
\phrase_s Kuwkakawatl : No se usa para nada, siembra da su sombra.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root kow
\root kakawa
\nse Apparently the meaning as 'wood shavings' is a metaphoric extension from its use to signify 'bark.'
\qry Make sure that all uses and meanings above are correct (e.g., as a type of tree, bark in general, and wood shavings.
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this tree as the cacahuanache. Neither Ramírez (1991) nor Schoenhals (1988) list this tree. Guizar N. and Sánchez V.
(1991:95) identify the cacahuananche as of the Chrysobalanaceae family, Licania arborea Seemann. The tree, i.e., as a tree type, was not
recognized by Cristino Flores.
\qry Apparently this is the same as the /kakakwana:nchih/. If it is add to the synonym field and xreference.
\ref 04514
\lxam chikino:ltik
\lxam_c chikino:ltik
\lxoa chikino:ltik
\lxoa_c chikino:ltik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound Mod-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be crooked or bent
\sense_s ser chueco o torcido
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Chi:chikino:ltik mori:yoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The beam is bent and crooked in several places.
\phrase_s La viga estáchueca en varios lugares
\sense_e to be gnarled
\sense_s ser nudoso (un palo lleno de nudos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Chichikino:ltik un kuwtli, miák ima:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That piece of wood is gnarled, it has a not of knots.
\phrase_s Ese palo de madera estánudoso, tiene muchos nudos.
\root chiki
\root no:l
\nse According to several consultants from Ameyaltepec, chikino:ltik is the semantic equivalent of chikitoltik
\ref 04515
\lxam wa:xka:tia
\lxam_c nowa:xka:tia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to take as ones own (the property of another)
\sense_s (refl.) adueñarse de (tomando la propiedad o pertenencias de otro)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:kite:kwi:lih, o:nowa:xka:tih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He took it from someone, he claimed it as rightfully his.
\phrase_s Se lo quitóa alguien, se adueñódeél.
\root a:xka
\nae The vowel length of this verb seems to include a short /a/, as indicated in the entry. However, this should be checked. The nominal form is not used except in the possessed form:
noa:xka , with a short final vowel. This is a term used in Ameyaltepec only; Oapan has tlatki and tlatkitia.
\semref tlatkitia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04516
\lxam wiyo:nia
\lxam_c kwiyo:nia
\lxoa wiyo:nia
\lxoa_c kiwiyo:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-2a
\trans Compl
\sense_e to move slightly (e.g., sth that should be stable); to nudge; to shake slightly
\sense_s mover o empujar ligeramente (p. ej., algo que debe estar estable); hacer tambalear
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka xne:chwiyo:ni, nitlakwilotok!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't shake (nudge) me, I'm writing!
\phrase_s ¡No me empujes, estoy escribiendo!
\sense_e (refl.-pas.) to wobble (a table, chair, etc.); to get moved slightly; to get shaken
\sense_s (refl.-pas.) tambalearse (una mesa, silla, etc., que no se para bien sobre el piso); bailar (un objeto no estable que se mueve ligeramente de lado a lado); moverse
ligeramente
\sense_d Pending
\root wiyo:
\disamb ekwania; wiyo:nia
\nse The circumstances in which the reflexivized form of wiyo:nia is used as opposed to the intransitive wiyo:niare not entirely clear. It appears
that the reflexive form is used when something is inadvertently moved by an agent in the manner indicated by the verb, (something like the"get passive"in English).
Wiyo:ni , on the other hand, would seem to be the result of a more involuntary movement, such as shaking from fear or the wind.
\nae In Oapan the reduplicated kiwiwiyo:nia is acceptable but not the reduced form * kí:wiyó:nia. The precise meaning for this is unclear but it may be related
to the fact that the reduplicated form is the most common and thus somewhat lexicalized. Note that frequentatives uwiyoka (Am) and wiwiyoka(Oa)
also do not reduce onto a preceding short vowel.
\qry Check: The circumstances in which the reflexivized form of wiyo:nia is used as opposed to the intransitive wiyo:ni are not entirely clear. It appears
that the reflexive form is used when something is moved in the manner indicated by the verb, although this might be inadvertent (something like the"get passive"in English).
Wiyo:ni , on the other hand, would seem to be the result of a more involuntary movement, such as shaking from fear or the wind.
\grm Grammar Oapan: reduplication; Note that in Oapan the reduplicated kiwiwiyo:nia is acceptable but not * ki:wiyo:nia. It appears that the
reduced forms are generally not acceptable, except in rare instances when eitther the reduplication is CV (and not CVh) or when the meaning of the reduplicated form is
lexicalized.
\ref 04517
\lxam a:ki:xtia
\lxam_c ka:ki:xtia
\lxoa a:ki:xtia
\lxoa_c ka:ki:xtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to quickly put into water and take out (e.g., clothes to wash, without soap); to rinse or pour water over (e.g., to get the soap out of clothes that are being washed)
\sense_s meter rápidamente en agua y sacarla; enjuagar (e.g., la ropa al lavarla para quitarle el jabón)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xka:ki:xti motlake:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pour water over your clothes (e.g., while washing, in order to get the soap out)!
\phrase_s ¡Vierte agua sobre tu ropa (p. ej., al lavarla, para quitarle el jabón)!
\phrase_n Nika:ki:xti:s notlake:n pa:mpa weyak, ma tso:liwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm dunk my clothes (in this case a shirt) quickly in water because they are long and I want it to shrink.
\phrase_s Voy a meter mi ropa (en este caso una camisa) rápidamente en el agua porque es larga y quiero que se encoja.
\phrase_n Xne:xchia, ma nika:ki:xti notlake:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Wait for me, let me rinse out my clothes!
\phrase_s ¡Espérame, déjame enjuagar mi ropa!
\root a:
\root ki:sa
\nse A:ki:xtia signifies to wash clothes rapidly just with water, not with soap, or to rinse the soap out of ones clothes by pouring water over them. This verb also refers to
the action of putting something, such as clothing, in water and then taking it out (in the case of clothes to hang up to dry).
\grm Noun incorporation (semantics): Re: /a:ki:xtia/: Note that in this case the /a:/ seems to refer to the location at which the action takes place. That is, one is not"removing
water"but rather"(putting in rapidly and) removing from water."The synthetic expression of /ka:ki:xtia/ would therefore be /kiki:xtia de itik a:tl/ or some such equivalent.
\ref 04518
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tepi:tka:siwa:tl
\lxoa_c tepi:tka:siwa:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Part-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e healthy woman; stout and sturdy woman (of body and health, who does not easily become sick)
\sense_s mujer sana; mujer fuerte y duro (de cuerpo, de salud, quien no se enferma facilmente)
\sense_d Pending
\root tepi:ts
\root sowa:
\nse In general tepi:stik used in this sense refers to a person who is sturdy and not weak, who is healthy (sana) and doesn't get sick.
\nae For a fuller explanation, cf. tepi:tska:sowa:tl.
\grm Oapan phonology: ts>t: cf. /tepi:tka:siwa:tl/: In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan the base of the modifier is the verb tepi:tsiwi. As with most verbs ending in
-iwi the participial form in the Balsas region is the verbal root (i.e., the stem minus -iwi) plus the participial ending -ka:. In Oapan the
surface form is the result of the reduction of the final /ts/ affricate to a simple stop, /t/. This is perhaps the only case I have documented so far in which an affricate loses the
fricative component in a particular environment.
\semref tepi:tska:suwa:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kaxa:nka:suwa:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref poxa:hka:suwa:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ka:xa:nka:siwa:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04519
\lxam a:yakaxtli
\lxam_alt a:yekaxtli
\lxam_c a:yakaxtli
\lxoa a:yakaxtli
\lxoa_alt a:yekaxtli
\lxoa_c a:yakaxtli, a:yekaxtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e rattle
\sense_s sonaja
\sense_d Pending
\root a:yakach
\nse The pronunciation a:yakaxtli is more common that a:yekaxtli although both are heard. Painted a:yakaxteh (Am) /
a:yakaxtih (Oa) are made in the villages, particularly Oapan, and used in the dance called"danza de corona."
\qry Check derivation and root structure. Check for verb /a:yakachowa/.
\mod Illustrate
\vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token.
\root_notes The word is essentially a type of squash. Note that the etymology might possible be /a:ya/ for /a:yotli/ and then /kaxtli/. Check.
\ref 04520
\lxam teko:ntilia
\lxam_c kiteko:ntilia
\lxoa teko:ntilia
\lxoa_c kiteko:ntilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make (sth) deep-dished or very concave
\sense_s combar; hacer combada o muy concavo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kiteko:ntilih isurkoh, wekatlan o:kitla:laktih iara:doh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He made his furrows steep-sided and deep, he forced his plow deep into the soil.
\phrase_s Hizo sus surcos muy inclinados y profundos, metiósu arado en la tierra muy hondo.
\phrase_n Xteteko:ntili mosombre:roh! Miaktsi:n mitsmakaskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make your hat into a deep-dished container (by pushing the brim down and turning it upside-down)! They are going to give you a lot (in this case of fruit).
\phrase_s ¡Convierte tu sombrero en un recipiente hondo (al bajar las alas y voltearlo arriba abajo)! te van a dar mucho (en este caso de fruta)!
\phrase_n Ma:ka san pe:ltik, xteko:ntili!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't let it be just flared out and shallow (in this case a bowl being made), make it deep-dished!
\phrase_s ¡Quéno sea poco profundo con los lados yendo hacia afuera (en este caso un frutero que se estáformando), hazlo profundo con los lados inclinados!
\sense_e to make sag (e.g., a loosely strung hammock or soft bed by lying in it)
\sense_s hundir en medio (p. ej., una hamaca muy floja o una cama suave al acostarse sobre ello)
\sense_d Pending
\root te
\root ko:m
\qry In some later notes I have /kiko:ntilia m...xi/ which is not clear. Check possible meanings of /ko:ntilia/.
\ref 04521
\lxam tlapahli
\lxam_c tlapahli
\lxoa tlapahli
\lxoa_c tlapahli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\sense_e paint
\sense_s pintura
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye kipia itlapahlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It already has its paint (i.e., is already painted).
\phrase_s Ya tiene su pintura (esto es, ya estápintado).
\root tlapal
\vl Link 1st male token.
\ref 04522
\lxam tekito:ka
\lxam_c tekito:ka
\lxoa tekito:ka
\lxoa_c tekito:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\trans +Spec
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to plant communally
\sense_s sembrar comunalmente
\sense_d Pending
\root teki
\root to:ka
\nae Object marking on tekito:ka is similar to that on to:ka. The verb has an indefinite null complement and no cross-referencing on the verb
when the activity itself is referred to. However, when a specific field or parcel of land is being referred to, then the 3rd-person specific marker ki- is used yielding
kitekito:ka, which is overtly transitive. The form * tlatekito:ka does not exist.
\ref 04523
\lxam tlatepe:wtok
\lxam_c tlatepe:wtok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\compound tla-Stat
\der V1-Stat
\der Stat-tla
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be covered all over with scattered things (an area or place covered by a plurality of things)
\sense_s estar con todo regado, por todos lados (unaárea o lugar cubierto con una pluralidad de cosas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sa: tlatetepe:wtok ika chi:hli, o:kwihlowa itik, o:tlakose:w ipan tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The ground is scattered all over with chile, it (the chile plant) got worms in it (causing the chile to fall off), the ground has turned yellow (from the chile that has fallen and
turned yellow).
\phrase_s El suelo estáregado con chiles, (la planta del chile) se agusanóadentro (haciendo que se cayera el chile), el suelo estátodo amarillo (por el chile que se cayóy
amarrillentó).
\phrase_n Nika:n tlatetepe:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Things are scattered all over on the ground here.
\phrase_s Aquíestátodo regado.
\root tepe:-2-
\nae Although apparently tlatetepe:wtok refers most directly to an area over which things are scattered, the nature of the scattered objects can be introduced through an
oblique construction, as in tlatepe:wtok ika chi:hli. In Oapan the form used would be nochi tepe:htok, which refers directly to the object that is
scattered, not to an area on covered by scattered things.
\qry Note that I have /tlatetepe:wtok/ without any specific subject. Question whether this is possible. I.e., can one say /tlatetepe:wtok moyew/ 'your beans are scattered all over.' Or is
/tlatetepe:wtok/"subjectless"?
\grm Although apparently tlatetepe:wtok refers most directly to an area over which things are scattered, the nature of the scattered objects can be introduced
through an oblique construction, as in tlatepe:wtok ika chi:hli. It would appear, then, that the function of /tla-/ with statives ending in /-tok/ is the same as
with unaccusatives: it indicates that there is no subject. In such cases what is being emphasized is the state or action, i.e., as /tlakoto:ni/ indicates that the action of snapping
is happening, /tlatetepe:wtok/ indicates that the state of being scattered is happening (in many places).
\xref tepe:wtok
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 04524
\lxam tekipachowa
\lxam_c kitekipachowa
\lxoa tekipachowa
\lxoa_c kitekipachowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to heap work on; to overwhelm with work or other tasks and chores
\sense_s cargarle mucho trabajo a; abrumar con trabajo o con tareas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:xtekipachowan, ne:chpachowilian tekitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They heap work on me, they overwhelm me with work.
\phrase_s Me cargan mucho trabajo, me abruman con trabajo.
\phrase_n Yo:nimotekipachoh, melá:k yo:nisiaw, we:i tekitl o:ne:chma:kan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've become overwhelmed with work, I really got tired, they gave me a lot of work to do.
\phrase_s Me abruméde trabajo, de veras me cansé, me habían dado mucho trabajo.
\sense_e to make worry
\sense_s preocupar, causar preocupación a
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (relf.) to be worried about
\sense_s (refl.) estar preocupado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nimotekipachowa pa:mpa onkak ne:chkwi:li:skeh notla:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am worried because I've heard that they will take my land away from me.
\phrase_s Estoy preocupado porque he escuchado que me van a quitar mi tierra.
\phrase_n Nimotekipachowa pa:mpa xniwelis tli:n ne:chnawatian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am worried because I won't be able to do what they order me.
\phrase_s Estoy preocupado porque no voy a poder hacer lo que me ordenan.
\root teki
\root pach
\nse Note that tekipachowa can have a literal sense of teki + pachowa 'to oppress with work' and a more figurative (and
more common) sense of 'to worry' or 'to be worried.'
\qry Check meaning of 'to worry' with specific nonreflexive object, e.g., /ne:chtekipachowa ika kwalo nokone:w/??
\ref 04525
\lxam onkawia
\lxam_c konkawian
\lxoa onkawia
\lxoa_f [on ka 'wi a]
\lxoa_c konkawiah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to gang up on; to jointly undertake (i.e., two people who join forces to complete a task such as carrying a heavy load between them, to attack a lone individual, etc.); to
knock off (a task, together)
\sense_s juntarse para (esto es, dos personas que reunen fuerzas para terminar una tarea como cargar con algo pesado, o para atacar un individuo solo, etc.); acabarse con
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Se:pa:n tikonkawi:skeh pa:mpa yetí:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We will knock it off together (in this case carrying a heavy load) because it is heavy.
\phrase_s Nos lo vamos a caer juntos (en este caso la tarea de cargar algo pesado) porque estápesado.
\phrase_n Tikonkawi:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Together we two are going to take care of it.
\phrase_s Lo vamos a hacer nosotros dos juntos.
\phrase_n O:mitsonkawi:kon.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They came and ganged up on you (beating you up).
\phrase_s Juntos vinieron para caerte encima (golpeándote).
\sense_e to take part (e.g., of a food) among many
\sense_s tomar (p. ej., comida) entre muchos
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ma tikonkawi:ka:n! Itekiw te:chasis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let's share it among us! It's bound to be enough for us.
\phrase_s ¡Vamos a compartirlo! De hecho nos va a alcanzar
\root on-
\root ka
\nse The etymology of onkawia (Am) and onkawiya (Oa) is uncertain. One interpretation would have the directional on- as fully lexicalized into
a verb. Thus other directionals can be used, e.g., o:konkawi:ton and and kwa:lonkawi:skeh. However, speakers tended to reject the use of
on- : Pánfilo Lorenzo rejected *kononkawi:skeh. Luis Lucena first rejected but then accepted this form. It therefore appears that although on- has been
incorporated into the verb there is a tendency not to accept the addition of a clearly directional on- even though the general acceptance of a form such as
o:konkawi:to suggests that an extraverse directional is accepted as a suffix. Perhaps this reflects an unwillingness to have a sequence onon , or perhaps
it indicates that onkawia contains some semantic elements of an extraverse directional (unlike forms such as oni). Note that RS has an entry for
oncaquixtia, which he analyz es as oncan plus quixtia having the sense of 'doblar, poner una cosa en dos' (Molina defines this, given as two
words, as 'duplicar cartas, o cosas semejantes'); RS also has oncauitinemi , analyzed as cauia and nemi , which is used reflexively and
means 'ir o vivir juntos, hablando de dos personas.' Thus although the first vowel of onkawia is short, the meaning of this verb might be related to o:me
, meaning 'two.' Yet it might also be related to forms such as ompa , etc. in which the initial on- or om appears to be a deictic signaling
'there.'
\qry_fon Check vowel length. It is uncertain in Oapan and, probably in Am. Both dialects should be checked.
\semref tlakowia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlákowía
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04526
\lxam wi:kpla
\lxam_alt wi:ptla
\lxam_c wi:kpla
\lxoa wi:ptla
\lxoa_c wi:ptla
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-b
\sense_e day after tomorrow
\sense_s pasado mañana
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (ye ~) day before yesterday
\sense_s (ye ~) día de antier
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root wi:ptla
\vl The first word uttered is by Florencia: /mihtla:h/. It should be tagged as a token of 5853. Link 1st female and 1st male tokens to lexicon.
\ref 04527
\lxam kwahli
\lxam_c kwahli
\lxoa kwahli
\lxoa_c kwahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(at)
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e sth good
\sense_s algo bueno
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwahli onkah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is good (as it is).
\phrase_s Estábien (como está).
\phrase_n Melá:k suwa:to:naleh. Xka:wa, xkwahli tla:katsi:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Ladies are attracted to him (i.e., he is a ladies man because of his money, looks, etc.). But it's a wonder, he's a no-good little sort.
\phrase_s Es atractivo para las mujeres (por guapo, adinerado, etc.). pero es algo de maravillar, no es bueno el tipo.
\phrase_n Xkukwalteh. ke:n te:kakaya:wanimeh. Mitsna:nkilian para mitsompale:wi:skeh, pero xmlá:k yaweh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They're no good, they really deceive people. They'll agree to go help you, but they won't really go.
\phrase_s Son malos, engañan a la gente. te responden que te van a ir a ayudar, pero no van de veras.
\phrase_n Xkwahli motlamachilis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You don't have good thoughts.
\phrase_s No tienes buenos pensamientos.
\phrase_n Xkukwalteh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They (particularly people) are no good (of character)!
\phrase_s No son buenos (en particular personas, de caracter)!
\sense_e (san ~) moderately; reasonably; just right; at a moderate level or pace
\sense_s (san ~) con moderación; razonable; justamente bien; a un paso o nivel moderado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San kwahli xtlatsotsona!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Play it at a moderate level!
\phrase_s ¡Tócalo a un nivel moderado!
\phrase_n San kwahli xma:malti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Load it with a reasonable weight!
\phrase_s ¡Cárgalo con un peso razonable!
\phrase_n Iwí:n xnihkwis, ke:n tekoyaktik. Nikneki a:chi san kwahli, san pi:stik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will not take this one here (a sack), it has a really wide opening. I want one that is not too wide, just narrow.
\phrase_s No me voy a llevar este (un costal), es muy ancho. Quiero uno que estájusto, algo angosto.
\phrase_n San kwahli xyatiw, tla:mo tima:ntiki:sa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go along at a reasonable pace, if not you will trip yourself and fall!
\phrase_s ¡Vete yendo a un paso regular, si no, te vas a tropezar!
\sense_e very; well (as a modifier of a predicate)
\sense_s mucho; bien (como modificador de un predicado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chkwah sa:yo:lin. Kwahli o:yesa:tli:k, pero a:man yohmiktih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A mosquito bit me. It drank a lot of blood, but now I've killed it.
\phrase_s Me picóun mosquito. Chupómucha sangre, pero ahora lo maté.
\sense_e (i:pan ~ plus negative verb) phrase said behind the back of and in reference to sb who acts in a selfish or dishonest way
\sense_s (i:pan ~ más verbo en negativo) frase dicho sobre algn que actua en una manera egoísto o de mala fé
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n I:pan kwahli xtlah weli, tla:ma téh, ya: te:chi:xna:mikiskia deke yáwákitlaniskia tomi:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e By himself he's can't do anything, if he could he might well (be justified) in denying us (e.g., money in a loan), (he could do it) if he were the one to earn money.
\phrase_s Por su cuenta no sabe nada, si no fuera así(esto es, si en este caso ganara el dinero por su cuenta) bien nos pudiera negar (un préstamo), si fueraél quien ganara el
dinero.
\phrase_n I:pan kwahli xo:wa:hlah, tla: wa:hla:skia kiera na:n té:chkakahtó:skia.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He didn't come at all (but nevertheless gossips about us), if he had come he would have at least been able to hear what we say (and thus justify his gossip).
\phrase_s No vino para nada (pero sin embargo chismea), si hubiera venido por lo menos hubiera escuchado lo que decimos (y asíjustificicar sus chismes).
\sense_e (xtlah kwahli yes) sorry
\sense_s (xtlah kwahli yes) disculpa
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xtlah kwahli yes, xwel timitspale:wi:skeh a:mantsi:n. xkwahli
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Sorry, we can't help you right now (e.g., with a loan of money).
\phrase_s Disculpa, ahora no te podemos ayudar (p. ej., con un préstamo de dinero).
\sense_e (tla: i kwahlitsi:n or tla: i kwahlitsi:n) afterwards; in a while
\sense_s (tla: i kwahlitsi:n o tla: i kwahlitsi:n) después; en un rato
\sense_d Oa
\root kwal
\nse Although morphosyntactically kwahli is clearly a noun, it is most often used adverbially, as a modifier of the predicate (Xkwahli ke:kchi:wa 'he doesn't
fix it well') or attributively (xkwahli tli:n kichi:wa 'what he does is no good').
\grm Note the reduplication of the diminutive with certain nouns in Oapan: kwalte:tsi:ntih
\grm Attribution; modification; nouns: Note that one way in which nouns act attributively is with incorporation to another noun. Thus in a N-N compound, the first noun is often
attributive and the second is the head. This should be checked in all N-N compounds. With /kwahli/ note that it is often used, when in the singular, as a sentence modifier,
with a verbal predicate. Thus /kwahli tekipanowa/. It may also be used as a predicate /kwahli mokal/ 'your house (S) is good (Pred).' In such use it follows other predicate
adjectives and nouns. Note that one could interpret /kwahli tli:n tikitowa/ 'it is good what you say' as the same construction, a headless relative clause as subject of the
predicate /kwahli/. 'That which you say is good.' Yet cf. also the difference between /kwahli nitla:katl/ where /kwahli/ is a sentence-level modifier, and /nikwahli tla:katl/
where /kwahli/ is attributive and the head is /tla:katl/.
\semref xkwahli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref kwaltsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04528
\lxam ma:yawi
\lxam_c ma:yawi
\lxoa ma:yawi
\lxoa_c ma:yawi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to stick ones hand in a place or opening
\sense_s meter la mano en un lugar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ma:yaw itik na:to:lko:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He stuck his hand into the pot I use for making atole.
\phrase_s Metióla mano en la olla que utilizo para hacer atole.
\phrase_n Ma:ka toma:yawis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't stick your hand in there (e.g., a closed place, such as one where money is kept)!
\phrase_s ¡No vayas a meter la mano allá(p. ej., un lugar cerrado, como uno por donde se guarda dinero)!
\phrase_n Xoma:yawi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Stick your hand in there (e.g., to reach in and grab sth)!
\phrase_s ¡Mete la mano allá(p. ej., para agarrar algo)!
\root ma:
\root yaw
\nse Ma:yawi refers to the action of sticking ones hand into a place, particularly a small area like the inside of a pot, in order to pull something out.
\qry Check for {h} perhaps as {mahya:wi}. Provisionally, given the short vowel, I have hypothesized the stem as /mah/. Again, the presence of /ya:w/ is a guess. There is no comparative
information available. RS have a completely different definition for /mayaui/, which is both intransitive and transitive. Thus ni- or nom- is glossed as 'recharzar, alejar, separar' Nite-
and nonte- are glossed as 'hacer caer, empujar a alguien; tlalpan nitemayaui 'derribar, tirar al suelo a alguien.' The various meanings should be checked.
\qry_fon Oapan seems to definitely show the vowel length pattern indicated above, ma:yawi. Ameyaltepec should be rechecked.
\ref 04529
\lxam ma:nepaniwtok
\lxam_c ma:nepaniwtok
\lxoa ma:nepanihtok
\lxoa_c ma:nepanihtok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be with hands ones arms crossed (e.g., in waiting impatiently for sb)
\sense_s estar con los brazos cruzados (p. ej., en estar esperando a algn)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to be with ones hands clasped in front of oneself (as a corpse being buried)
\sense_s con las manos entrelazadas por enfrente (como con una persona que estárezando)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root nepan
\nse The intransitive ? ma:nepaniwi has not been documented in the corpus.
\ref 04530
\lxam a:skayowa
\lxam_c a:skayowa
\lxoa a:skayowa
\lxoa_c a:skayowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia[k]
\trans ~Adj; ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to become covered with ants
\sense_s cubrirse de hormigas
\sense_d Pending
\root a:ska
\nse Can refer to the process of becoming covered with any type of ant, not only those known as a:skatl.
\qry Check for /a:skayoh/.
\vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens.
\ref 04531
\lxam oksé:
\lxam_c oksé:
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(indef)
\der Pr-indef
\sense_e a different one
\sense_s uno diferente; uno distinto
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chmaka oksé:!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Give me a different one!
\phrase_s ¡Dáme otro diferente!
\phrase_n Oksé: nikneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I want a different one.
\phrase_s Quiero otro diferente.
\phrase_n Momo:stla niktla:lia notlake:n oksé:. Nikimpatlatok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Every day I put on a different piece of clothing, I change them.
\phrase_s Cada día me pongo ropa diferente. La cambio.
\root o:k
\root se:
\nae The final stress characteristic of o:ksé suggests that this"lexeme"is in fact two words that always occur in phrase-final position, thus motivating the stress on
sé: , i.e., o:k sé:. In fact, the same two-word analysis could be applied to o:k se: and the absence of a stressed final element can be
related to the fact that this pair of words modifies a nominal head that follows (and thus is assigned stress): nikno:tsas o:kse tla:katl 'I will speak to another man' (vs.
nikno:tsas o:ksé 'I will speak to a different one (i.e., person)").
\qry Note that in at least one case I have recorded /o:ksé/ with stress on the final syllable. My understanding of the difference (which should parallel the difference between /no:kse:/ and
/no:ksé:/ is that the first is adjectival and the second pronominal. This should, however, be checked. Certainly when pronounced alone the final syllable is stressed, which suggests an
analysis of two words /o:k se:/ which would by general rule lead to stress on the final word. Moreover, when uttered in isolation this would seem to have a clear pronominal function.
In the phrase /momo:stla niktla:lia notlake:n o:kse:, nikimpatlatok/ note the placement of /o:kse:/. I did not originally record stress on /o:kse:/ in this occurrence, but have added it in
the above phrase based on my understanding of the meaning of this word. This should be rechecked. Finally, I think that there might be a different between /o:kse: nikneki/"I want
another one"and /o:ksé: nikneki/, or /nikneki o:ksé:/"I wan t a distinct/diff e rent one."This too should be checked.
\vl Tag /sápa sé:/ to 6268
\semref sápa sé:
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04532
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kompa:lkone:tl
\lxoa_cpend @no:mpalkone:w
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) compadre
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e godchild
\sense_s ahijado, ahijada
\sense_d Oa
\nse In Oapan the modifiers tla:katlor siwa:tlare used after this term to indicate the sex of the child, e.g., no:mpalkone:w tla:katl 'god-son.'
\qry Check whether this can be used as a vocative.
\vl There are 4 tokens of /aija:doh/ these should be tagged with a high alternate number, e.g., 99987_aijaadoh.
\semref aija:doh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 04533
\lxam i:xmontli
\lxam_c i:xmontli
\lxoa í:xmotlí
\lxoa_pr i:xmotli
\lxoa_c í:xmotlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e eyelashes
\sense_s las pestañas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e eyebrows
\sense_s cejas
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root i:x
\root mon
\nse Consultants from Oapan gave í:xmotlí as meaning both 'eyelashes' and 'eyebrows.' My original notes from Ameyaltepec, however, had only the meaning 'eyelashes.'
This should be checked.
\nae Interestingly, but understanding given the frequent alternation between /n/ and /h/ in Oapan Nahuatl, in this village the stem of this word has been reanalyzed as i:xmoh
as evidenced by the absolutive form and the pitch accent.
\qry_fon The duration of the initial vowel /i:/ in the Oapan pronunciation is clearly that of a long vowel. Florencia Marcelino has durations of about 120 ms and Inocencio Jiménez
has durations of 167 and 134 ms. This should be checked againt initial /i:/ without pitch accent. Since this is usually the case, this should not be hard to find. Indeed,
perhaps 100 tokens of /í:xmotlí/ and 100 tokens of /i:xmahki/, or another word with similar syllable and prosodic structure, should provide a test case.
\grmx Oapan phonology: Re /í:xmotlí/ Interestingly, but understanding given the frequent alternation between /n/ and /h/ in Oapan Nahuatl, the stem of this word has been
reanalyzed as i:xmoh as evidenced by the absolutive form. This has lead to marked pitch accent.
\root_notes Unclear if {mon} is separate root, although it would almost have to be, at least at some historical level, given the occurrence of /i:x/.
\ref 04534
\lxam ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl chi:chi:ltik
\lxam_c ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl chi:chi:ltik
\lxoa ka:ká:lexó:chitl chi:chi:ltik
\lxoa_c ka:ká:lexó:chitl chi:chi:ltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e variety of the species Plumeria rubraL., a tree of the Apocynaceae family; the red variety is found only in housesite gardens and does not grow wild in the Balsas
region; in Spanish cacalosúchil
\sense_s variedad o forma de la especie Plumeria rubraL., unárbol de la familia Apocynaceae; la con flores rojas no es silvestre en la región del Balsas sino que se
encuentra solamente en jardines caseros de los pueblos del valle
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\semfld medicine (pending)
\root ka:lo:
\root xo:ch
\root sta
\semfld flower
\mod For the application of /ka:ka:lo:xo:chtli/, cf. folklore notes.
\vl Just tag the examples that are not mistakes. Link the best one.
\ref 04535
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for /kwe:tla/. I have deleted it and placed it under an alternative pronunciation of /kwe:tlan/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 04536
\lxam a:jos komekatl
\lxam_c a:jos komekatl
\lxoa a:jos komekatl
\lxoa_alt a:jos kohmekatl
\lxoa_c a:jos komekatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (partial) ajos
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e Amphilopium paniculatum(L.) Kunth var. paniculatum, vine of the family Bignoniaceae, it has purple flowers and is noted for its garlic-like smell (hence its
name)
\sense_s Amphilopium paniculatum(L.) Kunth var. paniculatum, enredadera de la familia Bignoniaceae; tiene flores moradas y se nota por su olor a ajos (de eso su
nombre)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root ko
\root me:ka
\qry Obviously here it would seem safe to posit /meka/ as a stem, given the meaning. However, the meaning of /ko/ is unclear. Perhaps it is related to /kwaw/. Check other dialects.
\ref 04537
\lxam mo-
\lxam_c motekio
\lxoa mo-
\lxoa_c motekiyo
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Pref(sub)
\der Pr-pre-poss
\sense_e possessive prefix for 2nd person, your
\sense_s prefijo de posesión de 2a persona, tu
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:yah mocha:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He went to your house.
\phrase_s Fue a tu casa.
\ref 04538
\lxam tlakakapachilia
\lxam_c notlakakapachilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to flap ones wings against the body (a bird [S]); to beat ones arms against ones abdomen or body, making a flapping sound (a person [S])
\sense_s (refl.) aletear, golpeando las alas contra el cuerpo (un ave [S]); golpetear los brazos contra el abdomen o el cuerpo, haciendo un sonido de aleteo (una persona [S])
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n "Xmotlakakapachili!"Ihkón kitowa po:xakwatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e "Make a flapping sound by beating your arms against your body!"That what the po:xakwatlsays.
\phrase_s "¡Haz un sonido de alateo al golpearte los brazos contra el abdomen!"Asílo dice el poxacuate.
\root kapa:
\qry Check to determine whether /kakapachilia/ is acceptable as a ditransitive. Check whether /kitlakakapachilia/ is acceptable. To wit: Applicative; frequentative; reflexive; valency
change: A transitive frequentative ending in /-tsa/ is not often heard in conversation but is a fully acceptable, perhaps even productive, derivation. Even less common, however, is an
applicative. The present case /tlakakapachilia/ represents such as applicative. It is formed on the lexicalized /tlakakapatsa/ 'to flap ones wings.' As was discussed in a few other
cases, what happens with /tlakakapachilia/ is that the valency is increased and decreased at the same time: increased through the applicative which adds another argument to the
event (promoting a peripheral or oblique to core status) while at the same time (through the use of the reflexive) restricting the semantic range of the added object to the subject.
These types of valency shift should be analyzed. The question here is whether /tlakakapachilia/ c an be used as a transitive, ?kitlakakapachilia. It seems that this would be an
unusual construction.
\grm Applicative; frequentative; reflexive; valency change: A transitive frequentative ending in /-tsa/ is not often heard in conversation but is a fully acceptable, perhaps even
productive, derivation. Even less common, however, is an applicative. The present case /tlakakapachilia/ represents such as applicative. It is formed on the lexicalized
/tlakakapatsa/ 'to flap ones wings.' As was discussed in a few other cases, what happens with /tlakakapachilia/ is that the valency is increased and decreased at the same
time: increased through the applicative which adds another argument to the event (promoting a peripheral or oblique to core status) while at the same time (through the use
of the reflexive) restricting the semantic range of the added object to the subject. These types of valency shift should be analyzed. The question here is whether
/tlakakapachilia/ can be used as a transitive, ?kitlakakapachilia. It seems that this would be an unusual construction.
\xref tlakakapatsa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 04539
\lxam a:ketspalin
\lxam_c a:ketspalin
\lxoa a:ketspalin
\lxoa_alt a:'itspalin
\lxoa_c a:ketspalin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\sense_e alligator (species not identified)
\sense_s lagarto
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (yo:yah ~) there is no more water left in the water jug
\sense_s (yo:yah ~) ya no hay agua en el cántaro
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\root a:
\root ketspal
\nae The etymology of a:ketspalin seems clearly {a + ketspal + in} and it seems clearly to contain the root element a:'water.' However, the acoustic
duration of this root in word-initial position is at times quite reduced. One token of Florencia Marcelino measured 69 ms, well within the range of short vowels. Another token of
Inocencio Jiménez, however, measured about 90 ms. The phonetics of word initial vowels (with no initial consonant) and of final vowels in closed syllables needs to be explored.
There might be some neutralization process occurring.
\qry_fon Vowel length: word initial and final vowels: The etymology of a:ketspalin seems clearly {a + ketspal + in} and it seems clearly to contain the root
element a:'water.' However, the acoustic duration of this root in word-initial position is at times quite reduced. One token of Florencia Marcelino
measured 69 ms, well within the range of short vowels. Another token of Inocencio Jiménez, however, measured about 90 ms. The phonetics of word initial vowels (with no
initial consonant) and of final vowels in closed syllables needs to be explored. There might be some neutralization process occurring.
\mod Determine a way to include phrases in the dictionary, perhaps as sub/lexical entries.
\vl Link 1st female and 2nd male tokens.
\ref 04540
\lxam susuwa:tik
\lxam_c susuwa:tik
\lxoa sísiwá:tik
\lxoa_c sísiwá:tik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): ní:siwá:tik
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e effeminate (a man [S] who speaks in an affected manner, engages in activities culturally defined as female)
\sense_s afeminado (un hombre [S] que habla en una manera afectada, lleva a cabo actividades definidas culturalmente como femininas, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld emotions
\root sowa:
\nae The length (or duration) of the final stem vowel /a/ of sowa:tl (Am) or siwa:tl (Oa) is still problematical. In many compounds it is clearly long; however,
there are cases in which it does seem shortened, including the Oapan plural form síwaméh.
\qry_fon Check vowel length of /siwa:tl/ by accessing and studying all cases in which the root is found and analyzing the length and quality of the stem-final /a/.
\vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens.
\semref tlatla:katik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref siwa:tik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04541
\lxam kamaktli
\lxam_c kamaktli
\lxoa kamahtli
\lxoa_c kamahtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-2-k(o)
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e mouth
\sense_s boca
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e mouth; mouth-like opening (e.g., of a bottle or other material objects)
\sense_s apertura como boca (de objetos materiales como botellas, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld body
\root kama
\root_rel -ko
\nse The derivation of this word is kama , the stem for 'mouth' to which the locative -k(o) has been added, and then the entire form has been nominalized
through the use of the absolutive.
\qry Apparently /kamatl/ does not exist; check. Check /kikamakyo:tia/ in both dialects.
\vl There are 4 additional tokens from 01423. These 1423 words should be tagged with the 4541 number, but the two linked words should be chosen from the 4541 tokens.
NOTE: In general the later sounds are better than earlier ones (less echo).
\semref kamatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04542
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was the entry for /tla:tlata/ but has been removed as a duplicate.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 04543
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be /ikxipil nepantlah/ but it was a duplicate and hence removed.
\vl Tag these tokens
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 04544
\lxam suwa:tlama
\lxam_c suwa:tlama
\lxoa siwa:tlama
\lxoa_c síwa:tlama
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-[tla-V2]
\der V2-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to"catch"or"hunt"women (often with the implication that one is going where women customarily gather, such as a place to wash clothes by a stream or water hole)
\sense_s "cazar"mujeres (a menudo con el sentido que uno va donde las mujeres tienden a juntarse, por ejemplo un pozo donde se lava la ropa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nonsuwa:tlama:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going off to get a woman.
\phrase_s Voy a ir en busca de una mujer.
\root sowa:
\root ma
\nse This is frequently said in jest by men who are going to a place where there are a lot of women. However, it may also be said, jokingly, by a man going out to work in a field where a
group, including women, will be working, or even in visiting another village, for whatever reason.
\qry_fon Note that the final vowel of the stem /siwa:/ is clearly long in this word.
\ref 04545
\lxam tlaye:kchi:wtli
\lxam_c tlaye:kchi:wtli
\lxoa tlaye:hchi:htli
\lxoa_c tlaye:hchi:htli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e something fixed (that had been broken)
\sense_s algo compuesto o arreglado (que había sido roto)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye tlaye:kchi:wtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is already fixed.
\phrase_s Ya estáarreglado.
\sense_e something put together or assembled
\sense_s algo armado o ensamblado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n tlaye:kchi:wtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is well made (p. ej., a chest for clothes).
\phrase_s Estábien ensamblado (p. ej., un baúl para ropa).
\root ye:k
\root chi:wa
\ref 04546
\lxam pasoliwtok
\lxam_c pasoliwtok
\lxoa pásolíhtok
\lxoa_pr pasolihtok
\lxoa_c pásolíhtok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\pitch yes
\sense_e to be tangled; to be knotted up (string, cord)
\sense_s estar enredado; estar emmarañado (hilo, cuerda, pelo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be disheveled (hair)
\sense_s estar desarreglado; estar enmarañado (cabello)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be jumbled or mixed up together; to be a mess (e.g., dried corn husks lying on the ground)
\sense_s estar revuelta; estar hecho un revoltijo (p. ej., hojas secas de la mazorca tiradas por el suelo)
\sense_d Pending
\root pahsol
\qry Note meaning of 'all jumbled together' (apparently things lying on the ground in a mess) and check, e.g., can this be applied to clothes, ropes, etc. Check whether /pasoliwtok/ and
/tepasoliwtok/ are different.
\mod Change or insert Durative for all statives.
\ref 04547
\lxam tlapa:nilia
\lxam_c kitlapa:nilia
\lxoa tlapa:nilia
\lxoa_c kitlapa:nilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to split or break for (e.g., firewood, seeds or nuts, etc. [SO])
\sense_s partir (p. ej., leña, semillas, nueces, etc. [OS]) para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:xtlatlapa:nili notlikuw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Split my firewood for me!
\phrase_s ¡Parteme mi leña!
\root tlapa:
\xref tlapa:na
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 04548
\lxam komo:chitl
\lxam_c komo:chitl
\lxoa komo:chitl
\lxoa_c komo:chitl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\sense_e Pithecellobium dulce(Royb.) Benth., tree of the Leguminoseae family with edible fruit
\sense_s Pithecellobium dulce(Royb.) Benth.,árbol de la familia Leguminoseae con fruta comestible
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e fruit of the tree of this name
\sense_s fruta delárbol del mismo nombre
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ko
\root mo:ch
\qry Here (/komo:chitl/) as in many cases it would appear possible to separate the initial /ko/ as a separate root. Check.
\ref 04549
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ka:rrasal
\lxoa_cpend ka:rrasal
\lxgen a:xo:chitl
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan carrizal
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e Asthianthus viminalis(Kunth) Baill., tree of the Bignoniaceae family found principally at the river's edge, called asúchil or carrizal in
Spanish
\sense_s Asthianthus viminalis(Kunth) Baill.,árbol de la familia Bignoniaceae que crece en la galería del río, llamado asúchil o carrizal en español
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\notes_nature Identified by Ramírez and Dakin (1979) as asúchil. Ramírez (1991) also identifies this as the asúchil. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:179) list this as
of the family Bignoniaceaeand the genus/species Asianthus viminalis.
\semfld flower
\semref a:xo:chitl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 04550
\lxam ito:toltew
\lxam_c ito:toltew pio:tsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1(N2-NP)
\sense_e design of woven palm in the shape of a chicken egg, made on Palm Sunday
\sense_s diseño de palma tejida, que parece como el huevo de gallina, para Domingo de Ramos
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xne:che:kchi:wili ito:toltew pio:tsi:n! Na:nkah noso:ya:w!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Weave me palm in the form of a chicken egg! Here is my palm!
\phrase_s ¡Téjeme palma en la forma de un huevo de gallina!¡Aquíestámi palma!
\root to:tol
\root te
\disamb so:ya:tl
\ref 04551
\lxam tlamolo:nka:n
\lxam_c tlamolo:nka:n
\lxoa tlamolo:nka:n
\lxoa_c tlamolo:nka:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla-ka:n
\infn N1(N2-tla)
\sense_e foul- or bad-smelling place
\sense_s lugar de mal olor
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikinekw fie:roh, xkwahli, ke:n tlamolo:nka:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I smelled something bad, it wasn't good, it was a really foul-smelling place.
\phrase_s Olíalgo mal, no estaba bien, era un lugar muy apestoso.
\phrase_n Tlamolo:nka:n mocha:n, yes o:mik kimichimeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your house smells bad, probably some mice have died somewhere (and are rotting).
\phrase_s Tu casa tiene mal olor, a lo mejor algunos ratoncitos se murieron (y están pudriendo).
\root molo:
\root_rel -ka:n
\grm Locatives: Note that it appears that a construction such as /tlamolo:nka:n/ is used when an area smells bad, whereas /nekwisti/ is more used for specific material objects
(e.g., a piece of meat).
\grm Word order: note /Tlamolo:nka:n mocha:n, yes o:mik kimichimeh./ 'Your house smells bad, probably some mice have died somewhere (and are rotting).'
\ref 04552
\lxam metlapihli
\lxam_c metlapihli
\lxoa metlapihli
\lxoa_c metlapihli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e pestle or stone 'rolling pin' used with a metate
\sense_s mano de metate
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (reduplication with short vowel) play pestle or stone 'rolling pin' used with a metate
\sense_s (reduplicación de vocal corta) mano de metate de juego o fantasía
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Títisíi:pan mémetlátl ika mémetlapíhli.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e She pretends to be grinding corn on a play metate with a play metlapile.
\phrase_s Finge moler maíz sobre un metate de juego con un mano de metate de juego.
\root metla
\root pil
\nae The productivity of short vowel reduplication of nouns and verbs to indicate a play action is well illustrated by the Oapan phrase Títisíi:pan mémetlátl ika mémetlapíhli.
'She pretends to be grinding corn on a play metate with a play metlapile.' The reduplication is placed on both verbs and nouns, with the same signification, that of something that is
toy or pretense, either an object or an action.
\qry I have repeatedly checked the length of the penultimate vowel, which is definitely short.It should be so recorded in all entries./Titisi ipan memetlatl ika memetlapihli./ 'She pretends to
be grinding corn on a play metate with a play metlapile.' The interesting occurrence here is the reduplication with short vowel for the verb. It is already clear that RDP with a short
vowel for nouns can indicate a play object, or toy in the shape of the object referenced by the nominal stem. However, the occurrence of /titisi/ is unclear. It might mean sth like 'to
play at grinding corn'; or it might simply refer to the short, repeated strokes of someone pretending to grind corn (and thus have no direct relationship to pretending). Thus an effort
should be made to determine the meaning of /titisi/ in general.
\vl Link 1st female token.
\grm /Titisi ipan memetlatl ika memetlapihli./ 'She pretends to be grinding corn on a play metate with a play metlapile.' The interesting occurrence here is the reduplication with
short vowel for the verb. It is already clear that RDP with a short vowel for nouns can indicate a play object, or toy in the shape of the object referenced by the nominal
stem. However, the occurrence of /titisi/ is unclear. It might mean sth like 'to play at grinding corn'; or it might simply refer to the short, repeated strokes of someone
pretending to grind corn (and thus have no direct relationship to pretending). Thus an effort should be made to determine the meaning of /titisi/ in general.
\grm Reduplication; toy: The productivity of short vowel reduplication of nouns and verbs to indicate a play action is well illustrated by the Oapan phrase Títisíi:pan
mémetlátl ika mémetlapíhli. 'She pretends to be grinding corn on a play metate with a play metlapile.' The reduplication is placed on both verbs and nouns, with the
same signification, that of something that is toy or pretense, either an object or an action.
\ref 04553
\lxam panowa
\lxam_c panowa
\lxoa panowa
\lxoa_c panowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\trans +Caus; +Appl/Caus
\infv class-4c(pano)
\sense_e to pass by; to go through (usually an animate subject, but may also refer to a material object, such as a fence, that passes through a given location)
\sense_s pasar; atravesar (usualmente en referencia a un ser animado, pero también puede referirse a un objeto, como una cerca, que pasa por un sitio dado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pano:lo!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Someone is passing by (e.g., in playing basketball in Ameyaltepec, when a woman walks near the court the players shout Pano:lo , a signal for everyone to
stop playing while the woman walks by along the edge of the court)!
\phrase_s ¡Pasan (p. ej., en jugar basketból en Ameyaltepec, cuando una mujer pasa por la cancha, o por su orilla, los jugadores gritan pano:lo , un señal que
todos deben parar y esperar hasta que pase la mujer)!
\phrase_n A: Yo:pano:k? B: Ka, xe panowa fle:chah, xne:xtla:ni!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A: Has it gone by yet? B: No, the bus hasn't yet gone by, I haven't missed it!
\phrase_s A:¿Ya pasó? B: No, todavía no pasa el camión,¡no me gana!
\phrase_n Xkitaki i:n, ke:n pano:tokeh miák tlapayawto:to:meh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Come take a look at this, how a lot of swallows are flying by!
\phrase_s ¡Ven a ver este, como muchas golondrinas están pasando!
\phrase_n San tipa:panowa, xtine:chno:tsa. Kas tine:chtlawe:lita.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You just pass back and forth (i.e., in front of me), you don't speak to me. Could it be that you despise me?
\phrase_s Simplemente pasas de un lado a otro (enfrente de mí), no me hablas.¿Puede ser que me odias?
\phrase_n San itlampa o:papano:k tla:lme:stli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tla:lme:stli just passed back and forth between his legs.
\phrase_s El tla:lme:stli pasaba entre sus piernas de un lado a otro.
\phrase_n Ye pano:tok kokolistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The epidemic is already passing.
\phrase_s Ya estápasando la epidemia.
\phrase_n Mo:stla nika:n pano:s tlayo:hli. Tihkowaskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tomorrow corn will pass by (i.e., a person selling corn). We're going to by some.
\phrase_s Mañana va a pasar el maíz (esto es, una persona vendiéndolo). Vamos a comprarlo.
\phrase_n Xte:chitati ke:n pa:panowa ipan notla:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go to see us (in this case said to village officials, asking them to go to the location of a land dispute), how he is crossing over here and there onto my land!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a vernos (en este caso dicho a las autoridades del pueblo, pidiéndoles que fueran a ver el lugar de una disputa sobre tierra), como va pasando en varios lugares a mi
terreno!
\phrase_n Yo:pano:k a:tl, ye tiaweh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The rains have passed, let's go!
\phrase_s Pasaron las lluvias,¡ya nos vamos!
\sense_e to take place; to occur; to be over (e.g., an event or situation)
\sense_s suceder; acaecer; pasar (p. ej., un evento o situación)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pano:k, xok tikitaskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's already taken place, we're not going to see it anymore.
\phrase_s Ya pasó, ya no lo vamos a ver.
\phrase_n Ma pano ilwitl, nia:s Te:jas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e After the fiesta is over, I'm going to Texas.
\phrase_s Pasando la fiesta, voy a Tejas.
\phrase_n Xokitlah ye:lo:tl, yo:pano:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There's no more fresh green corn left, it (the season for it) has gone by.
\phrase_s Ya no hay elotes, ya pasó(la temporada).
\phrase_n Yo:chika:w, yo:pano:k, xok xaxa:ltik un sándiah, yo:pala:n itik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's started to get past ripeness, it's passed the season, the watermelon is no longer crunchy, it is rotten inside.
\phrase_s Ya estámuy madura, ya pasóde sazón, la sandía ya no estáfirme adentro, ya se pudrió.
\phrase_n Yo:pano:k, xok nona:mikti:s, ye we:wentsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's too late (i.e., the opportunity has passed), he will no longer get married, he's already old.
\phrase_s Ya pasó(la oportunidad), ya no se va a casar, ya es viejo.
\sense_e to get by; to be making do or surviving (in terms of living)
\sense_s arreglarselas; sobrevivir (en el sentido económico)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xwel panowa, tlatski. Xwel nopano:ltia. Xkitilia ke:no:n pano:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He can't get by, he's lazy. He can't make ends meet. He can't figure out how to get by.
\phrase_s No puede arreglarselas, es flojo. No puede mantenerse. No ve la manera de arreglarselas.
\phrase_n San nopal pano:tok, nika:n tiktlakwaltitokeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is making do at my expense (i.e., living off me, sb poor, without money or maize), we are feeding him here.
\phrase_s Se la estápasando por mi cuenta (p. ej., viviendo con mi ayuda, algn pobre, sin dinero ni maíz), le estamos dando de comer.
\sense_e (~ de [noun]) to have too much [noun] (e.g., of a spice added to a food)
\sense_s (~ de [sustantivo]) pasar; tener demasiado [sustantivo] (p. ej., de una especie agregada a una comida)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:jos molo:nki, o:pano:k de a:xos.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It smells of garlic (a food), it has too much garlic.
\phrase_s Huele a ajo (una comida), tiene demasiado ajo.
\sense_e (with a directional affix) to cross to the other side (e.g., of a river)
\sense_s (con afijo direccional) pasar o ir al otro lado (p. ej., de un río)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pano:to.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's already passed over to the other side (e.g., of a river).
\phrase_s Ya pasóal otro lado (p. ej., de un río).
\semfld motion
\root pano:
\nse Pano:tok seems to have a sense similar to Spanish pasarselas ; the sense is one of living, but on the margins, barely. Thus nika:n
nipano:tok seems to have the sense of 'I'm here making do' or a near equivalent. With directional affixes there are potential contrasts between, for example,
o:wa:lpano:k and o:pano:ko. See the grammar for a detailed explanation.
\root pano:
\grm Directionals; deictics: Note the position of the deictic reference point in the following example sentence (from above): 'Xte:chitati ke:n pa:panowa ipan notla:l.'Go to see us
(in this case said to village officials, asking them to go to the location of a land dispute), how he is crossing over here and there onto my land!' This is interesting in that the
'we' is not the present location of the speaker (talking to the village officials) but another location in which the speaker is involved in a dispute with a third party. This usage
is not uncommon.
\xref pano:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04554
\lxam iswatl
\lxam_c iswatl
\lxoa iswatl
\lxoa_c iswatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e leaves of the maize plant (mi:hli), as well as certain other plants such as a:katl , o:tlatl , and owatl whose leaves
are long and flat and come off of a central stem
\sense_s hojas de la planta de maíz (mi:hli), y también de ciertas otras plantas como a:katl , o:tlatl , and uwatl cuyas
hojas son largas y planas y salen de un solo tallo central
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sakatl no: kipia iswayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Grasses also have flat long single leaves that shoot off from the central stem.
\phrase_s Zacates también tienen sus largas hojas planas que salen del tallo.
\ency_note mi:hli
\root swa
\nse When the term iswatl is alienably possessed it refers to dried corn leaves that have been stripped off the stalk during harvest and that serves as fodder.
However, when marked by intrinsic possession the possessor is the plant that has its leaves called iswatl.
\ref 04555
\mod removed as duplicate of 06941
\dt 11/Jun/2005
\ref 04556
\lxam ko:tsnetech
\lxam_c ko:tsnetech
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to have (either a person or animal) legs such that one walks with them close together, often to such an extent that the knees or ankles knock against each other
\sense_s tener (una persona o un animal) las piernas en una manera que camina con las piernas muy cerradas, y a menudo se golpean las rodillas o tobillos al caminar
\sense_d Pending
\root ko:ts
\root_rel -netech
\qry Apparently the /ne/ of 'mutually' and the /tech/ of 'close to'. Cf. entry under /ko:tsko/. Make sure, recheck, that this can refer to either ones knees or ankles knocking together when
one walks. In one entry I have the reference to knees, in another to ankles. In general the reference is to someone whose legs are close together.
\qry Make sure, recheck, that this can refer to either ones knees or ankles knocking together when one walks. In one original I have the reference to knees, in another to ankles. In
general the reference is to someone whose legs are close together. Determine whether there is a form /ko:tsnetextik/ and a verb /ko:tsnetechiwi/ or /ko:tsnetechowa/. Also check for
the existence of a verb /netechiwi/. There is probably an Am form /ko:tsnetextik/. Check.
\grm This is not considered a locative, nor a noun with a relational. Rather, the derivation seems to be from the verb /netechiwi/ and an apocopated noun form. Check.
\semref ko:snetextik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04557
\lxam pipiya:ya
\lxam_c pipiya:ya
\lxoa pípiyá:ya
\lxoa_pr pipiya:ya
\lxoa_c pípiyá:ya
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): ní:piyá:ya
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to give off a foul smell (such as that given off by goats)
\sense_s apestar; oler mal (como el olor de chivos)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld smell
\root pipi
\root hya:
\nde In Oapan the reduced form occurs with a preceding short vowel: tí:piyá:yas.
\ref 04558
\lxam tsonto:katok
\lxam_c notsonto:katok
\lxoa tsonto:katok
\lxoa_c notsonto:katok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der Stat-refl
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be inclined and pointing downward (e.g., ones head that is inclined downward, a finger that is pointing to the ground, etc.)
\sense_s estar cabizbajo; estar inclinado (o apuntado) hacia abajo (p. ej., una cabeza inclinada hacia abajo, un dedo colgado hacia abajo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:xmonmemelak, san pepeya:siwtok, notsotsonto:katok i:xmon, xi:xmonkokoltots
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has long, straight eyelashes, they just go straight out, they point downward, he doesn't have upward-curling eyelashes.
\phrase_s Tiene las pestañas largos y derechitos, se van derechos, van hacia abajo, no las tiene rizadas.
\sense_e to be inclined or pointing downward (particularly part of the body, such as a persons head)
\sense_s estar cabizabajo; estar inclinado o apuntando hacia abajo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tetekestik iwiyo pio, xnotsonto:katok para tlatsi:ntlah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The feathers of the chicken point upward, they are not inclined downward.
\phrase_s Las plumas de la gallina están apuntadas hacia arriba, no están caídos hacia abajo.
\root tson
\root toka
\nse There are a few transitive verbs that use the reflexive, rather than an intransitive form (although perhaps not manifested as a verb) to indicate a stative. Such is the case with the
transitive tsonto:ka , which has notsotsonto:ka in the example phrase above. Note also that mela:wa has both
mela:wtok (derived from mela:wi) and nomela:wtok. This verb, notsonto:katok can be also used to refer to
surcos that slope downward.
\vl The first token is /notsonto:ka/. It should be tagged with number 2103.
\grm Statives: There are a few transitive verbs that use the reflexive, rather than an intransitive form (although perhaps not manifested as a verb) to indicate a stative. Such is the
case with the transitive tsontoka , which has notsotsontoka in the example phrase above. Note also that mela:wa has both
mela:wtok (derived from * mela:wi) and nomela:wtok. It will be necessary to determine the semantic difference between
/mela:wtok/ and /nomela:wtok/. Also, note that there is /tsakwtok/ 'it is closed'; check to determine whether ?notsakwtok also exist. Perhaps the latter is interpreted as a
progressive. Finally, also check whether /tsontokatok/ also exists.
\semref tsontoka
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04559
\lxam tlatotopo:nilia
\lxam_c kitlatotopo:nilia
\lxoa tlá:topo:nília
\lxoa_pr tlá:topo:nilia
\lxoa_c kitlá:topo:nília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to set off firecrackers during the marriage of (an ex-boyfriend [S] at his former girlfriend [O] who is getting married)
\sense_s echar cohetes a durante el matrimonio (un ex novio [s] a su ex novia durante la boda de esta)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n On toba:leh o:kitlatotopo:nilih ino:biah pa:mpa o:kikakaya:w, xewa o:ka:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That friend of ours is setting off firecrackers at his girlfriend because she deceived him, it wasn't him that she married.
\phrase_s Ese amigo le estátirando cohetes a su novia porque lo decepcionó, no fueél con quien se casó.
\root topo:
\nse In Ameyaltepec it was previously the custom that a boy might set off firecrackers (cohetes) during a wedding in order to let the bridegroom and the party know that the
girl had previously been the novia of another. The jilted boyfriend would hide in the hill just behind the village. If the marriage was one with bread and chocolate (i.e., of
the type described by the verb form xo:chitlai:lo then the firecrackers would be thrown during the procession. If it were just a simple wedding then the firecrackers
were thrown when the pigs were exchanged, the prayer ends, and fireworks are set off at the girl's house. This takes place in the early evening at the bride's house; at the same time
the ex-novio sets off firecrackers at the edge of town, countering those at the bride's house.
\grm Topicalization; focus: Note the following: /Un toba:leh o:kitlatotopo:nilih ino:biah pampa o:kikakaya:w, xewa o:ka:n/ 'That friend of ours is setting off firecrackers at his
girlfriend because she deceived him, it wasn't him that she married.' Note that the subject and object of both /o:kikakaya:w/ and /o:ka:n/ are the same (S=novia; O='our
friend,' i.e., the man). The use of /xewa o:ka:n/ is to contrast the man who was not married (the boyfriend who set off the firecrackers) with he who was married.
\xref topo:nilia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04560
\lxam tre:s kosti:yah
\lxam_alt tre:s kosti:yas
\lxam_c tre:s kosti:yah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan tres costillas
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e name applies to various plants not yet fully categorized; preliminary notes have one plant called tre:s kosti:yas de susuwa:tl or de istá:k (and
also known as a>yekaxtsi:n or kakalakatsi:n and another called tre:s kosti:yas de tla:katl ; the former has been identified as
Cardiospermum halicacabumL. of the family Sapindaceae; the second is apparently also a member of the Sapindaceae family
\sense_s nombre que se aplica a varias plantas todavía no categorizadas definitivamente; las notas preliminares llaman a una planta tre:s kosti:yas de susuwa:tl o
de istá:k (también conocida como a>yekaxtsi:n o kakalakatsi:n) y otra llamada tre:s kosti:yas de tla:katl ; la
primera ha sido identificada como Cardiospermum halicacabumL. de la familia Sapindaceae; la segunda aparentemente es también miembro de la familia
Sapindaceae
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\ref 04561
\lxam patio:tilia
\lxam_c kipatio:tilia
\lxoa patio:tilia
\lxoa_c kipatio:tilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap[ca]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to raise the price (of sth) on
\sense_s encarecerle a; subirle el precio (de algo) a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chpatio:tilih, xok nihkowas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He raised the price of it on me, I'm not going to buy it anymore.
\phrase_s Me subióel precio de ello, ya no lo voy a comprar.
\root pati
\qry Determine whether the applicative listed here can be used with a /tla-/. I would imagine that /ne:chtlapatio:tilia/ is correct. Note also that I had /patio:tia/ and /patio:tilia/ originally with
a short /o/ in my notes. I now think that this is in error and have changed it.
\mod The applicative /patio:tilia/ is an applicative of the causative /patio:tia/, which is itself part of the paradigmatic set /patioh/, /patiowa/ and /patio:tia/. However, for now given that not all
such paradigms"end"with an applicative, the applicatives have not been added to this set. Perhaps they should. In this even this and other similar cases should be changed to
V-3-para-h/wa/tia
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\grm The applicative /patio:tilia/ is an applicative of the causative /patio:tia/, which is itself part of the paradigmatic set /patioh/, /patiowa/ and /patio:tia/. However, for now
given that not all such paradigms"end"with an applicative, the applicatives have not been added to this set. Perhaps they should. In this even this and other similar cases
should be changed to V-3-para-h/wa/tia. For the grammar, however, it will be important to note under this paradigm that the final form of a trivalent applicative is possible.
\xref patio:tia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04562
\lxam tepepextia
\lxam_c kitepepextia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to lay flagstones (on the ground, e.g., in a yard to keep it from getting muddy); to cobblestone (a street)
\sense_s colocar losa sobre la tierra (p. ej., en un patio para evitar un lodazal durante la temporada de lluvias); poner adoquines (en una calle)
\sense_d Pending
\root te
\root pech
\disamb tepepechowa; tepepechyo:tia; tepepextia
\qry Apparently /tepepechowa/, /tepepextia/, /tepepechyo:tia/ are equivalent. Check
\semref tepepechyo:tia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref té:pechyó:tia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04563
\lxam kamakochi:noh
\lxam_c kamakochi:noh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) cochino
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-loan
\infa Gender: kamakochi:nah
\sense_e to be foul-mouthed
\sense_s ser grosero(a) en la forma de hablar; ser mal hablado
\sense_d Am
\root kama
\nde Oapan would use a phrase such as xkwahli ke:n tlátlatówa, san tli:n yo:kikamana:mik.
\ref 04564
\lxam kwi
\lxam_c kikwi
\lxoa kwi
\lxoa_c kikwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to use; to utilize (a tool, a medicine)
\sense_s utilizar; emplear (una herramiento, un remedio, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ka! Xwe:i a:tl tihkwis, san tika:ichwi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e No! You won't use up a lot of water, you'll just sprinkle some water on it.
\phrase_s ¡No! No vas a usar mucha agua, solamente le vas a regar un poquito.
\phrase_n San ihkón tihkwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You just use it like that (i.e., not in any other way).
\phrase_s Nada más asílo utilizas (esto es, y no de otra manera).
\phrase_n Ma:ka tikte:makas, itekiw nokwis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't give it to anyone, it's certain to be used!
\phrase_s ¡No le vayas a dar a nadie, seguro se va a ocupar!
\sense_e to hold onto; to seize; to grab; to take for oneself
\sense_s agarrar; asir; tomar en la mano; tomar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwi kechika newa niatiwetsi te:cha:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hold onto it while I quickly go to somone's house!
\phrase_s ¡Agárralo mientras yo vaya rápido a ver a alguien!
\phrase_n O:kikwik Fausto Juan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Juan took Fausto in (his house, in this case to live as an adopted son).
\phrase_s Juan tomóa Fausto (para vivir en su casa, en este caso como hijo adoptivo).
\sense_e (with directional affix) to go/come and pick up (an inanimate object, one that can usually be physically carried; for animates, particularly humans, the verb
ana is used, e.g., xkanati)
\sense_s (con afijo direccional) ir/venir para recoger (un objeto no animado, uno que puede ser llevado fiscamente; para seres animados, particularmente humanos, se emplea el
verbo ana , p. ej., xkanati)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwiki! -=xkwa:hki-
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Come and get it (pick it up)!
\phrase_s ¡Ven a recogerlo!
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to pick (e.g., maize in harvesting); to gather (in repeated acts)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) piscar (p. ej., maíz en la cosecha); juntar (en actos repetidos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikonkukwis tlikuwtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to go gather firewood (with a machete or by picking it up off the ground).
\phrase_s Voy a ir a recoger leña (con un machete o simplemente recogiéndola del suelo).
\root kwi
\nse Although kwi with an intraverse directional is used in the pluperfect, perfective, and imperative, in other tenses and aspects where one might expect *
wa:lkwi , one instead finds the alternate form kwa:hki. Thus instead of, e.g., * tikwa:lkwis one finds tikwa:hkis , etc.
However, under kwi plus a directional, which always means 'to go/come and pick up,' the form xkwa:hki is also used to mean 'to bring here (i.e.,
toward a deictic reference point). For example, xkwa:hki can mean both 'Come and get it (pick it up)! and 'Bring it here!' Note that the opposite of
wa:hki with the meaning 'to bring here' is onka:wa meaning 'to drop off there.'
\xref kwi:lia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref kwi:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04565
\lxam tsi:nkamak
\lxam_c i:tsi:nkamak
\lxoa tsi:nkamak
\lxoa_c i:tsi:nkamak
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-2-k(o)
\infn N2
\sense_e crack in the ass, where the two"cheeks"meet
\sense_s sección de las nalgas donde se juntan las dos"mejillas"
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root tsi:n
\root kama
\root_rel -ko
\qry Check Sp. term for 'crack in the ass.'
\vl Link 1st male token.
\ref 04566
\lxam koxtlami
\lxam_c koxtlami
\lxoa koxtlami
\lxoa_c koxtlami
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp S-V1
\der V1-alt-mi(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to get enough sleep
\sense_s dormir bastante para acabar con el sueño
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xe nikoxtlami.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I still haven't gotten enough sleep (i.e., I need some more sleep).
\phrase_s Todavía no he dormido bastante para acabar con el sueño.
\root kochi
\root tlam
\qry Check for transitive form.
\vl Florencia's first token is /kokoxtlami/. Tag this as 4566, but do not use it as the link. Link the next one (2 or 3) of hers.
\ref 04567
\lxam tsonakatlakaltok
\lxam_c tsonakatlakaltok
\lxoa tsonakatlákaltók
\lxoa_pr tsonakatlakaltok
\lxoa_c tsonakatlákaltók
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\compound PM-Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be lying on its side after having fallen or been thrown to the ground (where it often lies unnoticed or unattended, e.g., a material object that has been tossed away, a
drunk who has collapsed in a heap, etc.)
\sense_s estar tirado o acostado por el lado después de haber sido aventado por el suelo o haber caído (p. ej., un objeto material tirado que estásin cuidado en el suelo, un
borracho que se cayó, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root tsonaka
\root tlahkali
\nse The meaning of tsonakatlakaltok involves two senses of tlakali , 'to throw down to the ground' and 'to toss away (as with garbage).' The fact that
tsonakatlakaltok can refer to material objects that have been tossed to the ground and neglected, while lying on their sides (e.g., a bucket) derives from this meaning
of the transitive verb tlakali as 'to toss away.'
\qry Check for verbal, not stative, form: /tsonakatlakali/. Note that transitive forms are particularly good for noting compounding vs. two words, i.e., is it /kitsonakatlakali/ or /tsonaka
kitlakali/.
\grmx Oapan reduplication; pitch-accent Note taht /tsonakatlákaltók/ is correct but /tsonakátlakáltók/ isn't. This demonstrates the reluctance of shift across stem boundaries of
pitch accent when the pitch-accent is the result of underlying {h} in a N-N compound. However, note that in forms such as /nopán yekó/ the stress does shift. This is
apparently because lack of shift would result in a H-H sequence on two consecutive short syllables. Something to be avoided. This might also explain the tendency to favor
long dummy morpheme vowels over Short-Short reduplication. Thus the problem of /nokalsósól/ is that the preservation of input-output identity maximization is at the
expense of a highly infelicitious syllable structure/pitch-accent sequence. However, the dummy morpheme avoids this: /nokalté:sól/. That is, the dummy morpheme functions
to avoid reduplicative sound sequences, which Oapan Nahuatl seems to wish to avoid. At the same time, it permits the preservation of identity. Thecost is a n extra mora
and syllable.
\ref 04568
\lxam tekiwia
\lxam_c kitekiwia
\lxoa tekiwia
\lxoa_f [te ki 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kitekiwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to apply a lot of energy to; to make a concerted effort in regard to (e.g., in order to carry out a particular task or chore that presents some difficulty or resistance)
\sense_s aplicarse a; hacer un esfuerzo para (p. ej., para llevar a cabo o realizar una tarea que opone resistencia)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:li:k kitekiwitok, ke:n chika:wak tla:hlli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He slowly applies himself to it (in this case plowing the earth), the soil is really hard.
\phrase_s Despacio se aplica a hacerlo (en este caso arar la tierra), el suelo estámuy duro.
\phrase_n Niktekiwitiw ma:ski chika:wak tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I go along making a concerted effort (in this case to plowing a field) even though the soil is hard.
\phrase_s Me voy esforzando para hacerlo (en este caso arar un terreno) aunque el suelo estámuy duro.
\phrase_n Yo:li:k niktekiwitiw ma:ski yo:nisiaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I slowly go along making every effort to do it even though I've gotten tired.
\phrase_s Despacio voy esforzándome hacerlo aunque ya me cansé.
\phrase_n Yo:li:k kitekiwia, kwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He goes at it slowly (in this case eating), he is sick.
\phrase_s Lo va haciendo despacio y con gran esfuerzo (en este caso comer), estáenfermo.
\sense_e to force down (food); to eat (sth) slowly and with great effort (e.g., when one is sick)
\sense_s tragar (algo) a duras penas; comer despacio y con gran esfuerzo (p. ej., al estar enfermo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtekiwi motlakwal!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Force yourself to eat your food!
\phrase_s ¡Esfuérzate a comer tu comida!
\phrase_n San niktekiwia, xnihkwa:sneki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm just forcing it down, I don't want to eat it.
\phrase_s Solamente me lo estoy comiendo a duras penas, no me lo quiero comer.
\root teki
\nse The etymology of tekiwia is that of a denominal verb, comprising the root teki'work' and the verbalizer -wia. The literal meaning of this
derivation is something to the effect of 'to apply work/force to' in which the object is usually an activity that is in some way difficult (e.g., from the above examples, land that resists
plowing because it is hard, or food that is difficult to eat because one is sick). It his this sense of"resistance"that makes Molina's definition, tequiuia. nite 'importunar algo a
otro,' more transparent. Apparently this (importunar as 'inconvenience') refers to a case in which the person asked resists doing something, or is resistant to doing it. A
similar implication is found in the example sentences, in which the object of the verb is in some way resistant (the ground by being hard, or food by being eaten by someone ill with
little desire to eat). However, Molina's gloss of tequiuia. nite. 'importunar algo a otro' is mi sleading in that the 'algo' is not marked on the verb, as secondary objects
are in true ditransitives. Rather, tequiuia is a transitive verb with one object, the task to which energy of force is applied. If this is a person, as it is in Molina's entry, then
apparently it has the meaning of"to impose upon.'
\xref tekiwi:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04569
\lxam no: sekneka
\lxam_alt no:k sekneka
\lxam_c no: sekneka
\lxoa no: sehneka
\lxoa_c no: sehneka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-b
\sense_e different; another different
\sense_s diferente; otro diferente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n No: sekneka ito:ka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has a different name.
\phrase_s Tiene otro nombre diferente.
\root no:
\root o:k
\root se:
\nse No:kse: functions as an adjective to modify or restrict a following noun, indicating that it is different than previously thought, than one already introduced in the
discourse, etc. However, with a final stressed syllable, no:ksé: the grammatical category is pronominal and the meaning is a full predication: 'it is another one.'
\qry Determine proper grammatical category. Note compounding, perhaps code as such.
\qry_fon In my original Am notes I had /nokse:/ with a short /o/. However, I have changed this based on Oapan evidence and etymology. Nevertheless, it should be checked.
Determine whether Oapan is /no: sehneka/ or /no:hsehneka/. Check again.-
\vl Link 2nd female and first male token.
\semref okse:
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04570
\lxam kimichin
\lxam_c kimichin
\lxoa komichin
\lxoa_c komichin
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e mouse
\sense_s ratoncito
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld mammal
\root kimich
\qry Check to see if /kimichin/ is also a rat.
\semref wi:sako:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04571
\lxam a:pise:wia
\lxam_c na:pise:wia
\lxoa a:pise:wia
\lxoa_f [a: pi se: 'wi a]
\lxoa_c na:pise:wia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-wia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to have a small bite to allay ones hunger
\sense_s (refl.) tomarse un refrigerio para mitigar o matar temporalmente el hambre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San o:nima:pise:wih. Xo:nixwik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I just ate something to allay my hunger. I didn't get full.
\phrase_s Sólo toméun refrigerio para matar el hambre. No me llené.
\root a:pis
\root se:
\nse A:pise:wia is often used to refer to the action of eating something quickly in the field before returning home for a full meal.
\qry Check to see if only used in the reflexive and if an intransitive exist.
\mod Determine stems for /se:wia/ and use the same here.
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\ref 04572
\lxam ye:lmoya:wi
\lxam_c ye:lmoya:wi
\lxoa ye:lmoya:wi
\lxoa_c ye:lmoya:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become sick to ones stomach; to feel nauseous
\sense_s sentir asco; sentir nausea
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pe:w niye:lmoya:wi, xnikwelilia, xkaman 'kwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've started to feel sick to my stomach, I don't like it, I never eat it.
\phrase_s Empecéa sentir asco, no me gusta, nunca lo como.
\root e:l
\root moya:
\qry_fon Check to make sure that /l/ is not devoiced before /m/. If so, state as a general rule
\grm Oapan phonology: Note that in the recording session I seemed to note that in /ye:lmoya:wi/ the /l/ is not devoiced. This is undoubtedly because of the following voiced
(nasal) consonant.
\ref 04573
\lxam siawi
\lxam_c siawi
\lxoa siawi
\lxoa_alt siewi
\lxoa_c siawi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\trans +Caus
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become tired
\sense_s cansarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nisiaw, xok wel ninenemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've become tired, I can't walk anymore.
\phrase_s Ya me cansé, ya no puedo caminar.
\disamb siawi; siamiki
\root siawi
\vl Link 1st male token.
\mod Determine the proper link between intransitives and statives, e.g.,
\xref siawi:tia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04574
\lxam wentia
\lxam_c kwentia
\lxoa wentia
\lxoa_c kiwentia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to leave or make an offering to
\sense_s dejar o poner como ofrenda; hacer una ofrenda de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikwenti:s notlayo:l para ma:s ma tla:ki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will give an offering to my maize so that is produces a good crop.
\phrase_s Voy a dejar una ofrenda a mi maíz para que rinda bien.
\phrase_n Nikwentia notlayo:l. Nochi nosemi:yah nikontlatlikwi:ltilia ipan se: ilwitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I give an offering of my maize. During a fiesta I light a candle in an offering off all my seed.
\phrase_s Pongo mi maíz como ofrenda. Durante una fiesta le prendo una vela a una ofrenda de toda mi semilla.
\sense_e (refl.) to place an offering (such as flowers) in the church or to a saint
\sense_s (refl.) hacer una ofrenda (como flores) en la iglesia o un santo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nimowenti:ko, niktlasotla tona:ntsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I came to give an offering (in the village church), I adore the villages patron saint.
\phrase_s Vine a dejar una ofrenda (en la iglesia del pueblo), amo a la santa patrona del pueblo.
\root wen
\nse The phrase Nikwenti:s notlayo:l para ma:s ma tla:ki refers to the action of taking some of the maize that will be used as seed the following year and placing it on the
altar or in front of a cross in the village church. It thus becomes blessed and then is removed and stored for the following year. Sesame and animals may also be given in such
offerings so that they produce a good yield or proliferate. When used reflexively, however, wentia apparently refers to the leaving of a permanent offering in the
church, as when a villager returns from a trip and brings flowers from the Iguala marketplace to leave before the Virgin.
\qry The phrase /Nikwentia notlayo:l. Nochi nosemi:yah nikontlatlikwi:ltilia ipan se: ilwitl/ is highly problematic. I'm not sure what /wentia/ means, i.e., either 'to give in offering' (in which
the object is the thing being offered) or 'to make an offering to' (in which the object is the destination of the offering). This should be checked. Also, my original filecard had /nochi
nosemi:tas/ rather than /nochi nosemi:yas/. I assumed this was a typo, but it may have been correct and should be checked. Also, the precise meaning and use of /tlatlikwi:ltilia/ is not
clear. Apparently it means 'to light (a candle in offering) for'; but this too should be checked.
\ref 04575
\lxam toya:wilia
\lxam_c kitoya:wilia
\lxoa toya:wilia
\lxoa_c kitoya:wilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to spill (a liquid [SO]) of (sb, usually negatively affecting their interests)
\sense_s tirar (un líquido [SO]) de (algn, generalmente afectando sus intereses negativamente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chtlatotoya:wilih i:n burroh, ke:n notlalo:snekia, o:pe:w ko:koxo:ni, o:pe:w totoya:wi nokaldi:toh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e This burro spilled out something of mine, he really wanted to run. My clear soup (caldo) started sloshing back and forth (inside its container), it started to spill
out.
\phrase_s Ese burro me tiróalgo, quería correr. Mi caldo empezóa agitarse de lado a lado (en su recipiente), comenzóa tirarse.
\sense_e to pour out for (a spoiled beverage, soup, certain foods, etc.)
\sense_s tirar para (una bebida, caldo, ciertas comidas, etc., que se han echado a perder)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:xtoya:wili! Yo:itlakaw, xok tihkwa:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pour it out for me! It's gotten spoiled, we're not going to eat it anymore.
\phrase_s ¡Tíralo para mí! Ya se echóa perder, ya no lo vamos a comer.
\root toya:
\xref toya:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04576
\lxam patla:ni
\lxam_c patla:ni
\lxoa patla:ni
\lxoa_c patla:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b(ni/ltia)
\trans +Caus
\infv class-3a
\semfld motion
\sense_e to fly
\sense_s volar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n To:to:tl, wel patla:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Birds are able to fly.
\phrase_s Los pájaros pueden volar.
\sense_e to be blown away by the wind
\sense_s llevarse por el viento
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:patla:n, xo:tsa:loh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It got blown away by the wind, you didn't tie it down.
\phrase_s Se llevópor el viento, no lo amarraste.
\root patla:
\nse With the meaning 'to get blown away by the wind' patla:ni differs from yeyekawi:lo (Oa yéye:kawí:lo) in that the latter indicates a
more devastating or harmful action to things such as crops wehreas the former can include almost any type of material object
\xref patla:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04577
\lxam nakaste:tsa:wia
\lxam_c nonakaste:tsa:wia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-refl[ca]
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to hear or think one hears (sth, particularly voices) that is not there; to be fooled by a sound; to think one hears something (that does not exist)
\sense_s (refl.) oir o pensar oir (algo, particularmente voces) que no existe en realidad; engañarse por un sonido; creer escuchar algo (que no existe)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nonakaste:tsa:wia, kikaki itlah tli:no:n, wan xmelá:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He thinks he hears something, he hears something or other and it's not really there.
\phrase_s Piensa escuchar algo, oye algo y no es de a de veras.
\phrase_n O:nonakaste:tsa:wih. Xka:wa, xmelák.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He thought he heard something (i.e., sb talking to him, sb coming along the road, etc.). Forget it, it wasn't real.
\phrase_s Pensóque escuchóalgo (p. ej., algn hablándole, algn viniendo por el camino, etc.). No era así, no era cierto.
\root nakas
\root te:tsa:w
\nse The verbal base of this word is related to te:tsa:wtli , an omen.
\qry Check to see if such an occurrence is taken as an omen, and if this is a good or bad omen. Note that I have only heard /nakaste:tsa:wia/ in the reflexive; the possibility of a transitive
should be investigated. Check /cat coding Check to determine if transitive use exists. Check to determine difference between /nakaskakaya:wa/ and /nakaste:tsa:wia/.
\semref nakaskakaya:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref naká:skayá:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04578
\lxam kwa:kon kayo:tl
\lxam_alt no: ikwa:kon kayo:tl
\lxam_c kwa:kon kayo:tl
\lxoa íkwa:kon káyo:tl
\lxoa_c íkwa:kon káyo:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\pitch yes
\sense_e something from around that time (a specific time, understood from the discourse situation)
\sense_s algo de más o menos ese entonces o período (un tiempo específico, establecido previamente por el discurso)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n No: kwa:kon kayo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is also from around about that time.
\phrase_s También es de más o menos ese tiempo
\root kwa:k
\root -on; kayo:
\mod Note that /-on/ should be considered in root analysis; perhaps separate bound morpheme list? Cf. its use with /akin/, /akinon/, etc.
\ref 04579
\lxam tlaneltoktia
\lxam_c kitlaneltoktia
\lxoa tlaneltoltia
\lxoa_c kitlaneltoltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make (sb) believe as true
\sense_s hacer creer a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Melá:k kwahli te:tlaneltoktia san puro ika istlakatilis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is really good at making people believe things as true, just with his lies.
\phrase_s Es muy bueno para hacer la gente creer, solamente con sus mentiras.
\root nel
\root toka
\qry Check to determine whether /neltoktia/ exists as a ditransitive verb. If it does this should be entered and /tlaneltoktia/ either included under /neltoktia/ or given its own entry with a
null complement coding.
\grm Causative; valency reduction; /tla-/. Note that /neltoka/ means 'to believe'. The object can either be the person who is believed (or disbelieved). The causative /neltoktia/ is 'to
make (sb) believe (sth).' It will be important to determine whether the verb exists as such, or only with the nonspecific /tla-/, which occupies the space of the secondary
object. At any rate, this is one of the few cases in which a transitive verb forms a causative (even though this present entry of /tlaneltoktia/ is only a transitive.
\grm Oapan phonology:
\xref neltoka
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04580
\lxam i:xtetl
\lxam_c i:xtetl
\lxoa i:xtetl
\lxoa_c i:xtetl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e eye (apparently the entire eye area and not the eyeball proper; cf. i:xteyo:hli)
\sense_s ojo (aparentemente laárea total del ojo y no simplemente la parte interior; conf. i:xteyo:hli)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with certain items of clothing) buttonhole
\sense_s (con ciertos tipos de ropa) ojal
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:xtew notlake:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is the buttonhole of my clothes.
\phrase_s Es el ojal de mi ropa.
\sense_e (vocative) gawker; one who stares
\sense_s (vocativo) mirón
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mlá:k ti:xtetl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You really are a gawker!
\phrase_s ¡Quémirón eres!
\phrase_n Melá:k ne:chtlatlastok. I:xtetl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's really looking me over. He's all eyes!
\phrase_s Me estárevisando de cabeza a pie.¡Es un mirón!
\semfld body
\root i:x
\root te
\nse The term i:xtetl is used disparagingly in speaking directly to someone who is all eyes, who is staring or looking intently at someone (a mirón), for
example at someone doing something unusual.
\vl Link second female and 2nd male pronunciation. There is an additional female (plural) token /i:xtemeh/ at 7077. It should be tagged as 4580, but not linked.
\ref 04581
\lxam tla:ltetewitska:n
\lxam_c tla:ltetewitska:n
\lxoa tla:ltetewitska:n
\lxoa_c tla:ltetewitska:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla:l-ka:n
\infn N1(N2-N)
\sense_e see tla:ltetewistika:n
\sense_s véase tla:ltetewistika:n
\sense_d Pending
\root tla:l
\root tewits
\vl Here as in all other cases of these forms, the length of the reduplicant is difficlt to determine and should be checked in all forms.
\ref 04582
\lxam witsioh
\lxam_c witsioh
\lxoa witsioh
\lxoa_c witsioh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e area characterized by an abundance of thorny plants
\sense_s área caracterizada por una abundancia de plantas espinosas
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be thorny (certain plants)
\sense_s ser espinoso (ciertas plantas)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to have rough scales (certain fish)
\sense_s tener escamas rasposas (ciertos peces)
\sense_d Pending
\root wits
\nae The reduplicated form with a short vowel commonly used to emphasize an abundance of thorns, is uwitsioh. This is used with single objects with this characeristic.
\qry Check Oapan plural: ?/wítsiokéh/. Check.
\ref 04583
\lxam tlankole:toh
\lxam_c tlankole:toh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan ?
\psm Adj
\der Adj-?
\infa gender
\sense_e to have some teeth missing
\sense_s tener algunos dientes faltantes
\sense_d Am
\root tlan
\nse The etymology of tlankole:toh is uncertain, although most likely it is partially derived from a Spanish loan. Apparently this word refers to a persona missing only a few
teeth, not all of them.
\qry Check whether when referring to several teeth being gone, the reduplicated form might be used.
\semref tlantra:nkah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04584
\lxam sakaixtli
\lxam_c sakaixtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e type of hemp (ixtli) made from the sakamexkahliplant
\sense_s tipo de ixtle (ixtli) hecho de la planta llamada sakamexkahli
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Sakamexkahli iichio, yewa sakaixtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The fibers of the sakamexkahli maguey, they are called sakaixtli.
\phrase_s Las fibras del maguey sakamexkahli se llaman sakaixtli.
\semfld material
\ency_note ixtli
\root saka
\root ich
\qry Determine the different types of /ixtli/ and the plants from which they are made (as well as how they are made).
\ref 04585
\lxam barbe:chowa
\lxam_c kibarbe:chowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan (Nah) barbechar
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to plow, placing the furrows close together so that the land can be immediately planted
\sense_s arar con los surcos muy cercanos para que la tierra puede sembrarse inmediatamente
\sense_d Pending
\ency_note tla:hli
\semref xopo:nia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04586
\lxam tlawe:lita
\lxam_c kitlawe:lita
\lxoa tlawe:lita
\lxoa_c kitlawe:lita
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv Irregular; see ita
\sense_e to despise; to hate
\sense_s odiar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Techichikil, kito:sneki tiktlawe:lita.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e (When you call someone) techichikil , it means that you despise them.
\phrase_s (Cuando le llamas a alguien) techichikil , quiere decir que lo desprecias mucho.
\root tlawe:l
\root ita
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\ref 04587
\lxam milá:k
\lxam_alt melá:k
\lxam_alt milá
\lxam_alt mlá
\lxam_c melá:k
\lxoa mila:k
\lxoa_alt mela:k
\lxoa_alt mélá:k
\lxoa_alt mílá:k
\lxoa_c mélá:k, mílá:k; melá:h totó:nki; méla:h wé:i
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-man; Modal-evid
\pitch yes
\sense_e very; really; very much so; a lot (in Ameyaltepec often de melá:k , particularly phrase finally)
\sense_s muy; mucho (en Ameyaltepec a menudo de melá:k , particularmente a final de frase)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chaxilitok to:nahli. Melá:k to:na, yo:nitlatlak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sun is beating down on me. It is really hot, I got burnt.
\phrase_s El sol me estápegando. De veras hace mucho calor, ya me quemé.
\phrase_n Mlá:k o:te:cha:pachokeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They really plied us with drink.
\phrase_s Nos servieron mucha bebida.
\phrase_n Melá:k ne:chtlatlastok. I:xtetl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's really looking me over. He's all eyes!
\phrase_s Me estárevisando de cabeza a pie.¡Es un mirón!
\phrase_n Kakasoltik motlikoh. Ti:roh yo:weka:w, yo:wa:k de melá:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your firewood is very light from having dried out so thoroughly. It's been around for a long time, it really dried out.
\phrase_s Tu leña estámuy ligera por haberse secada tanto. Ha durado mucho tiempo, se secóde a deveras.
\phrase_n Kimahka:ita, de melá:k tlaksa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is awed by how fast he really is.
\phrase_s Estáimpresionado por lo rápido que es.
\phrase_n Yo:nimapilkokohtiak, melá:k yo:nitlakwiloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My fingers have gotten stiff and sore, I really wrote a lot.
\phrase_s Mis dedos se quedaron adoloridos, de veras escribímucho.
\sense_e to be true that; truly; indeed; really
\sense_s es cierto que; ciertamente, de veras
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Melá:k miák kalxomilimeh nocha:n, ipan notlapech.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There really are a lot of bedbugs in my house, in my bed.
\phrase_s De veras hay muchos chinches en mi casa, en mi cama.
\phrase_n Kikamana:lwia, xmelá:k tli:n ki:ihlia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He jokes around with (teases) him, it isn't true what he is saying.
\phrase_s Le vacila (tomándole el pelo), no es verdad lo que le dice.
\phrase_n Mlá:k!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's true!
\phrase_s ¡Es verdad!
\ncol wel
\root mela:
\nse In many cases, this word functions as a modal or evidential: 'It is true' or 'I believe that it is true.' In other cases it is best considered a simple adverbial with the sense of 'really' or
'very.' At times only context will distinguish: Melá:k tlaksa can be translated as either an adverbial 'He is very fast,' or a modal 'It is true that (I believe that) he is fast.'
Finally, note that melá:k may be used in tag questions: Tiá:s, melá:k? 'You are going? Right?' One native speaker, Concepción de la Cruz, [source:
DT#1:018] mentioned that the difference between melá: and melá:k is that the former expresses more surprise. She suggested that an exchange might
be:" o:nikitak Juan, mlá:k! and the other person would answer milá!. However, this example is not altogether clear, and it appears that in many
situations the two are equivalent.
\nae There are alternative pronunications of this headword. The first vowel is extremely short, occasionally raised slightly, but usually best transcribed by /e/. Occasionally this vowel
virtually disappears and a tight transcription would be mlá instead of melá:k. There is also the question of the final consonant. In Oapan the
ultimate /k/ often goes to /h/. In Oapan when phrase final, the pronunciation is mélá:w or mélá:k, otherwise the final sound may vary between /k/, /h/,
and zero.
\nde In Oapan when phrase final, the pronunciation is mélá:w or mélá:k, otherwise the final sound may vary between /k/, /h/, and zero.
\qry Note that on filecards I had very few example sentences. These should be collected from the illustrative phrases and texts. Note that there is never a final /h/ in /mlá/ even though in
some instances I have so recorded it. And when there is a final /k/ the preceding /a:/ is long.
\qry_fon Check Oapan /mélá:k/ and /mélá:w/ and determine if the two are equivalent. Also determine pitch accent on /mélá:w/.
\vl There are four additional tokens from what was originally 4051. These are simply /mélá:k/ (female) and /mílá:k/ (male). The final sound file for this present entry should
start off with the tokens that were originally at 4051. Since the first vowel of female and male are different, the sound file begins /mélá:k/, /mílá:k/ (the first female and the
second male) The sound file should then continue with the files from the present citation. Note also that there are an additional 4 tokens at 5538. These two should be
tagged as 4587.
\grm Vowel length; vowel variation: Note that the tokens for /mélá:k/ that were originally at 4051 manifest very long /l/ and /a/. The times are 108:183 and 126:154 for
Florencia, and then 139:161 and 128:132 for Inocencio.
\ref 04588
\lxam ichkaxo:chitl
\lxam_c ichkaxo:chitl
\lxoa ichkaxo:chitl
\lxoa_c ichkaxo:chitl
\lxgen ichkama:satl
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e the flower of the ichkakuwtli tree, Gossypium hirsutumL. of the Malvaceae family
\sense_s la flor delárbol ichkakuwtli , Gossypium hirsutumL. de la familia Malvaceae
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye weka:wi kontekiyan ichkaxo:chitl para kwi:kayan tio:pan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A long time ago they would pick ichkaxo:chitl in order to take it to the church (for the altar).
\phrase_s Hace mucho tiempo cortaba el ichkaxo:chitl para llevarlo a la iglesia (y ponerlo en el altar).
\sense_e tree named ichkakuwtli(by extension)
\sense_s árbol llamado ichkakuwtli(por extensión)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root chka
\root xo:chi
\semfld flower
\qry Check to see if this is a plant or tree, and if another meaning refers simply to the flower of the cotton plant.
\ref 04589
\lxam kwa:tepasoliwi
\lxam_c kwa:tepasoliwi
\lxoa kwa:tépasolíwi
\lxoa_pr kwa:tepasoliwi
\lxoa_c kwa:tépasolíwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to get or have a disheveled, uncombed, or entangled head of hair
\sense_s quedarsele el cabello despeinado, desarreglado o greñudo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tikwa:tepasoliw, skie:rah xmotsonchichi:wa -ximoxi:ma-.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your hair has become a mess. Why don't you at least braid it (to a female, or get a haircut, to a male)?
\phrase_s Tu pelo te quedótodo desarreglado.¿Por quéno te lo arreglas? (a una mujer, o¿Por quéno te lo cortas? a un hombre).
\phrase_n Kwa:tepasoliwis deke xnoxi:mas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His hair will get long and disheveled if he doesn't get a haircut.
\phrase_s Su pelo se creceráy quedarágreñudo si no lo corta.
\root kwa:
\root pahsol
\nse Although I have always heard this uttered with te-, Pánfilo Lorenzo mentioned that it is also correct to use this verb without te-. Nevertheless, it has not so
been documented.
\qry Check if the version without /te-/ is correct. I believe, for example, that in the nominal form /kwa:tepasol/ the /te-/ must be present. In one entry I have a note that"although I have
always heard the form with /te/, Pánfilo Lorenzo mentioned that it is also correct to use the form without /te-/. Recheck that /kwa:pasole:wi/ is also correct.
\vl There is one female token /kwa:tépasolé:wi/. This should be tagged with #1377. It is the one that should be linked.
\semref kwa:tepasole:wi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kwa:tépasolé:wi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04590
\lxam kwa:sebo:tia
\lxam_c kwa:sebo:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan (part) cebo
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to have dried soap remain in ones hair
\sense_s quedarse con jabón seco en el cabello
\sense_d Am
\root kwa:
\qry_fon Check the vowel length, particularly of /e/.
\semref kwa:sebo:ti
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 04591
\lxam xixikwin
\lxam_c xixikwintsi:n
\lxoa xíxikwín
\lxoa_c xíxikwín
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn Stem 4
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): ní:xikwín
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e (rare; often in diminutive xixikwintsi:n) glutton; person who eats whatever and all that is offered
\sense_s (raro; a menudo en el diminutivo xixikwintsi:n) glotón; persona que come cualquier cosa y todo que se le ofrece
\sense_d Pending
\root xikwin
\nse In Oapan the adjectival form xíxikwíntikis more common.
\qry Check for verb /xixikwinoa/.
\ref 04592
\lxam tla:wi:lpan
\lxam_c tla:wi:lpan
\lxoa tla:wi:lpan
\lxoa_c tla:wi:lpan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-pan
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e place that is illuminated (by a lamp or other forms of artificial lighting, or by the sun, moon, etc.)
\sense_s lugar iluminado, donde hay luz (por una lámpara u otras formas de luz artificial, o por el sol o la luna, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n tla:wi:lpan, wel nitlachia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here there is light, I can see well.
\phrase_s Aquíhay luz, puedo ver bien.
\root tla:wi:l
\nse Tla:wi:lpan refers to any place that is illuminated, and is most often used to refer to the light shed by artificial sources. Thus the area under a street light might be
mentioned as tla:wi:lpan. On the other hand, tlane:span is apparently used most often (if not exclusively) to refer to light that accompanies the dawn.
\semref tlane:span
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04593
\lxam tlase:waya:n
\lxam_c tlase:waya:n
\lxoa tlase:wia:n
\lxoa_c tlase:wia:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-dvb-ya:n[tla]
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e place where there is some shade
\sense_s lugar asombrado, donde hay sombra
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:s san xkoyotsa na:nika. Xkwa:lwi:ka ka:n tlase:waya:n, o:to:nalwi:lo:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just drag him over in this direction (in this case a drunk you has lost consciousness). Bring him over here where there is some shade, he's been beaten down on by the sun.
\phrase_s Jálalo para acá(en este caso un borracho que ha perdido el conocimiento). tráelo acádonde hay sombra, ya quedómuy pegado por el sol.
\root se:wa
\root_rel -ya:n
\nse Oapan has tlase:wi- where Ameyaltepec has tlase:wa-. Those in Oapan etymologize the word tlase:wiya:n as derived from the fact that
this is where people rest (from the sun). However, it appears that in fact the difference between the Ameyaltepec and Oapan forms is the result of a vowel quality change and not a
distinct etymology. Both terms would seem to be derived from se:wain reference to the coolness of shade.
\qry Continue with note re: dif. between Ameyaltepec and Oapan in this form.
\ref 04594
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kamatlapowa
\lxoa_c kikamatlapowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to open a wedge in (e.g., a tree trunk, to fell a tree or chop up a trunk)
\sense_s abrir una cuña en (p. ej., un tronco, para tumbar unárbol o rajar un tronco)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kama
\root tlapo
\nae The progressive form is kikamatlapotok.
\qry Recheck progressive and perfective. I originally had this as a word from Am, which was confirmed by Florencia as a word from Oapan. However, C. Flores denied that it was a
correct Am form and it has been removed. The original example or illustrative sentence was /Nihkamatlapotia:s un kuwtsontetl/´I'm going to go chopping a wedge around that trunk
(in this case to later chop it up into sections).'
\ref 04595
\lxam popo:yo:ti
\lxam_c popo:yo:ti
\lxoa popoyo:ti
\lxoa_alt po:poyo:ti
\lxoa_c po:poyo:ti, popoyo:ti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am); Lex. rdp-l (Oa)
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to become covered with a rotten black decay (particularly that which forms on dried ears of corn that have gotten wet)
\sense_s cubrirse con podredumbre, un tipo de moho negro (particularmente la que se forma sobre las mazorcas si se llegan a mojar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:popo:yo:t. O:ki:xtlapachoh to:naka:yo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It got rotten, it (a black rotten decay) covered the surface of the maize.
\phrase_s Su pudrió. Cubrió(la pudridumbre negra) la superficie del maíz.
\root poyo:
\nae The vowel length here is unclear, at least from the Oapan examples provided by Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. Her pronunciation suggests a long initial vowel, his
definitely suggests a short vowel. Probably the vowel should be recorded as phonologically short, but given the doubt for now both forms have been entered. It could be that this is
one of the cases in which speakers vary.
\qry_fon Make sure that the Oapan tokens are for this word here and not for /popoyoti/ 'to become like a rooster' (i.e., for a young man to start chasing after women').
\vl First female token is /po:poyo:tik/ and should be tagged as /popoyo:tik/ #7701. Make sure to link the first female token of /po:poyo:ti/ (i.e, the second token overall given
that a mistaken pronunciation of /po:poyo:tik/ is the first token) and the first male token.
\ref 04596
\lxam te:malkwepa
\lxam_c note:malkwepa
\lxoa te:malkopa
\lxoa_c note:malkopa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (refl-anticaus.) to get infected with pus
\sense_s (refl-anticaus.) infectarse con pus
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye note:malkwepa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's starting to get infected with pus.
\phrase_s Ya empieza a infectarse con pus.
\root te:mal
\root kwepa
\disamb te:maliwi; te:malki:sa
\nae The reflexive form is essentially an anticausative, an inchoative formed by using the reflexive marker to decrease the valency of the verbal form, with no implied agent (i.e., not a
passive).
\qry Check to determine if a fully transitive form exists. Check for stative /-tok/.
\mod Perhaps a coding for anticausative should be determined. The best way might be to simply write (refl-anticaus) instead of just (refl.). Indeed, it might be best to simply code all uses
of the reflexive morpheme according to function: refl-recipr; refl-anticaus, refl-pas
\semref te:maliwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref te:maltla:lia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04597
\lxam tepetlayoh
\lxam_c tepetlayoh
\lxoa tepetlayoh
\lxoa_c tepetlayoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to be (an area) covered or full of limestone (tepetate)
\sense_s estar (unaárea) cubierta de tepetate
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tepetlayoh. O:kine:xtih a:tl, kiawtli. San so:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is exposed limestone all over. The water, the rain, made it appear. It extends over a large flat area.
\phrase_s Hay tepetate por todos lados. El agua, la lluvia lo hizo aparecer. Extiende por una granárea plana.
\root te
\root petla
\vl Link 2nd of 3 female tokens and last male token.
\ref 04598
\lxam petskuwi:xin
\lxam_c petskuwi:xin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound S-N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e black and shiny crawling animal, said to be poisonous, a type of kowi:xin
\sense_s animal negro y brilloso, que dicen ser venenoso, un tipo de kowi:xin
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld lizard
\ency_note kowi:xin
\root pets
\root kowi:x
\qry See entry under /a:petskowi:xin/; also check whether these are two distinct animals, a mistaken entry, or perhaps alternative names for the same animal. Check of all types of
/kowi:xin/.
\ref 04599
\lxam tepostla:hli
\lxam_c tepostla:hli
\lxoa tepostla:hli
\lxoa_c tepostla:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e rust
\sense_s óxido
\sense_d Pending
\root tepos
\root tla:l
\ref 04600
\lxam a:to:li
\lxam_c a:to:li
\lxoa a:to:li
\lxoa_c a:to:li
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a(oni)
\sense_e to drink atole
\sense_s beber atole
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kemech a:to:li:tok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is just starting to drink his atole.
\phrase_s Apenas estáempezando a tomar su atole.
\root a:to:l
\root i:
\vl The first female token is /a:to:hli/ (note the aspiration before /l/). This should be tagged as #4326. The second token is /a:to:lih/, the plural of /a:to:li/ (the present entry).
This should be tagged as 4600, but not linked, since it has a plural subject. Link first male token.
\xref a:to:li:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04601
\lxam tlatlaxistopok
\lxam_c tlatlaxistopok
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e to have a very bad cough, dry and hard with phlegm or mucous dislodged with the cough
\sense_s tener un tos muy fuerte, seco y duro con flema que sale al toser
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nitlatlaxistopok, chika:wak nitlatlasi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm having a very bad cough, I cough real hard.
\phrase_s Tengo un tos muy duro, toso muy fuerte.
\semfld disease
\root tlasi
\root topo:
\semref tlatlaxiskomok
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04602
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be for /ikxipil weyak/ but it was deleted given that it was a duplicate entry.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 04603
\lxam nepanowa
\lxam_c kinepanowa
\lxoa nepanowa
\lxoa_c kinepanowa
\dt 27/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to place on top of; to pile on top of
\sense_s poner sobre; apilar sobre
\phrase_n De Oapan noso un de San Juan, ontlatepachowan ne: pan tepe:tl. Kitepachowan un so:ya:tl. Kitekin wa:n hkon kine:nepanowan wa:n kitepachowan para ma:ka
ko:piliwis para ke:kchi:wan kahli.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00019_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 38:52
\phrase_e Those from Oapan or San Juan, they go there into the hills to press. They press down palm with a rock. They cut it, stack it up, and then put a rock on top of it to keep it
from curling up, so that they can (using it as thatch to) make houses.
\phrase_s Los de Oapan o de San Juan, van al cerro para prensar. Prensan la palma con piedras. La corta, la ponen una sobre otra, y la apachuran con piedras para (usarla como
el techo en) hacer casas.
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:nepanotiw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pile them up as you go along (e.g., dishes being dried, documents being written, etc.)!
\phrase_s ¡Vélos apilando (p. ej., platos que uno estásecando, documentos producidos y escriitos, etc.)!
\sense_e to join up with (a man or woman with a another of the opposite sex) in forming a household without marrying (usually one or both are widowed or have had children out of
wedlock; they do not marry but simply live together)
\sense_s juntarse (una persona) con (otra del sexo contrario) para formar una familia (generalmente uno, o los dos, es un viudo o ha tenido un niño; no se casan sino simplemente
se juntan)
\sense_d Pending
\root nepan
\nse In the form xne:nepanotiw the reference is to one who goes along (either temporally or spatially) piling things up, e.g. in drying dishes, in writing on sheets of paper,
etc. With the sense of nepanowa as 'to join up with to form a household' either the subject may be of either sex, although it is more common for the man to be
the subject.
\ref 04604
\lxam tlamachilispolo:ltia
\lxam_c kitlamachilispolo:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to take away the common sense of; to take away from the sense of good judgement, or ability to think clearly and reflect
\sense_s hacer perder el juicio a; hacer perder el sentido común o habilidad para pensar y reflexionar a
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ne:xtlamachilispolo:ltia serbe:sah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Beer makes me lose my ability to think clearly.
\phrase_s La cerveza me hace perder el sentido común.
\root mati
\root pol
\qry Check to make sure that /tlamachilispolowa/ and /tlamachilispolo:ltia/ are equivalent. FM did not accept the latter. Cf. the discussion in the grammar notes for /tlapolo:ltia/. It would
seem, from /tlapolo:ltia/ that /tlamachilispolo:ltia/ is the causative of /tlamachilispolowa/. However, in my file cards I have the two with identical meaning and example sentences. This
needs to be checked, as one might be in error. Or, one might be the result of"possessor raising"(tlamachilispolowa) and the other the result of"saturating"incorporation
(tlamachilispolo:ltia). Check.
\vl Tag the 4 Oapan tokens here with #670.
\semref tlamachilispolowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref tlamachilispolowi:tia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 04605
\lxam tlasiwi:tia
\lxam_c kitlasiwi:tia
\lxoa tlásiwí:tia
\lxoa_pr tlasiwi:tia
\lxoa_c kitlásiwí:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl.) to hurry up
\sense_s (refl.) apurarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nima:kakana:w, xwel nihki:tskia tlaxkahli toto:nki. O:nimotlasiwi:tih ika o:nitlakwiste:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My hands have gotten tender, I can't grab a hot tortilla. I worked myself hard and fast in straightening up the milpa behind the plow.
\phrase_s Mis manos quedaron sensibles, no puedo agarrar una tortilla caliente. Me apurédemasiado en enderezar la milpa atrás de la yunta.
\phrase_n Xomoi:wia:ntili! Xmotla:tlasiwi:ti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Get it together! Get a move on!
\phrase_s ¡Ponte listo!¡Apúrate!
\phrase_n Xmotla:tlasiw:ti, ke:n tima:yo:li:k!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hurry up there, (e.g., in doing a task), you are really slow with your hands!
\phrase_s ¡Apúrate (p. ej., en hacer un trabajo), eres muy lento con las manos!
\sense_e to do quickly; to hurry up (e.g., a task being carried out)
\sense_s hacer (algo) rápido; apurar (p. ej., una tarea que se lleva a cabo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Newa nikma:totoka, o:niktlasiwi:tih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I pursued the matter in earnest, I hurried it up.
\phrase_s Proseguíel asunto, lo apuré.
\phrase_n Xtlasiwi:ti! Niman niá:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hurry it up! I'm leaving soon.
\phrase_s ¡Apúrale! Ya mero me voy.
\phrase_n Ma kitlasiwi:ti motlake:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let her hurry up with your clothes (e.g., in finishing sewing them)!
\phrase_s ¡Quése apure con tu ropa (p. ej., en terminar de coserla)!
\root hsi
\nse The use of xtlasiwi:ti perhaps reflects an influence from Spanish 'apurale.'
\qry Check the valency of /tlasiwi:tia/. Also check whether /isiwi:tia/ is correct as a transitive verb. Note that /tlasiwi:tia/ is documented above with a reflexive. If /isiwi/ is intransitive and
the causative /isiwi:tia/ is thus transitive, one would expect /tla-/ to lower the valency to an intransitive. But /xmotlasiwi:tia/ is a reflexive, though it might not be a transitive. From the
phrase /Xtlasiwi:ti/ it is not possible to tell if there is a non-overt /ki-/ (i.e., /kitlasiwi:tia/). Check. Check re: transitive use, can it be /kitlasiwi:tia tekitl/ or /kitlasiwi:tia Juan/. Check.
\xref isiwi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref ísiwí
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 04606
\lxam a:kino:no:n
\lxam_c a:kinono:n
\lxoa a:yno:no:n
\lxoa_alt a:kino:no:n
\lxoa_c a:yno:no:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(indef)
\der Pr-indef
\sense_e who is it?
\sense_s ¿quién es?
\sense_d Pending
\root a:kin
\nse Apparently the pronouns akinon and tli:non , and perhaps others, can take an additional and final on-. With this they become complete
predicates, taking no other predicate. Thus one might have Akinon o:wahlaw? 'Who came?' but Akinonon? 'Who is it?'
\qry Further determine the grammatical category of these terms.
\semref tli:nono:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04607
\lxam chi:chiwalkukuwtik
\lxam_c chi:chiwalkukuwtik
\lxoa chi:chiwalkókohtík
\lxoa_c chi:chiwalkókohtík
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have an udder that is hard and not pliable
\sense_s tener el ubre duro y no flexible
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pipixtik ichi:chiwal ba:kah. Chi:chiwalkukuwtik, chi:chiwalpipixtik, xwel ki:sa le:cheh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The cow's udder is rubbery. It is a tough udder, it is a rubbery udder, milk can't come out.
\phrase_s La ubre de la vaca es como hule. Es un ubre duro, es un ubre resistente, no sale la leche.
\semfld body-descript
\root chi:chi
\root kow
\nae The length of the final vowel of the nominal stem chi:chiwal is difficult to determine. One piece of evidence that suggests a long vowel is the fact that in Oapan
Nahuatl the reduplicant of kókohtík does not reduce to a lengthened pitch accented vowel on the nominal stem chi:chiwal. This might well reflect the fact
that as a long vowel it does not accept the mora and pitch accent of the reduplicant. However, for now I have kept the vowel short given the fact that acoustically there seems to be
a relatively short duration to this vowel. The reason that the reduplicant does not reduce to pitch accent and lengthening on the final /a/ of the nominal stem is, however, not
immediately obvious. It may be related to the specific lexical meaning of the reduplicated form. Note that with mápilkókohtiá there is also no reduction on the final
short vowel of the incorporated noun.
\ref 04608
\lxam tlamachilisioh
\lxam_c tlamachilisioh
\lxoa tlamachilisioh
\lxoa_cpend tlamachilisioh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to be intelligent, wise
\sense_s ser inteligente; sabio
\sense_d Am
\root mati
\qry Note that the file card on which this was recorded did not have vowel length specified. But given that /machi:lia/ has a long vowel (as do the cognates reported in FK), it is likely that
/tlamachi:listli/ and /tlamachi:lisioh/ both have the long /i:/ as marked. Nevertheless, for now this has been kept short in the data entries.
\semref tlamachiliswah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref tlamachiliseh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04609
\lxam a:watl
\lxam_c a:watl
\lxoa á:wátl
\lxoa_c á:wátl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e small, thin prickly hairs found on certain plants (corn stalks, sugarcane, cactus fruit, etc.); prickles
\sense_s aguates, pequeños vellitos o espinitas muy delgadas que se hallan en ciertas plantas (tallos de maíz, caña dulce, tunas, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia ia:wayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has prickly hairs.
\phrase_s Tiene aguates.
\phrase_n Mistso:tsopi:ni:s ia:wayo mi:hli, mistsotsopitsas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The prickly hairs of the maize plants will prick you here and there, they will prickle you.
\phrase_s Los aguates de las plantas de maíz te van a picar por acáy por allá, te van a causar picor.
\sense_e (kipia ~) to be sharp; (noka:wa ~) to acquire sharpness; to be sharp
\sense_s (kipia ~) tener filo; (noka:wa ~) adquirir un filo; tener filo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:noka:w a:watl. O:tlatekitiak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It got a razor sharp edge. It got sharp.
\phrase_s Agarróun filo de navaja. se puso cortante.
\root a:wa
\nae The length of the initial /a/ is problematical. Acoustic analysis of the Oapan forms show a relatively long duration and suggest a long vowel. However, it is also clear that the pitch
accent of Oapan Nahuatl á:wátl derives from an underlying {h}; comparative evidence shows that the form was {ahwatl}. Perhaps the only explanation is that certain
forms with historically initial *ah have developed both pitch accent and length (or only length, in Ameyaltepec). Certainly an entire comparative study of the present phonetics and
phonology of forms that were initially {ah} should be undertaken.
\qry In a final check of Sept. l986, in the speech of Luis Lucena, this was found to definitely have along initial /a:/; it was later checked with Gabriel de la Cruz and also found to definitely
have a long initial vowel. Check with /kwatsonawatl/, where I have a short /a/. Nevertheless, the Oapan form has a pitch-accent and thus would seem to be by rule a short vowel.
For this reason I have temporarily changed the Ameyaltepec entry, though this should be rechecked and rechecked. It might be that the two villages have different lengths here.
\qry_fon Re: Oapan /á:wátl/: The length of the initial /a/ is problematical. Acoustic analysis of the Oapan forms show a relatively long duration and suggest a long vowel. However, it
is also clear that the pitch accent of Oapan Nahuatl á:wátl derives from an underlying {h}; comparative evidence shows that the form was {ahwatl}. Perhaps
the only explanation is that certain forms with historically initial *ah have developed both pitch accent and length (or only length, in Ameyaltepec). Certainly an entire
comparative study of the present phonetics and phonology of forms that were initially {ah} should be undertaken.
\mod Add /tlatekitia/ to vocabulary. Note how an adjective /tlateki/ can be verbalized.
\root_notes In Classical Nahuatl this root was ahwa.
\ref 04610
\lxam isi:kilistli
\lxam_c isi:kilistli
\lxoa ísi:kilístli
\lxoa_alt ísi:ka:lístli
\lxoa_c ísi:kilístli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(s)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e lack of breath; panting
\sense_s falta de respiración
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:mik de isi:kilistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He died from lack of breath (e.g., a child you died from pneumonia, who couldn't breathe).
\phrase_s Se murióde falta de respiración (p. ej., un niño que se murióde neumonía, quien no se podía respirar).
\semfld disease
\root hsi:ka
\ref 04611
\lxam sakapatlaxtli
\lxam_c sakapatlaxtli
\lxoa sakapatlaxtli
\lxoa_c sakapatlaxtli
\lxgen sakapatlaxtle
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-wi
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e grass, member of the Poaceae family, still not identified
\sense_s zacate, miembro de la familia Poaceae, todavía no identificada
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\ency_note sakatl
\root saka
\root patlach
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) simply gives this as a member of the Gramineaefamily, named in Spanish zacate ancho, the semantic equivalent of the Nahuatl term.
Although one Am consultant stated that his type of zacate was good for roofing, this is not the case according to C. Flores. The originally statement was /Sakapatla:xtli |
Bwe:noh para kahli tlakpak/ ' Sakapatla:xtli : It is good for houses, the top (i.e., thatched roofing).' I have temporarily removed this pending further study.
\ref 04612
\lxam kakaltso:ntsi:n
\lxam_c kakaltso:ntsi:n
\lxoa kákasó:ntsi:n
\lxoa_c kákasó:ntsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan calzon
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e Passiflora sp.L., spectacularly flowering vine of the Passifloraceae family so called because of the shape of its leaves (which are like small pairs of trousers)
\sense_s Passiflora sp.L., bejuco pequeño de la familia Passifloraceae con flores espectaculares, asíllamado por la forma de sus hojas (que son como pantalones de
hombre)
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\qry Check etymology and roots, identification and uses. Although I have recorded /kakaltso:ntsi:n/ perhaps, given the explanation of its etymology, this should be /kakalso:ntsi:n/. Check
vowel length. I checked with Maurilio Jiménez and he pronounced this with a /s/ not /ts/; I have changed the original /kakaltso:ntsi:n/ of my notes to /kakalso:ntsi:n/. However, the
vowel length should be checked, as I noted that Maurilio Jiménez used a long /a:/ in /ka:lson/. Note that in one entry I have simply stated that this is a plant, i.e. not a vine. Check.
\notes_nature One person said that this plant is so-called for the form of its leaves. According to María García and others, this is the same plant as that known as
mama:xtlatsi:n.
\semref mama:xtlatsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref papa:ntalo:ntsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref pápantaló:ntsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04613
\lxam tepe:tl
\lxam_c tepe:tl
\lxoa tepe:tl
\lxoa_c tepe:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e hill; mountain
\sense_s cerro; montaña
\sense_d Pending
\root tepe:
\ref 04614
\lxam pa:ki
\lxam_c pa:ki
\lxoa pa:ki
\lxoa_c pa:ki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\trans +Caus
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to be happy; to be content
\sense_s estar feliz; estar contento
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pa:ki, yo:yekok itah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is happy, his father has arrived.
\phrase_s Estáfeliz, ya llegósu papá.
\phrase_n Pa:ki mosuwa:w pa:mpa o:tekok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your wife is happy because you've arrived.
\phrase_s Tu esposa estáfeliz porque llegaste.
\phrase_n Nochipa nampa:ktokeh, xkaman namokwala:nian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You all are always content, you never get angry with each other (in this case referring to a man and his wife).
\phrase_s Ustedes siempre están contentos, nunca se enojan (en este caso un hombre y su esposa).
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to be excited; to be jubilant
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) estar emocionado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Papa:kinikone:wa:n, yo:kinwi:kak, yo:kintlachialti:to ke:no:n u:nkah mi:hli. Tla:ki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His children are happy and excited, he (their father) took them, he took them to take a look at how the maize is. It is bearing fruit.
\phrase_s Sus hijos están emocionados, los llevó(su papá), los llevóa asomar como andaba el maíz. Estárindiendo.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to start to feel better or recover, little by little (physically)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) empezar a recuperarse, aliviarse o mejorarse, poco a poco (físicamente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w pa:pa:ki, ye tlachia, ye pati.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Little by little he's started to get somewhat better, he's already come above, he's already getting well.
\phrase_s Poco a poco se va mejorando, ya estáconciente, ya se mejora.
\phrase_n Kwalowa:ya. A:man yo:pe:w pa:pa:ki, ye patitsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He used to be ill. Now bit by bit he's started to recover, he's a little better.
\phrase_s Estaba enfermo. Ahora poco a poco ya empezóa aliviarse, ya estáun poquito mejor.
\semfld emotions
\root pa:ki
\nse The verb pa:ki means, in difference contexts and different tenses and aspects, 'to be happy' and 'to be healthy.' Most generally, the form with
a"progressive/stative"ending -tok indicates a state of healthiness: nipa:ktok 'I am healthy.' This applies to other tenses such as nipa:ktos
, etc. On the other hand, this verb without a"progressive/stative"ending often means 'to become happy.' Thus nipa:kis is most often 'I will be happy.' Nevertheless,
occasionally this division in meaning is not applicable. Thus with long vowel reduplication as in Yo:pe:w pa:pa:ki, ye tlachia, ye pati the reference of
pa:pa:ki is to health, as clearly established by the meaning of what follows, ye tlachia, ye pati.
\qry Check to see if applicative exists: /nikpa:kilia notah/, etc.
\vl There are 3 female tokens. Do not link the first, used 2nd or 3rd.
\grm Tsi:-n diminutive: /Kwalowa:ya, a:man yo:pe:w pa:pa:ki, ye patitsi:n/ 'He used to be ill, now bit by bit he's started to recover, he's a little better.' Note the case of /-tsi:n/
being used with a verb (apparently in its stative aceptation). Very few verbs take this endings (perhaps check), and the only one I can remember in the corpus is /poliwitsi:n/.
\grm Causative; directional /Papa:kin ikone:wan, yo:kinwi:kak, yo:kintlachialti:to ke:non unkah mi:hli, tla:ki./ 'His children are happy and excited, he (their father) took them,
he took them too see how the maize is. It is bearing fruit.' This phrase is interesting for several reasons. The first concerns the use of /tlachialtia/, a causative of an
intransitive /tlachia/. The latter means 'to take a peek at' when used with a directional, e.g., /xtlachiati/ 'go take a look' or /xontlachia/ 'take a peek out (e.g., of a window).'
In the causative note that apparently the directional suffix continues to have this semantic sense of 'to take a look over there' 'to take a peek at,' etc. But now, with the
causative, the directional suffix effectively indicates a movement of the object (patient), in this case the children being moved. This counters the idea that the suffix always
indicates subject (at times called purposive) movement. Syntactically, the question here is the formal process of derivat ion. However, it seemsthat at least at some semantic
level the reading is"cause to take a look at,"i.e., [tlachia+extraverse directional] + causativization.
\xref pa:ktia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref pa:htia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 04615
\lxam pa:xtsatsi
\lxam_c pa:xtsatsi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp S-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to squeal; to emit a high-piercing sound (particularly of animals)
\sense_s chillar; soltar un sonido alto y agudo (particularmente en cuanto a los animales)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Pa:xtsatsi un osto:tsi:n, ipan notlakwa:nkestok masa:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That fox is squealing in a high piercing voice, a dear is kneeling on it.
\phrase_s Esa zorra estáchillando en una voz alta y aguda, un venado estáhincado sobre ella.
\sense_e to squeak in a high, weak voice (like the sound made by a person grabbed by the throat who tries to shout)
\sense_s gritar en una voz alta y débil (como el sonido emitido por una persona agarrada por el cuelo que por eso no puede gritar bien)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n San pa:xtsatsi, xtsatsi ke:n tla:katl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just squeaks in a high, piercing voice, he cannot shout like a man.
\phrase_s chilla con una voz alta y aguda, no puede gritar como hombre.
\semfld sound-animal
\ency_note tsatsi and different types of sounds emitted by animals and humans
\root pa:x
\root tsahtsi
\nse There are several variants of tsatsi that indicate a way in which the shouting occurs (e.g., patlaktsatsi), though the etymology of the first element (in the
present case pa:x) is not entirely certain. In general it refers to a muffled type of shout.
\qry In general check all verbs of"speaking"and the types of modifying incorporated elements that they may take. /paxtsatsi/ refers, in regards to humans, to the sound which is made by a
person grabbed by the throat who can therefore not shout well and strongly. Determine the precise meaning of /pa:xtsatsi/ and the beings and situations to which it may apply.
Record an example.
\ref 04616
\lxam teketsiwi
\lxam_c teketsiwi
\lxoa teketsiwi
\lxoa_c téteketsíwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to form a bump or protuberance
\sense_s salir como un tope o protuberancia
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:teketsiw mopla:toh. Xotiktla:lilih tetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A bump rose on (the base of) your plate (of clay, that was being made and drying in the sun). You didn't lay a stone on top of it (to keep it flat and from warping).
\phrase_s Le salióuna protuberancia en (la base de) tu plato (de cerámica, que estabas haciendo). No le pusiste una piedra encima (para mantenerlo plano mientras que se secara
en el sol).
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to turn upward at the edges (e.g., a tortilla as it dries, the brim of a hat after having gotten wet and then dried and shrunk); to form a bump
(by having a small section rise up, e.g., on a flat surface such paper or a sheet of clay being dried)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) subirle la orilla a (p. ej., una tortilla al secarse, las alas de un sombrero que se mojóal secarse y encojerse); salirle una protuberancia
en (p. ej., sobre una superficie plana, como papel o una hoja de barro al secarse)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:teteketsiw mosombre:roh, o:patsiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your hat (i.e., its edge) has curled up, it got wet.
\phrase_s Tu sombrero (esto es, las alas) se encorvaron hacia arriba, se mojó.
\root te
\root kets
\nae This verb is usually found in the reduplicated form.
\qry Determine all potential subjects of /teketsiwi/; determine whether meaning is the same as /teketse:wi/.
\mod see illustration
\root_notes The root kets, isolated by the same determination used for all -iwi verbs (e.g., polas the root of poliwi) is
undoubtedly related to ketsa, historically at least although no derivational process is readily apparent.
\semref teketse:wi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref teketse:wi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04617
\lxam koko:ktsi:n
\lxam_c koko:ktsi:n
\lxoa koko:htsi:n
\lxoa_c koko:htsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infn N1
\sense_e type of small insect, still not identified
\sense_s tipo de insecto pequeño, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Koko:ktsi:n | Deke tikasis wan tiktlampacho:s san yo:li:ktsi:n tikmatis ke:n kokó:k. Inakastlan ki:sa un kokó:k ke:itlah chi:hli. Wel patla:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Koko:ktsi:n : If you catch it and hold it between your teeth, slowly you'll feel that it tastes hot (spicy). The hot taste comes out of its side, as if it were chile.
\phrase_s Koko:ktsi:n : Si lo agarras y lo sostienes entre los dientes, poco a poco lo vas a sentir picante. Lo picante sale de su lado, como si fuera chile. Wel
patla:ni.
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root koko:
\qry I seem to remember this insect as edible; check.
\ref 04618
\lxam tlampachowa
\lxam_c kitlampachowa
\lxoa tlampachowa
\lxoa_c kitlampachowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to hold in ones mouth (between ones teeth or lips)
\sense_s agarrar o sostener en la boca (entre los dientes o labios)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlampacho moxo:chiw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hold your flower between your teeth (e.g., like some dancers do)!
\phrase_s ¡Agarra tu flor en la boca (esto es, entre los dientes como hacen algunos danzantes)!
\root tlan
\root pach
\mod Illustrate
\ref 04619
\lxam tepayolowa
\lxam_alt tepayelowa
\lxam_c kitepayolowa
\lxoa tepailowa
\lxoa_c kitepailowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to gather into a pile (scattered things, such as beans, maize, etc., gathering the items together with both hands, which are used to push and sweep everything into a pile)
\sense_s juntar en un montoncito (cosas regadas como frijoles, maíz, etc., se juntan las cosas con las dos manos que barren y empujan las cosas hacia un solo montículo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtepayolo! Ma:ka sayhkó:n moya:wtok!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Push then together into a pile (e.g., beans)! Don't just leave them lying there spread out (e.g., to dry in the sun)!
\phrase_s ¡Júntalos en un montoncito (p. ej., frijoles)!¡Quéno estén asínada más de regados (p. ej., para secarse en el sol)!
\sense_e to gather up into a bunch (e.g., ones skirt while crossing a river so that it doesn't get wet)
\sense_s subir, juntando en una bola (p. ej., la falda al cruzar un río para que no se moje)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtepayolo mokwe!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Gather up your skirt!
\phrase_s ¡Súbete la falta!
\sense_e to coil (a rope)
\sense_s enrollar (un lazo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtepayolo un la:soh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Coil up that rope!
\phrase_s ¡Enrolla ese laso!
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to roll up (e.g., sleeves or pant legs)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) enrollar; subir (p. ej., pantalones o mangas de camisas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtetepayolo mokoto:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Roll up the sleeves of your shirt!
\phrase_s ¡Sube las mangas de tu camisa!
\disamb olo:chowa; sentla:lia; xoto:ntetla:lia, ma:olo:chowa; tepayolowa
\disamb tetepayolowa; tetekwia
\root te
\root payol
\nde Classical Nahuatl has tapayoloa. ni, which Molina glosses as 'hacer pelota, o ovillo de hilo.'
\qry Check to see if /moya:wtok/ should be /moya:wto/ in /Xtepayolo, ma:ka sayhkón moya:wtok!/. Also check whether unreduplicated is always used to gather up a skirt; and
distinguish between /tetekwia/ used in reference to sleeves and /tetepayolowa/ for the same.
\qry_fon The length of the /i/ is still uncertain in Oapan. If it is long, then the phonological rules/historical processes that led to this long vowel (where other dialects apparently don't
have one) should be investigated.
\ref 04620
\lxam tlaxtla:wi
\lxam_c tlaxtla:wi
\lxoa tlaxtla:wi
\lxoa_c tlaxtla:wi
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\der Interj
\sense_e thanks; thank you
\sense_s gracias
\sense_d Pending
\root xtla:
\disamb tlaxtla:wi; tlasoka:mative.
\qry Check length of final /i:/ in /tlaxtla:wi:kan/.
\vl There are some additional tokens from 2818. Note that the linked sound file should be from the 4620 set, which should be better sound quality.
\semref tlaxtla:wia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref tlaxtla:wia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref tlaxtla:wia lia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\nae The plural of 'Thank you!' that is, a 'thank you' said to many people, is tlaxtla:wi:kan.
\ref 04621
\lxam tepilowa
\lxam_c kitepilowa
\lxoa tepilowa
\lxoa_c kitepilowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to tie a rock to (e.g., a rod to straighten it out by hanging it from a tree)
\sense_s atar una piedra a (p. ej., una vara wítlátlpara enderezarla)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to tie a rock to and throw into the water (a person, either sb already dead in order to hide the corpse, or to kill sb still alive)
\sense_s amarrar una piedra a y aventar al agua (una persona, o algn ya muerto para esconder el cadaver, o para matar a algn todavía vivo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root te
\root pil
\grm Incorporation; nondirected alternation: Perhaps carry out a brief study of all verbs of nondirected alternation that have incorporated nouns (such as /tepilowa/) and
determine whether the majority are transitive. It seems, from my sense of Nahuatl, that it is much more common for transitive verbs of the intrans/transitive pairs to manifest
incorporation (e.g., of instrument). Check.
\ref 04622
\lxam kanasti:tah
\lxam_c kanasti:tah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan canastita
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e design of woven palm, in the shape of a small basket, used on Palm Sunday
\sense_s diseño de palma tejida, en la forma de una canastita, para Domingo de Ramos
\sense_d Am
\ency_note so:ya:tl; Easter
\nse Although the borrowing kana:stah exists in Oapan Nahuatl it is not used to reference the pattern of woven palm used on Palm Sunday, which is an Ameyaltepec
tradition.
\ref 04623
\lxam na:hka:n
\lxam_c na:hka:n
\lxoa na:hka:n
\lxoa_c na:hka:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-ka:n
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e in four places
\sense_s en cuatro lugares
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xna:hka:n o:tikwipa:n, san ye:xka:n tlawi:pa:nahli motlapech.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You didn't weave twine to hold the rods (tlapextli) of your bed in four places, it's only woven together in three places.
\phrase_s No les amarraste las varas de tu cama (de tlapextli) con cuerda entrelazándolas en cuatro lugares, estáamarrada con cuerda entrelazada nada más en
tres lugares.
\root na:wi
\root_rel -ka:n
\mod See illustration with file card.
\qry Check here and elsewhere length of /i/ in /wipa:na/. It might be long.
\ref 04624
\lxam ko:kocho:ka
\lxam_c ko:kocho:ka
\lxoa a:kó:kochó:ka
\lxoa_c a:kó:kochó:ka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to emit gulping sounds from the throat
\sense_s salirle sonidos de tragar agua en la garganta
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Deke tikoni:tiwetsis a:tl, tiko:kocho:kas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If you drink (a lot of) water quickly, your will hear gulping sounds in your throat.
\phrase_s Si tomas (mucha) agua rápido, van a salir sonidos de tragar en tu garganta.
\semfld sound-human
\root ko:koh
\root cho:ka
\qry Check length of initial vowel for this word. I initially had it short but it seems to be probably long.
\ref 04625
\lxam pexo:ni
\lxam_c pexo:ni
\lxoa pexo:ni
\lxoa_c pexo:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b(ni/ltia)
\trans +Caus
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to become filled to the brim (a liquid inside a container); to overflow
\sense_s llenarse hasta el tope (un líquido dentro de un recipiente); rebosarse; desbordarse
\sense_d Pending
\root pexo:
\qry Although RS has both /pexonia/ and /pexonaltia/, Ameyaltepec has only had /pexo:naltia/ documented so far. FK mentions /pexo:ntia/, which is apparently from Zacapoaxtla
although she is unclear on this point. Check whether this verb is 'to overflow' or 'to fill to the brim.'
\xref pexo:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04626
\lxam yechi:boh
\lxam_c yechi:boh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) chivo
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e type of itakatl (Oapan equivalent ítakachí:boh)
\sense_s tipo de itakatl (equivalente en Oapan ítakachí:boh)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e bean broth prepared with ista:kyetl
\sense_s caldo de frijol preparado con ista:kyetl
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yechi:boh, nochichi:wa ika pi:pitikyetl. Kinelowan ika nextamahli iwa:n chi:hli iwa:n istatl para nokwepa de itakatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The food called yechi:boh , it is made with small black beans. They are mixed in the maize dough with chile and salt so that it becomes an
itakatl (after being toasted on the clay griddle).
\phrase_s La comida llamada yechi:boh se hace con frijoles negros chiquitos. Se revuelven con masa y chile y sal para que se vuelve un itakatl.
\phrase_n Yechi:boh, ista:kyetl, nisekin ipan koma:hli iwa:n kikwe:kwe:chowan ipan metlatl. Xti:roh kwe:xtik, san kipa:paya:nan dya konxi:nian itik ko:ntli. Kitla:lian chi:hli,
xkikwe:chowan chi:hli, san ente:roh iwa:n xonakatl, sila:ntroh iwa:n istatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e For yechi:boh , white beans are toasted on a griddle and then slowly ground up on a metate. Not too fine, they are just coarsely ground up and then they are
thrown into a pot. Chile is added, it isn't ground up, it is just (put in) as a whole piece with onion, cilantro, and salt.
\phrase_s For yechi:boh , frijoles blancos se tuestan sobre un comal y se muelen despacio sobre un metate. No muy fino, solamente la muelen burdamente y
entonces los echan a una olla. Le ponen chile, no molido sino entero con cebolla, cilantro y sal.
\semfld food
\semfld food-maize
\root ye
\qry Check both recipes, i.e., make sure it is a broth and an itacate, also make sure that white beans are used in the broth.
\ref 04627
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for I:cha:n Chi:bos; it has been removed and placed in the toponymic database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 04628
\lxam ma:wi:teki
\lxam_c noma:wi:teki
\lxoa ma:wi:teki
\lxoa_c kima:wi:teki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to hit or strike hard the hand of
\sense_s golpear la mano duro a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w posa:wi noma, o:nimoma:wi:tek.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My hand has started to swell up, I hit my hand hard.
\phrase_s Ya se me empezóa hinchar la mano, me la golpeéduro.
\semfld contact
\root ma:
\root wi:teki
\nae This word is usually used in the reflexive to indicate the accidental striking of ones hand against a hard surface, as when one swings ones arms and inadvertently strikes ones hand
against something, hurting it.
\qry Determine whether the nonreflexive is used.
\root_notes Determine how /wi:teki/ has been analyzed and listed in the root section. If as /wi:/ and /teki/, then add an extra element under xrc /wi:teki/.
\ref 04629
\lxam komisió:n
\lxam_c komisió:n
\lxoa komísio:n
\lxoa_c komísio:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan comisión
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\pitch yes
\sense_e town police force
\sense_s fuerza policiaca del pueblo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wa:hlaw komisió:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The town police are coming.
\phrase_s Viene la policía.
\phrase_n Newa nikpia nokomisió:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I (the town mayor) have my police force.
\phrase_s Yo (el alcalde del pueblo) tengo mi policía.
\qry Check meaning as to whether this refers only to the police force, or whether one can also use the word to refer to any type of official 'commission' to do something.
\ref 04630
\lxam pa:pankwi
\lxam_c kipa:pankwi
\lxoa pa:pankwi
\lxoa_c kipa:pankwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp S-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to pick over (sth, taking only what one wants); to do (a job) in bits and pieces or partially
\sense_s rebuscar en (algo, para encontrar lo que uno quiere); hacer (un trabajo) poco a poco o parcialmente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San kipa:pankwi, mitsmaka tli:n kineki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just picks out things here and there, he gives you what he wants to.
\phrase_s Solamente escoge de aquíy de allá, te da lo que quiere.
\phrase_n Xkihlia tli:n o:kihlikeh, san kipa:pankwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He doesn't tell him what they told him, he just tells bits and pieces (i.e., chosing to tell only what he wishes).
\phrase_s No le dice lo que le dijeron, solamente revela partes escogidas.
\sense_e to do crassly or carelessly only hitting the right spots far apart (not paying the proper attention, e.g., in plowing a field and leaving the furrows spaced wide apart, in
grinding nixtamal coarsely, pushing the mano de metate down on the nixtamal only at points spread wide apart)
\sense_s hacer burdamente y sin cuidado atinándole muy de vez en cuando (no prestando la atención adecuada o apropiada, p. ej., en arar un terreno dejando los surcos muy
abiertos, en moler maíz toscamente, colocando la mano de metate en puntos muy abiertos sobre el nixtamal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San kipa:pankwi, totoma:wak un surkos.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just plows the land crassly, the furrows are spaced far apart.
\phrase_s Solamente ara el terreno toscamente, los surcos están muy esparcidos.
\phrase_n San kipa:pankwi tixtli. Xkwe:xtik, papayextik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She just coarsely grinds the nixtamal. It's not finely ground, it's coarse.
\phrase_s Solamente muele burdamente el nixtamal. No estábien molido, estámuy gruesa.
\root -pan; kwi
\nse Pa:pankwi and pa:pankwia have only been documented in reduplicated form with a long vowel. In general this verb refers to performing an action that
consists, literally or figuratively, in coming down on some object at points widely dispersed. This is the unifying theme between actions such as picking and choosing what to tell or
what to sell, and performing an action such as plowing and grinding at points far apart on the surface of the material (earth or nixtamal) being affected. In reference to
grinding nixtamal, pa:pankwi refers to grinding with a metlapile in large, spaced out motions, grinding the nixtamal first in one
place and then placing the metlapile down quite a bit above the original place, so that the dough remains coarse. And in the phrase Xkihlia tli:n o:kihlikeh, san
kipa:pankwi the reference is to a situation in which a messenger is told to communicate something but then delivers only part of t he message, telling perhaps only the part
he wishes to. Or finally, in the phrase san kipa:pankwi, mitsmaka tli:n kineki the situation might be that someone has asked another to borrow wood and the potential
lender picks through the pile just taking out the pieces he wants to give.
\qry Check for short vowel reduplication /papankwi/ or no reduplication at all (pankwi).
\qry_fon This is an excellent example of long vowel reduplication. A quick measure shows that the first two vowels are 143:66 and 141:68 for Florencia Marcelino, and 110:64 and
101:50 for Inocencio Jiménez.
\semref pa:pankwia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 04631
\lxam yepakilkuwtli
\lxam_c yepakilkuwtli
\lxoa yepakilkohtli
\lxoa_c yepakilkohtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e tree of the Leguminoseae family, found on lands of Ameyaltepec, with edible shoots that with the first rains emerge from the tips of its branches
\sense_s árbol de la familia Leguminoseae, localizado en los terrenos de Ameyaltepec, con retoños comestibles que con las primeras lluvias salen de las ramitas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root epa
\root kil
\root kow
\notes_nature Also known simply as yepakihli, although this shortened form is also used to refer to the edible leaves themselves. Ramírez (1991) identifies this as
quelite zorro(the literal meaning of the Nahuatl) of the family Leguminosae. There is no mention of quelite zorro in either Schoenhals
(1988) or Guizar and Sánchez (1991). However, the latter do mention a tree of the Leguminosae; faboideaefamily identified as Eysenhardtia polystachyaor,
in Spanish palo dulce; given the edible nature of the young shoots of this plant, perhaps this is the name.
\ref 04632
\lxam xa:yakatl
\lxam_c i:xa:yak
\lxoa xa:yakatl
\lxoa_c i:xa:yak
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e face (of a person or animal)
\sense_s cara; rostro (de una persona o animal)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e face, surface (of an object)
\sense_s superficie, cara (de un objeto)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root xa:yak
\qry Obviously the combination form is /xa:yaka/; and Molina gives /xayacatl/. In my notes, however, I have recorded the absolutive form as /xa:yaktli/. This should be checked as I have
heard this almost exclusively as a possessed noun. Check also other things/objects that may have a"xayak."
\ref 04633
\lxam we:wetlato:hli
\lxam_c we:wetlato:hli
\lxoa wé:wetlátó:hli
\lxoa_c wé:wetlátó:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e speech presented by a representative of the groom and his family either to request a girl's hand in marriage or to calm the anger of parents whose daughter has eloped
\sense_s discurso presentado por un representante del novio y su familia para pedir la mano de una muchacha en matrimonio o para calmar la ira de los padres de una muchacha
que se fugócon su novio
\sense_d Pending
\root we:we:
\root hto
\nae The pitch accent pattern in Oapan Nahuatl wé:wetlátó:hli is the result of two underlying syllables with {h} as coda, each of which creates pitch accent that is then
reassigned in clash avoidance (the pitch accent of wé shifts left to wé:). The third pitch accented syllable is the result of phrasal (in this case limited to the
word) intonation.
\qry_fon The pitch accent pattern on /wé:wetlátó:hli/ is interesting. Note for article.
\grm Oapan phonology: /wé:we:tlátó:hli/: Note that stress pattern and measure for article.
\ref 04634
\lxam patilia
\lxam_c kipatilia
\lxoa patilia
\lxoa_c kipatilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to exchange (sth [SO]) for (sb [PO]); to switch (sth [SO]) for (sb [PO])
\sense_s trocarle (algo [OS]) a (algn [OP]); cambiarle (algo [OS]) a (algn [OP])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chpatilih. Xonikitak, a:man yo:kwi:kak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He switched it on me. I didn't notice, now he's taken it away.
\phrase_s Me lo cambió. No lo vi, ahora ya se lo llevó.
\sense_e to replace (one part of sth for another)
\sense_s remplazar (una parte de algo para otro)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikimpapatili:s imekayowa:n noburroh, yo:isolihkeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to switch the ropes (and tether) on my burro, they have gotten worn out.
\phrase_s Le voy a cambiar los lasos y sogas a mi burro, ya se desgastaron.
\sense_e (recipr. + ika (Am) / ya (Oa) [noun]) to swap [noun]
\sense_s (recipr. + ika (Am) / ya (Oa) [sustantivo]) intercambiar [sustantivo]
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Timotlapatili:skeh ika tosombre:ros.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We will swap hats.
\phrase_s Vamos a intercambiar sombreros.
\sense_e (refl. + -wa:n) to switch or exchange places with; to miss (sb e.g., as each person departs to see the other at the same time)
\sense_s (refl + -wa:n) no encontrarse con; desencontrarse con (otra persona cuando cada uno sale a ver el otro); intercambiar lugares
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:wa:n o:timopatilih. Xo:tikitak, deke iwa:n timona:mikiskia, tikitaskia ipan otli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You missed him (i.e., you came to see him here and he went to see you there). You didn't see him, if you had run into him you would have seen him on the road.
\phrase_s No lo encontraste (esto es, lo veniste a ver yél ya se había ido a verte allí). No lo viste, si lo hubieras encontrado, lo hubieras visto en el camino.
\root pa
\qry Determine the difference between /titlapatlaskeh ika X/ and /timotlapatili:skeh ika X/, if there is one.
\xref patla
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04635
\lxam ikal chi:lpa:n
\lxam_c ikal chi:lpa:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1(N2-NP)
\sense_e wasp's nest
\sense_s panal de avispas
\sense_d Am
\sense_e design of woven palm in the shape of a wasp's nest, used on Palm Sunday
\sense_s diseño de palma tejida, que parece como el panal de avispas, para Domingo de Ramos
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xne:che:kchi:wili ikal chi:lpan, na:nkah noso:ya:w!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Weave me palm in the form of a wasp's nest, here is my palm!
\phrase_s ¡Téjeme palma en la forma de un panal de avispas, aquíestámi palma!
\ency_note so:ya:tl; Easter
\root kal
\root chi:l
\root_rel -pan
\nse In Oapan the locution i:kal chi:lpa:n is used only for a wasps nest.
\mod For /so:ya:tl/ in ono, cover all types.
\ref 04636
\lxam kakasolwa:ki
\lxam_c kakasolwa:ki
\lxoa kakasolwa:ki
\lxoa_c kakasolwa:ki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Mod-V1
\der V1-alt-ki
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to dry up and become light
\sense_s secarse y ponerse ligero
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kakasolwa:hkeh nosandiawa:n, xo:nikinkwito.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My watermelons completely dried up, I didn't go to bring them in (from the field).
\phrase_s Se secaron por completo mis sandías, no los fui a traer (de la milpa).
\phrase_n Yo:kakasolwa:k, xok yo:ltias.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's become completely dried up, it won't rejuvenate anymore (e.g., a branch of a tree that has died and dried up).
\phrase_s Se ha secado por completo, ya no va a reverdecer (p. ej., una rama de unárbol que se secóy se murió).
\phrase_n Yo:mik, xakah o:kitak, sampa o:kakasolwa:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He died and no one saw him, he just dried up to nothing right there (where he had fallen).
\phrase_s Se murióy nadie lo vió, nada más se secóy marchitóallímismo (donde se cayómuerto).
\root kasol
\root wa:
\nse The difference between kakasoliwi and kakasolwa:ki is not altogether clear. Kakasolwa:ki is often used to refer to watermelon or
squash that gets left in the field and, instead of rotting, dries and shrivels up, becoming very light. It may also refer to these same fruits that are picked and left a long time in ones
house. Squash, people say, is good for about three months before pe:wa kakasolwa:ki 'it begins to dry up.' Apparently kakasolwa:ki includes a
specific reference to lightness being the result of drying, which kakasoliwi does not.
\qry As with other entries beginning with /kakasol.../ check etymology. Check to see if transitive form exists. Check difference with /pili:ni/ and also cognates in Tetelcingo and Ozomatlán
to determine whetherfirst /o/ is the result of vowel harmony. On one file card I have the phrase /kakasolwa:kis/ 'se va a demacrar.' Check to determine whether this verb can be used
with human subjects. I had a note stating that"In Oapan the cognate form is kosolwa:ki , which refers to a green plant which drys from not being watered."However, I
do not have /kosolwa:ki/ in the database. This should be checked.
\mod Determine differences between /pili:ni/, /kakasoliwi/, /kakasolwa:ki/, and any other words that may reflect similar events.
\semref kakasoliwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04637
\lxam pitsa:wi
\lxam_c pitsa:wi
\lxoa pitsa:wi
\lxoa_c pitsa:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\trans Compl
\sense_e to become thin (sth long, like a strap of leather, a rope, etc.)
\sense_s adelgazarse (algo largo, como un tirante, un laso, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmopilo, ma pitsa:wi nola:soh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pull down hard so that my rope becomes thinner (from the force of having it pulled on)!
\phrase_s ¡Jálale fuerte, que se haga más delgado mi laso (por haber sido jalado)!
\root pitsa:
\ref 04638
\lxam sepatsi:n
\lxam_c sepatsi:n
\lxoa sápatsí:n
\lxoa_c sápatsí:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-tm-tsi:n
\pitch yes
\sense_e once; one time
\sense_s una vez
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San sepatsi:n o:nyeka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I only went once.
\phrase_s Fui solamente una vez.
\root sepa
\nae In Oapan Nahuatl all words that in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl contain sepa have pitch accent. The reason for this is not entirely clear, but it might have something to do
with the double consonant found in other dialects (e.g., Classical ceppa) in which the initial /p/ was realized as [h] that then feeds into a rule assigning pitch accent from
underlying {h}.
\qry Check to see if words like /sepa/, /sepan/, etc. are entered. Perhaps cross-reference all in one disambiguating entry.
\qry_fon The reason for the pitch accent in Oapan is not clear.
\qry_h Check for /h/.
\ref 04639
\lxam deke
\lxam_c deke tikneki
\lxoa deki
\lxoa_alt deke
\lxoa_alt diki
\lxoa_alt di
\lxoa_c deke kinekis, deki kinekis
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan de que
\psm Subord
\der Subord-loan
\sense_e if; in the event that
\sense_s si; en caso de que
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Deki niá:s, timitsompale:wi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If I go, I will help you.
\phrase_s Si voy, alláte ayudaré.
\phrase_n Xo:nonekw deke o:tlamiktih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It didn't smell as if he had slaughtered an animal.
\phrase_s No olía como si hubiera sacrificado un animal.
\phrase_n Xnikmati deke niá:s.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I don't know if I'm going to go.
\phrase_s No sési voy a ir.
\sense_e ( + [verb in perfective]) once [verb]; after [verb]
\sense_s ( + [verbo en perfectivo]) una vez que [verbo]; después de [verbo]
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Deke yo:titlakwah, tia:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Once (after) you have eaten, we will go.
\phrase_s Una vez que has comido (después de que has comido), vamos a ir.
\mod Check use from taped conversations. Switch the sentence from dya: to this.
\vl Note that there are 4 tokens of /deke kinekis/ (to be tagged as 4639) followed by four tokens of /deke:n/ or some similar form (which should also be tagged also as 04639).
But the linked element to the lexical entry should be /deke kinekis/, one female and one male token.
\ref 04640
\lxam ko:skatl
\lxam_c ko:skatl
\lxoa ko:skatl
\lxoa_c ko:skatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e necklace (of a person)
\sense_s collar (de una persona)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) necklace (e.g., painted on a ceramic or similar object)
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) collar (p. ej., pintado sobre una cerámica u objeto similar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia iko:skayo, kwaltsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has its necklace (in this case a ceramic canteen painted as a woman), it is pretty.
\phrase_s Tiene su collar (en este caso una cantimplora pintada como una mujer), es bonita.
\root ko:s
\nae The two villages manifest slightly different possessed forms for alienable possession. In Ameyaltepec the final stem vowel /a/ is retained in the possessed form (i.e.,
i:ko:skaw), in Oapan the possessed form loses the stem-final vowel (i.e., noko:s). The intrinsically possessed form with -yo is rare, but has
been documented in reference to a necklace painted on a ceramic canteen. This usage fits in well with an analysis of -yo as representing a part/whole relationship.
\grm Possession with /-yo/: The use of /-yo/ is much more complex than most of the literature on the subject for Nahuatl. The present case, /Kipia iko:skayo, kwaltsi:n/ reveals this
complicated relation. The previous phrase ('it has its necklace, it is pretty') was uttered by Marcelo Venancio when looking at a ceramic canteen in the book The Amate
Tradition. The utterance was spontaneous and was probably not previously part of the lexicon of the area. That is, there is no word /ko:skayo:tl/, or anything similar.
Indeed, I only heard this possessed form of /ko:skatl/ with /-yo/ once during five years in the region. The reason it is used is clear: the necklace is fully integrated (as
painted on) in the ceramic. Although it is not a necessary part of the ceramic and if it could be erased the canteen would still be a canteen (and probably the female image
would still be a female image, since there are still many other accouterments that would so identify it). In this sense the use of /-yo/ here differs from that inaconstruction
such as /ikahlo/ 'its roof' since a house would not be a house without a roof, and therefore a roof is an integral part of the house. NOTE: the nature of lexical semantics
should be studied to determine the different aspects of part-whole relations, etc.
\ref 04641
\lxam chi:patla:wa
\lxam_c kichi:patla:wa
\lxoa chi:patla:wa
\lxoa_c kichi:patla:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp PM-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to cut a long, wide swath in; to clear a large area (in the woods)
\sense_s hacer una larga y ancha franja en; limpiar un claro (en un bosque)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:titlako:lo:to. Mo:nteh katka, a:man yo:noka:w sa: tlapatla:hko, we:i o:tikchi:ipatla:w un kowyoh katka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You went to clear the land. It was forest, now it's become nothing more than a wide clearing, you cleared a wide swath in what was once an area full of trees.
\phrase_s Fuiste a desmontar. Era monte, ahora no quedómás que un ancho claro, abriste una franja en un lugar donde había muchosárboles.
\root chi:
\root patla:
\mod Add entry for /chi:patla:wi/. Also check for other uses.
\ref 04642
\lxam tlachikipe:lotok
\lxam_c tlachikipe:lotok
\lxoa tlachikipé:lotók
\lxoa_alt tlaxikipé:lotók
\lxoa_pr tlaxikipe:lotok
\lxoa_c tlachikipé:lotók
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der (tla-V2)-Stat
\infv Durative
\pitch yes
\sense_e to be (sitting or lying down) with ones legs spread out or open
\sense_s estar (sentado o acostado) con las piernas abiertas
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body position
\root chiki
\root pe:l
\nae The stative tlachikipe:lotok derives from a lexicalized meaning of tlachikipe:lowa as 'to open ones legs,' i.e., the transitive verb
chikipe:lowa preceded by the nonspecific object marker tla- which here has the understood meaning of 'ones legs/body.' The resulting verb is thereby
detransitivized and with the durative element -tok acquires a stative, not progressive, meaning. Note the alternation in Oapan between chiki and
xiki. Apparently the latter is more common. Finally, the Oapan term is frequently reduplicated, e.g., tlá:xikipé:lotók.
\vl There are 4 additional tokens of the Oa word from 06256. These should also be tagged with 4642.
\grm Statives; I think that perhaps statives/resultatives can be divided into teh followin main classes: 1) those derived from intransitive verbs that exist in the lexicon: /koto:ntok/;
2) those derived from intransitive verbs that have not been documented (e.g., /kweptok/); and 3) those derived from intransitive verbs that are detransitivized transitives (as
in the present case). Note that this yields 3 patterns for the der field: V1-Stat; *V1-Stat; and (tla-V2)-Stat. This should be standardized.
\semref ikxitlapo:wtok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 04643
\lxam komekatl
\lxam_c komekatl
\lxoa kohmekatl
\lxoa_c kohmekatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound S-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e vine (generic term)
\sense_s bejucco (término genérico)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) vine (of certain plants such as watermelon, melon, squash, etc.)
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) enredadera de ciertas plantas (sandía, melón, calabaza)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n S:andiah kipia ikomekayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Watermelon grows on (lit. 'has') a vine.
\phrase_s Sandía crece sobre (lit. 'tiene') un bejucco.
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) lineaje (either ones ancestors or descendants, i.e., lineal relatives)
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) lineaje (tanto los antepasados o ancestros como los descendientes de uno, esto es, los parientes lineales)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n De umpa wa:hle:wa komekatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The ancestors (of a given person) are from there.
\phrase_s Los antepasados (de una persona en particular) vienen de allá.
\phrase_n Ne: Sá:n Juan, pa wa:le:wtok nonelwayo -=pa wa:le:wtok nelwatl-. Umpa nikomekatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My roots are in San Juan, that's where my ancestors come from. I am an offshoot (descendant) from there.
\phrase_s Alláen san Juan, de alláviene mis antepasados (mis raíces). De allásoy un retoño (descendiente).
\phrase_n Newa nokomekayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There are my offspring (or ancestors).
\phrase_s Son descendientes (o antepasados) míos.
\phrase_n Newa nonelwayo, newa nokomekayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is my root, he is my vine (said of ones child who has gone to live in another pueblo).
\phrase_s Es mi raíz, es mi tallo (se dice del hijo de uno que ha ido a vivir en otro pueblo).
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\ency_note botany: komekatl
\root ko
\root me:ka
\notes_nature According to Luis Lucena there exist the following types of komekatl : to:to:xo:chikomekatl , komalakawistli , a:jos
komekatl (a type of vine that smells like ajos), ikuh chichi , nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl , and ikomekayo sa:ndiah
(meló:n :, etc.).
\ref 04644
\lxam xo:chioh
\lxam_c xo:chioh
\lxoa xo:chioh
\lxoa_c xo:chioh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-h/wa/tia
\trans Compl
\sense_e to have flowers; to be covered with flowers (e.g., a design pattern on fabric, etc.)
\sense_s tener flores; estar cubierto de flores (p. ej., un diseño sobre tela, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (tlake:ntli de ~) flowered cloth; cloth with a flower pattern (in Oapan the reduplicated xo:xo:chyoh is often used)
\sense_s (tlake:ntli de ~) tela floreada; tela con un diseño de flores (en Oapan a menudo la forma reduplicada xo:xo:chyoh se utiliza)
\sense_d Pending
\root xo:chi
\disamb tlake:ntli (perhaps divide into men's and women's clothing; technology of; patterns of cloth).
\qry Get other uses of /xo:chioh/, can it refer simply to an area covered by flowers, etc.
\ref 04645
\lxam te:yekatlanono:chilike:tl
\lxam_c te:yekatlanono:chilike:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e see te:yekanono:chilike:tl
\sense_s véase te:yekanono:chilike:tl
\sense_d Pending
\fla te:ye:kanono:chilike:tl
\root e:ka
\root no:tsa
\qry Determine which is more common: /te:yekatlanono:chilike:tl/ or /te:yekanono:chilike:tl/.
\vl The tokens here for Oapan, /té:yeyé:kano:chíliké:tl/ should be tagged with #00542. One of these present tokens (from 4645) should be the ones linked to the 542 entry.
\ref 04646
\lxam cho:kwitl
\lxam_alt cho:kwi:tl
\lxam_c cho:kwitl
\lxoa cho:kwi:tl
\lxoa_c cho:kwi:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-0
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e cheapskate; miser
\sense_s codo; mezquino
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Cho:kwitl, kicho:kilia itomi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's a cheapskate, he cries after his money.
\phrase_s Es mezquino, le llora a su dinero.
\sense_e cry-baby
\sense_s llorón
\sense_d Oa
\root cho:ka
\root kwi
\nse Cho:kwi:tl refers to a person who although rich cries after his money (kicho:ki:lia i:tomin) and doesn't want to spend it on anything. The etimology
of this form is uncertain, although the long /i:/ suggests the possibility of a derivation related to kwi.
\nae The length of the final vowel in cho:kwi:tl is uncertain. In the plural, cho:kwi:meh it seems definitely long, but before the absolutive it is hard
to determine the length of the /i/. It appears that in Ameyaltepec it is short (at least in the pronunciation of Inocencio Díaz) whereas in Oapan it is long.
\qry Check dif. between this word and /cho:kwitla/.
\vl Check vowel length. Originally in my notes (both Am filecards and Oa documentation of sound recordings) I had a long vowel /cho:kwi:tl/. I have maintained this even
though /cho:kwitla/, which is perhaps related, has a short vowel in this position. Check all forms.
\semref cho:kwitla
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tla:kacho:kwi:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04647
\lxam tla:lba:yoh
\lxam_c tla:lba:yoh
\lxoa tla:lba:yoh
\lxoa_c tla:lba:yoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) bayo
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e light, yellowish soil found near the river and that is noted for being poorly suited for agriculture given that it does not hold water
\sense_s suelo algo amarilloso y de un color ligero que se encuentra por la orilla del río y se considera de baja calidad dado que no retiene agua
\sense_d Pending
\semfld soil
\root tla:l
\qry Check color known as /bayo/; in Spanish this is a light, cream-colored tint, used particularly in referring to the color of horses and hair.
\ref 04648
\lxam da:le te:h
\lxam_c da:le te:h
\lxoa á:ndaleh téh
\lxoa_c á:ndaleh téh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan ándale
\psm Interj
\der Interj
\sense_e OK then; get with it
\sense_s ándale pues
\sense_d Pending
\qry Check final /h/ in /teh/, which appears to be variable. This is the same as /dale téh/ and entry under this latter should be checked, and gloss from /dale téh/ entered here for /andale
téh/.
\vl Link first female token and last (3rd) male token.
\ref 04649
\lxam Si:tlalkrus
\lxam_c Si:tlalkrus
\lxoa Si:tlalkoros
\lxoa_alt Si:talkoros, Si:tlalkrós
\lxoa_c Si:talkoros, Si:tlalkrós
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan cruz
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e constellation of stars, apparently the Southern Cross
\sense_s constelación de estrellas, aparentemente la Cruz del sur
\sense_d Pending
\semfld -es
\ency_note si:tlalin
\nae The pronunciation by Florencia Marcelino (Oa) of si:talkoros is constant across her pronuncation of the Nahuatl word for 'star' (other speakers consistently give
si:tlalin with the lateral release whereas she consistently gives si:talin with the absence of the lateral release.
\vl Link the first female token (/si:talkoros/ and the final male token).
\root si:tlal
\ref 04650
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This has been removed as a duplicate of /chia:wak chapolin/
\dt 17/Jun/2003
\ref 04651
\lxam o:ntetsi:n
\lxam_c o:ntetsi:n
\lxoa ó:ntetsí:n
\lxoa_c ó:ntetsí:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Num
\der Adj-num
\sense_e (san ~) just two
\sense_s (san ~) sólo dos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkukwalatsa monexko:n, mo:stla tihkwa:skeh ma:s san o:ntetsi:n tamahli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Bring your pot of nextamahli to a rapid boil, tomorrow we're going to a couple of tamales!
\phrase_s Haz hervir bien tu olla de nixtamal, mañana vamos a comer aunque sea nada más dos tamales.
\disamb o:me; o:ntetl (or o:ntetsi:n)
\root o:me
\root te
\nse Although in the analysis of sentetl it was suggested that the numerical form ending in -tetl is a predicate and not a modifier, the present example with
o:ntetsi:n demonstrates that such forms can also be modifiers. Thus the syntactic or semantic difference between o:me and o:ntetl and
between se: and sentetl is still not completely clear.
\qry Determine the difference between /o:ntetl/ and /o:me/. Check whether Oapan has /saó:ntetsí:n/ or /sanó:ntetsí:n/. If n>0 is correct, then the former should be the case.
\qry_fon Try to determine the motive / basis for pitch accent
\qry_h Get SJ form to see if there is an /h/ that could be the motive for Oapan p-a.
\grm Numbers: Although in the analysis of sentetl it was suggested that the numerical form ending in -tetl is a predicate and not a modifier, the
present example with o:ntetsi:n demonstrates that such forms can also be modifiers. Thus the syntactic or semantic difference between o:me
and o:ntetl and between se: and sentetl is still not completely clear.
\semref sentetl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04652
\lxam kwe:pani
\lxam_c kwe:pani
\lxoa kwe:pani
\lxoa_c kwe:pani
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-PM
\der PM
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e skirt that is worn over a slip (ista:hkwe:tli)
\sense_s falda que se pone sobre el corpino (ista:hkwe:tli)
\sense_d Pending
\ency_note clothes
\root kwe:
\root pani
\nae The question of whether or not this lexeme, as well as tlake:npani , should be written as one or two words is not easily decided There seems to be no conclusive
evidence either way, though a single-word orthography might be more heuristic.
\vl Link first male token.
\semref tlake:npani
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04653
\lxam te:nsa:liwtok
\lxam_c te:nsa:liwtok
\lxoa te:nsa:lihtok
\lxoa_c te:nsa:lihtok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\compound N-Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to have a cloth covering around the mouth and chin
\sense_s tener una tela protectora amarrada o colocada por la boca y mentón
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:timote:ntsotsoloh, xok tite:nsa:liwtok -=tite:ntlapachiwtok-.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You took the covering off the lower part of your face (e.g., in becoming cured of a particular problem or disease), you no longer have your mouth and chin covered by
cloth.
\phrase_s Te descubriste la parte inferior de la cara (esto es, al aliviarse de un problema médico en particular), ya no estás con una tela sobre la boca y mentón.
\root te:n
\root sa:l
\vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens, or, check later tokens recorded at 5189 and decide if these are better.
\ref 04654
\lxam tlasektli
\lxam_c tlasektli
\lxoa tlásehtlí
\lxoa_c tlásehtlí
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(k)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e something (such as guaje seeds, chile, etc.) that has been dry roasted on top of a griddle
\sense_s algo (como guajes, chile, etc.) que ha sido tostado sobre un comal
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Chi:hli de tlasektli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is chile that has been roasted on a hot griddle (e.g., chile huajillo).
\phrase_s Es chile que ha sido tostado sobre un comal caliente (p. ej., chile huajillo).
\root hseki
\ref 04655
\lxam tla:lki:sa
\lxam_c tla:lki:sa
\lxoa tla:lki:sa
\lxoa_c tla:lki:sa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to have the dirt come off ones body
\sense_s quitarse la tierra y mugre que estásobre el cuerpo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xo:nitla:lki:s, san o:nikxitemo:motsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e All the dirt didn't come off, I was left with a crackled layer of dirt on my legs.
\phrase_s No se me quitótoda la tierra, se me quedaron las piernas con una capa resquebrada de mugre.
\root tla:l
\root ki:sa
\nae The incorporation of tla:l in effect represents a case of"possessor raising,"in that the dirt is on the body of (and in a sense possessed by) the subject of the compound.
\qry Here at one time I had /cfa kohtla:lki:xtia, but I did not have an entry for /kohtla:lki:xtia/. Given this I have removed the /cfa and just added this query, to check with native speakers
for /kohtla:lki:xtia/ at some time in the future.
\ref 04656
\lxam xo:pi:ltik
\lxam_c xo:pi:ltik
\lxoa xo:pi:ltik
\lxoa_c xo:pi:ltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e ovaloide; with the sides pushed in and perhaps bent slightly up (e.g., a bowl or comal that improperly dries and has its edges come up and in, a fishing net
poorly thrown, a hat with its brim pushed up, etc.)
\sense_s ovaldo; tener los lados metidos y quizáalgo alzados (p. ej., un plato hondo o comal que no se seca bien y se comba, una red de pescar mal aventada, un sombrero tener sus
alas empujadas y algo subidas)
\sense_d Pending
\root xo:pi:l
\qry Directly compare this to /xopihli/ 'spoon'.
\vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens.
\ref 04657
\lxam akestetla:lia
\lxam_c *kakestetla:lia
\lxoa ákéstetlá:lia
\lxoa_alt ákístetlá:lia
\lxoa_pr akestetla:lia
\lxoa_c kákéstetlá:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp PM-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to prop up the head of (sb or sth with a"head,"figuratively speaking)
\sense_s apoyarle la cabeza a (algn o algo con una"cabeza", en sentido figurativo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chakestla:lih. Nakestoya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He propped up my head (e.g., with a pillow). I was lying face-up on my back.
\phrase_s Me apoyóla cabeza (p. ej., con una almohada). Estaba acostado boca arriba.
\phrase_n Xkakestla:li, kichi:was xi:nis tli:n pakah itik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Prop it up (e.g., a bottle or water jug), otherwise what is inside might spill out.
\phrase_s Recárgalo en posición más vertical (p. ej., una botella o cántaro), a lo mejor se va a tirar lo que tiene adentro.
\sense_e to place face up (e.g., a bucket, basket, etc. that was upside down or on its side)
\sense_s poner boca arriba (p. ej., una cubeta, canasta, etc, que estaba boca abajo)
\sense_d Oa
\root ah
\root ketsa
\root tla:l
\nse According to Cristino Flores in Ameyaltepec the form akestete:ka is used, not ? akestetla:lia. Nevertheless, given that the latter was previously
documented in Ameyaltepec it has not been removed, pending further analysis.
\nae The etymology of this word is unclear. Words with tetla:lia are not uncommon (e.g., xoto:ntetla:lia) and it would seem that intensifier te-
has been lexicalized in combinatory forms of tla:lia. But it also appears that Oapan Nahuatl has two pitch accented syllables at the beginning of the word. This
might be an error in my transcription and it should be checked. One pitch accent would apparently derive from underlying {h} of {ah}, referring to 'upward'. The other is not easily
explained.
\qry Check vowel length of first /a/ in /akestok/ and /akestla:lia/. Sometimes had been recorded long. Also, cf. and explain the difference between /akestla:lia/ and /akestete:ka/.
\qry_fon Check pitch accent in Oapan form: The etymology of this word is unclear. Words with tetla:lia are not uncommon (e.g., xoto:ntetla:lia) and
it would seem that intensifier te- has been lexicalized in combinatory forms of tla:lia. But it also appears that Oapan Nahuatl has two pitch
accented syllables at the beginning of the word. This might be an error in my transcription and it should be checked. One pitch accent would apparently derive from
underlying {h} of {ah}, referring to 'upward'. The other is not easily explained.
\qry_h Check /akestetla:lia/. Oapan has two pitch accented syllables (plus the word intonation high pitch).
\vl I hear Florencia as /kákéstetlá:lia/ and Inocencio with a higher vowel /kákístetlá:lia/. Hence the different forms (let me know what you hear).
\ref 04658
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for /tlasema:nki/. However, this is probably not acceptable. Recheck when possible, but I do not remember hearing it.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\ref 04659
\lxam pe:wia
\lxam_c kipe:wia
\lxoa pe:wia
\lxoa_f [pe: 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kipe:wia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi(a)
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (often with a directional prefix) to scare away (an animal or group of animals, particularly with a shout or by throwing an object)
\sense_s (a menudo con un prefijo direccional) espantar; hacer huir; ahuyentar (un animal o grupo de animales, particularmente al espantarlos con un grito u objeto tirado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kwa:lpe:wi:to.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He went to chase it (an animal) over this way.
\phrase_s Fue a ahuyentarlo (un animal) hacia acá.
\root pe:wa
\nse The intransitive verb pe:wia differs in meaning and use from the detransitivized tlape:wia. The former is used to indicate the chasing away of an animal,
for example one that is trying to enter into a kitchen, irrigated garden, etc. Tlape:wia , on the other hand, is used to indicate the action of hurrying up an animal (in
Spanish, arrear). The referent may be evident from context. Thus when one person shouts to another, both riding on their respective animals, '
Xtlape:wi! , it is evident that the animal to be hurried along is the one being riden by the addressee.
\nae It is unclear whether this should be considered a basic verb or the transitive member of nondirected alternation. FK notes that in Classical Nahuatl the intransitive pe:wa
with the directional prefix on- means 'to go forth, to depart, to take ones leave.' However, to date an intransitive form such as ompe:wa 'to depart'
(or even wa:lpe:wa 'to depart toward here') has not been documented in either Ameyaltepec or Oapan. Nevertheless, it would not be much of a stretch to relate
a transitive form ending in -wia to a meaning such as 'to drive along' or 'to scare away' derived from intransitive pe:wa with the sense of 'to depart.' Even so,
for now the verb pe:wia has been provisionally categorized as manifesting nondirected alternation.
\nde Tetelcingo, Morelos has pe:hua with the same sense of arrear as Balsas region pe:wia /.
\mod See Gram 1984-04-27.1 for notes on this verb. Note also the question of how to analysis/categorize these verbs. I have decided for now to consider this part of nondirected
alternation.
\grm Directionals: /O:kwa:lpe:wi:to/ 'He went to chase it (an animal) over this way.' Note that this is an unusual case in which two directionals are included on one verb. One, the
prefix, relates to object movement; the other, the suffix, relates to subject (and"purposive") movement. In a sense, then, the directional prefix /wa:l-/ may be considered
somewhat fused to the verb, much as occurs with /one:wa/ (cf. /one:wi:tia/)
\xref tlape:wia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref pe:wilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04660
\lxam to:ktok
\lxam_c to:ktok
\lxoa to:htok
\lxoa_c to:htok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be buried (e.g., a corpse, money hidden in the ground, etc.)
\sense_s estar enterrado (p. ej., un cadaver, dinero escondido bajo la tierra, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kixo:chite:nkeh ka:n to:ktok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They placed flowers over the grave.
\phrase_s Le colocaron flores sobre donde estáenterrado.
\root to:ka
\qry Check the difference between /to:ktok/, /to:katok/ and /tlato:ktli/, if all exist. Check whether /noto:ktok/ is acceptable.
\ref 04661
\lxam i:xte:nka:la:tl
\lxam_c i:xte:nka:la:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of eyelashes that have black roots
\sense_s tipo de pestañas con raices negras
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Segi:dos ti:xte:nkekexkia. Tikpia i:xte:nka:la:tl, ma mitskokopi:nili:ka:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your eyes are always itching. You have i:xte:nka:la:tl. Let them (sb) pull them out!
\phrase_s Siempre se te escocen los ojos. Tienes i:xte:nka:la:tl.¡Quéte los arranquen!
\phrase_n Xne:chkopi:nili ni:xte:nka:la:w! Mláni:xte:nkekexkia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pull out my i:xte:nka:la:tl ! My eyes really itch.
\phrase_s ¡Arráncame los i:xte:nka:la:tl ! De veras se me escocen los ojos.
\ency_note perhaps a text on this.
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root ka:la:
\nse This word reflects a belief that certain eyelashes are i:xte:nka:la:tl, tsi:ntlitli:ltiktsitsi:nteh , i.e., that these eyelashes have black roots. Some say that the roots of these
eyelashes are shaped like little shoes tsi:nsapati:tos (feet-like roots) and that the i:xte:nka:latl cause itching and should be pulled out by someone who
can identify and recognize them, something not many people can do. One person said that one can get these i:xte:nka:la:tl when one is ill.
\qry Recheck definition and, particularly, vowel length as derivation from /kalaki/ may be possible. The final sequence /a:tl/ is unusual.
\ref 04662
\lxam a:po:ktli
\lxam_c a:po:ktli
\lxoa a:po:htli
\lxoa_c a:po:htli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e driving rain and mist (particularly in reference to the smokelike mist of rainwater that precedes a tempest)
\sense_s aguaviento (particularlmente en referencia a la brizna de lluvia que precede una tempestad)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wa:hlaw chika:wak a:tl, a:sta ika a:po:ktli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A strong storm is coming, it's so bad it's bringing along a driving rain and mist.
\phrase_s Se viene una lluvia fuerte, hasta trae consigo un aguaviento.
\phrase_n Asta ika a:po:ktli wa:hlaw kiawtli
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The rain is coming along with a driving rain and mist.
\phrase_s La lluvia viene hasta trayendo consigo un aguaviento.
\root a:
\root po:ka
\mod Here as elsewhere, check /astah/ and correct as necessary (i.e., in regard to vowel length or final /h/).
\ref 04663
\lxam mako:pi:lowa
\lxam_c kima:ko:pi:lowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to bunch together the branches of (e.g., tepe:tomatl)
\sense_s juntar en un montón las ramas de (p. ej., de una planta de tepe:tomatl)
\sense_d Am
\root ma:
\root ko:pi:l
\root pil
\qry I originally had an entry /mapilowa/ as 'to point one finger at'; but this appears to be in error.
\qry Vowel length uncertain. See the note with /mapi:lwia/ in which it is said that although /mapihli/ has a short vowel, /mapi:lwia/ has been found to have a long vowel (actually, this
should be checked once all the sound files are complete).
\ref 04664
\lxam kwa:kokoloxtik
\lxam_c kwa:kokoloxtik
\lxoa kwá:kokolóxtik
\lxoa_c kwá:kokolóxtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be curly-haired
\sense_s ser chino; tener el cabello enrizado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tikwa:kokoloxtik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are curly-haired.
\phrase_s Eres chino.
\phrase_n Kwa:k timoxi:ma petse:wi motsontekon. Xok tikwa:kokoloxtik. Pero kwa:k nowapa:wa, sepa pe:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When you get your hair cut head becomes smooth (as the hair that is left is short and straight). You no longer have curly hair. But when it starts to grow back, once again it
starts (to get curly).
\phrase_s Cuando te cortas el pelo te queda lisa la cabeza (porque el pelo que se queda es corto y derecho). Ya no tienes rizos. Pero cuando crezca, otra vez empieza (a salir los
rizos).
\root kwa:
\root koloch
\vl Link 1st male token.
\ref 04665
\lxam to:natia
\lxam_c to:natia
\lxoa to:natia
\lxoa_c to:natia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\der V0-d-tia
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\semfld weather
\sense_e for there to be sunshine and a strong sun; for the sun to clearly appear
\sense_s hacer sol (que brilla y pega, haciendo calor)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Moxpachiwtoya to:nahli, a:man yo:chaya:w moxtli, yo:to:natiak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sun was covered by clouds, now the clouds have dispersed, the sun has come out and shone.
\phrase_s El sol estaba tapado por nubes, ahora se han dispersado las nubes, ya se hizo sol.
\phrase_n To:natia nika:n kalitik pa:mpa o:isoliw nokal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is sunshine here inside the house because my house (i.e., the roof) has gotten worn out.
\phrase_s Hace sol aquídentro de la casa porque mi casa (esto es, su techo) se ha desgastado.
\root to:na
\qry Check inflection.
\grm Verbalization with /-tia/.
\semref to:nati
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04666
\lxam tewila:na
\lxam_c kitewila:na
\lxoa tewila:na
\lxoa_c kitewila:na
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. prefix te-
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to drag along the ground (e.g., a log with a donkey or mule, a rope as one carelessly walks, etc.)
\sense_s jalar o arrastrar por el suelo (p. ej., un tronco por una mula o burro, un laso al caminar sin cuidado, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Notewila:na komaxahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The horcón is being dragged along the ground.
\phrase_s El horcón estásiendo arrastrado por el suelo.
\phrase_n Kwa:ltewila:ntiw wistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is dragging thorns along toward here (in this case a bunch of thorn branches that cannot be carried).
\phrase_s Viene arrastrando púas hacia acá(en este caso ramas de espinas que no se pueden cargar).
\sense_e to pull along (e.g., a person who is reluctant to go)
\sense_s jalar (p. ej., a una persona sin ganas de ir)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkasi noburroh! Xkwa:ltewila:ntiw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Grab my donkey (by its tether)! Pull it along in this direction!
\phrase_s ¡Agarra mi burro (por su mecate)!¡Jálalo hacia acá!
\sense_e to stretch (items made of material such as rubber, stretchy cloth, etc.); to pull
\sense_s estirar (objetos hechos de material como el hule, cierto tipo de tela, etc.); jalar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wel notewi:lana.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (in this case a slingshot) can be stretched.
\phrase_s Se puede estirar (en este caso un resorte para tirar).
\sense_e to take down or off (e.g., sth hanging high up on a hook, nail, etc.)
\sense_s bajar; tomar (p. ej., algo colgado alto por un gancho, clavo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkontewi:lana! Ne:nkah, ne: pilkatok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Reach over and take it down! It's over there, it's hanging over there.
\phrase_s ¡Extiéndate para bajarlo! Allíestá, alláestácolgado.
\sense_e (with the directional prefix wa:l-) to pull over toward oneself (e.g., to pull a chair over toward oneself to sit on); to take (for oneself)
\sense_s (con el prefijo direccional wa:l-) jalar hacia uno mismo; acercar (algo) a uno (p. ej., jalar una silla para asentarse); tomar (por si mismo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwa:ltewila:na!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Reach over and take this (sth that one is handing over to another person)!
\phrase_s ¡Agarra este (algo que uno estáofreciendo o dando a otro)!
\sense_e (refl.) to grow along the ground (a plant or vine)
\sense_s (refl.) crecer cerca o pegado al suelo (una planta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w notewila:na ma:yokil.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The vines of your squash plants have started to grow out along the ground.
\phrase_s Las hojas de tu calabaza han empezado a crecer sobre la tierra.
\disamb koyo:tsa; tewila:na; tila:na
\root wila:
\qry In reference to the meaning of 'to drag along the ground,' cf. the difference between /(te)koyo:tsa/, /tewila:na/. Check to see if /wila:na/ is correct as well as /techwila:na/, which is
mentioned on one notecard.
\vl Link 2nd male token.
\xref tewila:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04667
\lxam koyo:cho:ka
\lxam_c koyo:cho:ka
\lxoa koyo:cho:ka
\lxoa_c koyo:cho:ka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to howl like a coyote
\sense_s aullar como coyote
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Koyo:cho:ka motskwi:n pa:mpa miste:tsa:wia. Timikis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your dog is howling like a coyote because he has an evil foreboding about you. You will die.
\phrase_s Tu perro aulla como coyote porque te tiene un mal agüero. te vas a morir.
\semfld sound-animal
\root koyo:-2-; cho:ka
\qry Get a list of all mal agueros, tetsawtli.
\ref 04668
\lxam kabaye:roh
\lxam_c kabaye:roh
\lxoa kabaye:roh
\lxoa_c kabaye:roh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan caballero
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1; Gender
\sense_e aperson who has two senses (tlamachilistli), one within his or her body on earth and the other in the heavens; this person is said to have certain powers,
particularly concerned with finding water. Occasionally the kabaye:ros fight and one is thrown down from the heavens and killed. This is seen as a bright
meteor and is taken to indicate that the corporeal manifestation, the earthly body, will also die.
\sense_s una persona que tiene dos"sentidos"(tlamachilistli), uno en su cuerpo corporeal sobre la tierra y el otro en el cielo; se dice que esta persona tiene ciertos
poderes, en particular algunos asociados con encontrar agua. ocasionalmente los kabaye:ros se pelean y uno es aventado hacia la tierra y matado. Esto se
ve con una brillante estrella fugaz que se entiende como el kabaye:roh que se cae e indica que que la manifestación corporeal se va a morir.
\sense_d Pending
\ency_note obtain texts.
\nse A woman notes that her child will be a kabaye:roh when she is pregnant and wakes up at night to find her womb empty. She must return to sleep and the child will
return, but will by that time have acquired another sense (tlamachilistli) above in the sky (chikna:wtipan). A kabaye:roh is so called, I
believe, because of the idea is that the meteor represents a person on a horse. Note also that Saint James is called"Santiago Caballero,"indicating again the definite association of a
horseman with a warrior. Kabaye:ros are said to be powerful and dangerous, although often helpful. One story was told to me by someone who had once gone
walking with a kabaye:roh in the sierra. The two ran out of water and the kabaye:roh turned over a rock, under which was water, in a place where
according to the person relating the story there had never been water. Another friend told me of someone who was a kabaye:roh who had once opene d up his
hand; in his palm was a tiny"pool"of water with a small fish swimming in it. In Ameyaltepec one priest was said to have been a kabaye:roh and have helped that it
rained when needed. Finally, note that a falling meteor is the tlamachilistli of a kabaye:roh who has been struck by others and falls to earth. When a
meteor is seen, therefore, it means that on the earth the kabaye:roh , i.e., the other tlamachilistli , will die.
\qry A kabaye:roh is so called, I believe, because of the idea is that the meteor represents a person on a horse. This should be checked although I do believe that there is
a definite relationship to a horse ("caballo").
\mod Perhaps in an appendix a text on this should be added, in Nahuatl with translation into English and Spanish.
\ref 04669
\lxam kokó:k
\lxam_c kokó:k
\lxoa koko:k
\lxoa_c koko:k
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e spicy; hot (in terms of spicy)
\sense_s picoso
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Koko:k chi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The chile is hot.
\phrase_s El chile pica.
\root koko:
\qry Recheck to make sure final syllable is not accented as I have entered it without accent.
\qry_fon One question that needs to be resolved is the nature of what seem to be vowels with overly long durations. One example might be the present case. Florencia's vowels are
172 and 159 ms; Inocencio's are much less, 136 and 115. These are very approximate measurements.
\vl Florencia first says /ko:koh/. As I'm not completely sure where this should be tagged (it is probably 1643), just tag it with an advanced number (e.g., 99995_OF1a) for later
sorting, etc.
\ref 04670
\lxam tlatla:katl
\lxam_c tlatla:katl
\lxoa tlátlá:katl
\lxoa_c í:tlatlá:kaw
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e scarecrow (Oapan equivalent: tlá:mohti:ló:ni)
\sense_s espantapájaros (equivalente de Oapan: tlá:mohti:ló:ni)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e woman who is masculine (in terms of voice, strength, activities, etc.)
\sense_s mujer que tiene características de hombre (en términos de voz, fuerza, actividades, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld material
\root tla:ka
\nse Both Ameyaltepec and Oapan use short vowel reduplication to signify a metaphoric extension of the base noun tla:katl'man.' In Ameyaltepec the extension is
into the domain of make-believe or toy figures, the sense of tlatla:katl is a scarecrow, a figure that has human shape but that is not alive, it simply looks like a man.
Note that in Ameyaltepec scarecrows are usually quite rudimentary, as opposed to Oapan where they might be fully clothed, including a hat, bag, machete, sandals, shirt, and pants.
In Ameyaltepec a scarecrow might be as elaborate as a shirt hung up on sticks, but it might just be a piece of cloth hung out in a field to keep the crows from eating the maize.Oapan
has tlamohtilo:ni as scarecrow, a deverbal noun that names the function of the object: 'to scare' (cf. muhtia). Nevertheless, Oapan also does have a
reduplicated form of tla:katl that has a metaphoric sense: tlátla:kátl. Here it refers to a masculine woman, the metaphor is here in the direction of a
non-man who has 'man-like' qualities. Thus is two neighboring villages the same grammatical device is used with the same nominal base to achieve two distinct semantic results.
\mod Cf. Gram 1985-04-23.1
\grm Reduplication; metaphor: Both Ameyaltepec and Oapan use short vowel reduplication to signify a metaphoric extension of the base noun tla:katl'man.'
In Ameyaltepec the extension is into the domain of make-believe or toy figures, the sense of tlatla:katl is a scarecrow, a figure that has human shape but that
is not alive, it simply looks like a man. Note that in Ameyaltepec scarecrows are usually quite rudimentary, as opposed to Oapan where they might be fully clothed, including
a hat, bag, machete, sandals, shirt, and pants. In Ameyaltepec a scarecrow might be as elaborate as a shirt hung up on sticks, but it might just be a piece of cloth hung out
in a field to keep the crows from eating the maize.Oapan has tlamohtilo:ni as scarecrow, a deverbal noun that names the function of the object: 'to scare' (cf.
muhtia). Nevertheless, Oapan also does have a reduplicated form of tla:katl that has a metaphoric sense: tlátla:kátl. Here it
refers to a masculine woman, the metaphor is here in the direction of a non-man who has 'man-like' qualities. Thus is two neighboring villages the same grammatical
device is used with the same nominal base to achieve two distinct semantic results.
\ref 04671
\lxam ka:iweh
\lxam_c ka:iweh
\lxoa ka:yoweh
\lxoa_alt ka:yowih
\lxoa_c ka:yoweh, ka:yowih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der Neg
\sense_e no; no indeed (in response)
\sense_s no; de veras que no (en respuesta)
\sense_d Pending
\flao ka
\root ka:
\nse Ka:iweh is rarely used in Ameyaltepec although it is the standard form in Oapan (for Ameyaltepec ka:). However, I have documented it twice in
Ameyaltepec in unsolicited situations, once by Juan de la Rosa and once by Constantino Monterrey. Those of Oapan, in addition to ka:yoweh often say
a:nyaweh.
\qry It appears that the /a:/ of /kâyoweh/ is long although this should be checked, as should presence or absence of final /h/ vs. glottal stop although I have recorded specifically that there
is a final /h/. I have also recorded that there is stress on the first syllable; this should be rechecked. Perhaps it is stressed in Ameyaltepec and not so stressed in Oapan.
\qry_fon Check the pronunciation of Florencia and Inocencio with a phonetician.
\semref ka
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref a:nyaweh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04672
\lxam kweya:wa
\lxam_c nokweya:wa
\lxoa kweya:wa
\lxoa_c nokweya:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (refl.) to squirm; to twist and turn; to wriggle back and forth; to undulate or snake
\sense_s (refl.) retorcerse; arquear; ondular, corcovear (un animal, como un toro montado); torcerse y moverse de un lado a otro
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timokwe:kweya:wtok pa:mpa tikekexkia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are twisting back and forth because you itch.
\phrase_s Estás retorciendo porque tienes comezón.
\phrase_n Nokwe:kweya:wtiw un kowatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That snakes is going undulating along.
\phrase_s Esa serpiente va yendo ondulando.
\phrase_n Seki nokweya:wa ikochipan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Some people twist back and forth in their sleep.
\phrase_s Alguna gente se retuercen cuando están dormidos.
\phrase_n Xko:li:ni un kichkone:tl! Yo:isak, o:pe:w nokweya:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Rock that little boy (in his hammock)! He woke up and seems agitated (wriggling back and forth in his hammock).
\phrase_s ¡Mece ese niñito (en su hamaca)! Ya se despertóy se estáagitando (meneando de un lado a otro en su hamaca).
\semfld motion
\root kweya:
\disamb kweya:ya; kweya:wa; kwelowa; kwetlatsowa, etc.
\qry Also, confirm that /kweya:ya/ and /kweya:wa/ are synonyms. Note that on the second set of file cards I had /kweya:ya/ whereas on the first, which might be in error, I had
/kweyawa/. Note also that for one entry of /kweya:ya/ I had a long first /e/. This might well be correct as /kwe:lowa/, which seems to be synonymous, has a long /e:/ not only in my
records, but in FK for /cue:lihui/ and /cue:loa/. FK suggests that"cue:loa: and cuelpachoa: appear to by synonymous in spite of the vowel length discrepancy attested in T."Vowel
length in /kweya:ya/, /kweya:wa/, /kwe:liwi/ and /kwelpachowa/ should all be checked.
\semfld motion
\ref 04673
\lxam ikxitia
\lxam_c kikxitia
\lxoa ixitia
\lxoa_c kixitia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cook (food)
\sense_s cocinar
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to fire (ceramics)
\sense_s cocer (cerámica)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nitlakxiti:s ika notepalkawa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to fire my ceramic bowls.
\phrase_s Voy a cocer mi platos hondos de barro.
\root ksi
\nae This verb often occurs with the loss of the 3rd-person object prefix after an overt subject marker. Whether this contraction is best written as n'ixitia (cf.
n'ilka:wa) or ni'ixitia (cf. ni'ita is still to be determined.
\grm Antipassive: /Nitlakxiti:s ika notepalkawan/, 'I'm going to fire my ceramic bowls.' Note here another example of the use of the /tla-/ prefix with an oblique.
\xref iksi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref isi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 04674
\lxam pana:les
\lxam_c pana:les
\lxoa pana:les
\lxoa_c pana:les
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan panal
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of honey-making insect still unidentified
\sense_s tipo de insecto que hace miel todavía no identificado
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\ency_note nekwtli
\nse Pana:les , which is only documented in the plural, build large nests in thorn bushes; they bite and make honey. In size pana:les are like the
tetekomasol (Am) / tekómasólih (Oa), but fatter, boboli:tas.
\ref 04675
\lxam poposoktli
\lxam_c poposoktli
\lxoa poposohtli
\lxoa_c poposohtli
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-ni-k
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e froth; foam (e.g., of beer or soda; or of soapy water)
\sense_s espuma (p. ej., de cerveza o un refresco que ha sido agitado; o de agua enjabonada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkita moko:n! Yo:panwets ipoposokio, xkii:xtlakukwi:li:ki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take a look at your pot! It's foam has risen to the surface. Come and skim it off the top!
\phrase_s ¡Ve tu olla! Su espuma ya salióa la superficie.¡Ven a espumarlo (esto es, quitarle la espuma al líquido que estáadentro)!
\phrase_n Yo:panwets ipoposokio a:tepe:ya:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Foam has formed on the top of the torrent of water.
\phrase_s Espuma saliópor la superficie del torrente de agua.
\sense_e part of the interior organs of cattle, as yet unidentified
\sense_s parte de losórganos interiores de un ganado, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\root poso:
\qry Check the precise name of this word in reference to cattle.
\qry_fon Note in general that it will be necessary to determine whether there is a difference in /h/ derived from {k} or {w}, etc. Final /-htli/ might be a good way to determine this.
\grm Perhaps generate a list of all nouns are found with an absolutive not ending in /-yo:tl/, but which only form one possessive, that with /-yo/, e.g., /po:ktli/, /poposoktli/, etc.
\ref 04676
\lxam wa:xtompitskuwtsi:ntli
\lxam_c wa:xtompitskuwtsi:ntli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e see wa:xtompihtsi:n
\sense_s véase wa:xtompihtsi:n
\sense_d Pending
\root wa:x
\root tompis
\root kow
\nse Florencia Marcelino mentioned that this is not a tree and hence the ending kuhtli would not be correct.
\vl Tag /wa:xtompistli/, the word uttered here for Oapan, with ref. #3816.
\semref wa:xtompistli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04677
\lxam tlakaltok
\lxam_c tlakaltok
\lxoa tlákaltók
\lxoa_alt tlákaltíkah
\lxoa_alt tlákaltótok
\lxoa_alt tlákaltotíkah
\lxoa_pr tlakaltok
\lxoa_pr tlakaltikah
\lxoa_pr tlakaltotok
\lxoa_c tlákaltók
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be tossed on the ground (sth tossed away or left and neglected)
\sense_s estar tirado al suelo (algo deshecho y tirado como si fuera basura, algo que ha sido aventado, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be lying on the ground (e.g., a person who has fallen asleep in a place not meant for sleeping)
\sense_s estar acostado por el suelo (p. ej., una persona que se quedódormido sin querer y en un lugar no indicado para tal propósito)
\sense_d Pending
\root tlahkali
\nse Tlakaltok has a sense that is applied to things that have fallen or been tossed to the ground. It might refer to something that has fallen off a table, been tossed out of a
window and left lying on the ground, or, in regard to a person, someone who has just fallen onto the ground and remained there, such as a drunk. It contrasts with other verbal forms
such as westok , mela:wtok , and others that have no implication of things tossed and neglected. Thus, like a resultative, tlakaltok
often indicates a prior action to the state described.
\nae In Oapan both tlákaltók and tlákaltótok are used, though apparently the latter is more common. Note that in Oapan statives of lexicalized statives
manifest the -to of the first durative followed by a second. Thus westotok (Oa), cf. Ameyaltepec westok and nd
tlákaltótok for Ameyaltepec nd tlakaltok. The form westok in Oapan is more often used as a progressive with i, e.g.,
i wa:lwestok 'it is about to fall down.' However, note that yékatók does not take the doble durative.
\grm Stative; durative: In Oapan both tlákaltók and tlákaltótok are used, though apparently the latter is more common. Note that in Oapan statives
of lexicalized statives manifest the -to of the first durative followed by a second. Thus westotok (Oa), cf. Ameyaltepec westok
and nd tlákaltótok for Ameyaltepec nd tlakaltok. The form westok in Oapan is more often used as a progressive with
i, e.g., i wa:lwestok 'it is about to fall down.' However, note that yékatók does not take the doble durative.
\semref ya:watok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04678
\lxam itikukwalaka
\lxam_c itikukwalaka
\lxoa ítikwakwaláka
\lxoa_alt íti:kwaláka
\lxoa_pr iti:kwalaka
\lxoa_c ítikwakwaláka;íti:kwaláka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e for one's stomach to growl
\sense_s gruñirle el estómago
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nitikukwalaka, xkwahli tli:n o:nkwah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My stomach growls, I ate something that was not good.
\phrase_s Me gruñe el estómago, comíalgo que no estaba bien.
\disamb kukwalaka; totopoka (in regards to ones stomach growling)
\ency_note disease: bodily functions?
\root hti
\root kwala:
\nae The pitch accent of Oapan ítikwakwaláka is not from the reduplicant (the reduplicants of frequentatives do not have coda {h}) but from the underlying {h} of {ihtitl}.
The frequentative kwakwalaka is one of the few that manifest reduction of the reduplicant onto a preceding short vowel, as occurs in the present compound in which
the final short vowel of the incorporated noun stem íhti lengthens as a reflex of the mora of the reduplicant. It does not acquire pitch accent given that the reduplicant of
frequentatives does not have a coda {h}.
\qry Apparently the compound base for (/itikwala:ni/) does not exist.
\qry_fon Check p-a pattern with a phonetician. Note how the first syllabe in /íti:kwaláka/ has a rising pitch and the second syllable a falling pitch. It seems that the first is the reflex
of the underlying {h} closing the first syllable, {ih}. Check pattern again.
\vl There are two pronunciations, there should be a female and male token for each. For the first pronunciation, /ítikwakwaláka/ link the first female and second male token.
For the second pronunciation, /ítí:kwaláka/ link the 1st female and 1st male tokens.
\ref 04679
\lxam teteknowa
\lxam_c teteknowa
\lxoa tétehnówa
\lxoa_pr tetehnowa
\lxoa_c tétehnówa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): ní:tehnówa
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to hiccup
\sense_s tener hipo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nitetekno:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to hiccup (repeatedly).
\phrase_s Me va a dar hipo (repetidas veces).
\semfld functions
\root tekno
\nde The Classical cognate was tzicunoa, which in the orthography used here would be tsikwnowa. Northern Puebla; and Tetelcingo, Morelos have
tsiknowa ; Pipil has tsukunawi.
\qry Check that Oapan ní:tehnówa is correct.
\ref 04680
\lxam tsonchichi:wtok
\lxam_c tsonchichi:wtok
\lxoa tsó:nchí:htok
\lxoa_pr tsó:nchi:htok
\lxoa_c tsó:nchí:htok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv Durative
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have ones hair done up (a woman, particularly in reference to having braids)
\sense_s tener el pelo arreglado (una mujer, particularmente en referencia a tener trenzas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kikwa:pasoloh yeyekatl, xtsonchichi:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The wind messed up her hair, her hair wasn't done up (in braids that would have protected it).
\phrase_s El viento le desarreglóel cabello, no estaba arreglada (en trenzas que lo hubiera protejido del viento).
\phrase_n Nikwelita yon ma:s kwaltsi:n tsó:nchí:htok.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I like the one (of several) who has her hair more nicely arranged.
\phrase_s Me gusta la que (de varias) que tiene el cabello arreglado más bonito.
\root tson
\root chi:wa
\grm Durative; progressive: During a recording session when I asked Cristino Flores whether one says /tsonchichi:wtok/ or /notsonchichi:wtok/ he said that the former was used
when one sees a woman in this state, the second is used when the woman is in the process of doing it. This comment (recorded on the CD here) is excellent exegetical
evidence of the difference between progressive and stative/resultative.
\ref 04681
\lxam tamahli de telolo:tsi:n
\lxam_c tamahli de telolo:tsi:n
\lxoa tamaltelolo:tsi:n
\lxoa_c tamaltelolo:tsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N (Oa)
\der N-complex (Am); N-tsi:n (Oa)
\sense_e tamal made of balls of tixtli (6 in Ameyaltepec, 8 in Oapan) and wrapped in iswatamahli ; often these are eaten with mole, broths, and other
dishes in which they are dipped; they do not have chile, meat, or anything else inside but are simple cooked balls of tixtli
\sense_s tamal hecho de bolas de masa (6 en Ameyaltepec, 8 en oapan) y envueltos en iswatamahli ; a menudo se comen con mole, caldo y otros guisados en que se
meten para absorber el caldo; no tienen chile, carne, ni otra cosa sino que son simples bolas de masa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tamahli de telolo:tsi:n, notepayelowa ika iswatl, san kipia tixtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tamahli de telolo:tsi:n , it is wrapped up in green corn leaves, it is just made of tixtli.
\phrase_s El tamahli de telolo:tsi:n , se envuelve con hojas verdes de maíz, se hace solamente de masa.
\semfld food
\root tamal
\root te
\root olo:
\disamb hypo tamahli
\nse To make the tamahli de telolo:tsi:n (Am) / tamaltelolo:tsi:n (Oa), first maize is boiled in lime water. This is not the same process as that used to make
nextamahli, for which the lime water is boiled and then taken off the fire before the maize is added. In the case of the dough for the tamahli de
telolotsi:n the maize is placed in water that is actually boiling. Moreover, not only lime, but lime and ashes (tlikonextli) are added to the water. In
Ameyaltepec these tamals are made with 6 balls, wrapped in iswatl; in Oapan 8 balls are used.
\qry_fon Note that in one filecard I had /telolo:tsi:n/ with a long final /o:/; this should be checked. I first changed this to a short /o/ and have since changed back to long /o:/ based
on evidence from Oapan, acoustic analysis of /telolo:tsi:n/, #3029.
\ref 04682
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was for /A:pantipan/, which is now on the toponymic database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 04683
\lxam poxa:hka:tla:katl
\lxam_c poxa:hka:tla:katl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound Part-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e sickly or weak man, one who easily gets exhausted and ill (particularly from overwork)
\sense_s hombre débil, que se agota y se enferma fácilmente (particularmente por un sobrecargo de trabajo)
\sense_d Am
\disamb kaxa:nka:tla:katl; poxa:hka:tla:katl
\root poxa:
\root tla:ka
\qry Determine the difference between /yema:nki itla:kayo/, /kaxa:nka:tla:katl/, and /poxa:hka:tla:katl/, etc.
\semref kaxa:nka:tla:katl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04684
\lxam tlatia
\lxam_c kitlatia
\lxoa tlatia
\lxoa_c kitlatia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to set afire; to burn (paper, clothes, firewood, etc.)
\sense_s prender fuego a; quemar; incendiar (papel, tela, leña, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root tla
\nae Although tlatia occurs in non-reduplicated form, the corresponding intransitive is always found reduplicated: tlatla. The reason for this seems to
be that the action of setting something afire is a single act that is extremely limited in duration. However, the act, or event, of burning is continuous. In other words, while
tlatia seems to indicate 'to set on fire,' tlatla seems primarily to signify 'to burn,' which is of longer duration. Note that tlatlatia'to
set a cooking fire,' is not the simple causative of tlatla but rather the transitive verb tlatia with the object prefix tla- as an indefinite
null complement.
\grm Reduplication; causative: Although tlatia occurs in non-reduplicated form, the corresponding intransitive is always found reduplicated:
tlatla. The reason for this seems to be that the action of setting something afire is a single act that is extremely limited in duration. However, the act, or
event, of burning is continuous. In other words, while tlatia seems to indicate 'to set on fire,' tlatla seems primarily to signify 'to burn,' which is
of longer duration. Note that tlatlatia'to set a cooking fire,' is not the simple causative of tlatla but rather the transitive verb
tlatia with the object prefix tla- as an indefinite null complement.
\xref tlatilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlatlatia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlatla
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04685
\lxam wa:le:wa
\lxam_c wa:le:wa
\lxoa wa:le:wa
\lxoa_c wa:le:wa
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Dir-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical wa:l-
\infv class-3a(w)
\gloss_e to.come.from
\gloss_s provenir.de
\sense_e to come from (heading toward a deictic reference point)
\sense_s venir de (partiendo hacia un punto de referencia deíctica)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mo:stla wa:le:was, a:man ye tio:tlak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will head toward here tomorrow, today it's already afternoon.
\phrase_s Mañana va a partir hacia acá, hoy ya es tarde.
\phrase_n Yo:wa:le:w motah, mitschi:xtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your father has already arrived (having left from somewhere else), he is waiting for you.
\phrase_s Tu papáya vino (habiendo partido de otro lugar), te estáesperando.
\phrase_n I:pan moma ma wa:le:wa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let it come from your hand! (said in drinking as a bottle is passed around and one person insists that another drink first, saying that the bottle should come from that
person's hand)
\phrase_s ¡Quévenga de tu mano! (dicho cuando varias personas están bebiendo y uno quiere que otro tome primero y, así, que la botella venga de su mano)
\sense_e (~ [in present tense with a toponym or adverb of place] to come from [a given place] (in the sense of to be from)
\sense_s (~ [en tiempo presente con un topónimo o un adverbio de lugar] ser de [un lugar en particular]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Newa niwa:le:wa Wa:pan,¿Tewa de ka:no:n tiwa:le:wa?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I come from Oapan. And you, where are you from?
\phrase_s Vengo de Oapan. Y tú, ¿de dónde vienes?
\sense_e to occur occasionally or at times
\sense_s suceder ocasionalmente o a veces
\phrase_n Ke:mah tlato:hli. Sólo ahwa tle:ka, hkon nopan nochi:wa, wa:le:wa tli:no:n, xwel nikpanki:xtia. Wa:n wa:le:wa ke:mah niweli.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 04685_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 16:23
\phrase_e Yes, it is a word. It's just, who knows why that happens to me, something suddenly happens, I can't pronounce it. And at times, I can.
\phrase_s Si es una palabra. Solamente, quien sabe porque así me pasa, algo de repente sucede, no lo puedo pronunciar. Y a veces, sí lo puedo hacer.
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wa:le:wa o:li:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e At times it flares up (e.g., a pain or sickness, an old wound, dislocation or other injury).
\phrase_s De vez en cuando recrudece (p. ej., un dolor o enfermedad, una vieja herida, dislocación, etc.).
\phrase_n Wa:le:wa nia:sneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Every now and then I have the urge to go.
\phrase_s Cada vez en cuando me da las ganas de ir.
\semfld motion
\root e:wa
\nse The verb e:wa as an intransitive occurs only with a directional prefix, which can be either on- or wa:l-, depending on the spatial arrangement of
the actors and speakers. One:wa indicates movement away from a particular point of reference; wa:le:wa indicates movement toward a particular
point of reference.
\nae To have the sense of 'to be from'
\semref one:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref wa:le:wi:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref wa:le:wiltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 04686
\lxam kaxa:nki
\lxam_c kaxa:nki
\lxoa kaxa:nki
\lxoa_c kaxa:nki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to be loose (a knot, braids, a saddle, a rope) land that is loose, etc.) and, by extension, an animal with loose trappings;
\sense_s flojo (un nudo, trenzas, una silla de un animal, un lazo, tierra suelta, etc.) y, por extensión, se le aplica al animal con aperos aflojados
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be loose; to be soft (e.g., land that is not tightly packed down)
\sense_s estar suelta; estar floja (p. ej., tierra que no estádura ni maciza)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xwel timoteketsas, kaxa:nki un tla:hli, tla:la:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You can't stand up (i.e., on a slope), the land is soft, it slips down.
\phrase_s No te puedes parar (p. ej., en una cuesta muy inclinada), la tierra es suelta, se desliza.
\sense_e (by extension) to have loose trappings or load (a beast of burden)
\sense_s (por extensión) tener los arreos o jaeces sueltos o el cargo flojo (un animal de carga)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nokwe:kwepa. Kaxa:nki moburroh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It slides from one side to the other (e.g., a load tied on both sides of a burro, which wobbles first to one side then to the other). The load on your burro is loose.
\phrase_s Se va por un lado y otro (p. ej., una carga atada a ambos lados de un burro, que se desliza primero a un lado y después al otro). La carga de tu burro estáfloja.
\sense_e not resistant (a person); physically weak (particularly in the lower back or waist)
\sense_s sin mucha resistencia (una persona); débil físicamente (particularmente por la espalda inferior o cintura)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kima:to:ne:wa. Xwel chi:lkwe:chowa, noso kaxa:nki itla:kayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It makes her hands burn. She can't grind chile, or perhaps her body is not tough.
\phrase_s Hace que se le arden las manos. No puede moler chile, o quizásu cuerpo no aguanta.
\root kaxa:
\qry The precise difference between /kaxa:ntok/ and /kaxa:nki/ needs to be determined and thoroughly investigated, in this and other similar pairs.
\grm Stative; Resultative: There is a good discussion in the tape for this word by C. Flores of the difference between /kaxa:nki/ and /kaxa:ntok/. Apparently the latter is used
more with animates and, in particular, more as a resultative. The recording needs to be listened to and analyzed, and the difference explored. It also seems that the /-tok/
form is more likely to be used if the condition is not considered permanent. CHECK.
\ref 04687
\lxam sese:lia
\lxam_c kisese:lia
\lxoa sese:lia
\lxoa_c kisese:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cool (e.g., a liquid, fruit or vegetable, by placing it in a cooler or refrigerator, etc.)
\sense_s enfriar (p. ej., un líquido, verdura o fruta al ponerlo con hielo, en un refrigerador, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e (refl.) to cool oneself off (e.g., by drinking sth refreshing like a cool drink, or eating a watermelon, by bathing, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) refrescarse (p. ej., al beber algo refrescante como una bebida fría, o al comerse una sandía, al bañarse, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmosese:li, milá:k to:na!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Refresh yourself (e.g., by drinking a soda), it is scorching!
\phrase_s ¡Refréscate (p. ej., al tomar un refresco), hace mucho calor!
\root se:
\revised 3/08/04
\nse Although reduplicated, the sense of seselia is very distinct from selia.
\qry Originally I had a long second /e/ in Am /seselia/. But evidence from Oapan shows a clear short vowel and I have temporarily changed the Am form to /seselia/ pending a study of
Am acoustics.
\grm Vowel lengthening: Cf. /seselia/ as a transtivie verb and /sese:ya/ as an intransitive. Note that change that seems well documented. In general discuss these vowel length
changes (cf. /xoko:ya/ and, this should be checked, /xokolia/).
\ref 04688
\lxam tekupahli
\lxam_c tekupahli
\lxoa tekopahli
\lxoa_c tekopahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of incense
\sense_s tipo de incienso
\sense_d Pending
\semfld medicine
\root te
\root kopal
\nse This incense is found on stones and, according to consultants, is left here by some unknown animal, who gathers this incense together and places it on stones, where it is found. The
tekopahli is used to help a woman give birth. When a woman is having difficulty during birth, this incense is burned so that the smoke surrounds her body. It is
also used, according to some consultants, as incense that is burned in the presence of people (kipo:kwian (Am)) who have been frightened and are in danger of losing
their to:nal to the aires(cf. yeyekawi:lo). Florencia Marcelino (Oa) stated that besides using this as incense, it can be ground and
drunk by anyone who is ill, accompanied by a person who fasts. She also added that this is gathered together by wasps. It is considered a tlanechikohlibecause it is
gathered together by a wasp from many places. Finally, Santos Dirzo (Tlamamacan) mentioned that tekopahli is found under rocks. It is made by a small animal and then
abandoned. It is used in Ameyaltepec and Tlamamacan (according to Toribio Alejando [Am] and Santos Dirzo [Tlama]) as a remedy. It is placed on a hot coal (tekohli).
This (the coal and tekopahli) is then placed under a child's bed to cure him or her of yeyekameh. RS lists under tecopalli : 'Resina, especie de
incienso parecido al de Arabi a (Clav.). ' As indicated, he derived this definition from Clavijero.
\semref yéyé:ka tekopahli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04689
\lxam itikwitlatl
\lxam_c itikwitlatl
\lxoa ítikwítlatl
\lxoa_c ítikwítlatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e meaty inside of certain fruits (such as watermelon, melon, etc., fruits that have an outside rind and an inside)
\sense_s la carne o parte comestible dentro de ciertas frutas (como la sandía y melón, que tienen una cáscara dura)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body-plant
\root hti
\root kwitla
\qry Check what other plants have their /itikwitlatl/.
\ref 04690
\lxam tlatlatilia
\lxam_c kitlatlatilia
\lxoa tlatlatilia
\lxoa_c kitlatlatilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to start a cooking fire under (a pot or pan, a food being cooked, etc.)
\sense_s prender un fuego para cocinar o calentar a (una comida, olla o sarten, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlatlatili ko:ntli para iksis ye:lo:tl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Start a cooking fire under the pot so that the green corn gets cooked!
\phrase_s ¡Préndele un fuego para cocinar abajo de la olla para que se cuezcan los elotes!
\sense_e to court (a boy [S] of a girl [O])
\sense_s cortejar (un muchacho [S])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w tiktlatlatilia un ichpokawah?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Have you started to court that girl?
\phrase_s ¿Ya empezasate a cortejar a esa muchacha?
\root tla
\nse The object of the applicative verb tlatlatilia in the sense of 'to light a cooking fire"to"' is the cooking pot and not the potential human benefactive.
\qry Check. If /tlatlatilia/ is the applicative of /tlatlatia/ then the meaning should be 'to start a cooking fire for'. Check if this is possible. However, /tlatlatilia/ might also be the applicative of
/tlatia/ with reduplication.
\vl There are 8 tokens here. The first four (2 female and 2 male) are for /kitla:tlatilia/. This apparently reflects long vowel reduplication of /tlatilia/ although I am not completely
positive. It should be tagged with 7704. The next four tokens (2 female and 2 male) are /kitlatlatilia/. This is probably the applicative of /tlatlatia/ 'to start a cooking fire';
however, there migth also be another meaning/etymology of /tlatlatilia/ that would be an applicative of the causative /tlatlatia/. This should be checked. At any rate, the last
four tokens for this entry are /kitlatlatilia/ and they should all be tagged at 4690. Two (one female and one male) should be linked to the lexicon at entry 4690.
\grm Oapan phonology; minimal pairs; reduplication. Note that the original sound files elicited here contain 8 tokens. Four are /kitla:tlatilia/ and four are /kitlatlatilia/. Note the
following vowel durations: Florencia Marcelino: /kitla:tlatilia/ 96:62 and 98:79; /kitlatlatilia/ 62:56 and 52:57. Inocencio Jiménez: /kitla:tlatilia/ 88:54 and 88:67;
/kitlatlatilia/: 60:48 and 55:44. These will make a good set for minimal pairs.
\xref tlatlatia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04691
\lxam yo:leh
\lxam_c yo:leh
\lxoa yo:leh
\lxoa_c yo:leh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-posr-eh
\infn N1
\sense_e something showing signs of life (particularly used to refer to nits, the eggs of lices that move as they are gestating)
\sense_s algo que muestra señales de vida (particularmente aplicado a liendres, los huevecitos de piojos que muestran signos de vida antes de nacer)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e sharp (in intelligence); smart; bright
\sense_s abusado; vivo
\sense_d Oa
\root yo:l
\nse In Ameyaltepec yo:leh is used in reference to lice that move back and forth. The eggs are at this time slightly black and have the larvae inside of them that move back
and forth. When the lice have been born (kwa:k o:tlatsi:n) the word yo:leh is no longer applied. Thus it would seem that yo:leh in this
sense is not applied to something that is living (i.e., it would not be applied to an animal such as an insect, mammal, fish, etc.) but rather to organic material that shows signs of life but
cannot properly be described as an yo:ltok 'alive.' In Oapan yo:leh has been documented with a distinct meaning: 'sharp (in intelligence)' clearly a
calque from the Spanish 'vivo' with the same sense.
\qry Check what other animals or things can be called /yo:leh/.
\ref 04692
\lxam -sosohli
\lxam_c kalsosohli
\lxoa -té:sohlí
\lxoa_c kalté:sohlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Suf-adjval
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e adjectival ending used to indicate that a noun is no good, old, worn out, etc.
\sense_s terminación adjectival utilizada para indicar que un sustantivo es viejo, acabado, no bueno, etc.
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikpia nokalsosol.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have a worn-out house.
\phrase_s Tengo mi casucha.
\root hsol
\nae Interestingly there is no underlying {h} in the form -sosohli in San Juan Tetelcingo (the surface /h/ is from an underlying geminate {ll}), nor is there any indication that
such would have been the case in Classical Nahuatl. Nevertheless, Oapan nominals that end in sósohlí always manifest pitch accent. This suggests underlying
{-sohsolli} in which the coda {h} closing the first (apparently reduplicated) syllable motivates pitch accent in Oapan. Thus there may have at one time been an underlying {h}.
Nevertheless, comparative evidence (from Classical which has simply -sol and other dialects, e.g., San Juan Tetelcingo which has -sosohle) manifests no {h}
or 'saltillo' in this position. It might therefore be that Oapan has reinterpreted the surface -sosohli sequence as either derived from reduplication with a fixed {h} element
as coda or that the verbal base is derived from hsol, as in ísolíwi. It is also extremely common (it is not only the p rincipal form, but according to
Florencia Marcelino the only form) to have the intensifier te- preceding the ending. In Ameyaltepec this is simply -tesosohli ; in Oapan, however, the
te- element accepts the reduction of the reduplicant. Thus in Oapan one finds -té:sohlí (although -tésosóhli is also correct; note that although
some individuals do accept simply -sósohlí, Florencia Marcelino denied that this form ? kalsósohlí is used in Oapan.). In Oapan the te-
therefore acts as a sort of"dummy morpheme"onto which the reduplicant can be reduced to vowel lengthening and pitch accent. It also serves to indicate that the noun is in
an"unexpected"or"deviant"state.
\grmx /te-/: Interestingly there is no underlying {h} in the form -sosohli in San Juan Tetelcingo (the surface /h/ is from an underlying geminate {ll}), nor is there any
indication that such would have been the case in Classical Nahuatl. Nevertheless, Oapan nominals that end in sósohlí always manifest pitch accent. This
suggests underlying {-sohsolli} in which the coda {h} closing the first (apparently reduplicated) syllable motivates pitch accent in Oapan. Thus there may have at one time
been an underlying {h}. Nevertheless, comparative evidence (from Classical which has simply -sol and other dialects, e.g., San Juan Tetelcingo which has
-sosohle) manifests no {h} or 'saltillo' in this position. It might therefore be that Oapan has reinterpreted the surface -sosohli sequence as either
derived from reduplication with a fixed {h} element as coda or that the verbal base is derived from hsol, as in ísolíwi. It is also extremely c
ommon (it is not on ly the principal form, but according to Florencia Marcelino the only form) to have the intensifier te- preceding the ending. In Ameyaltepec
this is simply -tesosohli ; in Oapan, however, the te- element accepts the reduction of the reduplicant. Thus in Oapan one finds
-té:sohlí (although -tésosóhli is also correct; note that although some individuals do accept simply -sósohlí, Florencia Marcelino
denied that this form ? kalsósohlí is used in Oapan.). In Oapan the te- therefore acts as a sort of"dummy morpheme"onto which the reduplicant
can be reduced to vowel lengthening and pitch accent. It also serves to indicate that the noun is in an"unexpected"or"deviant"state.
\qry_h San Juan kalsosohle.... h?
\ref 04693
\lxam kama:wi
\lxam_c kama:wi
\lxoa kama:wi
\lxoa_c kama:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become partially dried (a fruit that dries, particularly used to refer to maize that begins to dry and achieves a state between ye:lo:tl, green corn, and
sintli (Am), the dried mazorca; it can also be used to refer to cow dung and bricks)
\sense_s secarse parcialmente (una fruta que se seca, particularmente utilizado para referirse al maíz al empezar a secarse y llegar a un estado entre elote y mazorca; también se
utiliza para referirse al estiércol del ganado y a cosas fabricadas como ladrillos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:kama:w noye:lo:w. Xe wa:ki wan xok pa:stik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My elotes have become somewhat dried (on the stalk, right after the end of the rainy season). It still hasn't dried and it's no longer moist (ripe).
\phrase_s Mis elotes ya empezaron a secarse (en la milpa, inmediatamente después de la terminación de la temporada de lluvias). Todavía no se seca bien y ya no es verde.
\root kama:
\nse Kama:wi refers to a fruit (such as maize or beans) that will eventually dry but has not yet reached this point. Thus the adjectival kama:wak can refer
to firewood that has been cut while green; after a few weeks it is kama:wak , somewhat dry but still moist enough so that it doesn't burn properly. Often maize starts
to achieve this state in the field, before harvest but after the corn leaves have been stripped from the plants (i.e., after the iswate:kilistli). Although maize that is
kama:wak is no longer ye:lo:tl and cannot be eaten as such, it can still be used in preparing ye:lo:tlaxkahli. It is possible that that
kakamaktsi:nis probably derived from this root, with the vowel shortening that occurs before /-k/, although this word might be derived from
kama'mouth.' Note, finally, that although an adjectival form kama:wak is documented, there is no transitive ? kama:wa. This is pr
obably because the nature of the process is such that it is perforce nonagentive.
\qry Apparently the transitive form ?/kama:wa/ does not exist, but this should be checked.
\ref 04694
\lxam ko:o:lo:tl
\lxam_c ko:o:lo:tl
\lxoa kó:ó:lo:tl
\lxoa_c kó:ó:lo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e folk generic name for a type of tree that includes two folk species: kó:ó:lo:tl tsope:lik and kó:ó:lo:tl tesontik
\sense_s nombre genérico para un tipo deárbol que incluye dos especies: kó:ó:lo:tl tsope:lik y kó:ó:lo:tl tesontik
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\nae At least acoustically, the length of all vowels is long. The vowel length of the initial double-vowel sequence is approximately 288 and 294 ms for Florencia Marcelino and 290 and
324 ms for Inocencio Jiménez. Other indications (e.g., pitch and amplitude patterns) seem to indicate a sequence of two long vowels. If this is the case then the pitch accent can
come only from a reduplicant. Or, it may be that despite the long acoustic duration of the first vowel, it is underlying short, perhaps even {koh}. This should be checked in
neighboring dialects (e.g., San Juan Tetelcingo) that conserve {h}.
\qry_fon Check vowel length and determine the source of the pitch accent.
\notes_nature Of the capulín , Schoenhals (1988:28) says:"1. (Prunus capuli) 'Mexican chokecherry' See cereza. 2. (Muntingia calabura'[family] linden,'
'calabura.' A small tree with numerous white flowers. It grows especially well in hot country. Bats like the fruit which is small, round and full of seeds. Also called capulín de
mayo. 3. (Trema micrantha) 'Mexican hackberry' See capulín cimarrón."And then, under capulín cimarrón, Schoenhals states:"1. (Trema micrantha)
'Mexican hackberry' Resembles a hackbery, Celtisspp., and has been so named. Bark is used for binding. Also called capulín, majagua colorada, pellejo de viejo,
pie de paloma, yaco de cuero. 2. (Rhamnusspp., e.g., R. serrata) 'buckthorn' A bush or small tree. Fruit is berry-like with 2-4 seeds. Also called
capulincillo."Schoenhals (1988) gives under the third entry for cereza the following:"3. (Prunus capuli) 'Mexican chokecherry.' In t emperate climates. Fruit is
reddish or black and quite sweet. Also called capulín."Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the capulincillo of the family Rosaceaeand genus/species
Prunus capuli. For the Spanish capulincito Guizar and Sánchez (1991:159) have a tree identified as of the family Rhamnaceaeand
genus/species Ziziphus amole. Florencia Marcelino stated that the Nahuatl name for kapolin is kó:ó:lo:tl.
\qry_h Check for /h/
\semref kapolin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 04695
\lxam nechikowa
\lxam_c kinechikowa
\lxoa nechikowa
\lxoa_c kinechikowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to collect (e.g., money, grain, etc., in a cooperative community venture)
\sense_s juntar, hacer una colección (p. ej., de dinero, maíz, etc., en un proyecto o empresa comunal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n To:pi:lekeh kimina:watian ma tlanechiko:ka:n ika tlayo:hli, dya kinechikowan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The topiles, they are ordered to take up a collection of maize, and then they collect it.
\phrase_s Los topiles, se les ordenan hacer una colección de maíz, y luego lo juntan.
\phrase_n Tlanechiko:lo:tok jusga:doh ika tomi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A collection of money is being taken up in the village meeting hall (i.e., to pay for a community expenditure).
\phrase_s Se estáhaciendo una colecta de dinero en el jusgado del pueblo (para pagar un gasto de la comunidad).
\sense_e (tlanenechikowa) to collect things and place them together (e.g., certain insects such as po:yo:limeh , wasps, etc.)
\sense_s (tlanenechikowa) juntar cosas y ponerlas en un solo lugar (p. ej., ciertos insectos como po:yo:limeh , avispas, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root nechik
\nse This verb has been documented only in relation to things such as money and maize that are collected as part of a communal, village-wide project. It is common to final
nechikowa used with the nonspecific object marker tla- (i.e., tlanechikowa) with a following oblique reference to the object or
material collected.
\qry Determine whether reflexive use exists in reference to persons (as it did in Classical) and if specific +human transitive objects are acceptable: ?te:chnechikowa.
\mod Note that this word is classified as a basic transitive and not"nondirected"; a scheme should be developed for distinguishing basic from words that for semantic reasons are missing
one part of the nondirected pair.
\grm Nondirected alternation: Re /nechikowa/. Note that this word is classified as a basic transitive and not"nondirected"; a scheme should be developed for distinguishing basic
from words that for semantic reasons are missing one part of the nondirected pairs.
\xref nechikowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 04696
\lxam tsotsona
\lxam_c kitsotsona
\lxoa tsotsona
\lxoa_c kitsotsona
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to play (a musical instrument, particularly string instruments such as a guitar or violin, or a musical apparatus such as a radio or record player)
\sense_s tocar (un instrumento musical, particularmente los con cuerdas como guitarra o violín, o un aparato musical como un radio o tocadiscos)
\sense_d Pending
\root tsona
\nde In Oapan the reduced * ki:tsona is not acceptable even though in the form with a nonspecific object the reduction does occur: tla:tsonaas it does in the
nominalized tla:tsonalistli. The reason for the lack of reduction with a specific object is not immediately apparent although it may have something to do with the
lexicalization of the form with tla-.
\grm Oapan reduplication; phonology: In Oapan the reduced * ki:tsona is not acceptable even though in the form with a nonspecific object the reduction does
occur: tla:tsonaas it does in the nominalized tla:tsonalistli. The reason for the lack of reduction with a specific object is not immediately
apparent although it may have something to do with the lexicalization of the form with tla-.
\xref tlatsotsona
\xref_t plus_tla
\xref_d Am
\xref tla:tsona
\xref_t plus_tla
\xref_d Oa
\xref tsotsonilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04697
\lxam kaki
\lxam_c kikaki
\lxoa kaki
\lxoa_c kikaki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to hear (sth)
\sense_s oir; escuchar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlakakilo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e People are listening (e.g., during a town meeting).
\phrase_s La gente escucha (p. ej., durante una junta).
\phrase_n I:nte:nko yo:tlakahkeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It was heard it from their own lips (i.e., if the parents of a couple in courtship ask the children if they indeed want to marry and they respond affirmatively, then it can be
said I:nte:nko yo:tlakahkeh).
\phrase_s Se escuchóde sus propios labios (p. ej., si los padres de los novios les preguntan si quieren casarse y dicen que si, entonces se dice I:nte:nko
yo:tlakahkeh).
\sense_e to understand (sth said)
\sense_s entender (algo dicho)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San popoloxtik, xkipanki:xtia tlato:hli, xtihkakis tli:n kiitowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just mumbles, he doesn't pronounce his words well, you won't understand what he comes out with.
\phrase_s Habla entre dientes, no pronuncia sus palabras, no vas a entender lo que le sale.
\phrase_n Xnihkaki un tlato:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't understand that word.
\phrase_s No entiendo esa palabra.
\phrase_n Chichi xkaman tlakaki deke tihkowia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A dog never understands if you beat it with a stick.
\phrase_s Un perro nunca entiende si la pegas con un palo.
\sense_e to listen to; to obey (sb who gives orders, who says that certain things must be done)
\sense_s obedecer; escuchar a (algn que daórdenes, que dice que ciertas cosas se deben hacer)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Newa nikito:s para tite:patlas, newa ne:chkakin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will arrange it so that you take someone's place, they pay attention to (listen to) me.
\phrase_s Yo las arreglo para que le tomes el lugar de alguien, a míme escuchan (prestan atención).
\root kaki
\nse Kaki often takes a complement. However, it is not entirely clear whether it can take both a headless relative clause introduced by a relativizer (e.g.,
tli:n) or whether a clause introduced by a complementizer.
\qry Check: if the object is inanimate, it often refers to something audible, or something being said, e.g., kikaki tli:n o:nikihlih 'he heard what I said to him.' However, when
the object is a human, the interpretation is usually one of 'to obey,' e.g., xne:chkaki, kichi:wa san tli:n kineki 'he doesn't listen to (obey) me, he just does what he
wants.'
\qry Definitely the /i/ is short before the impersonal /lo/. Determine whether the applicative exists, /kakilia/ and what it means, since apparently /kaki/ can take as an object either the
person (as in 'obey') or the thing said (as in 'hear').
\semref tlakakilistli; xaki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref kaki:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref kaki:lia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlakaki
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04698
\lxam tepi:tsowa
\lxam_c kitepi:tsowa
\lxoa tepi:tsowa
\lxoa_c kitepi:tsowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to make hard (in general by pushing together or crushing, such as the earth by pounding)
\sense_s macizar; endurecer (en general al apretar algo, como la tierra al golpearla fuerte)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtepi:tso i:n tla:hli!. Ma tili:ni, kaxa:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make this ground hard (e.g., by poudning on it)! It should get tightly packed, it's loose (right now).
\phrase_s ¡Haz que esta tierra se ponga maciza (al golpearla repetidas veces)!
\sense_e (refl.) to tighten (ones body, or a muscle in tensing it)
\sense_s (refl.) apretar (el cuerpo, o un músculo al tensarlo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xtepi:tso motla:kayo. Ma:ka timokaxa:ni:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tighten up (tense) your body (e.g., just before lifting a heavy weight)! Don't relax!
\phrase_s ¡Apriétate el cuerpo (p. ej., al estar por levantar una cosa pesada)!¡No te vayas a aflojar!
\sense_e (refl.) to gather ones strength to bear up (e.g., under a tragedy such as the loss of a dear one, or in enduring pain)
\sense_s (refl.) aguantarse (del dolor de una pérdida, como un pariente o esposo que se muere, o de un dolor físico)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xkiyo:wi, xmotepi:tso!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Endure it, gather your strength to bear up!
\phrase_s ¡Aguántalo, ponte fuerte para aguantarlo!
\root tepi:ts
\qry Check reflexive use.
\semref tepi:xte:ma
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref tepi:tilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 04699
\lxam kakawia
\lxam_c kikakawia
\lxoa ákawía
\lxoa_pr akawia
\lxoa_f ['a ka 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kákawía
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to fan
\sense_s abanicar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkakawi, xtekwi:nalti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Fan it (a fire), make it blaze up.
\phrase_s Abanícalo (un fuego), haz brotar las llamas.
\phrase_n Xne:chkakawito, nito:nalmiki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Fan me (lit., be fanning me), I'm hot.
\phrase_s Abanícame (lit., estéabanicándome), tengo calor.
\root ahka
\nae The etymology of ákawíya (Oa) (or akawia (Am) is uncertain. Perhaps it includes the same root e:kafound in
yeyekatl (Am) / yéyé:katl(Oa), with the pitch accent in Oapan ákawíya deriving from reduplication. However, the second /a/ is
apparently short, which contrasts to the root e:kaof 'wind'. Further documentation (e.g., the pitch accent of the perfective o:kákawíh or ?
o:káká:wih would inequivocably determine the vowel length of the second syllable). The first stressed /a/ in Oapan ákawía is occasionally long, a result
of reduplication.
\qry Etymology uncertain. Perhaps this is an instrumental form of yeyeka(tl). Molina has no cognate.
\qry_h Check neighbouring dialects. Recategorize in /cat field if found to be related to the noun /yeyekatl/.
\ref 04700
\lxam kala:chin
\lxam_c kala:chin
\lxoa kala:chin
\lxoa_c kala:chin
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e generic name for cockroach that (for Ameyaltepequeños) includes two types: kala:chin de on kipia i:matlapal and kala:chin we:i
\sense_s nombre genérico para cucaracha que (para Ameyaltepequeños) incluye dos tipos: kala:chin de on kipia i:matlapal y kala:chin we:i
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e type of cockroach, also known as kala:chin we:i
\sense_s tipo de cucaracha también conocida como kala:chin we:i
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root kala:ch
\nse According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) there is only one type of cockroach recognized in Oapan: kala:chin yón we:i
\nae The etymology of kala:chin is not entirely clear. Tetelcingo, Morelos, has ca:cala:chi. The -chi(n) elements is perhaps the same as in
kakawana:nchih.
\vl Link 1st male token.
\ref 04701
\lxam i:xpolowilia
\lxam_c ki:xpolowilia
\lxoa i:xpolowilia
\lxoa_c ki:xpolowilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to mess up (sth) of (sb [PO], generally affecting him adversely)
\sense_s maltratar o destruir (algo) a (algn [PO], generalmente afectándolo negativamente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mlá:k tlayelteh motskwinwa:n, ne:chontlai:xpolowilian nocha:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your dogs are really mischievous, they go mess things up in my house on me.
\phrase_s Tus perros son muy latosos, van a maltratarme cosas en mi casa.
\root i:x
\root pol
\nae The primary object of the ditransitive i:xpolowilia is often the possessor of the theme (i.e., the directly affected secondary object)
\qry Determine example senses of the applicative here with the other senses of /i:xpolowa/.
\xref i:xpolowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04702
\lxam yema:nka:kuwtli
\lxam_c yema:nka:kuwtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound Adj-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e soft wood
\sense_s madera blanda
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Yo:kwelpachiw un kabe:sah. Xchika:wak, yema:nka:kohtli, yo:no:liw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That housebeam buckled. It isn't strong, it is soft wood, it bent (under the weight it had to support).
\phrase_s Esa viga (cabesa) se combó. No es fuerte, es madera blanda, se dobló(bajo el peso que sostenía).
\root yema:n
\root kow
\ref 04703
\lxam a:melaktli
\lxam_c a:melaktli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-wi-k
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e straight part of a stream or river
\sense_s parte recta de un arroyo o río
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n A:melaktli, xok wekatlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is straight running water, it's no longer deep.
\phrase_s Es donde el agua corre recto, ya no estáprofundo.
\root a:
\root mela:
\nse A:melaktli refers to a part of a river or stream where the water runs straight and there is no deep place where water circles around (a:komohli) nor a
place where there are rapids (a:solo:nka:n).
\qry In Oapan I think the word for rapids in /a:sosolka:h/, check to see if this same word is used in Ameyaltepec.
\ref 04704
\lxam mexkaltompistsi:n
\lxam_alt mexkaltompestsi:n
\lxam_alt mexkaltompits
\lxam_c mexkaltompistsi:n
\lxoa mexkaltompistli
\lxoa_alt mexkaltompistsi:n
\lxoa_c mexkaltompistli
\lxgen mexkaltompintsi:n
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e Pitcairnia flexuosaL., plant of the Bromeliaceae family; it has no functional use in the area
\sense_s Pitcairnia flexuosaL., planta de la familia Bromeliaceae; no tiene ningún uso funcional en la zona
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld cactus
\root mexkal
\root tom
\root pits
\nse Ameyaltepequeños recognize only one type of mexkaltompistsi:n that grows on the ground. There is another type called memexkaltsi:n de i:pan kuwtli
notla:lia. In Oapan this latter type has not been documented with a name, but another type is recognized of those that grow on the ground, the mexkaltompistli de
we:weyakí:matlápal, a member of the Agavaceae family. Ameyaltepequeños have no name for this second type.
\nae The etymology of mexkaltompistsi:n is uncertain. However, Florencia Marcelino gave the possessed form as ending in /ts/ and stated that the name derives from the
fact that is pipitsako:tsi:n. Note that in some documents I have mexkaltompestsi:n while in others I have mexkaltompistsi:n. It is also
documented as mexkaltompits or mexkaltompets and mexkaltompistli or mexkaltompestli.
\root mexkal
\root tom
\root pits
\qry Etymology uncertain. Look for other examples of /-tompets/ or something similar. Note that in some documents I have mexkaltompestsi:n while in others I have
mexkaltompistsi:n ; check for which is correct.
\ref 04705
\lxam ikalakia:n to:nahli
\lxam_c ikalakia:n to:nahli
\lxoa i:kalakia:n to:nahli
\lxoa_c i:kalakia:n to:nahli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-dvb-ya:n
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e west
\sense_s oeste
\sense_d Pending
\semfld space-earth
\root kalak
\root to:na
\root_rel -ya:n
\ref 04706
\lxam kwitlanextik
\lxam_c kwitlanextik
\lxoa kwitlanextik
\lxoa_c kwitlanextik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\sense_e to have a faded look, with no luster or sheen
\sense_s tener una apariencia deslucida, ajada, sin lustro ni brillo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwitlanextik moli:broh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your book has a faded look.
\phrase_s Parece ajado tu libro.
\sense_e to be dark (in reference to colors, e.g., the dark green of certain firs and spruces)
\sense_s ser oscuro (en referencia a colores, p. ej., el verde oscuro de ciertos abetos y piceas)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld color
\fl kwitlanexiwi
\root kwitla
\root nex
\nse The precise application of kwitlanextik in regard to color is not entirely clear, but it appears to be used (at least in Oapan Nahuatl) to refer to colors that are faded or
dark. For example, it has been documented in reference to certain evergreens and greys.
\qry Check if /kwitlanextik/ and /tekwitlanextik/ are the same.
\ref 04707
\lxam kuwatsi:ntli
\lxam_c kuwatsi:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-tsi:ntli
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e bolt of lightening
\sense_s relámpago
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n ¡Kuwatsi:ntli!¿Xo:tikitak?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A lightening bolt! Did you see it?
\phrase_s ¿Un relámpago?¿No lo viste?
\semfld weather
\root kowa
\semref tla:kwitsahlo:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref tlatsontewi:tekilo:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04708
\lxam tlase:kak
\lxam_c tlase:kak
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-pl
\sense_e on or around the side (e.g., of a hill)
\sense_s a o por el lado (p. ej., de un cerrito o loma)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n San tlase:kak tia:skeh, xok ipan tlekowa:ya:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We'll just go around the side (in this case of a hill), we won't go where it is steep anymore.
\phrase_s Vamos por el lado (in este caso de un cerrito), ya no vamos donde la cuesta es muy inclinado.
\disamb tlanakastlan; tlase:kak
\root se:ka
\root_rel -ko
\nse The etymology of tlase:kak is obscure, as is its precise meaning and use. No cognate has been found in other lexical sources.
\ref 04709
\lxam tsitsilka
\lxam_c tsitsilka
\lxoa tsitsilka
\lxoa_c tsitsilka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to tingle (a limb that has fallen asleep or gotten numb from cold, skin after one has been bit by a poisonous insect or other animal, etc.)
\sense_s hormiguear (una extremedad que se adormecióo se entumeció, piel de una persona picada por un insecto u otro animal venenoso, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tsitsilka nokxi, o:sepo:hka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My leg is tingling, it fell asleep.
\phrase_s Mi pierna estáhormigueando, se adormeció.
\phrase_n Tsitsilka noma pa:mpa o:ne:chkwah ko:lo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My arm (or hand) is tingling porque me picóun alacrán.
\phrase_s Mi mano (o brazo) estáhormigueando porque me picóun alacrán.
\disamb tsitsilka; wiwiyoka; momoyoka; kwekwetlaka
\root tsili:
\nse The documented use of tstsilka and tsitsilika manifests a semantic variation between the two derivative frequentative forms.
Tsitsilikaremains within the semantic field of the base verb, tsili:niin that both refer to sounds. The latter indicates a single ringing sound
(which may be repeated), the former indicates a ringing that is constant (e.g., 'jingling,' with no clearly isolated events). The derivative tsitsilka, however, has a
meaning that falls outside the semantic field of sound. Rather, the meaning 'to tingle' reflects a type of metaphoric extension, insofar as ringing implies tingling in the movement on the
surface of the ringing object.
\grm Frequentatives: The basis and semantic implications of variation between forms such as /kukwalaka/ and /tsitsilka/ is not clear. There appear to be a few frequentatives that
lose the final vowel of the non-frequentative and those that don't. I know of few cases in which there is a contrast between the two. But some do exist: /chala:ni/ has
/chachalka/ and /chachalaka/; and /tsili:ni/ has /tsitsilka/ and /tsitsilika/. The full range of meaning of these contrasts should be checked. However, the pre
\xref tsili:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04710
\lxam tlatio:chi:wahli
\lxam_c tlatio:chi:wahli
\lxoa tlatio:chi:wahli
\lxoa_c tlatio:chi:wahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e material or animate object that has been blessed
\sense_s objeto material o animado que ha sido bendicho
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Umponkah ma:ka tihkwis! Tlatio:chi:wahli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That one there (in this case some palm), don't use it! It is blessed!
\phrase_s ¡Ese que estáallá(en este caso algo de palma), no lo vayas a usar!¡Estábendicho!
\nae The vowel length of the /o/ in Oapan Nahuatl tlatiochi:wahli appears to be definitely of short duration. This root morpheme, tio, seems difficult to
analysis in regard to length. It seems to vary between long and short, at least acoustically, although historical and comparative evidence suggests a long vowel, related to
teo:tl 'divinity.'
\root tio:
\root chi:wa
\semref tlatio:chi:wtli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tlatio:chi:htli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04711
\lxam papayotik
\lxam_c papayotik
\lxoa pápáyotík
\lxoa_c pápáyotík
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-tik-yoh
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be crazy; to have lost ones senses
\sense_s estar loco; haberse perdido los estribos
\sense_d Pending
\semfld emotion
\fl kwa:papayoh
\root pahpa
\nae The pitch accent pattern for Oapan Nahuatl pápáyotík is derived from an underlying {h} closing two syllables (the third pitch accent is intonational/phrasal): {pah +
payoh + tik}.
\mod Note that this does not refer to 'crazy' but more to foolishness.
\qry_fon Check for /papayoh/ as possible word (note: I have added /papayoh/ through analogy with /kwa:papayoh/, etc.) Recheck stress pattern for this Oapan word and all related
ones. Cf. /tí:páyotsí:ntik/. Note that the second female token is particularly revealing for pitch accent. Moreover, the 1st and 2nd male tokens should definitely be compared.
It seems possible that the first is /pápáyotík/ while the second is more like /pápayótík/. However, this needs to be carefully checked. I would tentatively state that the
rightward shift in the last token is perhaps due to emphasis and semantic stress.
\vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token.
\semref kwa:papayotik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kwá:papáyotík
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04712
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tó:moichkatétsi:n
\lxoa_c tó:moichkatétsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\pitch yes-lex
\semfld plant
\semfld cactus
\sense_e type of tuna cactus with unedible fruit, of the family Cactaceae, still not identified
\sense_s tipo de cactus con fruta no comestible, de la familia Cactaceae, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\root to:moh
\root chka
\qry My original notes stated that this was a type of /ó:rganoh/. I have changed the definition to indicate that this is a type of /to:motli/ with the understanding that the two words
(/ó:rganoh/ and /to:motli/) both refer to the same generic group. This should be checked. Florencia and Inocencio were not entirely sure of the name of this cactus.
\mod Cf. entry under /ôrganoh/ for full list of types.
\vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens.
\semref to:moichkatl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref ichkato:motli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tó:motlíde kwa:ichkatetsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04713
\lxam neki
\lxam_c kineki
\lxoa neki
\lxoa_c kineki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e (~ + [optative phrase]) to want; to desire [that optative phrase occur]
\sense_s (~ + [optative phrase]) querer; desear [that optative phrase occur]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikneki ma ne:chpale:wi:ki, nose:lti xniweli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I want him to come help me. I can't (do it) by myself.
\phrase_s Quiero que venga a ayudarme. Yo solo no puedo.
\sense_e to be lacking; to be in need of
\sense_s tener o sentir la falta de; necesitar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nosiahka:w nomi:l. A:chi:xtoya. Xotla:k, kwa:k me:roh kinektoya a:tl, xo:kiaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My cornfield got tired of waiting. It was waiting for rain. It didn't yield, when it was really in need of water, it didn't rain.
\phrase_s Mi milpa se cansóde esperar. Estaba esperando el agua. No rindió, cuando mero necesitaba agua, no llovió.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to cuddle; to pamper; to coddle; to embrace
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) apapachar; mimar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mitsneneki, mitsna:palowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She cuddles you, she embraces you.
\phrase_s Te apapacha, te abraza.
\phrase_n Xneneki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Embrace and fondle it (e.g. a cute baby)!
\phrase_s ¡Apapáchalo (p. ej., un niño mono)!
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to be leaning toward (doing sth)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) estar a punto de (hacer algo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kine:neki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's debating it (i.e., whether he will do it; i.e., he appears to be on the verb of deciding but hasn't definitely made up his mind.)
\phrase_s Estádebatiendo si lo quiere (esto es, si lo va a hacer, p. ej., parece que lo quiere hacer pero no estámuy resuelto.)
\sense_e (refl. with long vowel reduplication) to be reluctant; to have a hard time (doing sth)
\sense_s (refl. con reduplicación de vocal larga) renegarse; negarse; tener dificultad (en hacer algo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n None:nekilo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e People are reluctant (i.e., to work, etc.).
\phrase_s La gente se niega (p. ej., a trabajar, etc.)
\phrase_n Mone:neki, xwel kone:nemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She has trouble, she can't keep a child alive.
\phrase_s Se le dificulta, no puede mantener un niño con vida.
\root neki
\nse With short vowel reduplication, neneki refers to affectionate actions, including that of pinching someone lightly and affectionately, e.g. on the chin or cheek.
Reduplication with a long vowel, ne:neki, suggests a type of indecision, of an action on the verge of occurring. The reflexive form with a long vowel reduplication
is used to indicate reluctance, almost to the point, with a member of the opposite sex, of teasing, or playing 'hard to get.' It may also be used to refer to a plant that does not take to
the soil, to a woman who has a hard time conceiving (cf. kone:ne:neki, and other similar situations.
\qry Note that I have never heard /-neneki/ used reflexively (i.e., meaning 'to embrace oneself'); this should be checked. In one entry line I had /none:neki, xwel kone:nemi/ which was
translated as"She is..."with the rest missing. Check original card file and fill in translation. It probably means something to the effect of"She is reluctant (i.e., in the sense that her body
rejects the child/fetus), she cannot have children."CHECK Note that with short vowel reduplication the meaning can be 'to hug, to embrace, to coddle,' etc. Determine the meaning
of noneki in regards to a plant. I seem to remember that it means in the phrase xnoneki it does not have a hard time growing.
\qry Check for causative and meaning.
\semref kineki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref neki:lia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04714
\lxam tlakwa:nyoh
\lxam_c tlakwa:nyoh
\lxoa tlakwa:nyoh
\lxoa_c tlakwa:nyoh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to be (maize) full of the bug called tlakwa:ni
\sense_s estar (maíz) infectado del bicho o insecto conocido como tlakwa:ni
\sense_d Am, Oa
\ref 04715
\lxam tekonxokotl
\lxam_c tekonxokotl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of wild plum tree still not identified; it is not found near Ameyaltepec nor Oapan but rather in the lands around San Francisco Ozomatlán
\sense_s tipo de ciruelo silvestre todavía no identificado; no se encuentra cerca de Ameyaltepec ni Oapan sino más bien en los alrededores de san Francisco Ozomatlán
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\semfld edible
\ency_note xokotl
\root tekoma
\root xoko
\qry Etymology should be checked. My notes recorded a long vowel. However, I have related the etymology to /tekomatl/, which would require a short vowel. I might be mistaken in
either the vowel length or the etymology. It might be that this word in Ameyaltepec is mistaken for what should be /tekoxokotl/, el tejocote. Check vowel length.
\semref tekoxokotl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04716
\lxam Si:tlalkwe:yoh
\lxam_c Si:tlalkwe:yoh
\lxoa Si:tlalkwe:yoh
\lxoa_alt Si:talkwe:yoh
\lxoa_c Si:talkwe:yoh, Si:tlalkwe:yoh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e the Milky Way
\sense_s la Vía Láctea
\sense_d Pending
\disamb si:tlalkwe:yoh; si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl
\ency_note si:tlalin
\semref Si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl
\semref_t natural
\semref_d Am
\semref Si:tlálotlí
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\root si:tlal
\root kwe:
\nse Although one consultant, Pánfilo Lorenzo, stated that Si:tlalkwe:yoh was distinct from si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl , two branches of what in English receive one
name, the Milky Way, other speakers indicated that si:tlalkwe:yoh and si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl were equivalent. Pánfilo Lorenzo, a curandero
stated that si:tlalkwe:yoh is the branch of the Milky Way that belongs to God, whereas si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl belongs to the Devil.
\nae The etymology of Si:tlalkwe:yoh, because of prehispanic beliefs, has been related to kwe:tli. However, one might also consider a borrowing
from Spanish cuello.
\qry Check to see that the ending /-kwe:yoh/ is correct, or whether is should be /-kwe:yo:tl/? Check vowel length from recording. Make sure that /si:tlalkwe:yoh/ and /si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl/
are equivalent. If so, leave infield for both entries. If not, create a /dis link.
\ref 04717
\lxam ka:xiwtok
\lxam_c ka:xiwtok
\lxoa ka:xihtok
\lxoa_c ka:xihtok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be curved (concavely) in the middle (an animal's or human's back)
\sense_s estar con la espalda pandeada (una persona o animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Unkah burroh, ka:xiwtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There are burros that have sunken in backs (as if they were carrying a load).
\phrase_s Hay burros con el lomo pandeado (como si estuvieran llevando una carga pesada).
\root ka:x
\qry Check for other items to which this stative can apply.
\ref 04718
\lxam tesiwi
\lxam_c tesiwi
\lxoa tésiwí
\lxoa_pr tesiwi
\lxoa_c tésiwí
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\der V0-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to hail
\sense_s granizar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w tesiwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's already started to hail.
\phrase_s Ya empezóa granizar.
\semfld weather
\root te
\root hsi
\nae The pitch accent of Oapan tésiwí reflects underlying {h}. The morphology of this term, at least in terms of historical derivation, might well be {te + (i)hsiwi}.
\qry_h Check for /h/ presence.
\ref 04719
\lxam dya:
\lxam_alt dya:h
\lxam_c dya:h
\lxoa dya:
\lxoa_alt dya:
\lxoa_c di yo:tima:ltih tiá:s
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan de (ya?)
\psm Subord
\der Subord
\sense_e and then; if when
\sense_s y después; y si, entonces
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tima:lti:s dya: tiá:s
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will bathe and then you will go.
\phrase_s Te vas a bañar y entonces te irás.
\phrase_n Tli:tlikwi dya: se:se:wi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It blinks on and off (e.g., lights on a Christmas tree).
\phrase_s Se enciende y se apaga (p. ej., las luces de unárbol de Navidad).
\phrase_n Di yo:nina:ltih, niman niá:s.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Once I've bathed, I'll go right away.
\phrase_s Una vez que me bañé, luego me voy.
\phrase_n Yo:tetsa:w tlapahli. Xte:kili a:chitsi:n a:tl dya: xoko:koxo:ni para ma kwaltia!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The paint has thickened. Pour in a little water (to the bottle) and shake it deliberately back and forth so that it gets better (i.e., thins out)!
\phrase_s Se quedóespesa la pintura.¡échale un poquito de agua (al frasquito) y agítalo deliberadamente de un lado a otro para que se diluya!
\sense_e and then?
\mod Switch the sentence di yo:tima:ltih tia:s to the entry under diki, etc.
\qry Check presence of final /h/. Etimology might include /ya/ of Nahuatl or Spanish.
\nse Apparently in Ameyaltepec dyah can be used in a sense similar to that of Oapan manas in dyah ke:non 'and how then?' In this usage it
has a modal function to indicate a questioning doubt on the part of the speaker.
\nae The pronunciation of dya (Am) or di (Oa) seems to vary greatly. It is never heard in isolation and never receives pitch accent stress. Therefore the
Oapan form has been written as simply di. Nevertheless, I do remember hearing dyaw (with the final sound a palatized fricative). In Ameyaltepec it is
also not clear what the best orthography would be, but for now the representation is simply dya , with no final /h/. It seems that when uttered alone, in a question
Dyah? there is a final /h/. But it might be best to write this without the /h/ when the word is not phrase final. In Oapan the sequence dya is palatalized to
[chia].
\vl Use 2nd female and 2nd male tokens.
\semref man
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04720
\lxam to:ne:wi
\lxam_c to:ne:wi
\lxoa to:ne:wi
\lxoa_c to:ne:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\trans Compl
\sense_e to feel a burning pain (from sth spicy such as chile) on the skin
\sense_s sentir arder la piel (a causa de contacto con algo picoso como chile)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mejó:r xmopepexti, tla:mo tito:ne:wis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You should pad yourself (in this case placing a pad on your shoulder before starting to carry a sack of chile), if you don't your skin will burn!
\phrase_s ¡Debes acolchonarte (en este caso al poner una colcha por el hombro antes de cargar un costal de chile), si no se te va a arder la piel!
\root to:n
\nse It is common to find to:ne:wi with an incorporated noun (usually ma:-) indicating the place at which the burning sensation occurs. To date such
compounds include ma:-'hand,' te:n-'lips,' and tsi:n-'rear end.'
\ref 04721
\lxam Te:kwa:nis
\lxam_c Te:kwa:nis
\lxoa Te:kwa:nimeh
\lxoa_alt Te:kwa:nimih
\lxoa_c Te:kwa:nimeh, Te:kwa:nimih
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\semfld dance
\sense_e type of dance in which wild tigres are presented
\sense_s tipo de danza en que se representan tigres silvestres
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa
\disamb danzas
\qry Determine the nature of this dance and get a description. Also determine where it is danced.
\mod Add ono on dances.
\semref simarrón te:kwa:ni
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 04722
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ma:xo:chitl
\lxoa_c ma:xo:chitl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound S-N
\der N-b
\sense_e a tied bunch of leaves (usually of Vallesia glabra(Cav.) Link or basil) used (a total of 8) in the ceremony of te:tlá:ka:wíliaand on top of which are
placed the yo:ltamaltih
\sense_s un manojo de hojas (generalmente de Vallesia glabra(Cav.) Link or albaca) utilizada (un total de 8) en la ceremonia de te:tlá:ka:wíliay sobre lo
cual se colocan los yo:ltamaltih
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root ma:
\root xo:chi
\qry Check to determine if this is indeed a plant; perhaps I miswrote the entry for /ya:wxo:chitl/. If the forms are correct as given then two entries should be created, one for Oapan and
one for Ameyaltepec.
\ref 04723
\lxam papachka
\lxam_c papachka
\lxoa papachka
\lxoa_c papachka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to seep or filter through (particularly water, e.g., slowly from a well or spring)
\sense_s filtrar o transminar (particularmente auga, p. ej., al manar muy lentamente de un manantial)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San papachkatok, xmelá:k me:ya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's just seeping through (in this case water from a well in the earth), it's not really springing forth.
\phrase_s Solamente se estátransminando (en este caso agua en un pozo), no estámanando de a de veras.
\sense_e to sweat profusely
\sense_s sudar profusamente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sa: papachkatok, to:nalmiki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's sweating a lot, he's hot.
\phrase_s Estásudando mucho, tiene calor.
\disamb ito:nia
\root pachka
\qry Check etymology and derivation process of this verb /papachka/. Cf. /pa:tska/ and check vowel length of this latter verb which, I believe, has a long vowel. The phonological shape
/-Cka/ is interesting. Note again that Tetelcingo has"transmina."In regard to the phrase /sa: papachkatok/ check meaning. /sa:/ usually refers to a reduced state, so this state of
sweating might be because of some illness or"reduced"state of health.
\ref 04724
\lxam tsatsatilia
\lxam_c kitsatsatilia
\lxoa tsatsatilia
\lxoa_c kitsatsatilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make deaf; to make (sb) lose their hearing; to make (sb) become hard of hearing (either permanently or temporarily)
\sense_s hacer sordo a (algn); hacer quedar medio sordo a (algn, o permanentemente o temporalmente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kalak itik nonakas a:tl, o:ne:chtsatsatilih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Water got into my ears, it made me lose my hearing (for a while).
\phrase_s Entróagua en mis oidos, me hice quedar sordo (por un tiempo).
\root tsa
\qry For all V1-d-ti verbs, check for causatives.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note that *ki:tsatilia is not acceptable.
\xref tsatsati
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04725
\lxam ichkayo:mo:hli
\lxam_alt ichkamo:hli
\lxam_c ichkayo:mo:hli
\lxoa ichkamo:hli
\lxoa_c ichkamo:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of mole sauce made with ground cotton seeds and eaten with fish
\sense_s tipo de mole hecho con semilla de algodón y servido sobre pescado
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food
\ency_note mo:hli
\root chka
\root mo:l
\qry Obtain full recipe for /ichkayo:mo:hli/. Check if /ichkayo:mo:hli/ is correct, or whether there is an /l/ as in ?ichkayo:lmo:hli/. Check etymology. Perhaps separate Oapan and Am into
two entries if etymology is distinct.
\ref 04726
\lxam kwetla:nia
\lxam_c kikwetla:nia
\lxoa kwetla:nia
\lxoa_c kikwetla:nia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to sharply jerk or snap (from the sudden movement of an animal, a motor vehicle, etc.)
\sense_s jalar o sacudir bruscamente y con fuerza (el movimiento brusco de un animal, un vehículo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chkwetla:nih chika:wak un ma:choh, lige:roh o:nokwetla:tsoh. O:ne:chpitsa:hka:nkaxa:nih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That mule gave me a sudden jerk, it turned and twisted without warning. It gave me backache.
\phrase_s Ese macho me sacudióbruscamente, de repente se brincóy se torció. Me lastimóla cintura.
\root kwetla:
\nde In Oapan one would say chika:wak o:ne:xtekwetla:nih, always with the te- intensifier. The basic verb is used for actions such as snapping whips or ropes.
\vl Link 1st female token
\semref kwetla:tsowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04727
\lxam ne:ntekiwia
\lxam_c none:ntekiwia
\lxoa ne:ntekiwia
\lxoa_f [ne:n te ki 'wi a]
\lxoa_c none:ntekiwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-wia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to do just in case (e.g., just in case it might work, have positive results, etc.)
\sense_s hacer por si acaso, por si si las dudas (p. ej., hacer o llevar a cabo algo simplemente para ver si resulta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San nimone:ntekiwia:ya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I did it just in case (e.g., to see if it would work).
\phrase_s Lo hacía solamente por si acaso (esto es, lo hice solamente para ver si resultara).
\root ne:n
\root teki
\nse For example, one might ask someone if he would do something, or would agree to something, even though one thought that there was little chance of a positive response. One asks,
as it were,"just in case."
\qry Determine the way in which an adjunct or other phrase might be expressed here. ?nimone:ntekiwia:ya deke (or tla:?) kinekis. Etc. check for full use in a sentence.
\semref ne:ntekitl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04728
\lxam yekayeski:sa
\lxam_c yekayeski:sa
\lxoa yekayeski:sa
\lxoa_c yekayeski:sa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-[N-V1]
\der V1-b
\trans +Caus
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to have a bloody nose
\sense_s salirsele sangre por la nariz
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tiyekayeski:stok, o:mitsyekawi:tehkeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You have a bloody nose, they belted you on the nose.
\phrase_s Estás sangrando por la nariz, te golpearon por la nariz.
\root yeka
\root es
\root ki:sa
\xref yekayeski:xtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04729
\lxam ka
\lxam_cpend tli:non ka tiwa:hlaw?
\lxoa ya:
\lxoa_c ya:
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm Subord
\sense_e with (instrumental)
\sense_s con (instrumental)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (tli:no:n ~) for what reason?
\sense_s (tli:no:n ~) ¿por qué? ¿para qué?
\phrase_n Tli:no:n ka tiwa:hlaw?
\phrase_d Am
\src_p CF Nakas 3:05
\phrase_e Why have you come?
\phrase_s ¿Por qué (o, para que) viniste?
\semref ika
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref_t synonym
\root ka
\nae Oapan Nahuatl manifests the characteristic loss of /k/. In the forms ka (Am) and ya (Oa), both dialects lose the initial /i/ of what was originally a
relational noun.
\vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens. NOTE for future; redo this entry with a full phrase.
\semref wa:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04730
\lxam ista:k tlayo:hli
\lxam_c ista:k tlayo:hli
\lxoa ista:h tlayo:hli
\lxoa_c ista:h tlayo:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e white maize
\sense_s maíz blanco
\sense_d Pending
\root sta
\root o:ya
\disamb tlayo:hli
\nse This is a specific color of maize. For a full list, see tlayo:hli. Consultants in Ameyaltepec mentioned five types of white maize: tlayo:hli de un chi:noh or
simply chi:noh , tlayo:lkimichin , tlayo:lyewahli , tlayo:hli de kaba:yoh , and tlayo:hli de arrosi:yoh
have been documented to date. Consultants also described tlayo:hli de kaba:yoh as a:kawtik , 'light (in weight).'
\qry Check all types of maize and document. Also determine the manner in which this is possessed: /noista:k tlayo:l/ or /notlayo:l ista:k/. Check! This may best determine whether this
should be considered one or two words.
\ref 04731
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ilna:mihtia
\lxoa_c kilna:mihtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to remind (sb) of (e.g., an event, sth to do, etc.)
\sense_s acordarle (algo) a (p. ej., un evento, algo que hacer, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:ne:chilna:mihtih, chikas teh nitlá:pá:kasiah!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He reminded me that indeed I should have washed the dishes!
\phrase_s ¡Me acordóque de veras pues, hubiera lavado los platos!
\phrase_n O:ne:chilna:mihtih mo:stla niá:s Mé:jikoh!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He reminded me that tomorrow I'm going to Mexico!
\phrase_s ¡Me acordóque mañana voy a ir a México!
\root el
\root na:miki
\nae The causative elna:miktia (Am) / ilna:mihtia (Oa) is most often found in discourse with the object prefix tla- and an oblique expression of
what is to be remembered; see tlalna:miktia and comments there. When the ditransitive is used (i.e., no nonspecific object prefix tla-) then the secondary
object is expressed as a sentential complement.
\qry Check meaning difference between /xne:chelna:mikti tli:n nihkowas/ (or... /tli:non nihkowas/) and /xne:xtlalna:mikti tli:n nihkowas/. Only the second is documented in my corpus; the
first might not even be correct.
\grm Complements: Note that in Oapan Nahuatl (and perhaps AM) one may use either /ilna:mihtia/ or /tlalna:mihtia/ i.e., /O:ne:chilna:mihtih mo:sta niá:s Mé:jikoh!/ and
/O:ne:chtlalna:mihtih mo:sta niá:s Mé:jikoh!/.
\vl Use second female token.
\semref tlalna:miktia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\xref elna:miki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref ilna:miki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\xref tlalna:mihtia
\xref_t val_reduce2
\xref_d Oa
\ref 04732
\lxam tekomo:nia
\lxam_c kitekomo:nia
\lxoa tekomo:nia
\lxoa_cpend notekomo:nia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)[+ca]
\trans +Refl/-tran
\infv class-2a
\sense_e see komo:nia
\sense_s véase komo:nia
\sense_d Am, Oa
\ref 04733
\lxam tla:kaikni:w
\lxam_c i:tla:kaikni:w
\lxoa tla:kaihni:w
\lxoa_c i:tla:kaihni:w
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e fellow man (used to indicate a relationship between men)
\sense_s compañero (empleado para indicar una relación entre un hombre y otro)
\sense_d Pending
\root tla:ka
\root kni:w
\qry Cf. the queries and grammatical points under /sowa:ikni:w/. Perhaps this can be used in the plural, e.g., /tla:kaikni:wteh/. Check and if so, change entry.
\qry_fon Check to determine whether the /i/ is long (or at least of long duration) at /tla:kai:hniw/? It seems to be acoustically, longer than expected. Determine the phonetics of the
sound between /i/ and /n/. I have checked with Chen Diaz and others in the workshop and they seem to agree that the vowel is long.
\semref ikni:wtli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref suwa:ikni:w
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ihni:htli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref siwa:ihni:w
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04734
\lxam iya:ya
\lxam_c iya:ya
\lxoa yéyá:ya
\lxoa_pr yeya:ya
\lxoa_c yéyá:ya
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Adj; ~Trans
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to acquire a foul smell
\sense_s apestar; adquirir un mal olor
\sense_d Pending
\root hya:
\ref 04735
\lxam poliwi
\lxam_c poliwi
\lxoa poliwi
\lxoa_c poliwi
\dt 03/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers -lo, tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[ca]
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get or become lost
\sense_s perderse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:poliw noburroh, mo:stla nontlate:mo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My donkey got lost, tomorrow I'll go out to search the countryside.
\phrase_s Se perdiómi burro, mañana voy a ir a sabanear.
\sense_e to be lacking or missing
\sense_s faltar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Poliwi intlake:n nokni:wa:n, pos newa nikita ke:no:n nihkuwa.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 04735_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 46:08
\phrase_e My siblings don't have enough cloths, well I figure out how to buy it.
\phrase_s Falta ropa para mis hermanos, pues voy le veo como comprarla.
\phrase_n Nika:n itlah poliwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Something is missing here.
\phrase_s Aquí falta algo.
\phrase_n Poliwi sé:!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e One is lacking (or missing)!
\phrase_s ¡Falta uno!
\sense_e to be still some time before (sth happens)
\sense_s falta tiempo (para que ocurra algo)
\phrase_n Poliwitsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just a little is lacking (e.g., a few moments before sth will occur, or a certain small quantity of a needed ingredient, such as a little more salt, etc.)
\phrase_s Falta poquito (p. ej., unos momentos hasta que algo va a suceder, o una cierta cantidad reducida de algo, como un poquito de sal que le falta a una comida)
\sense_e (with an extraverse directional) to disappear; to go out of sight
\sense_s (con una direccional extraversa) desaparecer; perderse de vista
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:poliwito, xok ne:si.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It disappeared (over in that direction), it's no longer visible.
\phrase_s Se perdióde vista (por allí), ya no parece.
\phrase_n Newa niá:s Iguala, a:sta timistokas, pero a:sta xpoliwiti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will go to Iguala, I will even follow you, but not until you've first disappeared from sight.
\phrase_s Voy a ir a Iguala, hasta te voy a seguir, pero no sino hasta que te pierdas de vista.
\root pol
\qry Check for possibility of ?tepoliwi. Also carefully note the difference between /polowa/ and /polo:ltia/.
\xref polo:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlapoliwi
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Am
\xref tlá:políwi
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Oa
\ref 04736
\lxam tlapachiwtok
\lxam_c tlapachiwtok
\lxoa tlapachihtok
\lxoa_c tlapachihtok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be covered (e.g., with a blanket)
\sense_s estar cubierto (p. ej., con una cobija)
\sense_d Pending
\root tlapach
\qry Check what items can be covered and with what objects.
\ref 04737
\lxam kokoloxtik
\lxam_c kokoloxtik
\lxoa kókoloxtík
\lxoa_c kókoloxtík
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be curly (e.g., hair)
\sense_s ser chino; estar rizado (p. ej., cabello)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kokoloxtik notson.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My hair is curly.
\phrase_s Mi cabello es chino.
\sense_e to be wrinkled and bunched up
\sense_s estar fruncida como con pliegues
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kokoloxtik sempwalxo:chitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The marigold is ruffled.
\phrase_s La caléndula es fruncida.
\root koloch
\qry Check the difference between /xoxoloxtik/ and kokoloxtik/, i.e. the first seems more applicable to a marigold than the entry phrase I have here. Perhaps the second example,
therefore, is not that precise.
\ref 04738
\lxam tlami
\lxam_c tlami
\lxoa tlami
\lxoa_c tlami
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Aux
\der Aux
\sense_e to end
\sense_s terminar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:tlan nokwi:katia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's finished singing.
\phrase_s Terminóde cantar.
\root tlami
\nae Auxiliary verbs in Nahuatl are not marked for person or number, only for tense, aspect, or mood.
\ref 04739
\lxam ye:xka:n
\lxam_c ye:xka:n
\lxoa ye:xka:n
\lxoa_c ye:xka:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-ka:n
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e in three places
\sense_s en tres lugares
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli, xpestik, ye:xka:n tlakechiliwtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is a skirt made up of tiers of fabric, it isn't smooth (given that there is at least one seam running around it), it is sewn together in three places.
\phrase_s Es una falda hecha de hileras sobrepuestas de tela, no estálisa (dado que tiene costuras horizontales), estácosida en tres lugares.
\phrase_n Xna:hka:n o:tikwipa:n, san ye:xka:n tlawipa:nahli motlapech.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You didn't weave twine to hold the rods (tlapextli) of your bed in four places, it's only woven together in three places.
\phrase_s No les amarraste las varas de tu cama (de tlapextli) con cuerda entrelazándolas en cuatro lugares, estáamarrada con cuerda entrelazada nada más en
tres lugares.
\root e:i
\root_rel -ka:n
\ref 04740
\lxam tlatsili:ni
\lxam_c tlatsili:ni
\lxoa tlatsili:ni
\lxoa_c tlatsili:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp tla-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for the towns church bells to ring
\sense_s repicar las campanas de la iglesia del pueblo
\sense_d Pending
\root tsili:
\qry In one file card I have /tlatsili:ni moreló:j/. This might be an error. Check. If it is correct, then determine the difference between this and /tsili:ni moreló:j/.
\mod Determine a manner to express subjects in cases in which the verb is marked for a single subject. Thus /tlatsili:ni/ refers to the ringing of the bells of the village church.
\xref tsili:ni
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04741
\lxam mihka:tla:hli
\lxam_c mihka:tla:hli
\lxoa mihka:tla:hli
\lxoa_c mihka:tla:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e earth taken from a graveyard or cemetery
\sense_s tierra tomada de un cementerio
\sense_d Pending
\root miki
\root tla:l
\nse Mihka:tla:hli is used, at least in Ameyaltepec, to cure mihkasiwi , a type of alergy.
\mod See Flk 1984-03-12.1 for how /mihka:tla:hli/ is used to cure /mihkasiwi/.
\ref 04742
\lxam peya:sowa
\lxam_c kipeya:sowa
\lxoa pia:sowa
\lxoa_c kipeya:sowa
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to straighten (sth long and flexible, such as hair, a thin rod, a stick, etc.)
\sense_s enderezar (algo largo y flexible, como cabello, un tubo delgado, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipeya:sowa itson ika ixelwa:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She straightens out her hair with a brush of maguey fiber.
\phrase_s Endereza el cabello con un cepillo de fibra de maguey.
\phrase_n Ma:ka tikpepeya:so:s nomax!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't pull my leg!
\phrase_s ¡No me tomes el pelo!
\sense_e to comb the hair of (Ameyaltepec equivalent: kwa:peya:sowa)
\sense_s peinar a (equivalente de Ameyaltepec: kwa:peya:sowa)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nope:peya:sowan. Pero asta kontan ka:no:n poliwtok ipan espejo. Kikuwan se: espejo hkon nope:peya:sowan. Dya: notlake:npatlan,
kiita[n] ka:no:n poliwtok.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 04742_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 44:10
\phrase_e They comb their hair. They even look into a mirror to see where something is missing. They buy a mirror and comb their hair. Then they change clothes and check
themselves over to see what is missing.
\phrase_s Se peinan. Hasta miran en un espejo para ver donde falta. Compran un espejo y así se peinan. Y cuando ya se cambiaron de ropa se examinan para ver que hace falta.
\disamb peya:sowa; mela:wa
\root peya:s
\qry One illustrative phrase I had was /tikpepeya:so:s ima:wa:n tlakotl/ 'vas a tallar la vara de sus ramitas.' I'm not sure this is correct and thus it should be checked before adding it to the
senses of /peya:sowa/. Check! Note that in this sentence it would seem that the branches are the object, not the rod (tlakotl) itself. Check also the sentence /ma:ka tikpepeya:so:s
nomax/, and as well if this is only acceptable with reduplication. I had this entry for a definition that I have removed: '(reduplication with short vowel + -max) (fig.) to
pull the leg of (lit., 'to straighten out the pubic hair of')'
\vl There are 4 extra tokens of this word at 6467.
\xref tlapeya:sowa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\ref 04743
\lxam tsi:kameh panoche:ros
\lxam_c tsi:kameh panoche:ros
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) panochero
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e type of ant as yet still not indentified, of those known as tsi:katl
\sense_s tipo de hormiga hasta ahora todavía no identificada, de los que se conocen como tsi:katl
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\ency_note tsi:katl
\root tsi:ka
\ref 04744
\lxam temanastetl
\lxam_c temanastetl
\lxoa temanistetl
\lxoa_c temanistetl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound S-N
\der N-b
\sense_e hearthstone, an often crumbly and light stone placed in a triangular formation around the hearth and used for the three supports for pots and griddles; the type of stone
used is selected (hardened tla:lamo:hli in Ameyaltepec and tepoxahtetlin Oapan) because it does not explode with heat
\sense_s piedra ligera y algo suelta puesta en las tres equinas de un triángulo para soporte de las ollas y comal colocadas sobre el fuego; el tipo de piedra empleada
(tla:la:mo:hli endurecida en Ameyaltepec y tepoxahtetlen Oapan) se escoge porque no explota con el calor
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e specific type of rock, apparently hardened tla:la:mo:hli , that is used as for hearthstones
\sense_s tipo específico de piedra, aparentemente tla:la:mo:hli endurecida, que se emplea para sostener ollas y comales sobre la fogata
\sense_d Pending
\semfld stone
\semfld tool
\root temanas
\root te
\nse According to Cristino Flores (Am) there are two types of temanastetl : temanastetl chi:chi:ltik and temanastetl istá:k. The former is not
found near Ameyaltepec but the latter, that most commonly used, is.
\nae Ameyaltepec temanastetl is cognate to Classical tenamastetl ; it is not clear which is the more basic form and which has suffered metathesis of the
nasals. Given this confusion, it is impossible to establish a clear etymology. From the Classical lexeme, an etymological relationship to tenamitl 'wall, barrier' seems
possible. From the Ameyaltepec form an etymology based on the verb mana seems possible. In Oapan there seems to have been a weakening of the 3rd-syllable
vowel. Because of these changes and variations, the root has been left at temanasand te.
\root_notes Ameyaltepec temanastetl is cognate to Classical tenamastetl ; it is not clear which is the more basic form and which has suffered metathesis of
the nasals. Given this confusion, it is impossible to establish a clear etymology. From the Classical, a relationship to tenamitl 'wall, barrier' seems possible.
From the Ameyaltepec form an etymology based on the verb mana seems possible. For this reason the root has been left at temanas and
tetl.
\ref 04745
\lxam pachakahlo:tl
\lxam_c pachakahlo:tl
\lxoa pachakahlo:tl
\lxoa_c pachakahlo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-yo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e sediment; grinds (of coffee that settle to the bottom); undissolved particles (that can be filtered in a sieve or that settles to the bottom of a liquid mixture)
\sense_s sedimento; asientos o posos (de algo como café); partículas no disueltas (en una mezcla que o se pueden filtrar o que se asientan en el fondo de un líquido)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Noka:waipachakahlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Its grinds are left behind (in this case in reference to a pot of coffee).
\phrase_s Se quedan los asientos (en este caso en referencia a una olla de café).
\root pachaka
\nae The etymology of pachakahlo:tl is uncertain, but this root of this word is probably related to that of pachiwi. The relationship of both to words
such as pa:chakatl (Am) / pa:chika:tl still needs to be determined.
\qry Note that the vowel length of /pachakahlo:tl/ should be checked as should the words containing /pa:chaka:-/ (see following entries). For now the etymology has been left at
/pachaka/. Check to make sure that /pachakahli/ does not exist and that /pachakahlo:tl/ does (and that the latter is not always found in possessed form).
\qry Check whether /pachakahli/ is a word.
\ref 04746
\lxam ilwikak
\lxam_c ilwikak
\lxoa ilwikaw
\lxoa_c i:lwikaw
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-k(o)
\infn N1 (Am); N2 (Oa)
\sense_e heaven (where God is)
\sense_s los cielos (donde estáDiós)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ilwikak wan tla:ltikpaktli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The Heavens and the Earth.
\phrase_s Los Cielos y la Tierra.
\root lwika
\root_rel -ko
\nse Ilwikak (Am) / i:lwikaw (Oa) is where God is, not simply the sky, for which the Spanish loan sie:loh is used. It is also be differentiated
from chikna:wtipan (Am), where the yeyekameh (Am) are. Note that in Oapan the possessed form i:lwikaw is used, in which the
possessor is God and the literal meaning is 'his heavens.'
\qry_fon Check the final consonant of Inocencio Jiménez against that of Florencia Marcelino. Discuss the nature of final /w/ in Oapan.
\ref 04747
\lxam san ke:n ihki
\lxam_c san ke:n ihki
\lxoa san ke:n ihka:tsi:n
\lxoa_c san ke:n ihka:tsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-man
\sense_e see ihki (Am) / ki:(Oa)
\sense_s véase ihki (Am) / ki:(Oa)
\sense_d Pending
\grm /ka:/ In the Oapan form /san ke:n ihka:tsi:n/ it seems obvious that the /ihka:tsi:n/ is related to Am and other dialect /ihki/. This is a clear example of how in all cases /ki/
shows up as /ka:/ when followed by a subsequent morpheme within the word.
\vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens.
\ref 04748
\lxam tekichi:wilia
\lxam_c kitekichi:wilia
\lxoa tekichi:wilia
\lxoa_c kitekichi:wilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (~ [noun]) to work or to work at ([noun], as in 'to work wood' or other similar types of object); to make ([noun] through ones work)
\sense_s (~ [sustantivo]) trabajar o trabajar en ([sustantivo] como en trabajar la madera, u otro tipo de objeto); fabricar [sustantivo]
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kitekichi:iwilian michin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They (in this case people from Ahuehuepan) work fish (i.e., make wooden fish).
\phrase_s Ellos (en este caso individuos de Ahuehuepan) trabajan pescados (esto es, fabrican pescados de madera)
\sense_e to do work for
\sense_s hacer trabajo para
\sense_d Oa
\root teki
\root chi:wa
\xref tekichi:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04749
\lxam yeska:wa
\lxam_c yeska:wa
\lxoa yeska:wa
\lxoa_c yeska:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to turn pale
\sense_s quedarse pálido
\sense_d Pending
\disamb yestlami; yeska:wa
\root es
\root ka:wa
\ref 04750
\lxam ma:tila:na
\lxam_c noma:tila:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (refl.) to drag oneself along by the arms or hands
\sense_s (refl.) arrastrarse (por los brazos o las manos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San noma:tila:na, xwel nokwiste:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just drags himself along by his arms, he can't get up.
\phrase_s Solamente se arrastra por los brazos, no se puede incorporar.
\phrase_n Noma:tila:na un kichkone:tl, xe wel nenemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That baby boy pulls himself along by his hands, he still can't walk.
\phrase_s Ese niño se arrastra jalándose por las manos, todavía no puede caminar.
\sense_e (refl. and short vowel reduplication) to stretch ones arms out (e.g., sb just waking up, or sb who feels stiff)
\sense_s (refl. and reduplicación de vocal corta) estirarse los brazos (p. ej., algn que apenas se estádespertando, o que se siente tieso)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to pull on the arm of (e.g.,. to accommodate bones that have gotten out of place, soothe bad sprains, etc.)
\sense_s jalarle el brazo de (algn, p. ej., para acomodar a los huesos torcidos, calmar dolores fuertes, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xmoma:titila:na!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Stretch your arms out!
\phrase_s ¡Estírate los brazos!
\disamb ma:nenemi
\root ma:
\root tila:na
\nse The action referenced by ma:tila:na is that of dragging, i.e., such as a drunk who cannot get off the ground, a very young baby, a wounded soldier, etc. It is different
from ma:nenemi , which refers to walking on ones hands, as in crawling on all fours. The reflexive noma:tila:na is apparently used to refer to a range of
animals that crawl. It does not include insects or snakes, but does include snails (wi:laka). It may, therefore, be semi-lexicalized as a term for particular life forms.
The following types of animals are those in a list of animals that can be characterized by this reflexive verb, noma:tila:na : a:ketspalin, eskorpió:n, kohketspalin,
kowi:xin (4 types: kowi:xin, kowi:xtataka, petskowi:xin, techichiko:tl), rra:nah, sa:poh, tepa:xin, tepe:sa:poh, tla:lkokone:tl, wi:laka. In Oapan
apparently the simple form tila:na, used reflexively, is used for 'to crawl.' When asked several consultants in terpr eted noma:tila:na as referring to the
physical stretching of the arms.
\qry Check for transitive use, e.g., /kima:tila:na/. Check for long vowel reduplication and also /mama:tila:na/ as opposed to /ma:titila:na/. Note that in my original notes I had /noma:tila:na/
as 'It is a lizard (lit. 'it crawls').' This should be checked, as should the motion of a lizard. I think that in a second version of this lexicon this entry should be checked, particularly in
regard to whether this is a lexical entry or simply a descriptive term applied to crawling animals that have little else (in terms of classification) in common. I think I originally saw this
term elsewhere.
\grm Reduplication, note the reduplication of /noma:titila:na/ meaning 'he stretches his arms out' and how the verbal root is reduplicated, not the IN. In general it seems rare for
INs to be reduplicated; this should be checked.
\semref tila:na
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04751
\lxam chi:chi:l
\lxam_c *chi:chi:l
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e see polá:n chi:chi:l
\sense_s véase polá:n chi:chi:l
\sense_d Am
\root chi:l
\ref 04752
\lxam ma:stlakapahli
\lxam_c ima:stlakapal
\lxoa ma:stla:kapahli
\lxoa_c i:ma:stla:kapal
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e wing (of a bird)
\sense_s ala (de un pájaro o ave)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e shoulder blade (of a human or other animal)
\sense_s espaldilla (de un humano u otro tipo de animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chkukwa nika:n ipan noma:stlakapal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It hurts me here, on my shoulder blade.
\phrase_s Me duele aquí, en la espaldilla.
\sense_e (i:ma:stla:kapal ara:doh) the blade of a plow
\sense_s (i:ma:stla:kapal ara:doh) la"hoja"de un arado
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (i:ma:stla:kapal ba:rkoh) the oars of a boat
\sense_s (i:ma:stla:kapal ba:rkoh) los remos de un barco
\sense_d Pending
\disamb matlapahli
\root ma:
\root astla:kapal
\disamb matlapahli
\nse According to Florencia Marcelino, ma:stla:kapahli refers to wings that have a shoulder joint, that are bent, such as those of birds (i.e., a wing with a shoulder
blade or some equivalent anatomical unit). However, mátlapáhli (Oa) refers to wings such as those of insects, a single element that emerges from the body and cannot
be bent. Thus, for example, the shoots of onions are referred to as i:matlapal (Am).
\nae According to Chen Díaz the tla- syllable is short. This needs to be checked as some Ameyaltepec individuals seem to have a long vowel here, as it is in Oapan.
\qry However, if short with /h/ then there would be a common alternation of /ma:/ with /mah/; the alternation /tlapahli/ and /tlakapahli/ is unusual and should be checked into. Originally
AM had /ma:stlakapahli/ this has been changed to a long second /a:/ based on Oapan evidence.
\qry Check for the proper term for the blade of a plow in Spanish. Check also if /matlapal/ can also be used for oars, the blades of a plow, etc.
\root_notes There is apparently an alternation between /tlakapal/ and /tlapal/, as evidenced in /matlapahli/ and /ma:stlakapahli/.
\ref 04753
\lxam kipia para
\lxam_c kipia para
\lxoa kipia para
\lxoa_c kipia para ya:s
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\der Modal-complex
\sense_e (~ + [future verb]) word sequence indicating advisory or obligative modality, i.e., speaker's view that addressee or referent should act in a certain way, or that sth must
occur; in certain cases it might also indicate that the verbal event is 'bound to' occur
\sense_s (~ + [verbo en futuro]) secuencia de palabras que indican una modalidad de obligación, esto es, la perspectiva del hablante que otro debe actuar de cierta manera, o que
algo tiene que suceder
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia para wi:ts.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's bound to come.
\phrase_s Ha de venir.
\phrase_n Kipia para tine:chpale:wi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You should help me.
\phrase_s Me debes (tienes que) ayudar.
\phrase_n A:man xok kipiaya para kiawiskia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Today it wasn't due for it to rain (i.e., it shouldn't have rained).
\phrase_s Hoy no estaba para llover (esto es, no debía haber llovido).
\disamb i:tekiw
\root piya
\nse Kipia para can be compared to other ways of saying 'it is necessary,' 'it is needed,' or 'it is bound to.' It seems, first, that kipia para is used only
when followed by a future verb form. The implication is that the subject of verbal predicate is obligated to engage in the action. An English translation might be 'must.' Another way
of expressing necessity is through kineki, which is followed by a noun. Thus kineki tla:katl 'a grown man is needed/necessary' or
kineki se: ma pitentsi:n 'one who is small is needed.' See kinekifor further discussion. Finally, note the use of i:tekiw.
Kipia para wi:ts (Am) expresses a speaker's perception of an obligation on the part of the subject to come, such as would be the case if the subject has promised to
do so, or has a matter pending that requires his or her attention. I:tekiw , on the other hand, expresses more a sense of inevitability; indeed, it even suggests that a
subject might carry out a given act even against his will or desire. Thus a parent might tell a friend that his child will help, i:tekiw mitspale:wi:s , implying that this will
occur even if the child is somewhat reluctant. More work needs to be done on distinguishing them.
\ref 04754
\lxam polaktia
\lxam_c kipolaktia
\lxoa polahtia
\lxoa_c kipolahtia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to submerge; to immerse; to dunk (sth or sb into a liquid, particularly water); to force underwater
\sense_s sumergir; meter dentro de un líquido (particularmente el agua)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xpolakti, xte:ma!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Put it under water (in this case a water jug), fill it up!
\phrase_s ¡Mételo (en este caso un peró:l), llénalo!
\root polaki
\qry Determine difference between /a:polaktia/ and /polaktia/; also determine the difference between /o:nipolak/ and /o:nimopolaktih/. Check for possible use of intensifier.
\xref polaki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04755
\lxam tlayo:ltoto:nilia
\lxam_c kitlayo:ltoto:nilia
\lxoa tlayo:ltoto:nilia
\lxoa_c kitlayo:ltoto:nilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to spread maize out in the sun (to kill the vermin) for (sb)
\sense_s extender el maíz en el sol (para matar los animalitos que le infestan) para (algn)
\sense_d Pending
\root o:ya
\root to:n
\qry_fon The spectrogram of this word provides a good illustration of the vowel length variation, e.g., /toto:-/.
\xref tlayo:ltoto:nia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04756
\lxam a:yo:tilia
\lxam_c ka:yo:tilia
\lxoa a:yo:tilia
\lxoa_c ka:yo:tilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to add water to (broths, beans, other substances that have some water but need more) for (sb)
\sense_s agregarle agua a (caldo, frijoles, substancias que tienen algo de agua pero que les hace falta más) para (algn)
\sense_d Pending
\root a:
\qry Cf. query in /a:yo:tia/. Make sure to check whether /a:yo:tia/ and /a:yo:tilia/ are equivalent in meaning re: adding water to a food. Perhaps this is an indication of influence from
Spanish 'leismo.'
\xref a:yo:tia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tla:yo:tilia
\xref_t val_reduce2
\xref_d Am
\ref 04757
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be the entry for /tla:lte:kotli/ but it has never been confirmed nor heard in conversation besides once when documented. It has been removed.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\ref 04758
\lxam kwe:roh
\lxam_c kwe:roh
\lxoa kwe:roh
\lxoa_c kwe:roh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan cuero
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e leather
\sense_s piel curtida; cuero
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e skin (of a person)
\sense_s piel (de una persona)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pipixtik un ikwe:roh, xwel kalaki aú:jah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His skin is tough, a needle can't pierce it.
\phrase_s Estádura su piel, no le puede entrar una aguja.
\semref kwetlaxtli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kwitlaxtli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04759
\lxam to:nahli
\lxam_c to:nahli
\lxoa to:nahli
\lxoa_c to:nahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e sun
\sense_s sol
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e day (i.e., the daylight hours of a day, between sunrise and sunset)
\sense_s día (esto es, la parte del día cuando se ve el sol, entre el amanecer y el atardecer)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ninenen se: to:nahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I walked an entire day (in this case of daylight hours).
\phrase_s Caminéun día entero (en este caso las horas de luz).
\sense_e day (i.e., the day of 24 hours)
\sense_s día (esto es, el día de 24 horas)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (kimich pitentsi:n ~) the sun is just rising
\sense_s (kimich pitentsi:n ~) el sol estáapenas saliendo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kemech pitentsi:n to:nahli, kemech o:wa:lki:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sun is just rising (still low on the horizon); it just emerged.
\phrase_s El sol apenas estásaliendo (estácerca del horizonte), apenas salió.
\sense_e (sa: pitentsi:n or sa: tepe:i:xko ~) the sun is about to set
\sense_s (sa: pitentsi:n o sa: tepe:i:xko ~) el sol estápor ponerse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sa: pitentsi:n to:nahli, i kalakis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sun is near the horizon, it is about to set.
\phrase_s El sol estánomás poco arriba del horizonte, ya se va a poner.
\sense_e (nokwa ~ (Am) / tlami ~ (Oa)) for a solar eclipse to occur
\sense_s (nokwa ~ (Am) / tlami ~ (Oa)) haber un eclipse solar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nokwah to:nahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There was a solar eclipse.
\phrase_s Hubo un eclipse solar.
\sense_e (alienable possession)"spirit"
\sense_s (posesión enajenable)"espíritú"
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (asi -to:nal) for ones fate to be fulfilled; for one's day to arrive
\sense_s (asi -to:nal) cumplirsele a uno su suerte; llegarsele el día a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:mik, o:asik ito:nal.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p DT#7: 293
\phrase_e He died, his fate caught up with him.
\phrase_s Se murió, llegósu día.
\semfld heavens
\ncol i:xmon to:nahli
\root to:na
\nse In the passive construction (nokwa to:nahli , as well as nokwa me:stli) Ameyaltepec consultants noted that it is the stars that"eat"the sun (and moon).
However, other consultants made the distinction between nokwa to:nahli i:wa:n si:tlalin as referring to a partial eclipse and nokwa to:nahli i:wa:n me:stli
as referring to a total eclipse (i.e., with the implication that the moon is more powerful in"eating"the sun than the stars are. In Oapan the reflexive passive of kwa is not
used in the sense of 'eclipse'; rather tlami is employed (see above). The phrase asi -to:nal refers, literally, to one's"day"arriving. The sense is that
something unfelicitous has happened although in certain cases the phrase may refer to a positive occurrence. Finally, the possessed form of to:nahli refers to
something that may loosely referred to as ones 'spirit.' It can be lost through fright (or susto) and then recovered by a curandero who leaves offerings for
or appeals to the yeyekameh to release the to:nahli that they have taken. Extensive encyclopedic notes will need to be developed on this meaning
and use of to:nahli.
\mod Perhaps do stories about /to:nahli/
\ref 04760
\lxam tsonketsa
\lxam_c kitsonketsa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to turn or place with the mouth pointing down (material objects such as bottles and jugs, e.g., to empty them)
\sense_s poner o colocar con la boca hacia abajo (objetos materiales como botellas y cántaros, p. ej., para vaciarlos)
\sense_d Am
\disamb tsi:ntepolketsa; tsi:nketsa; tsonketsa; i:xakamana
\root tson
\root ketsa
\nse Tsonketsa is used only with objects, such as bottles and jugs, that have a"mouth"as an opening.
\qry The entry for this term (the entry and/or definition) might be wrong.
\ref 04761
\lxam tlatetewistika:n
\lxam_c tlatetewistika:n
\lxoa tlate:tewistika:n
\lxoa_c tlate:tewistika:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla-ka:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infn N1(N2-tla)
\sense_e see tlatetewitska:n
\sense_s véase tlatetewitska:n
\sense_d Pending
\vl Link 1st female and 2nd male tokens.
\root tla:l
\root tewits
\qry_fon In general all these forms should be discussed and one standard entry. The major differences concern: 1) initial /tla-/ or /tla:l-/; 2) redupication with long (/te:te-/) or short
(/tete-/) vowel; and 3) final /-witska:n/ or /-wistika:n/.
\ref 04762
\lxam se:wati
\lxam_c se:wati
\lxoa se:wati
\lxoa_c se:wati
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\der V0-b
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to become cold
\sense_s hacer frío
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:man ye pe:was se:watis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now its about to start becoming cold.
\phrase_s Ahora ya va a empezar a hacer frío.
\root se:wa
\vl Link 1st female token, 1st male token.
\semref se:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04763
\lxam tsakawa:swia
\lxam_c notsakawa:swia
\lxoa tsakawa:swia
\lxoa_pr tsakawa:swia
\lxoa_f [tsa ka wa:s 'wi a]
\lxoa_c notsakawa:swia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e (refl.) to comb ones hair and delouse oneself with a tsakawa:stli
\sense_s (refl.) peinarse y quitarse piojos con el peine llamado tsakawa:stli
\sense_d Pending
\root tsakawa:s
\ref 04764
\lxam kokomoka
\lxam_c kokomoka
\lxoa kokomoka
\lxoa_c kokomoka
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq]
\trans Compl
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to make a repeated banging or sputtering sound
\sense_s hacer un ruido como una serie de golpes; petardear
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wa:lkokomokatiw fle:chah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The bus is coming sputtering along.
\phrase_s Viene petardeando el camión.
\phrase_n Tlakokomoka ika tambo:ras.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There's a reverberating sound from the drums.
\phrase_s Hay un sonido como de reverbero por las tamboras.
\semfld sound
\root komo:
\nse When asked the meaning of kokomoka consultants invariably placed their fingers together and hit the palm of their other hand, or some other object.
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\grm Antipassive: Note the following phrase as an example: /Tlakokomoka ika tambo:ras/ 'There's a reverberating sound from the drums.'
\xref komo:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04765
\lxam tla:lmimilo:hli
\lxam_c tla:lmimilo:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\lexical Lex. rdp-s; Op. infix te- : tla:ltemimilo:hli
\sense_e very small, low-lying and narrow hill; mounds de earth
\sense_s lomita; cerrito muy pequeño, angosto y poco alto; montículos de tierra
\sense_d Pending
\root tla:l
\root mil
\nse Tla:lmimilo:hli is seldom used in everyday speech. Nevertheless elders understand this term.
\semref tla:lmilo:hli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04766
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was the entry for /I:cha:n Tekolo:meh/ which has been removed and placed in the toponymic database.
\dt 10/Aug/2005
\ref 04767
\lxam kiawtli
\lxam_c kiawtli
\lxoa kiahtli
\lxoa_c kiahtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e rain
\sense_s lluvia
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Newa xnikoni:s pa:mpa san de kiawtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I won't drink it because it is just rainwater.
\phrase_s No lo voy a beber yo porque es sólo de la lluvia.
\semfld weather
\root ki
\root yawi
\nae It might be possible to analyze kwawtli as a deverbalized noun, given the verb kiawi.
\ref 04768
\lxam motso:lowa
\lxam_c kimotso:lowa
\lxoa 'motso:lówa
\lxoa_pr motso:lowa
\lxoa_c kímotso:lówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Op. te- : temotso:lowa
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to grab or snatch in ones hand (e.g., sb's arm, clothes, etc.); to grab a handful or fistful of
\sense_s agarrar o asir en la mano (p. ej., el brazo de algn, ropa, etc.); agarrar un puñado de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka xne:chmotso:lo!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't grab me (for example, by snatching a part of my clothing)!
\phrase_s ¡No me agarres (p. ej. asiendo parte de mi ropa por la mano)!
\phrase_n Ma:ka xne:chmotso:lo ipan notlake:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't grab me by my clothes!
\phrase_s ¡No me empuñes la ropa!
\phrase_n Xkomotso:lo deke tihkwa:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Reach out and grab a handful if you're going to eat them (e.g., candies, seeds, etc.)!
\phrase_s ¡Extiende tu mano a agarrar un puñado si te los vas a comer (p. ej., dulces, semillas, etc.)!
\disamb motsowa
\root mohtso:l
\nse Luis Lucena, in discussing the difference between motso:lowa and momotsowa suggested that the second verb indicates greater force, that one, for
example, might have sunken ones nails into another person's arm. Note that motso:lowa was never documented in a reflexive form, and consultants denied that this
was possible. However, there is a documented occurrence of the reflexive temotso:lowa, which is a distinct entry and, given that the pitch accent pattern is
distinct, may indeed have a different etymology.
\nae Note that in Ahuelicán the presence of underlying {h} is confirmed: e.g., ne:chmohtso:lowa. The pitch contour of né:chmotso:lówa, which is equivalent to
that of né:xtete:mówa, suggests that the same underlying pattern of {h} holds for the two words, underlyingly {mohtso:lowa} and {tehte:mowa}. Yet there is no
evidence (though this should be rechecked) in other words with the same verbal stem (e.g., ixitemotso:lihtok; ixitemotso:lowa;
motso:lowilia; temotso:liwi; temotso:lowa; and temotso:lkuhtia) that there is an underlying {h} anywhere. These need to
be rechecked, but if this is the case it raises the question of the reason for the pitch accent in né:chmotso:lówa. Perhaps the reason has to do with a reanalysis of the
stem as {mohtso:lowa} based on the fact that it usually occurs in reduplicated form and that this is often reduced to vowel lengthening on the prev ious syllable. However, t his
seem s unlikely given that there is no parallel pitch-accent in compounds with this same verbal stem. Another possibility is that the pitch accent on ne:ch- in
né:chmotso:lówa is an example of grammaticalized pitch accent that indicates"reduplication"and that in effect it is the semantic equivalent of
ne:chmómotso:lówa. Note, also, that the maintenance of pitch-accent on the reduplicated syllable of ne:chmómotso:lówa seems to reflect an avoidance
of a stress pattern of H-L-L-L-H-L. If it is the prosodic structure that causes this, then we would expect that reduplication of four-syllable words in Oapan Nahuatl with a long
syllable in a preceding prefix results in a stressed reduplicant. Unfortunately, no test cases that have been recorded come immediately to mind. This did not seem to be the
interpretation of Florencia Marcelino, who suggested that whereas né:chmotso:lówa represents a single occurrence of the action of grabbing,
ne:chmómotso:lówa re p r esents multiple occurrences. Therefore, the reason for pitch accent in a form such as né:chmotso:lówa seems to be the same
reason for its occurrence in kímotso:lówa, an initial closed syllable with {h} as a coda. This suggests that temotso:lowa, which does not manifest pitch
accent, is a different word, not simply the same word with an intensifying prefix.
\qry Check for possible intransitive form. Also for possible further etymological division (/tso:l/?). Check whether the meaning of 'to be huddled over' occurs only with the /te/ prefix or
whether the simple reflexive is also viable. I have a filecard under /temotso:liwi/ with the simple note:"cf. also /tso:liwi/"and no further information. Thus it will be important to check
for the meaning of both /motso:liwi/ and /temotso:liwi/.
\qry_fon Pitch accent: check: (e.g., ixitemotso:lihtok; ixitemotso:lowa; motso:lowilia; temotso:liwi;
temotso:lowa; and temotso:lkuhtia)
\qry_h Check for /h/.
\grmx Oapan pitch-accent; Oapan phonology: The pitch contour of né:chmotso:lówa, which is equivalent to that of né:xtete:mówa, suggest that the
same underlying pattern of {h} holds for ? mohtso:lowa as it does for tehte:mowa. Yet there is no evidence (though this should be rechecked) in
other words with the same verbal stem (e.g., ixitemotso:lihtok; ixitemotso:lowa; motso:lowilia; temotso:liwi;
temotso:lowa; and temotso:lkuhtia) that there is an underlying {h} anywhere. These need to be rechecked, but if this is the case it raises the
question of the reason for the pitch accent in né:chmotso:lówa. Perhaps the reason has to do with a reanalysis of the stem as {mohtso:lowa} based on the fact
that it usually occurs in reduplicated form and that this is often reduced to vowel lengthening on the previous syllable. However, this seems unlikely given that there is no
para llel pitch-accen t in compoun ds with this same verbal stem. Another possibility is that the pitch-accent on ne:ch- in né:chmotso:lówa is an
example of grammaticalized pitch-accent that indicates"reduplication"and that in effect it is the semantic equivalent of ne:chmómotso:lówa. Note, also, that
the maintenance of pitch-accent on the reduplicated syllable of ne:chmómotso:lówa seems to reflect an avoidance of a stress pattern of H-L-L-L-H-L. If it is
the prosodic structure that causes this, then we would expect that reduplication of four-syllable words in Oapan Nahuatl with a long syllable in a preceding prefix results in
a stressed reduplicant. Unfortunately, no test cases that have been recorded come immediately to mind.) This did not seem to be the interpretation of Florencia Marcelino,
who suggested that whereas né:chmotso:lówa represents a single occurrence of the action of grabbing, ne:chmómotso:lówa represents multiple
occurrences. In sum, the reason for pitch a ccent in a form such as né:chmotso:lówa needs to be further researched.
\semref temotso:lowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref motso:lowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref 'motso:lowília
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 04769
\lxam tesasa:wati
\lxam_c tesasa:wati
\lxoa té:sa:wáti
\lxoa_pr té:sa:wati
\lxoa_c té:sa:wáti
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\lexical Lex. prefix te- ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te)
\pitch yes-rdp
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to get a blight of small, pimple-like formations on the skin (certain fruits such as watermelon)
\sense_s arruinarse (ciertas frutas como la sandía) al salirsele pequeños granitos sobre la superficie
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tesasa:watin nosandiatsitsi:wa:n, o:tesasa:watkeh ika xo:kiaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e From lack of rain my watermelon got blighted with small pimple-like blemishes on their skin (and they are no longer sweet).
\phrase_s Por falta de lluvia mis sandías se arruinaron, saliéndoles pequeños granitos por la cáscara.
\semfld disease
\root sa:wa
\qry Perhpas put this under /sawa:ti/. Check to see if /tesasa:wati/ is so specific as to refer only to plants.
\vl The first female token is /té:sa:wátik/, which should be tagged 7713
\semref sa:wati
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04770
\lxam ba:kah
\lxam_c ba:kah
\lxoa ba:kah
\lxoa_c ba:kah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan vaca
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e cow
\sense_s vaca
\sense_d Pending
\ref 04771
\lxam tla:lpo:poxowa
\lxam_c kitla:lpo:poxowa
\lxoa tla:lpopoxowa
\lxoa_c kitla:lpopoxowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to roll or push back and forth on the ground
\sense_s revolcar sobre el suelo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w notla:lpo:poxowa nosuwa:kone:w, yo:kwala:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My little girl has started to roll back and forth on the ground (in this case in a tantrum), she's gotten mad.
\phrase_s Mi hijita ya empezóa revolcarse en el suelo (en este caso al haberse enojado), se enojó.
\sense_e (refl.) to wiggle back and forth on the ground (e.g., a chicken settling in, a pig wallowing, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) agitarse de un lado a otro en la tierra (p. ej., una gallina acomodándose, un marrano acostándose, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root tla:l
\root pox
\nse In Oapan the reflexive nopopoxowa is used to refer to the action of hens nesting in the ground. The form tla:lpopoxowa as a transitive verb can refer to
the manner in which a bull [S] pushes a man back and forth on the ground, or to the action of rubbing a stick in the ground to put it in.
\nae The vowel length of this word, and other words with this verbal stem, is not clear. Tetelcingo, Morelos, documents a short vowel reduplicant with a final {h}. Yet in Oapan there
definitely seems to be no {h} given the lack of pitch accent in this word.
\qry_fon Check vowel length for all words in /popoxowa/. I had first head it long, but certain evidence from Oapan suggests a short vowel. All entries with this should be checked;
also, it is possible that there are two forms and that speakers have varied between one and the other. Check thoroughly.
\qry_h tla:lpoh?poxowa, etc. In Ameyaltepec (at least during the elicitation with Cristino Flores, I heard the vowel of the reduplicant as long).
\ref 04772
\lxam Rre:yes Mo:ros
\lxam_c *Rre:yes Mo:ros
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan Reyes Moros
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e religious dance formerly performed by young and adult men in San Juan Totolcintla and Ostotipan (and perhaps other neighboring villages)
\sense_s danza religiosa presentada en el pasado por hombres jóvenes y adultos en san Juan totolcintla y ostotipan (y quizáotros pueblos circumvecinos)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld dance
\qry For this check the circumstances when it is performed. Differentiate from Mo:ros Chi:nos. Make sure that Oapan distinguishes or does not distinguish the two.
\semref Mo:ros
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04773
\lxam a:pi:tsaltia
\lxam_c ka:pi:tsaltia
\lxoa a:pi:tsaltia
\lxoa_c ka:pi:tsaltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\trans from reflective
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give diarrhea to; to cause diarrhea in (sb)
\sense_s causar o dar diarrea a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:cha:pi:tsaltia tli:n onkwah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e What I ate gives me diarrhea.
\phrase_s Lo que comíme da diarrea.
\root a:
\root pi:tsa
\vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token.
\grm Note that this is a monotransitive causative from a reflexive base. Cf. notes with /a:pi:tsa/.
\xref a:pi:tsa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04774
\lxam ikoptok
\lxam_c ikoptok
\lxoa íkoptók
\lxoa_pr ikoptok
\lxoa_c íkoptók
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have ones eyes closed
\sense_s tener los ojos cerrados
\sense_d Pending
\root hkopi
\ref 04775
\lxam xa:yakateoomi
\lxam_c xa:yakateoomi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. inflix te- ; Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to have the cheeks so sunken in that the facial bones protrude
\sense_s estar con las mejillas sumidas con tal de que sobresalgan los huesos de la cara
\sense_d Am
\root xa:yaka
\root omi
\grm Apocopated nouns: This seems to be another case in which a nominal form without an absolutive is used as a way of characterizing the appearance of a certain person or
thing.
\semref xa:ya:komiteyoh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04776
\lxam i:xmonkokoltostik
\lxam_c i:xmonkokoltostik
\lxoa í:xmokókoltóstik
\lxoa_pr i:xmokokoltostik
\lxoa_c í:xmokókoltóstik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have eyelashes that have curled up (e.g., from having had a flame come close to the hairs)
\sense_s tener las pestañas rizadas (p. ej., por haberles sido acercado una flama)
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root mon
\root koltots
\nse Although originally I had recorded the meaning of this form (in Ameyaltepec) as that of 'curved eyelashes,' a lengthy discussion with Cristino Flores convinced me that this word
basically refers to the type of curliness of hair that is brought into contact or close contact with a flame and that as a result shrivels and curls.
\nae The pitch accent pattern in Oapan Nahuatl í:xmokókoltóstik derives from the presence of {h} at two points. First, the historical form i:xmontli has been
reinterpreted as {i:xmohtli} leading to surface í:xmotlí. Second, the reduplicant has a coda {h}, as expected. The reason why the reduplicant does not reduce on the
previous syllable is not clear, but it could reflect the fact that syllables closing with an underlying {h} cannot lengthen and take pitch accent in compensation for the reduction of the
reduplicant.
\mod Perhaps make an onomasiological entry to all words that refer to facial features (e.g., sunken eyes or cheeks, big teeth)
\qry_h i:xmonkokoltostik
\vl Check p-a with all entries containing Oapan /í:xmotlí/. I originally had written /i:xmó:kokoltóstik/ for the transcription here, but perhaps I was influenced by the p-a, which
is usually on a long vowel. Check. The problem here is that if the /o/ is short, then the question arises as to why it doesn't lengthen and reduce reduplication. If it is long,
then the question arises as to why it doesn't retain p-a in /í:xmotlí/. It might be that it is underlyingly long but shortens before the /tli/ absolutive, as /n/ is reinterpreted as
glottal stop, which can only follow a short vowel.
\root_notes It is unclear whether /kol/ and /tots/ should be divided although at least a reference to this division should be made considering numerous acceptations of /kol/ related to
curvedness. However, note also in /kwitlaxkohli/, with a short /o/ in a /kol/ syllable apparently relating to curvedness.
\qry_fon The pitch accent pattern in Oapan Nahuatl í:xmokókoltóstik derives from the presence of {h} at two points. First, the historical form i:xmontli has
been reinterpreted as {i:xmohtli} leading to surface í:xmotlí. Second, the reduplicant has a coda {h}, as expected. The reason why the reduplicant does not
reduce on the previous syllable is not clear, but it could reflect the fact that syllables closing with an underlying {h} cannot lengthen and take pitch accent in compensation
for the reduction of the reduplicant. Recheck the p-a here with that of the words originally recorded at 1891 (which has been removed as a duplicate of this present entry).
\mod Distinguish or discuss in relation to /i:xmontsotsokwe:ltik/, etc.
\grmx Oapan phonology: Note that in Oapan the word for eyelash has been relexicalized as /í:xmotlí/. Hence the pitch-accent on the long first /i:/ of /í:xmokókoltóstik/ is from the
reinterpretation of the base noun. The two stems are preserved in regards to pitch-accent, with no crossing from the initial {koh-} syllable. The reason for the lack of
reduction on the final syllable of the incorporated noun is not entirely clear. Definitely this pattern can be compared to that of /ayó:penké:tl/ where the reduction does take
place.
\semref i:xmontsotsokwe:ltik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xmotsotsokwe:ltik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04777
\lxam mapihkli weyak
\lxam_c i:mapil weyak
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N2
\sense_e second finger (next to the thumb)
\sense_s dedo segundo (junto al pulgar)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root mah
\root pil
\root weya
\semref mápil nepántlah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04778
\lxam o:meme:sti
\lxam_c o:meme:sti
\lxoa o:meme:sti
\lxoa_c o:meme:sti
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Num-V1
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4a
\sense_e see -me:sti
\sense_s véase -me:sti
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root o:me
\root me:s
\ref 04779
\lxam ikno:tsi:ntli
\lxam_c ikno:tsi:ntli
\lxoa ihno:tsi:ntli
\lxoa_c ihno:tsi:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:ntli
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e orphan (a young child who has lost both parents, although occasionally used for a child who has lost one of two parents)
\sense_s huérfano (un joven que ha perdido a ambos padres, aunque a veces se emplea para algn que ha perdido uno de los dos)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e standing alone (e.g., a tree that stands alone from all others)
\sense_s que queda solo o aparte; apartado (p. ej., unárbol que estáaparte de los demás)
\sense_d Pending
\root kno:
\nse This term for 'orphan' is usually, indeed virtually always, used in the diminutive.
\qry Check to see if non-diminutive form is acceptable. Refers in most cases to a child who has lost both parents but, apparently (check) may also refer to one who has lost only one
parent. Check also reference to"standing apart"definition, which I have added from my recollection.
\ref 04780
\lxam tla:ltextilia
\lxam_c kitla:ltextilia
\lxoa tla:ltextilia
\lxoa_c kitla:ltextilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\trans ~Inchoa
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to lower the height of (sth suspended off the ground)
\sense_s bajar (la altura de algo suspendido arriba de la tierra)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tiro tlapak morama:dah, xtla:ltextili!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your shelter made of palm (or grass) is really high off the ground, make it lower!
\phrase_s ¡Tu ramada estámuy alto, bájala!
\sense_e (refl.) to bend or stoop so that one is shorter
\sense_s (refl.) agacharse para que uno quede menos alto
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmotla:ltextili, ma:ka kaxili:s on!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make yourself lower (in this case said to a man carrying a load through a low doorway), don't let it (with the load being carried) hit against that (e.g., sth hanging)!
\phrase_s ¡Hazte más chaparro (en este caso dicho a un hombre cargando algo y a punto de entrar una puerta), no le vaya a alcanzar (la carga contra algo)!
\root tla:l
\root_rel -tech
\nae Tla:ltextilia is a causative form derived from the relational noun construction tla:ltech. It is derived from an inchoative that is still not documented in the
corpus but which would be ? tla:ltextia.
\qry Check for inchoative ending in /-tia/: /tla:ltextia/. If found change this /cat entry by removing [x]. If no inchoative is found, then perhaps /-tilia/ can be directly considered a
causativizing ending.
\vl There are four female tokens. However, the first two corresponding male tokens should not be tagged given the mispronunciation. There are two reasonably OK male
tokens, but it is the last one that should be tagged for linking.
\ref 04781
\lxam te:tsa:wa:tintli
\lxam_c te:tsa:wa:tintli
\lxoa te:tsa:wa:tintli
\lxoa_c te:tsa:wa:tintli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(t)
\sense_e type of white lice that are found on clothes
\sense_s tipo de piojo blanco que se encuentra en la ropa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:tsa:wa:tintli, tikpias ipan motlake:n ke:n me:ro a:tintli, so:lo ista:keh yewa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The te:tsa:wa:tintli , you will have them on your clothes like a lice themselves, only these are white.
\phrase_s Los te:tsa:wa:tintli , los vas a tener en tu ropa como mero piojos, solamente que aquellos son blancos.
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root te:tsa:wa
\root a:t
\nse The etymology of this word involves a derivation from te:tsa:wtli 'omen' or 'foreboding.' This would be in accord with the belief that the appearance of these lice on
ones clothes is an evil omen. According to one consultant despite its name the te:tsa:wa:tintli is not categorized as an a:tintli.
\qry Check whether classified as an /a:tintli/.
\vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male pronunciation.
\grm Number agreement: /Te:tsa:wa:tintli, tikpias ipan motlake:n ke:n me:ro a:tintli, so:lo ista:keh yewa./ 'The te:tsa:wa:tintli , you will have it on your clothes like
a lice themselves, only these are white.' Note that the phrase ends with number disagreement: /so:lo ista:keh yewa/. Indeed, if we track number across the phrase note that
/tikpias/ has a singular object (/k-/) and /yewa/, the 3rd-person independent pronoun, is also singular. The only pluralized form is /ista:keh/, which refers to the
/te:tsa:wa:tintli/. The problem in Nahuatl, therefore, is to consider number as a question of agreement, rather it should be considered at least in part a pragmatic device for
speech, in which speakers can to some degree influence how the number of the discourse topics can or should be interpreted.
\ref 04782
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa michia:po:te:tl
\lxoa_c michia:po:te:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of small fish with a big belly, apparently called charalito in Spanish
\sense_s tipo de pez pequeño con una barriga grande, aparentemente llamado 'charalito'
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\root mich
\root a:
\root po:te:
\notes_nature The etymology of po:te:tl is uncertain; perhaps it is related to the big belly of this fish. Matías A. and Constantino L. (1996:73) identify this fish as the
charalito. Under charal, Schoenhals (1988:263)"1. (Fam. Atherinidae) 'sand smetl', 'silversides'. See pescado blanco. 2. (Chirostoma
bartoni) 'Patzcuaro white fish' Smaller than the pescado blanco, being only about 2"long. After being cured in the sun, they are commercially sold."
\qry Cf. vowel length of first vowel in /po:te:tl/ and /poti:xah/.
\grm Phonology: Note retention of /i/ in /michia:po:tetl/.
\semref po:te:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref a:po:tetl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04783
\lxam kwa:kuwteteko:ntik
\lxam_c kwa:kuwteteko:ntik
\lxoa kwa:kohtétekó:ntik
\lxoa_c kwa:kohtétekó:ntik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have (an animal, usually cattle) horns that curve slightly forward in an arc
\sense_s tener (un animal, generalmente ganado) cuernos que encurvan ligeramente hacia adelante, en un arco
\sense_d Pending
\ency_note kwa:kohtli
\root kwa:
\root kow
\root te
\root ko:n
\nae The final adjectival element is clearly identical to the independently documented teko:ntik, with the long final /o:/. A fuller discussion is found under this latter
term.
\qry It seems that the etymology of teko:ntik is related to /ko:n/ and the semantic basis of 'curved' is therefore understandable. However, I might well have gotten the
vowel length wrong here; it should be checked. Also, recheck meanings and usages of /teko:ntik/.
\mod Cf. illustration on back of original 3x5 card.
\ref 04784
\lxam ka:ltson
\lxam_alt ka:lson
\lxam_c ka:ltson
\lxoa kaso:n
\lxoa_c kaso:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan calzón
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e white cotton pants, made of manta and formerly worn by most adult male peasants in the region
\sense_s calzón, un tipo de pantalón hecho de manta y anteriormente usado por la mayoría de los hombres campesinos en la zona
\sense_d Pending
\ency_note tlake:ntli (one for men, one for women)
\qry Check vowel length here and in compound forms, i.e. whether length"shifts"to the /-so:n/ depending on stress pattern. I have recorded Am several times as /kaltson/. Check.
\qry_fon Check the final sound of the Oapan speech tokens, i.e., whether or not
\mod Establish a page of clothes and different types, for me and women. For /calzon/ determine and identify the different parts, as well as the types of stiching along the bottom of the legs.
\vl check vl
\semref tlatsi:nkweptli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04785
\lxam tekorrá:l
\lxam_alt tekorra:l
\lxam_c tekorrá:l
\lxoa tekorra:l
\lxoa_c tekorra:l
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) corral
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e stone wall (made by setting stones on top of each other, without using mortar)
\sense_s cerca de piedras (hecha al colocar piedras en una forma ajustada, sin utlizar mezcla o cemento)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Oa:la:w un tekorra:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That stone wall (i.e., part of it) tumbled down (with the stones slipping off each other).
\phrase_s Esa cerca de piedras (esto es, parte de ella) se derrumbó.
\root te
\qry Check length of first /a:/ in /o:a:la:w/ as my original filecard had a short initial /a/. Check stress pattern from Am recording, all tokens.
\ref 04786
\lxam kuwkamotli
\lxam_c kuwkamotli
\lxoa kohkámotlí
\lxoa_c kohkámotlí
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(h)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of sweet potato with white inside
\sense_s tipo de camote con la fruta blanca
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld tuber
\semfld domesticated
\ency_note kamotli
\root kow
\root kamoh
\nse According to Santa Ortiz, this is the same kind of camote as the kamotli de pe:pe:to.
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) lists kwawkamotli , identified as the huacamote and as a member of the family Euphorbiaceae.
\semref kamotli de pe:pe:to
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 04787
\lxam xma:s
\lxam_c xma:s
\lxoa xma:s
\lxoa_c xma:s
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan más
\psm Adv
\compound Neg-Adv
\der Adv-loan
\sense_e rarely; not often
\sense_s raras veces
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xma:s nia:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't go often (I rarely go).
\phrase_s No voy mucho (raras veces voy).
\sense_e not much
\sense_s no mucho
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xma:s nia:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't go often (I rarely go).
\phrase_s No voy mucho (raras veces voy).
\phrase_n Xma:s nikpia tomi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't have very much money.
\phrase_s No tengo mucho dinero.
\root x-
\ref 04788
\lxam inakas kone:joh
\lxam_c inakas kone:joh
\lxoa i:nakas kone:joh
\lxoa_cpend @i:nakas kone:joh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) conejo
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1(N2-NP)
\sense_e Asclepias glaucescensKunth, wild herbaceous plant of the Asclepiadaceae family
\sense_s Asclepias glaucescensKunth, planta herbácea silvestre de la familia Asclepiadaceae
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xiwtli, tila:wak, we:weyak ixiwyo. Deke mitskukwa motsontekon, timoltla:lili:s ipan motsontekon, sesé:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is a weed, its leaves are thick, long. If your head hurts you place it on your head, it is cold.
\phrase_s Es una hierba mala, sus hojas son gruesas, largas. si se te duele la cabeza te lo pones sobre ella, es frío.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semfld medicine
\root nakas
\semref i:nakas to:chintsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04789
\lxam chikyón
\lxam_alt chikiyón
\lxam_c chikyón
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan chiquear (?)
\psm N
\der N-loan (?)
\infn N1
\sense_e person who is unhelpful (reluctant to do something, to say something, to help, etc.)
\sense_s renegón (alguien que no quiere hacer una cosa, decir algo o ayudar)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Chikiyón, yewa xkineki ne:chpale:wi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's an unhelpful sort, he doesn't want to help me.
\phrase_s Es un renegón, no me quiere ayudar.
\nse In general, someone who is reluctant to help or lend a hand. In one case it was used to refer to someone who, although he could have, refused to be a witness.
\qry Check pronunciation to see whether /chikyón/ might be a more accurate transcription. Check etimology for possible cognates although it appears to be a borrowing. I
\ref 04790
\lxam inakas ko:lo:tl
\lxam_c inakas ko:lo:tl
\lxoa nakasko:lo:tl
\lxoa_c nakasko:lo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N (Oa)
\der N-complex (Am); N-b (Oa)
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e Caesalpinia coriaceaPoit., tree of the Leguminoseae family, called cascalote in Spanish
\sense_s Caesalpinia coriaceaPoit.,árbol de la familia Leguminoseae, llamado cascalote
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:nakas ko:lo:tl | Bwe:noh para ti:mbreh, para nokurti:rowa kwe:roh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I:nakas ko:lo:tl : It is good for timbre , to cure leather.
\phrase_s I:nakas ko:lo:tl : Es bueno para timbre, para curar cuero.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root nakas
\root ko:lo:
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) states simply that this is the cascalote tree, a member of the Leguminoseae family. Schoehals (1988) mentions under
cascalote:"(Caesalpinia coriaria, C. cacalaco) 'bird-of-paradise' English name is a misnomer as it should be reserved for the banana relatives. Tree is simlar
to an acacia and is used medicinally and for tanning. It bears large, showy, yellow and red flowers which become fat pods. Also called huizache, oreja retorcida."It is not
immediately apparent whether Guizar and Sánchez (1991) have a tree that corresponds to the inakas ko:lo:tl. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this, giving
the name nacasco:lo:tl as the oreja de alacrán or cascalote.
\qry Determine meaning of"timbre."
\ref 04791
\lxam tolopoxtik
\lxam_c to:tolopoxtik
\lxoa tolopoxtik
\lxoa_c tolopoxtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to be bumpy; to be uneven (a surface with smooth, not rough-edged bumps, such as those found on poorly polished ceramics)
\sense_s (tener reduplicación de vocal larga) ser desigual; no estar plano (una superficie tener topecitos ligeros, sin bordesásperas, como la de una cerámica mal pulida)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kita:takaloh, xkwahli o:kixi:n. Xpestik, to:tolopoxtik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He cut it (another person's hair) unevenly, he didn't give him a good haircut. It isn't smooth, it' uneven..
\phrase_s Lo trasquiló(el cabello de alguien), no le cortóel pelo bien. No estáliso, estádisparejo.
\semfld texture
\fl to:tolopochiwi
\disamb tewistik; tsotsokoltik; chakayoltik; tolopochiwi; tolopoxtik; tsatsapaltik
\root tolopoch
\nse Without reduplication this refers to a single rounded bump in an area; the reduplicated form, to:tolopoxtik, which seems always to have a long vowel in the
reduplicant, indicates that there are several bumps. It can be used with ixi to refer to the bump on the side of ones big toe: ixitolopoch, i.e., 'bumpy
footed' (used as an insult or when one is mad at someone).
\semref tolo:ntik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04792
\lxam to:to:tl
\lxam_c to:to:tl
\lxoa to:to:tl
\lxoa_c to:to:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e generic term for small birds (similar to Spanish pájaro as opposed to ave, or 'fowl' in English)
\sense_s término genérico para pájaros (y que excluye las aves grandes)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (alienable possession) genitals; sexual organ (e.g., i:to:to:w tla:katl 'penis' and i:to:to:w sowa:tl 'vagina'; much more commonly
to:to:tl is used to refer to the male sexual organ, particularly in talking to young children)
\sense_s (posesión enajenable) genitalia;órgano sexual (p. ej., i:to:to:w tla:katl 'pene' and i:to:to:w suwa:tl 'vagina'; es mucho más común que se
refiere alórgano masculino, particularmente en hablar a niños pequeños)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root to:to:
\notes_nature Among those birds excluded from the category of to:to:meh are hens, roosters, hawks, herons (garzas), turkeys, buzzards or zopilotes, crows,
huacos, and, in Nahuatl those knows as kowi:xin , chalto:n , and tlakotatatsi:n.
\ref 04793
\lxam po:xa
\lxam_c i:po:xa
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan bolsa
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e pocket; cloth bag (attached to sth)
\sense_s bolsillo; bolsa de tela (como parte de algo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n ipo:xa
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e its pocket (e.g., of an item of clothing)
\phrase_s su bolsa (p. ej., de un pantalón, camisa, etc.).
\qry Check final sound for /h/.
\ref 04794
\lxam wi:ka
\lxam_c kwi:ka
\lxoa wi:ka
\lxoa_c kiwi:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to take away (e.g., a material object to be used, a person or animal that is being taken somewhere, etc.)
\sense_s llevar (p. ej., un objeto material para usar, una persona o animal que se lleva a algún lado, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwi:ka, newa xok nihkwis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take it, I'm not going to use it anymore (e.g., a tool)!
\phrase_s ¡Llévatelo, yo no lo voy a ocupar!
\phrase_n Ka:no:n tikwi:ka mokone:w? Ne:si xya:sneki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where are you taking your child? It appears he doesn't want to go!
\phrase_s ¿Dónde llevas a tu hijo?¡Parece que no se quiere ir!
\sense_e to accompany
\sense_s acompanar
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Nowiya:n mitswi:ka motskwin, mistlásotlá.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Your dog accompanies you everywhere, he loves you.
\phrase_s Tu perro te acompaña a todos lados, te quiere.
\sense_e (-wa:n + refl.) to get along with
\sense_s (-wa:n + refl.) llevarse con
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:wa:n kwahli nimowi:ka, xkaman timokwala:nian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I get along with him well, we never get angry with each other.
\phrase_s Me llevo bien conél, nunca nos enojamos.
\semfld motion
\root wi:ka
\nse It is interesting than in one acceptation Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl wi:ka differs so much that they are almost antonyms. Thus in Ameyaltepec
wi:ka means 'to take (along).' Thus when person A takes person B along on a trip the former is the subject of kwi:ka , i.e., he is the person who is
taking the other along. However, in Oapan the same situation is expressed with B as the subject of wi:ka, which means 'to accompany,' because it it B who is
accompanying A.
\nae The alternative * kwi:ka is not acceptable in Oapan Nahuatl.
\ref 04795
\lxam pla:toh
\lxam_c pla:toh
\lxoa pola:toh
\lxoa_c pola:toh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan plato
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e plate
\sense_s plato
\sense_d Pending
\ref 04796
\lxam Tona:ntsi:n
\lxam_c Tona:ntsi:n
\lxoa Tona:ntsi:n
\lxoa_c Tona:ntsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N
\sense_e female patron saint of a village (e.g., Dolores, Concepción, etc., as referred to by village residents and, often, by outsiders)
\sense_s santa patrona de un pueblo (e.g., Dolores, Concepción, etc., llamada tona:ntsi:n asípor los miembros de la comunidad y, a menudo, por otros de pueblos
circunvecinos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tona:ntsi:n Purí:simah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is our patron saint La Purísima.
\phrase_s Es nuestra santa patrona La Purísima.
\root na:n
\nse The patron saint of Ameyaltepec is La Concepción, whose fiesta is on 8 December.
\semref totatsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref totá:tatsí:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref totatsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04797
\lxam po:xakwatl
\lxam_c po:xakwatl
\lxoa po:xakwatl
\lxoa_c po:xakwatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of Nightjar, family Caprimulgidae, probably of the genera Chordeilesor Caprimulgus. This is called poxacuate in local Spanish. Sale en
la noche y vuela cerca el río Balsas.
\sense_s tipo de"Nightjar,"family Caprimulgidae, probablemente de los genera Chordeileso Caprimulgus. Llamado poxacuate en el español local. Sale
en la noche y vuela cerca del río Balsas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 27, various
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root po:xakwa
\nse Based on Hernández, RS gives this as 'ave nocturan, lechuza, búho.'
\nae The etymology of po:xakwatl is uncertain.
\notes_nature RS gives this as 'ave nocturna, lechuza, búho,' based on Hernández. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give the Spanish as 'poxacuate, tipo de pájaro, espantapendejos.'
\vl Florencia Marcelino's first pronunciation/token is /poxa:wak/. It should be tagged as #3709. Then she gives a word /poxokwatl/ which I do not understand. It should be
tagged as 99999_04767_F1 (this coding should be followed for all). Then there are 4 good tokens (2 female and 2 male). These are 4797.
\semref chi:kwatsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref chí:kwatsí:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04798
\lxam kone:wah
\lxam_c kone:wah
\lxoa kone:wah
\lxoa_c kone:wah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-posr-wah
\infn N1
\sense_e to be pregnant (a woman or female animal)
\sense_s estar embarazada; estar encinta; estar preñada
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xwel kone:wah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is not able to conceive (lit., 'to be pregnant')
\phrase_s Ella es infértil (lit. 'no puede estar embarazada')
\phrase_n Ye kone:wah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is already pregnant.
\phrase_s Ya estáembarazada.
\phrase_n Kone:wah noba:kah. Xok niknamakas, ye o:stli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My cow is going to give birth. I won't sell it anymore, it's pregnant.
\phrase_s Estápreñada mi vaca. Ya no la voy a vender, estáembarazada.
\sense_e to have children (said of either a father or mother)
\sense_s tener niños (dicho de un padre o madre)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikone:wah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have children (a male or female speaking).
\phrase_s Tengo hijos (hablando un hombre o una mujer).
\phrase_n Xyá:s pa:mpa kone:wah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She (or he) won't go because she has children (or, in the case of a woman, it might mean she is with child).
\phrase_s Ella (oél) no va a ir porque tiene niños (o, en el caso de una mujer, puede significar que estáembarazada).
\phrase_n We:i tekitl kichi:wan pa:mpa kone:wakeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They do a lot of work to do because they have children.
\phrase_s Hacen mucho trabajo porque tienen niños.
\root kone:
\qry Check vl is Am /o:stli/. Correct as necessary.
\ref 04799
\lxam xola:l
\lxam_c *xola:l
\loan solar
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\sense_e street (within a village)
\sense_s calle (dentro de un pueblo)
\sense_d Am
\root xola:l
\nae The etymology of this word is unclear. Indeed, I am not even sure it is an Ameyaltepec word (it might be from San Francisco Ozomatlán). It should be checked.
\ref 04800
\lxam mo:lkaxitl
\lxam_c mo:lkaxitl
\lxoa mo:lkaxitl
\lxoa_c mo:lkaxitl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e molcajete (mortar used for grinding chile and other materials)
\sense_s molcajete
\sense_d Pending
\root mo:l
\root kax
\nse The nominal kaxitl might to be obviously related to the verb ka:xiwi. Here I have listed the noun as basic.
\qry Check whether /kaxitl/ exists as a
\ref 04801
\lxam a:yo:wa:tsa
\lxam_c na:yo:wa:tsa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ki/tsa
\trans +Refl/-trans; ~Intrans
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e (refl.) to lose ones bodily fluids
\sense_s (refl.) perder los líquidos corporales
\sense_d Pending
\root a:
\root wa:
\qry Check intransitive possibility /a:yo:wa:ki/. Determine that /a:yo:wa:tsa/ can only be used reflexively with human subjects. Check other uses of /a:yo:wa:tsa/.
\mod Add /kuhmi:tl/ to dictionary.
\grm a:yo:wa:tsa Note the incorporation of a derived noun with /-yo:tl/. Check to determine whether /a:yo:tl/ exists in nonpossessed form.
\ref 04802
\lxam toka:yoh
\lxam_c toka:yoh
\lxoa toka:yo
\lxoa_c toka:yo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\loan tocayo
\infn Gender; N0/2; Inal
\sense_e (vocative) fellow (with the same name as speaker)
\sense_s (vocativo) tocayo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Toka:yoh! Ka:n tiaw?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tocayo, where are you going?
\phrase_s ¡Tocayo!¿Dónde vas?
\sense_e (alienable possession) to have the same name as (possessor)
\sense_s (posesión enajenable) tocayo; uno con el mismo nombre que (poseedor)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:yekok motoka:yah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your namesake (female) has arrived.
\phrase_s Ya llegótu tocaya.
\nse The meaning of toka:yoh is not quite the same as 'namesake' in English since the latter often implies someone named after someone else (e.g., a child named after his
or her grandparent). In Nahuatl (as Spanish), toka:yoh is used to refer to someone who has the same name, often by chance, as another (the possessor or, with the
vocative, speaker). Note that in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl toka:yoh is gender specific, and thus one finds also toka:yah. It may be a back formation from
the Spanish, itself originally a loan from Nahuatl. However, in Oapan to:ka:yo does not have a gendered ending and, moreover, seems to be used as a vocative only
by male speakers.
\nae The short initial vowel in Ameyaltepec and Oapan toka:yo probably relates to the fact that the form is a reborrowing from a Spanish loan from Nahuatl.
\qry Check for final /h/; also make sure that possessed form does also have final /h/, and not glottal stop. See /to:ka:yo:tl/. Recheck Am for vl and final /h/ as well as gendered /toka:yah/?
\ref 04803
\lxam tla:ltekwyowa
\lxam_c tla:ltekwyowa
\lxoa tla:ltehyowa
\lxoa_c tla:ltehyowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\trans Compl
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to get covered with dust (e.g., clothes, blankets, a table surface, etc.)
\sense_s cubrirse de polvo (p. ej., ropa, cobijas, la superficie de una mesa, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:yekok yeyekatl. Ma:ka tla:ltekwyowas, xtlapacho!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The wind has started up. Don't let it get covered with dust, cover it up!
\phrase_s Llegóel viento.¡Quéno se vaya a cubrir de polvo, tápalo!
\root tla:l
\root tekw
\nse Apparently this is the same, or the virtual equivalent, of tla:ltekwi:lo.
\qry Check spelling/pronuncation of /tla:ltekwyowa/; perhpas it should be /tla:ltekyowa/, as I had it in my original notes.
\qry_fon Check /hyowa/ sequence with phonetician.
\semref tla:ltekwi:lo
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 04804
\lxam tlaiwa
\lxam_c tlaiwa
\lxoa tlaiwa
\lxoa_alt tlayowa
\lxoa_c tlayowa, tlaiwa
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0(cop)
\pss Pred; PM
\compound tla-V1
\infv Copular
\sense_e (i or ye ~) to already be night; to be already dark (in the night)
\sense_s ya ser de noche; ya ser oscuro (por ser noche)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I tlaiwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's already night.
\phrase_s Ya es noche.
\phrase_n Xok nitlachia, ye tlaiwa
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I can't see anymore, it already gotten dark.
\phrase_s Ya no veo bien, ya anocheció.
\sense_e last night
\sense_s anoche
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlaiwa o:yah Wepan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Last night he went to Oapan.
\phrase_s Anoche fue a Oapan.
\root yowa
\qry Check best spelling here.
\nse Although tlayowa is considered a zero valency verb formed through the prefixation of tla-, unlike other similar cases there is no corresponding intransitive
verb without the tla- in Ameyaltepec or Oapan Nahuatl. However, Classical Nahuatl does have the equivalent of yowa, as in Molina youa
'anochecer.' RS the gloss 'ser de noche. A veces este verbo va precedido por la partícula on.' Note that with the sense to 'to be night' or 'to be dark (with nightfall)' the
adverbial i is used. The literal sense would be something like 'it is already dark' or 'it is already nighttime.' Without the adverbial (a predicate modifier) the
headword tlaiwa has an adverbial function. This seems to occur with many words that deal with temporal periods, regardless of their morphology. For example,
kwalka:ncan mean 'early in the morning' or 'tomorrow early in the morning.'
\nde Classical Nahuatl manifests tlayowa. For cross-referencing and comparative purposes, the root has been entered as yowa.
\vl Note that 5197 repeats this entry, so the words from 5197 will have to be tagged with #4804. In general pick the best sounds, which should be the later entries.
\ref 04805
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:lkowatl
\lxoa_c tla:lkowatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of small (5 inches long), whitish blood-sucking"snake"
\sense_s tipo de"culebra"pequeña (como 5 pulgadas de largo y algo blanquito) que le chupa la sangre a la gente
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld sn
\ency_note kowatl
\root chi:chi
\semref te:chi:chi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 04806
\lxam momoyoka
\lxam_c momoyoka
\lxoa momoyoka
\lxoa_c momoyoka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to emit a buzzing sound
\sense_s zumbar
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be tingling (the skin or a part of the body)
\sense_s estar hormigueando (la piel o una parte del cuerpo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Momoyoka noyekatso:l, o:ne:chkwah ko:lo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My nose is tingling, a scorpion bit me.
\phrase_s Estáhormigueando mi nariz, me mordióun alacrán.
\root moyo:
\nse Note that momoyoka noyekatsol can undergo possessor raising to niyekamomoyoka. Apparently this verb can refer to a feeling (e.g., of the skin), a
sound (e.g., a buzzing sound), or both.
\xref moyo:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04807
\lxam lo:latli
\lxam_c lo:latli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\sense_e grandmother (of humans or animals)
\sense_s abuela (de personas o animales)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n I:n na:nkah san te:ixwi:w pero no: bwe:noh ke:n un lo:latli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e This one (in this case a calf) is just the offspring of an offspring, but it is good like its mother's mother (i.e., the cow at the head of the line).
\phrase_s Este (en este caso un becerro) es solamente el hijo de un hijo, pero es tan bueno como la abuela (esto es, la vaca que dióorigen a la línea).
\sense_e (a:rah molo:lah) damn it! my goodness!
\sense_s (a:rah molo:lah)¡chin!¡híjole!
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:ra molo:lah! Tli:no:n timitschi:wilitoya, tle:ka tine:xtelowa?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Damn it! What was I doing to you? Why do you hit me?
\phrase_s ¡Chin!¿Quéte hacía?¿Por quéme pegas?
\semfld kin
\root lo:lah
\nse As a kinship term, lo:latli references FM, MM, WFM, WMM, HFM, and HMM, as well as M of either ones godfather or godmother. Without the absolutive it
functions as a vocative or address term, i.e. Xtlakwa:ki lo:lah , 'Come eat, grandmother!' Otherwise it is almost always (though not necessarily) possessed. The
phrase a:rah molo:lah may be either a curse or a means of expressing wonder, to wit 'my goodness.' Often, instead of a:rah molo:lah the form
a:rah mosis is used, but this is one of the few contexts in which si:stli is used as an equivalent to lo:latli. In general in Ameyaltepec
lo:lah is the regular term for grandmother, si:s is limited virtually entirely to an interjection in the phrase a:rah mosis or its equivalent.
\semref si:stli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04808
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa té:chikolá:na
\lxoa_c té:chikolá:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-V2
\der N-dvb-0
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e generic name (derived from the hook-like thorns) for a group of trees that includes two species: Mimosa polyanthaBenth. and Mimosa mollisBenth., both of
the Leguminoseae family
\sense_s nombre genérico (derivado de la forma de sus púas) para un grupo deárboles que incluye dos especies: Mimosa polyanthaBenth. y Mimosa mollisBenth.,
ambas de la familia Leguminoseae
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root chihkol
\root a:na
\nse The names of these trees need to be determined with more precision. When asked the Oapan equivalent for Ameyaltepec tlanchikoltila:na , Florencia Marcelino and
Inocencio Jiménez both gave té:chikolá:na. However, when later conducting botanical fieldwork it became apparent that there were two trees that in Ameyaltepec are
called tlanchikoltila:na although Inocencio Díaz (Am) called these by the same name, simply specifying that they were different types. For Oapan Nahuatl, however,
Silvestre Pantaleón gave the names as misto:nwistli(Mimosa polyanthaBenth.) and misto:nwistli kókostík i:yo:l(Mimosa mollisBenth.). He did
not use the term té:chikolá:na.
\notes_nature This tree is not mentioned in either Ramírez (1991) nor Ramírez and Dakin (1979). It might be a thorn bush or acacia; my notes simply state that it is a small tree. There is no
obvious relation to any tree listed in Guizar and Sánchez (1991).
\semref tlanchikoltila:na
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref misto:nwistli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04809
\lxam kechpanowa
\lxam_c kikechpanowa
\lxoa kechpanowa
\lxoa_c kikechpanowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to carry on ones shoulders or upper back
\sense_s cargar por los hombros o espalda
\sense_d Pending
\root kech
\root -pan
\nse Apparently this verb is not related to panowa (or classical pano) used transitively. Rather, it seems to involve the verbalization (denominalization) of
kechpan. The evidence of this is in the verbal inflection: kechpanowa does not inflect like pano(wa) but rather as an transitive
-owa verb. Note also that in Classical Nahuatl the perfective of kechpanowa is o:kechpanoh, like in Ameyaltepec, and not like pano,
i.e., o:pano:k.
\qry Check the meaning of /kike:kechpanowa/.
\vl Tag the first female token /kike:kechpanowa/ with 4809, but do not link this form with the reduplicated first syllable.
\ref 04810
\lxam suwa:ko:koneh
\lxam_c suwa:ko:koneh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\sense_e pl., see sowa:kone:tl
\sense_s pl. véase sowa:kone:tl
\sense_d Pending
\root sowa:
\root kone:
\semref ichpakatsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04811
\lxam ke:ch
\lxam_c ke:ch
\lxoa ke:ch
\lxoa_c ke:ch
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-int
\sense_e (with a countable noun) how many
\sense_s (con un sustantivo contable) cuantos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:ch mokone:wa:n?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How many children do you have?
\phrase_s ¿Cuántos niños tienes?
\phrase_n Tike:chmeh?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How many are we?
\phrase_s ¿Cuántos somos?
\phrase_n Nikneki nikmatis ke:ch onkah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I want to know how many there are.
\phrase_s Quiero saber cuántos hay.
\sense_e (~ ika (Am) / ya (Oa)) how much (in reference to the price of sth)
\sense_s (~ ika (Am) / ya (Oa)) cuanto; cuanto vale (en referencia al precio de algo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:ch ika?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How much does it cost?
\phrase_s ¿Cuánto cuesta?
\phrase_n Ke:ch ika katka?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How much did it cost?
\phrase_s ¿Cuánto costaba?
\phrase_n Ke:ch ikameh?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How much do they cost?
\phrase_s ¿Cuánto cuestan?
\phrase_n Ke:ch ika o:tko:w?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How much did you pay for it?
\phrase_s ¿Cuánto te costó?
\sense_e ([number] i:pan ~) how much after [number]? (in terms of time)
\sense_s ([número] i:pan ~)¿cuánto después de las [número]? (en cuanto a la hora)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Si:nkoh ipan ke:ch tikateh?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How many minutes after five is it?
\phrase_s ¿Cuántos minutos después de las cinco estamos?
\root ke:ch
\qry Determine whether the /ke:ch ika/ meaning 'how much?' is the same /ke:ch ika/ meaning 'while.'
\grm Pluralization: Note the use of the plural with a relational noun: /Ke:ch ikameh?/ 'How much do they cost?' I believe I had another example of an unusual plural formation.
This should be checked in my notes. Note also the use of the nominal plural with /ke:ch/, an
\vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens.
\semref ke:chkitsi:n; ke:chika
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04812
\lxam tlai:xmati
\lxam_c tlai:xmati
\lxoa tlai:xmati
\lxoa_c tlai:xmati
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-[N-V2]
\der V2-tla
\infv Irregular; see mati
\sense_e to know how to read
\sense_s saber leer
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root mati
\grm /tla-/; incorporation: An interesting discussion would be the difference between the transitive verb /i:xmati/ and its null complement form /tlai:xmati/ and the intransitive verb
/i:xtlamati/. It will be important to check whether this latter has an underlying /h/ as in /i:xtlahmati/.
\semref i:xtlamati
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04813
\lxam kwala:nini
\lxam_c kwala:nini
\lxoa kwala:nini
\lxoa_alt kwala:nine
\lxoa_c kwala:nine, kwala:nini
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e person who is hot-headed; person easily angered
\sense_s enojón
\sense_d Pending
\root kwala:
\ref 04814
\lxam yestatapaxtli
\lxam_c yestatapaxtli
\lxoa yestá:tapáxtli
\lxoa_c yestá:tapáxtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l (Oa)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e balls of mucous or phlegm with dark dried blood that are occasionally coughed up
\sense_s bolas de flema con sangre oscura y seca que ocasionalmente salen al toser
\sense_d Pending
\semfld disease
\root es
\root tahpach
\nae The only similar word that has been discovered is Classical tapachtli 'sea shell' or 'conch.' However, note that Oapan Nahuatl also has ta:tapache:wiin
reference to red bumps appearing on ones skin (e.g., from an alergy). Whatever the source of yestá:tapáxtli the question of the pitch accent remains problematical.
Provisionally (and pending analysis of similar terms from neighboring dialects with surface /h/) the root of this word has been written as tahpach.
\qry Check for possessed form. This should be checked in Tetelcingo for location of /h/.
\qry_h Check for presence of /h/ in SJ. The p-a of Oapan is not explained by reduplication, only by {h} in the underlying form.
\ref 04815
\lxam me:me:lioh
\lxam_c me:me:lioh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\sense_e Desmodium procumbens(Mill.) Hitchc. var. exiguum(A. Gray) B. G. Schub., weed of the Leguminoseae family that is food for donkeys
\sense_s Desmodium procumbens(Mill.) Hitchc. var. exiguum(A. Gray) B. G. Schub., maleza de la familia Leguminoseae que se come por los burros
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\nse It is not clear at present, but it seems that this term might cover what in Latin nomenclature would be various species.
\nae The Ameyaltepec term meme:lioh might be a a borrowing from Spanish medio although the etymology is still quite uncertain.
\qry Check everything, length, final /h/, correctness of form, etc. If necessary correct in xref in /i:nakas komichin/.
\qry_fon Recheck vl of first /e:/.
\semref i:nakas komichin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04816
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod Here /kohchi:kwepok/ has been removed from the dictionary.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\vl The term /kohchi:kwepok/ has been removed from the dictionary as vulgar. However, the four speech tokens by Inocencio Jiménez should be tagged as 04816, but they
should not be linked to the dictionary.
\ref 04817
\lxam tlapilowa
\lxam_c tlapilowa
\lxoa tlapilowa
\lxoa_c tlapilowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to fish by hanging hooks on stakes placed in a shallow river bottom
\sense_s pescar al colgar anzuelas de estacas metidas en las partes poco profundas de un río
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niá:s, nontlapilo:s ina:k michin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going, I'm going to go fishing by hanging hooks from stakes in the water.
\phrase_s Voy, voy a ir a poner anzuelas sobre estacas para pescar.
\sense_e to hunt birds by hanging nets in the trees
\sense_s cazar pájaros al colgar redes de losárboles
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (~ ika totopoxtli) to make totopos (see totopoxtli)
\sense_s (~ ika totopoxtli) hacer totopos (véase totopoxtli)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlapilo:lo ika totopoxtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Totopos are being made.
\phrase_s Se estáhaciendo totopos.
\root pil
\nse With tla-, the verb pilowa refers to various actions (e.g., making totopos and hanging hooks on stakes placed in shallow water. In regard
to totopos (a sweet, thin toasted tortilla made for Santa Cruz), the verb refers to how they are made. The masa is ground very thin on a metate and
then pushed off the edge as another woman gathers it on top of a cloth, then placing it on a griddle to be toasted. The verb pilowa is apparently used because the
masa is pushed till it is made to hang off the edge of the metate.
\semref mixtlatlama; wi:lo:tlama
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref mí:xtlamá; to:to:tlama
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref tlapilowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref pilowa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04818
\lxam ko:ntli
\lxam_c ko:ntli
\lxoa ko:ntli
\lxoa_c ko:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(m)
\sense_e pot (particularly an earthenware pot, which may be used for cooking, storage, etc.)
\sense_s olla (particularmente de cerámica, que se puede utilizar para guardar cosas como granos, por cocinar, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kea:man, un ne:nkah ko:ntli...
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take for instance that pot over there...
\phrase_s Toma, por ejemplo, esa olla allá...
\sense_e (i:ko:nyo tenextli) the lower chamber of a lime kiln into which firewood is stoked to cook the rocks in the upper chamber (see tenexko:ntli)
\sense_s (i:ko:nyo tenextli) la cámara inferior de un horno para cal en la cual se mete la leña para cocer las piedras en la cámara superior (véase
tenexko:ntli)
\sense_d Oa
\nse In isolation, ko:ntli can refer to a pot in general. However, it is most often used to refer to an earthenware pot. The compound teposko:ntliis
used when a metal pot is being referred to.
\root ko:m
\ref 04819
\lxam i:xkwi:tia
\lxam_c ni:xkwi:tia
\lxoa i:xkwi:tia
\lxoa_c ni:xkwi:tia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ca
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl. with i:na:k + [noun] or with complement) to take example or warning from [noun]
\sense_s (refl. con i:na:k + [sustantivo] o con un complemento) tomar ejemplo o prevenirse de [sustantivo]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmi:xkwi:ti ina:k un ne:nkah tla:katl, ke:n kichi:wtok! A:man kipano:tok xkwahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take example (or warning) from how that that there man is doing it! Now he is having a hard time of it.
\phrase_s ¡Toma ejemplo (o toma aviso) de como lo estáhaciendo ese hombre! Ahora se la estápasando mal.
\phrase_n Xmi:xkwi:ti:ka:n ke:non tlayo:wiya totátatsí:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Learn from what you see how Our Father suffered.
\phrase_s Aprende de lo que ves como sufrióNuestro Padre.
\root i:x
\root kwi
\qry Check to see if used only in reflexive. RS gives the transitive as 'to provide a good example to' Check.
\grm Note in general the nature of valency change with /kwi/ verbs. Check and discuss in the grammar.
\vl There are 4 extra tokens of this word at 7091. These should also be tagged as 4819, letters c, d, etc.
\ref 04820
\lxam po:yo:lin
\lxam_c po:yo:limeh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\sense_e type of small flying insect, like small flies with brownish wings, that swarm underneath trees (they do not bite but fly around ones face, or alight on ones skin, particularly if
it is sweaty)
\sense_s tipo de insecto volador pequeñísimo, como moscas pequeñas con alitas cafecitas, que se pululan por losárboles (no muerden pero vuelen sobre la cara de algn, o se ponen
sobre la piel, particularmente cuando estásudadosa)
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root po:yo:
\nse In a discussion with several people from Oapan they suggested that this animal is one called tlapo:hwika:tsi:n. However, it is not certain that this is the equivalent.
\qry Check for Oapan translation/term.
\ref 04821
\lxam arribe:nyoh
\lxam_c arribe:nyoh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan arribeño
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1; pl. arribe:nyos
\sense_e highlander; person from the high country
\sense_s arribeño
\sense_d Am
\nse In Ameyaltepec this was used, during the time of active itinerant trading, to refer to people from Mexico City and Morelos, particularly those who used to come often to sell
(ceramics, clothes, and other manufactures) and buy (e.g., cattle). This is also used to refer to Carnival performers who, when the Carnival was still held, used to dress like
arribe:nyos and go around selling old pieces of cloth in jest.
\ref 04822
\lxam tlapaya:na
\lxam_c tlapaya:na
\lxoa tlapaya:na
\lxoa_c tlapaya:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to grind nextamahli (generally used to refer to coarse grinding in a hand or mechanical grinder, but also at times to grinding on a metate)
\sense_s moler nixtamal (generalmente se refiere a moler burdamente en un molino de mano o eléctrico, pero también a veces puede significar moler sobre un metate)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tlapaya:nato, xkineki tisis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She went to grind (her nextamahli in a mechanical mill), she doesn't want to grind corn (on a metate).
\phrase_s Fue a moler (su nixtamal en un molino eléctrico), no quiere moler sobre el metate.
\root paya:
\nse Tlapaya:na most specifically refers to grinding maize coarsely, which means in a grinder and not on a metate. However, it is occasionally used as a general term for
grinding nixtamal and includes when this is done on a metate.
\xref tlapaya:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref paya:na
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04823
\lxam tlakotlapa:na
\lxam_c kitlakotlapa:na
\lxoa tlákotlapá:na
\lxoa_pr tlakotlapa:na
\lxoa_c kitlákotlapá:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp PM-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to break in half (sth brittle such as ceramics, glass, etc., breaking off a piece or simply causing a fissure)
\sense_s romper en la mitad (algo duro y quebradizo como la cerámica, vidrio, etc., rompiéndole un pedazo o haciéndole una fisura)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to split in half (e.g., firewood, seeds, nuts, etc.)
\sense_s partir en la mitad (p. ej., leña, semillas, nueces, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root tlahko
\root tlapa:
\nae The pitch accent that is a reflex of underlying {h} in {tlahkotlapa:na} does not shift left onto the prefix. Since this shift occurs in many other words, such as ´tlasótla
and ´tsatsí:tia it seems that the reason is neither the short prefix vowel by itself (which doesn´t attract stress) nor an effort to preserve I/O correspondence. Rather, it
seems that the major factor inhibiting reassignment is a limit on the number of syllables between pitch accented ones.
\qry Check for possibility of /te-/, e.g., /tlakotetlapa:na/. Also, very important: check for possiblity of reduplication, ?tlakotlatlapa:na If this cannot be reduplicated this would show how
verbal semantics affects reduplication.
\grmx The pitch accent that is a reflex of underlying {h} in {tlahkotlapa:na} does not shift left onto the prefix. Since this shift occurs in many other words, such as
´tlasótla and ´tsatsí:tia it seems that the reason is neither the short prefix vowel by itself (which doesn´t attract stress) nor an effort to preserve
I/O correspondence. Rather, it seems that the major factor inhibiting reassignment is a limit on the number of syllables between pitch accented ones.
\ref 04824
\lxam yema:nka:toto:nia
\lxam_c kiyema:nka:toto:nia
\lxoa yema:nka:toto:nia
\lxoa_c kiyema:nka:toto:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Part-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to heat up lightly; to warm up
\sense_s calentar un poquito; calentar ligeramente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San xyema:nka:toto:ni, ma:ka a:sta poso:nis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just heat it up a little, don't have it come to a boil!
\phrase_s ¡Caliéntalo un poquito, no hasta hervir!
\root yema:n
\root to:n
\ref 04825
\lxam xiwsa:yo:lin
\lxam_c xiwsa:yo:lin
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\sense_e fly; type of insect called in Spanish mosca, still not definitively identified
\sense_s mosca, tipo de insecto todavía no identificado plenamente
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\ency_note insects
\root xiw
\root sa:yo:l
\notes_nature Ramiírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'mosca verde, mosca filaria.'
\semref ixisa:yo:lin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04826
\lxam nekwtli
\lxam_c nekwtli
\lxoa nehtli
\lxoa_c nehtli; nonek
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e honey
\sense_s miel
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e any sweet honey-like syrup (e.g., maple syrup)
\sense_s cualquier jarabe dulce (como, p. ej., de maple)
\sense_d Pending
\disamb nekwtli
\root nekw
\nse The following animals make honey: tetekomasol, obe:jas, tsi:kanekwteh, tla:lnekwteh, tenekwteh, koko:smeh, and pana:les (all given in Ameyaltepec
forms.
\qry Determine all animals that make honey.
\qry_fon Check to make sure kw>h and k>h and w>h all yield same [h].
\vl There are two pronunciations here, both female and male should have one of each, yielding four total linked files: /nehtli/ and /nonek/ from a total of 8 tagged files.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note how k>h in /nehtli/ but shows up as /k/ in the possessed: /nonek/.
\ref 04827
\lxam papa:toh
\lxam_c papa:toh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan pato
\psm Adj(ap)
\der Adj-loan
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to be barely able to walk (perhaps from stiff legs, from drunkenness, etc.)
\sense_s estar apenas capaz de caminar (quizáa causa de piernes tiesas y adoloridas, por estar borracho, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\nse The reduplication seems to indicate a metaphoric extension of the base noun, pa:toh.
\qry Check for final /h/; should this be /papato/? My original card had /papa:to/, but I have temporarily changed this to /papa:toh/, pending clarification. Also redetermine etymology; is
this really a borrowing from Sp. pato (duck).
\ref 04828
\lxam to:ka:
\lxam_c i:to:ka:
\lxoa to:ka:
\lxoa_c i:to:ka:
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e personal name
\sense_s nombre personal
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:no:n moto:ka:?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e What is your name?
\phrase_s ¿Cómo te llamas?
\sense_e word used to name a material object, place in the countryside (toponym), etc.
\sense_s palabra utilizada para nombrar un objeto material, un paraje o lugar en el campo (topónimo), etc.
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xnikmati ke:n ito:ka:.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't know what it is called (a given object).
\phrase_s No se como se llama (un objeto en particular).
\phrase_n Mitsihlitia:s ke:no:n itoto:ka:.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will go along telling you the name of each one (e.g., in walking, giving the name of one place after another).
\phrase_s Te va a ir diciendo el nombre de cada uno (p. ej., al caminar, indicando el nombre de un paraje tras otro).
\phrase_n Xnihmati ke:non i:nto:ka:meh!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I don't know what their name is (i.e., what they are called, in this case two identical small bugs).
\phrase_s No se cómo se llaman (en este caso en referencia a dos insectos del mismo tipo).
\sense_e address term for person (particularly used among women) with the same name (short for to:ka:yoh and to:ka:yah)
\sense_s tocaya o tocayo (pero utilizado particularmente entre mujeres, término corto para to:ka:yoh y to:ka:yah)
\sense_d Pending
\root to:ka:
\nae Final vowel length is shortened when i:to:ka is phrase final. But when followed by another word measurements show it to be long. Thus there is a constrast
between noto:ka Juan 'Juan is buried' and noto:ka: Juan 'my name is Juan.' In Oapan the form i:nto:ka:meh is also found. Note
that this involves the plural nominal marker -meh on a possessive form.
\qry Check plurality and possibility of /intoto:ka/. Note the following phrase /Mitsihlitia:s ke:non itoto:ka/ 'He will go along telling you the name of each one.' The reduplication of /to:ka/
'name' suggests a distributive, i.e., that they are names of various entities. However, note that in the example phrase the possessive marker is singular 3rd person. This should be
checked, but if correct suggests that reduplication can occur indicating plurality without an associated change in the subject, possessor, etc.
\qry_fon A phonetic analysis of the final /a/ should be conducted and this should be compared to final /a/ where the /a/ is underlying short (e.g., /cho:ka/). It should be noted that the
/a/ of /i:to:ka/ is underlyingly long, and this length shows up in compound forms. Check carefully!
\vl Link 1st male token.
\grm Reduplication; number agreement: Note the following phrase /Mitsihlitia:s ke:non itoto:ka/ 'He will go along telling you the name of each one.' The reduplication of /to:ka/
'name' suggests a distributive, i.e., that they are names of various entities. However, note that in the example phrase the possessive marker is singular 3rd person. This
should be checked, but if correct suggests that reduplication can occur indicating plurality without an associated change in the subject, possessor, etc.
\grm Phonology, vowel length, phonetics: Final vowel length is shortened when i:to:ka is phrase final. But when followed by another word measurements
show it to be long. Thus there is a constrast between noto:ka Juan 'Juan is buried' and noto:ka: Juan 'my name is Juan.' In general
this is true of all words with final long vowel: /ma:/, /kwe:/, etc.
\semref to:ka:yo:mati
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04829
\lxam patiowa
\lxam_c patiowa
\lxoa patiowa
\lxoa_c patiowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\trans Compl
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to become more expensive; to rise in price
\sense_s encarecerse; subir de precio
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chnono:tsan, kitowan yo:patiowak tlayo:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They talk to me, they say that maize has already gone up in price.
\phrase_s Me plactican, dicen que el maíz ya subióde precio.
\root pati
\ref 04830
\lxam kamotli de un tsope:lik
\lxam_c kamotli de un tsope:lik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e generic name for a type of sweet potato that includes two species: kamotli de on kokostik(Ipomoea batatas(L.) Lam.) and kamotli de on
momoradi:tohor kamotli de on kakamotsi:n(still unidentified, but of the Convolvulaceae family as well)
\sense_s nombre genérico para un tipo de camote que incluye does especies: kamotli de on kokostik(Ipomoea batatas(L.) Lam.) y kamotli de on
momoradi:toho kamotli de on kakamotsi:n(todavía no identificado, pero también de la familia Convolvulaceae)
\sense_d Am
\ency_note kamotli
\root kamoh
\root tsope:l
\nse The type of sweet potato called kamotli de on tsope:lik has two subvarieties:
\ref 04831
\lxam tlakoposteki
\lxam_c tlakoposteki
\lxoa tlákopostéki
\lxoa_pr tlakoposteki
\lxoa_c tlákopostéki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp PM-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\pitch yes-lex-lex
\sense_e to break in half (sth hard and long such as a stick, bar, bone, handle, etc.)
\sense_s romperse por la mitad (algo largo y duro, como una vara, una barra, un hueso, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root tlahko
\root posteki
\qry Check possible use of /te-/ as in /tlakoteposteki/.
\ref 04832
\lxam kwe:chiwi
\lxam_c kwe:chiwi
\lxoa kwe:chiwi
\lxoa_c kwe:chiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become ground finely; to become pulverized (into a fine powder)
\sense_s molerse o quedarse molido en un polvo fino; pulverizarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:kwe:chiw un tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That earth has become ground into a fine powder.
\phrase_s Esa tierra se ha pulverizada finamente.
\phrase_n Popo:nis un tla:la:mo:hli, kwe:chiwis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That clay will crumble apart (as water is thrown onto it), it will become fine powder.
\phrase_s Esa arcilla se va a demoronarse (al aventarsele agua), va a quedarse como polvo fino.
\root kwe:ch
\ref 04833
\lxam ikxipipitsa:wak
\lxam_c ikxipipitsa:wak
\lxoa ixí:pitsa:wak
\lxoa_c ixí:pitsá:wak
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-k
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\sense_e to have skinny legs
\sense_s tener las piernas delgadas
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root pitsa:
\semref ikxitepipitsaktsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ixí:pitsako:tsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref ixí:pitsahtik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04834
\lxam kichkone:tsi:ntli
\lxam_c kichkone:tsi:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:ntli
\sense_e baby boy (from birth to perhaps some four years of age)
\sense_s niñito; bebé(de nacimiento hasta como de cuatro años de edad)
\sense_d Am
\ency_note age
\root okich
\root kone:
\mod On"age"page include /kichkone:tl/, /telpokatsi:n/, etc.
\semref te:lpakatsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04835
\lxam wa:xkuwtli
\lxam_c wa:xkuwtli
\lxoa wa:xkohtli
\lxoa_c wa:xkohtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e generic name for a group of trees in the Leguminoseae family with pods whose seeds are often edible (called guajes in Spanish)
\sense_s guaje, un nombre genérico por un tipo deárbol con vainas cuyas semillas son comestibles
\sense_d Pending
\root wa:x
\root kow
\vl Link 2nd male token.
\ref 04836
\lxam tlatlastaltik
\lxam_c tlatlastaltik
\lxoa tlátlastáltik
\lxoa_c tlátlastáltik
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infa tik>tikeh
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be palid (e.g., a sick person who has lost his color)
\sense_s ser pálido (p. ej., una persona enferma que no tiene color)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlatlastaltik, xkipia iyesio.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is palid, he doesn't have any color (in his skin).
\phrase_s Es pálido, no tiene color (en la piel).
\sense_e to be washed out; to be pale (a color such as that of cloth, ink or paint such as watercolores, etc.)
\sense_s estar descolorido; estar pálido; estar deslavado (un color, como de tela, o tinta o pintura aguada como acuarelas)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld color
\fl tlatlastale:wi
\root sta
\ref 04837
\lxam tsi:ntechakwa:nia
\lxam_c notsi:ntechakwa:nian
\lxoa tsi:ntechakwa:nia
\lxoa_c kitsi:ntechakwa:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-2a
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infn +Compl (Am)
\lexical Op. infix te- ; tsi:ntechakwa:nia
\sense_e to strike hard against the rear or lower section of
\sense_s golpear duro contra la parte inferior o posterior de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtsi:ntechakwa:ni un sá:ndiah para tihkwa:skeh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Strike the end of that watermelon hard (against something such as a rock) so that (it splits open and) we can eat it!
\phrase_s ¡Golpea duro el extremo de esa sandía (contra algo como una piedra) para que (se parte y) podamos comerla!
\sense_e (refl.) to bang or hit ones rear end hard (against something)
\sense_s (refl.) golpearse duro la parte posterior del cuerpo (contra algo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nimotsi:ntechakwa:nitasik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I fell down and banged my rear end hard when I hit the ground.
\phrase_s Me caíy me golpeéduro las nalgas al estrellar contra el suelo.
\root tsi:n
\root chakwa:
\nae The difference between the intransitive and reflexive forms of verbs such as o:tsi:ntechakwa:ntasik and o:notsi:ntechakwa:ntask , both of which are
acceptable and used, seems to relate to the relative responsibility of the subject/agent in the occurrence of the event. The intransitive seems to indicate less control and responsibility,
and that the event just occurred as when one falls. The reflexive seems to indicate slightly more responsibility; if one fell there might be some way in which the subject was
responsible, as in 'I got my rear end banged up hard when I fell (from trying to climb a place that was difficult).'
\qry Check/recheck the difference between /tsi:ntechakwa:ntasi/ and /notsi:ntechakwa:nitasi/. Cf. Gram 1985-10-05.2.
\ref 04838
\lxam tla:lpan
\lxam_c i:tla:lpan
\lxoa tla:lpan
\lxoa_alt tla:lpah
\lxoa_c i:tla:lpah, i:tla:lpan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-poss-pan
\infn N2(rel)
\sense_e (ya:w ~) to go to work in the field of
\sense_s (ya:w ~) ir a trabajar en el terreno de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:yah te:tla:lpan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He went to work in someone else's field.
\phrase_s Fue a trabajar en una milpa ajena.
\phrase_n Nia:s te:tla:lpan, nontlapale:wi:s ma:s san a:chitsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to work in someone's field, I'll lend a hand even if it's only just a little.
\phrase_s Voy a ir a trabajar en el terreno de alguien, voy a echar una mano aunque sea nada más un poquito.
\sense_e (ya:w ~) to go to work for (can refer to any type of manual labor)
\sense_s (ya:w ~) ir a trabajar lugar donde hay trabajo manual
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nia:s te:tla:lpan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to work for someone.
\phrase_s Voy a ayudar a trabajar para alguien.
\root tla:l
\root_rel -pan
\nse Tla:lpan can be used to refer either to field labor (such as plowing, planting, harvesting, etc.) or to manual labor in general (e.g., digging a foundation for a house,
working on pouring cement for a house roof, etc.). It is often used with verbs such as yaw and nemi, e.g., nemi i:tla:lpan
nokniw (Am) 'he's working at my brother's field.' The word tla:lpan often is used in talking about work, though it can refer to the land itself nika:n
te:tla:lpan 'This (here) is someone else's land (i.e., not mine).' Moroever, it is often used with te:- ; in response to the question Ka:n tiaw? 'Where
are you going?' a person will often respond Te:tla:lpan 'To work for someone (in their field, house-building, etc.).' This response does not mention the name of
the person whom one is going to help; if the original speaker wants to know this he will ask (in Ameyaltepec), Akinon i:na:k? 'Who for?'
\qry Check again whether /tla:lpan/ can refer to the land itself, as in /nika:n te:tla:lpan/. Check possible difference between /tla-/ and /te:-/ in the following phrase /Nia:s te:tla:lpan,
nontlapale:wi:s ma:s san a:chitsi:n./ Check Oapan for /a:kinon i:nak/.
\grm /tla-/ as object for nonspecific humans: Note the following phrase /Nia:s te:tla:lpan, nontlapale:wi:s ma:s san a:chitsi:n./ 'I'm going to work in someone's field, I'll lend a
hand even if it's only just a little.' Taken from actual speech, note the use of /tla-/ instead of /te:-/. The reason for this is not clear, perhaps both prefixes would have
identifical meanings. Note, however, that only a human object interpretation is possible, given the semantics of the verb /pale:wia/.
\ref 04839
\lxam tsi:ntetl
\lxam_c tsi:ntetl
\lxoa tsi:ntetl
\lxoa_c tsi:ntetl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e rear end; buttocks (of a person or animal)
\sense_s nalgas (de una persona o animal)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e bottom (of a material object, particularly one larger at the bottom than the top)
\sense_s parte inferior (de un objeto material, particularmente uno que estámás grande por la parte inferior que la superior)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (i:tsi:ntew kahli) foundation of a house
\sense_s (i:tsi:ntew kahli) cimiento de una casa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:kchi:waskeh itsi:ntew nokal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are going to make the foundation for my house.
\phrase_s Van a hacer el cimiento de mi casa.
\semfld body
\root tsi:n
\root te
\ref 04840
\lxam weli
\lxam_c weli
\lxoa weli
\lxoa_c weli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (~ [noun]) to be adept at [noun or an activity associated with noun]
\sense_s (~ [sustantivo]) ser adepto a; poder hacer [sustantivo o actividad asociada con el sustantivo]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlah weli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He can't do anything.
\phrase_s No sabe hacer nada.
\phrase_n Niwelis motlato:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will learn your language.
\phrase_s Voy a aprender tu idioma.
\sense_e (-tech ~) to reproduce under the care of (e.g., domestic animals; same as -tech weliti (Am))
\sense_s (-tech ~) reproducir bajo el cuidado de (p. ej., animales domésticos; lo mismo que -tech weliti (Am))
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Motech yo:welkeh moyo:lka:wa:n, ne:si ni:n se: xmiki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your animals prospered under your care, it appears that not even one has died.
\phrase_s Tus animales se reprodujeron bajo tu cuidado, parece que ni uno se murió.
\root wel
\nae The relationship between the verb weli and the auxiliary wel in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl is interesting, and does not seem to be totally shared across the
Balsas region's subdialects. Wel is used only before a verbal predicate only and it is never marked for person or tense/aspect. Apparently no other elements can
intercede between this auxiliary and the main verb. Weli , on the other hand, is an intransitive predicate that transation of which is often best captured through a
transitive verb. Thus weli before the name of a language, of a song, of a dance, etc., indicates 'to be adept at ___ ' or 'to know ___.' It should not be confused with
mati , which also means 'to know' but in the sense of 'to have personal knowledge of'; weli , on the other hand, indicates an ability, a knowledge that
leads to action not contemplation, and this ability is implied by the meaning of the noun which is not an argument of the verb (e.g., ni weli 'El Re y' 'I know (how to
sing) 'El Rey').
\qry Check to make sure of the meaning of /-tech weli/, is it reproduce or prosper; I have 'reproduce' in my notes. Check other meanings of the phrase /-tech weli/.
\xref weli:tia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04841
\lxam kexteki
\lxam_c kikexteki
\lxoa kexteki
\lxoa_c kikexteki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to cut the head off of (with a knife, not machete, e.g., a dead chicken)
\sense_s decapitar (con un cuchillo, no machete, p. ej., una gallina muerta)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to slit the throat of (a person or animal, with a knife)
\sense_s degollar; cortar el cuello de (a una persona o animal, con un cuchillo, no machete)
\sense_d Pending
\root kech
\root teki
\nse Kexteki refers to cutting with a knife (not axe or machete). Check to see if it refers to only cutting off the head, or whether it can be applied to slitting the throat.
\semref kextsonteki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04842
\lxam hkon
\lxam_alt ihkon
\lxam_c hkon ke:mah
\lxoa hkon
\lxoa_alt hkión
\lxoa_alt ihkón
\lxoa_alt ihkión
\lxoa_cpend hkión
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-manner
\der Adv-man
\sense_e in that way, in that very manner
\sense_s así; de esta manera; de esa misma manera
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San hkon tihkwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You just use it like that.
\phrase_s Solamente de esa manera la utilizas.
\phrase_n Ihkón!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That's the way!
\phrase_s ¡Asíes!
\sense_e (as a predicate with a subject prefix, usually as a question) to be that way
\sense_s (como predicado con un prefijo de sujeto, generalmente como pregunta) ser así
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tli:aon tihkón?
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Why are you like that?
\phrase_s ¿Por quéeres así?
\fla sahkón
\root iw
\root on
\nse This is a shortened form of ihkón /, common in speech. The full form itself is derived from ihki plus the deictic on-, which changes the
meaning from 'in this way' (ihki) to 'in that way.' At times in rapid speech the pronunciation tends to kon although for the purposes of a standardized
orthography this word is written as hkon in such circumstances. Note that with the meaning 'to be that way' the Ameyaltepec equivalent of the Oapan phrase
given above is tle:ka tihkón? or tle:ka asta tihkón?. This is written without an accent when the initial /i/ is not pronounced, with an accent when it is
present.
\nae Oapan Nahuatl manifests the lengthening of the final vowel in these constructions (the same occurs with such words as a:kino:n) and marked nasalization.
\qry In one phrase check termination of /teh/, which perhaps should be /te/. In one entry I have recorded a long vowel but with the note:"the second vowel is definitely short and should
be written as such in all entries, corrected if not so written."Recheck length of this second vowel in all the demonstratives (/iwí:n/). Note that originally I had many instances of /ihkón/
with a long final vowel; however, I have standardized to a short final vowel for the headword and all documentation in the corpus. This should be checked and corrected.
\qry Check the phonology of this with an expert.
\vl The four Oapan tokens here should be tagged with number 03404; probably the two linked files at 3404 should be selected from among these originally recorded at 4842.
If one of the 4842 tokens is selected use only the first female and first male tokens.
\vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 4842; these should be tagged as 3404; probably the two linked files (one female and one male) should be taken from the
tokens originally at 4842 (the sound might be better). If one of the 4842 tokens is selected use only the first female and first male tokens.
\semref ihki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref xkon
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04843
\lxam tlakwelpachowa
\lxam_c tlakwelpachowa
\lxoa tlakwelpachowa
\lxoa_c tlakwelpachowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to make a turn (e.g., a person walking in a given direction)
\sense_s dar vuelta (p. ej., una persona caminando)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne: titlakwelpacho:s, tikasis para tlakpak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There you will make a turn, you will take the turn uphill.
\phrase_s Allávas a dar vuelta, vas a ir para arriba.
\phrase_n Tla:tlakwelpáchotókótlí.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e The road is windy (curving back and forth).
\phrase_s El camino es sinuoso (tiene muchas curvas, doblándose un lado a otro).
\root kwel
\root pach
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\xref tlakwelpacho:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\xref kwelpachowa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04844
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod Here /maxpo:ni/ has been removed from the dictionary.
\dt 31/Mar/2002
\ref 04845
\lxam tso:yo:tl
\lxam_c tso:yo:tl
\lxoa tsoyo:tsi:n
\lxoa_c tsoyo:tsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\sense_e (often reduplicated with short vowel, con te- and -tsi:n) runt (an animal of a litter, or a child who is small and not well developed or healthy and
who stays this way)
\sense_s (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta, con te- y -tsi:n) animal más pequeño de una camada; alfeñique, niño pequeño y poco robusto, y que sigue
asíaun en años posteriores
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San tetsotso:yo:tsi:n un pitsotsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That little piglet is the runt of the litter.
\phrase_s Ese lechoncito es el más pequeño de la camada.
\phrase_n Ti:roh tso:yo:tl o:tla:kat mopitsotsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your piglet was born a runt.
\phrase_s Tu lechoncito naciómuy pequeño y poco robusto.
\phrase_n San tetsotso:yo:tl mokone:w, xwel nenemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your child is just a runt, he can't walk.
\phrase_s Tu niño es pequeño y poco robusto, no puede caminar.
\sense_e little kid; pipsqueak
\sense_s escuincle; mequetrefe
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:nkah, yewa o:ne:chwapa:w. O:mik notah kwa:kon nitso:yo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That person over there, he raised me as a child. My father died when I was a little pipsqueak.
\phrase_s Esa persona allá, me crióde niño. Se muriómi papácuando era un escuincle.
\root tsoyo:
\nae It has been particularly difficult to determine the vowel length in this word and compounds that include it. All these will have to be rechecked. As of yet cognates to this term have not
been found in other dialects of Nahuatl. The possibility of an etymology related to the verbal stem tsoyo:should not be discounted.
\qry Make sure that this can occur without reduplication; apparently it can be though is most common with reduplication and /te-/.
\qry_fon Check length of final /o:/ in all words having /tsoyo:tik/. I have changed back and forth with my analysis of length. With C. Flores I definitely hear both /o/s as long
/tso:yo:tl/.
\ref 04846
\lxam tlamilia
\lxam_c kitlamilia
\lxoa tlamilia
\lxoa_c kitlamilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to use up (a consumible object such as food or drink) for or on
\sense_s acabarle (un objeto que se consume como comida o bebida) a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nochi o:ne:xtlamilih notlakwal!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He finished up all my food on me!
\phrase_s ¡Me acabótoda la comida!
\phrase_n Xne:xtlamili, no xok nihtlami:s.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Finish it up for me, I won't be able to finish it up anymore!
\phrase_s ¡Acábalo para mi! Yo ya no puedo.
\sense_e to finish up (sth such as a task, job, or chore) for
\sense_s terminar (algo como un trabajo o tarea) para
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xakah mistlamili:s, san tewa xki:sati!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e No one will finish it for you, you'll just have to finish it up yourself!
\phrase_s ¡Nadie lo va a terminar para tí, túsolo te lo vas a tener que acabar!
\sense_e (refl.) to die (reverential)
\sense_s (refl.) morir (reverential)
\sense_d Oa
\root tlami
\qry I originally had /Xakah mistlamili:s, san tewa xki:sati!/ 'to finish up (sth such as a task, job, or chore) for'. But it appears taht the applicative is not used here 'to finish up for'. Note
that this suggests the applicative cannot always be used when one would expect.
\grm Applicative: re /tlamilia/:"I originally had /Xakah mistlamili:s, san tewa xki:sati!/ 'to finish up (sth such as a task, job, or chore) for'. But it appears taht the applicative is not
used here 'to finish up for'. Note that this suggests the applicative cannot always be used when one would expect."Applicative: note that here and in other cases, e.g.,
/tlamilia/, the meaning of the applicative is with a malefactive sense. Thus one would not use /topo:nilia/ with the sense of 'to set off fireworks for' nor /tlamilia/ with the sense
of 'to finish for' (but rather 'to finish on', i.e, using up something that another was about to use or was needed.
\grm Reverential: Note use of applicative /notlamilia/ 'to die' (reverential).
\xref tlamia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref tlamiya
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 04847
\lxam weyakixtok
\lxam_c weyakixtok
\lxoa weyakixtok
\lxoa_alt wiyakixtok
\lxoa_c wiyakixtok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be stretched out; to be elongated
\sense_s estar estirado; estar alargado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San weyakixtok. San notete:ka. Tlatski.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's just stretched all out. He's just laid himself down, he's lazy.
\phrase_s Estátodo estirado. Solamente se pone acostado, es flojo.
\phrase_n Sa: weyakixtok, peya:siwtok, tikito:s o:kuwpitsiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's just stretched out, he's lying straight out (on his back) from head to foot, you'd think that rigor mortis had set in.
\phrase_s Estáno más estirado, estáacostado derechito (sobre la espalda), dirás que el cuerpo ya estaba rígido.
\root weya
\nse Weyakixtok is the stative associated with the inchoative weyakia (Am). The difference between weyak and
weyakixtok is important to note. The former indicates a more or less permanent characteristic of the subject. It is in a quite clear sense an"adjective,"as in
weyak morria:tah 'your lasso is long.' However weyakixtok indicates a more temporary state, the result of something becoming elongated (not having
been elongated though) through self or outside action. It indicates a less"time-stable"situation.
\qry Original of the final sentence had /san weyakixtok/, which I have changed to /sa: weyakixtok/. This should be rechecked. Also, more fully determine the difference between /weyak/
and /weyakixtok/.
\grm Statives/adjectives: Weyakixtok is the stative associated with the inchoative weyakia. The difference between weyak and
weyakixtok is important to note. The former indicates a more or less permanent characteristic of the subject. It is in a quite clear sense an"adjective,"as in
weyak morria:tah 'your lasso is long.' However weyakixtok indicates a more temporary state, the result of something becoming elongated (not
having been elongated though) through self or outside action. All the preceding should be checked before being entered into the grammar.
\ref 04848
\lxam tekipanowa:ni
\lxam_c tekipanowa:ni
\lxoa tekipanowa:ni
\lxoa_alt tekipanowa:ne
\lxoa_c tekipanowa:ne, tekipanowa:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e person who is a hard or good worker (particularly in reference to someone who works a team of oxen)
\sense_s persona que es un buen trabajador (particularmente en referencia a uno que trabaja la yunta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Titekipanowa:ni, xtitlatski.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are a good worker, you are not lazy.
\phrase_s Eres un buen trabajador, no eres flojo.
\disamb tekipanoke:tl; tekipanowa:ni, tekitki
\root teki
\root pano:
\nse It seems that whereas tekipanoke:tl (Am) refers specifically to a hired worker, tekipanowa:ni is used to reference someone who works a lot, who
is a 'good worker.' Given the common use of tekipanowa:ni it has been accorded a separate entry, although in many cases a similar sense of 'sb who does [verb] a
lot,' is common to verbs inflected with the eventual marker -ni.
\ref 04849
\lxam xye:ktli
\lxam_c xye:ktli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Neg-N
\der N-b
\sense_e see ye:ktli (Am) / ye:htli(Oa)
\sense_s véase ye:ktli (Am) / ye:htli(Oa)
\sense_d Am
\nse The more usual term in Oapan Nahuatl is xkwahli.
\root ye:k
\ref 04850
\lxam chia:wak
\lxam_c chia:wak
\lxoa chia:wak
\lxoa_c chia:wak
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-k
\infa k-to-keh
\sense_e to be fatty (meat)
\sense_s ser grasosa (carne)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be greasy or oily (an object, utensil, etc., particularly those used for cooking)
\sense_s estar lleno o cubierto de grasa o aciete (un objeto o utensilio, particularmente los que se utilizan para cocinar)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to have a lot of lard (a food, such as a bowl of beans)
\sense_s tener mucha manteca (un guisado como un caldo de frijoles)
\sense_d Pending
\root chiya:
\grm Note plural of /chiya:wak/ as either chiya:hkeh or chichiya:hkeh. Make sure with /toma:wak/ the plural. Def. /totoma:hkeh/ is correct. Check
/toma:hkeh/ and /tomawa:keh/; cf. /chiya:wakeh/. One file card has noted on it that /chiya:wak/ is used for 2, 3, 4, or a relatively few subjects, whereas /chichiya:hkeh/ is
used for many subjects.
\ref 04851
\lxam ke:ketsi:hli
\lxam_c ike:ketsi:l
\lxoa ké:ketsí:hli
\lxoa_c i:ké:ketsí:l
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e narrow part of the leg above the heel and below the calf
\sense_s parte angosta de la pierna, arriba del talón y abajo de la pantorilla
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root kehtsi
\nse This word refers to the narrow part of the leg immediately above the heel, where the strap of a sandle passes.
\nae For a discussion of etymology, see aketsi:lowa (Am). The presence of underlying {h} as indicated in the root cross-reference field is suggested not only by the pitch
accent in Oapan Nahuatl, but by comparative evidence from Northern Puebla, which has ixoquehtzol 'talón.'
\qry_h Check for /h/ in /i:ke:kehtsi:l/. Also check for two /h/s in /ahkehtsi:lowa/ (1649)
\semref ikxike:ketsi:l
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref ixiké:ketsí:l
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04852
\lxam tetsi:lka: komalako:tl yeyekatl
\lxam_c tetsi:lka: komalako:tl yeyekatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e one of the yeyekameh
\sense_s uno de los yeyekameh
\sense_d Am
\semfld ritual
\root tetsi:l
\root komalaka:
\root e:ka
\nse This yeyekatl is mentioned in texts from Ameyaltepec by Pánfilo Lorenzo.
\qry Check to determine whether /tetsi:lka/ is incorporated as a participal to /komalako:tl/.
\mod For all /yeyekameh/ determine the complete characteristics.
\grm Orthography: check the length of /a/ in /tetsi:lka/ in the form /tetsi:lka: komalako:tl yeyekatl/, also as an attributive adjective or term modifier, check or determine if it
should be written as one word /tetsi:lka:komalako:tl/ or two /tetsi:lka: komalako:tl/.
\ref 04853
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be a second entry for /tlakpak/. It has been deleted and the two entries combined.
\vl Tag the tokens here with #1036. The links at 01036 should be taken from the 1st female and 1st male tokens of the 4853 set.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 04854
\lxam se:ka:no:ltia
\lxam_c kise:ka:no:ltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to sling or place across the chest of (e.g., a bag on a person)
\sense_s colgar o colocar atravesando el pecho de (p.ej., una bolsa a una persona)
\sense_d Am
\fl ma:sekatitlan
\root se:ka:n
\qry Check that /se:ka:no:ltia/ is the equivalent of /ma:se:ka:no:ltia/; see this latter entry.
\xref se:ka:nowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\semref ma:se:ka:no:ltia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ma:se:ka:naltia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04855
\lxam tlantepi:tskwa
\lxam_c notlantepi:tskwa
\lxoa tlantepi:tskwa
\lxoa_c notlantepi:tskwa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-S-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\lexical Lex. infix te- (Oa)
\infv class-1
\sense_e (refl.) for ones jaws and teeth to be tightly pressed together (e.g., as one is dying and ones body tenses in pain); to grit ones teeth and tense ones jaw
\sense_s (refl.) quedarsele o tener la mandíbula y los dientes cerrados y apretados (p. ej., al estar muriendo y con el cuerpo tensado de dolor)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmotlantepi:tskwa! Ma:ka titetenas!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tense your jaw! Don't groan!
\phrase_s ¡Aprétate la mandíbula!¡No vayas a gemir!
\root tlan
\root tepi:ts
\root kwa
\grm Compounding: Note the following form: /tlantepi:tskwa/, used reflexively to mean ' for ones jaws and teeth to become tightly pressed together.'
\ref 04856
\lxam tlakopi:na
\lxam_c tlakopi:na
\lxoa tlakopi:na
\lxoa_c tlakopi:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to feed (in the sense of feeding strands of a fiber in making rope, thread, etc.)
\sense_s alimentar (en el sentido de alimentar una persona o máquina al soltar fibras o hebras de algo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wel tlakopi:na ika ixtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He knows how to let out maguey fibers (i.e., letting them out slowly from handfuls of hemp held in the hand so that another persons can twist them it into rope).
\phrase_s Sabe soltar las fibras de maguey (dejándolas salir poco a poco para que otra persona las tuerza, haciendo una soga).
\sense_e to produce (e.g., ceramics) using a mold (in reference to the action of pulling the clay off the form)
\sense_s producir (p. ej., cerámica) utilizando un molde (en referencia a la acción de despegar el barro del molde)
\sense_d Oa
\root kopi:
\xref kopi:na
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04857
\lxam wila:ntok
\lxam_c *wila:ntok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be dragged out; to be lying stretched out (on the ground)
\sense_s estar arrastrado; estar extendido (en el suelo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ma:ka ihkón wila:ntiw, xte:tekwia mola:soh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't leave it dragged out on the ground like that! Coil your lasso!
\phrase_s ¡No vayas a dejarlo asíarrastrado sobre el suelo!¡Enrolla tu laso!
\root wila:
\grm Stative: Note the use of the stative in the negative optative: /Ma:ka ihkón wila:nto, xte:tekwia mola:soh!/ 'Don't leave it lying stretched out on the ground like that! Roll up
your lasso!' In the preceding note /ma:ka ihkón wila:nto/ in which the /-to/ replaces /-tok/ in this modal form.
\ref 04858
\lxam a:ra
\lxam_alt a:ray
\lxam_c a:ra
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan carajo (?); ora (?)
\psm Interj
\der Interj-loan
\sense_e (~ [certain kin terms in 2nd-person singular possessive, often in diminutive]) your mother/father/grandmother!
\sense_s (~ [término de un pariente, a menudo en diminutivo])¡tu madre/padre/abuela!
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n A:ra mona:n -=a:ra mona:ntsi:n-!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your mother!
\phrase_s ¡Tu madre!
\phrase_n A:ra mosi:s -=a:ra mosi:stsi:n-!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your grandmother!
\phrase_s ¡Tu abuela!
\nse Used most often as an insult. At times, however, it can be complementary. Thus a:rah motatsi:n can mean 'You are just like your father' either in an insulting (lazy like
him) or complementary (skilled like him) way. It is not clear at the moment whether the Spanish source of this Nahuatl loan is carajo or ora.
\ref 04859
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was the entry for /A:matitlan/, which is now in the toponymic database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 04860
\lxam tla:losto:tsi:ntli
\lxam_c tla:losto:tsi:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:ntli
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e small raised ledge of ground
\sense_s pequeña parte subida de tierra
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xtsikwi:nalti mokaba:yoh, ma panwetsi ipan tla:losto:tsi:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make your horse jump so that it leaps up on that small ledge of ground.
\phrase_s Haz brincar a tu caballo, que alcance subir a este pedazo saliente de tierra.
\root tla:l
\root osto:
\semref tla:lte:ntli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04861
\lxam puwa
\lxam_c kipuwa
\lxoa powa
\lxoa_c kipowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3b(ow)
\sense_e to count (material objects)
\sense_s contar (objetos materiales)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xwel nitlapuwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I can't count.
\phrase_s No puedo contar.
\sense_e to relate; to tell (a story)
\sense_s relatar; contar (un cuento o historia)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipuwas tli:n o:kitato.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will tell us what he went to see (or, what he saw in going there).
\phrase_s Nos va a contar lo que fue a ver (o, lo que vio en ir allá).
\sense_e to count on; to include (sb, e.g., to carry out a task)
\sense_s contar con; incluir (a algn, p. ej., para cumplir una tarea o trabajo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka tine:chpuwas, newa xnikaxilia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't count me in, I don't have time.
\phrase_s No me incluyas (no cuentes conmigo), no tengo tiempo.
\sense_e (refl.) to brag; to be haughty (e.g., about how much money one has)
\sense_s (refl.) jactarse; creerse mucho (p. ej., en cuanto al dinero que uno tiene)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nopuwa ke:n tla:katl, xmelá:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He brags like a big shot, it's not true.
\phrase_s Se cree muy hombre, no es verdad.
\sense_e (refl. with i:pan [noun]) to make a living at; to have as a profession (an activity associated with [noun])
\sense_s (refl. con i:pan [sustantivo]) tener algo como su profesión (una actividad asociada con [sustantivo])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xnikmati ipan tli:n nopuwaya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't know what he did for a living.
\phrase_s No séque hacía (cúal es su profesión).
\root po:wa
\nse Note that tlapo:wtok means 'he is counting' (from the transitive verb powa) with an underlying long /o:/ and whereas tlapowtok means
'it is open,' from the intransitive verb tlapowi , with an underlying short vowel. In Classical there was an intransitive powi , which is not found in
Ameyaltepec Nahuatl.
\qry Make sure inflection coding is such that forms are perf. o:kipo:w ; prog. tlapo:wtok ; imperf. kipowaya
\qry Query the precise meaning of /ipan tli:n nopowaya/, if it means simply"what his job was,"or if it means"what he considered his job to be."Check whether the following is possible,
e.g., /nopowa ipan iswatl/ and, if it is, the meaning. Also distinguish between /tli:non ipan timopowa/ and /tli:non ipan titekiti/. Recheck the vowel length difference between
/tlapo:wtok/ and /tlapowtok/ to make sure that comment in /nte field is correct: 'Note that tlapo:wtok means 'he is counting' (from the transitive verb
powa) with an underlying long /o:/ and whereas tlapowtok means 'it is open,' from the intransitive verb tlapowi , with an underlying
short vowel.'
\qry Check correctness of /Te:chpowas, tli:n o:kitato/ 'He will tell us what he went to see (or, what he saw in going there).'
\semref tlapowah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref powilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04862
\lxam timó:n
\lxam_alt timo:n
\lxam_c timó:n
\lxoa timo:n
\lxoa_c timo:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan timón
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e beam of a plow
\sense_s timón de un arado
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tool-cultivate
\qry_fon Check with phonetician the characteristics of the final vowel /o:/.
\ref 04863
\lxam a:kachikiwtli
\lxam_c a:kachikiwtli
\lxoa a:chikihtli
\lxoa_alt a:kachikihtli
\lxoa_c a:chikihtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e small reed basket used to serve tortillas
\sense_s chiquihuite o canastita hecha de carrizo que se utiliza para servir las tortillas
\sense_d Pending
\root a:ka
\root chikiw
\nse Perhaps related to the verb chiki , meaning 'to scrape,' in reference to the manner in which the reed is prepared for weaving.
\nae The Oapan form a:chikihtli manifests the loss of /k/ in intervocalic position. The initial vowel has a duration of 99 and 115 ms in the speech of Florencia Marcelino, and
125 and 119 ms in the speech of Inocencio Jiménez. Further analysis of the duration of word-initial vowels needs to be conducted to determine whether this is longer than expected,
given the loss of intervocalic /k/.
\qry Note that this is another one of the words that varies -Citl and -Ctli in the manner of /ko:ntli/ and /ko:mitl/.
\ref 04864
\lxam topo:nilia
\lxam_c kitopo:nilia
\lxoa topo:nilia
\lxoa_c kitopo:nilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to burst (sth) and affect (sb, e.g., in bursting a ball that belongs to sb, or a pimple on sb's body, etc.; see pitsi:nilia)
\sense_s reventarle (algo) a (p. ej., una pelota, una ampolla, etc.; véase pitsi:nia)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kitotopo:nilih itso:tso:tsitsi:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He popped his pimples for him.
\phrase_s Le reventólos granitos.
\root topo:
\grm Applicative: note that here and in other cases, e.g., /tlamilia/, the meaning of the applicative is with a malefactive sense. Thus one would not use /topo:nilia/ with the sense of
'to set off fireworks for' nor /tlamilia/ with the sense of 'to finish for' (but rather 'to finish on', i.e, using up something that another was about to use or was needed.
\xref topo:nia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlatotopo:nilia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tlá:topo:nília
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\semref topo:naltilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 04865
\lxam tlaawia:ka:n
\lxam_c tlaawia:ka:n
\lxoa tlaáwiá:ka:n
\lxoa_c tlaáwiá:ka:n
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla-ka:n
\infn N1(N2-tla)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e place that is fragrant and sweel-smelling (e.g., from an abundance of flowers)
\sense_s lugar que es fragrante, oliendo bien y dulce (p. ej., de una abundancia de flores)
\sense_d Pending
\root ahwi
\root hya:
\root_rel -ka:n
\qry_fon Check initial vowel or vowel sequence in Oa form.
\vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token.
\grm Locatives; /-ka:n/: Note that in Oapan the /-ka:n/ is not placed on top of the /-k/ adjectival. Thus /tlaáwiá:ka:n/ and not */tlaáwia:hka:n/. I have just discovered, in a
conversation with C. Flores, that the /h/ is not present in Am. This should be taken into account in a discussion of /-ka:n/.
\ref 04866
\lxam ixwitia
\lxam_c kixwitia
\lxoa ixwitia
\lxoa_c kixwitia
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e to give an upset stomach to (a young child, particularly when nursing with bad milk)
\sense_s dar un dolor de estómago a (un niño pequeño, particularmente al tomar leche echada a perder de su mamá)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl.) to get an upset stomach from eating (usually with young children as subject)
\sense_s (refl.) empacharse (generalmente con niños de sujetos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timoxwiti:s, mitskoko:s miti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You'll get an upset stomach (from overeating), your belly will hurt you.
\phrase_s Te vas a empachar, te va a doler la panza.
\nae The vowel length of the /i/ before the causative ending -tia seems to be short. FK discusses vowel length in this form, noting (under ixhui:tia) that 'In
T[etelcingo, Morelos]... the second vowel, which should be long before -tia is short. In a single attestation in C the vowel is unmarked for length. Z[acapoaxtla] is
inconsistent. T[etelcingo] has an alternative causative ixhui:ltia where by general rule the corresponding vowel should be short but is given as long.' The Balsas region data
agree with Tetelcingo, Morelos, in having what appears to be a short /i/ before the causative marker -tia. Note that I have been unable to locate the reference to this
word in Carochi. The reason for the vowel length discrepancy is that there are two causative formations, at least in Ameyaltepec (or at least it appears that there are two causatives
from the same verb): ixwi:tia 'to fill (satisfy) with food' and ixwitia 'to give an upset stomach to '.
\qry_fon There seems to be a definite short /i/ before causative in Oapan. Check. Note that there is a difference between /ixwi:tia/ and /ixwitia/.
\vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token.
\grm Tlaxkahli kwahli ne:chixwitia 'Tortillas fill me up quite well' Note the way in which the subject preceding the verbal predicate (here with an adverb) is used for generic items
(cf. a:tl xkwahli vs. xkwahli a:tl). Cf. the same with Pitso xkimati noxwitia, 'pigs don't know what it means to be full.'
\grm Causative: The vowel length of the /i/ before the causative ending -tia seems to be short. FK discusses vowel length in this form, noting (under
ixhui:tia) that 'In T[etelcingo, Morelos]... the second vowel, which should be long before -tia is short. In a single attestation in C the vowel is
unmarked for length. Z[acapoaxtla] is inconsistent. T[etelcingo] has an alternative causative ixhui:ltia where by general rule the corresponding vowel should
be short but is given as long.' The Balsas region data agree with Tetelcingo, Morelos, in having what appears to be a short /i/ before the causative marker -tia.
Note that I have been unable to locate the reference to this word in Carochi. The reason for the vowel length discrepancy is that there are two causative formations, at least
in Ameyaltepec (or at least it appears that there are two causatives from the same verb): ixwi:tia 'to fill (satisfy) with food' and ixwitia 'to give
an upset stomach to ' .
\grm Causative; phonology: In /ixwitia/ the evidence suggests a short /i/ before the causative /-tia/. This should, however, be rechecked.
\ref 04867
\lxam powilia
\lxam_c kipowilia
\lxoa powilia
\lxoa_c kipowilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to count (material objects) for
\sense_s contar (objetos materiales) para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chpowili notomi:ntsi:n, newa xniweli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Count my money for me, I can't!
\phrase_s ¡Cuéntame mi dinero, yo no puedo!
\sense_e to tell (e.g., a story) to; to reveal (e.g., a secret) to
\sense_s contar (p. ej., una historia) a; revelar (p. ej., un secreto) a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timitspowili:s kwenti:tos.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to tell you some short stories.
\phrase_s Te voy a contar unos cuentitos.
\phrase_n Xne:chpowili! Nikmatisneki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tell me about it! I want to know!
\phrase_s ¡Dímelo (que pasa)!¡Lo quiero saber!
\sense_e (with te:-) to reveal; to announce; to tell about (e.g., an event, a secret, a story, etc.)
\sense_s (con te:-) revelar; hacer público; anunciar; avisar (a la gente en general, p. ej., un acontecimiento, un secreto, un cuento, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmose:wi! Sie:mpreh kite:powili:s, yo:kinek.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Calm down! In the end he will tell about it, he's agreed to it.
\phrase_s ¡Cálmate! De por lo va a hacer público, ya estuvo de acuerdo.
\root po:wa
\qry Check for final /h/ in /sie:mpreh/. If found not to have this /h/, correct the illustrative sentence above.
\xref powa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04868
\lxam pió
\lxam_alt pio
\lxam_c pió
\lxoa pío
\lxoa_c pío
\infn Irregular plural and diminutive: pio:tsi:n and pio:meh in Ameyaltepec and piotsi:n and piomeh in Oapan
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan pío
\psm N
\der N-loan
\pitch yes
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\sense_e chicken
\sense_s pollo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\flao pio
\ency_note kwa:naka
\nse The loan is apparently from pio, the word used to call chicks to feed.
\nse The possessed Nahuatl forms are irregular, taking the Spanish marker, not the Nahuatl -wan. Thus Ameyaltepec manifests nopio, nopio:meh, nopio:tsi:n,
nopio:tsitsi:nteh. The plural forms are pio:meh and, from the diminutive pio:tsi:n, pio:tsitsi:nteh (Am).
\nae The Oapan plurals are piomeh for the nondiminutive and pio:tsi:ntih for the diminutive.
\qry Check vowel length in the diminutive, plural, and other forms in which the long final /o:/ shows up.
\mod List all the types, ages, etc. of chickens in /ono under /kwa:naka/. Make sure that /flao field above connects to proper entry.
\semref piomo:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04869
\lxam sándiah
\lxam_c sándiah
\lxoa sándiah
\lxoa_c sándiah
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\loan sandía
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e watermelon
\sense_s sandía
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\nae The Oapan sequence /dia/ manifests the same palatalization to a voiceless affricate that occurs with /tia/. However, to preserve the Spanish spelling and facilitate an interdialect
orthography, the /dia/ has been preserved.
\ref 04870
\lxam kaltso:nkokoxoktik
\lxam_c kaltso:nkokoxoktik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ni-k-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to have loose-fitting cotton pants, made of manta
\sense_s tener los calzones holgados
\sense_d Am
\root koxo:
\nse Apparently kalso:nkokoyak refers to cotton pants of manta that are loose fitting around the butt, whereas kalso:nkokoxoktik seems to
refer to such pants that are loose all around, including the legs.
\qry For this entry note that I had /kaltso:nkokoxoktik/ and the /ts/ should be checked here as elsewhere.
\grm Note here also, perhaps add a new code, lack of /te/ intensifier which is usually found with such cases.
\semref kaltso:nkokoyak
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref kaso:ntekoyahktik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04871
\lxam i:xtla:lia
\lxam_c ki:xtla:lia
\lxoa i:xtla:lia
\lxoa_c ki:xtla:lia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to recognize (by appearance); to pick out (by sight)
\sense_s reconocer (por su apariencia); escoger (por como se ve)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ski deke tlayo:wia, pero kwahli ki:xtla:lia itlah tli:n yo:lki, a:kino:n ia:xka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Even though he is poor (and has no animals of his own), he is able to quickly recognize any animal, whose it is.
\phrase_s Aunque estápobre (y no tiene animales propios), bien puede reconocer cualquier animal, de quien es.
\phrase_n O:nimitsi:xtla:lih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I recognized you.
\phrase_s Te reconocí.
\phrase_n Kwahli ki:xtla:lia tli:n kikowa pa:mpa ki:xmastok tli:n kwahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He can pick out what to buy because he knows what's good (a good fabric, brand of merchandise, animals, etc.).
\phrase_s Bien puede escoger que comprar porque sabe lo bueno (una tela, marca, animal, etc.).
\phrase_n Yo:nitlai:xtla:lih, xok nipoliwis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've recognized the terrain, I won't get lost anymore.
\phrase_s Ya reconozco los lugares, ya no me voy a perder.
\root i:x
\root tla:l
\qry_fon The spectrogram of this word provides an excellent illustration of a word with two long vowels.
\mod In general, problem of classifying verbs with /tla:lia/, i.e. how to codify relation with /tla:hli/ since there is no transparent derivation process.
\ref 04872
\lxam e:wa
\lxam_c ke:wa
\lxoa e:wa
\lxoa_c ke:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to be able to lift; to be able to bear the weight of (e.g., sth heavy in either holding it up or lifting it)
\sense_s poder alzar o levantar; poder aguantar el peso de (p. ej., algo pesado, al sostenerlo o alzarlo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xnike:was, newa xma:s nikuwtik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I won't be able to bear its weight (lift it up), I'm not that strong.
\phrase_s No voy a poder aguantar su peso (alzarlo), no estoy muy fuerte.
\sense_e (refl.) to be able to stand up and walk; to be able to maintain oneself upright (often used negatively to refer to sb so old, weak, and overweight that he is unable to stand up
and walk)
\sense_s (refl.) poder incorporarse y caminar; poder mantenerse de pie (a menudo utilizado en forma negativa para indicar a algn quien estátan viejo, débil y pesado que no puede
incorporarse y caminar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xok ne:wa, nochi to:nahli san yewatok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He can't stand up and walk anymore, all day he just sits.
\phrase_s Ya no puede incorporarse y caminar, todo el día estánomás sentado.
\phrase_n Xok wel ne:wa pa:mpa we:i iti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He can't bear his weight anymore (e.g., in order to stand up for a long time) because he has a huge belly.
\phrase_s Ya no puede aguantar su peso (p. ej., para quedarse parado) porque tiene un barriga muy grande.
\root e:wa
\vl The first female token (of 3) is a mistake and should be tagged #01705. It should also be the token that is linked to the headword at 1705, /é:wá/.
\xref tlaye:wa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04873
\lxam a:sese:ya
\lxam_c a:sese:ya
\lxoa a:sese:ya
\lxoa_c a:sese:ya
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Adj; ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to become or get cold because of water
\sense_s enfriarse por causa del agua
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ka:mi:miktih nomi:l a:tl. Ke:n o:a:sese:yak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My cornfield got root rot from (an abundance of) water. It really got cold from the water.
\phrase_s La raíz de mi milpa se pudrió(por demasiada agua). Se enfriómucho por el agua.
\root a:
\root se
\qry_fon Check the duration of all vowels. The first /e/ seems longer than might be expected from a short vowel, but it still seems to indicate a short, not long, vowel. This is perhaps
particularly true given that the usual pattern for reduplicated sequences of L-L vowels would be for the first vowel to have a considerably longer duration than the second.
Nevertheless, recheck.
\vl Link 2nd male token.
\grm Noun incorporation: Note that in this case we have an inchoative verb /sese:ya/ preceding by a nominal stem that indicates the cause of the change. That is, the change of
state indicated by /sese:ya/ is not without a cause/agent, and it is this cause/agent that is incorporated. It is perhaps for this reason that there is no adjectival nor transitive
form of this verb: ?/a:sese:yak/, and ?/a:sese:lia/. Check.
\semref sese:ya
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04874
\lxam kwe:uwelaxtik
\lxam_c kwe:uwelaxtik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ni-k-tik
\lexical Op. inflix te- : kwe:teuwelaxtik
\sense_e to have a long skirt that virtually drags on the ground
\sense_s tener una falda larga que casi llega hasta el suelo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwe:uwelaxtik. Ke:n weyak ikwe!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She has a skirt that's down to her ankles. Her skirt is quite long!
\phrase_s Tiene una falda que le llega hasta los tobillos.¡Es muy larga su falda!
\root kwe:
\root wila:
\fl kwe:uwelax
\semref kwe:teweyak
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref kwe:tewela:xkoh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04875
\lxam ne:xtilia
\lxam_c kine:xtilia
\lxoa ne:xtilia
\lxoa_c kine:xtilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap[ca]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to find for
\sense_s hallar para (algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:skipa deke nitlachwas. Xok nikchi:was, san tine:chne:xtilitok tekitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How can you believe that I will dig? I won't do it anymore, you are just finding work for me to do!
\phrase_s ¡Pero cuándo voy a excavar! Ya no lo voy a hacer, nada más me estás echando trabajo (para que tenga algo que hacer).
\sense_e to divine (sth, often a sentential complement) for
\sense_s adivinar (algo, a menudo un complemento sentential) para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chne:xtili. Timistlaxtla:wili:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Divine it for me (said to a soothsayer)! I'll pay you.
\phrase_s ¡Adivínalo para mí(dicho a un curandero)! te voy a pagar.
\root ne:si
\xref ne:stia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04876
\lxam kwa:pestik
\lxam_c kwa:pestik
\lxoa kwa:pestik
\lxoa_c kwa:pestik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to have a short, smooth haircut
\sense_s tener el cabello plano o liso, bien cortado
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xkwa:pestik, kwa:ta:takaltik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His hair isn't smooth, it is rough and uneven (from a poor haircut).
\phrase_s Su cabello no estáliso (esto es, bien cortado y plano), lo tiene tuzado (por un corte de pelo deficiente).
\sense_e to be bald; to have a shaven head
\sense_s ser calvo; tener la cabeza rasurada
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\root pets
\qry Check for other meanings of /kwa:pestik/. Cf. to /kwa:petsiwtok/ and make sure the different meanings given in this dictionary reflect the semantic difference between these two
words.
\ref 04877
\lxam tlalwia
\lxam_c kitlalwia
\lxoa tlalwia
\lxoa_f [tlal 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kitlalwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to summon to the village courthouse (comisaría) to appear before the mayor or his second (see tewitlani)
\sense_s mandar llamar a la comisaría para comparecer ante las autoridades (véase tewitlani)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Yo:te:tlalwi:lo:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e People have already been advised (e.g., of a town meeting, a communal work project, etc.).
\phrase_s La gente ya ha sido notificada (p. ej., de una junta, de un trabajo o obligacíon comunal, etc.).
\sense_e to request or ask for help from (by going to the house of the person being asked)
\sense_s pedir ayuda a (al ir a la casa de la persona solicitada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:mistlalwi:ko deke tiá:s itla:lpan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He came to ask your help, if you would go to work in his field.
\phrase_s Vino a pedirte ayuda, si ibas a ir a trabajar en su milpa.
\sense_e to summon together (young women dancers, by sending sb to the house of the dancers to advise them)
\sense_s llamar a juntar (danzantes, al ir a su casa a avisarlas para una reunión)
\sense_d Oa
\root lwi
\disamb cha:nwia; tlalwia
\nse The action indicated by tlalwia (Am) is often that whereby the village topiles go around advising citizens of the obligation to appear in the
comisaría or to perform some community service (e.g., a communal work project). However, it may also refer to any similar action at a private residence, e.g., when
someone goes to another's house to remind him of an obligation or request that he help with something. Luis Lucena mentioned that whereas cha:nwia is used to
describe the action of going to someone's house to borrow a material object, tlalwia is used to refer to the action of going to someone's house to request physical help
in the completion of a task. Literally tlalwia indicates to say something to someone; the 'something' is expressed as a nonspecific object and is culturally defined as a
request to perform some service or report to the town authorities.
\qry Check to determine whether /tlalwia/ always refers to going to someone's house; also determine whether it always refers to asking for help in work, or in the fulfillment of an
obligation. Check the difference mentioned above between /cha:nwia/ and /tlalwia/ as indicated by Luis Lucena.
\vl The first two tokens are mistaken. They are /kitla:lwiya/ with a long /a:/. These should be tagged with #5784. Then follow four correct tokens (two female and two male) as
/kitlalwiya/, with a short /a/. It is these that should be tagged as 4877.
\xref ilwia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 04878
\lxam tlake:nmonex
\lxam_c tlake:nmonex
\lxoa tlake:ntémonéx
\lxoa_c tlake:ntémonéx
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. infix te- (Oa); Op. infix te- (Am)
\pitch yes-lex-lex
\sense_e to have faded or dusty clothes (i.e., clothes lacking bright colores either from age or from dustiness)
\sense_s tener ropa con los colores grises y apagados (esto es, ropa cuyos colores no son fuertes o por ser ropa vieja o por tener mucho polvo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Titlake:nmonex.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You have faded clothes.
\phrase_s Tienes la ropa con los colores apagados.
\fl tlake:nxoxo:hki
\root ke:m
\root mohnex
\qry Check for form with /-tik/.
\vl All tokens should be tagged (there are 3 female and 2 male tokens); the 2nd female and 2nd male tokens should be linked.
\ref 04879
\lxam wa:ktsi:n
\lxam_c wa:ktsi:n
\lxoa wa:htsi:n
\lxoa_c wa:htsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e Herpetotheres cachinnans, bird known in Spanish as the huaco for the sound it emits
\sense_s Herpetotheres cachinnans, pájaro conocido en español como el guaco o halcón guaco por el sonido que emite
\sense_d Pending
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 7, p. 213
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\ncol i:kuchi:yoh wa:ktsi:n
\root wa:k-2-
\nse In Oapan one may say o:mitsixipiltek wa:htsi:n. This is said when one finds a cut on the bottom of ones foot, near the toes. It is said in Oapan that the
wa:htsi:n has i:neba:jah ; cf. to the Ameyaltepec term i:kuchi:yoh wa:ktsi:n in reference to obsidian blades.
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1989) has under guaco:"1. (Herpetotheres cachinnans) 'laughing falcon.' Call resembles a human laugh. Resident but rare to 3,000' in woodlands and
brush country. Buff head with black mask. Buffy below; dark above, tail banded dark and buff. Also called guaco vaquero, halcón guaco, halieto, llamanorte, pájaro
caballero, pájaro vaquero, vaquero. 2. (Goecoccyx velox) 'roadrunner.' See correcamino. 3. (Crax rubra) 'great curassow.' See faisán. 4. (Egretta
[Leucophoyx] thula) 'snowy egret.' See garcita nívea. 5. (Piaya cayana) 'squirrel cuckoo.' See vaquero."
\ref 04880
\lxam tsotsotlaka
\lxam_c tsotsotlaka
\lxoa tsotsotlaka
\lxoa_c tsotsotlaka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to glitter; to gleam; to shine (e.g., some papers and tighly woven clothes such as polyester, polished ceramics, cigarrette paper, stainless steel, etc.)
\sense_s brillar; relucir (p. ej., algunos papeles y telas, como poliester con un tejido apretado; cerámica pulido, papel de cigarro, acero inoxidable, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld texture
\disamb pepetlaka; tsotsotlaka; petla:ni; tsotla:ni, etc.
\root tsola:
\qry Note that Oapan Nahuatl suggest triple reduplication /tsohtsotsotlaka/. Check for this form in Ameyeltepec (of course without the /h/).
\vl The first female token is /tsotsokatl/, which should be tagged as 00769. For linking, use the final female token (3rd overall and 2nd of the correct /tsotsotlaka/).
\xref tsotla:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04881
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ya:wilih
\lxoa_alt ya:wileh
\lxoa_c ya:wilih; ya:wílikéh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\der Interj
\sense_e Good evening or good night (from dusk to bedtime; cf: tlapoya:wilih)
\sense_s Buenas tardes o noches (desde atardecer hasta la hora de dormir; cf: tlapoya:wilih)
\sense_d Oa
\ency_note Greetings and taking leave
\root poya:
\nse As with the other greetings (tlane:xtilih , pano:ltih , tio:tlakih , tio:tlaki:ltih and tlapoya:wilih)
ya:wilih is used mostly by individuals in motion (e.g., in entering a house) in greeting someone stationary. These are not used in taking leave, at which time an optative
form is almost always employed. Thus in leaving a house or a table of friends one might say mania or, if going to sleep, ma nikochiti. Or, a person in
his or her house might say to a visitor xmose:wiki or, if eating, xtlakwa:ki. In many villages an acopated from for the greetings is used:
ne:xtilih , no:ltih , tlakih or tlaki:ltih , and poya:wilih. The plural form is ya:wílikéh, i.e., the
plural ending for verbs or verbal derivations. Note that the daughters of Silvestre Pantaleón stated that there is a difference between ya:wilih, which they use when it is
complet ely d ark, and t lapoya:wilih, which is used when it is just dusk. However, other consultants (e.g., Roberto Mauricio) did not confirm this and said that they
used ya:wilih in all cases.
\qry Check for final /h/ in this and other greeting terms.
\vl Note that there are eight tokens, 4 (2 female and 2 male) for /ya:wilih/ and 4 (2 female and 2 male) for /ya:wílikéh/ (the latter is plural). Both forms should be linked, for
both speakers. Thus the final sound file should have 4 words F-M ya:wilih and then F-M ya:wílikéh.
\semref tlapoya:wilih
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04882
\lxam tlai:xmantok
\lxam_c tlai:xmantok
\lxoa tlai:xmantok
\lxoa_c tlai:xmantok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\compound tla-Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e area of ground that is smoothed down and flat
\sense_s área de tierra que estáplano, habiendo sido aplanada
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xka:la:wa un tla:hli, ma tlai:xmanto!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Knock down that earth (which is in a mound, piled up) so that the ground becomes smooth!
\phrase_s ¡Jálale a esta tierra (que estácomo en un pequeño montículo) para que la tierra quede algo aplanada!
\sense_e to be spread out over the ground (e.g., guamúchil fruit under the tree, or plums that have fallen)
\sense_s estar extendido por la tierra (p. ej..g., guamúchil al pie delárbol, o circuelas que han caído)
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root man
\qry It will be important to determine the syntax of these constructions. My definition for Oapan suggests that a noun such as /komo:chitl/ could be the subject, but my understanding is
that this would be obliquely expressed: /tlai:xmantok ika komo:chitl/. Check.
\xref i:xmantok
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04883
\lxam a:koita
\lxam_c ka:koita
\lxoa ákoíta
\lxoa_c kákoíta
\lxoa_pr akoita
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Adv-V2
\der V2-b
\pitch yes-lex
\infv Irregular; see ita
\sense_e to glance or look up at
\sense_s ver a o echar una mirada (a algo) que estáhacia arriba
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sa: kakoistok ikomo:chiw. Yo:tla:k, sa: para kitekis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's just gazing up at his guamúchil tree. It has already born fruit, it's just waiting to be picked.
\phrase_s No más estámirando hacia arriba a su guamúchil. Ya diófruta, falta nada más cortársela.
\root ahko
\root ita
\disamb akotlachia
\nae In Oapan the pitch accent stays on the first syllable: mitsákoíta. The length of the initial /a/ in Ameyaltepec /a:koita/ is still not completely certain.
\qry Recheck vowel length to determine whether initial 'a' is long or short. Cf. notes with /a:koki:sa/ and /akopilowa/, i.e. that possibly certain compounds derived with /ahko/ show initial
vowel lengthening. Cf. GRAM 1986-03-7.1. In Oapan the first vowel is definitely short. Note that I had this definition: /to get large or swollen/ from the sentence /Sa: kakoistok i:ti,
me:roh note:kas/ 'Her belly is large (with child), she's about to give birth.'
\qry The meaning of /sa: ka:koistok iti/ should be checked. Is this used only with /iti/ and is the subject or object /iti/. This latter could be checked by asking if /sa: nika:koistok niti, me:roh
nimote:kas/ is correct. Also question whether it only refers to pregnancy or whether it can also refer to boils, pimples and other such skin features.
\grmx Oapan phonology: In Oapan the pitch accent stays on the first syllable: mitsákoíta. NB. This suggests that the pitch accent is a result of a coda phenomenon
that raises the pitch of the preceding nucleus, and that it is not a boundary phenomenon.
\ref 04884
\lxam a:sta a:man
\lxam_c a:sta a:man
\lxoa ta:man
\lxoa_alt ta a:man
\lxoa_c ta:man
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan hasta
\psm Adv
\der Adv-tm-loan(part)
\sense_e still; up to now
\sense_s todavía
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:sta a:man toto:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is still hot.
\phrase_s Todavía estácaliente.
\phrase_n A:sta a:man xnipati.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I still have not gotten better.
\phrase_s Todavía no me he mejorado.
\root a:man
\nse At times asta:man is simply pronounced sta:man with loss of initial /a/. The same occurs with axto:pa , which at times becomes
xto:pa. In Oapan, Spanish hasta is borrowed simply as taand the combination with a:man yields the present entry,
ta:man.
\qry_fon Have final vowel and /n/ sequence analyzed by phonetician.
\vl Link 1st female token.
\ref 04885
\lxam motso:lowilia
\lxam_cpend *kimotso:lowilia
\lxoa 'motso:lowília
\lxoa_pr motso:lowilia
\lxoa_c kímotso:lowília
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e to grab or snatch (sth [SO] from (sb [PO]); to grab a handful or fistful of (sth [SO]) from (sb [PO], taking it away)
\sense_s agarrar o asir un puñado de (algo [OS]), quitándole a (algn [OP])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka xne:chmotso:lowili, xmiák o:nikisek.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't grab a lot away from me (i.e., don't take large handfuls of sth that I have made or done, in this case squash seeds), I didn't toast many.
\phrase_s No me agarres muchos en tu puño (p. ej., no tomes de míalgo que me afecta; en este caso semilla de calabaza), no tosteémucho.
\phrase_n Ma:ka xne:chmotso:wili notlake:n, tiktetsomoni:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't grab at my clothes, you will tear them!
\phrase_s ¡No me agarres la ropa, la vas a rasgar!
\root mohtso:l
\qry_fon Check to pitch accent on 4768. Note that in recording the Am words I mistakenly went though this entry without recording it.
\xref motso:lowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref 'motso:lówa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 04886
\lxam machi:lia
\lxam_c kimamachi:lia
\lxoa machilia
\lxoa_pr machilia
\lxoa_c kí:machília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to know (the location of sth [SO]) that is of interest to (sb [PO])
\sense_s saber (la ublicación de algo [OS]) que es de interés a (algn [OP])
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ka:no:n tine:chmamachi:lia se: notimó:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where do you know that I can get a beam for my plow (i.e., where is a good piece of wood that I can use for this purpose)?
\phrase_s ¿Dónde sabes que puedo encontrar un timón para mi arado (esto es, dónde hay un pedazo de madera que funcione para eso)?
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to feel around (an object, person, etc.; see tlá:machília)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) tantear a (un objeto, persona, etc.; véase see tlá:machília)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xma:machi:li ka:no:n poliwtok para xtila:nili, para wetsis ka:n katka!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Feel around it (in this case a dislocated bone) for where there is something amiss so that you can pull on it, so that it falls back into place!
\phrase_s ¡Tantéale allá(en este caso cerca de un hueso luxado) donde hay algo mal para que le puedas jalar, para que caiga donde estaba.
\phrase_n Ne:chma:machilia ka:n ne:chkukwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He feels around for where it hurts me (as with sb searching for the location of /kowasiwistli)
\phrase_s Me tantea para ver donde me duele (como es el caso de algn buscando la ubicación de kowasiwistli)
\sense_e to feel up (in a sexual manner)
\sense_s manosear (en una manera sexual)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kima:machi:lih ino:biah. Xkwahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He felt his girlfriend up. That's no good.
\phrase_s Manoseóa su novia. No estábien.
\root mati
\qry On one filecard I have noted that the /i:/ is definitely long and should be recorded as such in all entries. Note that /kimamati/ means 'to know the location of something.' Recheck
since in other circumstances/cards I have a short /i/. Recheck that /mamachi:lia/ always refers to the location of sth. Recheck and relink if necessary Am /tlama:machilia/, which
perhaps should have a short reduplicant. Cf. 5352.
\qry In several early file cards I note a difference between /mati/ and /ma:ti/
\xref tlama:machilia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tlá:machília
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\xref mati
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 04887
\lxam segi:doh
\lxam_c segi:doh
\lxoa segi:doh
\lxoa_c segi:doh
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan seguido
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e often
\sense_s seguido; a menudo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Segi:doh kite:kwitlani para maya icha:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He often sends word for him to go to his house.
\phrase_s Seguido le manda decir que vaya a su casa.
\vl Link 1st female token.
\ref 04888
\lxam sa:liwtok
\lxam_c sa:liwtok
\lxoa sa:lihtok
\lxoa_c sa:lihtok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be tied up
\sense_s estar atado; estar amarrado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtso:lo un ma:choh, milá:k weyak sa:liwtok!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Shorten (the tether on) that mule, (the rope with which) it is tied up is really long!
\phrase_s ¡Acórtale (el laso con que estáatado) ese macho, de veras estámuy largo!
\root sa:l
\qry Check for use of /te-/ intensifier with this word and with all statives. Check dif. between /sa:liwtok/ and /tesa:liwtok/ and make sure that the former can refer to ropes, etc. I had this
def. but here the durative is apparently not used but rather the perfective: 'to be stuck; to be jammed'; i.e., one cannot say /sa:liwtok notlaxkal/ but rather /o:sa:liw notlaxkal/.
\grm Durative; stative: I had this def. but here the durative is apparently not used but rather the perfective: 'to be stuck; to be jammed'; i.e., one cannot say /sa:liwtok notlaxkal/
but rather /o:sa:liw notlaxkal/.
\semref tesa:liwtok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tesa:lihtok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04889
\lxam teaakioh
\lxam_c teaakioh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-uncl
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to be full of embedded stones and rocks (a field, soil, that detain a plow when the soil is being tilled)
\sense_s estar lleno de piedras y rocas enterradas (dentro de la tierra, p. ej., un terreno de sembrar)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Segi:doh kasi tetl, onyeye:wi, teaakioh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (in this case a plow) is always hitting stones, it runs up once and again against something, it (the soil) is full of embedded rocks.
\phrase_s Seguido agarra una piedra, una y otra vez se va a parar (contra una piedra), está(el suelo) lleno de piedras enterradas.
\semfld soil
\root te
\root ak
\nse The etymology of teaakioh is unclear. Apparently it is derived from the nominal stem te- 'stone' and a verbal root aki signifying 'to fit inside'
or 'to enter into a place.' Here it would seem in reference to the stones that are hidden in the soil. Note that this word has only been documented with the reduplicated stem
aakioh ; occasionally a [g] is inserted here between the sequence /aa/. This has been noted in other similar cases, e.g., o:niteaga:la:w 'I got scraped
(from falling)', particularly, it seems, when there are three consecutive vowels.
\qry_fon There is often an insertion of a stop between the two /a/s: /teagakioh/. Check on C. Flores discussion tape here.
\ref 04890
\lxam yo:lkukwa
\lxam_c kiyo:lkukwa
\lxoa yo:lkokowa
\lxoa_c kiyo:lkokowa
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv Irregular (Am); see kukwa
\infv class-2b (Oa)
\sense_e to cause to grieve; to make sad
\sense_s entristecer; doler o lastimar (en elánimo o sentimiento)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chyo:lkukwa, o:mik noyo:lka:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It grieves me that my animal died.
\phrase_s Me entristece la muerte de mi animal.
\phrase_n Noyo:lkukwa pa:mpa kwalo itah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is sad because his father is ill.
\phrase_s Se entristece porque su papáestáenfermo.
\root yo:l
\root kowa
\ref 04891
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for /chichi:lyo:ltsi:n/ but it has never been confirmed.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 04892
\lxam kwi:tsowa
\lxam_c kikwi:tsowa
\lxoa kwi:tsowa
\lxoa_c kikwi:tsowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to make or cause to become listless (e.g., by creating an unpleasant environment)
\sense_s hacer que no se halle (p. ej., un animal recién comprado)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to bore; to make ill at ease and uncomfortable
\sense_s desgañar; hacer que (sb) no se halle; aburrir
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to debilitate (e.g., hard work [S], leaving sb [O] exhausted and without energy or desire to do anything)
\sense_s debilitar (p. ej., trabajo duro [S], que deja a uno [O] exhausto y sin ganas de hacer algo)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to twist back and forth while being held
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) torcerse de un lado a otro al ser sostenido (por algn)
\sense_d Pending
\root kwi:ts
\semref kwi:tsiwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04893
\lxam okwiltixtli
\lxam_c okwiltixtli
\lxoa kwikwiltixtli
\lxoa_c kwikwiltixtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\lexical Lex. rdp-s* (Oa)
\infn Stem 1(x)
\sense_e eggs left by xiwsa:yo:lin (Am) / ixisa:yo:lin(Oa) that become maggots (particularly in open wounds, it decaying flesh, etc.)
\sense_s huevos dejados por los xiwsa:yo:lin (Am) / ixisa:yo:lin(Oa) que nacen como gusanitos (particularmente en heridas, carne pudrida y
descompuesta
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n On xiwsa:yo:lin o:pe:w kixi:xa okwiltixtli. Xte:kili a:tl para ma:ka tlatsi:nis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The flies have started to lay their eggs (i.e., larvae in a cut or wound). Pour water on it (the wound) so that they don't hatch!
\phrase_s Las moscas han empezado a dejar sus huevos (en una cortada o herida).¡Echale agua (a la herida) para que no nazcan!
\semfld animal
\semfld worm
\root okwil
\root tisi
\vl Link 1st female and 2nd male tokens.
\ref 04894
\lxam poye:lia
\lxam_c kipoye:lia
\lxoa poye:lia
\lxoa_c kipoye:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to add salt to (a food or drink)
\sense_s ensalar (una comida o bebida)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:s xpoye:li!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Add more salt to it!
\phrase_s ¡échale más sal!
\sense_e to believe in (a person, e.g., that the person can accomplish a particular task)
\sense_s creer en (p. ej., una persona, que pueda cumplir una tarea o alcanzar una meta)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xnihpoye:lia on ichpo:xtli, xwelis.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I don't have faith in that girl, she won't be able to do it.
\phrase_s No creo en esa muchacha, no va a poder.
\root poye:
\nse Apparently poye:lia refers to the action of adding salt to a food or beverage to make it saltier, and not to simply salting the surface of something, such as meat to
be preserved. In such cases a verb such as xi:nilia, tla:lilia , etc. would probably be used (e.g., xtla:lili istatl , etc.).
\ref 04895
\lxam tla:kati
\lxam_c tla:kati
\lxoa tla:kati
\lxoa_c tla:kati
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to be born (but not in reference to birds or other animals that hatch; see tlatsi:ni)
\sense_s nacer (pero no en referencia a aves ni otros animales que nacen de huevos; véase tlatsi:ni)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwa:k o:wa:ltla:katiah, o:mik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He died at birth.
\phrase_s Se murióal nacer.
\root tla:ka
\nse Apparently tla:kati is a synonym of wa:lnemi.
\qry Note that originally I had here /Kwa:k o:wa:ltla:katiw, o:mik./ but I changed it given what appears to be an obvious error of tense concordance. Nevertheless, check.
\ref 04896
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was the entry for /Ia:pan Osto:tsi:n/, which has been deleted and placed in the toponymic database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 04897
\lxam chikolo tli:ltik
\lxam_c chikolo tli:ltik
\lxoa chíkolo tli:líhki
\lxoa_c chíkolo tli:líhki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\pitch yes
\sense_e bird of the generic type called chikolo (Am) / chíkoló(Oa), apparently the Groove-billed Ani, Crotophaga sulcirostrisor a closely
related species; it announces the rain by singing
\sense_s pájaro del tipo genérico llamado chikolo (Am) / chíkoló(Oa), aparentemente el"Groove-billed Ani," Crotophaga sulcirostris, o una
especie cercana; anuncia la lluvia al cantar
\sense_d Pending
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 24, p. 351
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\ency_note chikolo
\root chihkolo
\root tli:l
\nae In Oapan Nahuatl the complex chíkolo tli:líhki functions as a single semantic unit, as suggested by the stress pattern which has one pitch accented syllable
(chí) and another high pitched syllable from phrase intonation. Nevertheless, it has been written as two words.
\qry Check plural formation of /chikolo tli:ltik/
\qry_h Check SJ
\ref 04898
\lxam bwemo:soh
\lxam_c bwemo:soh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan buen mozo
\psm N
\der N-loan
\lexical Gender
\infn N1
\sense_e cute guy; smart-alec
\sense_s persona creída, que se cree bueno
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tibwemo:soh. Tikmati ke:n tikwahli tla:katl, xtite:tla:kaita.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are a smart-alec. You think that you're the cat's meow, you don't respect people.
\phrase_s Eres muy mono. piensas que eres mucha cosa, no respetas a la gente.
\nse The preceding phrase was said by an uncle to his nephew who called his WM by her name (not the address term na:nah), showing a lack of respect.
\ref 04899
\lxam ke:tspan
\lxam_c i:ke:tspan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-pan
\infn N2
\sense_e fly of men's pants
\sense_s bragueta
\sense_d Am
\sense_e opening in a wrap-around skirt
\sense_s parte abierta donde se encuentran los dos lados de una falda cruzada
\sense_d Am
\semfld clothing
\root ke:ts
\root -pan
\qry Check etymology and vowel length. Note that I have recorded a long vowel although if related to /ketsa/ it might be short.
\ref 04900
\lxam te:nmomoyoka
\lxam_c te:nmomoyoka
\lxoa te:momoyoka
\lxoa_c te:momoyoka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e for ones lips to tremble (e.g., form the cold, nervousness, etc., a rabbit while eating)
\sense_s temblarsele los labios (p. ej., a causa del frío, o un conejo al comer)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root moyo:
\disamb te:nmomoyoka; te:nmo:moyo:ni
\qry My original notecard here had /te:nmomoyoka/. Perhaps this should be /te:momoyoka/. I have provisionally changed this.
\semref te:mo:moyo:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04901
\lxam koyohli
\lxam_c koyohli
\lxoa koyohli
\lxoa_c koyohli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e bells (such as those placed on ones ankles or wrists and used in dances)
\sense_s cascabel (como los que se ponen por los tobillos o muñecas en algunas danzas)
\sense_d Pending
\root koyol
\qry Check other meanings and other types of bells. Check the sound that bells make, etc.
\ref 04902
\lxam yestia
\lxam_c yestia
\lxoa yestia
\lxoa_c yestia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e for a blood blister to form on (e.g., a finger; see yeste:mi)
\sense_s formarse un ampolla con sangre adentro sobre (p. ej., un dedo; véase yeste:mi)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:yestiak nomapil.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A blood blister formed on my finger.
\phrase_s Se le salióuna ampolla con sangre a mi dedo.
\sense_e to have blood inside (a fertilized egg)
\sense_s tener sangre adentro (un huevo fertilizado)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body-injury
\root yes
\nse Yestia is close to yeskwepa (Am) / yeskopa(Oa) in meaning and the difference, if any, between the two needs to be further
investigated. Both refer to the clot of blod that forms below the skin as when, for example, one smashes ones finger with a stone or hammer. However, at this point it appears that
yestia is more likely to have as its subject the part of the body so affected whereas yeskwepa (a reflexive verb) has as its subject the specific blister as
a blood clot starts to form beneath its surface. In this sense yeskwepa is more akin to yeste:mi, found in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan. Finally,
note that xoxo:wia (Am) / xoxo:wiya(Oa) / also refers to a skin injury, but more to larger affected areas, such as bruises.
\nae The subject of yestia is the part of the body on which the blister formed and not the individual person.
\ref 04903
\lxam kwa:teki
\lxam_c kikwa:teki
\lxoa kwa:teki
\lxoa_c kikwa:teki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to cut on the head
\sense_s cortarle sobre la cabeza a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:mitskwa:tek, xwel te:xi:ma.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He cut you on your head, he doesn't know how to cut hair.
\phrase_s Te cortósobre la cabeza, no sabe cortar pelo.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to repeatedly cut the head of (e.g., a turkey that is being slaughtered)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) cortarle repetidas veces sobre la cabeza (p. ej., un guajolote que se estásacrificando)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwa:te:teki un towexo:lo:w para tihkwa:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Cut our turkey on the back of the head (to kill it) so that we can eat it.
\phrase_s Córtale nuestro guajolote sobre la parte atrás de la cabeza (para matarlo) para que lo podemos comer.
\root kwa:
\root teki
\nse The action referred to by kwa:te:teki is is that of hanging a turkey (cha:ntsi:n) upside down and cutting the back of its head to that the blood runs out
and it dies.
\qry Query as to other animals for which rdp-l- might be used.
\ref 04904
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was originally for /A:mo:litik/; it has since been moved to the toponymic database and removed from the general lexicon.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 04905
\lxam kechpitsa:wa
\lxam_c kikechpitsa:wa
\lxoa kechpitsa:wa
\lxoa_c kikechpitsa:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to narrow the neck of (a ceramic, a piece of wood with a"neck,"etc.)
\sense_s angostar el cuello de (una cerámica, un pedazo de madera que tiene un"cuello", etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root kech
\root pitsa:
\nse Kechpitsa:wi refers to the action of narrowing the neck of something, such as a narrow portion cut into a piece of wood. For example, one may cut a circular
wedge around a beam so that a rope can be secured to drag it along. If this cut wedge ("neck") is too thick, then one narrows it. The verb used to describe this action is
kechpitsa:wa.
\qry Check possible intransitive form or its absence.
\ref 04906
\lxam te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:n
\lxam_c te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:n
\lxoa te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:n
\lxoa_c te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e young man who is past traditional marrying age (i.e., past 25 or 30 years of age)
\sense_s muchacho que ya rebasóla edad tradicional para casarse (esto es, más de 25 o 30 años de edad)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:n, yo:chika:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is a mature man (beyond the age appropriate for marriage, i.e., over some 25 years of age), he's become a fully mature adult.
\phrase_s Es un hombre maduro (más alláde la edad apropriada para casarse, esto es, más de como 25 años de edad), ya es un hombre plenamente maduro.
\semfld age
\root te:lpo:ch
\root wen
\disamb te:lpo:xtli
\semref te:lpo:chchika:wi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04907
\lxam e:wi:tia
\lxam_c ke:wi:tia
\lxoa e:wi:tia
\lxoa_c ke:wi:tia
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to send (a person, e.g., to do a job, etc.)
\sense_s enviar; mandar ir (a una persona, p. ej., para hacer un trabajo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Saka tine:che:wi:tia para ma nia nomi:hla:n, pero yewa kineki tine:chihli:s saniman.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You just (want) to send me off to my milpa, but (to do this) it is necessary for you to tell me right away (i.e., with decent advance warning).
\phrase_s No más me (quieres) enviar a mi milpa, pero (para hacer eso) es necesario que me avises luego luego (esto es, con anticipación).
\sense_e to begin (a task or chore)
\sense_s comenzar (una tarea)
\phrase_n ¡Ba:leh, ma de una vez, ma tike:wi:ti:ka:n, ke:tlah ma tikpe:walti:ka:n!
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 04907_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 32:21
\phrase_e Friend, right away let´s begin it, that is, let's start it!
\phrase_s ¡Amigo, de una vez vamos a empezarlo, o sea, vamos a comenzarlo!
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:kintete:nkeh nito:tikeh. A:man xke:wi:ti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They've lined the dancers up (in a religious line dance). Now begin it!
\phrase_s Ya pusieron a los danzantes en fila (para un baile religioso).¡Ahora comiénzalo!
\sense_e to start in with (beating or hitting a child [O], usually by parents [S])
\sense_s empezar con (una paliza a algn, generalmente un niño [O], por sus papás [S])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Juan saniman ke:wi:tia:ya ina:n, ma:ski pa katka itah, xkipale:wia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Right away Juan was being beaten by his mother, even though his father was there, he didn't help him.
\phrase_s Luego luego a Juan le daba una paliza su mamá, aunque allíestaba su padre, no lo ayudaba.
\phrase_n Sápa ne:wi:tí:skeh.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e They will begin to go at it once again (e.g., children who begin fighting again).
\phrase_s Van a empezarle otra vez (p. ej., niños que empiezan a pelearse otra vez).
\semref pe:waltia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\disamb e:wi:tia (sense 1); pe:waltia; ti:tlani
\disamb pe:waltia; e:waltia; e:wi:tia (sense 2)
\root e:wa
\qry Check the precise set of objects that can occur with /e:wi:tia/ used to mean 'to begin.' Check difference from /pe:waltia/. One phrase, not entered above, is /san niman o:ke:wi:tikeh,
pe:wa kwi:tekin/ which I had translated as 'They started in with him rightaway (in this case parents), they begin to give him a thrashing.' I have not included this because I am not sure
that the translation is correct. Perhaps it should be 'They started with it right away...' Also, recheck the correctness and meaning of /Juan san niman ke:wi:tia:ya ina:n, ma:ski pa katka
itah, xkipale:wia/, in regard to word order (Juan/Object is initial) and the meaning of /e:wi:tia/ as 'to thrash.' In general question whether a human can be the object of /e:wi:tia/. Thus,
ask was /o:ne:che:wi:tikeh/ might mean.
\xref e:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04908
\lxam tepaxtli
\lxam_c tepaxtli
\lxoa tepaxtli
\lxoa_c tepaxtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e sea snail
\sense_s caracol del mar
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e shell (of animals such as snails, conches, etc.)
\sense_s cáscara (de animales como caracoles, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld misc
\root tepach
\nse The etymology of tepaxtli is uncertain. No cognates have been found in other dialects and it is not clear whether the final /x/ represents underlying {x} or {ch}. In
Ameyaltepec they only know this by its shell although Luis Lucena mentioned that the same word is used to refer to the shell of the wi:laka :" no: kipia
tepaxtli.
\vl Link first male token.
\ref 04909
\lxam tekolse:wi
\lxam_c tekolse:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-0
\infn N1
\sense_e Mimosa benthamiiJ. F. Macbr. var. malacocarpa (B. L. Rob.) J. F. Macbr., tree of the Leguminoseae family
\sense_s Mimosa benthamiiJ. F. Macbr. var. malacocarpa (B. L. Rob.) J. F. Macbr.,árbol de la familia Leguminoseae
\sense_d Am
\sense_e for the coals of (a particular tree [S]) to go out
\sense_s apagarsele el carbón de (unárbol en particular)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Bwe:noh para tlikohtli, pero saniman sese:wi, tekolse:wi, se:wi itekohlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is good for firewood, but it goes out right away, its coals go out on it, its coals go out.
\phrase_s Es bueno para leña pero luego luego se apaga, se le apaga su carbón, su carbón se apaga.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root tekol
\root se:
\nse Note that in the verbal compound tekolse:wi the incorporated noun is not the subject but rather the possessed object of a subject that is the result of possessor
raising. Thus the subject of tekolse:wi in the illustrative phrase is the same referent as the possessor of i:tekohlo.
\notes_nature See tekolwistli.
\grm Possessor raising; incorporation: Note the following /Bwe:noh para tlikuhtli, pero san niman sese:wi, tekolse:wi, se:wi itekohlo/ 'It is good for firewood, but it goes out right
away, its coals go out on it, its coals go out.' This sentence is offered as an excellent example of possessor raising. The two phrases /tekolse:wi/ and /se:wi itekohlo/ are very
similar. The first is the result of possessor raising in which the subject is the possessor. In the second phrase this is clearly manifested as the subject of /se:wi/ is the NP that
follows in which the subject is the coals. Use this in the grammar on possessor raising.
\semref tekolwistli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04910
\lxam a:tete:mowa
\lxam_c ka:tete:mowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to divine about (sth), using copal and maize thrown in a bowl of water
\sense_s adivinar o echar suerte acerca de (algo), echando maíz y copal en un recipiente con agua
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xka:tete:mo. Abé:r deke none:xtia a:kin o:kontila:n ka:n iye:wtoya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Look for it (or hire sb to look for it) through divination with water. Let's see if the person who reached out and took it from where it was stored shows up.
\phrase_s Búscalo (o contrata a algn para buscarlo) echando suertes de maíz y copal en un recipiente con agua. A ver si aparece la persona quien lo fue a quitar de donde estaba
guardado.
\root a:
\root te:mo
\xref a:tete:mowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 04911
\lxam nepa
\lxam_c nepa
\lxoa napa
\lxoa_alt nepa
\lxoa_c napa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-pl
\sense_e over there (with no special place indicated)
\sense_s por allí(sin ningún lugar en específico indicado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nepa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Over there (i.e., in a general direction)!
\phrase_s ¡Por allí(en una dirección general)!
\phrase_n Nepa nikonchi:was un tekitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll do that job over there (no special place indicated).
\phrase_s Voy a hacer ese trabajo allí(pero no indicando ningún lugar en especial).
\ency_note adverbs of place
\root ne:
\root_rel -pa
\nse This adverbial form is related to the deictics ne: and -pa (as in ompa), with vowel shortening of ne:. Oapan
Nahuatl has the form ne:pawhich is distinct from nepa in a manner not yet fully determined.
\qry Determine the difference between forms such as /ompa/, /nepa/, /neyhka/, etc. apparently the latter is the most distant. In one note I have indicated that /nepa/ does not refer to any
specific location, just"over there"in general.
\mod Add onomasiological section of adverbial deictics of place.
\semref nepaika
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref napaika
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04912
\lxam a:xi:nia
\lxam_c ka:xi:nia
\lxoa a:xi:nia
\lxoa_c ka:xi:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to scatter or throw into water (e.g., seeds or small balls of copal into a jícara of water in order to divine)
\sense_s echar o esparcir en el agua (p. ej., semillas o bolitas de copal a una jícara para adivinar suertes)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to throw into the water (e.g., olotes that are being tossed away into the river)
\sense_s echar al agua (p. ej., olotes que se están tirando en el río de desecho)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (refl.) to go into or throw oneself into the water, whether to bathe or swim
\sense_s (refl.) meterse en el agua, o para nada o para bañarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pe:w tima:xi:nian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We started to throw ourselves into the water.
\phrase_s Empezamos a echarnos al agua.
\root a:
\root xi:
\qry Recheck meaning and other possible uses. Check for absence of intransitive.
\ref 04913
\lxam tlake:nxoxo:hki
\lxam_c tlake:nxoxo:hki
\lxoa tlake:xoxo:hki
\lxoa_c tlake:xoxo:hki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to have green clothes
\sense_s tener la ropa verde
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n motlake:n xoxo:hki, titlake:nxoxo:hki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your green clothes are really pretty, you are"green-clothed."
\phrase_s Tu ropa verde estábonita, eres vestido de verde.
\root ke:m
\root xo:
\nse Although the corpus documentation has only this compound of tlake:n plus a color, it seems that any other color can be used after an item of clothing to indicate a
person who is wearing (or has) clothes of that color; cf., for example, koto:ntekoch.
\grm Noun Incorporation; possessor raising; attributive adjectives; modification: One point that has been made is that attributive adjectives follow the noun they modify in
compound constructions. Thus although the final element of /tlake:nxoxo:hki/ (and /a:poso:nki/, etc.) is an adjectival (a deverbal adjective), the compound is nominal.
However, at the same time these compounds seem to function as predicates (e.g., /tlak:enxoxo:hki mokone:w/ 'your child is clothed in green'). It can be said, therefore that
the sequence S+Possessor-raised-Noun+attributive = Person with N of given Attribute. This would thus seem then to be a standard occurrence with nouns followed by an
attributive (cf. also, with the same structure) forms such as /tlake:ntsotsomok/ etc.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note the phonological alternation n-to-0. This is not unusual in Oapan.
\ref 04914
\lxam sa:po
\lxam_c sa:po
\lxoa sa:po
\lxoa_c sa:po
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan sapo
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e toad
\sense_s sapo
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld lizzard
\qry In one entry I have noted that the absence of final /h/ is definite as is the presence of a glottal stop.
\ref 04915
\lxam no:ltik
\lxam_c no:ltik
\lxoa no:ltik
\lxoa_c no:ltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be bent, curved, crooked, wavy
\sense_s estar encorvado, doblado, chueco, ondulado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n No:no:ltik un tlako:tl, tiktekiskia yewam peya:stik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That switch (rod) is curved in various places, you should have cut one that was straight.
\phrase_s Esa vara estáchueca en varios lugares, hubieras cortado una que estuviera derecha.
\semfld shape
\ency_note patiliwi, kotsoliwi, no:liwi, chikino:liwi, etc.
\root no:l
\qry Check exactly what type of crookedness is implied by this as opposed to other similar words. Determine if there is a difference between /no:ltik/ and /no:liwtok/. Both seem to refer
to the same state and objects, but perhaps there is a difference, e.g. in the permanence of the state, etc. If there is a difference, this might apply to the general difference between two
such adjectival constructions. Also check difference between /no:ltik/ and /chikino:ltik/.
\mod Determine differences between all words that refer to some sort of crookedness: /patil-/, /no:l-/, /kwepal-/, /nekwil-/, /chikino:l-/, etc.
\ref 04916
\lxam tamala:yutli
\lxam_c tamala:yutli
\lxoa tamaláyotlí
\lxoa_c tamaláyotlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(h)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e generic name of a type of squash in local Spanish called tamalayota
\sense_s nombre genérico de un tipo de calabaza llamado en español tamalayota
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e specific name of a type of squash also known as a:yakaxtsi:n
\sense_s nombre específico de un tipo de calabaza también conocida como a:yakaxtsi:n
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\ency_note tamala:yotli; a:yotli
\root tamal
\root ayoh
\disamb super tamala:yotli
\notes_nature Apparently tamala:yotli is a type of squash, a:yotli , that includes several specific varieties: tamala:yotli kipia i:kakawayo ,
tamala:yotli de peye:joh , and a:yakaxtsi:n , which is also called simply tamala:yotli. Several consultants mentioned that in
Spanish tamala:yotli is called tamalayota although this is most like a
\qry Check the entire categorical organization of squashes. It appears that there exists /a:yotli/ as a general term and that the major type or group within this is /tamala:yotli/, which itself
contains three types (of which /tamala:yotli/ is also a hyponymic term, and is equivalent to /a:yakaxtsi:n/). Also, it would appear that /pípian/ is another type of squash that is not a
/tamala:yotli/, and that /ixtla:wate:roh/ is another name for /pípian/. Check recording on DT7:164. Also check length. In this entry it appears as a definitive initial short /a/. Check with
speech analyzer and with all occurrences of this lexeme.
\ref 04917
\lxam kukwalaka
\lxam_c kukwalaka
\lxoa kwakwalaka
\lxoa_c kwakwalaka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq]
\trans Compl
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to make a hard boiling or bubbling sound
\sense_s hacer un sonido fuerte como de hervir o burbujar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w iksi, yo:pe:w kukwalaka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's started to get cooked, it's started to make a hard bubbling sound.
\phrase_s Ya empezóa cocerse, ya empezóa hervir fuertemente.
\semfld sound
\root kwala:
\xref kwala:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04918
\lxam kukwetlaka
\lxam_c kukwetlaka
\lxoa kwekwetlaka
\lxoa_c kwekwetlaka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to shiver (e.g., from cold, from an illness)
\sense_s temblar (p. ej., del frío, de una enfermedad)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nisekmik, san nikukwetlakatoya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got very cold, I was just shivering.
\phrase_s Me había entrado mucho el frío, estaba nada más temblando.
\root kwetla:
\disamb momoyoka; tsitsilka; kwekwetlaka; wiwiyoka
\qry Determine precise meaning and existence of transitive form.
\xref kwetla:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04919
\lxam ikpayo:kopi:na
\lxam_c kikpayo:kopi:na
\lxoa ipayokopi:na
\lxoa_c kipayokopi:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to pull the basting out of; to unstich; to remove a thread from
\sense_s deshilvanar; descoser
\sense_d Pending
\root kpa
\root kopi:
\qry Check /ikpayo:tia/ as possible word. Get contextual use of /ikpanyokopi:na/. Note that I orginally had /ikpanyokopi:na/ for AM headword but have changed this on the basis of
Opan data. The Am form needs to be checked.
\qry_fon Check and recheck vowel length. I do not hear long duration here.
\ref 04920
\lxam tila:na
\lxam_c kitila:na
\lxoa tila:na
\lxoa_c kitila:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to pull or stretch (sth such as a strap or band)
\sense_s jalar; estirar (algo como un tirante o banda)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niktitila:ntok para ma weyakia, ma yema:nia. Ke:n kuwtik!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm pulling on it (repeatedly) so that it gets longer, so that it softens up (a strip of leather). How stiff it is!
\phrase_s Le estoy jalando (repetidas veces) para que se alargue, para que se suavice (un tirante de cuero).¡Quéduro está!
\phrase_n Kiti:tila:na.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He pulls on it once and once again (in this case referring to someone playing an accordion).
\phrase_s Le estira una y otra vez (en este caso en referencia a algn que estátocando un acordión).
\phrase_n Wel notil:ana.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It can be stretched (e.g., cheap cloth, chewing gum, a rubber band, etc.).
\phrase_s Se puede estirar (p. ej., tela barata, chicle, una liga de hule, etc.).
\sense_e to pull or tug at; to lead along (e.g., a person or animal reluctant to move, a weight or heavy object difficult to move, etc.)
\sense_s jalar; conducir (p. ej., a una persona o animal que no quiere andar, un peso u objeto difícil de mover)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tiktitila:ntok, tikwi:sokisneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are tugging on him, you want to beat him up.
\phrase_s Lo estás jalando, le quieres dar una paliza.
\phrase_n Xkwa:ltila:ntiw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Lead it along this way (e.g., a donkey or other animal)!
\phrase_s ¡Venlo jalando (p. ej., un burro u otro animal)!
\sense_e (refl.) to stretch out (e.g., a person feeling stiff, sb just waking up, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) estirarse (p. ej., el cuerpo, una persona que se siente tiesa, que apenas se levanta, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Notitila:na, yo:isak, yo:nokwiste:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He stretches himself out (his body, e.g., in the early morning), he's awoken, he's gotten up.
\phrase_s Se estira (el cuerpo, p. ej., algn recién despierto), ya se despertó, ya se paró.
\sense_e (with a directional prefix) to reach over (here or there, depending upon the prefix) and grab or take
\sense_s (con un prefijo direccional) extender el brazo (hacia acáo allá, dependiendo del prefijo) para agarrar o tomar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkontila:na se: li:broh, ma tikitaka:n tli:no:n kito:sneki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Reach over and grab a book, let's see what it means!
\phrase_s ¡Estírate para agarrar un libro, vamos a ver que quiere decir!
\phrase_n Xkwa:ltila:na i:n siye:tah, ipan xmose:wi!
\phrase_d Am
\src_p DT#1:330
\phrase_e Reach over here and take this chair, sit down on it!
\phrase_s ¡Vente a jalar esta silla, descansa sobre ella!
\phrase_n Umpa kontila:ntiweh para kipapa:kan imetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They reach over there (in this case for water in the a:chi:wiltepalkatl) in order to clean off their metates.
\phrase_s Lo van tomando (en este caso agua de los a:chi:wiltepalkatl) para limpiar sus metates.
\disamb tila:na; tewila:na
\root tila:na
\qry Check for intransitive form.
\grm Aspect; reduplication /Ompa kontila:ntiweh para kipapa:kan imetl/ 'They reach over there (in this case for water in the a:chi:wi:ltepalkatl) in order to clean
off their metates.' Note that in the preceding phrase the aspectual marker /-tiweh/ is used to indicate temporality, an action that takes place repeatedly over time. Note,
moreover, that there is no reduplication even though the action is iterative. This suggests that at least in some cases the aspectual marker is used to indicate iterativity and
this affects the nature or necessity of reduplication to indicate the same aspectual sense.
\root_notes Discussion relationship of root tila:nato a:na.
\xref tila:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04921
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be the entry for /I:a:pan chalto:n/ but it has been removed and placed in the toponymic database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 04922
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /a:chialtia/ but seems to have definitely been a product of elicitation.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\qry I had the following phrases here: /Ma:ski yeskia a:tl, ne:cha:chialtia/ 'Even though there may be water (i.e., in a well), he makes me wait for it.' and the definition: 'to make (sb) wait
for water'. Also the phrase /Nochipa ne:cha:chialtia./ 'He always puts aside some water for me (i.e., saves some, so that others do not take it). meaning 'to save water (for sb)'. I had
the notes: 'Recheck form, i.e. does the causative exist and is it employed, or were the examples given only under the stress of elicitation. This was the first word that I elicited'
\ref 04923
\lxam kamatsatsakwa
\lxam_c kikamatsatsakwa
\lxoa kákamatsákwa
\lxoa_pr kakamatsakwa
\lxoa_c kí:kamatsákwa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev)
\infv class-3a(kw)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to make (sb) promise to keep a secret
\sense_s hacer que (algn) prometa no revelar un secreto o guardar silencio
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chkamatsatsakw, ma:ka nikito:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He made me promise to keep it secret so that I wouldn't tell it.
\phrase_s Hizo que prometiera guardar silencio, que no lo debo decir.
\root kama
\root tsakwa
\nae The preliminary data suggests a variation in reduplication pattern between Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl. In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl the reduplicant is the verbal stem
tsakwa , the incorporated noun remains outside of this process. In Oapan Nahuatl, however, it is the combined stem (with incorporated noun) that reduplicates.
Here it is the first syllable of the incorporated noun stem that reduplicates. Again, this illlustrates the problems of any single analysis of reduplication for Nahuatl, even one that will
hold among closely related villages.
\qry Check to see if form without internal reduplication is acceptable.
\grm Reduplication; incorporation: Re: the fact that Am has /kamatsatsakwa/ and Oapan has /kákamatsákwa/: The preliminary data suggests a variation in reduplication pattern
between Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl. In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl the reduplicant is the verbal stem tsakwa , the incorporated noun remains outside of this
process. In Oapan Nahuatl, however, it is the combined stem (with incorporated noun) that reduplicates. Here it is the first syllable of the incorporated noun stem that
reduplicates. Again, this illlustrates the problems of any single analysis of reduplication for Nahuatl, even one that will hold among closely related villages.
\ref 04924
\lxam te:muwtih
\lxam_c te:muwtih
\lxoa té:mohtíh
\lxoa_c té:mohtíh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\pitch yes
\sense_e to be fierce; to be mean; to be fearsome (a person who is easily angered and often violent; an animal, such as a dog or bull, that is prone to attack)
\sense_s ser bravo; dar miedo (una persona que se enoja fácilmente y a menudo es violenta, un animal, como un toro o perro, que siempre estádispuesto a atacar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kikaltsahkeh un kone:tl para o:pe:w kwi:tekin. Te:muwtih itah wan ina:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They locked that kid up in the house (i.e., closed the door behind them) in order to start giving him a thrashing. His parents are mean.
\phrase_s Encerraron a ese niño en la casa (esto es, cerraron la puerta tras de ellos) para empezar a darle una paliza. Sus parientes son muy bravos.
\sense_e to be dangerous (e.g, dynamite, cars, etc.)
\sense_s ser peligroso (p. ej., dinamita, coches, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be strong (e.g, an alcoholic drink, a spicy dish, etc.)
\sense_s ser fuerte (p. ej., una bebida alcohólica); bravo (p. ej., un chile, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld emotions
\root mowi
\nae The reason for the pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl té:mohtíh is not clear. There is no underlying {h} in the stem of this adjectival. Moreover, not only is there no
evidence of a reduplicant, which could yield surface pitch accent. But even if there were to be a reduplicant it would seemingly not reduce to simple pitch accent on the nonspecific
object prefix te:-, given that this prefix contains a long vowel. Perhaps comparative evidence will shed light on the reason for pitch accent in Oapan
té:muhtíh.
\qry_h té:muhtíh; check, perhaps reduplicated?
\grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note the following Oapan form /té:mohtíh/. The reason for the pitch-accent is not clear. Check. Note that for /te:mowa/ one has
/nité:tete:mowa/. Unclear therefore why the pitch if not from reduplication.!?
\ref 04925
\lxam koko:ya
\lxam_c koko:ya
\lxoa koko:ya
\lxoa_c koko:ya
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to become spicy
\sense_s ponerse picoso
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ti:roh o:koko:yak tlakwahli pa:mpa miák o:tihko:koto:nilih chi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The food has gotten real spicy because you shredded a lot of chile into it.
\phrase_s La comida se ha puesto picosísima porque le echaste muchos pedazos de chile.
\phrase_n Kemech koko:xtok. Xe tikaxi:tilia, poliwi okse chi:hli para kwaltias.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is just getting spicy. You haven't gotten to the right point yet, another chile needs to be added for it to get just right.
\phrase_s Apenas se estáponiendo picoso. Aún no le has llegado al punto adecuado, todavía falta otro chile para que se ponga bien.
\root koko:
\ref 04926
\lxam koxtok
\lxam_c koxtok
\lxoa koxtok
\lxoa_c koxtok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e see kochi
\sense_s véase kochi
\sense_d Pending
\root kochi
\ref 04927
\lxam nakastlantsotsomi:n
\lxam_c nakastlantsotsomi:n
\lxoa nakastlantsótsomí:n
\lxoa_c nakastlantsótsomí:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have bare or hairless ears (in reference to animals)
\sense_s tener las orejas lampiñas, pelonas (en referencia a animales)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nakastlantsotsomi:n, xok kipia itomio.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has bare ears, they no longer have any fur.
\phrase_s Tiene las orjeas pelonas, ya no tienen pelo.
\root nakas
\root tsomi:n
\root_rel -tlan
\qry Check etymology. Possible relation of /tsomi:ni/ to /tsontli/? Check other words that have /tsomi:ni/ in them. NOte that whereas in other case the Oa cognate of the Am form is
/té:mí:ntik/ or something similar, here uniquely the form /tsótsomí:n/ is given.
\ref 04928
\lxam kwexomatl
\lxam_c kwexomatl
\lxoa kwexomatl
\lxoa_c kwexomatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e wooden tray (most commonly of used to collect the ground corn meal as it comes off the metate, with the kwexomatl placed right below the metate's bottom lip
\sense_s batea o tepestate (particularmente las que se emplean para juntar la masa que sale de la parte inferior de un metate, donde se coloca el kwexomatl)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tool
\root kwe
\root xoma
\nse The etymology of this word is problematical. It seems to be related to xomatli , meaning 'spoon.' Molina gives quauhxumatli as 'wooden spoon.' But this
etymological relationship would involve a shift of Classical quauh to Balsas kwe and Classical xomatli to Balsas
xomatl. It might also be that whereas the -xomatl element is related to the word for 'spoon,' the first element, kwe is related to the
upcurving sides of the tray. Apparently the most common wood used to make kwexomameh is kohxio:tl although according to Emidio Rosendo
kopalchi:noh may also be used.
\vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male token.
\ref 04929
\lxam moyo:nia
\lxam_c kimimoyo:nia
\lxoa moyo:nia
\lxoa_c kimimoyo:nia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cause or make swarm
\sense_s hacer enjambrarse
\sense_d Pending
\root moyo:
\nse Apparently moyo:naltia is synonomous with moyo:nia although further investigation might reveal some differences. Given the semantics of
moyo:nia the citation form has the plural 3rd-person object kim with an epenthetic /i/ inserted before the nasal-initial verbal stem.
\qry I am not sure why there are two forms, /moyo:nia/ and /moyo:naltia/ (there are other similar cases of two forms) and if there is any difference in their use and meaning. This should be
checked.
\semref moyo:naltia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref moyo:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 04930
\lxam ila:mah
\lxam_c ila:mah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\sense_e anona, fruit of the tree called i:la:makuwtli
\sense_s anona, fruta delárbol llamado i:la:makuwtli
\sense_d Am
\sense_e by extension, the zapote tree of the Annonaceae family that bears this fruit; according to one consultant from Ameyaltepec there are two species: i:la:makuwtli
mora:doh and i:la:makuwtli istá:k
\sense_s por extensión, elárbol de zapote de la familia Annonaceae que da esta fruta; según un asesor de Ameyaltepec hay dos especies: i:la:makuhtli mora:doh and
i:la:makuwtli istá:k
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semfld edible
\ency_note tsapotl
\root ila:mah
\nse This contrasts with i:lamah 'his old woman,' derived from lamatsi:n. The first person possessed forms also contrast: nolamah 'my old
woman' vs. noila:mah "my zapote."
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) simply gives the Spanish name ilama without any further identification. Schoenhals (1988) gives under ilama:"(Annona diversifolia)
'custard apple.' Narrow leaves; fragrant bark; downward-pointing proturberances on the fruit. The pinkish, fragrant fruit is edible and highly esteemed. Also called
papausa."Guizar and Sánchez (1991) list no tree of the genus Annona.
\ref 04931
\lxam xo:chitl de si:matl
\lxam_c xo:chitl de si:matl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e purple flower of the si:matlvine (Ramirezella strobilophora(B. L. Rob.) Rose)
\sense_s flor color púrpura de la enredadera si:matl(Ramirezella strobilophora(B. L. Rob.) Rose)
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld fl
\root xo:chi
\root si:ma
\semref si:matl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04932
\lxam sa:watl
\lxam_c sa:watl
\lxoa sa:watl
\lxoa_c sa:watl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e mange (of an animal such as a dog)
\sense_s sarna (de un animal como el perro)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e rash; pox (and, in general, various types of skin eruptions or disease not yet fully defined)
\sense_s sarpullido; roña (y, en general, ciertas enfermedades de la piel, no completamente identificadas, que se manifiestan por granitos, comezón, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:kekexkilih sa:watl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Skin rashes are itchy.
\phrase_s El sarpullido da comezón.
\semfld disease
\root sa:wa
\nse Although the precise medical conditions that are covered by this term and its derivations is not clear, one consultant mentioned that people get sa:watl during the
summer because they haven't bathed, they have become covered with earth and sweat, and they have been burnt by the sun. As a result pimples (granitos) form on
their necks, chests, and other parts of the body.
\qry Check to determine if any possessed form is possible and, if so, what form it takes.
\ref 04933
\lxam o:kotl
\lxam_c o:kotl
\lxoa o:kotl
\lxoa_c o:kotl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of pine tree still not identified, not found near Ameyaltepec
\sense_s ocote, tipo deárbol que no se halla cerca de Ameyaltepec
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kotl | Bwe:noh para ta:blas, para mori:yos. Ameya:ltepe:k xtlah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e O:kotl : It is good for planks, for beams. There are none in Ameyaltepec.
\phrase_s O:kotl : Es bueno para tablas, para morillos. En Ameyaltepec no hay.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root o:ko
\qry_fon Recheck vowel length of first /o/: it appears long in most utterances, but short in others. Check. C. Flores seems to have a short vowel. Recheck.
\vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. There is one additional token of this at 5444; it should be tagged as 4933 but not chosen to be linked.
\ref 04934
\lxam yeyekamaka
\lxam_c *kiyeyekamaka
\lxoa yéye:kamáka
\lxoa_pr yeye:kamaka
\lxoa_c kiyéye:kamáka
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-b
\pitch yes
\infv Irregular; see maka
\sense_e to blow air on; to fan
\sense_s echar viento sobre; abanicar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mitsyeyekamaka, xok tito:nalmikis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is blowing aire on you, you won't be hot anymore.
\phrase_s Te estáaventando aire, ya no vas a tener calor.
\nae The Oapan form with 3rd-person singular object is phonetically [kiíye:kamáka]. However, the standard orthographic representation has been maintained.
\grm Note inflection: ; perf. sg. o:kiyeyekamakak ; pl. o:kiyeyekamakakeh , o:kiyeyekama:keh
\root e:ka
\root maka
\ref 04935
\lxam kwa:we:weyakia
\lxam_c kwa:we:weyakia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Adj; ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rpd-s*
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to have ones hair grow long
\sense_s crecersele el cabello muy largo
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root weya
\qry Check to determine whether a transitive form exists ?kwa:weweyakilia:, or an adjectival form ?kwa:weweyak.
\semref tsonwe:weyakia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tsonwe:weyakia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04936
\lxam tsiknowa
\lxam_c tsiknowa
\lxoa tsihnowa
\lxoa_c tsihnowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (often reduplicated with short vowel) to sob; to whimper (crying or sobbing, taking in breaths and making a short, cut-off sound with ones throat)
\sense_s (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) lloriquear; gimotear (llorar o sollozar, jalando aire y haciendo sonidos cortados en la garganta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sa: tsiknotok ikone:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His child can only whimper.
\phrase_s Su niño puede solamente lloriquea.
\semfld sound-human
\root tsikno
\nse Tsiknowa , meaning 'to whimper,' can refer to a situation in which a child has been repeatedly struck and has gotten so weak so as not to be able to even cry, but
only make a whimpering sound by inhaling air through the nose and throat.
\qry Check this form as it may be /tsatsitsiknowa/ or it may be /tsitsiknowa/. One filecard had recorded /tsatsiknowa/, but this might well be in error considering the comparative evidence
(including Xalitla, which has /tsitsiknowa/) and the fact that another file card had the sentence given above, which had no reduplication or element previous to /tsiknowa/. Note that I
have also recorded as /teknowa/ for 'to hiccup.'
\qry_fon Recheck coda consonant in first syllable, [k] or [h].
\semref teteknowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tétehnówa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04937
\lxam san migeli:toh
\lxam_c san migeli:toh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan San Miguelito
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e small fly-like insect still not identified
\sense_s pequeño insecto como mosca todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n San migeli:toh | Ke:n xiwsa:yo:lin pero pipitsaktsitsi:nteh. Kipopo:nian xiwtli noso kikukwan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e San migeli:toh : It is like a fly, but they are skinny. They open up plants or they eat at them.
\phrase_s San migeli:toh : Es como una mosca, pero son delgaditos. Abren las plantas o se las roen.
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\ref 04938
\lxam testia
\lxam_c testia
\lxoa testia
\lxoa_c testia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to become tightly crammed or stuffed full (e.g., a sack, box, or other similar type of container, etc.)
\sense_s atestarse o apretarse por muy lleno (p. ej., un costal, caja, u otro tipo de recipiente similar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xok onaki, yo:testiak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It doesn't fit in anymore (in this case no more ears of corn fit into a full sack of maize), it (the sack) has gotten crammed full.
\phrase_s Ya no cabe (en este caso más mazorca en un costal), ya se atestó(el costal con mazorcas).
\phrase_n Yo:te:n kahli, yo:tlatestiak ika je:nteh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The house become filled, it got completely crammed with people.
\phrase_s Se llenóla casa, se atestópor completo con gente.
\root tes
\fl testok
\disamb testia; tepo:tskalaktia
\qry The meaning of /xok onaki/ in /Yo:testiak, xok onaki/ is not entirely clear. Is it that nothing more will fit into the object (e.g., a sack) because it is full (yo:testiak) or is it that the
object will not fit in because it is full. It appears that the latter is the case. What is the dif. between /yo:tlatestiak ika je:nteh/ and, if correct, /yo:testiak ika ge:nteh/?
\mod Rethink whether /tla-/ forms with statives/resultatives should be kept (e.g., tlatestok) while /tla-/ forms with intransitives are not separate unless semantically distinct (i.e., /tlapoliwi/
has an entry but not /tlakoto:ni/)
\grm tla-; locatives; antipassive: Note that /tla-/ can occur before both inchoatives and statives. The present case offers a good example. Thus both /testia/ and /testok/ occur, the
first as an intransitive (inchoative) and the second as a stative. There is a similarity in the spatial extension indicated by each. Thus cf. an active verb such as /koto:ni/. A
verb such as /tlakoto:ni/ indicates that this action occurs, but says nothing about the subject (in this case of an unaccusative, the thematic patient). The form /tlakoto:ni/
indicates simply that the action occurred, without any reference or indication to the object that was affected by the action. In some cases, therefore, the translation might
simply be 'something.' While certainly this can be considered the nonspecificity of the grammatical subject, it is also the thematic patient, and this is the tie-in between the use
of /tla-/ in /tlakoto:ni/ and the use of /tla-/ in /tlakoto:na/. In both cases it is the thematic patient that is left unspecified, something that is particularly obvious in
nondirected alternation. Thus perhaps /tla-/ can be glossed as NONSPECIFIC PATIENT. Then there is the questioin of the use of /tla-/ with inchoatives (such as the present
case of 'to become tightly crammed'). Here /tla-/ indicates that the change of state has occurred but says nothing about what has undergone this change of state (again,
a"patient"relation). Thus the meaning of such terms often involves a"spatial"component, given that there is no definition of where the change occurs. In fact, such terms
often indicate weather phenomona: /tlachi:chi:liwi/, /tlapoliwi/, /tlakomo:ni/, /tlane:si/, /tlawa:ki/. In the example above /yo:te:n kahli yo:tlatestiak ika je:nteh/ note that the
grammatical subject of /yo:tlatestiak/ seems to be /kahli/. The phrase first indicates that a particular object (the house) underwent a change in state: it became full. The
second phrase/clause repeats the reference to the action, but here witho u t a grammatical subject. More or less the reference is to the action/change of state and the
sense is that it was generalized. With /tlatestok/ we have a stative (/testok/) with the /tla-/. Again, the reference is to a generalized state, but not to any specific subject. Thus,
in sum, /tla-/ can be used with the following: 1) as grammatical object and semantic patient with transitive verbs (tlakwa); 2) as grammatical subject and semantic patient
with unaccusative verbs (tlakoto:ni); 3) as grammatical inanimate subject with inchoative verbs (tlachi:chi:liwi 'it becomes red all over'); and 4) as grammatical inanimate
subject with certain stative/resultative verbs (i.e., those with /-tok/). More research needs to be done on this point, but the relationship between /tlatestia/ and /tlatestok/
seems clear as do the spatial implications. Nevertheless, very much work on this still needs to be done.
\xref testilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04939
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was the entry for /techwila:na/ (Am) and Oapan /téchiwilá:na/ and has been deleted as a duplicate.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 04940
\lxam pa:lia
\lxam_c *kipa:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to mix (sth) into (a liquid such as a broth, etc.)
\sense_s agregarle (algo) a (un líquido, como un caldo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Yechi:la:tl, weli de ista:kyetl noso kaxtiltsi:n. Kipia chi:hli, xonakatl, sila:ntroh, istatl. Kamantika kipa:lian komi:nos ika kaxtiltsi:n pero xika ista:kyetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The bean broth called yechi:la:tl , it can be made with ista:kyetl or kaxtiltsi:n. It has chile, onions, cilantro, salt. Sometimes
they mix in cloves with kaxtiltsi:n but not with ista:kyetl.
\phrase_s El caldo de frijol llamado yechi:la:tl , se puede hacer con ista:kyetl o kaxtiltsi:n. Tiene chile, cebolla, cilantro, sal. A
veces se le agregan cominos al kaxtiltsi:n but not with ista:kyetl.
\root pa:
\nae Although this word was uttered in an unelicited context, the base transitive from which it derives has not been documented.
\qry Meaning is highly uncertain and should be checked. It is only found in one example sentence for /yechi:la:tl/ and there was no separate file card. Check!
\ref 04941
\lxam ko:koh
\lxam_c i:ko:koh
\lxoa ko:koh
\lxoa_c i:ko:koh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N2
\sense_e front of the throat
\sense_s garganta, por la parte enfrente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:niko:kopi:tsiw, tlaxkahli o:kipi:tsoh noko:koh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got something stuck in my throat, a tortilla got stuck in my throat.
\phrase_s Algo se me atoróen la garganta, una tortilla quedóatrapada en mi garganta.
\semfld body
\disamb ko:koh; ko:kotitlan; ko:kobande:rah; ko:kobuchih; kopa:k
\root ko:koh
\nse Unclear if reduplication should be considered. In one entry I have noted that this refers to the part where the Adam's apple is, above the ko:kotitlan and that
ko:koh is the same as ko:kobande:rah (Am) / kó:kobandé:rah (Oa).
\qry Make sure that the /syna and /syno entries are correct, the vl in the Am form might be in error although now (April 2002) it matches the headword.
\vl The first series of four tokens is /i:ko:ko/ with a final glottal stop. This is not the headword here but rather another entry, 7730. Thus, the first four tokens should be tagged
as #7730. The next four entries are /i:ko:koh/, with a final aspirated /h/. These are the correct speech tokens for this entry. Tag them as 4941. The 1st female and 1st male
tokens of this second set should be linked to the lexicon.
\semref a:ko:koh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref a:ko:koh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04942
\lxam tema:ma
\lxam_c notema:man
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. prefix te-
\infv class-1
\sense_e (recipr.; or refl. with -wa:n) to together share a mount; or share a mount with (particularly in reference to the person behind the sadddle on a beast of burden
such as a horse or mule), or (reciprocal)
\sense_s (recipr.; o refl. con -wa:n) montar los dos a una bestia; o compartir un animal montando con (otro)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:wa:n xmotema:ma!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go with him on an animal (i.e., by mounting it behind the saddle)!
\phrase_s ¡Ve montado atrás deél (esto es, montado al animal atrás deél, quien va en la silla)!
\phrase_n Ma timotema:ma:ka:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let's go together riding on the same animal!
\phrase_s ¡Vamos juntos montados sobre el mismo animal!
\root te-
\root ma:ma
\semref o:ntétlakówa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04943
\lxam ma:sowa
\lxam_c ma:sowa
\lxoa ma:sowa
\lxoa_c ma:sowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-b
\infv class-3b(ow)
\sense_e to spread ones hand out flat on a surface
\sense_s extender la mano plano sobre una superficie
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication and often with the aspectual ending -tiw) to feel ones way around with the arms or hands extended (because of the
darkness, from being blind, etc)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal largo, y a menudo con la terminación aspectual -tiw) tantear con los brazos o las manos extendidos (a causa de la
oscuridad, por ser ciego, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root so:wa
\qry This verb has to date only been documented with initial reduplication mamasowa. Determine whether both long and short vowel reduplication can occur. Also
interesting is why the IN reduplicates. Does one find /masosowa/. For the grammar determine those cases in which IN reduplicates and those in which it does not. It seems definitely
not to reduplicate when the verb has a function such as to refer to what the IN does or has happen to it (e.g., /maaga:la:wi/). Originally I had a short /a/ in the Am version, but based
on the Oapan form and comparative morphology I have changed this to a long vowel.
\grm Reduplication of stem vs. IN: The reduplication /mamasowa/ (as opposed to *masusowa) can be compared to reduplications such as /maaga:la:wi/. It seems to be the case
that the verbal stem is reduplicated when the IN is a patient and is affected by the predication. But in /mamasowa/ it is not so much that the hands/arms are 'hung out' but
rather than a new lexical item is formed in which although the hands/arms may etymologically be the patient (that which is 'hung out'), in essence a whole new verbal action
is created by the noun incorporation. This new lexical item is then reduplicated as if it were a single lexeme. Note also that no analytic paraphrase can be used. Thus while
/ma:aga:la:wi/ can b expressed as /aga:la:wi ima/, /ma:sowa/ cannot be expressed as /kisowa ima/.
\ref 04944
\lxam kamapopo:xa:wi
\lxam_c kamapopo:xa:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for ones cheeks to bulge (particularly from having ones mouth stuffed with food)
\sense_s tener la boca llena y abultada (particularmente por tener la boca atestada de comida)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Melá:k kamapopo:xa:wi, yo:nikne:xti:to ye kitlamitok tli:n pa katka we:lik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His face is stuffed full, I found him there finishing up what was tasty there.
\phrase_s Su boca estámuy llena y abultada, lo fui a encontrar terminado lo que había allíde sabroso.
\root kama
\root po:xa:
\nse This verb refers to eating so much so fast that ones cheeks bulge out as when one arrives ravished somewhere and stuffs ones mouth full of food. It is used mostly in jest, referring to
how a person who is very hungry is eating.
\qry Recheck vowel length which I have recorded as long /o:/, although it probably should be /poxa:wi/. Cf. Karttunen's entries for /po:x/, /poxa:wak/ and /posa:wi/. Check for possible
transitive form.
\qry_fon Recheck vl of /o/.
\semref kamá:po:tsíwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04945
\lxam ma:sesé:k
\lxam_c ma:sesé:k
\lxoa ma:sese:k
\lxoa_c ma:sese:k
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e to have a"cold"hand
\sense_s tener la mano"fria"
\sense_d Pending
\ency_note re: 'cold' and 'hot' and hands as productive, etc.
\root mah
\root sek
\nse Ma:sesé:k , literally 'cold-handed,' refers to someone with a"cold"(as opposed to"hot") hand, and who for that reason is good for certain activities such as when the
moon is newly born (waxing), cutting hair or breaking the branches of plants at the same time so that they sprout again. However, one who is masesé:k is not good
for other things, such as grinding chocolate for cakes of chocolate.
\qry Note that whereas /masesé:k/ is recorded with a short vowel, its antonym, /ma:toto:nki/ has a long vowel. These two words should be compared.
\mod Cf. Flk 1984-05-25.1
\mod Perhpas if there is a corresponding isolated form (in this case /sesêk/) the compound need not be considered internalized reduplication.
\grm Note that in /masesé:k/ as in /sesé:k/ apparently the root (here /sek/) has a short vowel, but the derivation (with rdpl) has a long vowel in the stem. Check the reason for this,
but it might be the effect of shifting stress to the right. Cf. /yetí:k/, /xokó:k/, etc.
\semref ma:toto:nki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04946
\lxam -ka
\lxam_c moka pa:ki
\lxoa -ka
\lxoa_c noka pa:ki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(rel)
\der Rel-poss
\infn N2(rel)
\sense_e with, about, in relation to
\sense_s con, acerca de, en relación a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Noka tiwetska.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You laugh at (about) me (because of sth that happened to me, because of my situation).
\phrase_s Te ríes de mí(por algo que me pasó, a causa de una situación que me aflije).
\phrase_n San noka o:tiwa:hlah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You came just because of me.
\phrase_s Viniste solamente a causa de mí(por mí).
\phrase_n Noka nomenta:rowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He brags about me (in this case said by a woman who accused a man of going around saying, and lying, she was his lover).
\phrase_s Se jacta de mí(en este caso dicho por una mujer que acusa a un hombre de andar jactando, y mintiendo, que ella era su amante).
\phrase_n Moka tlatlani, deke tinemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He inquires about you, if you are alive.
\phrase_s Pregunta por tí, si vives.
\phrase_n Xpia kwida:doh, moka wa:hlaw, kas iwa:n timotlawe:lita, a:man mitstlakwalti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take care, he is coming for you, perhaps you have something against each other, now he's going to give you a thrashing.
\phrase_s Ten cuidado, viene por tí, tal vez tienes un problema con el (que los dos se odian), ahora te va a dar una paliza.
\phrase_n Moka wetska pa:mpa ke:n yo:tipo:bret.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He makes fun of you because you have become impoverished.
\phrase_s Se burla de típorque te empobreciste.
\sense_e (~ + refl. kopi:na or tlamia (Am) / tlamiya (Oa)) to use [subject of reflexive] as a pretext or excuse
\sense_s (~ + refl. kopi:na o tlamia (Am) / tlamiya (Oa)) utilizar [sujeto del reflexivo] como pretexto o excusa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Moka o:nimokopi:n, kel tewa mowa:xka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I used you as a pretext, as if it were yours (e.g., in refusing to lend sth out).
\phrase_s Te utilizécomo pretexto, como si fuera tuya (p. ej., as rehusar prestar algo).
\phrase_n Moka o:nimotlamih para ma:ka ne:chtlai:ti:skian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I used you as an excuse so that they would not invite me to get drunk.
\phrase_s Te utilizécomo pretexto, para que no me invitaran a emborrachar.
\phrase_n Moka o:nimotlamih, o:niktlatlan in tli:n ne:chpolowa:ya, o:nte:ihlih ika tewa o:tine:chti:tlan, ma:ski xmelá:k, san para o:ne:chma:keh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I used you as a pretext, I asked for what I was lacking, I said that you had sent me even though it wasn't true, just so they would give it to me.
\phrase_s Te utilizécomo pretexto, pedílo que me hacía falta, dije que tu me habías enviado aunque no era cierto, solamente para que me lo dieran.
\sense_e with it (as an apocopated form of ika)
\sense_s con (como una forma apocopada de ika)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nitekiti ka noma (= ika noma)
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I work with my hands.
\phrase_s Trabajo con las manos.
\root ka
\nse For the phrase noka tiwetska the meaning is you laugh at me, at my misfortune, because of something that happened to me (e.g. someone stole my wife, etc.). This is
different from tine:chwetskilia , a point discussed in the grammar. With a phrase such as -ka nokopi:na , refers to controlling a situation or extricating
oneself from a situation through the mention of something or somebody. For example, in buying something I mentioned that it was for you, even though this wasn't true, because I
knew that the seller was a friend of yours and would sell it cheaper if he thought it was for you. Or this phrase can be used in the sense of 'to take someone as an alibi.' A more
complete exploration of the use of this relational noun will be presented in the grammar.
\nae The relational noun -ka is obligatorily possessed; as such the Oapan and Ameyaltepec forms are equivalent: noka, moka, etc.
However, it appears that the 3rd-person possessed form has been grammaticalized as a subordinator or adposition (e.g., nipa:ki ika nika:n tinemi 'I am happy that
you are here.') As a function word it has a short initial /i/ that in fact often disappears in natural speech. Moreover, the function word in Oapan Nahuatl has lost the intervocalic /k/
and is simply pronounced ya.
\qry /Moka o:nimotlamih para ma:ka ne:chtlai:ti:skian./ I originally had the future /... ne:chtlai:ti:skian/ but changed this
\grm A relational noun (e.g., /-ka/) differs from an obligatorily possessed noun (e.g., /a:xi:xtekon/) in that the latter can never be isolated as a predicate: ?noka vs.
/na:xi:xtekon/; the second is correct in free-standing form, the former is not.
\semref ika
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04947
\lxam tlanchachawa
\lxam_c tlanchachawa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj(ap)
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infa pl. + meh
\sense_e to have blackened and rotten teeth
\sense_s tener los dientes ennegrecidos y pudridos
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tlanchachawa, o:tlan pa:ti itlan, o:tlan kikwa kwilin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has blackened and rotten teeth, his teeth have disintegrated, they've gotten a lot of cavities.
\phrase_s Tiene los dientes ennegrecidos y pudridos, se acabaron de desintegrar, se llenaron de caries.
\phrase_n Tlanchachawa, yo:pe:w kitlankwa kwilin, pala:ntiw itlantsitsi:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His teeth are blackened and rotted, he's started to get cavities, his teeth are rotting away.
\phrase_s Tiene los dientes ennegrecidos y pudridos, ya empezóa tener caries, sus dientes van pudriendo.
\root tlan
\root chawa
\nse Apparently the same meaning is conveyed simply by chachawa.
\qry Check presence of /h/ in reduplication. Check whether /chachawa/ is equivalent in meaning.
\grm Aspectuals; directionals: note the temporal use of an aspectual /-tiw/: /Tlanchachawa, yo:pe:w kitlankwa kwilin, pala:ntiw itlantsitsi:wan/ 'His teeth are blackened and
rotted, he's started to get cavities, his teeth are rotting away.'
\ref 04948
\lxam tli:no:n
\lxam_c tli:no:n
\lxoa tli:no:n
\lxoa_c tli:no:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Pr
\pss Pr(int); Pr(indef)
\der Reltvzr-Demon
\sense_e what
\sense_s qué
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e whatever
\sense_s cualquier cosa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tinakastekakanak, niman tihkaki tli:no:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You're a light sleeper, you hear anything (any sound that is made) right away.
\phrase_s Duermes muy ligeramente, luego luego escuchas cualquier cosa (ruido).
\sense_e (~ ika) with what? what for? why? (Oapan form is tli:ya)
\sense_s (~ ika)¿con qué?¿por qué? (forma en Oapan es tli:ya)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tli:no:n ika tikpale:wi:s? Xtlah tikpia.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p CF Nakas 3:05
\phrase_e With what (i.e., with what resources, such as money) are you going to help him? You don't have anything.
\phrase_s ¿Con quéle vas a ayudar (esto es, con quérecursos)? No tienes nada.
\phrase_n Tli:no:n 'ka tiwa:hlaw?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Why have you come?
\phrase_s ¿Por qué(o, para que) viniste?
\sense_e (pia tli:non ika) to have the means; to have the wherewithall
\sense_s (pia tli:non ika) tener los medios
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A: Ke:no:n tikma:ka:was mochpo:ch? Ba, ye nona:miktia! B: Sahki, ba xnikpia tli:no:n ika!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A: How will you give away your daughter? Well, she's about to get married! B: Without fanfare, you know, I don't have the means (to do it with the proper trimmings, e.g., I
don't have an animal or similar thing for her to take to her new home with her in-laws)!
\phrase_s A:¿Cómo vas a entregar a tu hija?¡Pues, ya se va a casar! B:¡Asínomás, pues no tengo con que (esto es, no tengo un animal ni otra cosa asíque puede llevarse a su casa
nueva con los suegros)!
\ncol ma:san
\ncol ma:si san
\root tli:n
\qry_fon Check vowel length in Am; if long as in Oapan change with global search and replace in all texts. Check proper Oapan form for /tli:ya/ i.e., Am /tli:non ika/?
\grm Indefinite pronoun: Note the use of /tli:non/ in /Tinakastekakanak, niman tihkaki tli:non/ 'You're a light sleeper, you hear anything (any sound that is made) right away.' It
would seem that in this case /tli:non/ is the same as /ma:s san tli:non/ referring to an indefinite pronoun meaning 'whatever' or 'anything' referring implicitly to a sound. With
a native speaker question whether both /tli:non/ and /ma:s san tli:non/ can be used here.
\ref 04949
\lxam tlake:ntli
\lxam_c tlake:ntli
\lxoa tlake:ntli
\lxoa_c tlake:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(m)
\sense_e cloth
\sense_s tela
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mlá:k chiko:tl un tlake:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That piece of cloth is really cut crookedly (i.e., at an angle, diagonally and not square).
\phrase_s Ese recorte de tela estámuy chueco (esto es, descuadrado o cortado no enángulo recto).
\sense_e clothes
\sense_s ropa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ixi:katok un tlake:ntli; ye tetemo:tok a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Water is dripping off the end of those clothes (hung up to dry); water is already seeping slowly down to the bottom.
\phrase_s El agua se le estáescurriendo de esa ropa (tendida); ya se estábajando poco a poco.
\sense_e (poss.) shirt (of a male)
\sense_s (pos.) camisa (de un hombre)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma nkwiti notlake:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me go grab my shirt!
\phrase_s ¡Déjame ir a agarrar mi camisa!
\sense_e (i:tlake:n kuwtli) foliage of a tree
\sense_s (i:tlake:n kuwtli) follaje de unárbol
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:kikwah kwilin un kowteh, ne:n kateh o:kitlamilih itlake:n, ixiwyo. O:noka:hkeh sa: tsotsomi:ntikeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Worms have eaten those trees, they've finished off the covering, the leaves, on those over there. They (the trees) have been left bare and leafless.
\phrase_s Gusanos han comido esosárboles, a los que alláestán, les acabaron su follaje, sus hojas. Se quedaron (losárboles) sin foliaje.
\ncol tlapextli
\ncol kwetomatl
\ncol kwétomátl
\root ke:m
\nse At times, particularly when possessed, tlake:ntli can signify 'shirt' (of a man). Ameyaltepec Nahuatl does not have the transitive verb quemi that existed
in Classical; instead it has the denominal verbal tlake:ntia. Thus the derivational process (tlake:ntli as a deverbal noun) although historically accurate is
not synchronically transparent in Ameyaltepec. Re: folliage; cf. verbal /notlake:ntia/.!!
\mod Later add other uses: /i:tlake:nyo pizza/, /i:tlake:nyo si:yah/ (of a cloth basket chair, etc.). Also to foliage and green in general.
\root_notes Although clearly from a historical perspective tlake:ntli alternates with tlake:mitl found in other dialects, in Ameyaltepec the /n/ has become
reanalized an underlying. This is apparent in the form tlake:npatla in which, at least according to my notes, the /n/ is maintained. Nevertheless, dispute the
fact that synchronically tlake:ntli is not a deverbal noun in Ameyaltepec and that /n/ is maintained in all phonological contexts, for comparative purposes the
root of tlake:ntli and related forms has been analyzed as ke:m.
\ref 04950
\lxam te:temetlatl
\lxam_c te:temetlatl
\lxoa te:temetlatl
\lxoa_c te:temetlatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e gizzard (of a chicken, turkey, and other birds)
\sense_s molleja (de una gallina, guajolote y otros pájaros).
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (la: mote:temetl) You've got to be kidding! (said by a person who doesn't like what someone else has just said)
\sense_s (la: mote:temetl)¡Olvídalo! (dicho por algn a quien no le gusta lo que otro apenas le ha dicho)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\semfld animal
\disamb te:temetlatl; tlakukwaltekon
\root te
\root metla
\nse Although the prototypical"possessor"of a te:temetlatl is a chicken, consultants have also indicated that people also have their te:temetlatl , although
I have not been able to determine if there is a precise referent for this use.
\notes_nature The difference between a chicken's te:temetlatl and tlakukwaltekon is still not entirely clear, though consultants were firm in their statements
that the two are different body parts. One note states that the te:temetlatl is further down than the tlakukwaltekomatl ; if this is correct this
would mean that the te:temetlatl is the gizzard and the tlakukwaltekomatl is the crop since, according to my information in English, the gizzard
follows the crop in the digestive system. One consultant seemingly confirmed this in giving the Spanish name for tlakukwaltekomatl as 'buche.'
\qry Check possessed form. Determine full list of chicken body parts, etc. Note also that although in some entries this may have been recorded with a short first vowel I have checked
this with consultants and the first /e/ is definitely long. Check the difference between /te:temetlatl/ and /tlakukwaltekomatl/.
\vl Link 1st male token.
\semref tlakukwaltekomatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlá:kwaltekómatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04951
\lxam a:sia:wa
\lxam_c ka:sia:wa
\lxoa a:sia:wa
\lxoa_c ka:sia:wa
\dt 24/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\gloss_e to.soak
\gloss_s remojar
\sense_e to let soak in water without soap (palm, clothes, etc.)
\sense_s remojar en agua sin jabón (palma, ropa, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San o:tika:sia:wte:w. Xo:tikchipa:wte:w. Tikchipa:wteko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You just left it (e.g., clothes) soaking before you headed out. You didn't wash them. You'll wash them upon returning.
\phrase_s La dejaste remojando (en este caso ropa) antes de salir. No la la lavaste antes de salir. La vas a lavarla regresando.
\phrase_n Xka:sia:wa, newa nikpa:kas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Put it in water to soak (e.g., clothes), I will wash them.
\phrase_s Ponlo a remojar en agua (p. ej., ropa), lo voy a lavar yo.
\phrase_n O:nika:sia:w tio:tlak, kwalka:n san nihki:xti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I left it (in this case mud to make clay) to soak in the afternoon, in the morning I'll just take it out.
\phrase_s Lo dejé(en este caso lodo para hacer cerámica) remojando en la tarde, mañana temprano lo voy a sacar.
\phrase_n Xka:sia:wa un tla:hli para tihki:xti:skeh xa:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Soak that earth (e.g., by pouring water on it) so that we can make adobe.
\phrase_s Remoja esa tierra (al verterle mucha agua) para que podamos hacer adobe.
\phrase_n Xikpa:tso! Xka:sia:wa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Get it wet! Soak it (e.g., clothes)!
\phrase_s ¡Mójalo!¡Déjalo remojar (p. ej., ropa para lavar)!
\root a:
\root sia:
\vl Link 1st female token;
\root_notes Distinguish two roots in /sia:/: from /sia:wi/ 'to become tired' and from /sia:wa/ 'to soak'.
\ref 04952
\lxam kichkone:tl
\lxam_c kichkone:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\semfld age
\sense_e a young boy (about 4 to 7 years of age, although sometimes used with children as young as a year)
\sense_s un niño joven (entre 4 y 7 años, aunque a veces se utiliza con niños tan jóvenes como de un año)
\sense_d Pending
\root okich
\root kone:
\ency_note age
\nse Kichkone:tl has not been documented in possessed form. Instead the Spanish loan i:joh is used, e.g., noi:joh , 'my son.'
\qry Check plural.
\mod Construct an encyclopedic page on age and words used to refer to different ages, from babies to old people.
\semref okixtli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref te:lpakatsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04953
\lxam tlawelita
\lxam_c tlawelita
\lxoa tlawelita
\lxoa_c tlawelita
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-[PM-V2]
\der V2-b
\infv Irregular; see ita
\sense_e to be content (with ones surroundings, particularly in how things appear, in the general environment); to like it (in a given place); to like what one sees (in the
surroundings)
\sense_s estar contento (en el lugar donde uno se encuentra, particularmente en cuanto al aspecto visual, el medio en general, etc.); estar al gusto; gustarle lo que se ve
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n nitlawelita, nika:n niwa:lcha:ntis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I like it here, I will come make my home here.
\phrase_s Estoy al gusto aquí, aquívoy a venir a hacer mi casa.
\phrase_n Nitla:tlachi:xtinemi. Nitlawelita. Yo:pe:w tlanene:stok, ye oonkah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am going around looking deliberately here and there (in this case in my milpa). I am content (with what I see). Things are starting to be visible (i.e., the seeds I planted
have started to break the surface), already there are some (plants) here and there.
\phrase_s Estoy andando mirando por aquíy por allá(en este caso en mi milpa). Estoy contento (con lo que veo). Cosas ya han empezado a ser visibles (esto es, las semillas que
sembréya empezaron a brotar y los retoños ya aparecen sobre la superficie de la tierra), en partes ya hay (algunas plantitas).
\root wel
\root ita
\qry In phrase /Yo:pe:w tlanene:stok, ye oonkah./ check for long vowel reduplication, perhaps it should be /Yo:pe:w tlane:ne:stok, ye o:onkah/ given the sense of things.
\xref welita
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04954
\lxam komalakawia
\lxam_c kikomalakawia
\lxoa komalakawia
\lxoa_f [ko ma la ka 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kikomalakawia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to throw a stick or rod at (usually an domesticated animal, such as a pig or dog, to chase it away)
\sense_s aventarle una varita a (particularmente un animal domesticado, para ahuyentarlo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kikomalakawia un pitso, kipe:wi:sneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He tooses a stick at that pig, he wants to chase it away.
\phrase_s Le avienta una varita a ese marrano, lo quiere ahuyentar.
\phrase_n Xkomalakawi un pitso, ma:s san ika tlikohtli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Throw a stick at that pig, even if its only a piece of firewood!
\phrase_s Aviéntale una vara a ese marrano, aunque sea solamente un pedazo de leña!
\root ko
\root malaka
\nse Note that although I have recorded komalakawia in my notes, the nominal base is entered as kuhmalakatl. The action of komalakawia
itself refers to that of throwing a stick at something or someone tlayeleh so that it (or he or she) goes away. The stick (used are tlakotl or"varitas")
should turn in the air 'head over heels.'
\qry Check pronunciation: /komalakawia/ or /kuhmalakawia/. Check to see if this verb and the noun base, which I have entered in my notes as /kuhmalakatl/ really do have different initial
sequences, or if the difference in more a reflection of inconsistency in my notes.
\vl Link 1st female and 2nd male tokens.
\root_notes The fact that (if the original entries are shown to be correct) the nominal roots is /kuhmalakatl/ and the verbalization is /komalakawia/, suggests clearly that /ko-/ is closely
related to /kuh/.
\semref kohmalakatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 04955
\lxam sakatl de sié:nigah
\lxam_c sakatl de sié:nigah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) ciénaga
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e type of grass not yet unidentified
\sense_s tipo de zacate todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\fl sakaomitl
\root saka
\nse In one set of notes I mention that a consultant stated that the sakatl de sié:nagah is the same as sakaomitl. In other notes I mention that
sakaomitl is called sakama:tlatl in Oapan. However, a close study of grasses needs to be conducted.
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this simply as ciénaga, of the Gramineae family. In one filecard it is mentioned that this is the same type of zacate as
sakaomitl.
\semref sakaomitl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref sakama:tlatl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04956
\lxam kaktiw
\lxam_c ye kaktiw
\lxoa kahtiw
\lxoa_c i kahtiw
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp V1-asp
\der V1-b
\infv Irregular; see -tiw
\sense_e (i or ye ~) to calm down (an illness or sth that hurts)
\sense_s (i o ye ~) calmarse (una enfermedad o algo que duele)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye kaktiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is calming down.
\phrase_s Se va calmando.
\phrase_n A:man ye kaktiw, xok ma:s kikukwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is calming down, it doesn't hurt him much anymore.
\phrase_s Ya va calmándose, ya no le duele más.
\sense_e to recover (with the pain subsiding, from an illness or injury)
\sense_s recuperarse (con el dolor disminuyéndose, de una enfermedad o herida)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye nikaktiw, ye nipatitok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm coming around, I'm getting better.
\phrase_s Me estoy recuperando, me estoy aliviando.
\root kaki
\nse The etymology of this word is unclear, but perhaps it is related to kaki. Molina has cactiuetzi 'Hacer buen tiempo, aclarar; interrumpirse y hacer
intervalos, pausas, como en el canto o en cualquier otra cosa.' Tetelcingo has the form cacti with the same meaning as Ameyaltepec, se va calmando,
although the Ameyaltepec form is morphologically similar to that of Molina, with -tiw replacing -tiwetsi (Molina also has cactimani meaning
'hacer bonança y buen tiempo, o aver silencio un poco de tiempo, o estar la ciudad asolada de repente y destruyda"). All meanings do point to the idea of calm and a break in some
situation or state. I have only documented it with a preceding adverbial i or ye. In Oapan, but not in Ameyaltepec (at least as so far
determined) there is an applicative of causative formation kahtilia.
\vl Link 2nd male token.
\semref kahtilia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04957
\lxam nowiá:n
\lxam_c nowiá:n
\lxoa nowia:n
\lxoa_c nowia:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-pl
\sense_e everywhere; in all parts or places
\sense_s por todos lados; por todas partes
\sense_d Pending
\root no:
\root_rel -ya:n
\nae The vowel length of the initial /o/ is difficult to determine although it seems to have quite a short duration in three of the four speech tokens that were recorded. In the forth the
duration seems to be 100 ms (within the range of long vowels) although length is at times variable before a semivowel.
\vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens. In regard to vowel length of this word, FK notes:"In C[arochi] the vowel of the initial syllable is marked long, but in B[ancroft
dialogues] it is specifically marked short. T[etelcingo, Morelos] has the reflex of a short vowel, and in Z[acapoaxtla] the vowel is unmarked for length."
\semref nochiwiá:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 04958
\lxam A:to:le:roh
\lxam_c A:to:le:roh
\lxoa átolé:roh
\lxoa_c átolé:roh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (Sp) a:to:hli
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e Venus as the Morning Star (lit., 'the one who brings atole')
\sense_s Venus como la Estrella Matutina (lit., 'el que trae atole')
\sense_d Pending
\semfld heavens
\ency_note si:tlalin
\root a:to:l
\nae The pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl átolé:roh seems to reflect that fact that the Nahuatl term is a reborrowing back into Nahuatl of a Spanish borrowing
atole, which was reabsorbed into Nahuatl with a final /h/, so characteristic of borrowings from Spanish into Nahuatl. There seems no other easy way to explain the
pitch accent. There are other indications that Nahuatl átolé:roh is a borrowing: the Spanish -ero ending and the vowel length shift from the basical
Nahuatl term a:to:hli.
\vl Link 1st female token and 2nd male token.
\qry_h a:tole:roh.
\ref 04959
\lxam panwetsi:tia
\lxam_c kipanwetsi:tia
\lxoa powetsi:tia
\lxoa_c kipowetsi:tia
\dt 24/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp S-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to bring to the top; to extract (by bringing to the top)
\sense_s hacer que llegue arriba; sacar (al poner o llevar arriba)
\sense_e (~ Poss+nakayo) to heal (a cut or wound, by making the skin grow back and cover it)
\sense_s (~ Poss+nakayo) sanar (una cortada o herida, al hacer que la piel crezca y la tape)
\phrase_n Sana:man kipowetsi:ti:s monakayo.
\phrase_d Oa
\snd_oa 04959_01_oa
\src_p Silvestre Pantaleón: 0033_Oa_SP_md04_tr26.wav / 1:04
\phrase_e Right away it (the sap of the temaní:xká:tsi:n) makes your skin grow back.
\phrase_s Luego luego (la savia del temaní:xká:tsi:n) te sana la herida.
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (fig.) to help (sb) make it to the top (in terms of wealth, professional standing, etc.); to enrich; to take out of poverty
\sense_s (fig.) llegar a la cima (en cuanto a riqueza, posición profesional, etc.); enriquecer; sacar de la pobreza
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chpanwetsi:tih uní:dolos, miák o:hne:xtika. Xka:wa, ke:n nitlayo:wia:ya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The prehispanic figurines made me rich, I found a lot of them. You wouldn't believe it, I used to be poor.
\phrase_s Las figuras prehispánicas me hicieron rico, encontrémuchos. No es para creer, pero antes estaba muy pobre.
\root pan
\root wetsi
\qry Cf. /panwetsi:ltia/ and check for equivalence or lack of between the two causative forms.
\qry_fon Note raising of back vowel to [u]. In general include this in a description of the phonology/phonetics of Nahuatl; orthographically I think that /o/ should be written, to
facilitate interdialect communication through written material.
\semref panwetsi:tia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref panwetsi:ltia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref powetsi:ltia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\xref panwetsi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref powetsi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\qry Check meaning of kipowetsi:tia with nakayo.
\ref 04960
\lxam tlapepechoke:tl
\lxam_c tlapepechoke:tl
\lxoa tlapepéchoké:tl
\lxoa_c tlapepéchoké:tl
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e welder (particularly a person who patches up metal containers that have sprung leaks)
\sense_s soldador (particularmente los que ponen parches sobre recipientes de metal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:kokoyo:n nopéro:l ipan itsi:ntew, kipepechowa tlapepechoke:tl ika soldadurah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My metal water jug has sprung leaks in its bottom, a welder is patching it up with soldering.
\phrase_s La base de mi perol se agujereó, un soldador lo estásoldando con soldadura.
\root pech
\qry See note under /pepechowa/. Determine other possible persons to whom this agentive might apply. Check to determine whether /tlapepechoke:tl/ is also correct.
\ref 04961
\lxam tla:ltekomolowa
\lxam_c tla:ltekomolowa
\lxoa tla:ltekomolowa
\lxoa_c tla:ltekomolowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-alt-wi
\lexical Lex. inflix te-
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to scratch a small hole in the ground (e.g., a chicken, a dog, etc.)
\sense_s escarbar un pequeño hoyito en la tierra (p. ej., una gallina, un perro, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tla:ltekomolowa ika ikxiwa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It scratches at the earth with its feet, making a small hole.
\phrase_s Escarba la tierra con sus pies, haciendo un pequeño agujero.
\root tla:l
\root komol
\qry Check for possibility of /tla:lkomolowa/. Check the difference between /komolowa/ and /tekomolowa/.
\ref 04962
\lxam astampa
\lxam_c astampa
\lxoa tampa
\lxoa_c tampa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) hasta
\psm Adv
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e up to there
\sense_s hasta allá
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A: Xtitlakwate:wa? B: Ka, astampa nitlakwatasi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A: Will you eat before heading out? B: No I will (wait and) eat upon arriving there.
\phrase_s A:¿Vas a comer antes de salir? B: No, voy a (esperar a) comer hasta que llegue allá.
\root on
\root pa
\nae The analysis here has been to relate astampa (Am) and tampa (Oa) to a fusion of Spanish hasta with Nahuatl ompa.
\nse Astampa is probably derived from ompa.
\qry Check length of second /a/.
\ref 04963
\lxam tlapayawi:lo
\lxam_c tlapayawi:lo
\lxoa tlapayawi:lo
\lxoa_c tlapayawi:lo
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-pas
\infv class-4a(pass)
\sense_e to get drizzled upon (clothes left out; sb sleeping in the open; a field after a storm, etc.)
\sense_s tener la llovizna caer sobre si (ropa dejada afuera, algn durmiendo a la intemperie, un sembradío después de una fuerte lluvia, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld weather
\flao kiawi:lo
\root tlapa
\root yawi
\ref 04964
\lxam tlapatlahko
\lxam_c tlapatlahko
\lxoa tlapatlahko
\lxoa_c tlapatlahko
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-tla-k(o)
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e a wide clearing (in a forest or woods)
\sense_s un ancho claro (en el bosque)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:titlako:lo:to. Mo:nteh katka, a:man yo:noka:w sa: tlapatlahko, we:i o:tikchi:ipatla:w un kowyoh katka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You went to clear the land. It was forest, now it's become nothing more than a wide clearing, you cleared a wide swath in what was once an area full of trees.
\phrase_s Fuiste a desmontar. Era monte, ahora no quedómás que un ancho claro, abriste una franja en un lugar donde antes era de muchosárboles.
\sense_e place (such as a house or building) with walls that have crumbled to such an extent that wide open spaces have formed (or with no walls to begin with)
\sense_s lugar (como una casa o edificio) que no tiene paredes o que tiene tiene paredes en tan mala condición que tiene grandes huecos y hoyos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:cha:n tlapatlahko, xkipia ichina:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His house is open on its sides (in this case without walls), it doesn't have wattling.
\phrase_s Su casa estáabierta por los lados (en este caso no tiene paredes), no tiene chinamil.
\phrase_n San tlapatlahko onkah, yo:kokoto:n tli:n ika o:nowipa:nka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's just has wide open spaces (a house with incomplete walls), the material (palm) with which the wattle had been tied together has snapped in many places (with the result
that the walls have partially fallen down).
\phrase_s Ya nomás tiene espacios muy abiertos (una casa con paredes algo derrumbadas), lo que se usó(palma) para atar el chinámil se reventóen muchos lugares (con el
resultado que se derrumbaron las paredes en varias partes).
\root patla:
\root_rel -ko
\nse In reference to a house, tlapatlahko indicates a structure with either open spaces in its broken-up walls, china:ntli or otherwise, or to a house with
no walls or incomplete walls.
\qry See if /tlapatla:hka:n/ exists and whether it is the same as /tlapatla:hko/.
\qry_fon Check vowel length as original notes were unclear. Standardize throughout database.
\mod Illustrate.
\grm Pluperfect: /San tlapatlahko onkah, yo:kokoto:n tli:n ika o:nowipa:nka/ 'It's just has wide open spaces (a house with incomplete walls), the material with which the wattle
had been tied together has snapped in many places (with the result that the walls have partially fallen down).' This is a clear example of the use of the so-called pluperfect.
The marker /-ka/ is employed since the effects of the interlacing (i.e., /wipa:na/) are no longer present. This is in accord with Launey's account of the use of this aspectual
form.
\ref 04965
\lxam tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n
\lxam_c tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n
\lxoa tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n
\lxoa_c tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\sense_e Cnidosculus urens(L.) Arthur, stinging weed of the Euphorbiaceae family
\sense_s Cnidosculus urens(L.) Arthur, maleza con puas finas de la familia Euphorbiaceae
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n | So:lo para mitskwa:s, ke:n tikekexkias.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n : It's just there to sting you, you'll really itch.
\phrase_s Tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n : Solomente estápara picarte, vas a tener mucho comezón.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root tla:l
\root pa:ya:
\nse This is a nettle plant of the Spurge family. In Mexico it is sometimes called mala mujer, in English it has been referred to as 'Devil's nettle' or the 'Brazilian stinging nut.'
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the chichicaste or tzitzicastli. Schoenhals (1988) under chichicastle states:"1.
(Cnidoscolusspp., Ureaspp., Uticaspp.). See mala mujer. 2. (Gronovia scandens, Tragia mepetifolia,etc.). Various kinds of nettle. 3.
(Lemnaspp., e.g., L. minor) 'duckweed.' A small, floating, unanchored plant that multiplies rapidly. 4. (Urticaspp., e.g., U. dioica) 'spurge
nettle.' See ortiga."See a:chi:ka:lin.
\ref 04966
\lxam yenkwixtok
\lxam_c yenkwixtok
\lxoa yenkwixtok
\lxoa_c yenkwixtok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be recent or fresh (particularly an event that has just occurred)
\sense_s ser reciente o fresco (especialmente un evento o acontecimiento)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kemech o:mi:xiw moba:kah, yenkwixtok ika o:mi:xiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your cow has recently given birth, it is still fresh from having given birth.
\phrase_s Tu vaca apenas parió, estátodavía fresca del parto.
\phrase_n Yenkwixtok o:nomikti:lo:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's still fresh (on people's minds) that people killed one another.
\phrase_s Es todavía fresco (en la memoria de la gente) que hubo matanza.
\root yenkwi
\ref 04967
\lxam se:
\lxam_c se: tla:katl
\lxoa se:
\lxoa_c se:; se: tla:katl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\der Art
\sense_e a
\sense_s un; una
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikitak se: tla:katl, xo:nikchi:wilih kwe:ntah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I saw a man, I didn't pay any attention to him.
\phrase_s Vi un hombre, no le hice caso.
\root se:
\vl There are two sets of tokens, first /se: tla:katl/ and then simply /se:/. One female and one male should be linked for each. The final sound file should have /se:/ followed by
/se: tla:katl/ and, within each first female and then male.
\ref 04968
\lxam wisoki
\lxam_c kwisoki
\lxoa 'wisóki
\lxoa_pr wisoki
\lxoa_c kíwisóki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to hit hard (e.g., a person with ones fist)
\sense_s golpear duro (p. ej., a algn con el puño)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl. + -wa:n) to fight with
\sense_s (refl. + -wa:n) pelean con
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:wa:n nimowisokis, xkwahli timowi:kan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am going to fight with him, we don't get along well.
\phrase_s Me voy a pelear conél, no nos llevamos bien.
\sense_e to knock down (e.g., a wall)
\sense_s derrumbar; derrocar (p. ej., una pared)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nowisokis un tepa:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That wall will get knocked down.
\phrase_s Se va a derrumbar esa pared.
\semfld contact
\disamb wi:teki; wisoki
\root wihsoki
\nae The pitch accent in Oapan kíwisóki indicates an underlying {h} in the verbal stem. And the fact that the pitch accented syllable is the prefix suggests that the closed
syllable is the first one. However, this needs to be confirmed. Perhaps a cognate form from San Juan Tetelcingo will reveal the location of the {h}; note that no cognate forms have
been found in other dialects.
\mod On one file card I mention that /wisoki/ has a definite short vowel and should be so recorded in all instances.
\qry_h Check for location of /h/.
\ref 04969
\lxam no:tsa
\lxam_c kino:tsa
\lxoa no:tsa
\lxoa_c kino:tsa
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(ts)
\gloss_e to.speak.to
\gloss_s llamar
\sense_e to speak to; to talk to
\sense_s hablar con (algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chno:tsa, ne:xtlawe:lita.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He doesn't speak to me, he hates me.
\phrase_s No me habla, me odia.
\phrase_n Pai:tok, ma:ka tikno:tsas!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is taking herbal medicines, don't talk to him!
\phrase_s ¡Está tomando un brebaje medicinal, no le vayas a hablar1
\sense_e to pay a call on; to want to speak to (e.g., in knocking on a door, calling by telephone, etc.)
\sense_s llamar; querer hablar con (p. ej., al tocar la puerta, hablar por teléfono, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n ¡Ándale hijo xisa! ¡Yo:mitsno:stiki:skeh, no: niman xya!
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 04969_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 30:32
\phrase_e Come on son, wake up! They stopped by for you, you too, go right away!
\phrase_s ¡Ándale hijo, despiértate! ¡Te pasaron a recoger, también vete luego!
\phrase_n Mitsno:tsan, ne:si o:mik se: mowa:kax.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They want to speak to you (e.g., sb at the door), it seems that one of your cows has died.
\phrase_s Te llaman (p. ej., algn que estátocando la puerta), parece que se murióuno de tus ganados.
\phrase_n Pa nikono:stasi te:cha:n, nikmastok ka:no:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Upon arriving there I will give him a call (by telephone), I know where (I can find him).
\phrase_s Al llegar allíle voy a hablar (por teléfono), yo sédonde (lo puedo encontrar).
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication; refl. with short vowel reduplication + -wa:n) to carry on a conversation with; to converse with
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta; refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta + -wa:n) placticar con; conversar con
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chnono:tsan, kitowan yo:patiyowak tlayo:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They talk to me, they say that maize has already gone up in price.
\phrase_s Me plactican, dicen que el maíz ya subióde precio.
\phrase_n Mowa:n nimonono:tsa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm having a conversation with you.
\phrase_s Estoy placticando contigo.
\phrase_n Te:wa:n nonono:tsasneki, yo:pe:w tlai.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He wants to talk to people, he's started to drink.
\phrase_s Quiere conversar, ya empezóa beber.
\sense_e (recipr.) to carry on a conversation; to talk together
\sense_s (recipr.) placticar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nonono:tsan, kwahli nowi:kan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are talking with each other, they get along well.
\phrase_s Están placticando, se llevan bien.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to give advice to (as a parent to a child, or an elder to a younger person)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) aconsejar; dar consejos a (como un padre o madre a su hijo, o un viejo a un joven)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chno:no:tsa nona:n para ma:ka itlah nikchi:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My mother gives me advice so that I don't do anything (bad).
\phrase_s Mi mamáme aconseja para que no haga nada (mal).
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w kino:no:tsaina:n para te:wa:n kwahli yatia:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His mother has started to counsel him so that he gets along well with people.
\phrase_s Su mamáya le empezóa dar consejos para que se vaya llevando bien con la gente.
\semfld communicate
\root no:tsa
\qry The phrase /Te:wan nonono:tsasneki, yo:pe:w tlai/ I made up to illustrate the short vowel reduplication. Check. Confirm that this is correct and not /te:wan nono:tsasneki/.
\grm Directional; deixis; aspectual: /Pa nikono:stasi te:cha:n, nikmastok ka:non/ 'Upon arriving there I will give him a call (by telephone), I know where (I can find him).' Note
that in this construction /-tasi/ indicates subject movement, with the subject carrying out an action upon arriving 'there' in a given location. The directional prefix /on-/
indicates the movement of the experience (i.e., the speech). Note that if one goes to a given location (e.g., sb's house) and talks to a person there directly, then /on-/ would
not be used: /nikno:stasis/.
\xref no:chilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04970
\lxam xiska:n
\lxam_c xiska:n
\lxoa xíská:n
\lxoa_pr xiska:n
\lxoa_c xíská:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\pss PM
\der Adv-tm
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e not immediately; not soon; not right away; not for a long time
\sense_s no inmediatamente; no pronto; no por mucho tiempo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xiska:n titlamiskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We won't finish anytime soon.
\phrase_s No vamos a terminar pronto.
\phrase_n Tetekomasol, boli:tah ikal. Pi:pitikeh un yo:lka:tsitsi:nteh pero tlawe:lekeh, deke tikwiyo:ni:s xiska:n mitskaka:waskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tetekomasol , it's nest is round. These insects are very small but fierce, it you shake them (i.e., their nest), they won't leave you alone for a long time.
\phrase_s El tetekomasol , tiene su nido como bolita. Estos insectos son muy pequeños pero bravos, si los agitas (esto es, su nido) no te dejan (de perseguir)
pronto.
\phrase_n Xok iska:n yekos.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will no longer arrive right away (soon).
\phrase_s Ya no va a llegar (acá) luego.
\root hsi
\root_rel -ka:n
\nse The negative xiska:n (Am) / xíská:n (Oa) is unusual in that the affirmative * iska:n does not occur in the corpus. The opposite of
xiska:n is nimanor san niman. However, as in xok iska:n note that the preclitic x= is not always to
the immediate left of iska:n but may be separated by an adverbial marker such as ok , which always seems to follow the negative with both are
precliticized.
\nae The motivation for the pitch accented sequence in Oapan Nahuatl is unclear from the data available. Perhaps the underlying root (etymology) of xíská:n is the same as
that found in ísiwí.
\qry_fon There is no evidence of what may have led to pitch accented syllables in Oapan /xíská:n/
\grm Oapan phonology: note that with a construction like /xíská:n/ it seems that the unusual stress derives from the fact that etymology there was an {h} as in ?ihsihka:n.
Nevertheless in the pronunciation and form given there is no room for the underlying /h/.
\qry_h Check /h/.
\ref 04971
\lxam ma:tlakukuwilia
\lxam_c kima:tlakokowilia
\lxoa ma:tla:kowilia
\lxoa_c kima:tla:kowilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-[tla-V3)
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Reduced rdp-s*(prev-s)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to have a wound on ones hand or arm open up
\sense_s (refl.) abrirsele una herida sobre la mano o el brazo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:timoma:tlakukuwilia ka:n o:timotek, oksepa yo:pe:w yeski:sa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You opened up a wound (that was healing) on your arm where you had cut yourself, once again it's started to bleed.
\phrase_s Te abriste una herida (que estaba sanando) de tu brazo donde te habías cortado, otra vez empezóa sangrar.
\root ma:
\root kowa
\nse Ma:tlakukowilia contains the applicative of kukwa (Am) / kokowa(Oa), which in Classical was cocoa. Note that in
Classical the applicative was cocolhuia ; cf. Molina cocolhuia. nicte 'entortar algo a otro, o lastimarle, o maltratarle algo.' He also has cocolia. nite
'aborrecer o querer mal a otro.'
\nae The duration of the second syllable vowel in the speech of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez varies considerably, to the extent that one might be inclined to posit different
lengths. Florencia's vowels have a duration of 94 and 98 ms; her husband's vowels last 77 and 72 ms. However, all lexical information points to an underlying form of
ma:kokowa with no underlying {h} (cf. also 282). For now the two pronunciations have both been transcribed with long vowels.
\qry Check to determine if fully transitive form /kima:tlakukowilia/ is acceptable.
\qry_fon Recheck with consultants the two forms. It definitely seems that Florencia has a long vowel /tla:-/ whereas Inocencio has a short vowel there. Recheck this with 282 and
1858.
\vl Ignore (do not tag) 1st female token. Then there are 4 tokens (2 female and 2 male). Tag all and link the 2nd female token and 1st male token.
\grm Applicatives. Note ma:tlakukowilia which appears to be an applicative of /ma:kukwa/, 'to hurt the arm (or, less commonly, the hand) of'. What occurs is an
increase in transitivity through the applicative and a decrease in transitivity through the insertation of /tla-/. Thus from /ma:kukwa/ transitive, one obtains /ma:kukowilia/ as
a ditransitive. Transitivity is then reduced through the affixation of /tla-/: /ma:tlakukowilia/, which is again a transitive. What has occurred, therefore, is that the valency of
a verbal stem is both increased and decreased, apparently jointly. Note the difference in semantic roles. In /ma:kukwa/ the situation is one of possessor raising:
/ne:chma:kukwa/ 'He hurts my arm,' i.e., 'he hurts me on the arm.' In this expression the object, /ne:ch-/ is a 'malefactive,' it is the object that is adversely affected by the
event; /ma:-/ is the patient, that which is directly affected. In /ma:tlakukowilia/ however, the semantic roles are quite different. Here i s is the incorporated noun /ma:-/
which is now the malefactive(orperhaps one could say a location), or at least one malefactive, since the reflexive object is a second (higher level) malefactive. Thus
semantically there are three"objects": /tla-/ which is the wound or other part on the arm that is opened; /ma:-/ which is the place where the wound is, or the part of the body
that is adversely affected by the opening of the wound, and /mo-/ the reflexive core argument that is the person adversely affected (and adversely affecting him/herself) by
the action. Essentially, then, increasing valency and decreasing by a nonspecific object shifts the role of the IN from patient to malefactive.
\ref 04972
\lxam i:xte:mpupwa
\lxam_c ki:xte:mpupwa
\lxoa i:xté:mpowá
\lxoa_pr i:xté:mpowa
\lxoa_c ki:xté:mpowá; ki:xte:mpo:powa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-l)
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e (refl.) to clear ones eyes by rubbing them (e.g., in awakening)
\sense_s (refl.) despejar los ojos frotándolos (p. ej., al despertar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kemech tiwa:lmi:xte:mpopo:wtiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are just coming along rubbing and clearing your eyes (from sleep).
\phrase_s Apenas vienes despejándo los ojos, frotándolos (al despertar).
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root powa
\nae The two sets of Oapan speech tokens represent short and long vowel reduplication of the verbal stem powa which is always found in some reduplicated form. The
first set, ki:xté:mpowá reflects the reduction of short vowel reduplication (with a coda {h}) that reduces onto the long vowel of the incorporated noun stem, producing
a high pitch on this heavy syllable. The second set, ki:xte:mpo:powa represents long vowel reduplication of the same verbal stem. There is no pitch accent here as the
reduplicant is an open syllable, with no {h} as coda. The precise semantic difference between the two forms of reduplication in this particular instance has not been properly
researched and is pending.
\qry Check definition and make more precise. Determine whether it can be used without noun incorporation. Check inflectional paradigm.
\qry_fon Re: /ki:xté:mpowá/; /ki:xte:mpo:powa/ The two sets of Oapan speech tokens represent short and long vowel reduplication of the verbal stem powa which is
always found in some reduplicated form. The first set, ki:xté:mpowá reflects the reduction of short vowel reduplication (with a coda {h}) that reduces onto the
long vowel of the incorporated noun stem, producing a high pitch on this heavy syllable. The second set, ki:xte:mpo:powa represents long vowel
reduplication of the same verbal stem. There is no pitch accent here as the reduplicant is an open syllable, with no {h} as coda. The precise semantic difference between the
two forms of reduplication in this particular instance has not been properly researched and is pending.
\grm Oapan reduplication; phonology: Note that both forms are correct in Oapan /ki:xté:mpowá/, or, /ki:xte:mpo:powa/. FM stated that both refer to the same action. Add note to
this effect in the entry. Note that the short form seems to represent short vowel reduplication, which is reflexed as +stress on the heavy syllable with a nasal coda.
\ref 04973
\lxam wa:lpeti
\lxam_c wa:lpeti
\lxoa wa:peti
\lxoa_c wa:peti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Dir-V1
\der V1-b
\sense_e see peti
\sense_s véase peti
\sense_d Pending
\infv class-3d(ti)
\root peti
\qry_fon My hearing here is that there is no reflex of the {l} of {wa:l-} here. Indeed, this is a major problem in my hearing of Oapan Nahuatl; sometimes I hear a slight aspiration or
closure here, at other times nothing. Here I couldn't make out anything, so despite the fact that I had previously asked speakers if there was an /h/, I have not written it. With
a phonetician I should elicit a lot of words with {wa:l + C-initial verb} to determine this status of /l/ in this prefix more clearly.
\ref 04974
\lxam kone:wati
\lxam_c kone:wati
\lxoa koné:watí
\lxoa_pr kone:wati
\lxoa_c koné:watí
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes
\sense_e to become pregnant
\sense_s embarazarse; quedarse embarazada o encinta
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wel kone:wati.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is able to conceive (i.e., she is fertile).
\phrase_s Ella puede embarazarse (esto es, es fértil).
\phrase_n On ne:nkah suwa:tl, xwel kone:wati.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That woman there, she is infertile.
\phrase_s Esa mujer, es infertil (no puede concebir)
\root kone:
\ref 04975
\lxam nakaskoyo:nki
\lxam_c nakaskoyo:nki
\lxoa nakaskoyo:nki
\lxoa_c nakaskoyo:nki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to be able to hear or to hear and understand; to not be deaf
\sense_s poder escuchar o poder escuchar y entender; no ser sordo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tli:n xtinakaskoyo:nki? Tle:ka xtikchi:wa tli:n yo:nimitsnawatih?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Are you deaf? Why don't you do what I ordered you to do?
\phrase_s ¿Eres sordo?¿Por quéno haces lo que te mandéhacer?
\phrase_n Newa ninakaskoyo:nki! O:nkak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I certainly have good hearing! I heard it.
\phrase_s ¡Yo escucho bien! Lo escuché.
\root nakas
\root koyo:
\nse Refers generally to the ability to hear, but often used to admonish someone who does not obey what an elder says. Apparently given that this is figurative reference to listening ability,
there is no reduplication of the verbal stems (* nakaskokoyo:nki) as would occur if the meaning were literal (see the many reduplicated words referring to eyes).
\grm Reduplication: Note that this word does not have a reduplicated verbal stem, even though it refers to a part of the body that is plural. Cf. in this regard, the descriptions of
eye characteristics, or hand and arm characteristics. The question is, then, perhaps why reduplication does not occur, i.e., why one does not find (or not often find, this
should be checked) ?nakaskokoyo:nki. I would think that the reason for this is that the adjectival does not in fact modify the noun, but creates a lexical item based on
metaphor. Thus there is never any reason to distinguish between someone who has one, as opposed to both, ears"punctured"(so that sound goes through them). A form such
as ?nakaskokoyo:nki might be correct (and this should be checked) but it would seem to be too literal, too direct a reference to the actual physical aspects of the ear. But
for questions of reduplication, cf. /nakastekakanak/.
\ref 04976
\lxam tolix
\lxam_c tolix
\lxoa tolix
\lxoa_c tolix
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-ap
\infa pl. tolixmeh ; tótolíxmeh
\sense_e to have cravings or desires for good things to eat (e.g., sb who wants to eat meat, cheese, etc., or a child who always wants sweets and similar foods)
\sense_s tener anhelos o gustos para buenas cosas para comer (p. ej., que quiere comer carne, queso, etc.; o un niño que siempre desea dulces o golosinas); ser cuzco
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Titolix pa:mpa san tli:n yo:tihkwa:snek.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are tolix because you just wanted to eat something (good).
\phrase_s Eres tolix porque quisiste comer (algo bueno).
\root toli:
\nse In Oapan the form tótolíxtikis more common whereas tolix is rarely used and seems more likely to be an occasional borrowing from Ameyaltepec.
\qry Note and check use of /tli:n/ in above phrase.
\vl Link 3rd female and 3rd male tokens.
\ref 04977
\lxam tlapachowa
\lxam_c tlapachowa
\lxoa tlapachowa
\lxoa_c tlapachowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to incubate eggs (a hen or other bird sitting on its nest)
\sense_s empollar (una gallina echada u otro ave o pájaro)
\sense_d Pending
\root pach
\xref pachowa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04978
\lxam tlankeketol
\lxam_c tlankeketol
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to have loose teeth (because new teeth are replacing baby teeth, or because of age)
\sense_s tener los dientes flojos (o porque se le estásaliendo dientes nuevos, o por la edad)
\sense_d Am
\root tlan
\root ketol
\qry Check meaning as the compound seems to indicate toothlessness (tlan 'tooth' plus 'ketol' gum). Check for /ketohli/ as 'gum' or 'encia'. Document all body parts. Check for Oapan
cognate.
\ref 04979
\lxam ilwitl
\lxam_c ilwitl
\lxoa ilwitl
\lxoa_c ilwitl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e holiday, a saint's day which is taken as a day of rest (Sunday is not an ilwitl)
\sense_s día de fiesta o de un santo (el domingo no es un ilwitl)
\sense_d Pending
\root lwi-2-
\qry Check status of initial /i/ as to epenthetic. Check possessed form: /ilwiw/ or /ilwiyo/.
\semref tlalwiki:xtilia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04980
\lxam a:te:nko cha:neh
\lxam_c a:te:nko cha:neh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e river-dweller
\sense_s persona que vive por la orilla de un río
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n A:te:nko cha:nekeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They dwell at the river's edge.
\phrase_s Viven a la orilla del río.
\root a:
\root te:n
\root cha:n
\semref a:te:ncha:neh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref cha:neh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04981
\lxam tila:wak
\lxam_c tila:wak
\lxoa tila:wak
\lxoa_c tila:wak
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-k
\sense_e to be thick (e.g., cloth, paper, a wall, etc.)
\sense_s ser grueso (p. ej., tela, papel, una pared, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tila:wak tla:hli kipia notla:l. Xkipia tepetlatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My land has a thick soil cover. It does not have (a layer of) tepetlatl.
\phrase_s Mi terreno tiene una capa gruesa de tierra. No tiene (no es de) tepetate.
\phrase_n Deke nihkowa ama:teh, nikmati katlowa a:chi tila:wak wan katlowa a:chi kana:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p DT1:052
\phrase_e If I buy bark paper (amate) I know which ones are a little thicker and which are a little thinner.
\phrase_s Si compro papel amate yo sécuales son algo gruesos y cuales son algo delgados.
\sense_e to be close together; to be overgrowing (e.g., weeds in a field); to be thickly covering (e.g., fruit on a tree, rash on sb's skin, etc.)
\sense_s estar densamente cubriendo o llendo; (p. ej., la maleza en un terreno, fruta sobre unárbol, un sarpullido sobre la piel, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlachachalakatiw kwa:k titekipanowa. Tepachakahloh, noso ka:n teteyoh, tila:wak tetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is a hollow ringing sound that goes along when you work the team of oxen (or mules). There are a lot of flat, slatey stones, or it (might occur) where it is rocky, (with)
stones thick on the ground.
\phrase_s Va chacoloteando cuando trabajas la yunta (de bueyes o mulas). Hay mucha piedra plana, o bien es un lugar pedregosa, hay muchas piedras (sobre la tierra).
\phrase_n Melá:k tila:wak un xiwtli, yo:tila:w, ye titlaximiktitok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The weeds are thick, they've gotten overgrown, you've allowed things (i.e., your cornfield) to get overgrown with weeds.
\phrase_s Hay mucha maleza, la mala hierba se extendió, ya dejaste que todo (esto es, tu milpa) se cubriera de maleza.
\phrase_n Melá:k tila:wak un xiwtli, yo:tila:w, ye titlaximiktitok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The weeds are thick, they've gotten overgrown, you've allowed things (i.e., your cornfield) to get overgrown with weeds.
\phrase_s Hay mucha maleza, la mala hierba se extendió, ya dejaste que todo (esto es, tu milpa) se cubriera de maleza.
\phrase_n Teteyoh, tila:wak tetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is rocky, it is thick with stones.
\phrase_s Es pedregoso, estáapretado con piedras.
\sense_e tight or close together (a weave)
\sense_s apretado o muy cerrado (un tejido)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwahli, tlatlankwi:stik. Xtete:mo okse: yewan tila:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's no good (in this case a gunnysack), it's weave is wide open. Look for another one that has a tight weave!
\phrase_s No estábien (en este caso un costal para llevar cosas como mazorcas).¡Busca otro que tiene su tejido más cerrado!
\root tila:
\semref tetilaktik; tetomaktik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tetelahtik; tetomahtik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04982
\lxam ke:chpa
\lxam_c ke:chpa
\lxoa ke:chpa
\lxoa_c ke:chpa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-interog
\der Adv-int
\sense_e how many times?
\sense_s ¿cuántas veces?
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:chpa o:tikihlih?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How many times did you tell him?
\phrase_s ¿Cuántas veces se lo dijiste?
\root ke:ch
\root -pa
\ref 04983
\lxam kamachalwi:teki
\lxam_c kikamachalwi:teki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp [N-N]-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to hit on the cheek hard with ones fist
\sense_s golpear fuerte con el puño en la mejilla de
\sense_d Pending
\semfld contact
\root kama
\root cha:l
\root wi:teki
\qry Check to make certain that the blow must be with the fist. Also check vowel length of /chal/; here it appears that the nominal forms have a short vowel, the verb long. Finally, check
to see if non-reduplicated form may be used.
\semref te:nwi:teki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04984
\lxam tekika:wa
\lxam_c notekika:wa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (refl.) to stop working; to desist from working (for several days, e.g, after the death of a family member)
\sense_s (refl.) dejar de trabajar (varios días, p. ej., después de que se muera un miembro de la familia)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:notekika:w, o:nomihka:tih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He stopped working (e.g., in a job, in his own field, etc.), a member of his family died.
\phrase_s Dejóde trabajar (p. ej., en su trabajo, en su propia milpa, etc.) se le murióalguien de su familia.
\root teki
\root ka:wa
\nse In Oapan this word is not used; one might instead state: mo:stla noka:wa notekiyo
\ref 04985
\lxam kwe:uwelax
\lxam_c kwe:uwelax
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Op. infix te- : kwe:teuwelax
\sense_e to have on a long skirt, one that virtually drags on the ground
\sense_s tener puesto una falda larga, una que casi llega hasta el suelo
\sense_d Am
\root kwe:
\root wila:
\nae I have analyzed this as derived from * wila:ni. This requires a vowel shift: lowering from [i] to [e] and the insertion of [x]. This consonant alternation is not
undocumented in the language. Classical Nahuatl has qualaxtli from qualani as well as palaxtli from palani. Thus modern
wilaxtli from wila:ni would not be totally idiosyncratic.
\semref kwe:tewela:xkoh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref kwe:teweyak
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 04986
\lxam mihka:tlatsili:ni
\lxam_c mihka:tlatsili:ni
\lxoa mihka:tlatsili:ni
\lxoa_c mihka:tlatsili:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp Part-tla-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for the village church bell to toll for a dead person
\sense_s sonar la campana de la iglesia del pueblo para anunciar la muerte (de algn)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld sound-material
\root miki
\root tsili:
\nse Very soon after someone dies, the large bell in the church is rung just once in order to announce the death. Also, two cohetes are set off for the same purpose although
the verb used to describe this action, tlatopo:ni, does not contain the element mihka: as does mihka:tlatsili:ni.
\grm Impersonal and valency lowering: Note the infixation of the impersonal marker between the intransitive verb and the incorporated (agentive) noun. This would seem to
indicate that the /tla-/ functions to lower the valency of the verb to an impersonal/subjectless and then the modifying noun is incorporated. The use of this valency
decreasing device should be compared to the way in which inflixed /tla-/ functions in other situations (e.g., /tlai/ in /chichitlai/) in which it usually seems to create an
intransitive from a transitive. Note that *tlamihka:tsili:ni is not acceptable. Discuss what this says about NI, etc.
\ref 04987
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod /indio:xiw/ :This entry was originally for /indio:xiw/. It has been removed as perhaps offensive. I remember I only heard it once, I remember the face, but not the name, of the person
who uttered it.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 04988
\lxam ma:pe:wa
\lxam_c kima:pe:wa
\lxoa ma:pe:wa
\lxoa_c kima:pe:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to push with ones hands
\sense_s empujar con las manos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xpatilo! Xma:pe:wa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make him (e.g., an animal that one is trying to guide) lean over to one side! Push him with your hands!
\phrase_s ¡Hazlo inclinar por un lado!¡Empújalo con las manos!
\phrase_n Nikmama:pe:was notix ipan moli:noh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will push my ground nextamahli through the mill.
\phrase_s Voy a empujar mi masa para que pase por el molino.
\root ma:
\root pe:wa
\nse The etymology of pe:wa is uncertain, though perhaps it is related to pe:wia , which is translated often translated as"arrear"or"empujar"(see RS). Note
that in Tetelcingo, Morelos, the form pe:wa is given as meaning"arrear."Another, less likely, possibility is that in ma:pe:wa the verbal element is related
to pe:wa , meaning"vencer."When used in the applicative form it has a vulgar sense. In a story told by Joaquín Herrera the word tema:pe:wa is used.
Apparently the intensifier is used to indicate the action of pushing off a cliff or pushing down.
\grm Reduplication short vowel: note the following example: /Nikmamape:was notix ipan moli:noh/ 'I will push my ground nextamahli through the mill.' This is
perhaps a classic example of reduplication, with the reduplication capturing the repeated and constant pushing that occurs as maize dough is ground.
\grm te- intensifier: In a story told by Joaquín Herrera the word tema:pe:wa is used. Apparently the intensifier is used to indicate the action of pushing off a cliff
or pushing down.
\semref xope:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04989
\lxam tla:kayo
\lxam_c i:tla:kayo
\lxoa tla:kayo
\lxoa_c i:tla:kayo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-yo
\infn N2
\sense_e torso
\sense_s torso
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Yo:ka:miliw itla:kayo. Kwalo:, yo:pe:w tli:liwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His torso has darkened. He's sick, he's begun to turn dark.
\phrase_s Su torso ya empezóa ponerse morenito. Estáenfermo, ya se le empezóa poner la piel más negro.
\sense_e back
\sense_s espalda
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:ka
\nse Roberto Mauricio utilizes tla:kayo to refer to the back, as a term equivalent to tla:kapan. However, most other consultants from this village utilize this to
refer to the torso, as it is used in Ameyaltepec.
\qry Check for /tla:kayo:tl/. Make sure of meaning of both 'body' and 'torso.'
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\ref 04990
\lxam tlapahloh
\lxam_c tlapahloh
\lxoa tlapahloh
\lxoa_c tlapahloh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-h/wa/tia
\trans Compl
\sense_e to be decoratively painted (see tlámachyóh)
\sense_s estar pintado con decoración (véase tlámachyóh)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Nikneki se: a:matl yewan i tlapahloh
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I want an amate that is already painted.
\phrase_s Quiero un amate ya pintado.
\sense_e painted (with one color, like a rosquete, a type of hard ring-shaped bread covered with a hard, sticky red sugary substance)
\sense_s pintado (con un color, como un rosquete)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root pa:
\qry Check this adjectival as my original file card had /yewam itlapahlo/. Yet since /yewam/ 'one that is' is a relativizer, it would seem that /i tlapahloh/ is the correct transcription. Check
\vl Link 1st male token.
\ref 04991
\lxam a:mai:xmatki
\lxam_c a:mai:xmatki
\lxoa a:mai:xmatki
\lxoa_c a:mai:xmatki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N-Ag
\der N-ag-ki
\sense_e person who is literate; person who knows how to read and write
\sense_s alfabetizado; que sabe leer y escribir
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nia:mai:xmatki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I know how to read.
\phrase_s Yo séleer.
\phrase_n Yewa xa:mai:xmatki, xtlah o:wel -xtlah weli-
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He isn't illiterate, he didn't learn a thing (can't do anything).
\phrase_s Es analfabeto, no aprendiónada (no puede hacer nada).
\root a:ma
\root i:x
\root mati
\semref a:mai:xmatke:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref a:mai:xmatke:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04992
\lxam chiko:me
\lxam_c chiko:me
\lxoa chiko:me
\lxoa_c chiko:me
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Num
\compound S-Num
\der Num-b
\sense_e seven (as numerical modifier)
\sense_s siete (como modificador numérico)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e seven (of them, used pronominally)
\sense_s siete (de ellos, usado como pronombre)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root chik
\root o:me
\ref 04993
\lxam wentli
\lxam_c wentli
\lxoa wentli
\lxoa_c wentli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e offering left in the church or at any altar (candles, flowers, etc., that are taken to the church and left there or, as in the case of certain foods such as elotes,
atole, squash, are later distributed)
\sense_s ofrenda dejada en la iglesia o sobre cualquier altar (velas, flores, etc., que se llevan a la iglesa y alláse dejan, o, como en el caso de ciertas comidas como elotes, atole,
calabaza, se comparten posteriormente)
\sense_d Pending
\root wen
\qry Make sure that this can refer to offerings in house altars and before crosses and their altars in the fields and countryside.
\ref 04994
\lxam tlapowa
\lxam_c kitlapowa
\lxoa tlapowa
\lxoa_c kitlapowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to open (e.g., a drawer, door, etc.)
\sense_s abrir (p. ej., un cajón, puerta, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to clear (e.g., a field or garden by removing the weeds)
\sense_s limpiar (p. ej., un terreno o campo de maleza)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlapo un tlato:ktli, ma:ka mopan tlatila:wis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Open up a space around the planted plants, don't let everything get overgrown on you!
\phrase_s ¡ábrele un espacio alrededor de las plantas sembradas, quéno se te vaya a cubrir de maleza!
\phrase_n O:tlaximiktih. We:i o:kito:kak, san o:kiyo:kolih, xo:kitlapoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He allowed (his field) to become overgrown with weeds. He planted a lot, he provoked it (it was his fault), he didn't weed it.
\phrase_s Dejóque (su milpa) se llenara de maleza. Le sembrómucho;él lo provocó, no lo limpió.
\root tlapo
\nse In Ameyaltepec, and probably in Oapan, when used with the nonspecific nonhuman object tla- the sense is of 'to open up (a building) by opening up the door.' Thus
ma nitlatlapo is 'Let me open up!' (as in a store, early in the morning). With long vowel reduplication and a specific object (in Ameyaltepec, at least), the general
reference is to an iterative opening up of things, such as all the windows in a house. Thus, ma nikintla:tlapo 'Let me open them (windows)!' The form ?
tlatla:tlapowa with a nonspecific tla- before the reduplicated (with long vowel) stem is not accepted in Ameyaltepec.
\nae The progressive in Oapan is kitlápotók ; in Ameyaltepec it is o:kitlapoh.
\qry Recheck progressive and perfective.
\xref tlapowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04995
\lxam tsonteki
\lxam_c kitsonteki
\lxoa tsonteki
\lxoa_c kitsonteki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to cut off (e.g., the branch of a tree)
\sense_s cortar (atravesando por completo algo que por eso se cae, como un tronco o rama de unárbol)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to amputate (e.g., a limb)
\sense_s amputar (parte de un cuerpo)
\sense_d Pending
\root tson
\root teki
\disamb cutting, chopping, etc.
\nse In general tsonteki refers to the action of cutting completely through something, cutting it off or spliting it in two with a machete or axe. It contrasts with
teki , which is a more general and unmarked term for cutting and is used both for cutting into the surface of things (such as cutting sb's arm with a knife) and to cutting
through objects (such as paper, cloth, etc.) with scissors or knives.
\xref tlatsonteki
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04996
\lxam tsi:ntsomonia
\lxam_c kitsi:ntsomonia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to rip the bottom of (e.g., a box, plastic bucket, etc.; see tsi:ntlapa:na)
\sense_s romperle el fondo a (p. ej., una caja, cubeta de plástico, etc.; véase tsi:ntlapa:na)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ma:ka yetí:k, tiktsi:ntsomo:ni:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't let it be so heavy, you'll rip its bottom (e.g., of a box)!
\phrase_s ¡Quéno sea tan pesado, le vas a romper el fondo (p. ej., de una caja)!
\root tsi:n
\root tsomo:
\grm In Oapan one can use the intransitive tsi:ntsomoni to refer to what happens to a melon, however, this would never be used transitively. Even so, however, no
one person whould ever do this voluntarily or volitionallly, hence FM's reluctanct to use the transitive kitsi:ntsomo:nia.
\ref 04997
\lxam tlakukwaltekomatl
\lxam_c i:tlakukwaltekon
\lxoa tlá:kwaltekómatl
\lxoa_c tlá:kwaltekómatl
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e crop (of a chicken, turkey, and other birds)
\sense_s buche (de una gallina, guajolote, y otros pájaros)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:tlakukwaltekon pio, ka:n nosentla:lia itlakwal, tlayo:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A chicken's crop, it is where it's food, maize, collects.
\phrase_s El buche de una gallina, es donde se junta su comida, maíz.
\semfld body
\semfld animal
\root kwa
\root tekom
\fl te:temetlatl
\qry Check for the nominalization: /tlakukwahli/.
\semref te:temetlatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04998
\lxam tisi
\lxam_c tisi
\lxoa tisi
\lxoa_c tisi
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers -lo
\allomorph Palatalization
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to grind nextamahli on a metate
\sense_s moler nixtamal sobre un metate
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to pretend to grind maize; to play at grinding maize
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) jugar a moler maíz
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Titisi ipan memetlatl ika memetlapihli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She pretends to be grinding corn on a play metate with a play metlapile.
\phrase_s Finge moler maíz sobre un metate de juego con un mano de metate de juego.
\root tisi
\disamb paya:na; tixtla:lia
\nse Although the distinction is not always observed, tisi usually refers to the grinding of nextamahli on a metate, as opposed to tlapaya:na ,
which involves grinding in a hand or electric mill (molino).
\nae During fieldwork in Ameyaltepec I documented several forms of the impersonal: tisilo , tixi:lo , and tixi:wa. However, the second,
tixi:lo , is by far the most common. In Oapan only tisilo has been documented, with a short /i/.
\qry Check impersonal forms. My notes have recorded all three forms listed.
\grm Reduplication with short vowel: /Titisi ipan memetlatl ika memetlapihli/ 'She pretends to be grinding corn on a play metate with a play metlapile.' Note the use of short vowel
reduplication in nouns to indicate play things; in verbs is means to play at doing Verb.
\xref tixi:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 04999
\lxam one:wi:tia
\lxam_c kone:wi:tia
\lxoa one:wi:tia
\lxoa_c kone:wi:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Dir-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to send on ones way (e.g., sb one does not want to see)
\sense_s mandar salir (p. ej., algn que uno no quiere ver); despachar (a algn, para que se vaya)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semref one:wi:ltia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\root e:wa
\ref 05000
\lxam sinpepenke:tl
\lxam_c sinpepenke:tl
\lxoa sé:mpenké:tl
\lxoa_c sé:mpenké:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e person who gathers up dried ears of corn as they are harvested
\sense_s persona que pepena mazorcas durante la cosecha
\sense_d Oa
\root sin
\root pena
\nse The processes of harvesting dried corn is different in Ameyaltepec and Oapan. In Ameyaltepec harvesters walk between two rows of maize each carrying a net
bag(a:ya:tl). The mazorcas are placed in the bag until it is full. The harvester then takes the bag to the side of the field where they are stuffed into a sack
to be taken back to the village. In Oapan each harvester pulls the mazorca off the plant and tosses into a nearby pile. Another person then gathers them up and stuffs them into a
sack. This second person is a sé:mpenké:tl.
\ref 05001
\lxam tlatoto:nka:kwa:ni
\lxam_c tlatoto:nka:kwa:ni
\lxoa tlatoto:nka:kwa:ni
\lxoa_alt tlatoto:nka:kwa:ne
\lxoa_c tlatoto:nka:kwa:ne, tlatoto:nka:kwa:ni
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound Mod-N
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e person who eats food while it is very hot
\sense_s persona que come la comida cuando todavía estámuy caliente
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Titlatoto:nka:kwa:ni, kohtik motlan.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e You eat food when its really hot, your mouth (lit., 'teeth') is very strong.
\phrase_s Comes la comida muy caliente, tienes la boca (lit., 'dientes') muy fuerte.
\root to:n
\root kwa
\mod Determine how to code in com field words such as these. Nominalizations!
\ref 05002
\lxam tsatsapalin
\lxam_c tsatsapalin
\lxoa tsatsapalin
\lxoa_c tsatsapalin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\lexical rdp-s
\lexical_d Am, Oa
\sense_e type of fish, apparently called mojarra in Spanish
\sense_s tipo de pez, aparentementeél que se llama mojarra
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\root tsapal
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1989:270-71) has 19 entries of various types of mojarras and mojarritas, including several specifically designated as being
fresh-water fish.
\ref 05003
\lxam a:poposoktli
\lxam_c a:poposoktli
\lxoa a:poposohtli
\lxoa_c a:poposohtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-ni-k
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e foam from water, or any other liquid (from white water and rapids)
\sense_s espuma de agua o de cualquier otro líquido (de los rápidos en un río o las olas turbulentas del mar)
\sense_d Pending
\root a:
\root poso:
\mod Originally I had this as possesionable, and as possibly referring to the head on a beer /Kipia i:a:poposokio/; but C. Flores stated that one would instead simply say /kipia
i:poposokio/ and that /a:poposoktli/ is only found unpossessed.
\ref 05004
\lxam tlake:ntli de xo:chioh
\lxam_c tlake:ntli de xo:chioh
\lxoa tlaké:nxoxó:chioh
\lxoa_c tlaké:nxoxó:chioh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1/2; Aln
\sense_e see xo:chioh
\sense_s véase xo:chioh
\sense_d Pending
\grm Oapan phonology: note that there is no deletion of /n/ in this case.
\ref 05005
\lxam sakatl
\lxam_c sakatl
\lxoa sakatl
\lxoa_c sakatl
\lxgen sakatl
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\sense_e generic name for grasses, all of which are in the botanical family Gramineae, although this family includes plants (e.g., a:katl (Am)) not considered
sakatl)
\sense_s nombre genérico para zacates, todos los cuales son de la familia botánica Gramineae, aunque esta familia incluye plants (p. ej., a:katl (Am)) que no se
consideran sakatl)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (poss. with -yo) the blade of plants such as grass and maize that is attached directly to the stalk
\sense_s (pos. con -yo) la hojas de ciertas plantas, que sale directamente del tallo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root saka
\nse There is also a type of agave called sakamexkahli.
\mod Add def. of Fernando Lara to definition.
\ref 05006
\lxam tlakwalchi:wa
\lxam_c tlakwalchi:wa
\lxoa tlakwalchi:wa
\lxoa_c tlakwalchi:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to prepare food
\sense_s preparar la comida
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wel tlakwalchi:wa, xkipolowa suwa:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He can prepare food, he doesn't need a woman.
\phrase_s El puede preparar comida, no le hace falta una mujer.
\root kwa
\root chi:wa
\ref 05007
\lxam ki:tskiltia
\lxam_c kiki:tskiltia
\lxoa ki:tsiltia
\lxoa_c kiki:tsiltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make (sb) hold or grab (sth)
\sense_s hacer agarrar o sostener (algo)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to attach or join (one thing to another)
\sense_s juntar (una cosa con otra)
\sense_d Pending
\root ki:tski
\fl ki:tskia
\mod Determine how best to translate words such as these in the /se and /ss definitions. Add example sentences. Check meaning of /tla-/ as in /ne:chtlaki:tskilia/.
\xref ki:tskia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref ki:tsia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05008
\lxam kekexkia
\lxam_c kekexkia
\lxoa kékexiá
\lxoa_c kékexiá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Adj
\lexical rdp-s-
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to itch; to have an itch
\sense_s escocer; tener comezón
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Melá:h nikekexkia, san nimouwa:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I really itch, I'm just scratching myself.
\phrase_s De veras tengo comenzón, nada más me la paso rasgando.
\root kex
\nse Other dialects, such as Tetelcingo, have kekexiwi , although Classical has kekexkia. The root, therefore, seems clearly to be kex , with
what seems to be a lexicalized reduplication (understandable given the nature of the action and situation: itching). Although the derivational process is unclear, it would appear
possible to place this word within the -ki/ya/lia paradigm.
\qry Check the causative/transitive form and on the basis of what is determined, change /cat data. The transitive should, probably, be ?/kekexkilia/ 'it makes me itch'.
\ref 05009
\lxam tla:laktia
\lxam_c kitla:laktia
\lxoa tla:lahtia
\lxoa_c kitla:lahtia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to place in the ground
\sense_s plantar; enterrar (en el sentido de meter parcialmente en la tierra)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkoyo:ni para tiktla:lakti:skeh toxo:chiw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Dig a small hole (in the ground) so that we can plant our flower!
\phrase_s ¡Excava un pequeño hoyo (en la tierra) para que podamos plantar nuestra flor!
\root tla:l
\root ak
\disamb tla:laktia; tla:lto:ka; to:ka
\qry Check for /tla:laki/.
\semref tla:lto:ka
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05010
\lxam kuwmalakatl
\lxam_c kuwmalakatl
\lxoa komalakatl
\lxoa_c komalakatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e thrown stick that spins through the air"head over heels"
\sense_s garrote, palo o trozo aventado que va girando
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (fig.) to fly head over heels (i.e., to fall)
\sense_s (fig.) rodar (en caer)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:niwa:hlah a:sta ke:n kuwmalakatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I fell (lit. 'came') head over heels (i.e., like a thrown stick).
\phrase_s Caí(lit. vine) rodando (esto es, como un palo aventado).
\root kow
\root malaka
\qry Check both /kuhmalakatl/ and /komalakawia/ to determine whether there really is a difference between the two forms Note that in another entry I have komalakawia
, meaning 'to throw a stick (that tumbles through the air) at.' The verbal instrumental with the -wia suffix is clearly a derivation of this present entry,
kuhmalakatl. However, the variation of the initial element ko vs. kuh although problematical in one sense, does reveal the historical
connection between these two elements. However, in listening to the Oapan form I noted now that there does not seem to be an aspiration between /o/ and /m/; this should be
checked.
\root_notes If the evidence shows that both /kuhmalakatl/ and /komalakawia/ are correct, then this evidence of a relationship between /ko-/ and /kuh-/ should be entered into the root
dictionary notes.
\ref 05011
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /po:so:hli de nextamahli/, but since all pozole is of /nextamahli/ this phrase has no sense and has been removed.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 05012
\lxam tlawe:li:lo:k
\lxam_c tlawe:li:lo:k
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn N1
\sense_e Devil; accursed
\sense_s Diablo; malvado
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n I:kone:w tlawe:li:lo:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is the Devil's child.
\phrase_s Es el hijo del Diablo.
\root tlawe:l
\ref 05013
\lxam i:xtakakone:tl
\lxam_c i:xtakakone:tl
\lxoa i:xtakakone:tl
\lxoa_c i:xtakakone:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound Adv-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e illegitimate child, one born out of wedlock
\sense_s hijo ilegítimo o natural, concebido fuera del matrimonio
\sense_d Pending
\root i:xtaka
\root kone:
\ref 05014
\lxam i:joh
\lxam_c i:jóh
\lxoa i:joh
\lxoa_c i:joh
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\loan hijo (a)
\loan_t Spn
\psm N
\infn N2
\der N-b
\infn Gender; N0/2; Aln(0=2)
\sense_e (vocative) son or daughter, son-in-law or daughter-in-law, or, by extension, an affection address to any child (boy or girl)
\sense_s (vocativo) hijo o hija, yerno o yerna, y por extensión, un término de afecto para cualquier niño o niña
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (alienable possession) son or daughter
\sense_s (posesión enajenable) hijo o hija
\sense_d Pending
\nse When possessed this borrowed term is used to reference a son or daughter only. As a vocative, however, it has a much wider use. It is used to address not only sons and daughters,
but sons-in-law and daughters-in-law as well as children addressed in an endearing way (in one entry I recorded that it is used with children less than about 12 years old, in another I
refer to age as under 8). However, in such cases often the diminutives are used, iji:toh and iji:tah. The Ameyaltepec citation form is the
vocative.
\ref 05015
\lxam tlakwilo:hli
\lxam_c tlakwilo:hli
\lxoa tlákwiló:hlí
\lxoa_c tlákwiló:hlí
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e writing; penmanship
\sense_s letra; escritura (en cuanto a la forma en que uno escribe)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xniki:xmati motlakwilo:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I can't make out your writing (penmanship).
\phrase_s No entiendo tu letra (esto es, me es difícil leerla).
\root hkwil
\vl Link 1st female token.
\ref 05016
\lxam tsotsokoltik
\lxam_c tsotsokoltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infa tik>tikeh
\sense_e to be studded; to be bumpy (e.g., the branch of a tree with the bark stripped off that has small pimple-like protruding bumps, a metlapile or
molcajete, etc.)
\sense_s tener protuberancias pequeñas como bolitas, como algo tachonado (la rama de unárbol con la cáscara quitada donde quedan algunas protuberancias como granitos, un
metlapile o molcajete, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to be rough (e.g., the surface of a tla:lchikiwtli (Am), the bottom of a file for shaving wood, the surface of a grater, sandpaper, mortar that has dried on a
wall, etc.)
\sense_s estar rasposo; estaráspero; no ser liso (p. ej., la superficie de un tla:lchikiwtli , un raspador para madera o un rallador de queso, papel lija, mezcla secada
sobre una pared, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\disamb chakayoltik; tsotsokoltik; tesontik, tewistik
\root tsokol
\nse Luis Lucena stated that there was no distinction between tsotsokoltik and chakayoltik.
\nae Although the verbal base for this adjectival has not been documented, the form of tsotsokoltik strongly suggests a verbal derivation, perhaps ?
tsotsokoliwi.
\mod Illustrate all surfaces. See illustration on original 3x5 filecard.
\qry_h Check SJ for possibility of /h/. I have assumed that the reduplicant is CVh here, for purposes of coding.
\ref 05017
\lxam chinawi
\lxam_c chinawi
\lxoa chinawi
\lxoa_cpend chinawi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e see chichinawi
\sense_s véase chichinawi
\sense_d Pending
\xref tlachinawi
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Am
\xref tláchináwi
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05018
\lxam tomi:n
\lxam_c tomi:n
\lxoa tomi:n
\lxoa_c tomi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan tomin
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e money (in general)
\sense_s dinero (en general)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlah tomi:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is no money!
\phrase_s ¡No hay dinero!
\phrase_n Yewa notomi:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That's my money!
\phrase_s ¡Eso es mi dinero!
\phrase_n Kipia tomi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has money (i.e., he is rich).
\phrase_s Tiene dinero (esto es, es rico).
\sense_e twelve and a half centavos (old money measure)
\sense_s doce centavos y medio (antigua medida de dinero)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikpia san o:me tomi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I only have 25 centavos.
\phrase_s Solamente tengo 25 centavos.
\phrase_n San se: tomi:n kipia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just as 12.5 centavos.
\phrase_s Nada más tiene 12.5 centavos.
\nse The word tomi:n is a borrowing from the Spanish tomín, originally from Arabic. In the Americas it was a common term for a certain type of silver
coin. In Spain it represented a third of an adarme and one-eight of a castellano. Among the oldest speakers of Nahuatl, at least in Ameyaltepec, tomi:n , as well as
rreá:l can be used to refer to a monetary sum of twelve and a half centavos. This is no longer used, but in the mid-1980s the eldest speakers still remembered this
meaning.
\mod In a final recheck of this noun in May 1986, it was apparent that this final /i:/ is long and should be changed to such in all entries if necessary. Nevertheless.... check.
\ref 05019
\lxam kukweptok
\lxam_c kukweptok
\lxoa ko:koptok
\lxoa_c ko:koptok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am); Lex. rdp-l (Oa)
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be different; to be changed
\sense_s ser diferente; estar cambiado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kukweptok itlato:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His speech (in this case his dialect) is different.
\phrase_s Sus palabras (esto es, en este caso su dialecto) es diferente.
\sense_e to be various and different (e.g., items bought in a store; things displayed)
\sense_s ser variado y diferente (p. ej., cosas compradas en una tienda)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikwa:hkik miák kukweptok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I brought of lot of different kinds of things.
\phrase_s Traje muchas cosas diferentes, surtidas.
\phrase_n Kukweptok tli:n kitlapahlo:tia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Each one of what he is painting is different.
\phrase_s Cada uno de los que estápintando es diferente.
\root kwepa
\nae At this point of lexicon development the Ameyaltepec headword (kukweptok) manifests short vowel reduplication (with the predictable reduction of
kwekwe- to kukwe-) and the Oapan headword (ko:koptok) manifests long vowel reduplication. Unfortunately the precise semantics of
each form has not been adequately determined. From the contexts of its utterance, the Ameyaltepec form definitely has the meanings ascribed to it above. However, the Oapan form
was elicited in the context of producing sound files for lexical entries and may represent a distinct semantics.
\qry I have usually heard this used in the reduplicated form. However, I do believe that /kweptok/ also exists; this should be checked and the meaning difference between the two
determined.
\ref 05020
\lxam tla:kapan
\lxam_c tla:kapan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-pan
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e place of men (in the metaphorical sense of a place with more money, that is more"macho"); place that is wealthier and better off
\sense_s lugar de hombres (en el sentido metafórico de un lugar con más dinero, bienes, etc.); lugar que es más rico y con una vida mejor
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ma:s tla:kapan nika:n. Nika:n ma:s u:nkah tomi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here it is more a place of men (members of one village bragging to men from another). Here there is more money.
\phrase_s Aquíes más un lugar de hombres (miembros de una comunidad jactándose a los de otro). Aquíhay más dinero.
\phrase_n Nika:n ma tontlachiaka:n! Nika:n tla:kapan. Abé:r deke te:chmakan tli:n tiktlatlaniskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let´s take a peek here! This place is better off. Let's see if they give us what were are going to request (e.g., maize, sesame, etc., in loan).
\phrase_s ¡Vamos a asomarnos por aquí! Este lugar se ve mejor (con mejor vida). A ver si nos dan lo que vamos a pedir (p. ej., maíz, anjojolín, etc., en préstamo).
\root tla:ka
\root_rel -pan
\nse The meaning of tla:kapan is related to the metaphoric use of"man,"as in xtitla:katl? 'Aren't you a man?' which, when said to a man, questions his
economic viability, his ability to drink, etc. Tla:kapan , therefore, refers to a place that is known for, or claims for itself, a great amount of wealth. It is most often used
in the bragging that takes places between men of one village or another, or in reference to a village that is relatively well off in comparison to others.
\ref 05021
\lxam ilpi:tsa
\lxam_c kilpi:tsa
\lxoa ilpi:tsa
\lxoa_c kilpi:tsa
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp S-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(ts)
\allomorph i-epen
\sense_e to blow lightly on the surface of (e.g., a tabletop to blow off the dust, a fire so that it flares a little; beans and grain to remove the chaff)
\sense_s soplarle ligeramente a la superficie de (p. ej., de una mesa para quitarle el polvo; un fuego para que llamee; frijoles y granos para quitarle la paja)
\sense_d Pending
\root il
\root pi:tsa
\qry Check etymology, i.e. roots of words in /il/ or /el/ and words with /pi:ts/.
\ref 05022
\lxam akilia
\lxam_c kakilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to put or place (sth) inside a container or an enclosed place for (sb)
\sense_s meter (algo) dentro de un lugar o espacio cerrado para (algn)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ne: xkakili!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Put it in there for him!
\phrase_s ¡Ponselo allá!
\phrase_n Xkakili:ti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go to put it in for him!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a meterlo paraél!
\root ak
\xref akia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 05023
\lxam a:toto:ni:hli
\lxam_c a:toto:ni:hli
\lxoa a:to:ni:hli
\lxoa_c a:to:ni:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\lexical Lex. rdp-s* (Am)
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e hot water
\sense_s agua caliente
\sense_d Pending
\root a:
\root to:na
\nae As is often the case in the variation between Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl with the root to:n, the Ameyaltepec form has invariable reduplication of the root
whereas the Oapan form does not. The reason for this is not clear.
\qry_fon The spectrogram of this word seems to provide a good illustration of words with 3 consecutive long vowels.
\grm Reduplication: As is often the case in the variation between Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl with the root to:n, the Ameyaltepec form has invariable
reduplication of the root whereas the Oapan form does not. The reason for this is not clear.
\ref 05024
\lxam a:pi:tsalistli
\lxam_c a:pi:tsalistli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e diarrea; the runs
\sense_s diarrea; chorro
\sense_d Am
\root a:
\root pi:tsa
\semref tlano:ki:hli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05025
\lxam ko:kotitlan
\lxam_c iko:kotitlan
\lxoa kó:kotítlan
\lxoa_alt kó:kotítlah
\lxoa_pr kó:kotítlan
\lxoa_c i:kó:kotítlah, i:kó:kotítlan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-titlan
\infn N2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e throat
\sense_s garganta
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\disamb ko:koh
\root ko:koh
\root_rel -titlan
\nse According to one consultant, ko:kotitlan refers to the inside of the throat, the part just above the"V"formed by the top of ones chest bones and collar bone.
\qry Check difference between /ko:koh/ and /ko:kotitlan/. In one notecard I have recorded that /ko:kotitlan/ is equivalent to /kopa:k/.
\vl Link 1st female token and 2nd male token.
\grm Final /n/: It seems to often be the case that final /n/ goes to /h/ with certain postpositions. One is /-pan/ and the other is /-tlan/. The tokens here are a good example of the
variation in final nasals. However, note that except in a very few cases, an /h/ derived from /n/ is not the same as an /h/ on the surface from underlying /h/. These latter
motivate pitch accent when in non-phrase final position.
\ref 05026
\lxam kuchi:yah
\lxam_alt i:kochi:yah
\lxam_c kuchi:yah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan cuchillo (?)
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N2
\sense_e crotch (often of the type of cotton pants called kalsones in Spanish and, by extension, the opening in front of the pants)
\sense_s la tela cosida entre las piernas del calzón (y, por extensión, la parte abierta de estos pantalones)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n I:to:ka: ikochi:yah tokaltso:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (is called) the kochi:yah of the calzón.
\phrase_s Se llama la kochi:yah del calzón.
\phrase_n Kipia kuchi:yah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has an opening for the fly.
\phrase_s Tiene una abertura para la bragueta.
\semfld clothing
\ency_note kalson
\nse Kuchi:yah refers to the diamond-shaped piece of material that is sewn into the crotch of kalzones, making them baggy. It also apparently refers to the
open slit (fly) in the front of these pants.
\mod Do a diagram of the calson, along with other types of clothes.
\ref 05027
\lxam kwa:pa:ya:ti
\lxam_c kwa:pa:ya:ti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to become woozy or dizzy; to become light-headed
\sense_s ponerse mareado o aturdido; sentirse como embriagado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nikwa:pa:ya:t, mláyo:nitoto:niak, xok itlah niknemilia nikchi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got woozy, I really got a fever, I no longer think of doing anything.
\phrase_s Me sentímareado, tuve calentura, ya no pienso en hacer nada.
\root kwa:
\root pa:ya:
\grm Note use of /itlah/: /Yo:nikwa:pa:ya:t, mláyo:nitoto:niak, xok itlah niknemilia nikchi:was/ 'I got woozy, I really got a fever, I no longer think of doing anything.' Note the use
of /itlah/ in this construction.
\xref kwa:pa:ya:tilia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\semref pa:ya:kwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05028
\lxam yo:ltamahli
\lxam_c yo:ltamahli
\lxoa yo:ltamahli
\lxoa_c yo:ltamahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e see yo:ltamalteh (Am) / yo:ltamalteh(Oa)
\sense_s véase yo:ltamalteh (Am) / yo:ltamalteh(Oa)
\sense_d Pending
\ref 05029
\lxam chichikil
\lxam_c chichikil
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e see techichikil (Am)
\sense_s véase techichikil (Am)
\sense_d Pending
\root chikil
\qry It may well be that there is no form in Am without /te/ (i.e., that only /techichikil/ exists)
\semref té:chikíl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05030
\lxam tlantekpa:ntok
\lxam_c tlantekpa:ntok
\lxoa tlantehpa:ntok
\lxoa_c tlantehpa:ntok
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\compound N(poss)-Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to have teeth in line (i.e., not missing and straight)
\sense_s tener los dientes alineados (esto es, no faltante y no chuecos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlantetekpa:ntok, ni:n se: xwetsi itlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has straight teeth, not even one of his teeth has fallen out.
\phrase_s Tiene los dientes alineados, ni uno se ha caído.
\root tlan
\root tekpa:n
\vl Note that there are no decent male tokens of this word; don't even tag the erroneous male forms /tlantempa:ntok/ (with an /m/). On the other hand Florencia pronounces it
correctly some times and wrongly the others. Only tag the correct pronunciations. Then link one of these, perhaps the last or penultimate.
\semref tekpa:ntok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tehpa:ntok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05031
\lxam ma:poxtli
\lxam_c ma:poxtli
\lxoa ma:poxtli
\lxoa_c ma:poxtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e left hand
\sense_s la mano izquierda
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Moma:xiw, no: tlakwilowa ika ma:poxtli ke:n tewa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's your counterpart with his hand, he also writes with his left hand like you.
\phrase_s Es tu compañero de mano, también escribe con la izquierda como tú.
\sense_e (often with i:pan) to the left
\sense_s (a menudo con i:pan) a la izquierda
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tikasiskeh ipan ma:poxtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We will take the path to the left.
\phrase_s Vamos a agarrar para la izquierda.
\root ma:
\root opoch
\mod In one entry I have noted that all entries should be recorded with a short /o/: /ma:poxtli/. This should be the form in all cases.
\ref 05032
\lxam itla:wi:l ara:doh
\lxam_c itla:wi:l ara:doh
\lxoa a:rá:do i:tlá:wi:l
\lxoa_pr a:ra:doh i:tla:wi:l
\lxoa_c a:rá:do i:tlá:wi:l
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan arado
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e Sirius (lit., 'the light of ara:doh)
\sense_s sirius (lit., 'la luz de ara:doh)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld heavens
\fl tla:wi:hli
\ency_note si:tlalin
\nse Besides the Morning Star (atole:roh), this is the only star that I have documented that has a specific name.
\qry Check speeling of /atole:roh/ for link.
\qry_fon Check vowel length in Am form; recheck with phonetician length of initial /a:/ in Oapan form.
\vl Link 1st female token.
\ref 05033
\lxam asika:mati
\lxam_c kasika:mati
\lxoa ásika:máti
\lxoa_pr asika:mati
\lxoa_c kásika:máti
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp V-ka-V2
\der V2-b
\pitch yes-lex
\infv Irregular; see mati
\sense_e to understand the meaning of
\sense_s entender el sentido
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xnikasika:mati, oksepa xne:chihli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't understand it, tell me again!
\phrase_s No lo entiendo,¡dímelo otra vez!
\root ahsi
\root mati
\semref ásika:káki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05034
\lxam a:tiowa
\lxam_c a:tiowa
\lxoa a:tiowa
\lxoa_c a:tiowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\impers Am, Oa
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to get full of or covered with lice
\sense_s empiojarse
\sense_d Pending
\root a:t
\nse Getting covered with lice is considered a te:tsa:wtli , bad omen; see te:tsa:wtli.
\ref 05035
\lxam e:kchi:wa
\lxam_c ke:kchi:wa
\lxoa e:hchi:wa
\lxoa_c ke:hchi:wa; tlaye:hchi:wa
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\allomorph y-epenthesis
\gloss_e to.fix
\gloss_s arreglar
\sense_e to fix; to repair (sth broken or in a poor state)
\sense_s componer; arreglar (algo descompuesto o en ruina)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nika:n nitlaye:kchi:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm fixing things up here.
\phrase_s Aquí estoy arreglando.
\phrase_n Newa nike:kchi:was, newa niweli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll be the one to fix it, I can do it.
\phrase_s Yo voy a componerlo, yo lo puedo hacer.
\phrase_n Tlaye:hka:n u:nkah ne: tio:pan, kwahli o:tlaye:kchi:hkeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is a well cared for place there in the church, they fixed it up nicely (i.e., painting it, putting in lights, tiles, etc.)
\phrase_s Es un lugar bien cuidado alláen la iglesia, la arreglaron bien (p. ej., pintándola, poniéndole luz, colocando loza, etc.).
\sense_e to make; to fabricate (particularly things that involve several parts)
\sense_s hacer; fabricar (particularmente cosas que tienen varias partes)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kipa:xowan mexkahli de meská:l para ke:kchi:waskeh meská:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They grind up the type of maguey used to make mescal in order to make mescal.
\phrase_s Trituran el maguey de mescal para fabricar mescal.
\sense_e to prepare (food involving several ingredients, such as atole, cheese, etc.)
\sense_s preparar (comida con varios ingredientes, como atole, queso, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ke:kchi:waskeh a:to:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They will prepare atole.
\phrase_s Van a preparar atole.
\sense_e (refl. + rdp.s.h) to look or come alive
\sense_s (refl. + rdp.s.h) alivianarse; animarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmeek:chi:wa, ma:ka san xmotsotsontoka!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Look alive, don't just be with your head bowed over!
\phrase_s ¡Anímate, no estés nada más con la cabeza agachada!
\root e:k
\root chi:wa
\ency_note chi:wa
\nae An epenthetic /y/ is always inserted after the nonspecific object tla- : tlaye:kchi:wa , which is used to indicate the general activity of making, preparing,
fixing, etc.
\mod Determine the difference between /e:kchi:wa/, /-chi:wa/, and /-chichi:wa/. Apparently /-chi:wa/ refers to an activity in general (such as feeding an animal, chopping down a tree, etc.),
i.e., 'to do' in the sense of 'to perform' a task. The other two refer to the creation of some material object, though /e:kchi:wa/ also may indicate the action of fixing something.
\vl There are four tokens from 00426. These should of course be tagged with 5035. However, they should not be used for the links. The two linked words should be taken from
the ones here recorded at 5035. The first female token here at 5035 is /ke:hchi:wah/ with a final aspiration. This should be tagged but definitely not chosen for the link.
Then there are 4 tokens (2 F and 2 M) of /ke:hchi:wa/ and 4 tokens of /tlaye:hchi:wa/. Chose one female and male from each. Teh final file should have 4 concatenated
sound files as indicated above.
\xref e:kchi:wilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref e:hchi:wilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05036
\lxam ma:koko:pi:l
\lxam_c ma:koko:pi:l
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e (often with short vowel reduplication ma:koko:pi:l) to be slow with ones hands; to be slow-handed (used generally in reference to women)
\sense_s (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta: ma:koko:pi:l) ser despacio en trabajar con las manos (utilizado generalmente en referencia a las mujeres)
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root ko:pi:l
\nse This is a word only used in Ameyaltepec. In future versions of the dictionary it should be so coded. It refers to someone slow with their hands, and lazy. Literally, I have been told, it
refers to the fact that the person's hands are cupped and thus they cannot grind corn, make tortillas, etc. I have only heard it so used in reference to a woman.
\qry The fact that it only applies to women should be checked. Note also that in my original entry I had /ma:koko:pil/, with a short final /i/. However, in all other similar entries refering
to"slow-pokes"the /i/ was long. I have thus changed the above to a long vowel, but in the future this should be rechecked.
\semref ma:yo:li:k
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05037
\lxam tlatole:roh
\lxam_c tlatole:roh
\lxoa tlátolé:roh
\lxoa_c tlátolé:roh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (Sp) tlato:hli
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn Gender; N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e big-mouth; person who runs off at the mouth
\sense_s hablador
\sense_d Pending
\disamb tlatowa:ni; tlatole:roh; tlato:lwe:yak
\root hto
\ref 05038
\lxam te:ntlapachowa
\lxam_c kite:ntlapachowa
\lxoa te:ntlapachowa
\lxoa_c kite:ntlapachowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to cover the mouth of (usually with a cloth object, such as a scarf or paliacate)
\sense_s tapar la boca de (por lo común con un objeto de tela, como un rebozo o paliacate)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tle:ka note:ntlapachotok? Yes pa:mpa o:kite:niistehkeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Why does he have his mouth covered (e.g., with a paliacate)? It must be because someone (e.g., his girlfriend) pinched him on the chin.
\phrase_s ¿Por quétiene la boca tapada (p. ej., con un paliacate)? Debe ser porque alguien (p. ej., su novia) le pellizóel mentón.
\sense_e to cover the top of (e.g., an open water jug, a:ko:ntli) with cloth, fastening it around the rim with twine
\sense_s tapar la boca de (p. ej., una tinaja, a:ko:ntli) con una tela, amarrándola con un mecate por la borde superior
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xte:ntlapacho un ko:ntli, ma:ka kalakis itlah tli:no:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Cover the opening of that pot (by putting and tying a cloth around it), so that nothing get in (e.g., brush, flies, dirt, etc.)!
\phrase_s ¡Cúbrele la boca de esa olla (al colocar y amarrar una tela sobre ella), para que nada entre adentro (p. ej., basura, polvo, moscos, etc.)!
\root te:n
\root tlapach
\qry Undoubtedly /te:ntlapachiwi/ exists, but check and document.
\ref 05039
\lxam tlatsili:nia
\lxam_c tlatsili:nia
\lxoa tlatsili:nia
\lxoa_c tlatsili:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to ring the church bellows of village church
\sense_s tocar o hacer sonar las campanas de la iglesia del pueblo
\sense_d Pending
\semfld sound-material
\root tsili:
\xref tsili:nia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05040
\lxam te:kochpasoloke:tl
\lxam_c te:kochpasoloke:tl
\lxoa te:kóchpasóloké:tl
\lxoa_c te:kóchpasóloké:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e person who keeps others from sleeping (e.g., a drunk, sb who is singing, etc.)
\sense_s persona que inhibe que otros duerman (p. ej., un borracho, algn cantando, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root koch
\root pahsol
\nae There are two pitch accented syllables in Oapan te:kóchpasóloké:tl, with a third high pitched syllable resulting from phrasal intonation. The pitch accent is motivated by
two syllables with final underlying {h}: {te: + koch + pahsoloh + ke:tl}.
\qry Check to see if /-ki/ agentive is acceptable. In my original notes I had a long /o/ as in /te:kochpasoloke:tl/. Also, check precise meaning, can it just be a momentary activity, i.e., a
drunk who does not habitually keep people from sleeping.
\qry_fon Note that the final syllable, particularly of Florencia's pronunciation, has the pitch peak at mid-syllable.
\grm Agentive: note that in the case of /te:kochpasoloke:tl/ the implication is not that this is an agentive, i.e., someone who continually performs the action signified by the verb
(in this case keeping people from sleeping), but rather someone who is carrying out this action at a particlar moment. In other words, the ending /-ke:tl/ can be both 'one
who does Verb' as well as (as exemplified by this case of /te:kochpasoloke:tl/) 'one who is doing Verb.'
\grmx Oapan phonology: note the stress pattern in the following, which has an underlying {h} in /pasolowa/ and another stress pattern from the perfective before the agentive.
/te:kóchpasoloke:tl/. Note that the final syllable, particularly of Florencia's pronunciation, has the pitch peak at mid-syllable.
\ref 05041
\lxam te:ntetepon
\lxam_c te:ntetepon
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to have a short or broken off beak or blade
\sense_s ser rabón (e.g., un machete); ser mocho o roto (algo largo que tiene un"pico"o cuchilla)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Te:ntetepon momache:teh, o:yekapostek.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your machete's blade is short, its end broke off.
\phrase_s Tu machete es rabón, se le rompióla punta.
\phrase_n Te:ntetepon mopio, o:kiyekatehkeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your chicken has a short beak, they cut off its end.
\phrase_s Tu gallina tiene el pico rabón, le cortaron la punta.
\fla tetepon
\root te:n
\root tepon
\ref 05042
\lxam te:xkah
\lxam_c te:xkah
\lxoa te:xkah
\lxoa_c te:xkah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e bedbug
\sense_s chinche
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:xkah: nemi ipan tla:hli. Xpatla:ni. Ke:n chapolintsi:n noso koko:ktsi:n. Deke mitskwa:s no: wel mitski:xti:s moyesio.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Bedbugs are found on the ground. They don't fly. They are like little grasshoppers or koko:ktsi:n. If they bite you they can also extract your blood.
\phrase_s Los chinches habitan la tierra. No vuelan. Son como chapulincitos o koko:ktsi:n. Si te pican te pueden sacar sangre.
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root te:xkah
\nae Although the final /h/ was clear in the pronunciation I heard this does not necessarily mean that other speakers might have a final velarized /n/.
\ref 05043
\lxam wi:sakotl
\lxam_c wi:sakotl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e small, wild mouse-like animal, still not positively identified, though apparently called motita is Spanish
\sense_s pequeña mamalia silvestre, parecida al ratoncito y aparentemente llamado 'motitas' en español; todavía no identificado plenamente
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld mammal
\root wi:sako
\notes_nature Several consultants gave the Spanish name ratones for this animal. Cristino Flores stated that wi:sakotl refers to a type of large, striped
kowi:xin.
\qry At least one consultant identified this as a"rata."This should be checked.
\qry_fon In C. Flores pronunciation I seem to definitely hear a short final vowel.
\semref kimichin
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05044
\lxam kochistli
\lxam_c kochistli
\lxoa kochistli
\lxoa_c kochistli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-is
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e sleepiness
\sense_s sueño
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:ne:chasik kochistli, nikochisneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've been overtaken by sleep, I want to go to sleep.
\phrase_s Me ha agarrado el sueño, quiero dormir.
\sense_e (poss.) in the sleep of [possessor]
\sense_s (pos.) en el sueño de [poseedor]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nitla:lmik, o:ne:chmamuwtih nokochis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I became frightened in my sleep, unable to move or shout, it scared me in my sleep.
\phrase_s Me asustéentre sueño quedando sin poder mover ni gritar, me asustóen mi sueño.
\root kochi
\qry Check correctness of /o:ne:chmamuhtih nokochis/ and also meaning. Is 'in my sleep' correct?
\ref 05045
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be for /tsi:nketsa/ with a specific object prefix. It has been eliminated an one entry, 4172, is given.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Tag all Oapan words here with the number 4172, and see vl field there for instructions.
\ref 05046
\lxam kwa:momotsowa
\lxam_c kikwa:momotsowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*; Op. infix te- : kwa:temomotsowa
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to grab and pull the hair of
\sense_s agarrarle y jalarle el cabello a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nokwa:temomotsowan, nocho:kti:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They grab and pull each others hair, they will make each other cry.
\phrase_s Se agarran y jalan del cabello, se van a hacer llorar.
\disamb kwa:titila:na
\root kwa:
\root mots
\nse According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) this compound is not correct given that momotsowa is only used when the thing grasped is pulled out, like grasses that are
pulled up in weeding. Thus in Oapan one states tsontewila:na, more literally 'to pull the hair of.' Note that there is apparently a difference in Oapan Nahuatl between
momotsowa as 'to uproot' and te:motsowa as 'to grab and pull at.'
\grm Reduplication (semantics of): Note that there is apparently a difference in Oapan Nahuatl between momotsowa as 'to uproot' and te:motsowa as
'to grab and pull at.' The words that contain one, or the other, form should be analyzed.
\semref tsonté:wilá:na
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05047
\lxam tla:la:wa
\lxam_c tla:la:wa
\lxoa tla:la:wa
\lxoa_c tla:la:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for loose earth to slide down a slope
\sense_s deslizarse tierra suelta por un pendiente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tla:la:wa, san ise:lti xiti:ni, tla:lkaxa:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The earth comes down the slope, it crumbles by itself, it is loose earth.
\phrase_s La tierra se desliza por el pendiente, se desmorona por si solo, es tierra suelta.
\phrase_n Xwel timoteketsas, kaxa:nki un tla:hli, tla:la:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p DT#7: 046
\phrase_e You can't stand up (i.e., on a slope), the land is soft, it slips down.
\phrase_s No te puedes parar (p. ej., en una cuesta muy inclinada), la tierra es suelta, se desliza.
\phrase_n Umpa tla:la:wa pa:mpa ma:ski xakah kixiti:nia. Ne: wa:hlaw, wa:hlaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There earth there slides down the slope even though no one knocks it down. It comes and comes.
\phrase_s Allía la tierra de desliza hacia abajo aunque nadie lo desbarata. Allíviene y viene.
\disamb tla:la:wa; tlaxola:wa; tlapeya:wa
\root tla:l
\root a:la:
\nse The etymology of tla:la:wa is uncertain. One consultant gave this as equivalent to tla:la:la:wa , and indeed, from the definition it would appear to contain
the verb a:la:wa, with a reduction of the /a:la:l/ sequence to simply /a:l/. Another question still unanswered is whether tla:la:wa represents N+V1
(considering the possibility that a:la:wa was previously an intransitive form of what is now a:la:wi) or whether it represents N+V2 (considering
a:la:wa as a transitive). In the first case the incorporation would be modifying, in the second saturating. Probably the former is more representative of the history and
etymology of tla:la:wa. Also unclear is how this verb is inflected for tense and aspect. Most likely it behaves as any other verb, though this needs to be confirmed. No
cognate forms in other dialects have been observed. Does this word function as a copular"verb"(i.e., nominal in that the tense/aspect inflection wo uld yield tla:la:wa
yes) or a regular verb (with, e.g., a future in tla:la:was). On one filecard I have noted that the form tla:la:wa is unusual and may be
acopated from tla:la:la:wa , although at this time the latter had not been documented in the corpus.
\qry The etymology of tla:la:wa is uncertain. One consultant gave this as equivalent to tla:la:la:wa , and indeed, from the definition it would appear to contain
the verb a:la:wa , with a reduction of the /a:la:l/ sequence to simply /a:l/. Another question still unanswered is whether tla:la:wa represents N+V1
(considering the possibility that a:la:wa was previously an intransitive form of what is now a:la:wi) or whether it represents N+V2 (considering
a:la:wa as a transitive). In the first case the incorporation would be modifying, in the second saturating. Probably the former is more representative of the history and
etymology of tla:la:wa. Also unclear is how this verb is inflected for tense and aspect. Most likely it behaves as any other verb, though this needs to be confirmed. No
cognate forms in other dialects have been observed. Note that the entry for /tla:la:la:wa/ (4438) has been removed as it was never confirme d and no o ne seems to use it.
\semref tlaxila:hko
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05048
\lxam tlakochi
\lxam_c tlakochi
\lxoa tlakochi
\lxoa_c tlakochi
\dt 03/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp tla-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(ch)
\sense_e to be left over (food after a meal, and that will be left overnight, or money that can be moved but isn't)
\sense_s quedar como sobra (una comida después de una cena, y que se va a guardar durante la noche para el día siguiente; o dinero que se puede mover o invertir)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xo:tlan, ok tlakochi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It didn't get finished up, there is still a lot left over (for tomorrow, or still to be be served)
\phrase_s No se acabó, todavía sobra (para mañana, o para repartir y servir ahora)
\sense_e to be sleeping all over (in reference to birds at night)
\sense_s estar todo dormido (en cuanto a pájaros en la noche)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Ta tlatlakochi ya:n to:to:meh.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e The place is full of birds sleeping all over.
\phrase_s El lugar estálleno de pájaros durmiendo.
\root kochi
\nse The meaning of tlakochi is still not clear. It seems to indicate something (particularly food) that is left over (i.e., not eaten). However, in one document I note that this
refers to food that is left over and will be eaten the following day; in another note I mention that it can still be served at the end of the original meal. The Oapan form
Tatlakochi is pronounced as one word. The etymology of the initial /tatla/ sequence is not clear, but it might well come from Spanish asta.
\qry Check meaning: must this be food left over for the following day, i.e., that is about to be"guardado."Or can it be food that is left over at the end of a meal and that is being offered to
anyone who wants to finish it off. Finally, in one incomplete note I mention that /tlakochi/ can refer to 'money that can be moved.' This is unclear and must be checked. Check also
other unergative verbs that are found with /tla-/: tlakochi, tlachoka (or tlachochoka), tlakalaki.... and test for others ?tlacholowa, ?tlawetska, ?tlamiki, etc. Test for subject of
/tlakochi/, can one say /tlakochi notlakwal/?
\grm /tla-/ impersonal passive; unaccusative; unergative: Note the definition of /tlakochi/: 'to be left over (food after a meal, and that will be left overnight, or money that can be
moved but isn't)' Perhaps the most important consideration in regard to this term is its grammatical significance. What we have is an intransitive verb that is unergative,
taking human subjects. Thus one has /kochilo/ (or ?/kochi:lo/, check). However, as the evidence shows, /tlakochi/ also exists. One question is whether this is an impersonal,
zero valency verb. On the surface this does not seem to be the case, for whereas many other /tla-/ zero-valency verbs refer to weather phenomenon or processes that take
place over a geographical space, /tlakochi/ seems to refer to a particular item or material object (e.g., the food in a meal). Thus it may not be subjectless. But it may be, and
the best translation might be something like 'things are still lying around.' Cf. to /tlami/ and the double reduplication /tlatl atlami/ 'everything isall finished everywhere' (I
have this documented in the perfective only: /o:tlatlatlan/.
\semref kochkayo:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref kochi
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05049
\lxam tlaye:wa
\lxam_c tlaye:wa
\lxoa tlaye:wa
\lxoa_c tlaye:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to be able to support a weight (e.g., a beast of burden)
\sense_s poder cargar o aguantar una carga (p. ej., una bestia como la mula o el burro)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kokoxka:tia noburroh, xok tlaye:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My burro is sickly, it is not longer able to carry anything.
\phrase_s Mi burro estáenfermo, ya no aguanta ningún peso.
\root e:wa
\xref e:wa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05050
\lxam chipa:wi
\lxam_c chipa:wi
\lxoa chipa:wi
\lxoa_c chipa:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\trans Compl
\sense_e to become clean (clothes or objects, usually with soap; a person upon bathing)
\sense_s quedar limpio (ropa u otros objetos, con jabón; una persona al bañarse)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to become clear (water, particularly in a river that had been muddy)
\sense_s quedarse claro y limpio (agua, particularmente el agua corriente de un río que estaba lodoso o revuelto por las lluvias)
\sense_d Pending
\root chipa:
\xref tlachipa:wi
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05051
\lxam asi
\lxam_c kasi
\lxoa ásí
\lxoa_pr asi
\lxoa_c kásí
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\allomorph Palatalization
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to catch (sth thrown; see má:así(Oa))
\sense_s agarrar o asir (algo aventado o tirado; véase má:así(Oa))
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkasi, timitsontlakalili:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Catch it, I'm going to toss it over to you!
\phrase_s ¡Agárralo, te lo voy a aventar!
\sense_e to grab; to hold onto (a material object)
\sense_s agarrar; asir (un objeto material)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to catch (one person of another)
\sense_s agarrar (una persona a otra)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmotlalo! Timitsasis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Run! I'll catch you.
\phrase_s ¡Corre!¡Te voy a agarrar!
\sense_e to touch or try to grab (a boy [S] of a girl [O])
\sense_s tocar (p. ej. un muchacho [S] a una muchacha [O])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timiste:ilwi:s deke tine:chasis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will bring charges against you (before the village authorities) if you touch me (said by a girl to a boy who was bothering her).
\phrase_s Te voy a denunciar (frente a las autoridades del pueblo) si me tocas (dicho de una muchacha a un muchacho quien la estaba molestando).
\sense_e to capture or seize to imprison
\sense_s agarrar para apresar (algn para encarcelarlo)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to force to serve (a cargo within the village)
\sense_s agarrar para servir (un cargo en el pueblo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mitsasiskeh de to:pi:leh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They will elect you topile.
\phrase_s Te van a elegir topile.
\sense_e to be the right size for (e.g., clothes, a hat, etc.)
\sense_s ser la talla apropriada para (p. ej., ropa, un sombrero, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tili:ntok, xne:chasi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is tight (a hat, clothes, etc.),. it doesn't fit me.
\phrase_s Estáapretado (un sombrero, ropa, etc.), no me queda.
\sense_e (~ [with a noun that indicates a state of being involving some negative: sleepiness, sickness, laziness]) to be overcome by [this state]
\sense_s (~ [con un sustantivo que indica un estado que tiene un aspecto negativo: sueño, flojera, enfermedad]) agarrarse por [este estado]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chasik tlatsiwistli -a:pistli, kochistli... -.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I was overcome by laziness (hunger, sleepiness, etc.).
\phrase_s Me agarróla flojera (el hambre, el sueño, etc.).
\phrase_n Kasis pa:smoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It will get infected.
\phrase_s Se va a infectar.
\phrase_n O:kalak a:tl, a:man o:kasik te:mahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Water got into it (e.g., a bandage), now it's gotten infected with pus.
\phrase_s Le entróagua (p. ej., en un vendaje), ahora se infectócon pus.
\sense_e (~ [with adjectival]) to do [in the way indicated by the adjectival]
\sense_s (~ [con adjectival]) hacer [en la manera indicada por el adjectival]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka san we:weka tiksasa:lo:s un notlake:n, kineki xkasi pi:si:ltik!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't sew my clothes with open stiches, you need to use fine stiching!
\phrase_s ¡No vayas a coser mi ropa con puntadas muy abiertas, necesitas hacerlo con puntadas finas.
\sense_e to splatter, stain, spot, or get on (some liquid such as paint, oil, water)
\sense_s manchar o salpicar (algún líquido como pintura, aceite, agua)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mitsasis tlapahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The paint will get on you.
\phrase_s La pintura te va a manchar.
\sense_e to be enough for
\sense_s alcanzar; ser suficiente para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkasis un chi:hli. San a:chitsi:n xwe:cho:ka:n para kasis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That chile won't be enough. Just grind up a little more so that there will be enough!
\phrase_s No va a alcanzar ese chile.¡Muélale un poquito más para que alcance!
\phrase_n Xkasi notomi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't have enough money.
\phrase_s No tengo me alcanza el dinero.
\sense_e to reach a certain goal (such as to be long enough for as in a rope; to be a the right size for as in clothes); to be complete (some measure that is aimed for, e.g., a load of
firewood, a collection of money)
\sense_s alcanzar una cierta meta (por ejemplo, ser bastante largo para en cuanto a un laso, o ser de una talla equivocada en cuanto a la ropa); completarse (alguna medida o meta
deseada, p. ej., una carga de leña, una colección de dinero)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkasi mola:soh, xtlakechili!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your rope isn't long enough, add another bit onto it!
\phrase_s ¡Tu lazo no alcanza, agrégale otro pedazo!
\phrase_n Xne:chasi notlake:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My clothes don't fit me (either too small or large).
\phrase_s No me queda la ropa (por grande o apretado).
\phrase_n Kwahli xkaxi:ti. Xasitok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Complete it well! it isn't complete (in this case a load of firewood).
\phrase_s ¡Complétalo bien! No estácompleto (p. ej. una carga de leña u otra cosa).
\sense_e to take a certain direction (e.g., right or left, up or down)
\sense_s tomar una dirección en particular (p. ej., para arriba o abajo, a la izquierda o a la derecha)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne: titlakwelpacho:s, tikasis para tlakpak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There you will make a turn, you will take the high road (i.e., that which goes up or uphill).
\phrase_s Allávas a dar vuelta, irás hacia arriba (cuesta arriba, tomando el camino que va subiendo).
\sense_e to come to understand or to attain a certain skill
\sense_s llegar a entender o alcanzar una cierta habilidad
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w ka:asi, yo:pe:w weli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has started to get the hang of it (writing in this case), he has started to learn.
\phrase_s Ya empezóa agarrarle la onda (en este caso de escribir) ya empezóa aprender.
\sense_e (recipr.) to reach the same measure (of age, size, etc.) together
\sense_s (recipr.) emparejarse; llegar a la misma medida (en cuanto a tamaña, edad, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n On se:, axtopa kayo:tl, pero yo:nasikeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That one was first born, (a bull in this case) but they have evened out (i.e., another born later has achieved full size and now can work as well as the first born, it is just as
strong).
\phrase_s Aquel fue el primero que nació(un toro en este caso) pero ellos se han emparejado (otro nacido más tarde ha alcanzado su tamaño de adulto y ahora puede trabajar tan
bien como el que nacióprimero, ya los dos tienen la misma fuerza).
\root ahsi
\nae The impersonal form in Ameyaltepec is axi:lo , with the palatalization and lengthening characteristic in this dialect. In Oapan there is no palatalization and the vowel is
maintained as short, ásiló. This follows a pattern found in other words such as tisi.
\mod Add entries under /kayo:tl/ and /kwelpachowa:/.
\qry Check for ditransitive /axilia/ and give separate entry from transitive /axilia/.
\grm Impersonal: The impersonal form in Ameyaltepec is axi:lo , with the palatalization and lengthening characteristic in this dialect. In Oapan there is no
palatalization and the vowel is maintained as short, ásiló. This follows a pattern found in other words such as tisi.
\xref axilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref áxilía
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\xref axi:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref axi:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref áxí:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\xref áxí:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05052
\lxam tlampa:paya:na
\lxam_c kitlampa:paya:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to coarsely grind or crush in ones teeth
\sense_s moler en una manera gruesa o basta por los dientes
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San kitlampa:paya:na. Xkwahli, xwel kikwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (in this case a pig that cannot eat properly) just grinds it up in its teeth. It's no good (the animal), he can't eat it.
\phrase_s Solamente lo muele grueso (en este caso un marrano que no mastica bien). No estábien (el animal), no se lo puede comer.
\root tlan
\root paya:
\fl tlampaya:ni
\nse Tlampapaya:na is equivalent or close in meaning to tlampa:pa:xowa.
\nae There are two compound verbs that seem similar: tlampapaya:na and tlampaya:ni; however, they are not related in regard to transitivity
alternation. With tlampapaya:na , which is found only in Ameyaltepec, the nominal root tlanis the instrument with which the object is ground or
crushed. In tlampaya:nithe noun root is incorporated into an"unaccusative"verb in which the grammatical subject is thematically a patient: it is a tooth (or teeth)
that crumble. The possible interpretation of tlanin the transitive tlampapaya:na as a possessor raising construction is not realized.
\qry Check to see if /tlampa:paya:na/ exists and, if so, the difference with the present entry. This should be discussed generally, i.e., if such variants are common. If both /tlampapaya:na/
and /tlampa:pa:xowa/ have the same meaning and the vowel length is correct as recorded, this should be commented on in the grammar (i.e., how long and short vowel reduplication
with different stems have a similar meaning). Note that one filecard had this with long vowel reduplication, /kitlampa:paya:na/ 'he grinds it up in his teeth' and the mention that this is
the virtual equivalent of /tlampa:pa:xowa/. Check if both /tlampapaya:na/ and /tlampa:paya:na/ are correct, or if only one is. If they are both acceptable, note the difference.
\grm Noun Incorporation; possesor raising; unaccusativity: There are two compound verbs that seem similar: tlampapaya:na and
tlampaya:ni; however, they are not related in regard to transitivity alternation. With tlampapaya:na , which is found only in
Ameyaltepec, the nominal root tlanis the instrument with which the object is ground or crushed. In tlampaya:nithe noun root is
incorporated into an"unaccusative"verb in which the grammatical subject is thematically a patient: it is a tooth (or teeth) that crumble. The possible interpretation of
tlanin the transitive tlampapaya:na as a possessor raising construction is not realized.
\ref 05053
\lxam chi:lyo:hli
\lxam_c chi:lyo:hli
\lxoa chi:lyo:hli
\lxoa_c chi:lyo:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e chile seed
\sense_s semilla del chile
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\root chi:l
\root yo:l
\ref 05054
\lxam o:lo:xo:chitl
\lxam_c o:lo:xo:chitl
\lxoa o:lo:xo:chitl
\lxoa_c o:lo:xo:chitl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e generic name for a type of weed that includes two species (both apparently of the Amaranthaceae family), one that has white flowers and is wild and one that has purple
flowers and is domestic (at least in Oapan); apparently both are of the family Amaranthaceae
\sense_s nombre genérico para un tipo de maleza que incluye dos especies (aparentemente las dos de la familia Amaranthaceae), una que tiene flores blancas y es silvestre y otro
que tiene flores moraditas y crece nada más en los pueblos (por lo menos Oapan)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root o:lo:
\root xo:chi
\nse The wild white-flowered o:lo:xo:chitl is eaten by donkeys and pigs. At times it is called xiwtli de o:lo:xo:chitl (Am).
\qry_fon Note that the duration of the initial vowel does vary significantly. Thus the 1st female token is about 77 ms for the first vowel whereas the second token is 103. The male
tokens are well within the long vowel range.
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the flor de olote.
\vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens.
\ref 05055
\lxam po:che:wi
\lxam_c po:che:wi
\lxoa po:che:wi
\lxoa_c po:che:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become black from soot or smoke (the roof of a house, clothes, tortillas, etc.)
\sense_s enegrecerse con hollín o humo (el techo de una casa, ropa, tortillas, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root po:ch
\disamb po:che:wi; po:kiowa, etc.
\qry Determine whether an /-iwi/ form exists.
\ref 05056
\lxam kochisneki
\lxam_c kochisneki
\lxoa kochisneki
\lxoa_c kochisneki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp V-neki
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to be sleepy or tired; to want to go to bed
\sense_s tener sueño o ganas de dormir
\sense_d Pending
\root kochi
\root neki
\nse I have given this a separate entry given the extreme frequency of its employment (tlakwa:sneki, on the other hand, is not accorded a separate entry, cf.
a:pismiki).
\ref 05057
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be the entry for /xa:yakamomotsowa/. It was removed as a duplicate entry.
\vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 05058
\lxam i:xte:nsasa:rkah
\lxam_c i:xte:nsasa:rkah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) zarca
\psm Adj
\der Adj-loan
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to have light-colored, greyish (and sometimes bluish) eyes
\sense_s tener los ojos de un color gris ligero (y a veces azúl claro)
\sense_d Am
\root i:x
\root te:n
\nse This is the virtual synonym of i:xte:nkukwitlanextik.
\semref i:xte:nkukwitlanextik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xté:nkwitlanéxtik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05059
\lxam kakamotsi:n
\lxam_c kakamotsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e light purple
\sense_s morado o color lila
\sense_d Pending
\semfld color
\root kamoh
\grm Note general tendency for colors to be formed of reduplicated nominal roots, with a short vowel, of a noun that typically has the color being referred to. However, cf. words
like /chi:chi:ltik/, which apparently have a long reduplicated vowel.
\semref kámotík
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref mora:doh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref mora:doh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05060
\lxam ka:sta
\lxam_c ka:sta?
\lxoa ka:sta
\lxoa_c ka:sta?
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) asta
\psm Adv-interog
\der Adv-int
\sense_e where? how far away? up to where?
\sense_s ¿dónde?¿hasta dónde?¿quétan lejos?
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ka:sta o:titio:tlakili:to?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where did you go and spend the entire afternoon?
\phrase_s ¿Hasta dónde fuista a pasar toda la tarde?
\phrase_n Ka:sta nona:mikin?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where exactly (how far away) do they meet (in this case the border between two pieces of land)?
\phrase_s ¿Precisamente hasta dónde se juntan (en este caso una límite entre dos terrenos)?
\phrase_n Ka:sta tiaw?
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e How far are you going?
\phrase_s ¿Hasta dónde te vas?
\root ka:n
\nse This is apparently a compound form of the Nahuatl ka:n, 'where,' and Spanish hasta.
\qry Check for possible final /h/. Also get other uses.
\vl Link 1st female token.
\ref 05061
\lxam neki:lia
\lxam_alt nekilia
\lxam_c kineneki:lia
\lxoa neki:lia
\lxoa_c kí:nekí:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): kí:nekília
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to want for (e.g., to want sth to happen in a certain way)
\sense_s desear para (p. ej., desear que algo ocurra a algo en cierta manera)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A: Tle:ka ihkón tike:kchi:wa? B: Sahki, pa:mpa ihkón o:nikneki:lih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A: Why do you make it that way? B: No reason at all, just because that's they way I wanted it.
\phrase_s A:¿Por quélo fabricas así? B: Asínomás, solamente porque asílo quise.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to want or desire (sth) for (sb)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) desear o querer (algo) para (algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitlane:nekilia:ya isuwa:w, kitlasotlaya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He desired things for his wife (e.g., always bringing her back things from the market), he loved her.
\phrase_s Deseaba cosas para su esposa (p. ej., siempre le traía cosas del mercado), de veras la amaba.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to caress (e.g., the child) of (sb)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) acariciar (p. ej., el niño desear (algo) para (algn)
\sense_d Oa
\root neki
\nse The entry was first defined with an unreduplicated headword entry, nekilia, but almost all documented cases are of the reduplicated form. It remains to be
determined the nature of the semantic distinction between the two forms. Note that whereas the Oapan headword entry is not reduplicated, the citation form (linked to the sound file)
is of the reduced reduplicated form.
\nae According to Inocencio Díaz (Am) the same verb with a short vowel before the applicative ending can be used in the sense of 'to caress' as in kinenekilia un ichpokawah
ikone:w 'he caresses the child of that young woman.' However, with the sense of 'to desire something for' only the long vowel form is used: nikne:neki:lia ma
weli 'I want him to learn.'
\nse The reduplicated form is usually used in reference to buying things for or desiring things for another individual; it seems much more common that the unreduplicated form, though the
latter also seems to be correct, perhaps with a different sense.
\qry Determine whether /nekiltia/ exists.
\mod Recheck vl of Oapan form. In pronunciation of Uriel Herrero the /i:/ was definitely long. Cf. note above re: Ameyaltepec.
\qry_fon Note that during the recording session I seem to have heard the long /i:/ with C. Flores. Recheck and recheck Oapan data.
\grm Applicatives; vowel length: According to Inocencio Díaz (Am) the same verb with a short vowel before the applicative ending can be used in the sense of 'to caress' as in
kinenekilia un ichpokawah ikone:w 'he caresses the child of that young woman.' This can also be expressed as kineneki:lia un ichpokawah
ikone:w. However, with the sense of 'to desire something for' only the long vowel form is used: nikne:neki:lia ma weli 'I want him to learn.'
\xref neki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 05062
\lxam ta:blas
\lxam_c ta:blas
\lxoa ta:blas
\lxoa_c ta:blas
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan tablas
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e pleats
\sense_s pliegues; tablitas
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kitla:lian itabli:tas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They put small pleats on it (e.g., a dress, cuffs of a shirt, to take in the material a little and make it tighter or shorter).
\phrase_s Le ponen pliegues (p. ej., a una falda, los puños de una camisa, para estrechar o hacer más corto algo).
\semfld clothing
\disamb tlake:ntli
\semref nepantik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref tlane:nepano:hli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05063
\lxam kwa:tekakawayo
\lxam_c i:kwa:tekakawayo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-yo
\lexical Lex. rdp-s; Lex. infix te-
\infn N2
\sense_e scalp
\sense_s pericráneo
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\ency_note body
\root kwa:
\root kawa
\qry Cf. difference between /tekakawa-/ and /kakawa-/, as this might be related to the presence of /te/ in this form. I am also fairly sure that ?kwa:kakawayo is not used. Note, however,
the existence of many words with /kwa:+te+/. Finally, determine the meaning and use, i.e. whether it refers to animal scalps, etc.
\semref kwa:kwitlaxtli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref kwa:tepetlatl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05064
\lxam sosolia
\lxam_c kisosolia
\lxoa sósoliá
\lxoa_pr sosolia
\lxoa_c kí:soliá
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): kí:soliá
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to string (p. ej., beads, flowers on a garland) for
\sense_s ensartar o hilar (p. ej., cuentitas, flores) para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xok tlachia, xwel notlasosolia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He can't see anymore, he can't string for himself (in this case beads on a necklace).
\phrase_s Ya no ve, no puede hilar para si mismo (en este caso cuentitas para un collar).
\phrase_n Nimotlasosolitok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm stringing (e.g., flowers in a garland, beads on a string, etc.) for myself.
\phrase_s Estoy hilando (p. ej., flores en una girnalda, cuentitas en un hilo, etc.) para mi mismo.
\phrase_n Ma timitssosoli, tewa xok titlachia!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me string them for you, you don't see well anymore!
\phrase_s ¡Deja que te los ensarte, ya no ves bien!
\root so
\nse Although the base verb so often occurs in a nonreduplicated form (meaning 'to pierce,' as with a thorn), I have only heard the applicative on a reduplicated stem,
undoubtedly because the meaning 'to prick for' would be uncommon in natural discourse.
\qry The statement that I have only heard this in reduplicated form should be checked. The meaning of´to baste´is probably incorrect. I had this defined as´to baste for (in sewing)´but no
example sentences. It has temporarily been removed.
\xref so
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05065
\lxam a:pitso
\lxam_c a:pitso
\lxoa a:pitso
\lxoa_c a:pitso
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\sense_e apparently carp, a type of fish
\sense_s aparentemente carpa, un tipo de pez
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e type of water animal that lives along with a:lamatsi:n and other such creatures
\sense_s tipo de animal que vive en el agua con a:lamatsi:n y otras tales criaturas
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\semref tepatlachmichin
\semref_t natural
\semref_d Oa
\root a:
\root pitso
\nse Luis Lucena was not sure what kind of fish this is. He stated that he has heard this word, but never seen the fish to which is supposedly refers. He added that it might be the same as
a:burrah another type of fish of which he has heard the name but never seen. In 2005, when I asked Cristino Flores (Am) if he knew the type of fish that in Oapan is
called tepatlachmichin he mentioned that this is the fish known in Ameyaltepec as a:pitso. He added that it was called this name because it grunts like
a pig. Finally, although I have documented a:pitso in Oapan, the name for carp is tepatlachmichin and thus it would appear that a:pitso is a
name reserved for the "mythical" animal that lives with a:lamatsi:n.
\qry_fon Note the variation in the duration of the initial vowel. IN the first token of Florencia Marcelino the length is quite short (at most 86 ms measuring from the extremes), in
others it is long.
\semref a:burrah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 05066
\lxam te:ntsi:tsikilowa
\lxam_c kite:ntsi:tsikilowa
\lxoa te:ntsi:tsikilowa
\lxoa_c kite:ntsi:tsikilowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to cut or make evenly spaced indentations on the edge of; to make a consistent zigzag pattern along the edge of (e.g., in cutting a piece of fabric, making a hem, or cutting
out the rim of a ceramic fruit bowl)
\sense_s mellar o cortar mellas regularmente esparcidas en la orilla de; hacer o cortar un zigzag o picos en la orilla de (p. ej., en cortar una tela, el dobladillo de un vestido, o la
borde de un frutero de cerámica)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kite:ntsi:tsikilo:skeh ista:hkwe.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They will place ridges on the border of her ista:hkwe:tli.
\phrase_s Van a coser picos por la orilla de su ista:hkwe:tli.
\phrase_n Kite:ntsi:tsikilowan frute:ros.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They cut even jagged indentations along the edge of fruit bowls.
\phrase_s Le recortan picos esparcidos muy parejos por la orilla de los fruteros.
\root te:n
\root tsikil
\qry Check to see if both /te:ntsitsikilowa/ and /te:ntsi:tsikilowa/ exist. If the former does then it should be added to the /cf field in this record. Check for how I have determined to deal
with cases in which two reduplicated forms exist, but no unreduplicated form. Also: important! determine the difference here as elsewhere between a form such as /kite:ntsi:tsikilowa/
and /kite:ntsi:tsikilowilia/.
\qry_fon Measurement of vowel duration strongly suggest the long vowel reduplication that I have written. However, all entries with /tsi:tsikil-/ should be checked.
\mod Discuss whether if both exist /te:ntsi:tsikilowa/ and /te:ntsitsikilowa/ should both be headwords. Since /te:ntsikilowa/ does not seem to exist, it would be problematical to create an
entry for a word that is not part of the lexicon.
\grm Reduplication: /te:ntsi:tsikilowa/ shows long vowel reduplication in a word, or word stem, that apparently does not have an unreduplicated form. Thus rather than three
possibilities (/te:ntsikilowa/, and /te:ntsitsikilowa/ or /te:ntsi:tsikilowa/) one has only two (pending determination that /te:ntsitsikilowa/ exists, which I believe it does):
/te:ntsitsikilowa/ and /te:ntsi:tsikilowa/. Note that this adds a caveat to reduplication in the sense that a nonreduplicated form may not exist, but two varying reduplicated
forms might. The question is how to enter these in the dictionary. Pending further discussion, each type of reduplication (long and short vowels) is given a separate entry.
\ref 05067
\lxam tlako:patli toma:wak
\lxam_c tlako:patli toma:wak
\lxoa tlakó:patlítomá:wak
\lxoa_c tlakó:patlítomá:wak
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e Aristolochia foetidaKunth, vine of the Aristolochiaceae family and one of the type species of tlako:patli (Am) / tlakó:patlí(Oa)
\sense_s Aristolochia foetidaKunth, enrededera de la familia Aristolochiaceae y una de las dos especies de tlako:patli (Am) / tlakó:patlí(Oa)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root tlako:
\root pah
\root toma:
\nse Cristino Flores referred to the thin tlako:patli as de tlatla:katl and the wide tlako:patli as de susuwa:tl. In Oapan some
elderly people know the Aristolochia foetidaKunth as tlakó:patlítomá:wak although it seems to be more commonly referred to as popoi:tohfor
the nature of its flowers.
\nae The pitch accent pattern on this complex noun, tlakó:patli tomá:wak manifests one pitch accented syllable that is the reflex of underlying {h}: {tlako:pahtli}. When
pronounced in isolation tlakó:patlíalso has a high-pitched final syllable. However, this is the result of the intonational pattern and when the phrase is expanded to the
right, the stress shifts to the penultimate syllable of the entire word.
\notes_nature According to both Inocencio Díaz and Silvestre Pantaleón this is the female plant of the tlako:patli. The male variety is known by the name tlako:patli
pitsa:wak.
\qry_fon The pitch accent pattern on this complex noun, tlakó:patli tomá:wak manifests one pitch accented syllable that is the reflex of underlying {h}: {tlako:pahtli}.
When pronounced in isolation tlakó:patlíalso has a high-pitched final syllable. However, this is the result of the intonational pattern and when the phrase is
expanded to the right, the stress shifts to the penultimate syllable of the entire word.
\grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent: The pitch accent pattern on this complex noun, tlakó:patli tomá:wak manifests one pitch accented syllable that is the reflex
of underlying {h}: {tlako:pahtli}. When pronounced in isolation tlakó:patlíalso has a high-pitched final syllable. However, this is the result of the
intonational pattern and when the phrase is expanded to the right, the stress shifts to the penultimate syllable of the entire word.
\ref 05068
\lxam tlatsatsakwtli
\lxam_c tlatsatsakwtli
\lxoa tlá:tsahtlí
\lxoa_c tlá:tsahtlí
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn Stem 1(w)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e amate or other similar illustration that has been filled in after having first been painted just in black outline
\sense_s amate u otro imagen pintado que ha sido rellenado después de haber sido pintado solamente con líneas negras
\sense_d Pending
\root tsakwa
\disamb amate (document entire process).
\nse Often with amates a skilled adult painter will draw the image in black outline and then a child or less skilled painter will fill in the spaces with color.
\mod Illustrate
\semref tlatli:lwi:tektli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlatli:lwi:tehtli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref tlatli:lwi:tektli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05069
\lxam no:ksé:
\lxam_c no:ksé:
\lxoa no:sé:
\lxoa_c no:sé:
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(indef)
\der Pr-indef
\pitch yes-irregular
\sense_e a different one
\sense_s uno distinto
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n No:ksé:!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is a different one (altogether)!
\phrase_s ¡Es uno (completamente) distinto!
\phrase_n No:kse:itah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has a different father!
\phrase_s ¡Tiene un padre distinto!
\root no:
\root o:k
\root se:
\nae The high pitch on the final syllable is reflective of the pronominal function of this element. If followed by a noun the final syllable is not stressed (e.g., no:se: tlá:katl (Oa).
The final vowel seems clearly long, even in phrase-final position.
\ref 05070
\lxam wi:lo:tl
\lxam_c wi:lo:tl
\lxoa wi:lo:tl
\lxoa_c wi:lo:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e generic name for small bird that includes three types: palo:mah , tla:lakatetl , and sakawin or sakati:yah
\sense_s nombre genérico para un tipo de pájaro pequeño que incluye tres tipos: palo:mah , tla:lakatetl y sakawin o
sakati:yah
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e specific type of bird of the group called wi:lo:tl, apparently the White-winged Dove, Zenaida asiatica
\sense_s tipo específico del grupo wi:lo:tl, aparentemente el Zenaida asiatica
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root wi:lo:
\qry Check if possessed used as 'penis.'
\ref 05071
\lxam no: sekneka
\lxam_c no: sekneka
\lxoa no: sehneka
\lxoa_c no: sehneka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(indef)
\der Pr-indef
\sense_e in a different way (an event or action that is carried out); distinct (an object, from another object)
\sense_s en una manera distinta (un evento o acción llevado a cabo); diferente; distinto (un objeto de otro)
\sense_d Oa
\root no:
\root sekneka
\nse The etymology of o:ksekneka is still unclear as is the precise meaning. Apparently it refers pronominally to events or actions that have occurred or been carried out in
a distinct manner, or to the state of an object or objects that is different from others.
\qry The length of the first /o/ was recorded as short; however, given the case with other similar words (that have a long initial /o:/), perhaps /oksekneka/ should again be checked.
\semref ok sekneka
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref sehneka
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref sekneka
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05072
\lxam tlachpa:nwa:stli
\lxam_c tlachpa:nwa:stli
\lxoa tlachpa:wa:stli
\lxoa_c tlachpa:wa:stli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-wa:s
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e broom
\sense_s escoba
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e generic term for various plants that apparently have in common that they are (or could be) used in tools used for sweeping
\sense_s nombre genérico para plantas que aparentemente comparten la característica que se emplean (o se pueden emplear) para hacer escobas
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e specific name of a plant that is like the maize plant: it is tall, it is planted, and it also has its broad leaves (kipia i:swayo)
\sense_s nombre específico de una planta que es como la milpa: es alta, se siembra y también tiene sus hojas en la misma forma (kipia i:swayo)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e specific name of a plant that is like xiwtli but isn't; it is used to make a broom used to sweep in the interior of a house
\sense_s nombre específico de una planta que es como xiwtli pero que no es; se utiliza para hace una escoba para el interior de las casas
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semfld material
\root chpa:
\nse To date there are seven plants, of various Latin families, that have tlapa:nwa:stli (Am) / tlachpa:wa:stli in their names: tlatlachpa:nwa:stsi:n de
momoradi:toh (Am) / temákohtsí:n (Oa) is Marina sp.Liebm. of the Leguminoseae family; tlatlachpa:nwa:htsi:n de tlatla:katl de kostik
i:xo:chio (Am) / tlátlachpa:nwá:stsi:n kostik i:xo:chio (de tla:katl) (Oa) is Cleome serrataJacq. of the Capparaceae family; tlatlachpa:nwa:stsi:n de
susuwa:tl istá:k i:xo:chio (Am) / tlachpa:nwa:stli ista:k i:xo:chio (Oa) is an unidentified plant of the Asteraceae family; tapakuloh (Am) /
tlako:tlachpa:nwa:stli (Oa) is an unidentified plant of the Malvaceae family; tlako:tl para tlachpanwa:stli (Am) / to:nalo:kotl is an
unidentified plant of the Euphorbiaceae family; tlachpa:nwa:stli de istá:k (Am) / tlako:tlachpa:nwa:stli de ista:k (Oa) is Dalea sp.L. of the Le gum
inoseae family; and tlatla chpa:nwa:stsi:n de tepe:k (Am) / not named by the Oapan consultant Silvestre Pantaleón, is an unidentified plant of the Asteraceae family.
Apparently the major division is between the rod-like plants of this name that often have tlako:tl in their names, and the smaller brush-like plants, which may have
a reduplicated first syllable (e.g., in several Ameyaltepec names). Definitely much research needs to be done on these plants.
\qry I had this previous note: Note that of the two texts above, the first refers to the tlachpa:nwa:stli that is like a maize plant, the second to another type that is smaller.
Both are called by the same name. See also tlakotlachpa:nwa:stli.
\notes_nature Apparently tlachpa:nwa:stli is a term for 'broom' and is as well applied to three plants that are used to make this tool. Two of these plants (described above)
are called simply tlachpa:nwa:stli. The third is called tlako:tlachpa:nwa:stli. There is also a plant called the
tlatlachpa:nwa:htsi:n , also unidentified. Given that it is not used for anything, it probably is not the same as any of the two plants listed above.
\vl Note that there is a repetition of this word. In the first series of 4 (2+2) Inocencio pronounces /tlaxpa:wa:stli/, substituting a fricative for the affricate /ch/. In the second set
of repetitions he corrects to /tlachpa:wa:stli/. Note that all 8 tokens, male and female should be tagged, but the links should be a female token and then a male token, with
the latter from the second set with /ch/.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note that n>0 in /tlachpa:wa:stli/. Also note that Florencia Marcelino has the affricate in /tlachpa:wa:stli/ where her husband has a fricative
/tlaxpa:wa:stli/.
\ref 05073
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /xi:texakwaliwi/ which has been removed as vulgar.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 05074
\lxam kwa:pochi:naltia
\lxam_c kikwa:pochi:naltia
\lxoa kwa:pochi:naltia
\lxoa_c kikwa:pochi:naltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia)
\trans from nondirected alternation
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to dishevel or entangle the hair of
\sense_s despeinar, desarreglar o desgreñar el cabello
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikwa:pochi:n, o:ne:chkwa:pochi:naltih yeyekatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My hair got disheveled, the wind messed up my hair.
\phrase_s Me despeiné, el viento me despeinó.
\sense_e to blunt or fray the end of (particularly a wooden stake or similar material that when beaten down looks"fuzzy")
\sense_s ablandar o deshilachar el punto de (particularmente una estaca u otro material parecido que al golpearse se queda como velloso)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:kwa:pochi:n, o:kikwa:pochi:naltih tetl, xwel tla:laki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Its head (in this case of a wooden stake) got flattened and soft, a rock caused this (i.e., as the result of pounding), it won't go into the ground (because it is too soft to be
pounded on).
\phrase_s Su cabeza (en este caso de una estaca de madera) estáablandada, una piedra la ablandó(al usarse para golpearla), no puede entrar en el suelo.
\root kwa:
\root pochi:
\ref 05075
\lxam matiliwi
\lxam_c matiliwi
\lxoa matiliwi
\lxoa_c matiliwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get twisted (a cord, rope, etc.)
\sense_s enroscarse (un mecate, laso, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Matiliwi morria:tah, xwel koya:wi para ika titlatsonwi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your lasso is getting all twisted up, it can't open up (forming a loop) so that you can use it as a lasso.
\phrase_s Tu riata se enrosca, no se puede abrir (formando una lazada) para que puedas manganear.
\root matil
\qry Make sure this can be uttered in nonreduplicated form.
\root_notes One question to determine is the relationship between words that seem to alternate with m*** and p***, for instance, /matiliwi/ and /patiliw/, or /malaka-/ and /palaka-/. This
should at least be commented on.
\ref 05076
\lxam ka:wilite:wa
\lxam_c kika:wilite:wa
\lxoa ka:wílité:wa
\lxoa_pr ka:wilite:wa
\lxoa_c kika:wílité:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp V3-asp
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes
\sense_e to leave in inheritance for
\sense_s dejar en herencia para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chka:wilite:w i:n tla:hli notah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My father left me this land in inheritance.
\phrase_s Mi padre me dejóeste terreno como herencia.
\sense_e to leave behind for; to leave for and then take off
\sense_s dejar para antes de salir
\sense_d Pending
\root ka:wa
\root e:wa
\ref 05077
\lxam i:xkopi:na
\lxam_c ki:xkopi:na
\lxoa i:xkopi:na
\lxoa_c ki:xkopi:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to copy (an image, by drawing, photocopying, etc.)
\sense_s copiar (un imagen, al dibujarlo, fotocopiarlo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to photograph; to take a picture of (with a camera)
\sense_s fotografiar
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root kopi:
\xref i:xkopi:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05078
\lxam kokolistli
\lxam_c kokolistli
\lxoa kokolistli
\lxoa_c kokolistli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\sense_e disease; illness; sickness
\sense_s enfermedad
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kokolistli te:muwtih, melá:k yo:weka:w nikwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Disease is scary. I've really been sick for a long time.
\phrase_s La enfermedad espanta. De veras he estado enfermo por mucho tiempo.
\semfld disease
\root koko
\grm Complementation: /Kokolistli te:muhtih, melá:k yo:weka:w nikwalo/ 'Disease is scary. I've really been sick for a long time.' Note that in this phrase the second verb may
perhaps be a subject complement '(I am sick) has already been a long time' However, perhaps one would expect /yo:weka:w ika nikwalo/. Nevertheless, syntactically
perhaps the best interpretation is of /nikwalo/ as a subject complement 'It has been a long time (that) I am sick.' The complementation is affected with no complementizer.
\ref 05079
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be /tolopochiwi/, but it was a duplicate for 2614.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\vl Reassign the numbers to the tokens elicited here to 2614.
\vl The tokens here should be tagged as 2614. Note that the two tokens that are to be linked at 2614 should be selected from those that were recorded here, at 5079.
\ref 05080
\lxam koto:na
\lxam_c kikoto:na
\lxoa koto:na
\lxoa_c kikoto:na
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\lx_te tekoto:na
\lx_te_d Am, Oa
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. pref. te- : tekoto:na
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to snap or break (sth long that can be streched or pulled, such as a strap or rubber band)
\sense_s reventar o romper (algo largo que se puede estirar, como un tirante o liga de hule)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkoto:na un i:loh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Snap that thread (i.e., after finishing sewing)!
\phrase_s ¡Revienta ese hilo (p. ej., después de terminar de coser)!
\sense_e to pull apart or pull off into pieces; to shred with ones hand, pulling off the pieces (e.g., chile, an onion, etc.)
\sense_s desmenuzar; sacarle trizas o trocitos de con la mano, jalando (p. ej., chile, cebolla, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xko:koto:na chi:hli para kwaltias tli:n titlakwa:s. Ma koko:ya!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Shred up some chile (pulling it apart with your fingers) so that what you're eating gets better tasting! Let it is get spicy hot!
\phrase_s ¡Desmenuza algo de chile (haciéndole trizas con las manos) para que lo que estás comiendo agarre un buen sabor!¡Quése ponga picoso!
\sense_e to divide up, taking off a section or piece (particularly in order to distribute or apportion to various people)
\sense_s dividir, quitando una parte o sección de (particularmente para dar o proporcionar a varias personas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma tihkoto:natin notla:l! Nikte:maka tlakotipan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let's go divide up my land! I am giving a part of it to someone.
\phrase_s ¡Vamos a ir a dividir mi parcela! Voy a darle una parte a alguien.
\sense_e to break off or end (actions or processes that have continued for a long time, such as a custom, tradition, or practice, or litigation)
\sense_s terminar o acabar (acciones o procesos que han durado por mucho tiempo, como costumbres, tradiciones o prácticas, o pleitos y litigios)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kikoto:n plei:toh. Xok o:kinek kinenemi:lti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He broke off the suit, he didn't want to pursue it any longer.
\phrase_s Dejóde litigar, ya no quiso seguirlo.
\sense_e (refl.) to break loose (an animal in snapping its tether or sth similar)
\sense_s (refl.) soltarse (un animal al reventar la soga con que estaba amarrada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nokoto:n moburroh, mo:stla tontlate:mo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your donkey broke loose, tomorrow you'll go looking for it.
\phrase_s Se soltótu burro, mañana vas a tener que ir a sabanear.
\root koto:
\nse Note that although the intensifier te- is used with koto:n and koto:na , it is not used with all acceptations. Thus it may be used when the
verb refers to the snapping of an object, but not to the dividing of land, or ending of litigation. In general the verb root koto: refers still to the breaking/snapping of
something that is prolonged, either in space (e.g., a rope, thread) or in time (e.g., litigation, custom).
\qry Check the correctness of the /tli:n titlakwa:s/ sequence, and in general of questions like: /tli:non titlakwa:s/, which I assume is incorrect. Check whether /o:nokoto:n moburroh/ is
correct. Originally I had the definition /se (refl.) to break loose (an animal in snapping its tether or sth similar) and the example sentence /O:koto:n moburroh, mo:stla tontlate:mo:s/,
which did not have a reflexive marker. I have added this marker to place the sentence in line with the definition. However, this should be checked.
\grm Reduplication; antipassive; number Note the following: /Xko:koto:na chi:hli para kwaltias tli:n titlakwa:s. Ma koko:ya!/, which I have translated as 'Shred up some chile
(pulling it apart with your fingers) so that what you're eating gets better tasting! Let it is get spicy hot!' There are several interesting aspects of this. First, and most simply, is
the long vowel reduplication. Here it seems to indicate, like in /te:teki/, the temporally spaced repitition of an action. One might have expected a short vowel reduplication
given that shredding is an action that does not seem to be one that is repeated in steady, measured moments. Another interesting aspect of this is the /tli:n titlakwa:s/. Again,
one might have expected a direct corresponde with a specific prefix: /para kwaltias tli:n tihkwa:s/. Probably this is also correct; and it might even be that speakers in the
future would feel that /tli:n titlakwa:s/ is erroneous: this should be checked. But the point is that there is not a d irect correspondence between specificity and a specific
object marker. Finally, note the interpretation of number and definiteness. Thus /xko:koto:na chi:hli/ would be translated as 'pull apart some chile' and not 'a chile'. To
communicate 'a chile' the syntax would be with /se:/: /xko:koto:na se: chi:hli/ or /xkoto:na se: chi:hli/. Note that this brings up the question as to whether the long vowel
reduplication is used because there are several chiles, or whether because a chile is slowly divided up and shredded. Thus, inquire whether with one chile one can say
/xko:koto:na se: chi:hli/ or whether it should be /xkokoto:na se: chi:hli/, etc.
\grm The intensifier /te/ is used with /koto:ni/ and /koto:na/ when referring to the snapping of an object, but not to the dividing of land, or ending of litigation.
\xref koto:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05081
\lxam ma:kuwtik
\lxam_c ma:kuwtik
\lxoa ma:kohtik
\lxoa_c ma:kohtik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e to have a strong arm (or hand)
\sense_s ser fuerte de brazo (o de mano)
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root kow
\qry Check if anything other than a person (or animal?) can be /ma:kuhtik/.
\qry_fon Check phonetics with phonetician.
\ref 05082
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kéxtamó:ltsi:n
\lxoa_c i:kéxtamó:ltsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e round bone at the base of the neck
\sense_s hueso redondo a la base del cuello
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\root kech
\root tah-2-; mo:l
\nae The etymology of kéchtamó:ltsi:n is not immediately apparent. Tetelcingo, Morelos, has tlahmolo: as 'clamolote (palo) de nixtamal.' It is possible that the
derivation is the same.
\qry Check /támó:ltsi:n/ for the etymology of this word. Cf. /kohtamo:ltsi:n/ and check p=a
\qry_h Check for /h/.
\semref kextelolo:tsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 05083
\lxam tlatete:moke:tl
\lxam_c tlatete:moke:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e diviner; person who by various means can perceive the causes of an illness, the location of a lost item, etc.
\sense_s adivinador; persona que al echar suertes o de otra manera equivalente puede perceibir las causas de una enfermedad, la ubicación de algo perdido, etc.
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlatete:moke:tl, wel tlaxi:nia para mistete:mowili:s mokokoxka:w, ke:no:n u:nkah ika kwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is a diviner, he knows how to read things that he has tossed down (e.g., maize and copal into a bowl of water) so that he can find out about a sick member of your
family, about the source of his illness.
\phrase_s Es un adivinador, sabe echar suertes (p. ej., echando maíz y copal a un plato de agua) para buscarle al miembro de tu familia la razón con que estáenfermo.
\root te:m-2-
\qry Check whether the Am form here can also have the meaning of Oa /tlaté:moké:tl/, i.e., sb who goes looking for animals left out to graze.
\semref te:tlatete:mowilike:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref té:tlá:te:mowíliké:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref tlaté:moké:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05084
\lxam paltia
\lxam_c paltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to get soaked or drenched (e.g., in the rain, but with ones clothes on)
\sense_s quedar empapado (p. ej., en o por la lluvia, pero con la ropa puesta)
\sense_d Pending
\root pal
\disamb paltia; patsiwi
\qry Check to see if the cognate intransitive /palti/ exists. According to one person this refers to getting soaked or drenched, e.g. in the rain, but getting wet with ones clothes on. This
should be checked. Check other possible subjects.
\root_notes The etymology of paltia is not entirely clear; it may be related to the archaic stem for 'water' with vowel shortening for some undetermined reason.
\xref paltilia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\semref a:paltia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref kapa:ni
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05085
\lxam xo:chitlai:hli
\lxam_c xo:chitlai:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e fancy wedding with contracted village musicians (música de viento) who take bread and chocolate to the bride's family home in a long procession
\sense_s boda elegante con músico de viento contratado quienes accompañan a pan y chocolate a la casa de los padres de la novia
\sense_d Pending
\root xo:chi
\root i:
\qry_fon The length of the penultimate /i/ should be checked.
\semref xo:chitlai:lo
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref a:katl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05086
\lxam kapa:ni
\lxam_c kapa:ni
\lxoa kapa:ni
\lxoa_c kapa:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b(ni/ltia)
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to make a wet-sounding slapping sound
\sense_s emitir un sonido como palmada fuerte sobre piel o algo mojado
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:tipaltiak, sa: kapa:ntok motlake:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You got drenched, your clothes are making a wet, slapping sound (as you walk).
\phrase_s Te empapaste, tu ropa estáhaciendo un sonido como de palmadas (cuando caminas).
\sense_e to become drenched (Am synonym: paltia)
\sense_s empaparse (sinónimo Am: paltia)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xniá:s tla:man nikapa:nis.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I won't go, if I do I'll get soaked (because it is raining so hard).
\phrase_s No voy, si lo hago me voy a empapar (por la fuerte lluvia).
\disamb kapa:ni; tlatskapa:ni
\root kapa:
\nse The typical sound described by kapa:ni is that of wet clothes that are being washed by hand and slapped against a hard surface, or heavy, water-laden clay that is
being kneaded and repeatedly slapped flat down on a rock.
\qry Check to determine whether /kapa:nia/ is a verb.
\semref tlatskapa:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref kapa:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref kakapaka
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05087
\lxam ti:tlani
\lxam_c kiti:tlani
\lxoa ti:tlani
\lxoa_c kiti:tlani
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to send (a person as a messenger, a object to a destination, etc.)
\sense_s enviar (a una persona como mensajero, un objeto a un destino, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikti:tlanis -=nikonti:tlanis- ne: para nokone:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll send it (in this case money) there for my child.
\phrase_s Lo voy a mandar allí(en este caso dinero) para mi hijo.
\phrase_n Misti:tlanis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will send you (as a messenger).
\phrase_s Te va a enviar (como mensajero).
\sense_e (with tla-) to send a message (in general)
\sense_s (con tla-) enviar un recado (en general)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlati:tlantok ma wa:hla, ma kitaki itah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is sending word for him to come, for him to come see his father (who in this case is ill).
\phrase_s Estámandando un recado para que venga, para que venga a ver a su papá(quien, en este caso estáenfermo).
\root ti:tlani
\nse Although ti:tlani implicitly signifies extraverse directionality, it is occasionally found with the directional on-, e.g., nikonti:tlanis 'I will sent it
there' or 'I will send it off.' However, this is not usual.
\qry Definite short /i/ before the impersonal marker /-lo/.
\vl Link 1st male token.
\xref ti:tlanilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05088
\lxam pa:chaka:tl
\lxam_c pa:chaka:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\sense_e improperly formed seed or seed pod, one that does not come to maturity; the seed may lack flesh or the pod might have seeds inside that are small and dry
\sense_s semilla o vaina mal formada, que no llega a fruición; le puede faltar carne a la semilla o la vaina puede tener adentro semillas que no llegaron a sazón, quedándose secos
y pequeños
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xo:chika:w ayuwextli, pa:chaka:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The squash seeds did not mature, they have no meat inside of them
\phrase_s Las semillas de calabaza no llegaron a sazón, no tienen carne adentro.
\root pa:chaka:
\nse This noun refers to items that should but don't have anything inside of them: squash seeds, the fruit of the guamuchil tree, beans, watermelon and melon seeds, even human eyes. This
word does not refer to the fruit itself, i.e., does not refer to a poorly formed Note, however, that in referring to mazorca, ciruela,
\nse The etymology of pa:chaka:tl is unclear. It might contain the root for 'water' pa: or it might be related to the verb pachiwi , although the
vowel length is different. The verbalization pa:chaka:ti is interesting for all the objects to which it may apply, from limbs that are injured and shrivel up and die, to
beans that stay small and dry within their pods.
\nde There are few cognates in other dialects. However, Northern Puebla (which doesn't record vowel length) has pachacatl glossed as 'vacío' and exemplified by Inon
cacahuatl oquis nochin pachacatl 'Estos cacahuates salieron todos vacíos.'
\qry The etymology of this word is not clear. Moreover, vowel length should be rechecked. Perhaps it has an"agentive"ending /-ka:tl/; it might also have the archaic root for water: *pa:.
Check for cognates. Etymology uncertain; recheck vowel length, although in all similar words I believe I have consistently recorded the pattern given here. Check for Oapan word.
There should be a noun here, but it wasn't recorded. However, it is found in derivatives. Check thoroughly.
\semref pa:chika:tik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05089
\lxam nekaxa:ni:hli
\lxam_c nekaxa:ni:hli
\lxoa nekaxa:ni:hli
\lxoa_c nekaxa:ni:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas-ne
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e general weakness and soreness of the back of the waist
\sense_s una condición general de dolor y debilidad por la parte posterior de la cintura
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e a condition affecting a woman who has had intercourse shortly after having given birth (i.e., within 4 to 6 months) and whose body has suffered the effects (lit., 'loosening')
\sense_s una condición de una mujer quien ha tenido relaciones sexuales poco después de haber dado la luz (dentro de 4 a 6 meses) y cuyo cuerpo ha sufrido los efectos (lit.,
'aflojamiento')
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia nekaxa:ni:hli de tla:katl, saniman o:kina:paloh. Xtikmatin tla: patis. O:nokaxa:nih un suwa:tl, o:kikaxa:nihiwe:wentsi:n, niman o:kina:paloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is suffering from nekaxa:ni:hli induced by a man. He (the husband) slept with her right away (after birth). We don't know if she will recover. That woman
got"loosened,"her husband"loosened"her, he slept with her right away.
\phrase_s Sufre ella de nekaxa:ni:hli causado por un hombre. El (su esposo) se acostócon ella luego luego (poco después del parto). No sabemos si se va a aliviar.
Esa mujer"se aflojó,"la"aflojó"su esposo, luego luego se acostócon ella.
\sense_e Marsdenia aff. mexicanaDecne., vine of the Asclepiadaceae family used to cure the condition called by the same name nekaxa:ni:hli (the vine is
also more commonly called nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl)
\sense_s Marsdenia aff. mexicanaDecne., enredadera de la familia Asclepiadaceae que se utiliza para curar la condición del mismo nombre
nekaxa:ni:hli (más comunmente la enredadera se llama nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kikwechoh nekaxa:ni:hli, kichapa:nili:skehipitsa:hka:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They ground up the vine called nekaxa:ni:hli, they will sprinkle it on the back of her waist.
\phrase_s Molieron la enredadera llamada nekaxa:ni:hli , se la van a rociar por la parte posterior de la cintura.
\semfld medicine
\semfld vine
\root kaxa:
\mod Perhaps tape a discussion of this condition and its cure.
\ref 05090
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be the entry for /To:pi:ltepe:k/, which has since been placed in the toponymic database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 05091
\lxam pioka:ldoh
\lxam_c pioka:ldoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan pio; caldo
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e chicken broth
\sense_s caldo de pollo
\sense_d Am
\semfld food
\semref piochi:la:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05092
\lxam tlampostehki
\lxam_c tlampostehki
\lxoa tlampostehki
\lxoa_c tlampostehki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to have a broken tooth
\sense_s tener un diente roto
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Titlampostehki, o:postek motlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You have a broken tooth, your tooth broke.
\phrase_s Tienes un diente roto, se rompiótu diente.
\root tlan
\root posteki
\nse One individual with several broken teeth is referred to by the term tlampopostehki (Am) or tlá:mpostéhki ; several individuals, each with one broken
tooth, are referred to as tlampostehkeh (Am / Oa).
\grm Reduplication; pluralization: One individual with several broken teeth is referred to by the term tlampopostehki ; several individuals, each with one broken
tooth, are referred to as tlampostehkeh.
\grm Incorporation; modification: Recently I have created two categories for compounds of the form N+Atr (noun plus attributive adjective). The first, N-Atr-1 is used when the
incorporated noun the head of a NP and the semantic subject. Thus, /a:poso:nki/ is 'boiled water.' In this case it is the water that is being talked about. One might gloss the
headword entry /a:poso:nki/ as 'to be boiled water.' In the other case, N-Atr-2, the noun is possessed by the subject. In effect this is a case of possessor raising with a
modified possessum. The word /tlampostehki/ is an example of such a construction. Analytically a predicate such as /nitlampostehki/ might be expressed as /postehki notlan/.
Cf. this to the previous /a:poso:nki/ in which the analytical expression would be with a non-possessed noun: /poso:nki (un) a:tl/. The possessor raising form of
incorporation of a modified noun is, as expected, most common with body parts, articles of clothing, etc.
\ref 05093
\lxam kuwatl
\lxam_c kuwatl
\lxoa kowatl
\lxoa_c kowatl
\dt 23/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e generic term for snake
\sense_s nombre genérico para serpientes
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (fig.) intestines; entrails; innards
\sense_s (fig.) intestinos; tripas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pe:w cho:ka kuwatl, na:pismiki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The"snake"has started to cry (i.e., my intestines are starting to growl), I'm hungry.
\phrase_s La"culebra"ya empezóa llorar (esto es, mis intestinos empezar a gruñir), tengo hambre.
\phrase_n O:yo:lpachiw, o:te:n ikuwaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's sated, his innards have had their fill.
\phrase_s Ya se satisfizo, se llenaron sus tripas.
\phrase_n I:kuwaw kineki koni:s serbe:sah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His innards want to drink beer.
\phrase_s Sus tripas quieren tomar cerveza.
\sense_e (often kowatsi:ntih or kokowatsi:n) twins (animals; see Am equivalente: kwa:tes)
\sense_s (a menudo kowatsi:ntih o kokowatsi:n) gemelos (animales; véase equivalente en Am: kwa:tes)
\sense_d O
\sense_e (often kokowatsi:n) paired fruits joined together (such as, for example, two bananas in one skin, or plums fused together; see Am equivalente:
kwa:tes)
\sense_s (a menudo kokowatsi:n) frutas dobles (p. ej., dos plátanos en una cáscara, o animales; véase equivalente en Am: kwa:tes)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Kokowatsi:n i:to:ka:. I:n na:nkah xokotl, kowatsi:n. Ya: ke:tla o:me kine i:tsontekon, yo ya: kowatsi:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\snd_oa 05093_01_oa
\src_p Silvestre Pantaleón: B0_004_24_0000_0863.wav
\phrase_e It is called kokowatsi:n. This here plum, it is a kowatsi:n (lit. 'little snake'). Wit this that it has, you know, two heads, for that reason it is a
kowatsi:n.
\phrase_s Se llama kokowatsi:n. Esta ciruela, es un kowatsi:n (lit. 'culebrita'). Ya como tiene dos cabezas, ves, por esta razón es un
kowatsi:n.
\semfld animal
\semfld sn
\ency_note kowatl
\root kowa
\nse The following types of kowatl have been identified so far: a:palwah (according to Luis Lucena, brown and black, red on its throat);
chikote:roh , which is the same as kowi:xkowatl ; i:na:n tsi:katl (according to Luis Lucena"no es bravo,"apparently this is the false
corralillo); kowi:xkowatl , which in Spanish is called"chicote"and in Nahuatl is also known as the chikote:roh , it is striped; ma:sakowatl
, which is the"masacuate,"not a deadly snake; nexwah , which according to Luis Lucena is not"bravo"and is of a tekwitlanextik , ashen or grew, color;
te:kwa:nkowatl , which is a rattlesnake, kipia ikwech ; and tli:lkowatl. There is also a snake called the so:lkowatl , that
is said to have wings and there is the te:chi:chi , a type of small animal that sucks ones blood and appears in the ground in the summer.
\nae The length of the vowel is difficult to determine and needs further analysis. An examination of the Oapan form shows a relatively long duration for the initial /o/. But other words with
/owa/ sequences also seem to manifest greater duration than would be expected from a short vowel. However, for now at least no possible contrast of long and short /o/ preceding
/wa/ has been documented. It is for this reason that the vowel has been left short in kowatl and in all related words.
\nde Note that Pipil has long /u:/ (a reflex of /o:/); Tetelcingo, Morelos, has all short vowels. Carochi has both vowels long. Thus there is wide variation across dialects.
\qry Check vowel length of final /a/ and correct as needed in all entries and data. It is very hard to hear if long or short. At least in the singular, it is short (I'm almost sure). However, it
does seem that the vowel is long in the plural. This should be checked.
\vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. There is an extra female token at 5337.
\semref kuwatsi:ntli; sintli de kuwatl; ixonak kuwatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05094
\lxam tsi:nkopi:ni
\lxam_c tsi:nkopi:ni
\lxoa tsi:nkopi:ni
\lxoa_c tsi:nkopi:ni
\dt 23/Feb/2006
\lx_te tsi:ntekopi:ni
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to have the bottom fall out or detach (e.g., a bucket, basket, cardboard box, or similar material object)
\sense_s desprendersele el fondo (p. ej., una cubeta, canasta, caja de cartón, u otro objeto parecido)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to detach at the base (e.g., a bee that loses its stinger, a fruit that detaches from its stem as it falls off a tree)
\sense_s desprenderse por la parte inferior (p. ej., una abeja que pierde el aguijón, o una fruta que se desprende de su tallo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:kwa:ni, mitskwa:s ika itsi:nkoli:tah. Umpa noka:wa ka:n o:mitskwah, o:mistsopi:nih, dya tsi:nkopi:ni, dya saniman miki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It stings (the bee), it stings with its stinger. It (the stinger) becomes detached there where it stung you, where it penetrated you, and then its stinger comes out, and it dies
right away.
\phrase_s Pica (la abeja), pica con su aguijón. Alláse queda (el aguijón) donde te picó, donde te penetró, y luego se desprende, y entonces luego luego se muere.
\phrase_n Ya: deke yo:chika:w, yo:isik kwahli tsi:ntekopi:ni, wa:lwetsi tla:ltipan.
\phrase_d Oa
\snd_oa 05094_01_oa
\src_p Silvestre Pantaleón: BO_004_24_0000_0863.wav / 7:24
\phrase_e And once it has gotten ripe, it is well-matured, it detaches from its stem, it falls down onto the ground.
\phrase_s Ya cuando quedó bien a sazón, se maduró bien, se desprende de su tallo, cae al suelo.
\root tsi:n
\root kopi:
\qry Check for other meanings, for transitive, etc.
\ref 05095
\lxam tlapa:nki
\lxam_c tlapa:nki
\lxoa tlapa:nki
\lxoa_c tlapa:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to be broken; to be split (e.g., sth hard and brittle such as a ceramic plate, either fissured or with a small section broken off)
\sense_s estar roto; estar quebrado; estar partido (p. ej., algo duro y quebradizo como un plato de cerámica, con una hendedura o faltando un pedazo)
\sense_d Pending
\root tlapa:
\qry Check for /tlapa:ntok/. Note that C. Flores denied the correctness of /tlapa:ntok/.
\ref 05096
\lxam tlatska:kochi
\lxam_c tlatska:kochi
\lxoa tlatska:kochi
\lxoa_c tlatska:kochi
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\incorp Part-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(ch)
\sense_e to sleep or lie down to doze (e.g., during the day) because of laziness
\sense_s dormir o acostarse para tomar una siesta (p. ej., durante el día) por flojo
\sense_d Pending
\root tlats
\root kochi
\qry_fon The length of the /a:/ is particularly marked here and this word could be used as an illustrative example of participial length.
\ref 05097
\lxam ma:s
\lxam_c ma:s tewa tiweli
\lxoa ma:s
\lxoa_c ma:s
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan mas
\psm Adv
\der Adv-loan
\sense_e moreover; in addition
\sense_s además
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tsotsomi:ntik nomi:l, xwel nowapa:wa, xkwahli tla:hli, ma:s o:tesiwilo:k. O:kitlamilih un tesiwtli iswayo:tsi:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The maize plants in my field are bare of leaves, they can't grow, the earth is no good and moreover, they got hailed upon. The hailstones finished off their leaves.
\phrase_s Las plantas de maíz en mi milpa quedaron peladas, no pueden crecer, el suelo no estábien y además les cayógranizo encima. Las piedras de granizo terminaron con sus
hojas.terminaron con sus hojas.
\qry The precise nature of the part of speech and function needs to be defined.
\mod I think that the elicitation phrase from Am is not as recorded. Check.
\ref 05098
\lxam chi:koyo:nia
\lxam_c kichi:koyo:nia
\lxoa chi:koyo:nia
\lxoa_c kichi:koyo:nia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp PM-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make a wide gaping hole (an animal gnawing at a fruit; a rock falling through a roof, etc.)
\sense_s hacer un gran y ancho agujero (un animal que roe una fruta, una piedra grande aventada por un techo de palma, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:kintechichi:koyo:nih tosandiatsitsi:wa:n mo:to.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A squirrel made holes all over our watermelons (by biting and eating them).
\phrase_s Una ardilla le hizo agujeros por todos lados en nuestas sandias.
\phrase_n Nochi yo:kinté:chi:koyo:nih moto.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Squirrels have made holes in everything (e.g., fruit).
\phrase_s Las ardillas han agujereado todo (p. ej., la fruta).
\root chi:-
\root koyo:
\nae Note that when the intensifier prefix (which in Oapan often functions as a"dummy morpheme") is used, in Oapan the reduplicant reduces onto its underlyingly short syllable. Hence
kinté:chi:koyo:nia.
\ref 05099
\lxam tlapahlo:tia
\lxam_c kitlapahlo:tia
\lxoa tlapahlo:tia
\lxoa_c kitlapahlo:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-para-h/wa/tia
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to paint (an amate, ceramics, etc.)
\sense_s pintar (un amate, cerámica, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root pa:
\ency_note painting
\nse When used in reference to amates, the term tlapahlo:tia includes both outlining in black (tli:lwi:teki) and filling in with color (see
tlatsatsakwa (Am) / tlá:tsakwá). However, it may also be used in reference to painting amates in contrast with tlatsatsakwa. In such
cases tlatlapahlo:tia refers to painting the actual figures and the latter verb to filling in the spaces with color.
\qry Check for existence of intransitive /tlapahlowa/ as well as the adjectival form ?/tlapahloh/, which probably does exist. In one filecard I have recorded /tlapa:lo:ltia/ as on Gram Tape
#1:320. Check.
\ref 05100
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixipantalo:ntepailihtok
\lxoa_c ixipantalo:ntepai:lihtok
\dt 27/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be with ones trousers rolled up
\sense_s estar con los pantalones arremangados
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root te
\root payol
\qry_fon As in all instances of /tepai:lihtok/ and related words, the length of the vowels in the syllable /pai:/ is unclear. It seems that a short /a/ and long /i:/ might be possible, but this
is far from clear.
\vl There should be 3 female tokens; the first is defective and should not be tagged. It has an unnatural pause halfway through.
\semref pantalontetekwixtok
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref ixikasó:ntekwixtok
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref ixikaso:ntepaili:htok
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref ixipantaló:ntekwíxtok
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05101
\lxam t-
\lxam_c ta:tli
\lxoa t-
\lxoa_c ta:tli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Pref(sub)
\der Pref-sub
\sense_e second person subject prefix ('you')
\sense_s prefijo de sujeto de segunda primera persona ('tú')
\sense_d Pending
\nse The prefix t- occurs before vowel-initial verb stems (although its allomorph ti may also occur, but much more rarely) and before consonant-initial verb
stems in the perfective and pluperfect (e.g., o:tpale:wihtek for o:tikpale:wih , 'you helped him,' although the latter too occurs in more careful speech).
Before predicate nouns and adjectives the form ti is perhaps also commonly used before vowel-initial stems, e.g. tia:tlakwintsi:n instead of
ta:tlakwintsi:n , at times perhaps motivated by a desire to avoid ambiguity with the possessive (e.g., ta:tlakwintsi:n 'our water boy' (although
ta:tlakwintsi:n meaning 'you are a water boy' is quite common). Before consonant initiate predicates ti- is used: titisi 'You grind corn'
or tisowa:tl (Am) 'You are a woman.'
\ref 05102
\lxam kekel
\lxam_c i:kekel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infn N2
\sense_e ticklish spot
\sense_s lugar donde se siente cosquillas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Burroh, kipia ikekel.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Donkeys have their ticklish spot.
\phrase_s Los burros tienes su lugar de cosquillas.
\sense_e the proper way to conduct an activity so that it yields good results; target or precise point (e.g., needed to be struck in order to be able to accomplish a given task)
\sense_s la manera apropriada para llevar a cabo una actividad; el mero lugar bueno o punto indicado (esto es, para poder cumplir con una meta deseada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkaman yekah o:kine:xtih ikekel un tla:hli. Kemech tewa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e No one has ever been able to hit the mark with that land (i.e., make it yield a good crop). You're the first.
\phrase_s Hasta ahora nadie ha sido capaz de atinarle a esa tierra (esto es, hacer que rindiera bien). Apenas túeres la primera.
\root kel
\nse A burro, or at least desirable burros, have a"ticklish"spot located on their spine just behind the saddle. The rider"tickles"this spot by twisting his or her middle knuckle into it to make
the burro move fast. I was once told that one can give a burro its kekel , ticklish spot, by sticking a large needle (used for sewing with twine) into its spine when it is
young. This word has only been documented in possessed form.
\qry Check to see if /h/ is underlying present as part of a reduplicative form (as Karttunen does, cf. /quehqueliui/). I have also heard the noun kipia ikekel used in regard to
a person (e.g. a woman in particular) but this is apparently a joking metaphor.
\semref kekeleh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05103
\lxam popo:ka
\lxam_c popo:ka
\lxoa popo:ka
\lxoa_c popo:ka
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to give off smoke
\sense_s echar humo
\sense_d Pending
\disamb popo:ka; po:hki:sa
\root po:k
\root_notes There is a possible relationship of popo:ka to po:ni. In part, except for the long final vowel in popo:ka , the relationship
between the two parallels that of frequentative forms. Also, there is a general semantic link between fire and flowers in Mesoamerican culture (cf. the word for 'coal,'
tlixo:xtli , literally 'fire flower').
\ref 05104
\lxam kwa:tsotsolowa
\lxam_c kikwa:tsotsolowa
\lxoa kwa:tsotsolowa
\lxoa_c kikwa:tsotsolowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*; Op. infix te- : kwa:tetsotsolowa)
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to cut the hair of (sb) real short at the top (perhaps leaving it a little longer on the sides)
\sense_s cortarle el cabello muy corto (a algn) en la parte superior de la cabeza a (quizádejándolo un poco más largo a los lados)
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root tsol
\qry Check for other meanings.
\ref 05105
\lxam iyo:tila:na
\lxam_c kiyo:tila:na
\lxoa íyo:tilá:na
\lxoa_pr iyo:tila:na
\lxoa_c kíyo:tilá:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to suck in (air or a liquid, by breathing in strongly)
\sense_s inhalar, aspirar o jalar con la respiración (aire o líquido, por la boca)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wel mitsiyo:tila:nas kowatl, de masa:kowatl, deke tikwi:ka mosiga:rroh, xtlikwi:lti, wan no: xma:ka:wto po:ktli ka:n wa:le:wtok ipan kwe:bah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A snake, a boa, can suck you in with its breath, but if you are carrying a cigarette, light it, and let the smoke loose where it (the air being pulled in) is coming from.
\phrase_s Una culebra, del tipo masacuate, te puede jalar con su respiración, pero si estás llevando un cigarro, préndelo y suelta el humo por donde viene (el aire que estásiendo
jalado) la parte de la cueva de donde viene (el aire).
\sense_e to siphon
\sense_s sacar con sifón
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kiyo:tila:na para pe:wa ki:sas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He sucks in on it (i.e., a hose of water) so that it (the water) starts to come out.
\phrase_s Le jala con aire (p. ej., agua en una manguera) para que empiece (el agua) a salir.
\sense_e to suck on the soft part of a baby's head, placing ones mouth, with water in it, over the soft spot and sucking in hard (in order to"raise"the fontanelle, ia:w ,
after it has"fallen"in)
\sense_s chupar, con agua en la boca, la mollera de un niño, poniendo la boca sobre su mollera y chupando fuertemente (para subirle la mollera, ia:w , después de
que se haya caido)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kiyo:tila:naskeh ia:w un kone:tsi:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They will suck on the soft part of that baby's head.
\phrase_s Van a chupar la mollera de ese niño.
\root hyo:
\root tila:na
\qry Check root for underlying {h} in other dialects (e.g. Oapan).
\ref 05106
\lxam chi:lkwa
\lxam_c chi:lkwa
\lxoa chi:lkwa
\lxoa_c chi:lkwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to eat chile or food prepared with a lot of chile (i.e., spicy food)
\sense_s comer chile o comida preparada con mucho chile (esto es, comida picosa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mlá:k kwahli chi:lkwa, ma:ski pitentsi:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He can really eat spicy foods, even though he is young.
\phrase_s De veras puede comer lo picoso, aunque es muy niño.
\root chi:l
\root kwa
\ref 05107
\lxam tso:tso:yoh
\lxam_c tso:tso:yoh
\lxoa tso:tso:yoh
\lxoa_c tso:tso:yoh
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e to have sores, ulcers, or infected pimples on ones skin
\sense_s tener llagas,úlceras o granitos infectados sobre la piel
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tso:tso:yoh mokaba:yoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your horse has sores (e.g., on its back from the scraping of a saddle).
\phrase_s Tu caballo tiene llagas (p. ej., sobre el lomo por el raspar de la silla).
\root tso:
\qry Can one say /nitso:tso:yoh/?
\vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens.
\ref 05108
\lxam chi:chi
\lxam_c kichi:chi
\lxoa chi:chi
\lxoa_c kichi:chi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Spec
\infv class-4a(oni)
\sense_e to suckle; to nurse (a young child or animal)
\sense_s amamantar (un niño)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ok chi:chi, xka:wa, ye we:i.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is still nursing, it not what you'd expect, he's already quite old.
\phrase_s Todavía amamanta, no es de esperar, ya es grande.
\sense_e (with specific object) to suck on (a person or animate being, particularly in extracting corporeal liquid such as milk or blood)
\sense_s (con objeto específico) chupar (a algn, o un ser animado, particularmente para sacar un líquido corporal como la leche o la sangre)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mitschi:chis se: te:chi:chi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A techichi (type of bloodsucker) will suck your blood.
\phrase_s Un techichi (tipo de animal hematófago) te va a chupar la sangre.
\root chi:chi
\nse In Oapan this is rarely used as a transitive, and when it is it seems only to refer to a child nursing with its mother.
\nae The long stem of this verb apparently ends with a long vowel: chi:chi:s.
\ref 05109
\lxam osto:k
\lxam_c osto:kitlachichi:wal
\lxoa osto:k
\lxoa_c osto:k
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-k(o)
\infn N1
\sense_e (~ cha:neh) the Devil (in Ameyaltepec, by extension, some speakers might simply say ostó:k , with this same sense)
\sense_s (~ cha:neh) el diablo (en Ameyaltepec, por extensión, algunos hablantes a veces dicen simplemente ostó:k , con el mismo sentido)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Osto:kixina:ch!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e (You) child of the Devil!
\phrase_s ¡Hijo del diablo!
\sense_e god-dam
\sense_s ¡diablo!¡pinche!
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Osto:k kone:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e God-dam kid!
\phrase_s ¡Pinche niño!
\sense_e in the cliffs
\sense_s en los peñascos
\sense_d Oa
\root osto:
\root_rel -ko
\disamb diablo
\nse Ostó:k is a trope for the Devil based on where he lives; he more completely referred to as ostó:k cha:neh. In Ameyaltepec a phrase such as
ostó:k kone:tl or ostó:k i:xina:ch is used to insult or berate, para ika te:uwikalti:lo. Note that in Oapan osto:h cha:neh is
the surface realization of this form given the phonology rule for weakening of final /k/.
\qry Check final stress in /ostó:k/ in all cases (i.e., as part of an insulting phrase, as used alone to signify the devil, and in a compound phrase such as ostó:k cha:neh.
\ref 05110
\lxam malwilia
\lxam_c kimalwilia
\lxoa malwilia
\lxoa_c kimalwilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to take great care of or to handle delicately for (a domesticated animal, a material object, etc.)
\sense_s cuidar para; manejar cuidadosamente para (un animal domesticado, una herramienta u objeto material presetado, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timitsmalwili:s morra:dioh, xne:xtlane:wti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll take good care of your radio for you, lend it to me!
\phrase_s Te voy a cuidar bien tu radio,¡Préstamelo!
\root malwi
\vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens.
\xref malwia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref malwiya
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05111
\lxam pepechiwi
\lxam_c pepechiwi
\lxoa pepechiwi
\lxoa_c pepechiwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl; +Caus
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (often with i:pan) to get stuck (on) (e.g., burnt food on a pot, sth sticky on any surface, etc.)
\sense_s (a menudo con i:pan) pegarse (a) (p. ej., comida quemada en una olla, algo pegajoso sobre cualquier superficie, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pepechiw motlakwal, xo:tneloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You food has gotten stuck (to the side of a pot), you didn't stir it.
\phrase_s Se pegótu comida (a la olla), no la revolviste.
\phrase_n O:pepechiw kupahli ipan motlake:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Gum got stuck on your clothes.
\phrase_s Se pegóchicle a tu ropa.
\phrase_n O:nitlake:ntlatlak, nopan o:pepechihka kwe:teh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My clothes got burned, a firecracker got (i.e., exploded) very close to me.
\phrase_s Se me quemóla ropa, un cohete se me pegó(esto es se explotómuy cerca de mí).
\root pech
\qry I have only heard this reduplicated. This should be checked. Also check for use of /pepechiwi/ with /-tech/.
\grm Transitivity; causatives: Note that /pepechiwi/ is one of those verbs that are of nondirected alternation but that have both a nondirected transitive and a causative. Note
discussion on dictionary tape with C. Flores re: intransitive, durative, and transitive reflexive.
\xref pepecho:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05112
\lxam tolkopetli
\lxam_c tolkopetli
\lxoa tlalkópetlí
\lxoa_c tlalkópetlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\pitch yes-lex
\infn Stem 1(h)
\sense_e tenjolote o tencolote (in regional Spanish), conical-shaped basket of three sticks and woven palm used in pairs to transport goods by beast of burden
\sense_s tenjolote o tencolote (en el español regional), canasta cónica de palos y palma tejida que se utiliza en pares para transportar objetos por bestia
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e constellation of stars identifiable as the head of Taurus (so-called for its shape that resembles the material object of this name)
\sense_s constelación de estrellas idenficiable como la cabeza de taurus (llamado asípor su forma como de tolkopetli)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tool
\semfld heavens
\root tolkopeh
\nse In the Balsas region the tolkopetli (Am) is used most commonly by merchants from San Miguel Tecuiciapan to transport the comales that they
manufacture. In other regions they are used to transport mazorcas gathered in the harvest.
\nde In Classical Nahuatl the word tompiatli is found apparently with an equivalent meaning. Tetelcingo, Morelos has tompiajtli , glossed as 'canasta de
palma en forma de racimo de uvas.' The etymology of this word, with so many variations, is difficult to determine. For now it has been given as tolkopeh. A
complete comparison of this term through the valley would be helpful.
\qry_h For SJ and other villages.
\mod Illustrate; see illustration on 3x5 card
\ref 05113
\lxam wekapan
\lxam_c wekapan
\lxoa wákapán
\lxoa_pr wakapan
\lxoa_c wákapán
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\infa pl., wekapameh
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e tall; high (a person, a tree, building, etc., i.e., sth that stands upright above the ground)
\sense_s alto; elevado (una persona, unárbol, etc., esto es, algo que está parado arriba de la superficie o suelo)
\sense_d Pending
\root wehka
\root_rel -pan
\nae Although the adjectival form of this word is not the typical construction one finds in paradigms with inchoatives and transitives, it has been included here because of the forms of the
verbal counterparts: wekapania (Am) / wákapánia (Oa) and wekapanilia (Am) / wákapanília (Oa).
\qry Check for transitive in /-lia/. Note that perhaps this category /cat field code should be changed. Cf. /wekapania/.
\ref 05114
\lxam ite:ntson osto:tsi:n
\lxam_c ite:ntson osto:tsi:n
\lxoa_c i:te:ntson osto:tsi:n
\lxgen i:te:ntson osto:tsi:n
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\sense_e type of plant not yet collected nor identified
\sense_s tipo de planta todavía no colectada ni identificada
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root te:n
\root tson osto:
\notes_nature Although I have heard this plant mentioned several times, I once asked Luis Lucena about it and he responded that although he also remembers having heard the name
mentioned, he does not know to what plant it refers. Silvestre Pantaleón was not familiar with this plant. While Inocencio Díaz stated this is a type of
sakatl while Asención Marcelo stated that it was a xiwtli , i.e., herbaceous plant.
\ref 05115
\lxam moyo:naltia
\lxam_c kimimoyo:naltia
\lxoa moyo:naltia
\lxoa_c kimoyo:naltia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia)
\trans from nondirected alternation
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cause or make swarm
\sense_s hacer enjambrarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kimimoyo:naltih chi:lpameh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He made the wasps swarm and buzz about.
\phrase_s Hizo que las avispas se enjambraran.
\root moyo:
\nse Apparently moyo:naltia is synonomous with moyo:nia although the possibility of semantic difference should be explored.
\qry I am not sure why there are two forms, /moyo:nia/ and /moyo:naltia/ (there are other similar cases of two forms) and if there is any difference in their use and meaning. This should be
checked.
\semref moyo:nia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref moyo:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05116
\lxam te:skayo:tia
\lxam_c kite:skayo:tia
\lxoa te:skayo:tia
\lxoa_c kite:skayo:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-yo:tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to put glass on (an object); to put a mirror on (e.g., a dance crown, such as those used in Da:nsah de Koro:nah)
\sense_s poner vidrio a (un objeto); poner un espejo en (p. ej. una corona de danza como la que se utiliza en Da:nsah de Koro:nah)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:ska
\grm Note that although /te:skayo:tia/ exists as 'to place a mirror on (as part of)' the adjectival and intransitive/inchoative do not exist: *te:skayoh and *te:skayowa. Thus it
would seem that this is a direct denominal verb. Note that the /-yo/ seems to indicate that the mirror or glass is part of a whole; thus the patient of /te:skayo:tia/ could
afterward have it said of it: /kipia ite:skayo/. However, there is no form *te:skayowa and no form (that I know of) *te:skayo:tl.
\ref 05117
\lxam itiyo:hli
\lxam_c i:tiyo:l
\lxoa ítiyó:hli
\lxoa_c í:tiyó:l
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e budding point of the corn plant (and certain other plants), from the last leaf up
\sense_s punto o botón de la planta del maíz (y ciertas otras plantas), desde laúltima hoja hacia arriba
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e seeds that are inside of a fruit, chile, etc.
\sense_s semillas que están dentro de una fruta, chile, etc.
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e stamen (of any flower)
\sense_s estambre (de cualquier flor)
\sense_d Pending
\root hti
\root yo:l
\disamb mi:hli
\nse The sense of 'seeds that are inside of a fruit, chile, etc.' was offered by Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. It is not clear whether the other two senses are also applicable in
Oapan. In this village í:tiyó:l is used to refer to the seeds while they are inside (as seeds found inside a fresh green chile that is being nibbled on). Once they are outside
the fruit they are simply referred to as i:yo:l. Thus the first nominal stem refers to the location of the second nominal, yo:hli.
\qry Etymology uncertain, check for presence of {h} (as in /ihtiyo:l/) in neighbouring dialects. Apparently only occurs in possessed 3rd person form; check. Check to see if equivalent to
/itiyo:ltsi:n/, if so, combine entries. Check the pitch-accent pattern.
\qry_fon Note that the pitch on the first syllable is noticeably higher than that on the second syllable. The question is whether in words that are underlying {VhCVCV:C) the pitch
pattern is always like this, with high and pronounced high pitch on the first syllable and a lower high pitch on the final one. Check.
\grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent: Note that the pitch on the first syllable is noticeably higher than that on the second syllable. The question is whether in words that are
underlying {VhCVCV:C) the pitch pattern is always like this, with high and pronounced high pitch on the first syllable and a lower high pitch on the final one. Check.
\ref 05118
\lxam tlateki:ltia
\lxam_c kitlateki:ltia
\lxoa tlateki:ltia
\lxoa_c kitlateki:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to sharpen
\sense_s afilar; sacar filo a
\sense_d Pending
\root teki
\nse Tlateki:ltia is used to refer to sharpening knives, machetes, axes, etc.
\qry Check to determine whether /tekiltia/ exists. If it doesn't /tlateki:ltia/ should be considered a lexicalized indirect null complement (or indefinite deletion in Allerton's terminology, as
opposed to contextual deletion.
\vl Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez begin by stating /kitlalteki:ltia/. The the /l/ closing the second syllable. This is a different entry and the tokens (2 female and 1
male) should be tagged with #07735. Then, Florencia Marcelino utters /tlateki:tia/. This is equivalent to the present entry except thta the ending in /-i:tia/ and not /-i:ltia/.
Again, a separate entry has been created and this is at 7736. The female token /kitlateki:tia/ should be tagged as 7736. It is the only token of this pronunciation. Then, there
follows
\semref tlateki:tia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\xref tlateki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05119
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was originally /tsi:ntsontli/ but has been removed as offensive. It is in the censored database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Please tag all the tokens (they are all male) at 5119, etc. but do not link any of them to the lexicon.
\ref 05120
\lxam pia
\lxoa 'piá
\lxoa_pr pia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3c(pia)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e see tlapia (Am) / tlápiyá(Oa)
\sense_s véase tlapia (Am) / tlápiyá(Oa)
\sense_d Pending
\root hpiya
\nse This is a defective verb in that it apparently occurs only with the nonspecific object prefix tla-. In Ameyaltepec the underying {h} is lost whereas in neighboring dialects it
is preserved. Thus in Oapan one finds tlápiyáwhile in San Juan Tetelcingo one finds tlahpiya.
\qry Make sure this occurs only with /tla-/ and that forms such as ?/kihpiya/ are not acceptable.
\vl There are two sets of four tokens here: /kipiya/ and /kí:piyá/. They should all be tagged with #02672. Instructions for linking are there.
\ref 05121
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was the entry for Am / ye/ and was removed as a duplicate.
\dt 22/Nov/2003
\ref 05122
\lxam kwe:tli de koto:ntok
\lxam_c kwe:tli de koto:ntok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\sense_e skirt of a type of woman's outfit with a blouse separate from the skirt, i.e., they are not sewn together in one piece
\sense_s falda del vestido de mujer que tiene una blusa separada de la falda, esto es, las dos partes no están cosidas en una sola pieza
\sense_d Am
\semfld clothing
\ency_note tlake:ntli; kwe:tli
\root kwe:
\root koto:
\semref siwa:kwe:tli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05123
\lxam xikne:li:listli
\lxam_c xikne:li:listli
\lxoa xihne:li:listli
\lxoa_c xihne:li:listli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e person who is thankless or ingrateful
\sense_s persona que es malagradecida (una persona)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xnikne:li:listli, a:sta a:man xnikonka:wa tli:n o:ne:stla:ne:wtikeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm not grateful, up to now I still haven't gone to drop off what they lent me.
\phrase_s No estoy agradecido, hasta ahora no he ido a dejar lo que me prestaron.
\phrase_n Xikne:li:listli ika o:hmaxtih. A:man xne:chselia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's not thankful that I taught him. Nowadays he doesn't accept me in his house.
\phrase_s No estáagradecido por eso de que le enseñé, ahora no me recibe en su casa.
\phrase_n Xikne:li:listli. O:tiktla:ne:wtih san para ke:n na:wi to:nahli, a:man ye kipia se: me:stli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He isn't grateful. You lent it to him for about four days, and now its been a month.
\phrase_s No estáagradecido. se lo prestaste por algo como cuatro días, y ahora ya cumple un mes.
\root kne:li
\nse This noun is only found in the negative.
\qry Check use of /ikne:li:listli/ with subject prefix /ni-/. It seems interesting that the nominalization refers to an individual who effects the action indicated by the verb. Also, epenthetical
status of initial /i/ is uncertain..
\qry_fon Determine the phonetic nature of the transition between /xi/ and /ne:l-/. I have written this has /h/.
\grm Nominalization of transitive verbs: Note the nominalization of a transitive verb without and detransitivizing element (tla-, te:-, or ne-). Discuss in a section on nominalization
and detransitivization. Check Launey.
\ref 05124
\lxam kuwi:skikuwtli
\lxam_c kuwi:skikuwtli
\lxoa kowi:sikohtli
\lxoa_c kowi:sikohtli
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e Zizyphus mexicana, tree of the Rhamnaceae family with edible fruit
\sense_s Zizyphus mexicana,árbol de la familia Rhamnaceae, con fruta comestible
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root ko
\root i:ski
\root kow
\qry_fon Oapan phonology; k-deletion. Note that whereas both Am and Oa have /kowi:skitl/, when the noun /kohtli/ is added, the Oapan form loses /k/ in /kowi:skitl/. This should be
rechecked.
\grm Oapan phonology; k-deletion. Note that whereas both Am and Oa have /kowi:skitl/, when the noun /kohtli/ is added, the Oapan form loses /k/ in /kowi:skitl/. This should be
rechecked.
\semref kowi:skitl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05125
\lxam weliwin
\lxam_c weliwin tia:skeh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-man
\sense_e at a brisk pace; quickly (in regard to a pace of walking)
\sense_s a un paso muy ligero; rápido (en cuanto a un paso al caminar)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Newa weliwin niá:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to go walking very quickly.
\phrase_s Voy a ir caminando muy rápido.
\phrase_n Xweliwin!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hurry up you (walk faster)!
\phrase_s ¡Apúrale (camina rápido)!
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) at a very brisk pace; very quickly (in regard to a pace of walking)
\sense_s (con reduplication de vocal larga) a un paso muy ligero; muy rápido (en cuanto a un paso al caminar)
\sense_d Am
\root weli
\nse According to Concepción de la Cruz, xweliwin indicates a pace quicker than that indicated by xne:nenemi. Apparently the long vowel reduplication
makes the pace even brisker, though this should be confirmed.
\qry Cf. Gram 1984-02-6.4
\ref 05126
\lxam ko:tsi:ltik tetsi:lka:komalako:tl yeyekatl
\lxam_c *ko:tsi:ltik tetsi:lka:komalako:tl yeyekatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\sense_e one of the yeyekameh
\sense_s uno de los yeyekameh
\sense_d Am
\semfld ritual
\root ko:tsi:l
\root tetsi:l
\root komalaka:
\root e:ka
\nse This yeyekatl is mentioned in texts from Ameyaltepec by Pánfilo Lorenzo.
\qry Check to determine whether /tetsi:lka/ is incorporated as a participal to /komalako:tl/.
\mod For all /yeyekameh/ determine the complete characteristics. Also, perhaps simply have these as pages linked to the dictionary at /yeyekameh/, i.e., a discussion or series of pages on
the /yeyekameh/, soul-raising, etc.
\grm If /tetsi:lka:yeyekatl/ is indeed an incorporated form, this suggests that the participial form of verbs ending in /-iwi/ is simply /-ka:/ and not ?/-ihka:/. This should be
checked.
\ref 05127
\lxam tli:n
\lxam_c xkiselia tli:n kimakan
\lxoa tli:n
\lxoa_c tli:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Reltz
\der Reltz
\sense_e that which (in a headless relative clause)
\sense_s lo que (en una claúsula relativa sin cabeza)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nihtlantok tli:n nihchi:wa.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I'm finishing what I'm doing.
\phrase_s Estoy terminando lo que estoy haciendo.
\phrase_n Nochi kipatio:tia tlin kinamaka.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He raises the price on everything that he sells.
\phrase_s Le sube el precio a todo lo que vende.
\root tli:n
\qry The precise difference between /tli:n/ and /tli:non/ needs to be investigated. Apparently (and this should be checked) /tli:n/ is used as a specific pronoun and /tli:non/ for a nonspecific
(or indefinite). Note that I originally had /tli:n/ as or defined as 'that (as relative pronoun)'; this should be checked.
\ref 05128
\lxam tla:lka:wia
\lxam_c kitla:lka:wia
\lxoa tla:lka:wia
\lxoa_f [tla:l ka: 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kitla:lka:wia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to leave or create a distance between; to leave behind (in covering a physical distance by walking, etc.)
\sense_s dejar o crear una distancia entre; dejar atrás (en cubrir una distancia al caminar, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timitstla:lka:wi:s, yo:li:k tinenemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will leave you behind, you walk slowly.
\phrase_s Te voy a dejar atrás, caminas despacio.
\phrase_n O:te:xtla:lka:wih un toba:leh. O:yah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Our friend left us behind (in this case while drinking). He left.
\phrase_s Nuestro amigo nos dejóatrás (en este caso al estar tomando). Se fue.
\phrase_n Ye kitla:lka:wia motla:l ka:n tito:ka. Xok umpa nowitia un a:te:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's leaving a distance between it and the land where you plant. The river no longer passes close by (i.e., it is changing course).
\phrase_s Estádejando una distancia al terreno donde siembras. Ya no pasa por allíel río (que estácambiando de curso).
\sense_e to abandon; to leave behind (e.g., as in leaving a household)
\sense_s abandonar; dejar atrás (p. ej., en separarse de una familia)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Kitla:lka:wia itah. Xka:wa, kemech o:nona:miktih.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He's abandoned his father's home (in separating after marriage). Who would have thought it? he just got married (perhaps a year ago, or less).
\phrase_s Abandonóel hogar de su papá(al separarse después de casarse).¿Quién lo iba a pensar? Apenas se casó(quizáapenas un año, o menos).
\sense_e to leave earth around (e.g., a river that leaves earth around riverside trees as it recedes)
\sense_s dejar tierra alrededor de (p. ej., un río que deja tierra por losárboles ribereños al bajar)
\sense_d Oa
\fla tla:lte:mia
\root tla:l
\root ka:wa
\disamb ka:wte:wa; tla:lka:wia
\nae The valency structure of this verb is further discussed in the grammar; see also tla:lte:mia and a:te:kia
\qry Check difference between /tla:lka:wia/ and /ka:wte:wa/ (e.g., /ne:chtla:lka:wia/ and /ne:chka:wte:wa/).
\ref 05129
\lxam ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl
\lxam_c ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl
\lxoa ka:ká:lexó:chitl
\lxoa_c ka:ká:lexó:chitl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e Plumeria rubraL., a tree of the Apocynaceae family, locally called cacalosúchil, that includes distinct varieties with white, yellow, and red flowers;
only those with white flowers grow wild in the region, the others are found only in house gardens
\sense_s Plumeria rubraL.,árbol de la familia Apocynaceae, llamado localmente cacalosúchil, o 'flor de cuervo'; el cacalosúchil tiene 3 variantes locales, con flores blancas,
amarrillas y rojas; solamente el primero es silvestre, los otros se encuentran nada más en casas particulares
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl | Kipia ixo:chio. Deke peya:stik bwe:noh para kabes:itah noso mori:yoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl : It has flowers. If it is straight it's good for main beams and principal rafter beams.
\phrase_s Ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl : Tiene sus flores. Si es derecho es bueno para cabezas y morillos.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\semfld medicine (pending)
\root ka:lo:
\root xo:ch
\notes_nature According to consultants (Feb. 2001) there are several types of ka:ka:loxo:chitl , distinguished by the color of their flowers. The ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl
istá:k has white flowers and grows wild in the hills of the Balsas River valley. There are three other types of ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl that apparently are
not found wild but rather grow only in home gardens in villages of the region: ka:ka:lo:xo:chit chi:chi:ltik , and ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl kostik. A
few speakers mentioned a fourth type of ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl with rose-colored flowers, which they called ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl rosi:tah or
ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl koló:r de ro:sah. However, given the lack of consensus on this form it has not yet been entered in the lexical database. The
ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl is used as a remedy for kowasiwistli. Ramírez and Dakin identify this as flor de cuervo. Ramírez (1991) (and
Ramírez and Dakin, 1979) identifies th is as cacalosúc hil or flor de cuervo of the family Apocynaceaewith the genus/species given as
Plumeria acutifolia. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:171) identify as cacalosúchil the Plumeria rubra f. acutifoliaof the family
Apocynaceae. Schoenhals (1988) does not list cacalosúchil as a separate entry. However, she does have the following under flor de mayo:"1.
(Laelia grandiflora'[species of] orchid.' See flor de copus. 2. (Plumeriaspp. e.g., P. rubra) 'frangipani.' Tree is native to rather dry mountain
slopes. Fragrant, white or pink, waxy flowers appears before the leaves. Also called cacalosúchil, flor de corpus, flor de templo, franchipán [probably incorrect as a
Spanish term], súchil, suchilete. 3. (Sprekelia formosissima) 'Aztec lily,' Jacobean lily.' See pata de gallo. 4. (Zephranthesspp., e.g., Z carinata)
'fairy lily,' rain lily.' See mayito."In San Ju an Tetelcingo I have he ard thi s referred to as kuhxo:chitl.
\semfld flower
\mod For the application of /ka:ka:lo:xo:chtli/, cf. folklore notes.
\ref 05130
\lxam ii:mati
\lxam_c nii:mati
\lxoa é:matí
\lxoa_pr e:mati
\lxoa_c né:matí
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l)
\infv Irregular; see mati
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl.) to be careful or prudent
\sense_s (refl.) ser cuidadoso o prudente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtimi:matis ke:n tikochis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are not careful with the way you sleep (e.g., you sleep in the nude, or because you sleep alone).
\phrase_s No tienes cuidado en como duermes (p. ej., desnudo, o porque duermes solo).
\phrase_n Tli:no:n o:mitsasik? Tle:ka xtimi:mati? Tle:ka xtimoma:te:kia?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e What's gotten ahold of you? Why aren't you prudent? Why don't you wash your hands? (in this case said to sb who has cut himself and doesn't wash the wound).
\phrase_s ¿Quéte pasa?¿Por quéno tienes cuidado?¿Por quéno te lavas las manos? (en este caso dicho a algn quien se ha cortado y no lava la herida).
\root ihmati
\nae In Oapan initial sequence is apparently a reduplicant on an initial {ih-} syllable. The underlying {h} is also reflective in the pitch accent pattern of tlámatí. However, it is
inclear why the initial vowel of Ameyaltepec is long. Perhaps it has undergone a process of lenition ({h} becoming length), or perhaps it is a result of reduction of a VV sequence to
V:. Or, perhaps, the length is underlying for all effects and purposes; it may even be that the pitch accent of the Oapan form is the result of a reduplicant on a long initial vowel. This
would simply the interpretation of the data gathered to date: the length is underlying and reflected in Ameyaltepec i:mati whereas the pitch accent of Oapan
né:matí is the result of reduplication (whether or not this is lexicalized or optional still needs to be determined even though the Oapan form produced spontaneously by
two consultants was with a long high-pitched vowel, as exemplified in the sound file s here).
\qry Recheck the long /i:/ in Ameyaltepec. However, note that various /ih/ initial words in Ameyaltepec seem to have a reflex in /i:/. Also, I am not sure if the compound /tlamati/ or
/tlai:mati/, etc. meaning 'to be an expert in something' exists in Ameyaltepec. Check.
\ref 05131
\lxam pepena
\lxam_c kipepena
\lxoa pépená
\lxoa_pr pepena
\lxoa_c kí:pená
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s(pref): kí:pená
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to pick up (many small objects, such as seeds, that are scattered on the ground)
\sense_s recoger; levantar (muchos objetos pequeños, como semillas, que están regados por el suelo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ntepe:w un tlayo:hli. O:ne:chma:tlan. A:man xtlapepenaka:n ko:koneh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I spilled the maize onto the ground (by accident, e.g., by carelessly carrying an open sack). It (e.g., a sack) slipped out of my hand. Now children, gather it all up!
\phrase_s Desparraméel maíz sobre el suelo (sin propósito, p. ej., al llevar sin cuidado un costal abierto). Se me fue de la mano.¡Ahora niños, a recoger!
\phrase_n On kichkone:tl melá:k yo:kipepe:n tesiwtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That little boy picked up a lot of hailstones.
\phrase_s Ese niñito recogiómuchas piedras de granizo.
\phrase_n Deke yo:chika:w tepe:tomatl, pe:wa tepe:wi ipan t:la:hli. Sa: para tikpepenas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If the tepe:tomatlhas gotten overripe, it (the fruit itself) starts to fall, scattering on the ground. It just remains for you to pick them up.
\phrase_s Si el tepe:tomatlpasa de maduro empieza (su fruta) a regarse por el suelo. Nada más queda para que lo recojas.
\disamb akukwa; pepena; sentla:lia
\root pena
\nse Pepena refers to the action of picking many small objects up off the ground. In this sense it differs from akukwi , which refers to the action of picking
up a single item or perhaps several individuated items.
\qry Check the use of /tlapepena/ as opposed to /kipepena/. Check particularly for incorporation: /tlayo:lpepena/, etc. If Am /tlapepena/ is correct, then change here.
\xref pepenilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref pépenília
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\xref tlá:pená
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05132
\lxam tlato:tolopochka:n
\lxam_c tlato:tolopochka:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla-ka:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn N1(N2-tla)
\sense_e area that is uneven and bumpy (in reference to an extended area of land)
\sense_s área dispareja y llena de topes (en referencia a un terreno)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tetekwi:ntiw, tlato:tolpochka:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It goes bouncing along (in this case a wheelbarrow on bumpy ground), there are bumps all over.
\phrase_s Va brincando (en este caso una carretilla sobre un terreno disparejo), estátodo disparejo con topes por dondequier.
\disamb tlatewistika:n; tlato:tolpochka:n
\root tolopoch
\root_rel -ka:n
\qry Determine precise meaning of /tlato:tolpochka:n/ and check spelling. Cf. and disambiguate from /tlatewistika:n/. Check vowel length of first long /o:/ since the entry
/tla:ltotolopochka:n/ has a short /o/ in the reduplicated syllable. This Am entry is probably in error and should be eliminated.
\semref tlato:tolopochka:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref tla:lto:tolopochka:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05133
\lxam mihka:xokokuwtli
\lxam_c mihka:xokokuwtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e Spondias mombinL., wild plum tree of the Anacardiaceae family
\sense_s Spondias mombinL., ciruelo silvestre de la familia Anacardiaceae
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root miki
\root xoko
\root kow
\nse Ameyaltepequeños distinguish this tree from the masa:xokokohtlion the basis of the time of fruition and nature of the fruit. But from all other characteristics they
admit that the two trees look identical. Latin classification has the mihka:xokokohtli and the masa:xokokohtli as identical.
\semref mihka:xokotl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 05134
\lxam xi:xtlami
\lxam_c xi:xtlami
\lxoa xi:xtlami
\lxoa_c xi:xtlami
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-mi(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to finish defecating (in the sense that one does not immediately need to go again)
\sense_s terminar con la necesidad de defecar (para que no tiene que ir otra vez en seguida)
\sense_d Oa
\root xi:x
\root tlami
\nse This is usually used in the negative, as is the similar term a:xi:xtlami.
\ref 05135
\lxam a:ko:lo:tl
\lxam_c a:ko:lo:tl
\lxoa a:ko:lo:tl
\lxoa_c a:ko:lo:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of crayfish that is said to sting, still not definitively identified
\sense_s tipo de cangrejo del río que dicen pica, todavía no identificado definitivamente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:ko:lo:tl | Ke:n ko:lo:tl, pero itik a:tl cha:neh. Chika:wak te:kwa pero xmotech ki:sas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A:ko:lo:tl : It is like a scorpion but it lives in the water. It stings very much but it will not make you ill.
\phrase_s A:ko:lo:tl : Es como un alacrán pero vive en el agua. Pica fuerte pero no se te va a trabar.
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\root a:
\root ko:lo:
\nse The a:ko:lo:tl is not considered a type of michin , at least by several Ameyaltepec consultants.
\ref 05136
\lxam xi:nia
\lxam_c kixi:nia
\lxoa xi:nia
\lxoa_c kixi:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to scatter (seeds on the ground as in planting a seed garden, in a bowl of water in divination, etc.); to spill (accidently, uncountable solid objects) on the ground
\sense_s desparramar; esparcir; (semillas sobre la tierra al hacer un semillero, en un plato de agua en echar suertes, monedas sobre el suelo, etc.); regar; tirar accidentalmente
(objetos pequeños y sólidos a la tierra)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nxi:nih noyew, yo:nto:kak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've scattered by beans on the ground, I've planted them.
\phrase_s Reguémis frijoles sobre la tierra, ya los sembré.
\phrase_n O:nxi:nih notlayo:l, xo:mpix kwida:doh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I spilled my corn on the ground, I wasn't careful.
\phrase_s Dejéque se regara mi maíz por el suelo, no tuve cuidado.
\phrase_n Tikxi:xi:ni:s yetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will drop beans on the ground once and once again (in planting them between the corn plants, dropping them on the ground at these fairly regular intervals and often
covering them with earth).
\phrase_s Vas a dejar caer frijoles sobre la tierra una y otra vez (al sembrarlos entre las matas de maíz, dejando caer los frijoles sobre la tierra y generalmente empujando un
poquito de tierra para taparlos).
\phrase_n Tikxi:xi:ni:s, tiktepe:was chi:lyo:hli, noso sila:ntroh noso xonakatl, iwa:n tiktla:lte:mi:s ika tla:hli, dya tiktlapacho:s ika sakatl dya tika:te:ki:s para ixwas. Deke
o:ixwak tikekwani:s, tikmamanas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e (To make a tlapacho:hli) you sprinkle, you spread out chile seeds, or silantro, or onion on the ground and you scatter earth over them (the seeds), then you
cover them with grass and water it so that they sprout. When they have sprouted you move them (the seedlings), you transplant them.
\phrase_s (Para hacer un tlapacho:hli) echas, desparramas semillas de chile, o silantro o ceballo por el suelo y les cubres (las semillas) con una capa delgada de
tierra, después les echas encima zacate y después les rocías agua para que germinen. De que ya brotaron, las cambias de lugar (a las plantitas), las transplantas.
\phrase_n Xne:xto:kili:ti noyew! San tikxi:nitia:s, xtikikxito:kas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go plant my beans for me! You'll just go along dropping them on the ground, you won't (have to) use your feet to cover them over with dirt.
\phrase_s ¡Ve a sembrarme mi frijol! Simplemente vas a ir dejándolos caer al suelo, no vas a (tener que) taparlos con tierra usando los pies.
\sense_e (with on-) to toss into (e.g., beans into a pot)
\sense_s (con on-) echar a; echar adento (p. ej., frijoles en una olla)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kemech o:nikonxi:nih noye:tsi:n para ma iksitiwetsi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I just tossed my beans (in a pot of boiling water) so that they'd cook up in a hurry.
\phrase_s Apenas echémis frijoles (en una olla de agua hirviendo) para que se cocieran de una vez.
\phrase_n Xka:pacho moyew para tikonxi:ni:s! Tikpapa:kas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place your beans in water, you will (later) toss them (into a pot to cook)! You will wash them (this refers to the action of placing beans in a water-filled bowl to soften and
clean them before cooking).
\phrase_s ¡Mete los frijoles en agua, los vas a hervir (después)! Los vas a lavar (se refiere a la acción de poner frijoles en un plato hondo con agua para ablandarlos y limpiarlos
antes de cocerlos).
\sense_e (with a directional affix) to toss out (e.g., garbage)
\sense_s (con un afijo direccional) tirar (p. ej., basura)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikonxi:ni:s notlasol.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to go toss out my garbage.
\phrase_s Voy a ir a tirar mi basura.
\fl xi:ni
\ency_note tla:hli (planting techniques)
\root xi:
\nse Note that whereas beans are planted by just dropping them on the ground and at most perhaps covering them up with a little earth push by ones feet, maize is planted in little holes
(positos) made with ones hands or a digging stick.
\xref xini:lia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlaxi:nia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05137
\lxam a:lpi:chia
\lxam_c ka:lpi:chia
\lxoa a:lpi:chia
\lxoa_c ka:lpi:chia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to spray with a liquid (water, insecticide, etc.)
\sense_s rociar con algún líquido (agua, insecticida, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tika:lpichi:s un tepa:ntli, kipia kalxomilin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will spray that wall (with insecticide), it has bugs.
\phrase_s Vas a rocíar aquella pared (con insecticida), tiene chinches.
\phrase_n Newa nitla:lpichi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll do the spraying (e.g., of insecticide for bugs inside a house, on a bed, etc.).
\phrase_s Soy yo quien va a rociar (p. ej., con insecticida para chinches dentro de una casa, sobre una cama, etc.).
\phrase_n Nitla:lpi:chi:s para ma mikika:n tekpimeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will spray (insecticide) so that the fleas die.
\phrase_s Voy a rociar (insecticida con una bomba) para que se mueran las pulgas.
\sense_e to force out liquid (particularly water) from ones mouth in a fine spray onto (e.g., onto a sick person during a curing ceremony, or onto sth to moisten it)
\sense_s expulsar un líquido (particularmente agua) sobre con fuerza de la boca en un spray fino (p. ej., sobre un enfermo por un curandero durante una ceremonia para curar, o
para humedecer algún objeto)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xka:lpi:chi un so:ya:tl para ma a:yema:nia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Spray water (forcing it out from your mouth) on that palm so that it softens up (and can be easily used to tie).
\phrase_s Rocíale agua (expulsándola de la boca) a esa palma para que se suavice (y se pueda utilizar para atar).
\phrase_n Ka:lpi:chi:s un kokoxki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He (a curandero) will spray water (from his mouth) onto that sick person.
\phrase_s Le va a rociar agua a ese enfermo (un curandero, expulsándola fuertemente de su boca).
\root a:
\root pi:ch
\qry /a:lpi:chia/ appears in several examples with a long /i:/, as expected, but also with a short /i/. The vowel length should be checked.
\vl Link 1st female token.
\root_notes There might be a relation between pi:chof a:lpi:chia and pi:tsof pi:tsa.
\ref 05138
\lxam ne:si
\lxam_c ne:si
\lxoa ne:si
\lxoa_c ne:si
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to appear; to turn up (e.g., sth lost)
\sense_s aparecer (p. ej., algo perdido)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:tekiw ne:sis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's bound to show up.
\phrase_s Ha de aparecer.
\sense_e to emerge (a solution to a problem, sb who will do sth that others are reluctant to do, etc.)
\sense_s surgir (una solución a un problema, algn que va a hacer algo que otros niegan a hacer)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xene:si a:kino:n konka:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The person who will go leave it still hasn't shown up (e.g., no one has yet accepted the responsibility).
\phrase_s El que lo va a ir a dejar todavía no aparece (p. ej., nadie hasta el momento ha aceptado la responsabilidad).
\sense_e (with wa:l-) to pop up; to suddenly appear
\sense_s (con wa:l-) aparecer de repente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:wa:lne:s motomi:n. Ya:lwa xnikpiaya, a:man o:timitska:wili:ko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your money popped up (in this case the money owed to you). Yesterday I didn't have any (money), today I've come to drop some off for you.
\phrase_s De repente apareciótu dinero (en este caso que se te debía). Ayer yo no lo tenía, ahora te lo vine a dejar (pagando la deuda).
\phrase_n Wa:lne:ne:stokitomi:n, nochipa unkah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His money turns up on occasion (when needed), there's always some around (i.e., he has a lot of money saved up and whenever he needs it, it is there).
\phrase_s Su dinero aparece ocasionalmente (cuando se necesita), siempre hay algo (esto es, tiene mucho dinero guardado and siempre cuando lo necesita, allíestá).
\sense_e (with on- and i:pan) to reflect or be reflected on
\sense_s (con on- y i:pan) reflejarse o estar reflejado en
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n xmoteketsa! Tonesis ipan te:skatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Stand right here! You'll be reflected in the mirror.
\phrase_s ¡Párate aquí! te vas a reflejar en el espejo.
\sense_e (with a directional affix) to come into view (e.g., after having been hidden from sight such as what might occur when one is walking through woods or behind some large
object)
\sense_s (con un afijo direccional) aparecer; llegar a ser visible (p. ej., después de haber estado invisible como puede ocurrir si algn estácamindo por un bosque o atrás de un
objeto grande)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye wa:hlaw, o:ne:siko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is on his way here, he has come into view.
\phrase_s Ya viene, ya vino a aparecer.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to start up (i.e., a custom or pattern of behavior that starts to take hold)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) empezar poco a poco (p. ej., una tradición, un patrón de comportamiento nuevo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San kemech o:nene:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It just started up recently (e.g., a custom or fad that starts to appear).
\phrase_s Apenas empezó(p. ej., una costumbre o moda que la gente ha empezado a hacer).
\root ne:si
\xref ne:xtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref ne:xtilia
\xref_t val_add_applic.caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlane:si
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05139
\lxam tlane:si
\lxam_c tlane:si
\lxoa tlane:si
\lxoa_c tlane:si
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to be transparent or translucent (e.g., glass); to be thin enough to allow light to pass through (e.g., a cloth)
\sense_s ser transparente o translucente (p. ej., vidrio); estar tan delgado que transmite luz (p. ej., una tela)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlatlane:si, kanaktsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Light shines through it in places, it is thin (in this case a cloth).
\phrase_s Se ve la luz através de ello en varios lugares, estádelgado (en este caso una tela).
\root ne:si
\nae Tlane:si has been entered twice, once as an impersonal passive dealing with a weather phenomena and once (this entry) as an intransitive verb. In this latter case there
is clearly a referential subject (marked by the zero morpheme 3rd-person form, e.g., tlatlane:si notlake:n 'my clothes are somewhat translucent'). The fact that
tlane:si can clearly take a subject marker might suggest that the form signifying 'to dawn' should also be represented as 0-tlane:si. However, the
analysis put forth here has interpreted such impersonal forms dealing with weather phenomena (either those that are basic verbs such as to:na or those derived from
intransitives through the nonspecific object prefix tla-) as subjectless.
\grm Impersonal; weather; /tla-/: Tlane:si has been entered twice, once as an impersonal passive dealing with a weather phenomena and once (this entry) as an
intransitive verb. In this latter case there is clearly a referential subject (marked by the zero morpheme 3rd-person form, e.g., tlatlane:si notlake:n 'my clothes
are somewhat translucent'). The fact that tlane:si can clearly take a subject marker might suggest that the form signifying 'to dawn' should also be
represented as 0-tlane:si. However, the analysis put forth here has interpreted such impersonal forms dealing with weather phenomena (either those that are
basic verbs such as to:na or those derived from intransitives through the nonspecific object prefix tla-) as subjectless.
\xref ne:si
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05140
\lxam tsono:kia
\lxam_c kitsono:kia
\lxoa tsono:kia
\lxoa_c kitsono:kia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to pour (a liquid) out in a stream (by tilting or turning a container upside down)
\sense_s verter (un líquido) en un chorro (al inclinar o invertir un recipiente boca abajo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkontsono:ki itik na:ko:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pour it (i.e., water) out into my ceramic cistern!
\phrase_s ¡Viértele (e.g., agua) a mi tinaja!
\root tson
\root no:ki
\nse Classical Nahuatl has the stem tsonik whereas Zacapoaxtla Nahuatl has tsonika ; yet it is clear that basic root here is tson.
No:kia is found in several dialects with the meaning 'to pour a liquid'; cf. Molina noquia.nitla 'verter o derramar alguna cosa liquida.'
\xref tsono:kilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05141
\lxam ne:yhka
\lxam_c ne:yhka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-pl
\sense_e over there (in reference to a place that is distant and not visible)
\sense_s allí(en referencia a un lugar distante, no visible)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:wa:n yo:nopo:w ne:yhka tlikohtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It got counted with the other firewood over there.
\phrase_s Se contócon la demás leña que estáallá.
\phrase_n Ne:yhka ne:xtete:ne:wa. Iwa:n nicha:ntoya pero ne:si san ne:chistla:ko:ko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He bad mouths me behind my back (i.e., there, out of earshot). I used to live with him but it appears he only came (to live with me) in order to check me out (e.g., how I live,
what I eat, etc., only later to gossip to others about it).
\phrase_s Habla mal de mi por ahí. Vivía conél, pero parece que nada más vino a husmear (p. ej., cómo vivo, quécomo, etc., para después contárselo a la gente).
\root ne:
\root iw
\nse This is not the same as Oapan ne:chkaFK notes in regard to nechca :"there / allí(M). According to C[arochi] this points to a place in sight, albeit distant."
\semref ne:chka
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref ne:ika; ne:yá
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05142
\lxam nemaxtia
\lxam_alt namaxtia
\lxam_c kinamaxtia
\lxoa nemaxtia
\lxoa_c kinemaxtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\lexical Lex. ne-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to accustom (sb) to (a particular situation)
\sense_s acostumbrar a (algn, a una situación en particular)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:tine:chnemaxtih. Sa: chika niwa:hlaw o:kpa noso ye:xpa ipan se: to:nahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You made me get accostumed to it (in this case to visiting you) I come a lot, twice or three times a day.
\phrase_s Ya me acostumbraste (en este caso a visitarte seguido). Hasta vengo dos o tres veces en un día.
\root ne
\root mati
\nae Nemaxtia is derived from the reflexive of mati, which is used to indicate that the subject has become accostumed to a particular place or
situation (e.g., nika:n nomati 'he has become accostumed here'). Nemaxtia is apparently the causative of this meaning, i.e., a causative of a
transitive. According to a belief in Oapan, one can be made to feel this way (with a desire to visit a certain person or place) by being fed a burro's ear (búrronakástli).
\qry Determine whether the meaning of this word is simply to make someone become accustomed to something, or whether it refers = particularly to a desire to see the person (subject
of verb). Cf. to RS who gives /nemachtia/ with /nite-/ as 'prevenir, avisar, advertir a alguien.' The meaning of /sa:chika/ is uncertain and other examples of this word must be
obtained.
\vl Link 1st male token.
\grm Nemaxtia is derived from the reflexive of mati , which is used to indicate that the subject has become accostumed to a particular place or
situation (e.g., nika:n nomati 'he has become accustomed here'). Nemaxtia is apparently the causative of this meaning, i.e., a causative of a
transitive.
\ref 05143
\lxam iyé:n
\lxam_alt ye:n; iye:h
\lxam_c iyé:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Interj
\der Interj
\sense_e yeah; yup; uh-huh; yes
\sense_s m-mm; sí
\sense_d Am
\nse This interjection is used to indicate assent or agreement. Its actual pronunciation varies greatly.
\qry The initial /i/ is occasionally lost in speech or converts into a short on-glide. The final /n/ occasionally goes to /h/. Check pronunciation and vowel length of /e/.
\ref 05144
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry for /A:ko:ntepe:k/ is now in the toponymic database.
\dt 07/Apr/2002
\ref 05145
\lxam chi:lmo:hli
\lxam_c chi:lmo:hli
\lxoa chi:lmo:hli
\lxoa_c chi:lmo:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of mole sauce with green chile and wild tomatoes or tomatillo, made in a molcajete
\sense_s tipo de mole con chile verde y tomates verdes o silvestres, hecho en molcajete
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food
\ency_note mo:hli
\root chi:l
\root mo:l
\nse Chi:lmo:hli is a type of ground chile sauce made in a molcajete with green chile, garlic and tomato, which can be either tepe:tomatlor
mi:ltomatl.
\ref 05146
\lxam kwa:tes
\lxam_c kwa:tes
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan cuate
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e twins
\sense_s cuates; gemelos
\sense_d Pending
\nse This is a back formation from the Spanish cuates, itself a loan from Nahuatl kuwatl (or its equivalent in other dialects) meaning 'twins.'
\semref kowatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05147
\lxam tla:loli:ni
\lxam_c tla:loli:ni
\lxoa tla:loli:ni
\lxoa_c tla:loli:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for an earthquake to occur
\sense_s haber un temblor o terremoto
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:tla:loli:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There was an earthquake.
\phrase_s Hubo un temblor (or terremoto).
\root tla:l
\root o:li:
\nae Although the vowel length of the /o/ is definitely short, the root for cross reference has been given as long (i.e., the underlying representation in the /xrb field). That is, given the
sematics of this compound and the verb o:li:ni the etymology of tla:loli:ni has been related to the verb o:li:ni. The reason for the
variation in vowel length between the uncompounded verb and this form is not clear.
\vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens.
\ref 05148
\lxam kamantika
\lxam_c kamantika
\lxoa kamantika
\lxoa_c kamantika
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e once in a while; at times, occasionally
\sense_s de vez en cuando, a veces, ocasionalmente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Newa kamantika niaw nonwi:lo:tlama ika ma:tlatl kwa:k nikaxilia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e At times I go to catch huilotas with a net, when I have the time.
\phrase_s De vez en cuando voy a cazar huilotas con red, cuando me alcanza el tiempo.
\root kaman
\qry Check synonomous meaning with /kamaniá:n/. Also, recheck vowel length as I seem to remember /kama:ntika/. NOTE : vowel length is short as written.
\vl Link 1st female token and 2nd male token.
\semref kamaniá:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 05149
\lxam a:to:li:tia
\lxam_c ka:to:li:tia
\lxoa a:to:li:tia
\lxoa_c ka:to:li:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give atole to drink to; to make atole for
\sense_s dar atole para beber a; hacer atole para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:cha:to:li:ti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Give me some atole to drink (or, Make some atole for me).
\phrase_s Dame algo de atole para tomar (o, Hazme un poco de atole).
\root a:to:l
\root i:
\qry Recheck meaning of"to make atole for"
\xref a:to:li
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05150
\lxam na:n
\lxam_c na:n tikateh
\lxoa na:n
\lxoa_c na:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-place
\der Adv-pl
\sense_e here; in this area; around here
\sense_s acá, por acá
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:man na:n titlakwilo:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now we'll write here.
\phrase_s Ahora, vamos a escribir acá.
\root na:n
\nse Although probably derived from nika:n the form na:n appears to refer to a more extensive space, one less less precise or directly indicated than
/nika:n/. Thus whereas in Spanish na:n might be translated as 'acá,' nika:n would perhaps be more precisely translated as 'aquí.' In Oapan
na:n is much less commonly used than in Ameyaltepec; more common in Oapan is nika:n.
\mod For all such words that are unusual uttered alone, a new elicitation should be taken with context, e.g., /na:n tikchiaskeh/, etc.
\root_notes Indicate that since /na:n/ might be derived from /nika:n/, the root /na:n/ should be cross-referenced with /ka:n/.
\semref na:nkah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05151
\lxam organi:toh
\lxam_c organi:toh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan órgano
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of cactus of those used for live fences, a member of the Cactaceae family and the Opuntiagenus
\sense_s tipo de cactaceae que se emplea para cercas vivas, miembro de la familia Cactaceae y el género Opuntia
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld cactus
\ency_note órgano
\semref tó:mokóhtli pepeya:stik san para korral
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05152
\lxam chipi:ni
\lxam_c chipi:ni
\lxoa chipi:ni
\lxoa_c chipi:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to drip (for drops to fall from sth like a roof's edge)
\sense_s gotear (caer gotas de algo, como el borde de un techo)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with wa:l-) to drip through, from one side to another (e.g., rain or water sitting on a roof that passes through to the inside of the house)
\sense_s (con wa:l-) gotear, pasando de un lado de algo al otro (p. ej., la lluvia o agua estancada sobre un techo que pasa adentro de la casa)
\sense_d Pending
\root chipi:
\vl Link 1st male token.
\grm Valency and impersonal. The construction /asta nitlachichipi:ni/ is interesting in that it has both an over subject and a /tla-/ impersonal marker. Basically, it seems that the
/ni-/ here indicates the"site"at which the action occurs; usually the site with /tla-/ impersonals Certainly the /ni-/ is not an agent. An effort should be made to determine other
cases of /tla-/ impersonals with an over subject. Also, check to determine whether a construction such as /nichichipi:ni/ is correct, and if so the sense difference with
/nitlachichipi:ni/.
\xref tlachi:chipi:ni
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref chichipika
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05153
\lxam ma:xoloxtik
\lxam_c ma:xoloxtik
\lxoa ma:xoloxtik
\lxoa_c ma:xoloxtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to have (a woman's blouse) a sleeve with a ruffled, pulled-in cuff (cf. tlama:kweptli)
\sense_s tener (una blusa de mujer) una manga con el puño ancho con tablitas (cf. tlama:kweptli)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld clothing
\ency_note tlake:ntli
\root ma:
\root xoloch
\nse This type of sleeve is made by taking in material around the cuff to narrow it, like little pleats. The sleeve may be open at the top or completely closed. Another type of sleeve is
called tlama:kweptli.
\mod Create a type of all clothing, a list of the types of sleeves, parts of clothes, etc.
\ref 05154
\lxam petlatl
\lxam_c petlatl
\lxoa petlatl
\lxoa_c petlatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e petate; reed mat
\sense_s petate
\sense_d Pending
\root petla
\ref 05155
\lxam xakwalowa
\lxam_c kixakwalowa
\lxoa xakwalowa
\lxoa_c kixakwalowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to knead (tixtli, clay for ceramics, dough, etc.)
\sense_s amasar (masa, lodo para la cerámica, masa de arina, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kixakwalotok itix.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is kneading her maize dough.
\phrase_s Estáamasando su masa (de nextamal).
\sense_e to rub back and forth (e.g., clothes); to scrub (perhaps to clean sth)
\sense_s restregar (e.g., ropa); frotar (algo, tal vez para limpiarlo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xikxakwalo notlake:n, ma chipa:wi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Scrub my clothes (washing them by hand) so that they get clean!
\phrase_s ¡Restrega mi ropa (al lavarla a mano) para que quede limpia!
\sense_e to pummel; to pound on (e.g., a person in fighting)
\sense_s aporrear a; dar una paliza a (p. ej., una persona en una pelea)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Melá:k ne:chkukwa notla:kayo. O:tine:xtexaxakwaloh, o:timotlatlawi:tehkeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My body really hurts me. You pounded me, we wrestled (and you threw me to the ground, pounded me with your fist, etc.).
\phrase_s Me duele mucho el cuerpo. Me aporreaste, jugamos al porrazo (lucha libre, y me tiraste al suelo, me golpeaste con el puño, etc.).
\sense_e to prepare land for planting (by plowing it over repeatedly, 3 or 4 times, until it is ready for sowing)
\sense_s preparar terreno para sembrar (al ararlo repetidamente, 3 or 4 veces dependiendo de cuantas veces se trabaja la tierra antes de sembrarle con semilla)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:tlan niktexaxakwalowa, san nito:kas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've finished plowing up the land, I only have to plant.
\phrase_s Terminéde preparar el terreno, falta sólo sembrar.
\ency_note tla:hli (planting)
\root xakwal
\nse The use of xakwalowa in regard to working the land with a plow includes all times that a plow is passed over the land up until the actual planting of the seed.
Thus tlaxakwalowa, in this sense, includes the actions of tlate:teki , tlao:melia , and tlaye:ilia , if the field is planted
on the fourth pass of the plow.
\ref 05156
\lxam suwa:tekitl
\lxam_c suwa:tekitl
\lxoa siwa:tekitl
\lxoa_c siwa:tekitl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e work characteristic of a woman
\sense_s trabajo o quehacer típico de mujeres
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmosuwa:tekiw?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Isn't it your job as a woman?
\phrase_s ¿No es tu trabajo (o quehacer) como mujer?
\root sowa:
\root teki
\qry Check for /tla:katekitl/. Check for other words that begin with /sowa:tl/.
\ref 05157
\lxam kochpale:wia
\lxam_c kikochpale:wia
\lxoa kochpale:wia
\lxoa_f [koch pa le: 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kikochpale:wia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi(a)
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to take over a task or responsibility for, so that (the person relieved) can catch some sleep
\sense_s relevar en una responsabilidad a (algn) para que (él que se remplaza) pueda dormir un poco
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:niwa:hlah, timitskochpale:wi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've come, I'll take over and help you out so that you can grab a little sleep.
\phrase_s Ya vine, te voy a ayudar para que puedes dormir un rato.
\root kochi
\root pale:
\nse The verb kochpale:wia (Am) often is used to refer to the action of carrying on a task, often a vigil, for awhile or to watch over something for awhile so that the person
previously encharged can get some sleep.
\ref 05158
\lxam i:xte:mpa:chaka:tl
\lxam_c i:xte:mpa:chaka:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e completely blind in an eye that from disease or injury has shriveled up and become physically deformed inside the socket
\sense_s completamente ciego en un ojo que por enfermedad o una herida se quedómarchitado y físicamente deformado dentro de la cuenca del ojo
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root pa:chaka:
\qry Determine whether a reduplicated form is used when both eyes are so affected. Check /e/ in xref in syna
\semref pa:chaka:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xtemech
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref i:xte:mpecha:koh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 05159
\lxam kechkwetla:ni
\lxam_c kechkwetla:ni
\lxoa kechkwetla:ni
\lxoa_c kechkwetla:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\impers Am, Oa
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Op. infix te- : kechtekwetla:ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for ones head to be hanging down to the side or front (e.g., sb very sleepy, a drunk, etc.)
\sense_s colgarsele la cabeza por el lado o al frente (p. ej., a un algn con mucho sueño o a un borracho)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with intensifier te-) for ones neck to snap back (of a person or animal)
\sense_s (con el intensificador te-) moversele bruscamente el cuello hacia atrás (a una persona o animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikechkwetla:n, o:cholote:w un burroh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My neck snapped back quickly, the burro took off in a start.
\phrase_s Se me fue el cuello hacia atrás bruscamente, el burro arrancócorriendo.
\root kech
\root kwetla:
\nse In Oapan, at least, the intensifier te- is used to refer to the sudden jerking of ones head (kechtekwetla:ni). Without the intensifier the word refers to ones
head hanging to the side or front, like a drunk or person falling asleep. This semantic variation might well be valid in Ameyaltepec, but this needs to be confirmed. However, in
general the use of te- is somewhat more variable in Oapan than Ameyaltepec.
\qry Check for transitive form which undoubtedly exists, though it might well show a causative ending, e.g. ?kechkwetla:naltia. If so (i.e., instead of /kwetla:nia/, then change code in /cat.
Also note that there might well be a relation between the root here, which I have recorded as /kwetla:/ and other words which begin /kwetla/. Determine other meanings of
/kwetla:ni/.
\ref 05160
\lxam tlapo:wi
\lxam_c tlapo:wi
\lxoa tlapo:wi
\lxoa_c tlapo:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3b(ow)
\sense_e to become open (a door, a window, container, bottle, pot, throat, etc.)
\sense_s abrirse (una puerta, una ventana, recipiente, botella, olla, garganta, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to clear or become clear (the sky)
\sense_s despejarse (el cielo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:tlapo:w, xok tlamoxte:ntok, yo:pe:w to:nati.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sky has cleared, it is no longer cloud covered, the sun has come out and begun to shine.
\phrase_s Ya se despejóel cielo, ya no estátapado de nubes, el sol ya salióy empezóa brillar.
\sense_e to open up (e.g., a field to free grazing after the harvest)
\sense_s abrirse (un campo sembrado a pastoreo después de la cosecha)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye tlapo:wi rastro:joh, yo:tlan pixkalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The stubble is open to grazing, the harvest is over.
\phrase_s El rastrojo ya estálibre para el pastoreo, ya se terminóla cosecha.
\sense_e (often with short vowel reduplication) to separate
\sense_s (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) separarse; abrirse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xpepecho mome:sah, yo:tlatlapo:w, ye nomama:ka:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Glue your table together, it's started to come apart in places (i.e., the boards have started to separate), it's already coming apart in places.
\phrase_s Pega tu mesa, ya se estáabriendo en algunos lugares (esto es, las tablas se están separando), ya se estáseparando en algunos lugares.
\phrase_n O:pe:w tlatlapo:wi mopwe:rtah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e (The wood of) your door has started to open up and separate (e.g., it was green wood that split apart when it started to dry).
\phrase_s (La madera de) tu puerta empezóa abrirse (p. ej., estaba verde y por eso se agrietócon el tiempo).
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) for the saints to have their eyes uncovered on Easter Saturday
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) destaparse los ojos de los santos en Sábado de Gloria
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye tlatlapo:wtok umpa o:tlan tlatlako:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The saints are having their eyes uncovered, Holy Week is over there.
\phrase_s Se están destapando los ojos de los santos, alláterminóSemana Santa.
\root tlapo:
\nse Note that tlapo:wtok means 'he is counting' (from the transitive verb powa) with an underlying long /o:/ and whereas tlapowtok means
'it is open,' from the intransitive verb tlapowi , with an underlying short vowel.
\qry Make sure vowel length distinction is present in /tlapo:wtok/ 'he is counting' and /tlapowtok/ 'it is open.'
\ref 05161
\lxam yeka:nilia
\lxam_c kiyeka:nilia
\lxoa yeka:nilia
\lxoa_c kiyeka:nilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to lead or guide for by walking in front of for (e.g., guiding oxen being trained [SO], etc.)
\sense_s ir adelante de o guiar al caminar enfrente para (p. ej., guiando una yunta de bueyes siendo adiestrados [OS], etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chyeka:nilitok nobwe:yeswa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is walking in front of my oxen as a guide for me (so that they follow the furrows in pulling a plow).
\phrase_s Estácaminando como guía enfrente de mis bueyes para mí(para que sigan los surcos en jalar un arado).
\root yeka
\root a:na
\qry_fon The vowel of the initial 3rd-person object marker in /kiyeka:nilia/ seems unusually long. The question is whether there is a phonological rule that lengthens an object prefix
before a y-initial transitive verb. This should be carefully checked and perhaps all pertinent transitive verbs documented in elicitation. But the vowel seems to have a
particularly long duration here for both speakers. This should be checked with a phonetician.
\grm Oapan phonetics: The vowel of the initial 3rd-person object marker in /kiyeka:nilia/ seems unusually long. The question is whether there is a phonological rule that
lengthens an object prefix before a y-initial transitive verb. This should be carefully checked and perhaps all pertinent transitive verbs documented in elicitation. But the
vowel seems to have a particularly long duration here for both speakers. This should be checked with a phonetician.
\xref tlayeka:nilia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref yeka:na
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05162
\lxam ma:chi:mal
\lxam_c ima:chi:mal
\lxoa ma:chi:mal
\lxoa_c i:ma:chi:mal
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e shoulder blade; scapula
\sense_s espaldilla; escápula
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root ma:
\root chi:mal
\qry Unfortunately in my notes I have only /machimal/ with no gloss. Probably I had the gloss elsewhere and then copied the Nahuatl word onto a list of body parts (where I found it).
But the meaning was not copied here. Perhaps in the future I will find it. I remember, however, that this was, perhaps, the word for 'shoulder blade.' Check. Also, if it is, cf. the
difference to /ma:stlakapahli/, which I have also meaning 'shoulder blade' in one of its acceptations. If they are identical then they should be placed in the /equiv fields.
\ref 05163
\lxam kuwtli
\lxam_c kuwtli
\lxoa kohtli
\lxoa_c kohtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e (never possessed) tree
\sense_s (nunca poseído)árbol
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e wood
\sense_s madera
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:si mocha:n nokalti:lo puro de kuwtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It seems that in your country people build houses just of wood.
\phrase_s Parece que en tu país las casas se construyen solamente de madera.
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) wood (of a tree [marked as possessor])
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) madera (de unárbol [señalado como poseedor])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:kuwyo para tlikuwtli deke yo:wa:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Its wood is for firewood if it has dried.
\phrase_s Su madera es para leña si ya se secó.
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) wooden shaft; pole; or handle of ([possessor], e.g., a tool)
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) vara o manga de madera de ([poseedor], p. ej., una herramienta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n To:ko:ni, ikuwyo mowitso:k noso moespá:tulah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A to:ko:ni , it is the shaft of your witso:ktli or your espá:tulah.
\phrase_s Un to:ko:ni , es la vara de tu witso:ktli o de tu espá:tulah.
\sense_e (vulg.; alienable possession) penis (of [possessor])
\sense_s (vulg.; posesión enajenable) pene (del [poseedor])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wa:lne:stok ikuw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His penis is visible!
\phrase_s ¡Se estáasomando su pene!
\root kow
\nse When possessed, kohtli refers to the penis. With the meaning of"wood"or"tree"it can never be inalienably possessed. Certain trees may be owned, but the
possession is refered to directly by the tree's name, e.g., nowa:x 'my guaje or indirectly, ma:ka tiktsontekis on kohtli de newa 'don't
chop down that tree of mine.' In general few types of trees are capable of being owned; ownership of trees is generally limited to fruit-bearing trees that must be cared for (e.g., a
guaje that comes up in ones field and that one must avoid plowing over when it is young). Note, finally, that wood that is a part (in a part/whole relation) of something
can be possessed, but this possession is always marked as intrinsic (e.g., i:kowyo mowitso:k).
\qry Check whether forms such as /tepe:wa:xkuhtli/ refer to the /tepe:wa:xin/ tree, or to the wood of the /tepe:wa:xin/, i.e., tepeguaje wood. Whatever the answer is, correct all dictionary
entries to reflect this. Check best way to represent /i:kow/? as such or with final /h/.
\grm Possession: note that /kuhtli/ can either be possessed (as penis), unpossessed (analytically expressed possession) as 'wood,' or intrinsically possessed as 'handle of'. Note
that the only type of possession that is intrinsically possessed is that of the part/whole relationship (i.e., part of a tool).
\semref ara:doh de kohtli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05164
\lxam sintli
\lxam_c sintli
\lxoa sentli
\lxoa_c sentli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e dried ear of corn (mazorca)
\sense_s mazorca
\sense_d Pending
\root sin
\qry Determine other shapes of mazorcas, other than /sintli de kowatl/ and /sintli de ka:ka:lo:tl/.
\semref sintli de kowatl; sintli de ka:ka:lo:tl; ka:ka:lo:sintli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref sentli yón kowatsi:n;
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05165
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be Am /sa:sa:ni:hli/; it has been eliminated and placed under Am /sa:sa:ne:hli/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Tag the four tokens here as #2253. Note that for final linking the later tokens are the ones that should be selected.
\ref 05166
\lxam yo:ltetekwika
\lxam_c yo:ltetekwika
\lxoa yo:ltetekwika
\lxoa_c yo:ltetekwika
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\impers Am, Oa
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e for ones heart to pound or beat rapidly
\sense_s latirsele fuerte el corazón
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Melá:k niyo:ltetekwikatok, yo:nisiaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My heart is really pounding, I got tired.
\phrase_s Me estálatiendo muy fuerte el corazón, me cansé.
\root yo:l
\root tekwi:
\qry My file card had /noyo:ltetekwika/ for 'my heart beats rapidly'. I assume this is a typo, but it should be checked.
\ref 05167
\lxam ma:ne:stok
\lxam_c ma:ne:stok
\lxoa ma:ne:stok
\lxoa_c ma:ne:stok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\compound N-Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e for the front hoof marks of an animal to be visible on the ground
\sense_s estar visibles las huellas de las patas delanteras de un animal
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n ma:ne:stok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The front hoof marks are visible here.
\phrase_s Las huellas de las patas delanteras están visibles aquí.
\root ma:
\root ne:si
\ref 05168
\lxam kuwchahli
\lxam_c kuwchahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e forked stick used for holding down the branches of a thorn bush so that it can be chopped down with a machete. By bending over the branches, the
kohchahli faciliates access to the main stem close to the ground.
\sense_s vara bifurcada que se utiliza para mantener las ramas de un arbusto de espinas cerca del suelo, asíexponiendo la parte inferior del tronco principal
\sense_d Am
\semfld tool
\root kow
\root chal
\nae The root chalhas not been found in isolation * chahli, although it does occur in several compounds. Vowel length has been recorded as varying in
different compounds, though this needs to be further checked.
\root_notes The root chalhas not been found in isolation * chahli, although it does occur in several compounds. Vowel length has been recorded as
varying in different compounds, though this needs to be further checked.
\semref komaxaltsi:ntli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05169
\lxam xo:pi:lowa
\lxam_c kixo:pi:lowa
\lxoa xo:pi:lowa
\lxoa_c kixo:pi:lowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to push the sides in (of a circular object, making it ovaloide and slightly concave)
\sense_s empujar los lados hacia adentro (de un objeto circular, haciéndolo algo ovaldo y concavo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xikxo:pi:lo mosombre:roh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Push the brims of your hat into the center (making it more oval shaped)!
\phrase_s ¡Empújale las alas de tu sombrero hacia el centro (haciéndolo mas olvado)!
\root xo:pi:l
\qry Directly compare this to /xopihli/ 'spoon'.
\vl Link 1st male token.
\ref 05170
\lxam kwani
\lxam_alt xkwani
\lxam_c kwani
\lxoa xkwane
\lxoa_alt xkwani
\lxoa_c xkwani
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\der Interj-dvb
\sense_e Get out of the way! Move!
\sense_s ¡Quítate!
\sense_d Pending
\root hkwania
\nse The present entry is an apocopated form of the imperative xmekwani (Am) / xmékwaní (Oa). As with many similar forms
\qry Determine etymology, particularly ending. Make sure that Oapan /xkwani/ does not mean 'move it' but rather 'move (yourself)!'
\ref 05171
\lxam tetsapa
\lxam_c tetsapa
\lxoa tetsapa
\lxoa_c tetsapa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. te-
\sense_e to be short (of stature)
\sense_s ser bajo (de estatura)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San tetsapa, xwe:i.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is short, he is not big.
\phrase_s Es bajito, no estágrande.
\phrase_n San tetsapa moi:joh, ti:roh xwe:i yes.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your son is short, he won't (get to) be big at all.
\phrase_s Tu hijo es bajito, de por si no va a (llegar a) ser grande.
\root tsapa
\nse According to consultants from Ameyaltepec, tetsapa refers to shortness but not to a condition of dwarfism. However, for Classical Nahuatl Molina gives
tzapa and tsapatl as 'enano.' Consultants commented that tetsapa is the equivalent of tetsoko. Although at least at present the
form tsapa has not been documented, it seems clear that the root is tsapagiven that the adjectival form ending in -tik occurs without
te-.
\qry Check equivalence of /tetsapa/ and /tetsoko/, particularly given that both appear in Classical as withouth /te-/. According to Classical sources, /tsapa/ indicates shortness, whereas
/tsoko/ indicates general size (i.e., 'pequeño'). Check for possibility of saying simply /tsapa/.
\vl Link 2nd male token.
\semref tetsoko
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref té:tsó:yo
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05172
\lxam kwa:so:ne:wi
\lxam_c kwa:so:ne:wi
\lxoa kwa:so:ne:wi
\lxoa_c kwa:so:ne:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to be scared out of one's wits
\sense_s quedar muy espantado o asustado
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root so:ne:
\nse The most common example of the use of kwa:so:ne:wi is that of a person walking in the night who sees or hears something frightening. It is sometimes used
vulgarily in a sexual sense, in reference to the male penis. Apparently the form with -iwi does not exist.
\semref so:ne:wi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05173
\lxam chikimolin
\lxam_c chikimolin
\lxoa chikomolin
\lxoa_c chikomolin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e Leucaena sp.Benth., type of guaje of the Leguminoseae family
\sense_s Leucaena sp.Benth., tipo de guaje de la familia Leguminoseae
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Chikimolin: tipa:i:s kwa:k tikwalo, wan titla:wa:nis, tikwa:ixiwi:ntis. Despwé:s tikitas a:kin o:mitschi:wilih, tikto:ka:yo:ti:s, tikito:s"ma ya kokolistli"wan mikis a:kin
fie:roh o:mitschi:wilih. Ttla:ki ipan febre:roh, nokwa, bwe:noh para wa:xyo:hli, bwe:noh para tlikuwtli, komaxahli, tira:nteh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The chiquimolin : when you are ill you drink a medicinal brew made of it, and you feel drunk, your head spins. Afterward you will see who did it to you, you
will name that person, you will say: 'Let the sickness be gone!' and the one who did this bad thing to you will die. Its fruit appears in February, it is edible, it is good for the
seeds in the pod, it (its wood) is good for firewood, for posts (horcones), for beams.
\phrase_s El chiquimolin : cuando estás enfermo bebes algo hecho de ello, y te siente mareado, se te revuelve la cabeza. Después vas a ver quien te lo hizo, vas a
nombrar a esta persona, dirás,"¡Quése vaya la enfermedad!"yél que te lo hizo se va a morir. Su fruta sale en febrero, se come, es bueno para sus semillas, es bueno para
leña, para estacas, para tirantes.
\sense_e fruit of the tree by this name
\sense_s fruta delárbol con el mismo nombre
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\semfld medicine
\semfld edible
\ency_note wa:xin
\root chikimol
\nse In other notes I state that its wood is particularly good for horcones and its fruit ripens and is eaten about harvest time, in November and December. The wood or bark of the
chikimolin may be boiled and employed in the type of cure indicated by the transitive verbal form pa:i:tia , a curing process whereby the patient
'drinks a medicinal brew' (pa:i: ; cf. notes under Flk-1984-09-12.1). According to Bartolo Mondragón, a curandero from Oapan, this plant is also known as
Sa:n Martí:n. It is thus like the tenexyetl(Sa:n Pe:droh) and sese:htsi:n(Margari:tah), which also have
alternate human or saints names.
\qry Although I have all recordings here with a short /o/, in one entry under /chikimolkuhtli/ I have a long /o:/. This vowel should be rechecked. Note that according to pronunciation of
Luis Lucena the form /chikimolin/ had what I heard to be a short /o/ whereas the form /chikimo:lkuhtli/ had what I heard to be a long vowel. This observation should be checked with
the speech of others.
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as"apostolado". Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the"guaje rojo"of the Leguminosaefamily. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:102)
mention a tree as the guaje or guaje rojo, of the family and subfamily Leguminosae; mimosoideaeand the genus/species Laucaena
esculenta. However, I have already associated this with the tlapalwa:xin. It seems that most of the guajes are in the genera acacia, leucaena,or
lysiloma.
\semref wa:xin de chikimolin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref chikimolkohtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05174
\lxam kwa:pasoltik
\lxam_c kwa:pasoltik
\lxoa kwá:pasóltik
\lxoa_c kwá:pasóltik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e see kwa:tepasoltik (Am) / kwa:tépasóltik(Oa)
\sense_s véase kwa:tepasoltik (Am) / kwa:tépasóltik(Oa)
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root pahsol
\nae Given that this term occurs almost always with the intensifying affix te-, it has been listed under the"intensified"form.
\vl Link 1st male token.
\ref 05175
\lxam miá:w
\lxam_c pakah miá:w
\lxoa mia:u
\lxoa_c mia:u
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-Onom
\sense_e pussy cat
\sense_s gatito
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:nkah miá:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is a pussy cat over there.
\phrase_s Allíestáun gatito.
\semfld baby
\semfld animal
\nse The final /á:/ and /n/ are heavily nasalized in imitation of a cat's voice. This is a word used by very young children before they can talk well as well as by adults in talking to children,
imitating their speech. It refers directly to the animal as well as the sound a cat makes.
\qry Make sure this is both the sound and the animal's name./
\qry_fon Determine best orthography, particularly for the Oapan form.
\vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens.
\semref au
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05176
\lxam tlankoto:na
\lxam_c kitlankoto:na
\lxoa tlankoto:na
\lxoa_c kitlankoto:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to tear off with ones teeth (either to eat, or simply just to pull off a section of sth)
\sense_s arrancar con los dientes (para comer o simplemente para arrancarle un pedazo a algo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlankoto:na motlaxkal!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tear off a piece of your tortilla with your teeth!
\phrase_s ¡Arráncale un pedazo con los dientes!
\root tlan
\root koto:
\vl The first female token is /kitlákokotó:na/. This should be tagged with 7738 and linked there (it might need to be cleaned up with.5 sec silence at the end since I quickly
corrected Florencia.
\ref 05177
\lxam chi:la:to:ltsi:n
\lxam_c chi:la:to:ltsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-N
\der Adj-tsi:n
\sense_e color that is a type of peach red-orange (a color between red and orange)
\sense_s color entre rojo y naranjo, un tipo de rojo durazno o bermejón
\sense_d Am
\semfld color
\root chi:l
\root a:to:l
\nse The etymology of this word is unclear, but perhaps it is a type of 'watery' red. Some consultants translated this as bermejón.
\qry The /a/ was recorded short in all my notes except one final check in which I recorded a long /a:/ and stated:"... all entires should be corrected to have the long /a:/. This change
should be noted in my grammar notes as well. Thus, there appears a clear connection with the root /a:to:l/. Nevertheless, the vowel length of the /a:/ should be rechecked, in fact, in
one entry I have /chi:lato:ltsi:n/, i.e. the length of the /a:/ should be rechecked.
\root_notes Discuss possibility of further dividing /a:to:l/.
\semref chi:ladi:toh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05178
\lxam i:to:nia
\lxam_c ni:to:nia
\lxoa i:to:nia
\lxoa_c ni:to:nia
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl; +Caus
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to sweat
\sense_s (refl.) sudar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w nimi:to:nia, mlá:k to:na.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've started to sweat, it's really hot.
\phrase_s Ya empecéa sudar, hace mucho calor.
\sense_e (trans.) to sweat on; to get sweat on
\sense_s (trans.) sudar sobre; echar sudor sobre
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Yo:tikii:to:nih motlake:n, yo:a:lachiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You sweated on your clothes, they got slimy (i.e., from the sweat).
\phrase_s Sudaste sobre tu ropa, se hizo fea y pegagosa (esto es, del sudor).
\semfld functions
\root i:to:ni
\nae In Ameyaltepec I have only once heard this verb used transitively, and this was not in normal conversation. It may, indeed, not be correct; it certainly is not common. In Oapan the
transitive use as in Ameyaltepec yo:tikii:to:nih motlake:n is apparently not found, one would instead say né:chasími:to:nil (and not *
ne:chi:to:nia). Note also that in Oapan i:to:nia can be used transitively: ne:chi:to:nia a:to:hli 'Atole makes me sweat.' In Ameyaltepec a
transitive form is used, e.g., ne:chi:to:niltia. Thus in both dialects one can use i:to:nia transitively. In Oapan the transitive means 'to make (sb)
sweat' whereas in Ameyaltepec the rarely used transitive syntax is 'to sweat on.' However, all this should be rechecked.
\root_notes Etymology uncertain, perhaps related to the verb /i:/.
\grm This is an interesting case in which causative form does not increase valency, but instead changes the relation of agent to patient from co-referencial to non-co-referential.
\xref i:to:niltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 05179
\lxam a:to:hli de le:cheh
\lxam_c a:to:hli de le:cheh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) leche
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1/2; Aln
\sense_e type of atole made with milk
\sense_s tipo de atole con leche
\sense_d Pending
\ency_note a:to:hli
\root a:to:l
\nse Until the encyclopedic entry is completed, a list of types of a:to:hliis found under this word.
\semref le:cheh a:to:hli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref lé:chea:tó:hli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05180
\lxam suwa:to:naleh
\lxam_c suwa:to:naleh
\lxoa siwa:to:naleh
\lxoa_alt siwa:to:nalih
\lxoa_c siwa:to:naleh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-posr-eh
\infn N1
\sense_e man who is attractive to women; ladies man
\sense_s hombre que es atractivo para las mujeres
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Melá:k suwa:to:naleh. Xka:wa, xkwahli tla:katsi:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is really attractive to women. You wouldn't really think it, he's an ugly little sort.
\phrase_s Es muy atractivo para las mujeres. No es de creer, es un hombrecito algo feo.
\root sowa:
\root to:na
\qry_fon Note the difference in final ending of Florencia and Inocencio, get acoustic characteristics with a phonetician.
\ref 05181
\lxam to:pi:hli
\lxam_c to:pi:hli
\lxoa to:pi:hli
\lxoa_c to:pi:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e staff; rod (particularly those used as a sign of authority)
\sense_s bastón (particularmente los que se usan como símbolo de autoridad)
\sense_d Pending
\root to:pi:l
\nse To:pi:hli is a word that is rarely used in Ameyaltepec in its basic form. Over the course of 5 years, it was documented in discourse only once, in a conversation
with don Martín de la Cruz. Now only a few elders understand its meaning, even though the word to:pi:lehis used and understood by every community member.
\qry Check to determine whether /to:pi:ltik/ is an acceptable term.
\vl The first female token is /to:pi:leh/, not /to:pi:hli/. It should be tagged as #602.
\ref 05182
\lxam tlakwa:nketsa
\lxam_c notlakwa:nketsa
\lxoa tlankwa:itsa
\lxoa_c notlankwa:itsa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e (refl.) to kneel down
\sense_s (refl.) ponerse de rodillas; arrodillarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n nimotlakwa:nkestok, ika nochi noyo:hlo, ika nochi nopa:kilis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am kneeling here, with all my heart, with complete joy.
\phrase_s Aquíestoy de rodillas, con toda mi corazón, con toda felicidad.
\root tlankwa:
\root ketsa
\nse For comparative purposes the root of tlakwa:nketsa has been given as tlankwa:. The Ameyaltepec form clearly involves a type of metathesis from
the Classical Nahuatl word for knee, tlanquaitl.
\qry Check for transitive form. I had as /tlankwa:nketsa/ an alternative pronunciation of /tlankwa:i:tsa/ for Oapan, but this needs to be confirmed.
\ref 05183
\lxam nenepi:lkwa
\lxam_c nonenepi:lkwa
\lxoa nenepi:lkwa
\lxoa_c nonenepi:lkwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-1
\sense_e (refl.) to bite one's tongue (literally)
\sense_s (refl.) morderse la lengua
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nimonenepi:lkwah, ne:chkukwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I bit my tongue, it hurts.
\phrase_s Me mordíla lengua, me duele.
\root nene
\root pi:l
\root kwa
\nae Only a reflexive use is documented in the corpus. Note also that the lexicalized reduplication (or at least apparent reduplication) is not reduced onto the preceding syllable in Oapan
Nahuatl.
\qry Check to make only reflexive is used.
\qry_fon This is a good word to exemplify short vowels.
\ref 05184
\lxam xi:kowa
\lxam_c kixi:kowa
\lxoa xi:kowa
\lxoa_c kixi:kowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to bear up under (e.g., a person who can bear a weight or heavy workload)
\sense_s sorportar (p. ej., una persona que aguanta un peso o trabajo duro)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tikxi:kowa, weka:wi tikiyo:wia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You can bear up under it, you've endured it for a long time.
\phrase_s Te lo puedes aguantar, ya hace mucho tiempo que lo has soportado.
\sense_e to endure (e.g., a material object that is strong and resistant)
\sense_s aguantar (p. ej., un objeto o herramienta que es fuerte y resistente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n We:i kixi:kowa, xkoto:nis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It can endure a lot, it won't snap.
\phrase_s Aguanta mucho, no se va a reventar.
\root xi:ko
\nse It appears that the Balsas area verb xi:kowa is not related to Classical xicoa which Molina glosses in the reflexive as 'tener embidia, o enojo, a
agraviarse de algo.' Transitive use (with a human object) is glossed as 'engañar, o burlar a otro.' This Classical form seems to relate more to the Ameyaltepec and Oapan word
xi:kwa, which is used in a nominal derivation. However, if Balsas xi:kwa is a reflex of Classical xicoa, then the etymology and
Classical cognate of xi:kowa is still not identified.
\semref iyo:wia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref íyo:wíya
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05185
\lxam tlachpa:nwa:stli de tlako:tl
\lxam_alt tlako:tlachpa:nwa:stli
\lxam_c tlachpa:nwa:stli de tlako:tl
\lxoa tlako:tlachpa:wa:stli
\lxoa_c tlako:tlachpa:wa:stli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-d-wa:s
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e wild herbaceous plant of the Malvaceae family, still not identified; in Ameyaltepec more often called tapakuloh
\sense_s planta herbácea silvestre de la familia Malvaceae, todavía no identificada; en Ameyaltepec más comunmente llamada tapakuloh , una de tres plantas que se
utilizaban para hacer escobas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlako:tlachpa:nwa:stli | No: kipia ima:tsitsi:wa:n para ika titlachpa:nas kia:wak noso ipan ka:yeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tlako:tlachpa:nwa:stli : It also has its little branches so that you can sweep the patio or the street.
\phrase_s Tlako:tlachpa:nwa:stli : También tiene sus ramitas para que puedas barrer el patio o la calle.
\semfld tool-house
\semfld plant
\ency_note household
\root tlako:
\root chpa:
\nse Apparently there is quite a degree of variation in Ameyaltepec and Oapan plants that are, at least occasionally, referred to as tlako:tlachpa:nwa:stli (Am) /
tlako:tlachpa:wa:stli (Oa). Besides the small plant also called tapakuloh in Ameyaltepec there is another plant of the Euphorbiaceae family called
tlako:tl para tlachpa:nwa:stli in Ameyaltepec and to:nalo:kotl in Oapan. Finally, there is a plant in Oapan called tlako:tlachpa:wa:stli de
ista:k that in Ameyaltepec is called tlachpa:nwa:stli de istá:k. This has been identified as Dalea sp.L. of the Leguminoseae family.
\mod One of the plants called /tlako:tlachpa:nwa:stli/ is the same as that called /tapakuloh/ in Ameyaltepec.
\qry Check precisely what type of broom this is, what it is made of (precisely the plants used) etc. I also had the definition: 'broom made of rods and switches' 'escoba hecha de varas'
This second extended def. should be checked and re-entered if correct. Also the infn field would probably have to be changed.
\qry_fon Note Oapan phonological rule n>0 (underlyinly it comes from /tlachpa:na/ a verb)
\grm Oapan phonology: Note Oa /tlako:tlachpa:wa:stli/ and cf. to Am /tlako:tlachpa:nwa:stli/. Active is the phonological rule n>0 in Oapan.
\semref tapakuloh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 05186
\lxam nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl
\lxam_c nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl
\lxoa nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl
\lxoa_alt nekaxa:ni:lkohmekatl
\lxoa_c nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e Marsdenia aff. mexicanaDecne., vine of the Asclepiadaceae family used to cure the condition called nekaxa:ni:hli
\sense_s Marsdenia aff. mexicanaDecne., enredadera de la familia Asclepiadaceae que se utiliza para curar la condición llamada nekaxa:ni:hli
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl | Kiki:xtianinelwayo, kikwe:chowan ipan metlatl dya kipepechowanipitsahka:n, tli:n noka:wa seki koni. Bwe:noh para yewa o:nokaxa:nih suwa:tl
kwa:k o:note:kak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl : They take its root out, they grind it finely on a metate and then stick it on his back (of the person who is hurting), what is left over
some people drink. It is good for a woman who feels weak after having given birth.
\phrase_s Nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl : Sacan su raíz, la muelen finamente sobre un metate y depués le pegan a la cintura (del que se le duele la espalda), lo que se queda
algunos se lo beben. Es bueno para esa mujer que se debilita después del parto.
\semfld plant
\semfld md
\root kaxa:
\root ko
\root me:ka
\nse The plant name is derived from its medicinal effect in curing nekaxa:ni:hli. The root is ground on a metate and then placed on the back (ipitsa:hka:n) of
a woman who has recently given birth, some 2 weeks later and after she has bathed following birth. At times this vine is also called nekaxa:ni:hli , although this is more
properly the name of the physical condition of the body.
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the nekaxanilli , in Spanish necaxanil. There is no further identification by family, genus, or species. Nor is
there a cognate term in Schoenhals (1988).
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\semref nekaxa:ni:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05187
\lxam ya:wxo:chitl
\lxam_c ya:wxo:chitl
\lxoa ya:xo:chitl
\lxoa_c ya:xo:chitl
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of fragrant, yellow flower
\sense_s tipo de flor fragrante y amarillo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xo:chitl, kostik, awiá:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is a flower, it is yellow, fragrant.
\phrase_s Es una flor, es amarilla, fragrante.
\semfld plant
\semfld fl
\root ya:w
\root xo:chi
\qry_fon Check and compare the forms from the two dialects. Interesting is the loss of /w/ in Oapan, which suggests w>x and then reduction of the geminate.
\grm Oapan phonology: NOte re: Oapan /ya:xo:chitl/ and Am /iya:wxo:chitl/: Check and compare the forms from the two dialects. Interesting is the loss of /w/ in Oapan, which
suggests w>x and then reduction of the geminate.
\ref 05188
\lxam tekoyaktik
\lxam_c tekoyaktik
\lxoa tekoyahtik
\lxoa_c tekoyahtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\lexical Lex. prefix te-
\sense_e to have a wide opening (e.g., a sack, bag, the waist of men's pants, etc.)
\sense_s tener una apertura ancha (p. ej., un costal, bolsa, la cintura de pantalones, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root koya:
\nse The adjectival koyaktik (Am) refers to round openings that are particularly wide. Note that although most often the forms presented by koyaktik
occur with the intensifier te- (e.g., tekoyaktik), the word listed here was definitely uttered without this intensifier at least once. Nevertheless, this seems
rare.
\qry In general I have thought that these adjectives always take the intensifier (e.g. /toma:wi/ and /tetomaktik/, etc.). In this case I have recorded /koyaktik/ alone with the note that it may
take the intensifier /te/. Recheck to make sure that this is the case and that /koyaktik/ may occur without the intensifier. FM did not accept /koyahtik/ and for this reason I changed
the original entry. This should be checked.
\grm In general I have thought that these adjectives always take the intensifier (e.g. /toma:wi/ and /tetomaktik/, etc.). In this case I have recorded /koyaktik/ alone with the note
that it may take the intensifier /te/. Recheck to make sure that this is the case and that /koyaktik/ may occur without the intensifier.
\ref 05189
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was a duplicate entry for 4653, it has therefore been deleted.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\vl The first female token is /tesa:lihtok/, not what was the present entry /te:nsa:lihtok/, with an /n/. The token /tesa:lihtok/ should be tagged with number 7739. The four tokens
/te:nsa:lihtok/ are repeats and should be tagged with 4653.
\ref 05190
\lxam tlamoxte:mi
\lxam_c tlamoxte:mi
\lxoa tlamoxte:mi
\lxoa_c tlamoxte:mi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp tla-N-V1
\der V1-alt-mi[ca]
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e for a cloud cover to form; for the sky to be overcast or cloudy
\sense_s llenar o taparse de nubes el cielo;
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwa:k tlamoxte:mi, ki:sa i:xmon to:nahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When a cloud cover forms, the rays of the sun can be seen filtering down.
\phrase_s Cuando el cielo se tapa de nubes, se ven los rayos del sol filtrándose hacia la tierra.
\semfld weather
\root mox
\root te:m
\nae The use of tla- in tlamoxte:mi seems to be a direct marker of an impersonal; there is no transitive form * moxte:mi (as there is no potential
subject for such an event or process. Note that this differs from other cases in which an intransitive verb is made an impersonal (zero valence) through the use of the tla-
prefix: poliwibecomes tlapoliwi, also a weather phenomenon like tlamoxte:mi.
\ref 05191
\lxam ka:nika
\lxam_c ka:nika
\lxoa ka:nika
\lxoa_c ka:nika; ka:nyá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-interog
\der Adv-int
\sense_e in which or what direction? (used to inquire about a route or direction, not a specific locale or setting)
\sense_s ¿hacia dónde?¿por dónde? (utilizado para preguntar sobre una ruta o dirección, no un lugar o ubicación específica)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ka:nika tiá:s?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e In which direction are you heading?
\phrase_s ¿Hacia dónde vas? (o,¿Por dónde te vas?)
\root ka:n
\root ika
\nse To ask about a particular destination one uses Ka:non tiá:s or Ka:n tiáw? ; ka:nika tiá:s? inquires only about the general direction taken.
\qry_fon Check the nature of the final vowel here, which seems long. It will be necessary at some point to determine the acoustic properties (esp. duration) of final vowels, especially
final stressed vowels. Here, with /ka:nyá/, the duration seems quite long.
\ref 05192
\lxam a:na
\lxam_c ka:na
\lxoa a:na
\lxoa_c ka:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to marry (sb)
\sense_s casarse con
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:nas mokni:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will marry your sibling.
\phrase_s Me voy a casar con tu hermano(a).
\phrase_n O:na:nkeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They got married.
\phrase_s Ellos se casaron.
\sense_e (with a directional affix) to pick up and take away
\sense_s (con un afijo direccional) recoger y llevar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ka:nako.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He came to fetch her (pick her up, when subject is male and object female, the implication is often that of an intention of marriag).
\phrase_s El vino a recogerla (cuando el sujeto es masculino y el objeto feminino, la implicación es generalmente que es con fines de matrimonio).
\phrase_n Nankona:naskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You (pl.) are going to go bring him (or it, if animate) back.
\phrase_s Ustedes van a ir a traerlo (una persona o ser animado).
\phrase_n Mitsa:la:nas motah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your father will come pick you up (and take you away).
\phrase_s Tu papáva a venir a recogerte (y llevarte).
\phrase_n O:te:a:nato astah Wa:pan, nika:n xtlah pió:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He went to pick up (fetch) people as far away as Oapan, there are no workers her.
\phrase_s El fue a traer gente hasta oapan, aquíno hay trabajadores.
\phrase_n Tikona:naskeh be:lah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We are gong to pick up and bring back the offering of candles.
\phrase_s Nosotros vamos a recoger y traer una ofrenda de velas.
\phrase_n O:na:nato. Ise:lti xwa:hla:skia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He was picked up (and brought here). He wouldn't have come on his own volition.
\phrase_s El fue recogido (y traido aquí). No hubiera venido de su propia voluntada.
\phrase_n Nontla:nas Wa:pan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to Oapan in order to bring something back (e.g., my burro that is grazing there, or even a girlfiend taken in elopement, etc.).
\phrase_s Voy a ir a traer algo de Oapan (p. ej. un burro que estáapacentando, o aun una novia, etc.).
\phrase_n Timitsa:ntiki:sa -=timitsno:stiki:sa-.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will pick you up on the way there.
\phrase_s Te voy a recoger al ir en camino.
\sense_e (with a directional affix and the prefix tla-) to fetch (animals that have been left out to graze)
\sense_s (con un afijo directional y el prefijo tla-) recoger y llevar (animales que han sido dejados a apacentar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nitlaa:nato.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I went to fetch (and bring back) my animals (that had been left out to graze).
\phrase_s Fuía recoger (y traer) a mis animales (que estaban apacentando).
\sense_e (with -tiki:sa) to pass by and knock down or run over
\sense_s (con -tiki:sa) pasar y atropellar o tumbar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timitsa:ntiki:sa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will knock you down in passing by (e.g., I am on a mule that is going to pass close by you).
\phrase_s Te voy a tirar al pasar (p. ej., estoy sobre una mula que va a pasar cerca de ti).
\phrase_n Xmekwani! Tla:mo mitsa:ntiki:sa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Get out of the way! If you don't it'll knock you down in passing!
\phrase_s ¡Quítate del camino!¡Si no lo hagas te tumbaráal pasar!
\sense_e (with -tiki:sa) to trip; to cause to stumble and fall
\sense_s (con tiki:sa) tropezar; hacer caer
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ka:ntiki:s iburroh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He made his burro stumble and fall.
\phrase_s Hizo tropezar y caer a su burro.
\phrase_n Xnimotlalo:s. Niá:s san yo:li:k, kichi:was nima:ntiki:sas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm not going to run. I'll just go slowly, otherwise I might trip and fall.
\phrase_s No voy a correr. Me voy a ir despacio, de otro modo me puedo tropezar.
\phrase_n Nima:ntiki:sas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will stumble and fall.
\phrase_s Voy a tropezar y caer.
\root a:na
\disamb te:mowa
\nse The difference between ontlaa:na and ontlate:mowa is that the former implies that one is going to bring back animals from a place one knows
they are at. On the other hand ontlate:mowa refers simply to the fact that one is going to search for animals that had been left out to graze but are no longer to be
found. Both can be compared to ontlayekwania, which refers to the act of moving animals that are tethered to graze from one place to another. In regard to the
use of a:na with material objects (the usual verb is kwi), apparently the only time the former is used with material objects is when there is a
reference to an offering, or perhaps procession, and not simply material objects that are brought back for use. Generally a:na is used to refer to bringing
something that cannot be carried, usually a person or animal, but also a car, etc. Use of a:na instead of kwi even though the object is
inanimate is pe rhaps because of respect for the offering or because the entire event, with human participants, is being referred to. Thus simply tikonkwiskeh
be:lah refers to the act of going to buy or pick up a simple candle. It may also be that /a:na/ is used because the word /be:lah/ is a type of trope for the entire procession, a
part for a whole. Note also that the phrase O:na:nato. I:se:lti xwa:hla:skia 'He was picked up (and brought here). He wouldn't have come on his own volition' is
perhaps slightly idiosyncratic. It should be rechecked although it was definitely documented in natural discourse. Finally, it appears that o:nima:ntiki:s, i.e. the
preterite, is used only if the person actually falls, otherwise one would might use the imperfect.
\qry The only time I have heard ona:na used with an inanimate object was with candles, and here the reference seems to be of bringing back not simply the material
offering, but the entire procession and accompaniment.
\qry SEE Gram 1985-02-17.1 for /o:te:anato/. Check /asta/ with or without final /h/.
\mod ADD DEF>(on)tla:na
\grm Nontla:nas Wá:pan. 'I'm going to Oapan in order to bring something back (e.g., my burro that is grazing there, or even a girlfiend taken in elopement, etc.).' Note how /tla-/
is used and may even suggest the bringing back of a bride, although the usual acceptation would be of animals.
\xref tla:na
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref a:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05193
\lxam tlayo:la:to:hli
\lxam_c tlayo:la:to:hli
\lxoa tlayo:la:to:hli
\lxoa_c tlayo:la:to:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of atole made with maize
\sense_s tipo de atole hecho con maíz
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food
\ency_note a:to:hli
\root o:ya
\root a:to:l
\disamb a:to:hli
\mod See entry under /a:to:hli/ for types of this dish.
\ref 05194
\lxam akopanketsa
\lxam_c nakopanketsa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Adv-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e (refl.) to buck or rear-up
\sense_s (refl.) reparar o encabritar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nakopanketsas momulah, kemech nomaxtia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your mule will rear up, it's just being broken in.
\phrase_s Tu mula se va a encabritar, apenas se estáamansando.
\phrase_n Nakopanketsas moburroh pa:mpa i:xmahki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your burro will buck because it is wild.
\phrase_s Se va a encabritar tu burro por serrano.
\root ahko
\root pan
\root ketsa
\nse Akopanketsa is used to refer to the action of an an animal (mule, horse, donkey, etc.) that rises up on its hind legs while raising its front ones.
\qry Determine whether only used in the reflexive and change /cat accordingly. Check for causative as originally I had this listed as having a causative.
\qry_fon Check the vl of the first vowel in the Am form.
\semref á:watekétsa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05195
\lxam i:xte:mposa:wi
\lxam_c i:xte:mposa:wi
\lxoa i:xte:mposa:wi
\lxoa_c i:xte:mposa:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get a swollen eye
\sense_s hincharsele el ojo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:i:xte:mpoposa:w, yo:pe:w kwalo
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His eye has gotten puffed out (swollen), he has started to become ill.
\phrase_s Se le hinchóun ojo, ya empezóa enfermarse.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication: i:xte:mpoposa:wi (Am)) for ones eyes to get puffed up (from lack of sleep)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta: i:xte:mpoposa:wi (Am)) hincharsele los ojos (p. ej., de sueño)
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root posa:
\nse Often used in plural reduplicated form, as swelling often affects both eyes. Virtual equivalent of i:xte:ntili:ni.
\semref i:xte:ntili:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05196
\lxam sepo:wi
\lxam_c sepo:wi
\lxoa sepo:wi
\lxoa_c sepo:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3b(ow)
\sense_e to become numb; to fall asleep (a part of the body, but from lack of movement, not the cold)
\sense_s adormecer; entumecer (una parte del cuerpo, pero por falta de movimiento, no del frío)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nisepo:w pa:mpa xkwahli ne:watoya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A part of my body fell asleep (e.g., my leg) because I wasn't sitting properly.
\phrase_s Una parte de mi cuerpo se adormeció(p. ej., mi pierna) porque no estaba bien sentada.
\phrase_n Tsitsilka nokxi, o:sepo:hka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My leg is tingling, it fell asleep.
\phrase_s Mi pierna estáhormigueando, se adormeció.
\root sepo:
\qry Determine transitve form. Check way in which to record root. Also question and make sure that this verb is not used for numbness caused by the cold.
\ref 05197
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for /tlaiwa/ or /tlayowa/, but since it repeats entry 04804 it has been deleted.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Tag tokens here with #4804; it is a repetition of this entry.
\ref 05198
\lxam noso
\lxam_c tiá:s noso niá:s
\lxoa noso
\lxoa_c noso
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Coord
\der Coord
\sense_e coordinator joining two sentences, noun phrases, etc. in disjunction, often translated as 'or'
\sense_s coordinator para juntar dos claúsulas, frases nominales, etc. en disjuncción, generalmente traducido como 'o'
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tli:no:n o:nitoh? Sahkó:n, noso tsatsis a:katl?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e What was said? Will it be simple (e.g., a wedding with only pork), or will there be a fancy wedding with musicians, bread and chocolate?
\phrase_s ¿Quése dijo?¿Va a ser sencilla (una boda con sólo carne de puerco) o más bien va a ser algo en grande con música, pan y chocolate?
\phrase_n Kitsi:npa:chichi:na ipanitiyo:ltsi:n mi:hli kwilin noso kwe:tla, wan wa:ki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Worms or kwe:tlan suck liquid from the bottom of the maize flower's stamen, and the plant then dries up.
\phrase_s Gusanos o kwe:tlan chupan el líquido de la parte inferior del estambre de la flor del maíz, que entonces se seca.
\phrase_n Yo:tine:chnemaxtih, sa: chika niwa:hlaw o:kpa noso ye:xpa ipan se: to:nahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You got me accostumed to it (in this case to visiting you); indeed I come a lot, twice or three times a day.
\phrase_s Ya me acostumbraste (en este caso a visitarte seguido), hasta vengo dos o tres veces en un día.
\root noso
\qry_fon Note: check whether there is a difference between the reflexive verb /noso/ and this function word /noso/.
\vl Link 1st male token.
\ref 05199
\lxam chapa:ntok
\lxam_c chapa:ntok
\lxoa chapa:ntok
\lxoa_c chapa:ntok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be hanging down onto the ground (particularly sth long that is hanging down with part extended on the ground)
\sense_s estar caído o tirado sobre el suelo (particularmente algo largo que estácolgado, con una parte extendida sobre el suelo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xkakokwi mopilisa:l, chapa:ntok ipan tla:hli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pick up your blanket, it's hanging down on the ground!
\phrase_s ¡Alza tu cobija, estácaiído en el suelo!
\sense_e to be lying on the ground (clothes, a hammock)
\sense_s estar tirado sobre el suelo (ropa, una hamaca)
\sense_d Oa
\root chapa:
\nse In Oapan chapa:ntok is used to refer to clothes and hammocks (and perhaps a few similar items) that are lying on the ground (where, of course, they should not be).
In Ameyaltepec the form tlakaltok is more often used and chapa:ntok more reserved to things that are hanging down onto the ground. Note also that
in Ameyaltepec chapa:ni is used for water coming pouring out, whereas in Oapan toya:wiis used. Thus the progressive wa:lchapa:ntok
a:tl in Ameyaltepec is expressed as wa:htoya:htikah in Oapan.
\ref 05200
\lxam tlatlaka:mihka:ti
\lxam_c tlatlaka:mihka:ti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Part-V1
\der V1-d-ti
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to remain hard even after being cooked in boiling water (particularly beans, but also squash)
\sense_s quedar duro aun después de cocerse en agua hirviendo (particularmente frijoles, pero también calabaza)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tlatlaka:mihka:ti tli:n xwel iksi, kukuwpitsiwi, seki xiksi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tlatlaka:mihka:ti is applied to that which cannot get cooked, it becomes hard, some don't get cooked (e.g., beans in a boiling pot).
\phrase_s Tlatlaka:mihka:ti se le dice a lo que no puede cocerse, se endurece, algunos no se cuecen (p. ej., frijoles en una olla de agua hirviendo).
\sense_e to shake and shiver, run around in pain, froth at the mouth (e.g., a dog from having licked an area that has been poisoned with insecticide or pátlíto kill
ants)
\sense_s temblar fuertemente, correr de un a otro, babear por la boca (p. ej., un perro que ha lamido un lugar donde hay pesticida o pátlípara matar a las hormigas)
\sense_d Oa
\root tla
\root miki
\nse The precise meaning and the relationship of tlatla and miki to the compound tlatlaka:mihka:ti this word need to be determined.
Apparently it is used when some beans that are placed in a pot of boiling water don't get cooked properly and become soft, but rather stay hard and tough, perhaps because there
are several different types of beans.
\nae The relationship between the Ameyaltepec form tlatlaka:mihka:ti and the Oapan cognates tlá:mihká:tia and tlá:mihká:kwi is interesting.
The ethmology of the Ameyaltepec form seems to involve the participial form of the intransitive verb tlatla joined to a verbalized form of * mihqui.
The Oapan forms, one the other hand, seem to have a reduplicant that reduces to a lengthened pitch accented vowel of the prefix tla-. Thus it would seem that
tlá:mihká:tia and tlá:mihká:kwi are the reduced forms of {tla + mih + mihkatia} and {tla + mih + mihka:kwi} respectively. Thus despite the superficial
similarity of Ameyaltepec tlatlaka:mihka:ti and Oapan tlá:mihká:tia, they seem quite distinct etymologically. More research needs to be done on these
forms, their etymology and semantics.
\qry Determine precise meaning and explore further examples. This might well be a word from Oapan; check. Determine whether there are other forms, e.g., ?/tlatlamiki/, etc. Get
precise definition.
\grm /-ti/ verbalizer; participles: Note the form /tlatlaka:mihka:ti/. Here there is a participial form /tlatlaka:/ of a class 4a verb that is prefixed to another verb derived from a
deverbal adjective (i.e., /mihki/, even though this precise word does not occur in Ameyaltepec but rather /mihka:tsi:ntli/).
\semref tlá:mihká:tia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref mi:na
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tlá:mihká:kwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05201
\lxam ichpokatsi:n
\lxam_c ichpokatsi:n
\lxoa ichpakatsi:n
\lxoa_alt ichpa:tsi:n
\lxoa_c ichpakatsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\sense_e very young girl or maiden, between about 8 and 13 years old
\sense_s una muy joven muchacha, entre como 8 y 13 años de edad
\sense_d Pending
\semfld age
\root chpo:ch
\qry Check difference between /ichpo:xtsi:n/ and /ichpokatsi:n/, i.e., whether there is indeed no difference. Check to see if can be possessed as such, with /-tsi:n/ Check also whether the
word /ichpo:tsi:n/ is correct.
\mod The relationship between /ichpokawa/, /ichpokatsi:n/, /ichpo:xtli/, etc. should be discussed.
\semref ichpo:xtsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ichpo:xtsi:ntli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05202
\lxam yekasa:lowa
\lxam_c kiyekasa:lowa
\lxoa yekatesa:lowa
\lxoa_c kiyekatesa:lowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. infix te- (Oa)
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to tie up the end of
\sense_s atar o amarrar el rabo de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xiska:n o:kiyekasa:loh. A:man yo:toton, o:kwa:pochi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He didn't tie its end up right away (i.e., of a rope). Now it has become unraveled, it's end is frayed.
\phrase_s No le atósu cabo luego luego (esto es, de un laso). Ya se desenredó, se quedócon el cabo deshecho.
\root yeka
\root sa:l
\nse As Florencia Marcelino mentioned in reference to this word, the absence of te- makes it sound as if a human had his or her face tied. The Ameyaltepec form was
documented without te-, though it may have been an idiosyncratic usage.
\qry Note that in Oapan /yekatesa:lowa/ is used; this is not clear in Ameyaltepec where my documentation shows yekasa:lowa.
\grm Use of /te-/ note the difference between /sa:lowa/ and /tesa:lowa/. The latter refers to a tight knot. When I asked FM the difference between /yekasa:lowa/ and /yekasa:lowa/
she didn't accept the former, stating that it sounded as if it were actually somebodies face or nose that was tied. However, /yekatesa:lowa/ was accepted as referring to the
tieing up of (tightly) a rope so that it wouldn't unravel.
\ref 05203
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tioko:ni
\lxoa_c tioko:ni
\lxgen i:tsontekon lamahtsi:n
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(ap)
\der N-ap
\sense_e cactus (family Cactaceae) with large round 'head' close to the ground, still not definitively identified but in local Spanish called rodilla de vieja.
\sense_s cactus biznaga (de la familia Cactaceae) con una cabeza grande pegada al suelo, llamado en el español regional rodilla de vieja(o)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root tson
\root tekom
\root lama
\notes_nature In local Spanish of Iguala this is known as"rodilla de vieja."Bravo (1932), identifies this as Corphanta Bumamma with the following description:"Plantas
depreso globosas, de 15 cm. de diámetro, provistas de tubérculos grandes que llevan abundante lana en sus axilas; espinas de 6-8, subuladas, recurvadas, de color blanco
grisáceo y con el tiempo morenas; de 2-5 cm. de longitud; flores grandes de color amarillo. E. fruto es una baya de color fojizo que mide 4.5 cm. de longitud por 1 cm. de
diámetro, y provista de 2 pequeñas escamas; semillas de color caféclaro, de superficie lisa y brillante y de 3-4 mm. de longitud, estas plantas se conocen en esa región con
el nombre de 'rodilla de vieja'". It is still not clear in the native classificatory system whether itsontekon lamatsi:n is included among the
to:motli , the generic word for cacti.
\mod Note that Florencia Marcelina gave the name of this as what I recorded as /cho:koni/, but Silvestre Pantaleón mentioned that he knew this as /i:tsontekon lámatsí:n/. Nevertheless he
later stated that he had heard people talk of eating /tio:koni/ (or /chio:koni/, vowel length uncertain) during the Revolution.
\semref i:tsontekon lamatsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref i:tsontekon lámatsí:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05204
\lxam tlatepospacho:hli
\lxam_c tlatepospacho:hli
\lxoa tlatepospacho:hli
\lxoa_c tlatepospacho:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pass
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e printed letter; typewritten letter; block letter (handwritten)
\sense_s letra impresa; letra escrita a máquina; letra de molde (escrita a mano)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:itlah tlatepospacho:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (in this case sb's handwriting) is like printed letters (i.e., not script but rather mold letters).
\phrase_s Es (en este caso escritura) es como letra de molde (esto es, no cursiva).
\root tepos
\root pach
\qry Check /keh/ in /keh itlah/ and cf. entry under this word.
\vl Note that the 1st male token is mispronounced and should not be tagged. They start again and utter four good tokens.
\semref tlama:kwilo:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlamá:ikwiló:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05205
\lxam sentla:tlawe:l
\lxam_c sentla:tlawe:l
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Mod-N
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e disease, apparently chicken pox (small, purplish pimples that appear on a child's body, arms, and face and then quickly disappear)
\sense_s enfermedad, aparentemente varicela, que se manifiesta con granitos púrpuras que aparecen sobre el cuerpo, brazos, y cara de los niños para después desaparecer rápido
\sense_d Am
\semfld disease
\root sen
\root tlawe:l
\nse All consultants distinguished this disease from sarampión(measels).
\mod For remedy, see Flk 1985-04-06.1
\semref mi:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05206
\lxam -te:mpan
\lxam_c ite:mpan
\lxoa -te:mpan
\lxoa_alt -te:mpah
\lxoa_c i:te:mpah, i:te:mpan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(rel)
\der Rel-stem/poss-com
\infn N2(rel)
\sense_e at the edge of
\sense_s a la orilla de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:te:mpan ma:r cha:nti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He lives at the edge of the sea.
\phrase_s Vive a la orilla del mar.
\root te:n
\root_rel -te:mpan
\qry_fon Oapan phonetics: Note the difference in the final sound of the underlying nasal in Florencia (aspiration) and Inocencio (nasal). This should be used as an example for the
varation:
\grm Oapan phonology/phonetics: Oapan phonetics: Note the difference in the final sound of the underlying nasal in Florencia (aspiration) and Inocencio (nasal). This should
be used as an example for the varation.
\ref 05207
\lxam a:tsakwa
\lxam_c na:tsakwa
\lxoa a:tsakwa
\lxoa_c na:tsakwa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a(kw)
\sense_e (refl.) to be kept inside by the rain
\sense_s (refl.) tener que quedarse adentro a causa de la lluvia
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:na:tsakw, xkineki pa:tsiwis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He was kept inside by the rain, he didn't want to get wet.
\phrase_s Tuvo que quedarse adentro a causa de la lluvia, no se quiso mojar.
\root a:
\root tsakwa
\qry Check for transitive or for the possibility of utilizing this form with a specific nonreflexive patient.
\grm Noun incorporation: Note that the adverbial use of /a:/ incorporated here is as a cause. It wasn't water that did it, but which was the cause. This seems to be in keeping the
with adverbial nature of incorporated nouns. Also discuss this under the applicative.
\grm Oapan: perfective; note that final /kw/ goes to /k/: o:na:tsak/. However, note that with /nekwtli/ the ending is /w/: /i:new/ or /i:newyo/ of the /abeji:tos/. The perfective of
/a:tlakwi/ is /o:a:tlak/.
\ref 05208
\lxam i:xkwa:wia
\lxam_c ki:xkwa:wia
\lxoa i:xkwa:wia
\lxoa_f [i:x kwa: 'wi a]
\lxoa_c ki:xkwa:wia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to carry (with tumpline) bearing the weight on ones forehead
\sense_s llevar (con un mecapal) con el peso sobre la frente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ki:xkwa:wia itlikuw ika imekapal, xkipia burroh.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p CFlores nakaskukwepach 15:32
\phrase_e He carries his firewood on his forehead with a tumpline, he doesn't have a burro.
\phrase_s Carga su leña sobre su frente con un mecapal, no tiene burro.
\phrase_n Tio:tlak i wa:hlaweh, kwa:li:xkwa:witiweh intlikuw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e In the afternoon they're coming back carrying their firewood with a tumpline around their foreheads.
\phrase_s En la tarde ya regresan viniendo cargando su leña por un mecapal sobre sus frentes.
\sense_e (fig.) to bear the brunt of full weight of (a task or problem, etc.)
\sense_s (fig.) aguantar el peso completo de; soportar el mayor peso de (un asunto, problema, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ise:lti o:ki:xkwa:wih un ga:stos ika o:tlana:miktih. Xka:wa, xi:kone:w!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He himself bore the brunt of the marriage expenses himself. You wouldn't have thought it, it wasn't even his child (who got married)!
\phrase_s El mismo soportóla mayor parte de los gastos de la boda,¿y sabes?¡ni fue su niño!
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\qry Check meaning and other possible uses.
\ref 05209
\lxam tlano:ki:listli
\lxam_c tlano:ki:listli
\lxoa tlano:ki:listli
\lxoa_c tlano:ki:listli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e diarrhea
\sense_s diarrea
\sense_d Pending
\semfld disease
\disamb tlano:kia; a:pi:tsa
\fl tlano:kia
\root no:ki
\vl Link 2nd male token.
\qry_fon Check length of /i:/. It seems to have a long duration according to acoustic measurements.
\semref tlano:ki:hli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05210
\lxam omitl
\lxam_c omitl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e (alienable possession) bone (that one possesses, e.g., a dog eating his bone, etc.)
\sense_s (posesión enajenable) hueso (que uno posesiona, p. ej., un perro comiéndose su hueso, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) bone (of ones body)
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) hueso (del cuerpo de uno)
\sense_d Pending
\root omi
\nae In the speech of don Luis Lucena the initial /o:/ was definitely long, although in the speech of others it was definitely short. This indicates the possibility of variation in vowel length
among speakers. A more complete survey, however, is needed.
\grm Phonology: In the speech of don Luis Lucena the initial /o:/ was definitely long, although in the speech of others it was definitely short. This indicates the possibility of
variation in vowel length among speakers.
\semref komitetl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05211
\lxam kanaktik
\lxam_c kanaktik
\lxoa kanahtik
\lxoa_c kanahtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\sense_e see tekanaktik (Am) / tekanahtik(Oa)
\sense_s véase tekanaktik (Am) / tekanahtik(Oa)
\sense_d Pending
\qry Note that in some cases the corpus does document forms such as /kanaktik/ (e.g., /pitsaktik/ is in the corpus, as is, I think, /tomaktik/), but in most cases the common form (or
perhaps the only form) is with the intensifier, e.g., /tekanaktik/. At the same time most such adjectivals do seem to accept a diminutive, and it may be that the diminutive is less prone
to manifest the intensifier: /kanaktsi:n/, /pitsaktsi:n/, etc.
\ref 05212
\lxam yo:lki
\lxam_c yo:lki
\lxoa yo:lki
\lxoa_c yo:lki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-ki
\infn N1/2; Aln(ag); pl. yo:lka:meh
\sense_e large animal (generally mammals)
\sense_s animal grande (generalmente mamalias)
\sense_d Pending
\root yo:l
\nae Yo:lki should not be considered an agentive but rather a deverbal noun based on a participial verb form. In this sense it is similar to Classical micqui
(which does not exist in Ameyaltepec; cf. mihka:tsi:ntli). Apparently yo:lki is derived from the verb yo:li.
\qry Temporarily I have removed : (i:yo:lka:w sowa:tl) a woman's vagina / la vagina de una mujer because of its vulgarity. Checkl
\semref yo:lka:xiw
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05213
\lxam kwi:tsiwtok
\lxam_c kwi:tsiwtok
\lxoa kwi:tsihtok
\lxoa_c kwi:tsihtok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be listless (e.g., an animal, such as a recently acquired mule, that is not at home in its new place); to be under the weather or feeling slightly ill
\sense_s estar lánguido y sin ganas (p. ej., un animal recién comprado que no se halla en su nuevo lugar); sentirse mal
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be bored and without energy; to be apathetic
\sense_s estar aburrido y sin energía; ser apático; estar enfadado; estar fastidiado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwi:tsihtok, xika i:yo:hlo kíki:stími.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He is feeling listless, he isn't going around feeling well.
\phrase_s Se siente lánguido, no sale con ganas.
\root kwi:ts
\fl kwi:tsiwi
\ref 05214
\lxam tlatetepi:nia
\lxam_c tlatetepi:nia
\lxoa tlá:tepí:nia
\lxoa_pr tlá:tepi:nia
\lxoa_c tlá:tepí:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to stomping ones feet (with movements involving blows to the ground with ones feet, e.g, a zapateo, such as in the religious dance called
bake:ros ; also to stomp the ground to kill or shake off ants, etc.)
\sense_s zapatear (bailar con movimientos fuertes con los pies contra el suelo, como ocurre en la danza llamada bake:ros ; también golpetear el suelo con los pies,
p. ej., para matar hormigas u otros animalitos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nontlatetepi:ni:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going off to dance.
\phrase_s Voy a ir a zapatear.
\root tepi:
\nse This can also be used for the action of a mule or horse as it stomps the ground.
\xref tepi:nia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05215
\lxam ya:lwa kayo:tl
\lxam_c ya:lwa kayo:tl
\lxoa ya:lwa kayo:tl
\lxoa_c ya:lwa kayo:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e sth from yesterday; leftovers (food) from yesterday
\sense_s algo de ayer; sobras (comida) de ayer
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San ke:nkah tsokwile:wtok. Ya:lwa kayo:tl, xe nopapa:ka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's as filthy as it was (in this case a plate of food). It's from yesterday, it still hasn't been washed.
\phrase_s Es tan mugriento como estaba (en este caso un plato con comida). Es de ayer, todavía no se lava.
\root ya:lwa
\root kayo:
\semref kochkayo:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 05216
\lxam tlachichi:wilia
\lxam_c kitlachichi:wilia
\lxoa tlá:chi:wília
\lxoa_pr tlá:chi:wilia
\lxoa_cpend kitlá:chi:wília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to impregnate; to do"it"to (sexually)
\sense_s impregnar a; hacerle (sexualmente) a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlachichi:hki, kitlachichi:wilia ba:kah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (a bull in this case) is used for stud, it impregnates cows.
\phrase_s Es un toro semental, empreña a las vacas.
\semfld Gender: male
\root chi:wa
\nse This word is used by men to refer to the action of mounting; women don't use this word but instead say, for example, ay moburroh, i:pah tlákowánoburrah. Moreover
when used in reference to humans (as it may be by some men when alone) this is considered vulgar.
\vl For now, tag this token (only Inocencio pronounced it) with #5216 but do not link it to the entry. I am not sure how vulgar it is, but it is best to err on the safe side for now.
\xref chi:wilia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05217
\lxam paxia:lowilia
\lxam_c kipaxia:lowilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (Nah) pasear
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to pay a visit to; to stop by and visit
\sense_s visitar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Deporsínimitsonpaxia:lowili:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e For sure I will go stop by and visit you.
\phrase_s De por si, te voy a ir a visitar.
\nse In Oapan the applicative is not used since paxia:lowa has the sense of 'to go around (without detaining oneself in any place).' The applicative paxia:lowilia
is, however, used in villages such as Ameyaltepec and, according to Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez, in Ahuelicán. In Oapan one uses the verb itaas in
sápánimita:litas 'I will come visit you (see you) again.'
\semref ita
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref paxia:lowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 05218
\lxam tewitskuwtli
\lxam_c tewitskuwtli
\lxoa tewitskohtli
\lxoa_c tewitskohtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e Havardia acatlensis(Benth.) Britton et Rose, a hardwood tree of the Leguminoseae family
\sense_s Havardia acatlensis(Benth.) Britton et Rose, unárbol con madera dura de la familia Leguminoseae
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root te
\root wits
\ref 05219
\lxam o:mexiwti
\lxam_c o:mexiwti
\lxoa o:mexihti
\lxoa_c o:mexihti
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Num-V2
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4a
\sense_e see -xiwti (Am) / -xihti(Oa)
\sense_s véase -xiwti (Am) / -xihti(Oa)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root o:me
\root xiw
\ref 05220
\lxam we:rach
\lxam_c mowe:rach
\lxoa wera:ch
\lxoa_c nowera:ch
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan huarach
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N2
\sense_e sandal
\sense_s huarach
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Titla:ltoto:nka:mikis pa:mpa o:tlaxo:tlak wan xtikpia mowe:rach.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your feet will get burned from the hot earth because its scorching and you don't have your sandals.
\phrase_s Se te van a quemar los pies porque hace muchísimo calor y no traes tus huaraches.
\qry_fon Check vowel length and correct throughout if necessary. I hear (and analyze acoustically) the first vowel short (or at least relatively short) and the last vowel definitely
long.
\semref kwitlaxahtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref kahtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05221
\lxam ye:lpankostiktsi:n
\lxam_c ye:lpankostiktsi:n
\lxoa ye:lpankostihtsi:n
\lxoa_c ye:lpankostihtsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-tsi:n
\sense_e type of bird not yet identified
\sense_s tipo de pájaro todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to have a yellow breast (said of certain birds)
\sense_s tener un pecho amarillo (dicho de ciertos pájaros)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root e:l
\root kos
\root_rel -pan
\nse Although some consultants from Ameyaltepec mentioned that this bird was the same as the sibara:tl , Cristino Flores mentioned that it was definitely different.
\grm Compounds: noun + adjective: /ye:lpankostiksi:n/: 'having a yellow breast' Here there is a body-part with an adjective and the noun is the head modified by the final term.
At the same time the noun is part of a"possessor raising"process whereby it functions as a NP that may itself be either a predicate or a modifier of another N.
\ref 05222
\lxam tlakwalchi:wilia
\lxam_c kitlakwalchi:wilia
\lxoa tlakwalchi:wilia
\lxoa_c kitlakwalchi:wilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to prepare food for
\sense_s preparar comida para
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa
\root chi:wa
\ref 05223
\lxam iwí:n
\lxam_alt yewí:n
\lxam_c nihkwis yewí:n
\lxoa yóí:n
\lxoa_alt yóyí:n
\lxoa_pr yo i:n
\lxoa_c yóí:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(dem)
\der Pr-dem
\sense_e this one here; this very one
\sense_s este mismo; este que estáaquí
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtla:li iwí:n na:nkah ye:rbah bwe:nah para we:lias tlakwahli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Put this here mint in so that the food gets more tasty!
\phrase_s ¡échale esta yerba buena para que la comida agarre sabor!
\phrase_n Iwí:n, i:n na:nkah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e This very one, this one here!
\phrase_s ¡Este mismo, este que estáaquí!
\phrase_n Iwí:n nihkwis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will take this one here.
\phrase_s Voy a tomar este que estáaquí.
\root i:n
\nae The Oapan form yóí:n is written as two words. It apparently comprises the shortened form of the independent pronoun and the demonstrative i:n. The
etymological derivation of Ameyaltepec iwí:n is not completely clear, but perhaps is simply what in Classical was inin.
\qry Check final vowel length. The use of /in/, /iwí:n/, /un/ and /iún/ needs to be thoroughly explored. There might also be a demonstrative pronoun /i:n/, though this is not certain. Check
the possibility of phrases such as /nikwi:kas i:n/. Is this correct or should it be /nikwi:kas iwí:n/. Check. The question is whether there is a particle /in/, basically a demonstrative
adjective that is the counterpart of /un/. Check whether there is a difference in the /i(:)n/ in phrases such as /nikmakas in tlaxkahli/ and /nihkwa:s i:n/. Or, should the latter be /nihkwa:s
iwi:n/ or /nihkwa:s iún/. Can one say /nikwi:kas i:n/? Check carefully /in/ and /i:n/ as demonstrative adjectve and pronoun, respectively. Also check /un/ and, perhaps /u:n/, to
determine if there is also a minimal pair. Perhaps simply one finds /iwí:n/ and /iún/. This should be checked. I have distinguished between /in/ and /i:n/ based on my memory of
Nahuatl, but this should be checked. My examples wit h /in/ are all from documented speech, although I have standardized the phonology of /in/. However, this present example,
/Nikwi:kas i:n/ was produced from memory and my understanding of Nahuatl. It might be in error and perhaps /Nikwi:kas iwí:n/ is the correct form. Check.
\ref 05224
\lxam tete:molia
\lxam_c kitete:molia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to look for or search for (sth) for
\sense_s buscar (algo) para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:xtete:molia tlawe:hli nokone:w, san tli:mach o:kichi:w, san tli:mach yo:kite:i:ihlih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My child looks for trouble for me (anger), he just did whatever, he just said whatever occurred to him.
\phrase_s Mi hijo me busca problemas (la ira de gente), hizo cualquier cosa, dijo cualquier cosa (sin pensar o reflexionar).
\sense_e to look for (sth) for (sb, through divination)
\sense_s adivinar (algo) para (buscando por medio de cartas, de echar maices, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:xtlatete:moli:ti! Xne:xtete:moli:ti noburroh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go get someone (or have someone) divine for me! Go have someone divine about my burro for me!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a ver a alguien para que adivine por mí!¡Ve a ver a alguien para que me adivine sobre mi burro!
\root te:m-2-
\nse The applicative te:molia is found often in Classical Nahuatl, in Ameyaltepec the"regularized"form te:mowilia is much more common, though
te:molia is occasionally used.
\xref te:mowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\semref tete:mowilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref téte:mowília
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05225
\lxam wila:na
\lxam_c kwila:na
\lxoa wila:na
\lxoa_c kiwila:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to strech (e.g., the rubber of a slingshot)
\sense_s jalar (p. ej., el hule de una resortera)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root wila:
\qry As I am not sure if this is used in the Balsas region, or if only /tewila:na/, which I do have documented, is used. If it is determined that both /tewila:na/ and /wila:na/ are used then
either have two separate entries (if they are significantly different in meaning) or one entry under /wila:na/ (under which the information from /tewi:lana should be combined)Check
difference with /tewila:na/. Perhaps remove this entry.
\ref 05226
\lxam tla:lkalaki
\lxam_c tla:lkalaki
\lxoa tla:lkalaki
\lxoa_c tla:lkalaki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e for the earth to sink in (e.g., above a grave, where an animal such as a squirrel has dug a tunnel, etc.)
\sense_s hundirse la tierra (p. ej., arriba de donde alguien estárecién enterrado, o por donde un animal como la ardilla ha excavado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tla:lkalaki, pa:xiwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The ground sinks in, it softens and collapses.
\phrase_s Se hunde la tierra, se ablanda y se sume.
\root tla:l
\root kalak
\nse In Oapan if the earth above a newly dug grave sinks in (for which the word tla:lkalaki is used), this is considered a te:tsa:htli'bad omen.'
\nae The question with tla:lkalaki is whether the subject of an unergative intransitive is incorporated, or whether there is a zero-marked specific subject to which
tla:lkalaki applies. There are probably no tests that could be used to determine whether there is subject incorporation. Note that if there were, it would appear to
parallel the form me:sto:na.
\grm Incorporation; imperson passives; reference; anaphora: /Tla:lkalaki, pa:xiwi/ 'The ground sinks in, it softens and collapses.' Here one question is whether the incorporated
noun reduces the valency, much as it does in /tla:loli:ni/. If the test is whether an impersonal can be formed, the answer is no, there is no further possibility of /tla-/ or /-lo/
being added to the verb stem. In this sense /to:na/ is an impersonal passive, as is /me:sto:na/. In neither case is further reduction possible: /to:na/ is an impersonal verb and,
if this is the case, /me:s-/ as incorporated, cannot be subject incorporation since there is no subject at all with /to:na/ (*tlato:na, *yewa to:na, etc.). Thus /me:s-/ can only be
interpreted as modifying incorporation, in an adverbial sense. In this interpretation /me:s-/ is the 'cause' (a common function of adverbial phrases; note that if one were
to"guess"an analytic form, one would have /to:na ika me:stli/. However, /kalaki/ is a subject-taking intransitiv e verb and the incorporated noun /tla:l-/ apparently reduces
the valency. Here there are two diagnostics in conflict. Most intransitive verbs can impersonalize through either /-lo/ (with basically unergative verbs) and through /tla-/ with
basically unaccusative verbs. Indeed, in a sense the use of one or the other determines the semantic role of the removed"subject."Thus /cho:kalo/ suggests that /cho:ka/ is
treated as an unergative; /tlacho:ka/ suggests that /cho:ka/ is treated as an unaccusative. The semantic role of the backgrounded subject is an agent in the first example and
a patient in the second. It is clear that /tla:lkalaki/ is an impersonal in the sense that it cannot take any impersonal markers (*tlatla:lkalaki). However, a key question is
therefore 'what is the subject of /pa:xiwi/. Clearly it is either the ground or the overall space that gets sunken in. In either case, from a strictly formal perspective the subject
of /pa:xiwi/ is 3rd person singular and it must relate b a ck to (be anaphoric to) some subject already introduced into the discourse. Since the sequence /tla:lkalaki,
pa:xiwi/ is complete by itself as a discursive segment, the most cogent semantic account would see /tla:l-/ as an incorporated subject in /tla:lkalaki/ and then the subject of
the intransitive /pa:xiwi/. This suggests that in some cases (e.g., NI>impersonal passives) the IN can surface as an anaphoric subject.
\ref 05227
\lxam kamatso:tso:tl
\lxam_c kamatso:tso:tl
\lxoa kamatso:tso:tl
\lxoa_c kamatso:tso:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e pimple or sore on the tongue
\sense_s granito o llaga en la lengua
\sense_d Pending
\semfld disease
\root kama
\root tso:tso:
\qry Check to see if this may be both inside and outside the mouth.
\ref 05228
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be the entry for /Ka:ka:lo:tepe:tl/, it has since been relegated to the toponymic database. It is a hill just northwest and contiguous to Ameyaltepec, allegedly so named for
the many crows that gather here.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 05229
\lxam i:to:niltia
\lxam_c ki:to:niltia
\lxoa i:to:naltia
\lxoa_cpend ki:to:naltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\trans from reflexive
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make sweat
\sense_s hacer sudar
\sense_d Pending
\root i:to:ni
\nae The documentation so far indicates that whereas in Ameyaltepec i:to:nia is only used reflexively and the transitive meaning requires a causative morphology, in Oapan,
according to some speakers, the base verb /i:to:nia/ is used both reflexively (ni:to:nia) and transitively (ki:to:nia), with the transitive meaning 'to make
sweat.' However, Emiliana Domínguez gave the causative form i:to:naltia. The causative form needs further research.
\xref i:to:nia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\semref i:to:nia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05230
\lxam iya:na
\lxam_c kiya:na
\lxoa iya:na
\lxoa_c kiya:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to hide
\sense_s esconderse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niya:nani mobwe:yeh
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your buey has a habit of hiding (i.e., you leave it in one place and the next day it is not there).
\phrase_s Tu buey tiene la acostumbre de esconderse (p. ej., lo dejas en un lado apacentando y al día siguiente ya no está).
\phrase_n Niya:na, xkineki para tikwi:tekis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He (in this case a child) is hiding, he doesn't want you to thrash him.
\phrase_s El (en este caso un niño) se estáescondiendo, no quiere que lo azotes.
\phrase_n O:kiya:n itomi:n, xok umpakah ka:n kitla:lia:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's hidden his money, its not there where he usually puts it.
\phrase_s Escondiósu dinero, ya no estáalládonde lo suele poner.
\sense_e (refl.) to lay low (to avoid being assigned a given task, having to contribute money, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) no dejarse ver (para evitar o esquivar una obligación o tarea, o por no tener que contribuir dinero)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niya:ntok, yo:weka:w xtekiti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is laying low (hiding), it has been a long time since he has served in a cargo position (lit. 'worked').
\phrase_s Se estáescondiendo (en este caso esquivando un servicio para la comunidad), ya tiene mucho tiempo que no ha desempeñado un trabajado (por el pueblo; lit. 'trabaja').
\root iya:na
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\xref iya:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05231
\lxam cho:choh
\lxam_c cho:choh
\lxoa xo:choh
\lxoa_c xo:choh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-bb
\sense_e flower (baby talk)
\sense_s flor (palabra para niños)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xka:wilti mocho:choh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Play with your flower (in talking to a baby)!
\phrase_s Juega con tu flor (hablando con un niño)!
\semfld baby
\root xo:chi
\nae Although palatalization is often indicative of baby talk, the Oapan term xo:choh seems to lack this phonological development. Ameyaltepec cho:choh is
apparently derived from the reduplication of the first syllable of xo:chitl with the final /h/ characteristic of baby talk and the change from fricative to affricate. The
Oapan form on the surface seems to be xo:chitl with a final vowel change. However, it could be simply xo:xo:h with
\mod See discussion in Gram 1984-10-16.1
\ref 05232
\lxam tlako
\lxam_c nihkwa:s tlako
\lxoa tlákó
\lxoa_c tlákó
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1/2; Aln
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e half
\sense_s mitad
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlako xkoni! -=Xkoni tlako!-
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Drink half!
\phrase_s ¡Tómate la mitad!
\phrase_n Xne:chmaka tlako!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Give me half (of it)!
\phrase_s :Dáme la mitad (de ello)!
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) the other half of; the other portion or piece of
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) la otra mitad de; la otra porción o pedazo arrancado o partido de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwa itlakoyo!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Eat the other half of it!
\phrase_s ¡Cómete la otra mitad de ello!
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) person who acts or does things like another [possessor] (lit., 'to be the (other) half of [possessor])
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) persona que actua o hace como otra [poseedor] (lit., 'ser la (otra) mitad de [possessor])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Motlakoyo Pánfilo, yewa no:hkó:n kichi:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are just like Pánfilo, he also does it that way.
\phrase_s Eres como Pánfilo,él también asílo hace.
\root tlahko
\root tlahko
\nse Tlako is usually used in a modifying function, e.g., yo:taskikeh tlako otli 'we've arrived at the half-way point' or 'we've covered half the distance.' Even
at times when it seems like a nominal, the construction may perhaps be better considered elliptical. Thus Xne:chmaka san tlako can be interpreted as
Xne:chmaka san tlako motlaxkal , or something equivalent. However, tlakotsi:n is more readily interpreted as a nominal, 'a half' or 'a portion'
particularly in that it may be modified by se: as in Xne:chmaka se: tlakotsi:n! 'Give me a little portion!' When possessed with -yo and
referencing a material object, -tlakoyo refers to a piece or half that is physically separate. It is not clear whether the possessor is the whole from which the half is
separated, or the other half; this will need to be determined in further consultation. The use of -tlakoyo with a human possessor, however, suggests tha t the possessor
w ith material objects might be the other similar half, and not the whole.
\nse In Oapan tlákotsí:n is used as a nominal predicate: xne:chmaka tlákotsí:n. Attributively tlako is used: xne:chmaka san tlako
me:troh. In a pronominal form one has tlákotípan as in xne:chmaka tlákotípan. To say 'give me half of the money' one would say: yóún
tomi:n, tlákotípan xne:chmaka.
\grm Predication; pronominal; anaphora: Note in Oapan the difference between /tlákó/, /tlákotsí:n/ and /tlákotípan/ as attributive, noun, and pronoun. In Oapan
tlákotsí:n is used as a nominal predicate: xne:chmaka tlákotsí:n. Attributively tlako is used: xne:chmaka san tlako
me:troh. In a pronominal form one has tlákotípan as in xne:chmaka tlákotípan. To say 'give me half of the money' one would say:
yóún tomi:n, tlákotípan xne:chmaka. Thus one cannot say: /i:n a:tl, tlákóxkoni/ but rather /i:n a:tl, tlákotípan xkoni/.
\qry Determine how to say: /sell me half your maize/ 'Xne:chna:makilti tlako motlayo:l' is how I would say it. Check. Also check grammatical category, should this be noun and adjective,
etc. Check the correctness of /xkwa itlakoyo/ since my file card had only /itlakoyo/ as 'its half.'
\grm /-yo/: Note that use of /-yo/ with /tlako/. The meaning should be checked, but it seems that the possessor is the other half, the other part that is similar. When possessed with
-yo and referencing a material object, -tlakoyo refers to a piece or half that is physically separate. It is not clear whether the possessor is the
whole from which the half is separated, or the other half; this will need to be determined in further consultation. The use of -tlakoyo with a human possessor,
however, suggests that the possessor with material objects might be the other similar half, and not the whole.
\semref tla:tlako
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref tlakotsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlákotsí:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05233
\lxam tlapale:wike:tl
\lxam_c tlapale:wike:tl
\lxoa tlapalé:wiké:tl
\lxoa_c tlapalé:wiké:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e helper
\sense_s ayudante
\sense_d Pending
\root pale:
\nse In This can also be used to refer to machines, such as tractors (as long as they are not rented). Or, where there is a fight and somone tries to break it up, this someone is also, at
least in Oapan, a tlapalé:wiké:tl.
\ref 05234
\lxam sehkalaki
\lxam_c sehkalaki
\lxoa sehkalaki
\lxoa_c sehkalaki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to feel or get cold; to get a chill (humans and animals)
\sense_s sentir el frío; entrarle el frío (a personas y animales)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nisehkalak, se:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I felt cold, it is cold.
\phrase_s Me entróel frío, hace frío.
\root sek
\root kalak
\disamb sekwi; sekmiki
\qry Check to confirm that only animates can be subjects. Also, determine possibility and use of transitive (causative?) form.
\ref 05235
\lxam pá:h
\lxam_alt pá:n
\lxam_c pá:h
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N0/2; Aln(0=2)
\sense_e term of endearment to address a close male relative (e.g., father, son, nephew, grandson, and occasionally grandfather)
\sense_s término de cariño para dirigirse a un pariente masculino cercano (p. ej., al padre, hijo, sobrino, nieto y a veces al abuelo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tiaweh pá:h!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let's go son (or dad, grandson, etc.)!
\phrase_s ¡Vámonos hijo (o papá, nieto, etc.)!
\sense_e (alienable possession) close male relative (e.g., father, son, nephew, grandson, and occasionally grandfather)
\sense_s (posesión enajenable) pariente masculino cercano (p. ej., al padre, hijo, sobrino, nieto y a veces al abuelo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n I:wa:n niá:s nopá:h.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going with my son (or father, grandson, etc.).
\phrase_s Voy con mi hijo (o padre, nieto, etc.).
\root pa:n
\nse Besides its use as a vocative, pá:n may be possessed, e.g. nopá:n 'my father.' As a vocative it is equivalent to pa:chih.
\qry One speaker said that /pá:n/ may only be possessed in the first person plural. This does not seem to be the case since I have an example of first person singular possessed usage.
However, it would seem reasonable and consistent with the data that this is never used as possessed in second or third person. This should be checked. Possessed /pa:chih/ and
/pá:n/ may have the same referents as unpossessed. Check whether this has a final /n/ (which would be velarized) or only a nasalized vowel. Note that /pa:n/ is stressed when
possessed: /nopá:n/.
\mod Note that occasionally young men will refer to a woman's genitals as /i:pá:n/.
\semref ta:tah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref pa:chih
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 05236
\lxam tsi:nteketsa
\lxam_c notsi:nteketsa
\lxoa tsi:nteketsa
\lxoa_c notsi:nteketsa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e (refl.) to be in a position with ones rear end stuck out (and ones shoulders jutting forward)
\sense_s (refl.) tener las nalgas saliendo hacia atrás (y los hombros hacia adelante)
\sense_d Pending
\root tsi:n
\root te
\root ketsa
\ref 05237
\lxam tla:la:yo
\lxam_c i:tla:la:yo
\lxoa tla:la:yo
\lxoa_c i:tla:la:yo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-poss-yo
\infn N2
\sense_e water and dirt that runs off ones body in bathing
\sense_s tierra, mugre y agua que se le escurre a uno [poseedor] al bañarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tikoni:s itla:la:yo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will drink his dirty bathwater (often said in reference to a particularly old man of the village as the penalty for not guessing the answer to a riddle).
\phrase_s Vas a tomar la tierra y agua que se le escurre al bañarse (a menudo dicho en referencia a un hombre anciano del pueblo a algn como castigo por no hallar la respuesta
a una adivinanza).
\root tla:l
\root a:
\ref 05238
\lxam tsi:ntlapi:tsal
\lxam_c tsi:ntlapi:tsal
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\sense_e to have (a woman) a tight-fitting dress
\sense_s tener (una mujer) una falda muy apretada
\sense_d Pending
\root tsi:n
\root pi:tsa
\semref kwe:pi:stik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05239
\lxam osto:tsi:n
\lxam_c osto:tsi:n
\lxoa osto:tsi:n
\lxoa_c osto:tsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e grey fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus)
\sense_s zorra; zorra gris (Urocyon cinereoargenteus)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld mammal
\root osto:
\nse The species identification, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, is taken from Leopold (1959:408).
\qry_fon I have rechecked the length of the first vowel and found it short. Nevertheless, it should be checked again.
\vl Link 1st male token.
\ref 05240
\lxam teno:xteh
\lxam_c teno:xteh
\lxoa teno:xtih
\lxoa_cpend @teno:xtih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\sense_e type of dance formerly performed in Oapan, so called because of the to:motlaxkahli placed in the center and around which the dance takes place
\sense_s tipo de danza anteriormente presentado en Oapan, asíllamado por el to:motlaxkahli colocado en el centro y alrededor del cual bailan los danzantes
\sense_d Oa
\semfld dances
\root no:ch
\nse A friend from Ameyaltepec referred to this dance as nono:xtli but seems to have gotten the name wrong. Those of Oapan know of a dance that used to be presented
called teno:xtih. In 2001 the last person who remembered at least part of the relación was
\ref 05241
\lxam istekwi
\lxam_c kistekwi
\lxoa istekwi
\lxoa_c kistekwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(kw)
\sense_e to pinch
\sense_s pellizcar
\sense_d Pending
\root sti
\root kwi
\root_notes Note that although the modern pronunciation of the word for nail (as in fingernail) is istitl a final /e/ appears in frozen compounds, as in
istekwi. For the purposes of referencing, the root has been standardized here as sti(noting that the initial /i/ is epenthetic).
\grm Oapan phonology; perfective Oapan: note that the perfective of /istekwi/ is /o:kistek/.
\ref 05242
\lxam cho:kani
\lxam_c cho:kani
\lxoa cho:kani
\lxoa_alt cho:kane
\lxoa_c cho:kani
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e baby who cries a lot
\sense_s bebéque llora mucho
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e cry-baby
\sense_s llorón
\sense_d Pending
\root cho:ka
\qry Determine whether this refers mostly to babies or adults. Cf. to /cho:kwitla/.
\vl Link 1st female token.
\ref 05243
\lxam kwa:tsotsoliwi
\lxam_c kwa:tsotsoliwi
\lxoa kwa:tsotsoliwi
\lxoa_c kwa:tsotsoliwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Lex. rdp-s; Op. infix te- : kwa:tetsotsoliwi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to go bald; to have ones hair thin out
\sense_s quedarse calvo; quedarse con el cabello ralo
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (particularly with -tiw and -tinemi (Am) / -timi (Oa)) to go around bare-headed or without a head-covering
\sense_s (particularmente con -tiw y tinemi (Am) / -timi (Oa)) ir, andar, o estar con la cabeza cubierta sin cualquier cosa que la cubra
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne: kwa:tetsotwoliwtiw, xkwi:ka sombre:roh, o:kelka:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is going along there bare-headed, he hasn't brought a hat along, he forgot it.
\phrase_s Alláva con la cabeza descubierta, no lleva sombrero, se le olvidó.
\phrase_n O:kasik tsonawatl, kwa:tsotsoliwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has gotten ringworm, his head is getting a bald spot on it.
\phrase_s Le dio tiña, se va dejando una parte calva de su cabeza.
\root kwa:
\root tsol
\qry Check for other acceptations of intransitive form. Check etymology and cf. to /tso:l/.
\ref 05244
\lxam tlapo:wtok
\lxam_c tlapo:wtok
\lxoa tlapo:htok
\lxoa_c tlapo:htok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be open (a box, chest, window, bottle, pot, etc.)
\sense_s estar abierto (una caja, baúl, ventana, botella, olla, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be open or separate (two things joined together, e.g., by glue or nails, etc.)
\sense_s estar abierto o separado (dos cosas juntadas, p. ej., con pegamento, clavos, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlatlapo:wtok moka:jah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your chest is opening apart (i.e., the boards are starting to separate and come apart in places).
\phrase_s Se estáquedando abierto tu caja (esto es, las tablas se están separando y abriendo donde estaban juntadas).
\root tlapo
\nse There is no distinction between tlapo:wtok (Am) / tlapo:htok (Oa) 'it is open' and the identical words meaning 'he is counting (things).' The former is a
durative of the intransitive tlapo:wiwhile the second is the transitive powa'to count' with the nonspecific object prefix tla-. A
particularly difficult problem is the distinction between the use and meaning of words such as tlapo:htok, tlátlapó:htok, tla:tlapohtok.
Obviously at this point some of the other entries will need to be changed on the basis of further research. According to Jeremías Cabrera (Oa) the following examples illustrate the
variations in meaning. First, tlapo:htok is used for things such as a box, a door, or even a house that is open. However, one can also use tla:tlapo:htok
for a house (even though it is open in only one place, the door. According to JC, tlapo:htok is sort of an abbreviation for tla:tlapo:hto k. The fo rm with
short vowel reduplication, tlátlapó:htok is used for things, such as an unbuttoned shirt, that is open in several places. Another example of the use of this reduplicated
form is with string beans, the pod of which may be open in several places. However, with the impersonal prefix tla- one has tlatlapo:htok, which can refer
to a general state of openness (e.g., of stores) in a place such as a town. There is no specific subject here. There are also additional forms that are derived from
tla:tlapo:htok. First, the form tla:tlapo:htok may also have an impersonal prefix, which takes an additional reduplicant with a short vowel from
tla:tlapo:htok. Thus note xya merka:doh, i tlá:tla:tlapó:htok 'go to the marketplace, the puestos are open'. This form results from the impersonal
tla- followed by a uh- reduplicant which has been reduced onto the previous short vowel, here of the impersonal prefix. T hen, the remainded, tla:tlap o :
htok manifests a long vowel reduplication on the verb stem tlapo:wi, which has an initial /tla/ as part of the stem. Finally, one can have the same, but without the
impersonal. This is tlátla:tlapó:htok in which case the first tla- is a reduplicant with coda *h. This refers to multiple places that are open, e.g., several banks.
For a further discussion of reduplication, see the entry under ichpa:na.
\grm Reduplication, impersonal: According to Jeremías Cabrera (Oa) the following examples illustrate the variations in meaning. First, tlapo:htok is used for
things such as a box, a door, or even a house that is open. However, one can also use tla:tlapo:htok for a house (even though it is open in only one place, the
door. According to JC, tlapo:htok is sort of an abbreviation for tla:tlapo:htok. The form with short vowel reduplication,
tlátlapó:htok is used for things, such as an unbuttoned shirt, that is open in several places. Another example of the use of this reduplicated form is with string
beans, the pod of which may be open in several places. However, with the impersonal prefix tla- one has tlatlapo:htok, which can refer to a
general state of openness (e.g., of stores) in a place such as a town. There is no specific subject here. There are also additional forms that are derived from
tla:tlapo:htok. First, the fo rm tla:tlapo :htok may also have an impersonal prefix, which takes an additional reduplicant with a short vowel
from tla:tlapo:htok. Thus note xya merka:doh, i tlá:tla:tlapó:htok 'go to the marketplace, the puestos are open'. This form results from the
impersonal tla- followed by a uh- reduplicant which has been reduced onto the previous short vowel, here of the impersonal prefix. Then, the remainded,
tla:tlapo:htok manifests a long vowel reduplication on the verb stem tlapo:wi, which has an initial /tla/ as part of the stem. Finally, one can
have the same, but without the impersonal. This is tlátla:tlapó:htok in which case the first tla- is a reduplicant with coda *h. This refers to multiple
places that are open, e.g., several banks.
\qry Make sure vowel length distinction is present in /tlapo:wtok/ 'he is counting' and /tlapowtok/ 'it is open.' Note that in one filecard I had /tlapo:wtok/ 'it is open' with a long vowel.
\grm Reduplication with short vowel: Note how the meaning of /tlapowi/ changes (one might consider it lexicalization) with reduplication (in this case the /tla-/ should be
considered reduplication (but other dialects with surface /h/ should be checked to confirm this.
\xref tlatlapo:wtok
\xref_t plus_tla
\xref_d Am
\xref tlatlapo:htok
\xref_t plus_tla
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05245
\lxam ko:kobuchih
\lxam_c i:ko:kobuchih
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) buche
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\infn N2
\sense_e Adam's apple
\sense_s la nuez de la garganta
\sense_d Am
\semfld body
\disamb buchih; ko:kobande:rah; ko:koh
\root ko:koh
\qry I have the definition as Adam's apple, but RS has it has throat or gullet (gaznate)
\ref 05246
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xté:nkwetól
\lxoa_c i:xté:nkwetól
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e eyelids
\sense_s párpados
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root kweh
\root tol
\nae The etymology of this word is uncertain. Both Oapan and the colonial dictionaries indicate give this word to mean 'eyelids' although the Classical dictionaries have
ixquatolli, e.g., Molina: 'parpado del ojo.' See i:xmontli (Am) / í:xmotlí(Oa). The pitch-accent pattern in Oapan
i:xté:nkwetól indicates that the penultimate vowel is short and that the penultimate syllable is closed with a coda {h}. The same root is perhaps found in
kwétomátl 'pillow.' For now this root has been analyzed as kwehthough it is very possible that the Oapan forms have undergone vowel raising and
that the proper root, at least for comparative purposes, is kwah. On this point FK notes in regard to i:xcua:itl 'forehead' that"in compounds this often appears
as i:xcuah rather than i:xcuah."The same occurs with kwa:as is the case with cuahna:miqui. Again, as FK notes under
cua:itl :"In the derived fr om cuahna:miqui, this h as the alternate stem form cuah- making it analogous to ma:(i)-tl ~ mah."
\qry_h i:xkwa:tol or i:xkwehtol, i:xkwahtol, etc.
\semref i:xkwatol
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05247
\lxam iyekowa
\lxam_c kiyekowa
\lxoa yéyekówa
\lxoa_pr yeyekowa
\lxoa_c kí:yekówa; né:chiyekówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): nó:yekówa
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to try to do (a task, or sth challenging); to attempt
\sense_s intentar (una tarea, o algo desafiante y difícil)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkiyeko!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Give it a try!
\phrase_s ¡Inténtalo!
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w nikiyekowa, abé:r deke kineki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've started to give it a try (in this case courting a girl), perhaps she will agree (to marry me).
\phrase_s Ya empezéa intentarlo (en este caso cortejar una joven), a ver de que quiere (casarse conmigo).
\phrase_n Xkaman nikiyekowa, kas xniwelis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've never tried it (a job, playing an instrument, etc.), maybe I won't be able to do it.
\phrase_s Nunca lo he intentado, a lo mejor no voy a poder.
\sense_e to court; to attempt to enamour
\sense_s cortejar; llegarle a decir (a una muchacha) si quiere andar de novia
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to test (a person, to see if he or she will help with a task, lend sth, or is able to do sth)
\sense_s probar (una persona, para ver si va a ayudar con algo, si va a prestar algo, si puede hacer algo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n On ne:nkah toba:leh, mlá:k o:ne:chiyekoh para ne:chwisokis, pero tla: xweli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That guy there, he really had a go at trying to beat me up, but then he couldn't.
\phrase_s Ese cuate, de veras quiso intentar golpearme, pero, pues, no pudo.
\root ekowa
\nse Apparently this is a reduplicated form {yehyekowa} with a phonological change generalized in Ameyaltepec. FK notes that Carochi (fol. 127f)"points out that the 'taste' sense of
yecoa is generally expressed with the reduplicated form of the verb yehyecoa.
\nae In Oapan the reflexive is nó:yekówa. The length of the pitch accented /o:/ of the reflexive suggests that it is the result of the reduction of the reduplicant. However, it is
difficult to determine the length of the /i/ in forms such as né:chiyekówa. Acoustic measurements suggest a duration indicative of a long vowel, but all comparative
evidence suggests that the initial /i/ of íyekówa is phonologically short. For now, and pending further study, the vowel has been written as short. Note that the
reduplicant is overtly represented when there is no preceding short vowel. Thus one has xyéyekó 'try it out!' But cf. the use of this verb with the nonspecific nonhuman
object prefix tla- : ma nitlá:yekó
\qry_fon Check length of /i/ in /kíyekówa/. In Oapan the reflexive is nó:yekówa. The length of the pitch accented /o:/ of the reflexive suggests that it is the result of the
reduction of the reduplicant. However, it is difficult to determine the length of the /i/ in forms such as né:chiyekówa. Acoustic measurements suggest a
duration indicative of a long vowel, but all comparative evidence suggests that the initial /i/ of íyekówa is phonologically short. For now, and pending further
study, the vowel has been written as short. CHECK: kí:yekówa.
\vl Note that the female tokens are /kí:yekówa/
\xref iyeko:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref íyekó:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05248
\lxam tlatsi:nia
\lxam_c kitlatsi:nia
\lxoa tlatsi:nia
\lxoa_c kitlatsi:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to slap (with an open palm)
\sense_s dar una palmada a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:htlatsi:nih, o:tiktlatskapa:naltih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You slapped him with your palm, you made it (his skin) emit a loud slapping sound.
\phrase_s Le diste una palmada haciéndole sonar fuerte.
\phrase_n O:ne:xtlatlatsi:nih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He gave me several slaps with an open palm.
\phrase_s Me dio varias palmadas.
\root tlatsi:ni
\nse In Oapan this verb is used for slapping things such as tixtli or clay for ceramics. When referring to a human the body part is incorporated:
quechpantlatsi:nia, tsi:ntlatsi:nia, etc.
\qry Check for possibility of /te-/ intensifier, I had the form /ma:tetlatsi:nia/ written down, but this might be a mistake.
\semref tlatsi:naltia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05249
\lxam tsotsopa:stli
\lxam_c *tsotsopa:stli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-s
\infn Stem 1(s)
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e stick used in weaving to push down the weft
\sense_s palo utilizado en tejer para empujar y apretar la trama
\sense_d Am
\semfld tool-house
\ency_note weaving; spinning
\root tsopa
\nae Tsotsopa:stli is an archaic word known by few in Ameyaltepec. I have written the vowel of the reduplicant as short based on the one or two times I heard this word;
FK has tso:tsopa:stli with the following note:"One of the two attestation in B[ancroft] has the vowel of the first syllable specifically marked short, but the other attestation
is B[ancroft] has it marked long, as it is in T[etelcingo, Morelos] and Z[acapoaxtla].
\qry Note that FK has /tso:tsopa:stli/. Check vowel length for Ameyaltepec.
\ref 05250
\lxam seki
\lxam_c seki tla:katl kichi:wa
\lxoa sékí
\lxoa_c sékí
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-quant
\pitch yes
\sense_e some (of both countable and mass nouns)
\sense_s una cantidad de; algo de (de sustantivos contables y no contables)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Seki ma:w?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e (Will you give me) some of your water?
\phrase_s ¿(Me puedes dar) algo de tu agua?
\phrase_n Seki xne:chaka tli:n tihkwatok!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Give me a little of what your are eating!
\phrase_s ¡Dame un poquito de lo que estás comiendo!
\root seki
\nae The elicitation of Oapan sékí marked by pitch accent might be erroneous since pitch accent might be characteristic only of the pronominal use of sékí
(including its use as an interrogative). The citation form for this entry, therefore, should be re-recorded in an obvious adjectival or modifying context.
\qry_h Seki
\mod Correct previous entry. Note that /seki/ with normal stress is for an affirmative; /sékí/ is for a question, i.e.,"Do you want any more?"
\semref si:
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05251
\lxam kaxto:lti
\lxam_c kaxto:lti
\lxoa kaxto:lti
\lxoa_c kaxto:lti
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to complete two weeks
\sense_s terminar un periodo de dos semanas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:man o:nikaxto:ltik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Today I completed two weeks (e.g., since arriving).
\phrase_s Hoy completédos semanas (p. ej., desde que llegué).
\root kaxto:l
\ref 05252
\lxam a:xi:xtli
\lxam_c a:xi:xtli
\lxoa a:xi:xtli
\lxoa_c a:xi:xtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(x)
\sense_e urine
\sense_s orina
\sense_d Pending
\semfld functions
\ncol i:a:xi:x burroh
\ncol i:a:xi:x si:tlalin
\ncol i:a:xi:x tenextli
\ncol tenextli i:a:xi:x
\root a:
\root xi:xa
\qry_fon The initial vowel of these four tokens serves as a good illustration of the duration of initial long vowels.
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\semref tlapia:stli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05253
\lxam tolo:ltia
\lxam_c kitolo:ltia
\lxoa tolo:ltia
\lxoa_c kitolo:ltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ca
\trans from nondirected alternation
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make (sb) swallow
\sense_s hacer (a algn) tragar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitolo:ltia ikone:tsi:n reme:dioh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He makes his little child swallow the medicine.
\phrase_s Hace a su niñito tragar la medicina.
\root tol
\xref tolowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05254
\lxam pexo:naltia
\lxam_c kipexo:naltia
\lxoa pexo:naltia
\lxoa_c kipexo:naltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b(ni/ltia)
\trans from nondirected alternation
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to fill to the brim (a liquid inside a container); to make (a liquid) overflow
\sense_s llenar hasta el tope (un líquido dentro de un recipiente); hacer rebosar o desbordar (un líquido dentro de un recipiente)
\sense_d Pending
\root pexo:
\qry Although RS has both /pexonia/ and /pexonaltia/, Ameyaltepec has only had /pexo:naltia/ documented so far. FK mentions /pexo:ntia/, which is apparently from Zacapoaxtla
although she is unclear on this point. Check whether this verb is 'to overflow' or 'to fill to the brim.' Perhaps it is both as in Classical (cf. RS who has pexoni as -llenarse, desbordar,
hablando de la medida de un líquido). Note that RS has pexoni, pexonia, pexonaltia, and pexonqui. Am does not have the latter, at least not yet documented.
\vl Link 1st female token.
\xref pexo:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05255
\lxam itlah
\lxam_alt tlah
\lxam_c kikwa:s itlah
\lxoa itlah
\lxoa_alt tlah; itlan
\lxoa_c itlah, itlan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Pr(indef)
\der Pr-indef
\sense_e something
\sense_s algo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kimiktikeh para ma:ka tlah kito:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They killed him so that he wouldn't say anything.
\phrase_s Lo mataron para que no dijera nada.
\root itlah
\vl The first (or 3) male tokens is /itlan/. Please link this one.
\semref xtlah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05256
\lxam ma:kana:wi
\lxam_c ma:kana:wi
\lxoa ma:kana:wi
\lxoa_c ma:kana:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for one to get hands that are tender from overwork (the verbal stem is usually reduplicated: ma:kakana:wi)
\sense_s sensibilizarle la mano a uno (generalmente por un exceso de trabajo con las manos; la raíz verbal generalmente se reduplica: ma:kakana:wi)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nima:kakana:w, xwel nihki:tskia tlaxkahli toto:nki. O:nimotlasiwi:tih ika o:nitlakwiste:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My hands have gotten tender, I can't grab a hot tortilla. I worked myself hard and fast in straightening up the milpa behind the plow.
\phrase_s Mis manos quedaron sensibles, no puedo agarrar una tortilla caliente. Me apurédemasiado en enderezar la milpa atrás de la yunta.
\root ma:
\root kana:
\qry_fon As minimal pairs elicit: /ma:kana:wi/ (this entry), /ma kana:wi/ 'optative' and /ma: kana:wi/.
\ref 05257
\lxam me:ya
\lxam_c me:ya
\lxoa me:ya
\lxoa_c me:ya
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to spring forth (as water from a spring),
\sense_s brotar; manar (como agua de un manatial)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to flow out (e.g., sap from a tree)
\sense_s manar (p. ej., la savia de unárbol)
\sense_d Pending
\root me:ya
\qry Check for metaphoric uses of /me:ya/. Can /tlame:ya/ exist?
\xref me:yaltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05258
\lxam isika:neki
\lxam_c kisika:neki
\lxoa íska:néki
\lxoa_pr iska:neki
\lxoa_c kíska:néki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Part-V
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to urgently want; to want quickly or immediately (i.e., that sth occurs right away)
\sense_s querer urgentemente; querer rapidamente (esto es, que algo se haga luego luego)
\sense_d Pending
\root hsi
\root neki
\qry Check to make sure correct form is /isihka:neki/, given that I had /isika:neki/ recorded in my original notes. Check entire range of meanings.
\grm Oapan phonology: note the reduction of /isihka:/ to /iska:/ in Oapan /íska:néki/. The pitch accent derives from underlying initial {h}.
\ref 05259
\lxam u:nkah
\lxam_alt u:nkah
\lxam_c u:nkah
\lxoa o:nkah
\lxoa_c o:nkah
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Mod-V1
\der V1
\infv Irregular; see kah
\gloss_e to.be.some
\gloss_s haber
\sense_e for there to be (some material object, in existence)
\sense_s haber (algo de algna cosa)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n U:nkah a:tl itik na:ko:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is some water in my water jug.
\phrase_s Hay agua dentro de mi tinaja.
\phrase_n Ok o:nkah!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e There still are some (left)!
\phrase_s ¡Todavía hay!
\phrase_n Ke:mah, o:nyes.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Yes, there will be some (e.g., soda, beer, etc.).
\phrase_s Si, va a haber (p. ej., refrescos, cerveza, etc.).
\sense_e for there to be (in existence, some person or animate who)
\sense_s haber (en existencia, una persona que)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:nyes a:kin kinekis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There will be someone who wants to (do it).
\phrase_s Habrá alguien quien va a querer (hacerlo).
\phrase_n Wa:n u:nkah tatli kwala:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 00952_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 38:52
\phrase_e There are some fathers get angry (in this case, when their daughters get married).
\phrase_s Hay algunos padres que se enojan (en este caso, cuando sus hijas se casan).
\semref kah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\root kah
\nse The verb onkah is an indefinite verb of existence and can be translated as 'there is' (or 'hay' in Spanish). The use in this regard varies slightly between Ameyaltepec
and Oapan. In the former village this terms (related forms in other tenses and aspects) can be used with animates and human. Thus in Ameyaltepec one can ask of someone (e.g., in
a phone conversation) ¿Ka:no:n tu:nkah? 'Where are you?' whereas in Oapan one would use the verb nemi as in ¿Ka:no:n
tinemi? 'Where are you?' Likewise, the Ameyaltepec phrase given above, U:nkah tatli kwala:ni. 'There are some fathers who get angry', would be realized in
Oapan as Nemi tatli kwala:ni.. Finally, note that although usually the copula use of this verb is zero in the present, e.g., Tikone:tl 'You are a child'
the use of a nonzero copula has been documented. For this, see the other entry under u:nkah (Am).
\nae See grammar for account of inflectional pattern and usage. Note that the tendency is for the vowel to be lower in the present form (written u:nkah (Am) /
o:nkah (Oa)) than in the past (written o:nkatka in both dialects) or future (written o:nyes in both dialects). For now, because of
speaker input from Ameyaltepec, the present tense is written with a /u:/. Other tenses, aspects, and moods are written with /o:/, as is always the case in Oapan.
\ref 05260
\lxam kechpantebo:lah
\lxam_c kechpantebo:lah
\lxoa kechpantebo:lah
\lxoa_c i:kechpantebo:lah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) bola
\psm N
\compound (N-N)-N
\der N-loan
\lexical Lex. inflix te-
\infn N1/2
\sense_e hump on the back (of a 'sebu' bull)
\sense_s la bola sobre el hombro (de un toro sebú)
\sense_d Pending
\root kech
\root_rel -pan
\nse To date the only documented use of i:kechpantebo:lah in in reference to the humps on the backs of sebu bulls.
\qry I have only heard /kechpantebo:lah/ used in reference to 'sebu' bulls; check other possible uses.
\grm Note the apparent intensifying use of /te/ in /kechpantebo:lah/.
\ref 05261
\lxam tlatlati:lkuwtli
\lxam_c tlatlati:lkuwtli
\lxoa tlatlati:lkohtli
\lxoa_c tlatlati:lkohtli
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e stick of burning firewood
\sense_s palo de leña encendida
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timitskowi:s ika tlatlati:lkuwtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to beat you with a stick of burning firewood.
\phrase_s Te voy a golpear con un palo de leña encendida.
\root tla
\root kow
\qry Check to see if /tlatlati:hli/ is a word. It is not documented.
\vl Link first female token.
\ref 05262
\lxam chichi:kwati
\lxam_c chichi:kwati
\lxoa chíchi:kwáti
\lxoa_pr chichi:kwati
\lxoa_c chíchi:kwáti
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\pitch yes
\sense_e see chi:kwati
\sense_s véase chi:kwati
\sense_d Pending
\root chi:kwa
\qry_fon This word and the spectrogram are good illustrations of p-a and vowel length in reduplicants:stems.
\ref 05263
\lxam i:xte:mpapa:ya:tsi:n
\lxam_c i:xte:mpapa:ya:tsi:n
\lxoa i:xté:mpa:yá:tsi:n
\lxoa_c i:xté:mpa:yá:tsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-l)
\infn N1
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e person having bad eyesight or blurry vision (but not blind)
\sense_s persona con la visión mala, borrosa o nublosa (pero no ciego)
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root pa:ya:
\nse Generally the diminutive i:xte:mpapa:ya:tsi:n is used, although i:xte:mpapa:ya:tl has also been documented.
\qry Check for the correctness of /i:xte:mpapa:ya:tsi:n/ (or /i:xte:mpapa:ya:tl/); the correctness of both the forms beginning /i:xte:m-/ and /i:x-/ should be checked.
\semref i:xpapa:ya:tsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref í:xpapa:yá:tsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05264
\lxam tsi:nte:nkwah
\lxam_cpend *tsi:nte:nkwah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn N1
\sense_e shirt with a particular type of cut on in which the bottom edge has a u-shaped section cut out at the side seams
\sense_s camisa con un tipo de corte particular en que la orilla inferior tiene una sección en forma de"u"invertida recortada de los lados, por donde termina la costura
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Niktekis para tsi:nte:nkwah in koto:ntli, xok tsi:nteyewahli, yes tsi:ntlatektli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will cut it (a man's shirt sewn by hand) so that it has an inverted u-shaped section cut out at the side, it won't go straight around from one side to other, it will have a
section of its lower part cut out.
\phrase_s Lo voy a cortar (una camisa para hombres) para que la parte inferior estérecortada en forma de"u", ya no va a tener la orilla inferior recta por toda la camisa,
tendráuna sección de abajo recortada.
\semfld clothing
\root tsi:n
\root te:n
\root kwa
\nse Apparently tsi:nte:nkwah is identical in meaning to tsi:ntlatektli , and both contrast with tsi:nteyewahli.
\mod Illustrate. See illustration with original 3x5 filecard.
\semref tsi:ntlatektli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tsi:ntlatehtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref tsi:nteyewahli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tsi:nteyewaltik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05265
\lxam tepe:tla:hli
\lxam_c tepe:tla:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e land located in the hills, well above the sandy valley near the river
\sense_s tierra que estáen los cerros, bastante arriba del valle arenoso junto al río
\sense_d Pending
\root tepe:
\root tla:l
\qry Query if this is more like"high land"or whether it refers to land that is actually in the hills. What is the difference between /tepe:tla:hli/ and /tepe:tl/, i.e., is the former used only to refer
to land that can be cultivated?
\semref tepe:htla:hli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05266
\lxam a:kwa
\lxam_c a:kwa
\lxoa a:kwa
\lxoa_c a:kwa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to absorb and transmit water (or other liquids); to let water filter out (e.g., through the walls of a container, particularly ceramics like clay canteens)
\sense_s absorber y transminar o dejar filtrar agua u otro líquido (p. ej., a través de las paredes de un recipiente, particularmente las de cerámica como cántaros)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:kwa pa:mpa ye:nkwik, xe a:chika:wi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Water seeps out through it because it's new, it hasn't become hardened by water yet.
\phrase_s El agua se transmina (se filtra) a través de ello porque es nuevo, todavía no se ha macizado con el agua.
\root a:
\root kwa
\nse This is particularly said of things made of clay, such as an a:ko:ntlithat slowlys leak because the pourous surface hasn't become hardened yet, a process that
may take a couple of weeks. Often a ceramic piece is sumerged in water so that it hardens and thus leaks less; or the clay recepticle may be coated on the inside with a thin layer of
cement for the same effect.
\qry_fon This word should give a good example of long initial /a:/.
\semref chichi:na
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05267
\lxam a:maxo:chitl
\lxam_c a:maxo:chitl
\lxoa a:maxo:chitl
\lxoa_c a:maxo:chitl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e crepe paper
\sense_s papel crepé; papel de china
\sense_d Pending
\root a:ma
\root xo:chi
\nse This paper is used for cutting out flowers and decorations that are hung during festive occasions, for example in the church.
\ilus_note Illustrate and obtain sample for archive.
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\ref 05268
\lxam kwa:kuwtli
\lxam_c kwa:kuwtli
\lxoa kwa:kohtli
\lxoa_c kwa:kohtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e horns
\sense_s cuernos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n ikwa:kuw bwe:yeh
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e a steer's horns
\phrase_s los cuernos de un buey
\phrase_n kwa:kuwtli de ma:satl
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e a deer's horns
\phrase_s los cuernos de un venado
\root kwa:
\root kow
\nse There are many additional words that categorize horns by the manner of their curve or size: kwa:kuwteteko:ntik ; kwa:kuwachi:toh
kwa:kuwtetekestik as well as kwa:kuwtetepon.
\semref kwa:komitl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05269
\lxam moya:wa
\lxam_c kimoya:wa
\lxoa moya:wa
\lxoa_c kimoya:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to spread out on the ground (e.g., seeds to be dried, wares to be sold, etc.)
\sense_s extender sobre la tierra (p. ej., semillas para secar, mercancía para vender, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nika:n nitlamoya:was, tlawe:i.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will spread things out here, there's a large open space.
\phrase_s Aquívoy a extender mis cosas, hay mucho campo.
\phrase_n Xikmoya:wa tlayo:lhi para ma kwahli kaxili to:nahli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Spread out the maize so that the sun directly strikes it!
\phrase_s ¡Extiende el maíz (sobre un petate) para que le pegue bien el sol!
\phrase_n O:kimoya:w tli:n kinamaka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He spread out his wares.
\phrase_s Expuso (extendiendo sobre una superficie plana) su mercancía.
\sense_e to cloud or muddy (water, e.g., by stirring it up)
\sense_s enturbiar (agua)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root moya:
\disamb moya:wa; nelowa
\nse Moya:wa differs from nelowain regard to liquids in that the former is used to refer to the action of 'stirring up,' i.e., stirring a liquid so that
sediments on the bottom rise and cloud the mixture. Nelowa, on the other hand, refers to the stirring of a mixture with no sediment, such as food being stirred so
that it doesn't burn.
\qry Check for other meanings, such as dirtying up the water.
\ref 05270
\lxam tsotsopitsa
\lxam_c kitsotsopitsa
\lxoa tsotsopitsa
\lxoa_c kitsotsopitsa; kitsó:tsopítsa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq]
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to prickle (e.g., certain plants with prickly hairs or small thorns, particularly those that stick to ones clothes and constantly prickle)
\sense_s causar picor; picar (p. ej., ciertas plantas con aguates o púas, particularmente las que se le pegan a la ropa y continuamente causan picor)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mistso:tsopi:ni:s ia:wayo mi:hli, mistsotsopitsas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The prickly hairs of the maize plants will prick you here and there, they will prickle you.
\phrase_s Los aguates de las plantas de maíz te van a picar por acáy por allá, te van a causar picor.
\phrase_n Mistsotsopitsas iswatl wan tichichinakas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The corn leaves will prickle you and you'll feel itchy.
\phrase_s Te van a picar las hojas de maíz y vas a sentir comezón.
\root tsopi:
\nse Plants that are said to cause pricklining include kostik xo:chitland sakawistli.
\vl Note that the first female token is /kitsó:tsopítsa/, with a long, high pitched initial /ó:/. There then follow 4 tokens (2 F + 2 M) of the form /kitsotsopitsa/. There then follow 4
more tokens of the form with the long high-pitched initial syllable. Note that the final sound file will have 4 tokens joined together, as indicated in the /lxoc field.
\xref tsopi:nia
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05271
\lxam kwa:tlate:nti:ltetl
\lxam_c kwa:tlate:nti:ltetl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e (sarc.) bald
\sense_s (sarc.) calvo
\sense_d Am
\root kwa:
\root te:n
\root te
\nse This metaphoric meaning is based on tlate:ntiltetl , a smooth, hard stone from the banks of a river that is used for sharpening machetes. A bald person is so called for
the similarity of the surface of his head and forehead to the smooth rounded stones used to sharpen cutting instruments. As with all comments on physical appearances it is
considered rude to utter this directly to the person with the trait.
\qry_fon Check length of /i/ and standardize.
\semref tlate:nti:ltetl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05272
\lxam ma:tsetselowa
\lxam_c kima:tsetselowa
\lxoa má:tsetselówa
\lxoa_alt má:tselówa
\lxoa_pr ma:tsetselowa
\lxoa_pr má:tselowa
\lxoa_c kimá:tsetselówa; kimá:tselówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to shake with or in ones hand (particlarly weeds, so that the earth falls off the roots and the plant quickly dies)
\sense_s sacudir en o con la mano (particularmente yerba arrancada de una milpa, para que se le caiga la tierra de las raices y se muere)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with tla-) to pull weeds up by hand, shaking the earth off the roots (so that the plant quickly dies)
\sense_s (con tla-) arrancar yerba a mano, sacudiéndolas para que se les caiga la tierra de sus raices (y la planta se muera rápidamente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ontlama:tsetselo:s, ontlakwiste:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will go weed by hand, he will go behind the plow uncovering and righting the plants that have been knocked over and covered by earth.
\phrase_s Va a ir a desherbar a mano, va a ir atrás de la yunta enderezando la milpa.
\root ma:
\root tsel
\nse The illustrative sentence Ontlama:tsetselo:s, ontlakwiste:was refers to someone who follows along behind the plow pulling up the weeds and, at the same time, setting
the milpa plants that have been covered by earth upright. The earth is shaken loose from the weeds so that when they are placed down on the ground to dry they do not take root.
\nae Oapan Nahuatl offers the possibility of a fully realized reduplicant, kimá:tsetselówa, which seems to be the more common form, as well as reduced form, in which the
reduplicant is realized simply as pitch accent on the long vowel of the incorporated noun stem ma:-. As is often the case (although it is still not clear whether this is the
determining factor that permits such reduction onto a long vowel), the reduction of a reduplicant onto a long vowel in a preceding syllable occurs when the nominal stem represents a
body part.
\qry I do not think that there is an intransitive form, but this should be checked. Also, check for the proper object of the verb. In one example I have /kima:tsetselowa xiwtli/. This is
probably correct, but check. Also, determine other uses/meaning of this verb.
\qry_fon Oapan Nahuatl offers the possibility of a fully realized reduplicant, kimá:tsetselówa, which seems to be the more common form, as well as reduced form, in
which the reduplicant is realized simply as pitch accent on the long vowel of the incorporated noun stem ma:-. As is often the case (although it is still not clear
whether this is the determining factor that permits such reduction onto a long vowel), the reduction of a reduplicant onto a long vowel in a preceding syllable occurs when
the nominal stem represents a body part.
\grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication: note that both these forms are correct and identical: /kimá:tsetselówa/ and /kimá:tselówa/. Thus apparently there is no difference. Here
apparently this is because of lexicalization, i.e., one does never shake things out just one. Thus the shorter form seems to rely on the lexical nature of the verb and not any
prosodic process for the lack of reduplication. Oapan Nahuatl offers the possibility of a fully realized reduplicant, kimá:tsetselówa, which seems to be the
more common form, as well as reduced form, in which the reduplicant is realized simply as pitch accent on the long vowel of the incorporated noun stem ma:-.
As is often the case (although it is still not clear whether this is the determining factor that permits such reduction onto a long vowel), the reduction of a reduplicant onto a
long vowel in a preceding syllable occurs when the nominal stem represents a body part.
\ref 05273
\lxam kwa:chi:maliwi
\lxam_c kwa:chi:maliwi
\lxoa kwa:chi:maliwi
\lxoa_c kwa:chi:maliwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for ones hair to fly out in all directions (from moving quickly, from the wind, from riding on top of a bus, from dancing, etc., said in reference to men who have a round,
bowl-like haircut with hair that extends outward as they bounce up and down)
\sense_s volarse el cabello hacia afuera por todos lados (por movimientos rápidos, el viento, estar bailando, ir yendo arriba de un camión, etc., dicho de los hombres quienes tienen
pelo cortado como de un plato hondo, redondito y largo que sale en un círculo cuando brincan arriba y abajo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne: kwa:chi:maliwtiw..
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There he goes running along with his hair flying out in all directions.
\phrase_s Alláva, con el cabello volando por todos lados.
\root kwa:
\root chi:mal
\qry Check for acceptance of intensifier /te-/.
\ref 05274
\lxam fle:chah
\lxam_c fle:chah
\lxoa fle:chah
\lxoa_c fle:chah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan flecha
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e bus
\sense_s camión
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niá:s ipan fle:chah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to go by bus.
\phrase_s Voy en camión.
\nse The word derives from the company name of a economical bus service in Mexico that goes to many villages southwest of Mexico City, la Flecha Roja.
\ref 05275
\lxam yeyekatomatl
\lxam_c yeyekatomatl
\lxoa í:ya:tómatl
\lxoa_alt yéye:katómatl
\lxoa_c í:ya:atómatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e type of tomatoe still not collected nor unidentified
\sense_s tipo de tomate todavía no colectado ni identificado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yeyekatomatl | Ke:n tomatl tlachia, xpara tihkwa:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Yeyekatomatl : It looks like a tomatoe, (though) it isn't to eat.
\phrase_s Yeyekatomatl : Parece a un jitomate (aunque) no es para comer.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\ency_note tomatl
\root e:ka
\root toma
\mod See entry in appropriate notebook for rememdy for rotten teeth, see also Flk cuaderno.
\grm Oapan phonology:
\ref 05276
\lxam te:ntlapa:na
\lxam_c kite:ntlapa:na
\lxoa te:ntlapa:na
\lxoa_c kite:ntlapa:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to crack or break the edge or end of
\sense_s romper la orilla o punta de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kite:ntlapa:naskeh koma:hli pitsomeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The pigs will break off the edge of the comal.
\phrase_s Los marranos van a romper la orilla del comal.
\root te:n
\root tlapa:
\disamb te:mposteki
\grm Word order: VOS /Kite:ntlapa:naskeh koma:hli pitsomeh/ 'The pigs will break off the edge of the comal.' The word order in the previous phrase seems to be
the most common, though it is by no means universal. In the preceding the verb is followed by the object (patient) and then the agent. I believe that VSO would also be
correct, or SVO. Not acceptable, according to my judgement, would be SOV, although perhaps OVS would be, particularly with topicalization: /un koma:hli, kitlapa:naskeh
pitsomeh/. All these should be checked.
\vl The first female token is /kitetlapa:na/. This should be tagged as 1034 but not linked since it is a token with the intensifer and the headword is simply /tlapa:na/. The next
four tokens are correct for this (5276) headword: /kite:ntlapa:na/, with the nasal /n/.
\ref 05277
\lxam tlastopo:naltia
\lxam_c kitlastopo:naltia
\lxoa tlastopo:naltia
\lxoa_c kitlastopo:naltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-d-c
\trans ~Base
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to slam (e.g., a door); to make a loud banging sound
\sense_s azotar (p. ej., una puerta); causar un sonido de golpe fuerte
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to make a sharp cracking sound (e.g., with gum in ones mouth)
\sense_s hacer reventar (p. ej., chicle en la boca)
\sense_d Oa
\root tlas
\root topo:
\qry Check intransitive, e.g., tlastopo:ni, tlastopo:nia, etc.
\ref 05278
\lxam kwa:tetepon
\lxam_c kwa:tetepon
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e to be without branches on top (a plant or tree)
\sense_s estar sin ramas en lo alto (una planta oárbol)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:kikwa:tetepolokeh un kuwtli, o:noka:w kwa:tetepon, oksepa ma itsmoli:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They chopped the branches off that tree. It was left with its top cut off, it's branches need to grow back again.
\phrase_s Le cortaron las ramas a eseárbol. Lo dejaron pelón, se le va a tener que retoñar las ramas.
\root kwa:
\root tepon
\fl tetepon
\qry Check for other uses; cf. /kwa:tetepontilia/ for 'to cut the bangs off' and see if /kwa:tetepon/ can take a human subject. Also check whether /kwa:tetepontilia/ can take a tree or plant
as object. NOTE: check pitch accent of /kwá:tepóltik/ and if incorrect change here and in headword entry.
\semref kwá:tepóltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05279
\lxam mihka:tsi:ntli
\lxam_c mihka:tsi:ntli
\lxoa mihka:tsi:ntli
\lxoa_c mihka:tsi:ntli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ki; N-tsi:ntli
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e corpse; dead person
\sense_s cadaver; persona fallecida
\sense_d Pending
\root miki
\nse This is the only word encountered so far in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl that always occurs with a diminutive/reverential ending (-tsi:ntli). Note that the participial ending
-ki here surfaces as -ka: , as expected, in non-word final position.
\ref 05280
\lxam e:wateketsa
\lxam_c ke:wateketsa
\lxoa a:wateketsa
\lxoa_c ka:wateketsa; ná:watekétsa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to set upright (sth that was tilted, such as a chair leaning up against a wall); to place in a more vertical position (sth that was leaning or more inclined, or a tortilla to be
roasted near burning coals)
\sense_s poner vertical o de pie (algo que estaba inclinado, como una silla inclinada contra una pared); poner en una posición más vertical (p. ej., tortillas cerca de las brazas para
tostearlas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Me:dioh xke:wateketsa, ma tlakpantia!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tilt it a little more vertically (in this case the front edge of a lean-to, kalma:tli), let it be a little higher!
\phrase_s ¡Colócalo un poquito más vertical (en este caso el lado más bajo de un alberguito, kalma:tli), quéestéalgo más alto!
\sense_e (refl. with short vowel reduplication; ná:watekétsa (Oa)) to stand up on ones hind legs; to buck or rear-up (a horse, donkey, etc.; Ameyaltepec equivalent:
akopanketsa)
\sense_s (refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta; ná:watekétsa (Oa)) pararse por las patas posteriores; reparar o encabritar (un caballo, burro, etc.; Equivalente de
Ameyaltepec akopanketsa)
\sense_d Oa
\root e:wa
\root te
\root ketsa
\nse In Oapan a:wateketsa is used for things, for people the form a:watetla:liais used. It is not clear at this point whether this distinction is also valid in
Ameyaltepec.
\qry Check correctness of /tlakpantia/. Perhaps it should be /tlakpaktia/. Note that originally I had a xref to the causative for Oa Nahuatl /a:wateketsaltia/. However, this is not in the
database so I have removed the xref. Check. Note that on the recording of the elicitation session it seems clear that there are two Oapan forms /ka:wateketsa/ and /ká:watekétsa/. It
is not clear what the different in potential objects is between these two forms, but this should be investigated.
\qry_fon Note that the tokens form 6377 illustrate a good case of minimal pairs /na:wateketsa/ vs.
\vl There are four tokens at 6377 that should be tagged as 5280. These are for the second, pitch-accented pronunciation: /ná:watekétsa/. All four should be tagged as 5280
and two should be linked to form the second pronunciation in the lxo field /ná:wateketsa/.
\semref a:wateketsaltia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05281
\lxam ara:doh de kuwtli
\lxam_c ara:doh de kuwtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) arado
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e type of plow
\sense_s tipo de arado
\sense_d Am
\semfld tool
\ency_note tla:hli; List types of plows under a synonym section on /tla:hli/ containing all the words associated with plowing, planting, etc. There is also a type of plow, or used to be,
called /ara:doh de po:lkoh/.
\root kow
\nse This type of plow is no longer used, having given way to the ara:doh de po:lkoh. According to Florencia Marcelino the term ara:doh de kohtli is not a
proper term since the word ara:doh refers only to the plowshare, not the entire plow.
\semref ara:doh de po:lkoh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05282
\lxam ma:xopo:ni
\lxam_c ma:xopo:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans +Caus
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (often with short vowel reduplication) to get a rash, pimples, so small sores on the hand or arm
\sense_s (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) salirsele granitos o pequeñasúlceras por la mano o brazo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Deke tikxi:ma, ma:ka mitsasis ia:yo, tla:mo tima:xoxopo:nis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If you take the bark off of it (kuhtlatlaktsi:n) don't let its sap get on you, if you do your hands (where the sap touched) will blister up.
\phrase_s Se le pelas su cáscara (al kuhtlatlaktsi:n) ten cuidado que no te alcanze su savia porque si te toca se te van a salir granos por las manos.
\root ma:
\root xopo:
\qry Check for intransitive form. This might be in error and the proper word might be /ma:a:xopo:ni.
\xref ma:xopo:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\semref ma:a:xopo:ni
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05283
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for /momotsowa/ but has been deleted as a duplicate of 6403.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 05284
\lxam mansa:noh
\lxam_c mansa:noh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan manzano
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e type of banana
\sense_s plátano manzano
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\ency_note plá:ntanoh
\ref 05285
\lxam xaxawatsa
\lxam_c kixaxawatsa
\lxoa xaxawatsa
\lxoa_c kixaxawatsa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to crunch (sth brittle) usually in ones mouth) making crackling sounds (e.g., old dried tortillas, toast, chicharrón, totopoxtli)
\sense_s mascar (p. ej., tortillas viejas, chicharrón, pan tostado, totopoxtli)
\sense_d Pending
\root xawa:
\qry Note that /xawa:ni/ is predicted by the form, but the actual occurrence of this should be checked. In the event it is not found, this should be noted in the grammar, which should
record all reduplicated form in -ka or -tsa for which the -ni form does not exist. Note: more recently I have added /xawa:nia/ to the dictionary.
\qry In my notes I have recorded that /xaxawatsa/ is the virtual equivalent of /totopotsa/; an effort should be made to determine the difference between the two if one exists, and this
should be noted in one of the entries or perhaps the onomasiological section. Also, determine whether /xaxawatsa/ refers only to crunching sth in ones mouth as I have recorded
above.
\semref totopotsa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref xawa:nia
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05286
\lxam malakachowa
\lxam_c kimalakachowa
\lxoa malakachowa
\lxoa_c kimalakachowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to go around (a fixed object, e.g., house)
\sense_s rodear; pasar por el perímetro de (p. ej., una casa)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xtihmatih tli:n topan wetsis. Mila:k te:xte:tsa:wiyah i:n tsómaméh, ta san nika:n tlamalakachótokéh tokwa:tipan.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e We don't know what is going to happen to us. The buzzards are really giving us a bad omen, they are just circling around above us.
\phrase_s No sabemos que nos va a pasar. Los zopilotes nos traen mal agüero, estágirando sobre nuestras cabezas.
\phrase_n O:kimalakachoh i:kal ya:n xo:chitl.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He encircled his house with flowers (e.g., planted in the earth).
\phrase_s Le puso flores (sembradas) por todo el alrededor de su casa.
\phrase_n San tlamalakáchotími, xkanah noteketsa.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He's just going around in circles (e.g., in his car), he doesn't stop anywhere.
\phrase_s Solamente anda dando vueltas (p. ej., en su coche), no se para en ningún lado.
\sense_e (with a directional affix) to pay a quick or short visit to; to quickly (go or come to) check out or up on (e.g., the state of an animal or field)
\sense_s (con un afijo direccional) hacer una visita corta a; (ir o venir para) rapidamente checar sobre el estado de (p. ej., la salud de un animal, el estado de un sembradío)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San o:timitsmalakacho:ko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I just came to pay you a quick visit.
\phrase_s Solamente vine a dar una vuelta rápida para verte.
\phrase_n San xmalakacho:ti moba:kah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just go take a quick look at your cow (e.g., to see how it is doing after having given birth)!
\phrase_s ¡Solamente vete a echar una rápida mirada a tu vaca (p. ej., para ver como estádespués de haber dado a luz)!
\phrase_n Xkonmalakacho:tiwetsi mona:n!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Go pay a quick visit to your mother!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a darle una vuelta rápida a la casa de tu mamá!
\root malakach
\qry Check /tlamalakacho:ltia/ and if possible without /tla-/ then add entry for /malakacho:ltia/ and correct this xref.
\xref tlamalakacho:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05287
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for /A:tina:ntitlan/, which has been removed and left in a toponymic database.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\qry Etymology uncertain. Check with native speakers to hear what etymology or meaning they suggest. The vowel length of this entry has been guessed at and should not be taken with
any degree of confidence.
\ref 05288
\lxam xo:pan po:cho:kuwtli
\lxam_c xo:pan po:cho:kuwtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e type of tree still unidentified in a group of trees designated also by the name po:cho:tl, apparently of the family Bombacaceae and genus Ceiba
\sense_s tipo deárbol todavía no identificado dentro de un grupo deárboles designado por el nombre po:cho:tl, aparentemente de la familia Bombacaceae y el
género Ceiba.
\sense_d Pending
\root xo:
\root po:cho:
\root kow
\ref 05289
\lxam wa:le:wi:ltia
\lxam_c kwa:le:wi:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Dir-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to send (sb) on the way here (i.e., toward a deictic reference point)
\sense_s encaminar o mandar (sb) hacia acá(esto es, hacia un punto de referencia deíctica)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tikwa:le:wilti:s para ma wa:hla.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will send him on his way here so that he comes.
\phrase_s Vas a encaminarlo hacia acápara que venga.
\semfld motion
\root e:wa
\qry The sentence /Nikwa:le:wilti:s para ma wa:hla/ is slightly problematical. The spatial organization of the situation is unclear. In the subject saying /nikwa:le:wilti:s/ it is unclear what the
reference point of /wa:l-/ is. A similar problem occurs with /wa:hla/, i.e.,"toward where?"Also check vowel length of /i/ of the causative endings. Also check for the difference, if any
(and if both are correct) with /wa:le:wi:tia/. Originally I had a short /i/, but given comparative evidence I have changed this to a long vowel. It should be rechecked.
\semref wa:le:wi:tia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref one:wi:ltia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref wa:le:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 05290
\lxam texkalitik
\lxam_c texkalitik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der N-loc-1-itik
\sense_e stony area, area covered almost completely with large, round stones
\sense_s pedregal
\sense_d Pending
\semfld soil
\root te
\root xka
\root_rel -itik
\disamb texkahloh; texkalitik; teteyoh; teteitik; tepachakahloh
\mod Illustrate. Perhaps photograph.
\semref texkahloh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05291
\lxam yewalwi:ka
\lxam_c yewalwi:ka
\lxoa yewalwi:ka
\lxoa_c yewalwi:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der N-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to appear throughout the night (lit. 'to be brought by the night,' e.g., a star or constellation that rises at sunset)
\sense_s aparecer por toda la noche (lit. 'llevarse por la noche', una estrella o constelación que sale al atardecer)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewalwi:ka ko:lo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The constellation ko:lo:tl appears in the night.
\phrase_s La constelación ko:lo:tl aparece en la noche.
\root yowa
\root wi:ka
\nse The meaning of yewalwi:ka is more transparent if one takes the Oapan meaning of wi:kaas 'to accompany' rather than the Ameyaltepec meaning
of 'to take along (in going someplace).' With the former sense of wi:ka the compound form yewalwi:ka acquires a more literal meaning of 'to
accompany the night.' It is in this sense that the subject can be constellations or stars that remain visible throughout the entire night.
\grm Noun incorporation: Note that /yewalwi:ka/ has an incorporated noun with a transitive verb. Discuss in relation to the semantic role.
\ref 05292
\lxam kone:tilia
\lxam_c nokone:tilia
\lxoa kone:tilia
\lxoa_c nokone:tilia; nó:kone:tília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to give ones age as less than one really has (an adult; syn. pitentsi:ntilia)
\sense_s (refl.) dar su edad menos de como es de verdad (un adulto; syn. pitentsi:ntilia)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (refl.; in Oapan often reduplicated with a short vowel: nó:kone:tília) to behave like a baby or little child (usually said of an older child)
\sense_s (refl.; en Oapan a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta: nó:kone:tília) portarse como niñito o bebé(dicho por lo común de un niño mayor)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kone:
\mod Disambiguate /kone:tilia/ and /kone:powa/.
\nse Kone:tilia is usually used to refer to a young child who behaves a lot younger than his or her age. It is not used to refer to an adult who is childish or playful. But it may
be used to indicate an adult who really acts like a child, cuddling up to his mother, etc. Several consultants mentioned that the reduplicated form kokone:tilia is used to
indicate that the subject acts like an even younger baby. Thus if a 4-year-old still tries to nurse, nokone:tilia , if an 8-year-old tries it nokokone:tilia
(Am) / nó:kone:tília. Apparently this
\qry Cf. Gram 1984-10-20.1 for additional notes.
\vl Note that the first female token is /nó:kone:tília/. The first male token is slurred-mispronounced and should not be tagged. There are then 4 pronunciations of /nokone:tilia/
followed by 4 more of /nó:kone:tília/. The final sound file should have a sequence of female-male token of /nokone:tilia/ followed (in the same file) with the two tokens
(F-M) of /nó:koné:tilia/.
\grm Reduplcation: Kone:tilia is usually used to refer to a young child who behaves a lot younger than his or her age. It is not used in regards to an adult who is
childish or playful but may be used to indicate an adult who really acts like a child, cuddling up to his mother, etc. The reduplicated form kokone:tilia is used
to indicate that the subject acts like an even younger baby. Thus if a 4-year-old still tries to nurse, nokone:tilia , if an 8-year-old tries it
nokokone:tilia.
\semref kone:powa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05293
\lxam chiko:tl
\lxam_c chiko:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e something not square but with straight edges that go off at a nonperpendicular angle; something trapezoidal; something crookedly cut (particularly cloth, but any object
that might not be square but with straight edges)
\sense_s algo no cuadrado pero con orillas rectas que van en unángulo; algo con forma de trapezoide; algo cortado chueco (particularmente tela, pero también cualquier objeto no
cuadrado pero con orillas que van derecho)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mlá:k chiko:tl un tlake:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That piece of cloth is really cut crookedly (i.e., at an angle, diagonally and not square).
\phrase_s Ese recorte de tela estámuy chueco (esto es, descuadrado o cortado no enángulo recto).
\root chiko
\qry Determine the precise meaning of chiko, chikotik and chiko:tl.
\grm Note the vowel lengthening with /chiko:tl/ and discuss. Also, cf the difference between /chiko/, /chikotik/ and /chiko:tl/. Apparently the first is adverbial, modifying a verb,
the second adjectival, and the final nominal.
\semref chikotik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05294
\lxam tepo:tskalaktia
\lxam_c kitepo:tskalaktia
\lxoa tepo:tskalahtia
\lxoa_c kitepo:tskalahtia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to stuff (into a space or container)
\sense_s meter en (hasta que quede apretado o atiborrado)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xtepo:tskalakti, ma tili:ni!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Stuff them in (e.g., corn husks in a sack) so that it (the sack) gets stuffed tight!
\phrase_s Mételos (p. ej., el to:tomoxtli en un costal) para que se apriete (el costal)!
\sense_e to force into a closed space (e.g., a pig being forcibly pushed into a sty)
\sense_s meter a fuerza en un lugar apretado (p. ej., un marrano en su corrál)
\sense_d Oa
\root tepo:ts
\root kalak
\nse The primary object of tepo:tskalaktia is the item that is being placed into a container or space.
\qry Check vowel lenght in /tepo:tskalaktilia/, perhaps the /o/ should be short (as it is in FK). Note that I had originally written that /tepo:tsakiya/ was a synonym, but I could not
\vl There are four additional tokens at 06173. From the original 5294 tokens, link the 2nd female token and 2nd male token.
\xref tepo:tskalaki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tepo:tskalaktilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref tepo:tskalahtilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05295
\lxam tekuwtli
\lxam_c tekuwtli
\lxoa tekohtli
\lxoa_cpend tekohtli
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e Karwinskia humboldtiana(Roemer & Schulthes) Zucc., tree with very hard wood of the Rhamnaceae family
\sense_s Karwinskia humboldtiana(Roemer & Schulthes) Zucc.,árbol con madera muy dura de la familia Rhamnaceae
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tekuwtli | Chika:wak, bwe:noh para manse:rah, san yewa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tekuwtli : It is hard, it is good for plow handles, just that.
\phrase_s Tekuwtli : Es duro, es bueno para manceras, solamente eso.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root te
\root kow
\qry Check translation of /mancera/ and correct.
\ref 05296
\lxam kuwchalwia
\lxam_c kikuwchalwia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to use a kuwchahli on (a thorny bush, in clearing a field)
\sense_s utilizar un kuwchahli a (un arbusto espinoso, al limpiar un terreno)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Nihkuwchalwia wistli ka:n nitlapupwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I use a forked stick to push the branches of thorn bushes down to the ground where I clear a field.
\phrase_s Empleo una vara bifurcada para empujar las ramas de los arbustos espinosos hacia el suelo donde limpio un terreno.
\root kow
\root chal
\ref 05297
\lxam á:ilah
\lxam_c á:ilah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan águila
\loan_t Spn
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e hawk
\sense_s gavilán
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\ency_note to:to:tl
\nse Cristino Flores named the following types of kwi:xin : kostik kwi:xin , tsomakwi:xin , kwi:xin pitsaktsi:n , and another
found near the river that he does not know the name of but is me:dioh tli:ltiktsi:n, san temonextsi:n. This word is not used in Oapan. According to Roberto Mauricio
the Nahuatl word for águila is wa:ktsi:n.
\notes_nature An á:ilah is not considered a to:to:tl. Note that although the loan is from Spanish águila and one would expect this to signify
'eagle,' consultants indicate that á:ilah is synonomous with kwi:xin , which they translate as gavilán, or 'hawk' (note that RS
gives milano , or kite, for kwi:xin). Thus it remains to be determined whether the á:ilah and kwi:xin are in fact
the same bird and, if so, whether they refer to the águila as indicated by the Spanish borrowing á:ilah , or whether they refer to the hawk or
kite (milano), given the usual translation of kwi:xin.
\semref kwi:xin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05298
\lxam cha:nti
\lxam_c cha:nti
\lxoa cha:nti
\lxoa_c cha:nti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4a
\sense_e (with an adverb or adverbial clause of place) to reside or live in a given or particular place (a person)
\sense_s (con un adverbio o cláusula adverbial de lugar) habitar o residir en un lugar en particular (una persona)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n nicha:nti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here is where I live.
\phrase_s Aquíes donde vivo.
\sense_e (with an adverb or adverbial clause of place) to be found in a particular place (a plant or animal)
\sense_s (con un adverbio o cláusula adverbial de lugar) hallarse o encontrarse en un lugar en particular (una planta o animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Cha:nti ipan tepe:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is found in the hills (e.g., certain plants or animals).
\phrase_s Se encuentra en el cerro (p. ej., ciertas plantas o animales).
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication and an adverb or adverbial clause of place) to hang out; to occasionally visit and stay, but not reside
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta y un adverbio o cláusula adverbial de lugar) andar o visitar ocasionalmente, sin quedarse ni residir
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Umpa chacha:ntin, xmelá: incha:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They hang out there (i.e., they do not really live there but only go there every once in a while, such as birds who go to a place but do not have their permanent nests there).
\phrase_s Alláandan (no es su lugar de residencia permanente, esto es, no viven allásino que van de vez en cuando, por ejemplo pájaros que van a un determinado lugar pero que
no establecen sus nidos allá).
\root cha:n
\vl Link first female token
\qry Note meaning of reduplication which indicates occasionality and"sort of": /Ompa chacha:ntin, xmela:h incha:n/,"They hang out there (i.e., they do not really live there but only go there
every once in a while, such as birds who go to a place but do not have their permanent nests there)."Make sure that this is short and not long vowel reduplication.
\grm Note meaning of reduplication which indicates occasionality and"sort of": /Ompa chacha:ntin, xmela:h incha:n/,"They hang out there (i.e., they do not really live there but
only go there every once in a while, such as birds who go to a place but do not have their permanent nests there)."Make sure that this is short and not long vowel
reduplication.
\ref 05299
\lxam kakamatl
\lxam_c kakamatl
\lxoa kakamatl
\lxoa_c kakamatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e small ear of not fully formed maize that occasionally forms just below the main ear
\sense_s maíz o jilote pequeño que no se forma plenamente y que ocasionalmente sale justamente abajo del jilote principal
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:kakamayotsitsi:wa:n ye:lo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e (They are) the small and unedible ears of corn that form next to the elote.
\phrase_s (Son) los pequeños y vanos jilotes que crecen al lado del elote principal.
\phrase_n Kakamatsitsi:nteh, sampa itech xi:lo:tl mimikin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The small ears of maize known as kakamatsitsi:nteh , they just dry up at the side of the jilote.
\phrase_s Los pequeños elotes llamados kakamatsitsi:nteh , allínada más se secan al lado del jilote.
\sense_e (ritual) young daughter who is being courted (that is, desired to be"picked"; so used in a we:we:tlato:hli)
\sense_s (ritual) hija que es el objeto de un cortejo (esto es, a punto de ser"arrancada", asíutilizado en un we:we:tlato:hli)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\ency_note mi:hli
\root kama
\qry Check etymology, perhaps related to /kamatl/ of 'mouth,' or perhaps derived from the root /kama:/ as in /kama:wi/, etc. Determine full range of meaning for mimikin.
\semref xi:lo:kakamatl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ye:lo:kakamatl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05300
\lxam tlaxwistli
\lxam_c tlaxwistli
\lxoa tlaxwistli
\lxoa_c tlaxwistli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-is
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e boil (skin disease); skin eruption with pus inside
\sense_s furúnculo; tlacote (grano que se encumbre y tiene pus)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:panwets tso:tso:tl, tlaxwistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sores, boils, have appeared (in this case) on my skin.
\phrase_s Granos, furúnculos salieron sobre (en este caso) mi piel.
\phrase_n Tlaxwistli topo:ni wan ki:sa temahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A boil bursts and pus comes out.
\phrase_s Un furúnculo se revienta y sale pus.
\semfld disease
\root xwa
\nse Luis Lucena gave the Spanish for tlaxwistli as 'tlacote.'
\ref 05301
\lxam tila:nilia
\lxam_c kitila:nilia
\lxoa tila:nilia
\lxoa_c kitila:nilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to pull on or stretch for
\sense_s jalar o estirar para
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to pull on (part of sth)
\sense_s jalarle (parte de algo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xma:machi:li ka:no:n poliwtok para xtila:nili, para wetsis ka:n katka!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Feel around it (in this case a dislocated bone) for where there is something amiss so that you can pull on it, so that it falls back into place!
\phrase_s ¡Tantéale allá(en este caso cerca de un hueso luxado) donde hay algo mal para que le puedas jalar, para que caiga donde estaba.
\sense_e to take a swig of (a drink from a bottle)
\sense_s tomar una trago de (una bebida de una botella)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pa yaw! Pero milá:k xtila:nili!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here it goes (in this case an alcoholic drink being passed around)! But take a good hearty swig of it!
\phrase_s ¡Ahíva (en este caso una bebida alcohólica al pasarse de una persona a otra)! Pero de veras,¡chúpatela bien!
\sense_e (with a directional prefix) to reach over (here or there, depending upon the prefix) and grab or take for
\sense_s (con un prefijo direccional) extender el brazo (hacia acáo allá, dependiendo del prefijo) para agarrar o tomar para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:cha:ltila:nili nokostá:l! Sie:mpre yetí:k. Xne:chpale:wi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Reach over here and pull on my sack for me! It's quite heavy. Give me a hand!
\phrase_s ¡Extiéndete el brazo para agarrar mi costal para mí! Siempre es algo pesado.¡Echame una mano!
\root tila:
\qry Check further meanings.
\vl There are 4 extra tokens from 786 (I believe) that were tagged as 5301. Note that although these are tagged 5301, the actual linked files should be from those recorded at
5301; these later files are clearer.
\xref tila:na
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05302
\lxam tlatsatsakwtli
\lxam_c tlatsatsakwtli
\lxoa tlá:tsahtlí
\lxoa_c tlá:tsahtlí
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn Stem 1(w)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e something (such as a drawing) that has been filled in with color
\sense_s algo (como un dibujo) que ha sido rellenado con colores
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nihkowas san a:matl tlatsatsakwtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will only buy an amate that has been filled in (i.e., a colored amate, not one that is simply black-and-white).
\phrase_s Solamente voy a comprar un amate que ha sido rellenado (esto es, uno de color y no de tinta china nada más).
\ency_note amate: tlatli:lwi:tektli; tlatsatsakwtli
\root tsakwa
\vl Link 1st male token.
\ref 05303
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ti:sitl
\lxoa_c ti:sitl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e soothsayer; prognosticator
\sense_s persona que adivina con suertes, que echa suertes
\sense_d Oa
\root ti:si
\qry This word was given by Ameyaltepec consultants
\semref te:tlatete:mowilike:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref te:tlá:te:mowíliké:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05304
\lxam kamotli de un momora:doh
\lxam_alt kamotli de un mora:doh; kamotli de un momoradi:toh
\lxam_c kamotli de un momora:doh
\lxoa kámomorá:doh
\lxoa_c kámomorá:doh
\lxgen kamohtle mora:doh
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of purplish sweet potato of the Convolvulaceae family, still not definitively identified
\sense_s tipo de camote morado de la familia Convolvulaceae, todavía no identificada definitivamente
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld tuber
\semfld domesticated
\ency_note kamotli
\root kamoh
\notes_nature This type of camote is not common in the Balsas River. It is grown more in Acatlán and used to be brought to Oapan and the Balsas river area to sell.
Oapanecos would also bring the vines of this to plant in their huertas. However, some of these plants were noted during the field collection period of September-October
2001, along the north side of the Balsas, near San Marcos.
\qry Check vowel length of Am forms to make sure first /o/ is short. This is apparently the same as /kamotli de un kakamotsi:n/, but this should be checked as well.
\vl There are 4 tokens at 01574, a record that was a duplicate of this at 5304. Thus the original tokens at 1574 should be tagged with 5304. But the linked sound files should
be those recorded at 5304, which have better sound.
\semref kamotli de un kakamotsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 05305
\lxam ade:lfaxo:chitl
\lxam_alt ade:lfah
\lxam_alt xo:chitl de ade:lfah
\lxam_c ade:lfaxo:chitl
\lxoa adé:lfaxó:chitl
\lxoa_c adé:lfaxó:chitl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan adelfa
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-loan
\sense_e bush with rose-colored flowers used as decoration that is grown in house plots of the area, probably the Nerium oleander, though still not collected nor definitively
identified
\sense_s arbusto con flores color de rosa que sirven para decoración, que se halla solamente sembrado en jardines caseros, probablemente el Nerium oleander, aunque no
ha sido colectado ni identificado definitivamente
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\notes_nature Under adelfa Schoenhals (1988) states:"(Nerium oleander) 'oleander.' The familiar shrub or hedge with pink, red, or white flowers. It is poisonous
and can poison food cooked on the wood. Also called laurel rosa, narciso, rosa francesa, trinitaria."Guizar and Sánchez (1991) do not mention this plant.
\qry Although I had originally listed this as a /kuhtli/ this appears to be an error (as per the description in Schoenhals (1988). Ramírez also has this classified as an 'arbusto.'
\ref 05306
\lxam a:ko:koh
\lxam_c i:a:ko:koh
\lxoa a:ko:koh
\lxoa_c i:a:ko:koh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N2
\sense_e Adam's apple
\sense_s nuez de la garganta
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e double chin
\sense_s papada
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root ko:koh
\qry The etymology of this word is unclear. Check for /h/ in neighboring dialects. I originally had Am with a short /a/, this has been changed on the basis of the Oapan information
\semref ko:koh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05307
\lxam -pawia
\lxam_c ko:kpawia
\lxoa -pawia
\lxoa_f [pa 'wi a]
\lxoa_c ko:hpawia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to do to (sb) the number of times indicated by an incorporated numeral (e.g., to assign a task to, perform an activity, to serve food to, etc.)
\sense_s hacer a (algn) el número de veces que se indica por un número incorporado (p. ej., darle una tarea, servirle comida, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:cho:kpawih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He served me a second time (in this case food and drink).
\phrase_s Me sirvióuna segunda vez (en este caso comida y bebida).
\phrase_n Ma te:cho:kpawi:ka:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let them serve us another time!
\phrase_s ¡Quénos sirvan de comida otra vez!
\phrase_n O:ne:cho:kpawikeh wan un oksé:, san ke:nkah xkinawatian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They (in this case the village authorities) gave me work a second time, and that other one there, as usual they don't give him orders (i.e., he was assigned only one shift of
communal labor).
\phrase_s Ellos (en este caso los comisarios del pueblo) me asignaron trabajo una segunda vez y a aquel como siempre no le ordenan (esto es, le dieron solamente una tanda).
\phrase_n Yo:ne:chye:xpawikeh, xok na:pismiki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They've served me three times now, I'm no longer hungry.
\phrase_s Ya me sirvieron (de comida) tres veces, ya no tengo hambre.
\sense_e to do (a chore or activity) the number of times indicated by the compounded numeral
\sense_s hacer (una tarea o actividad) el número de veces que se indica por un número incorporado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niko:kpawi:s, xkwahli o:noka:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to do it again, it didn't wind up right.
\phrase_s Lo voy a hacer otra vez, no quedóbien.
\root o:k
\root_rel -pa
\nde In Oapan this construction is only used with numbers above 1.
\qry Check /-pawiya/ or /pawia/ and /paye:witia/, which is documented in Oapan, an entry 3276 as /ki-ye:xpaye:witia/.
\qry_fon Check duration of /a/. It is particularly hard for me to measure vowel length before and after glides. A system must be developed.
\vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token.
\grm Dervations with -wia: In the verb /o:kpawia/, note the use of the instrumental ending /-wia/ here with an adverb, /o:kpa/. In general for the grammar all uses of /-wia/ should
be extracted from the lexicon in order to determine the types of stems on which this suffix can be placed.
\ref 05308
\lxam poso:ni
\lxam_c poso:ni
\lxoa poso:ni
\lxoa_c poso:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to boil (water or other liquids)
\sense_s hervir (agua u otros líquidos)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to bubble; to foam up (soda, beer, etc.)
\sense_s burbujar; echar espuma (refresco, cerveza, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwala:ntok norefre:skoh, poso:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My soda is foaming, it is bubbling up.
\phrase_s Se estáechando espuma mi refresco, estáburbujando.
\root poso:
\qry Check to determine if ?poso:naltia also exists in addition to /poso:nia/ and, if it does, the difference between the two forms.
\xref poposoka
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05309
\lxam chikwase:n
\lxam_c chikwase:n
\lxoa chikwase:
\lxoa_c chikwase:
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Num
\der Adj-num
\infa pl. chikwase:meh
\sense_e six
\sense_s seis
\sense_d Pending
\root chik
\root se:
\qry Perhaps root contains /-wa:n/ or /-wan/.
\qry_fon Check final vowel of Oapan with phonetician.
\vl Link 2d female and 2d male tokens.
\ref 05310
\lxam ma:koltostik
\lxam_c ma:koltostik
\lxoa má:koltóstik
\lxoa_c má:koltóstik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) (Oa)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have a cramped, twisted, and shriveled hand (e.g. from arthritis)
\sense_s tener la mano torcida y encogida (p. ej., de artritis)
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root koltots
\nae The motivation for the pitch-accent in Oapan is unclear but it seems to be from underlying reduplication, perhaps indicating the multiplicity of places that are affected. In the recording
for the verbal ma:koltotsiwino pitch-accent mark was introduced indicating that the unmarked verbal form (in this case that which was most readily offered by
consultants) is not reduplicated, probably referring to a single event or process. The unmarked (spontaneously given) adjectival form, however, was reduplicated, probably indicating
the multiple locations at which the problem is located, while the verbal form is not reduplicated, indicating the single, perhaps isolated, process of cramping.
\vl The first female token is /ma:koltotsiwi/; however there is some static so don't tag it at all. The last male token also has static. In general be careful not to link (or even tag if
there is a lot of static) the defective tokens. The second good female token seems the best.
\grmx The motivation for the pitch-accent in Oapan is unclear but it seems to be from underlying reduplication, perhaps indicating the multiplicity of places that are affected. In
the recording for the verbal ma:koltotsiwino pitch-accent mark was introduced indicating that the unmarked verbal form (in this case that which was most
readily offered by consultants) is not reduplicated, probably referring to a single event or process. The unmarked (spontaneously given) adjectival form, however, was
reduplicated, probably indicating the multiple locations at which the problem is located, while the verbal form is not reduplicated, indicating the single, perhaps isolated,
process of cramping.
\root_notes Check the etymological analysis of /koltotsiwi/ and its possible relation with /kol/.
\ref 05311
\lxam tlakwite:wa
\lxam_c tlakwite:wa
\lxoa tlakote:wa
\lxoa_c tlakote:wa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2-asp
\der V2-asp
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e see tlakwiste:wa (Am) / tlakoste:wa(Oa)
\sense_s véase tlakwiste:wa (Am) / tlakoste:wa(Oa)
\sense_d Pending
\root kwi
\root e:wa
\qry_fon Check for /h/ in Oapan i.e., should /tlakote:wa/ be /tlakohte:wa/; if it is there it is very light. Check both /tlakote:wa/ and /kohte:wa/ (entry 6138).
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\ref 05312
\lxam tlatlapaltsi:n
\lxam_c tlatlapaltsi:n
\lxoa tlátlapáltsi:n
\lxoa_c tlátlapáltsi:n
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e reddish
\sense_s rojizo
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n De milá:k kwaltsi:n un komo:chitl. Tlatlapaltsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That guamúchil is really pretty. It (its fruit, and even its bark) is reddish.
\phrase_s Ese guamúchil es muy bonito. Es (esto es, su fruta o hasta su cáscara) es rojizo.
\sense_e multi-colored (a flower, i.e., sth with several colors in no particular pattern)
\sense_s con muchos colores (una flor, esto es, algo con varios colores sin un diseño particular)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld color
\root tlapal
\vl Link 2nd female and male tokens.
\ref 05313
\lxam kwa:teson
\lxam_c kwa:teson
\lxoa kwa:teson
\lxoa_c kwa:teson
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s* (Am)
\infa n-to-meh
\sense_e to have a crewcut or short hair; to be short-haired
\sense_s tener el pelo muy corto como resultado de una corte de pelo casi raso
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kwa:teteson. O:kitlamilikeh itson.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has real short hair. They finished his hair off (when they cut it).
\phrase_s Tiene pelo cortado al ras. Se le acabaron el pelo (cuando le cortaron el pelo).
\root kwa:
\root teson
\nse Note that tetesontik indicates a rough, hard surface, like that of sandpaper (cf. Classical teçonoa. nitla. which Molina glosses as 'hazeráspera una cosa, o
rapar y raer mucho el pelo de la cabeza el barvero que afeita' and teçontic, which Molina has as 'aspera cosa, asícomo piedra, o cosa semejante').
Kwa:teteson (or kwa:tetesontik (Am)) refers to a person who has short hair because of a haircut, and not from baldness, leaving a surface of prickly
hairs, like that of a beard of a few days. The form kwa:teteson is the most common and probably results from reduplication, though it may also be analyzable as
having the infixed intensifier te-. However, I have also recorded kwa:teson in Ameyaltepec (in Oapan it seems perhaps the more common term).
\mod Check to see if /kwa:teson/ is recorded anywhere in the Yale recordings. If so, link to this entry.
\mod In Oapan /kwa:teson/ is used for sb with recently cut short hair, but whose hair does not naturally go straight up; cf. kwa:tesonek. As FM stated, /kwa:teson ya san
kiyo:kilia/.
\ref 05314
\lxam okichyo:yotli
\lxam_c okichyo:yotli
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(h)
\sense_e folk generic name for two species of trees: okichyo:yotli de susuwa:tl(Thevetia ovata(Cav.) A. DC.) and okichyo:yotli de
tlatla:katl(Thevetia pinifolia(Standl. & Steyerm.) J.K. Williams), both of the Apocynaceae family
\sense_s nombre foklórico de género que incluye a dos especies: okichyo:yotli de susuwa:tl(Thevetia ovata(Cav.) A. DC.) y okichyo:yotli de
tlatla:katl(Thevetia pinifolia(Standl. & Steyerm.) J.K. Williams), ambos de la familia Apocynaceae
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Okichyo:yotli | Kipia ixo:chio kokostik, pero xnoka:wa tio:pan. On kuwtli san para tlikuwtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Okichyo:yotli : It has yellow flowers but they are not left in the church (as offerings). The tree is just used for firewood.
\phrase_s Okichyo:yotli : Tiene flores amarillas pero no se dejan en la iglesia (como ofrenda). Eseárbol es solamente para leña.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root okich
\root yoh
\nse The okichyo:yotli is sometimes called toto:roh , after the name of its fruit.
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) has an entry for yoyotli , in Spanish yoyote , which is identified as of the family Apocinaceae , species and
genus Thevetia thevetioides. Schoenhals (1988) under yoyote has"(Thevetia spp. e.g. T. peruviana) 'yellow oleander',
'luckynut' Widely cultivated as an ornamental. Bright yellow, large flowers. Wood is usually white and flowers fragrant. Seeds are called codo de fraile. San
and seeds are poisonous when ingested and the sap is also an irritant. The seeds are carried as health charms. Latex is used for toothache and to treat sores and ulcers.
Also called codo de fraile, copa de oro, narciso amarillo, trompeta, yucacaca."According to both Silvestre Pantaleón and Inocencio Díaz the /okichyo:yotli/ has both a male
and a female variety. In addition there is the tree called simply /yo:yotli/ which only has a female variety; as Inocencio Díaz mentioned, it is a widow (/ka:wahli/)
\semfld flower
\qry Etymology uncertain, perhaps a lexicalized reduplication. Speakers should be asked if the name has anything to do with a characteristic of the tree. Check for the difference between
/yo:yotli/ and /okichyo:yotli/, if there is one. Again check difference between /kostik/ and /kokostik/, or is this just a pluralization.
\ref 05315
\lxam tlachia
\lxam_c tlachia
\lxoa tlachia
\lxoa_c tlachia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3c(chia)
\sense_e to become conscious (e.g., after having fainted)
\sense_s llegar a ser conciente (p. ej., después de haber desmayado, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:mantsi:n tlachias.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e In a moment he will come around (come to; e.g., sb who has fainted, who is drunk and will become sober, etc.).
\phrase_s Ahorita va a estar conciente (p. ej., algn que se ha desmayado, o un borracho que estáponiéndose sobrio, etc.).
\phrase_n O:sotla:hka, pero o:tlachi:x.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He had fainted, but then he came to.
\phrase_s Se había desmayado, pero después tomóconciencia.
\sense_e to recuperate (e.g., a person or animal after an illness, a plant after lack of water, etc.)
\sense_s recuperarse (p. ej., una persona o animal después de una enfermedad, una planta después de haber quedado sin agua)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye tlachia pe:ro ok kokoxka:tik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is recuperating (i.e., starting to regain his general awareness), but he is still ill.
\phrase_s Ya se estárecuperando (esto es, ya empezóa estar conciente de su medio), pero todavía estáenfermo.
\phrase_n Ye tlatlachi:xtok nomi:l, xka:wa, ya:lwa pili:ntoya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My maize plants are starting to come around, you wouldn't imagine it but yesterday they were drooping.
\phrase_s Mis plantas de maíz se están recuperando, no lo pensarás pero ayer se estaban poniendo mustios.
\phrase_n Kwalowa:ya. A:man ye tlachia, xok ma:s kwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He used to be ill. Now he's recuperating, he's not that sick anymore.
\phrase_s Estaba enfermo. Ahora ya se estárecuperando, ya no estátan enfermo.
\sense_e to become sober (e.g., after a bout of drinking)
\sense_s ponerse sobrio (p. ej., después de una borrachera)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tla:wa:nka:ki:stinemi, xkimati tlachia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He always goes around drunk, he doesn't know how to be sober.
\phrase_s Anda siempre borracho, no sabe estar sobrio.
\sense_e to see or be able to perceive; to have good eyesight; (fig.) to have a good eye
\sense_s percebir o ver; tener buena vista; (fig.) tener buen ojo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xok nitlachia, ye tlaiwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I can't see anymore, it already gotten dark.
\phrase_s Ya no veo bien, ya se hizo oscuro.
\phrase_n On ne:nkah ba:leh milá:k tlachia, kwaltsi:n isuwa:w o:kine:xtih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That friend over there has a good eye, he's found a good-looking wife.
\phrase_s Ese amigo tiene buen ojo, encontróuna esposa bonita.
\sense_e to be able to divine (e.g., a soothsayer, i.e., to be able to determine the cause of sth such as a disease, to be able to locate things such as lost animals, to have the capacity to
see into the future, etc.)
\sense_s ser capaz de adivinar (de ver la causa de algo como una enfermedad, de poder vislumbrar la localización de cosas como animales perdidos, de tener la capacidad para ver
el futuro, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlachia, wel tlaxi:nia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He sees things (through divination), he knows how to throw maize and copal in a bowl of water.
\phrase_s Sabe adivinar, sabe echar suertes.
\sense_e (often with long vowel reduplication) to look or snoop around; to gaze; to examine; to observe; to keep an eye out
\sense_s (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal larga) mirar; observar; vigilar; husmear; fisgonear
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nitla:tlachi:xtinemi. Nitlawelita. Yo:pe:w tlanene:stok, ye unkah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am going around looking deliberately here and there (in this case in my milpa). I am content (with what I see). Things are starting to be visible (i.e., the seeds I planted
have started to break the surface), already there are some (plants) here and there.
\phrase_s Estoy andando mirando por aquíy por allá(en este caso en mi milpa). Estoy contento (con lo que veo). Cosas ya han empezado a ser visibles (esto es, las semillas que
sembréya empezaron a brotar y los retoños ya aparecen sobre la superficie de la tierra), en partes ya hay (algunas plantitas).
\phrase_n Xtla:tlachiati nomi:hlan!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go and take a careful look around my milpa (e.g., to see that no animals have gotten in, or if there is some squash ready to be picked, etc.).
\phrase_s ¡Ve a darle una buena revisada a mi milpa (p. ej., para ver si entraron o no algunos animales, o si hay algunas calabazas listas para cosechar, etc.)!
\phrase_n Ok tla:tlachia, kita katlewa me:roh ka:nas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's still looking around to see which is the one that he will marry.
\phrase_s Está todavía viendo para ver cual va a tomar como esposa.
\phrase_n Tla:tlachia nocha:n, ne:chistla:kowa tla: nikpia notra:steh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He looks (snoops) carefully around my house. He's checking me out to see if I have kitchen ware (i.e., if I am rich, in order that he might gossip about me, or even rob me of
sth).
\phrase_s Observa detenidamente un lugar tras otro en mi casa. Me estáobservando surrepticiosamente para ver si tengo mis trastes (esto es, si soy rico para que puede chismear
acerca de mí, o hasta robarme algo).
\phrase_n Newa san nitlachia deke kiki:tski:sneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm just keeping an eye out in case he tries to take it (for himself).
\phrase_s Yo estoy solamente vigilando para si acaso lo quiere tomar (por si mismo).
\phrase_n On toba:leh ma:ka sa: tikontas! Yewa xtlachia, xwel te:tlatete:molia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't just go see our friend! He doesn't see anything, he can't divine for people.
\phrase_s ¡No vayas a ver ese amigo! El no ve,él no puede divinar.
\sense_e to be or become bright (a light or lamp, etc.)
\sense_s brillar o llegar a brillar (una luz o lámpara, colores, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:man ye tlachi:xtok to:nahli, xok tlamoxte:mi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now the sun is shining, the sky is no longer covered with clouds.
\phrase_s Ahora el sol estábrillando, el cielo ya no estátapado de nubes.
\phrase_n Xok tlachia nolá:mparah, sa: i:xmi:miktok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My flashlight no longer illuminates, it is just dim and yellow (e.g., from batteries that are losing their power).
\phrase_s Mi lámpara eléctrica ya no ilumina, nomás da una luz amarilla y media apagada (p. ej., por tener pilas gastadas)
\sense_e to have bright colors (e.g., cloth)
\sense_s tener colores vivos (e.g., una tela)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlachia un tlapahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That paint has a strong (bright) color.
\phrase_s Esa pintura tiene un color fuerte.
\phrase_n Tlachia notlake:n pa:mpa kipia itlachialis fwe:rteh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your clothes are striking because they have bright colors.
\phrase_s Tu ropa es llamativa porque tienen colores fuertes.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to ponder; to think and reflect (in an effort to find a solution)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) ponderar; pensar y reflexionar (para encontrar una solución)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San a:man i:xtepo:po:ni, san a:man tla:tlachia ke:no:n kichi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is just now beginning to open his eyes, he is just now pondering how he will do it.
\phrase_s Apenas ahora estáabriendo los ojos, apenas ahora estáreflexionando cómo lo va a hacer.
\sense_e (often with long vowel reduplication) to look; to appear (in the sense of having a particular appearance)
\sense_s (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal larga) verse; parecer (en el sentido de tener una apariencia particular)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xnikwelita ke:n tla:tlachia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't like how he looks (i.e., his appearance).
\phrase_s No me gusta como se ve (en cuanto a su apariencia).
\phrase_n Ihkón tla:tlachia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That's the way he looks.
\phrase_s Así parece (se ve).
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n tlachiaya. A:man xohkó:n, yo:i:xse:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It used to have a pretty appearance. Now it's no longer like that, its lost its luster.
\phrase_s Tenía una apariencia bonita. Ya no es así, perdiósu brillo.
\sense_e (with a directional prefix) to take a peek out; to gaze over at (either toward or away from a deictic reference point)
\sense_s (con un prefijo directional) asomarse; mirar hacia (en sentido intraversa o extraversa de un punto de referencia deíctica)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xontlachia deke ye wa:hlaw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take a peek out to see if he is already coming this way!
\phrase_s ¡Asómate para ver si ya viene hacia acá!
\phrase_n Ne: ontlachi:xtok.¡Ahwa tli:nonon!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is gazing out over there. Who knows what it is!
\phrase_s Estámirando hacia allá.¿Quién sabe que es?
\root chiya
\nae Note that tlachi:xtok may be considered a progressive in a phrase such as Ne: ontlachi:xtok , in other cases (e.g., those referring to a state of the mind
or body) it is more heuristically considered a stative: tlachi:xtok 'he is conscious.' Tlachia manifests indefinite object deletion and a lexicalized sense of
'to be conscious,' etc., from the transitive verb /-chia/ 'to wait for.'
\qry Record perfective and check vowel length. Check use of long vowel reduplication in the phrases /Xnikwelita ke:n tla:tlachia/ and /Ihkón tla:tlachia/. Check to determine both whether
this aceptation is correct (in regards to appearance), or whether the unreduplicated forms can be used. Check length of final /a/ in imperfective.
\grm Pluscamperfect: /O:sotla:hka, pero o:tlachi:x/ 'He had fainted, but then he came to.' The preceding is a good example of the use of the pluscamperfect. The fainting is an
action whose effect is no longer present, i.e., with the coming to of the subject. The translation could well just use the perfective: 'He fainted and (but) then came to.'
\grm Reduplication with long vowel: /Xtla:tlachiati nomi:hlan!/ 'Go and take a careful look around my milpa (e.g., to see that no animals have gotten in, or if there is some squash
ready to be picked, etc.).' Note here the use of long vowel reduplication to indicate a careful and repeated action. The signification of the reduplication with a long vowel is
that of examining, of looking carefully, going inside the field and looking at places carefully and one by one.
\grm Complementation and adjuncts: /San a:man i:xte:mpopo:ni, san a:man tlatlachia ke:non kichi:was/. 'He is just now beginning to open his eyes, he is just now pondering
how he will do it.' Note here that while /tlachia/ can exist without any subordinate clause, /tlatlachia/ in certain acceptations must take an adjunct, here the adjunct is what
was being pondered. Perhaps this structure is similar to that of 'to look for' as in John looks for Jane. Cf. the literature on these verbal forms. With Nahuatl we have phrases
like /kinemilia ke:non kichi:was/ 'he thinks how he will do it' and /tlatlachia ke:nonn kichi:was/. In the formers there is a clear transitive argument structure and /ke:non
kichi:was/ is a clausal complement (i.e., cf. Noonon, it fills one of the argument slots of the verb). However, in the semantically similar /tlatlachia ke:non kichi:was/ the verb
/tlatlachia/ is not a transitive and thus there cannot be an object argument/complement clause. Rather, perhaps /ke:non kichi:w as/ should be ascribedanother semantic
role (cf. those of Fillmore, etc.). In a sense it is the source, or perhaps goal, etc. This should be discussed and as clear a representation as possible of thematic roles should
be developed.
\xref tlachialtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlachi:lia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref chia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05316
\lxam chika:hka:kuwtli
\lxam_c chika:hka:kuwtli
\lxoa chika:hka:kohtli
\lxoa_c chika:hka:kohtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound Part-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e to be hard wood
\sense_s ser madera dura
\sense_d Pending
\ency_note In /ono section on /kuhtli/ determine all the woods that are classified as"hard."
\root chika:
\root kow
\vl Link 2nd male token.
\ref 05317
\lxam ye ika
\lxam_c ye ika
\lxoa i ika
\lxoa_c i ika
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\sense_e forever; forevermore
\sense_s para siempre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I ika timikis.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e You will die forevermore.
\phrase_s Vas a morir para siempre.
\sense_e (sa: ~) the last time; the one and only time
\sense_s (sa: ~) laúltima vez; laúnica vez
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Sa: i ika niaw.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e This is the only time I'm going.
\phrase_s Es laúnica vez que voy.
\ref 05318
\lxam komi:nos
\lxam_c komi:nos
\lxoa komi:nos
\lxoa_c komi:nos
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan cominos
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e cumin, a spice for cooking
\sense_s comino, una especie para sazonar la comida
\sense_d Pending
\ref 05319
\lxam kuwiya:wtli
\lxam_c kuwiya:wtli
\lxoa koya:htli
\lxoa_c koya:htli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e Gliricidia sepium(Jacq.) Steud., tree of the Leguminoseae family
\sense_s Gliricidia sepium(Jacq.) Steud.,árbol de la familia Leguminoseae
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kuwiya:wtli | Bwe:noh para xo:chitl ika tlaxo:chite:malo. No: para tikimpawi:s kimichin, tikonki:xti:s inelwayo, dya tiktepa:paxo:s, tiktexa:xama:nili:s. Dya
tika:pacho:s, dya tikontla:li:s tlayo:hli noso tixtli iwa:n tiknelo:s. Tiktla:li:s ka:n kalakin para tlakwan noso a:tli:n. Tikone:xti:s seki yo:mik wan seki sahkó:n
tepapa:ya:nemin. Wan seki tikontas notemotso:lolokeh.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Luis Lucena
\phrase_e Kuwiya:wtli : It is good for its flowers, when they are spread on the ground during a ceremony. It is also good for killing mice, you take up its roots and then
flatten it with a rock, you crush it with a rock. Then you moisten it with water and put it on maize or masa and you mix it up with it. You place this where they
come in so that they eat or drink. You'll find that some have died and others are in a stupor. And some others you'll see that they are just huddled over.
\phrase_s Kuwiya:wtli : Es bueno para flores, para cuando las esparcen para una ceremonia. también es bueno para matar a ratoncitos, sacas su raíz y entonces
la apachurras con una piedra, la machucas con una piedra. Y entonces lo mojas con agua y lo pones sobre maíz o masa, lo mezclas conél. Lo pones donde entran para
que coman o beban. Vas a hallar que algunos murieron y otros nada más están como aletargados. Y algunos los ves y están todo acurrucados.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root ko
\root ya:w
\nae The etymology is not apparent, but perhaps is derived from ko combined with ya:w , with an epenthetic glide /w/, inserted.
\notes_nature According to Emidio Rosendo the kowiya:wtli may occasionally be used for china:ntli. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give
cuya:wtli which they identify as"matarrata"as does Ramírez (1991). Local consultants also gave this identification. Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:119)
give the matarrata as of the family Leguminosae; faboideaeand the genus-species Gliricidia sepium(Jacq.) Steud.
\semfld flower
\qry Note that the /u/ is syllabic, i.e. it is not /kwiya:wtli/, and thus once I spelled this as /kuiya:wtli/. Another time I had /kowia:wtli/. Both spelling and pronunciation should be checked,
particularly the presence or absence of the glide.
\grm Tiktla:li:s ka:n kalakin para tlakwan noso a:tlin. 'You will place it down where they [mice] enter so that they eat and drink.' Note how the predicate verb has a nonnspecific
object even though the item 'placed down' is specifically referred to in the discourse and the previous predicate, /tiktla:li:s/. In general keep a lookout for such syntax and
devote a special chapter in the grammar to the nonspecific markers.
\ref 05320
\lxam paltilia
\lxam_c kipaltilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to soak or drench
\sense_s empapar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Milá:k a:wixtlan. O:ne:chpaltilih, san puroh a:wixtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There was a lot of dew all over. It got me soaked, it was just all dew.
\phrase_s Había mucho rocío por todos lados. Me empapó, fue puro rocío.
\phrase_n O:timopaltilih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You got yourself soaked (e.g., in drinking water from a gourd you let it drip all down your clothes).
\phrase_s Te dejaste empapar (o mojar, p. ej., al tomar agua de una jícara, se te escurrióel agua por el cuerpo).
\root pal
\qry Check final /h/ in /puroh/.
\xref paltia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\semref kapa:naltia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05321
\lxam Ara:doh
\lxam_alt Aradi:toh
\lxam_c Ara:doh
\lxoa ara:doh
\lxoa_c ara:doh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan arado
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e plow
\sense_s arado
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e constellation comprising the body of Orion
\sense_s constelación de estrellas que se compone del cuerpo de Orión
\sense_d Pending
\semfld heavens
\semfld tool
\semref tla:wi:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05322
\lxam ikxi to:to:tsi:n
\lxam_c ikxi to:to:tsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e Ipomoea diegoi, wild herbaceous plant of the Convolvulaceae family
\sense_s Ipomoea diegoi, planta herbácea de la familia Convolvulaceae family
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ikxi to:to:tsi:n | Xiwtsi:ntli ke:itlah komekatsi:ntli. Seki no: wel kikwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I:kxi to:to:tsi:n : Its a little herbaceous plant like a small vine. Some people can eat it.
\phrase_s I:kxi to:to:tsi:n : Es una plantita como bejucco. Alguna gente se lo puede comer.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root kxi
\root to:to:
\nse This plant is used as food for burros, i.e., i:tlakwal burroh. Note that the Ameyaltepec name was given by Inocencio Díaz; Silvestre Pantaleón of Oapan referred to
this plant as xino:lah komekatl sísiwá:tl. However, Honorio de la Rosa of Ameyaltepec called this plant simply kokomekatl de moradi:toh or some
nearly equivalent name. For him there was an i:kxi to:to:tsi:n de moradi:toh , but this is a member of the Malvaceae family still not identified.
\ref 05323
\lxam kokoliskwi
\lxam_c kokoliskwi
\lxoa kokoliskwi
\lxoa_c kokoliskwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to get sick
\sense_s enfermarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tito:nalte:kokoh, deke yekah iwa:n timokwala:ni:s, kokoliskwis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You have a strong soul, if you get in an argument with someone, he will get sick.
\phrase_s Tienes la alma fuerte, si discutes con alguien, se va a enfermar.
\semfld disease
\disamb kwalo:
\root koko
\root kwi
\qry Check meaning of /kokoliskwi/ the how it differs in meaning from /kwalo/.
\vl Note that the two first tokens are /koliskwi/. It is not clear if this is correct, or what meaning it might have. For now tag these as 99999_05323_Of1a, etc. I will have to
determine the meanings later.
\ref 05324
\lxam chi:chi:liwi
\lxam_c chi:chi:liwi
\lxoa chi:chi:liwi
\lxoa_c chi:chi:liwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-l; Op. prefix te-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to turn or become red or reddish (a drunkard's face; a person's skin; a river from clay during the rainy season)
\sense_s ponerse rojo o enrojecerse; quedarse rojizo (la cara de un borracho; la piel de una persona; el agua lodosa de un río durante la temporada de lluvias)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w techi:chi:liwi toba:leh. Ye tlawa:ntok, o:kixo:tlaltih tra:goh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Our friend has started to turn red. He's begun to get drunk, drink has gotten him smashed.
\phrase_s Ya empezóa ponerse rojo nuestro amigo. Ya se estáemborrachando, se le subióel trago.
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w chi:chi:liwi nopio. Ye tlatlakalis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My hen has started to redden (on its head and face). It's about to start laying eggs.
\phrase_s Ya empezóa enrojecerse mi gallina (sobre su cabeza y cara). Ya estápor poner.
\phrase_n Yo:ni:to:nih mokone:tsi:n. Mlá:k, a:sta yo:techi:chi:liw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your little baby has sweated. Indeed, he's even turned all red (from the sun and heat).
\phrase_s Tu bebéha sudado. Hasta se puso todo rojo (del sol y calor).
\phrase_n Yo:chi:chi:liw a:tl. O:moya:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The water (in a river) has deeply reddened. It (the river) has gotten muddy (from the rising and rushing waters of the rainy season).
\phrase_s El agua (de un río) se ha enrojecido mucho. Estaban turbias (las aguas del río).
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n motlikow, a:sta wa:lchi:chi:liwtiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your firewood is really nice, it looks really red as it comes along (in reference here to the red wood of the tree called brasil).
\phrase_s Tu leña es chula, viene viéndose toda roja (se refiere especialmenteal a la leña delárbol llamado, palo de brasil que es muy rojo).
\phrase_n O:tichi:chi:liw ika to:nahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You've turned red from the sun.
\phrase_s Te quemaste por el sol.
\semfld color
\root chi:l
\nse Apparently the two forms chi:chi:liwi and chi:chi:le:wi are identical, with the possible exception noted under chi:chi:le:wi.
\qry Check for possible differences in use between /chi:chi:le:wi/ and /chi:chi:liwi/.
\semref chi:chi:le:wi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlachi:chi:liwi
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05325
\lxam tsahka:yo:tl
\lxam_c tsahka:yo:tl
\lxoa tsahka:yo:tl
\lxoa_c tsahka:yo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-yo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e hanging door of horizontally placed rods (of cactus rods, otate, or even corn stalks) tied together with interwoven twine (like a bed); this door is lowered to shut the house
and then fastened to the side and bottom of the doorframe or doorway to secure the closure, generally for houses of wattle and daub
\sense_s puerta colgante de varas arregladas horizontalmente (de cactus, otate, o tallos de maíz) que se amarran con cuerda entrelazada (como una cama); la puerta se baja para
cerrar y se ata al lado y parte inferior del marco de la puerta para asegurar la casa, que generalmente es de adobe y cañas
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tool-house
\root tsakwa
\mod Illustrate
\ref 05326
\lxam ikopi
\lxam_c ikopi
\lxoa íkopí
\lxoa_pr ikopi
\lxoa_c íkopí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have ones eyes closed (e.g., while sleeping); to close ones eyes (e.g., voluntarily, but not repeatedly)
\sense_s cerrar los ojos (p. ej., al dormir); cerrar los ojos (p. ej., voluntariamente, pero no repetidas veces)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San ke:nkah ikoptok. Koxtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His eyes are closed just as they had been. He is sleeping.
\phrase_s Tal como estaban, tiene los ojos cerrados. Estádurmiendo.
\sense_e to squint (e.g., from direct sunlight)
\sense_s entrecerrar los ojos (p. ej., a causa de la luz directa)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (fig.) for ones sphincter muscle to tighten (e.g., while exerting great force)
\sense_s (fig.) cerrarsele el esfinter
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Asta tikoptok. Yetí:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Even your sphincter muscle is tightening. It is heavy.
\phrase_s Hasta se te cierre el esfinter. Estápesado.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to blink; to rapidly close and open ones eyes (or eye)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) pestañear; parpadear; cerrar y abrir rapídamente los ojos (o un ojo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Iikopi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He blinks his eyes (several times).
\phrase_s Parpadea (varias veces).
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to flash or blink on and off (e.g., a light, such as those used on Christmas trees)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) encenderse y apagarse (p. ej., una luz intermitente, como las de unárbol de navidad)
\sense_d Pending
\root hkopi
\qry Check /ke:nkah/ in one of the above phrases as to whether there should be a final /h/. Check whether the meaning to 'to blink on and off' has a long reduplicant vowel. This would
seem to be indicated; the best way to tell would be from an analysis of Oa and Tet forms. Oa has p-a for short vowels; Tet would have the /h/ for short vowels and no /h/ for long
vowels.
\xref ikopilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref íkopília
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\xref ikopiltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref íkopíltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05327
\lxam a:to:hli de i:skitl
\lxam_c a:to:hli de i:skitl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of atole still not fully described
\sense_s tipo de atole todavía no descrito plenamente
\sense_d Am
\semfld food
\ency_note a:to:hli
\root a:to:l
\root i:ski
\nse See a:to:hli for list of types of a:to:hli.
\semref i:skia:to:hli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 05328
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was for Am /totoka/ and Oa /tótoká/. It has been removed; cf. now only under /toka/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 05329
\lxam paxko:ntik
\lxam_c paxko:ntik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e to be pot-bellied; to be fat (particularly in the belly)
\sense_s ser panzón; ser gordo (por la panza en particular)
\sense_d Am
\root pax
\root ko:m
\qry The etymology of /paxko:ntik/ is uncertain; also check vowel length of /a/. Perhaps root is /pach/. Note that in neither Molina, RS, FK, of RJC is there a root /pax/ or anything that
seems similar.
\ref 05330
\lxam kwa:toto:nki
\lxam_c kwa:toto:nki
\lxoa kwa:toto:nki
\lxoa_c kwa:toto:nki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e to be hot-headed
\sense_s ser enojón
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwa:toto:nki, niman kwala:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is hot-headed, he gets angry right away.
\phrase_s Es un enojón, luego luego se enoja.
\semfld character
\root kwa:
\root to:na
\qry Determine whether forms such as this should be considered lexicalized or incorporated reduplication. Check for forms /kwa:toto:nia/ and /kwa:toto:nilia/ 'to make hot-headed.' If
these exist, then the classification in the /cat field should change to the -ki/ya/lia paradigm.
\grm This is another form, with /a:molo:nki/ and /a:yema:nki/ in which the adjectival is formed not from the preterit, but from the verbal stem of intransitives that end in -ia {-i +
ya}.
\ref 05331
\lxam tsonakayáw
\lxam_c tsonakayáw
\lxoa tsonakayaw
\lxoa_c tsonakayaw
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Mod-V1
\der V1-b
\infv Irregular; see yaw
\sense_e to lean or tilt over to the side (e.g, a large sack of maize that is not vertically balanced or that is crookedly placed on a beast of burden)
\sense_s irse o inclinarse hacia un lado (p. ej., un costal grande de maíz que no estábalanceado verticalmente o que estápuesto chueco sobre una bestia de carga)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tsonakayah, xkwahli o:htekets.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It leaned over to one side, you didn't set it up(right) well.
\phrase_s Se inclinóhacia un lado (se fue de lado), no lo paraste bien.
\root tsonaka
\root yaw
\nae The fact that Ameyaltepec o:tsonakayah has the stress placed on the ka syllable suggests that this entry be treated as one word. Nevertheless, the fact
that both tsonakayáw and tsonakahyá:s is stressed on the final syllable might be taken to indicate a two-word analysis. There is perhaps some
variation in the analysis of speakers, as is also found in tsonakawetsi or tsonaka wetsi.
\qry See Gram 1986-08-20.1
\qry_fon Note the phonetics of the final sound comparing Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. Discuss with phonetician.
\mod See original filecard. Illustrate.
\semref tsonakawetsi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05332
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry, /nakastitilak/ has been removed given that it is duplicated elsewhere.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 05333
\lxam pa:kilistli
\lxam_c pa:kilistli
\lxoa pa:ilistli
\lxoa_alt pa:kilistli
\lxoa_c pa:ilistli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e happiness; joy; contentment
\sense_s felicidad; alegría
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Newa nunkah ika pa:kilistli, xkaman timokwala:nian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am living in happiness, we (a household) never get angry with each other.
\phrase_s Estoy con felicidad, nunca nos enojamos (yo y los que viven en mi casa).
\phrase_n Nika:n nimotlakwa:nkestok, ika nochi noyo:hlo, ika nochi nopa:kilis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am kneeling here, with all my heart, with complete joy.
\phrase_s Aquíestoy de rodillas, con toda mi corazón, con toda felicidad.
\root pa:ki
\ref 05334
\lxam tlatskwepo:naltia
\lxam_c kitlatskwepo:naltia
\lxoa tlatskopo:naltia
\lxoa_c kitlatskopo:naltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp S-V2
\der V2-d-ca[ni]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make a cracking sound against
\sense_s hacer un fuerte chasquido contra
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlatskwepo:nalti mokone:w, ma ki:sa itlatsiwis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Whip your child hard (with a rope or switch, causing a cracking sound against the skin) so that his laziness goes away!
\phrase_s ¡Dále unos fuertes latigazos a tu hijo (con una soga o vara, haciendo un chasquido contra su piel) para que se le quite su flojera!
\root tlats-2-; kwepo:
\nae Although it would seem to be expected that the grammatical object of tlatskwepo:naltia would be the object (e.g., a switch or rod) that is cracked, at least in the case
of Xtlatskwepo:nalti mokone:w, ma ki:sa itlatsiwis! it is the surface or object against which something is cracked that is the object.
\xref tlatskwepo:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref tlatskopo:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05335
\lxam maxaliwtok
\lxam_c maxaliwtok
\lxoa maxalihtok
\lxoa_c maxalihtok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be forked (a material object such as a piece of wood, a snake or lizard's tongue; or a road that splits in two, etc.)
\sense_s estar bifurcado (un objeto material como un pedazo de madera, la lengua de una lagartija; o un camino que se parte, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root maxal
\qry In the present case, determine whether the verb /maxaliwi/ exists. See query for /maxale:wtok/. Cf. entry under /maxaltik/.
\mod Disambiguate /maxaliwtok/ and /maxale:wtok/, which seem to be full synonyms, from /maxaltik/. The latter seems to refer to physical objects, and in this sense is equal in meaning to
the former two. However, my recollection is that /maxaltik/ can refer only to these types of physical objects. However, /maxaliwtok/ and /maxale:wtok/ can refer to other things such
as roads. This should be checked.
\vl Link second female token.
\semref maxale:wtok
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref maxaltik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05336
\lxam tepachakahli
\lxam_c tepachakahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\semfld stone
\sense_e type of slate-like stone, usually flat on both sides, found in hilly fields and about the size of a fist or perhaps a little larger
\sense_s tipo de piedra ancha y delgada, plano por dos lados, que se encuentra generalmente en los terrenos de los cerros; es de tipo como pizarra, más o menos el tamaño de un
puño o quizáun poquito más grande
\sense_d Pending
\root te
\root pachaka
\nse Consultants gave tepachakahli and techachahli as equivalent. The etymology of tepachakahli is uncertain, but it might refer to the
flattened shape of these stones (cf. pachiwi). Florencia Marcelino stated that one would not refer to the particular stones but rather to the area covered by these.
\qry In general check relation between /pachakal-/ as in /pachakahlo:tl/ and /pa:chaka:/ as in /pa:chaka:tl/. Perhaps I have made an error in recording these.
\mod Illustrate
\semref tepachakahloh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref techachahli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 05337
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kówatlí
\lxoa_c kówatlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e Apoplanesia paniculataC. Presl, hardwood tree of the Fabaceae (Leguminoseae) family
\sense_s Apoplanesia paniculataC. Presl, hardwood tree of the Fabaceae (Leguminoseae) family
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root ko
\root wah
\nse The identification of the kówatlí (Oa) and kowatli(Am) is perhaps somewhat confusing. Both Inocencio Díaz (Am) and Asención Marcelino (S. Juan
Tetelcingo) agreed that there are two types of kowatli (Am) / kowahtle(Tet), one with smooth bark and one with rough bark. The one with rough bark
is called Guettarda ellipticaSw. in Latin nomenclature and is of the Rubiaceae family. It is called kowatli in Ameyaltepec and kulebri:tahin San
Juan. It does not grow on the lands of Oapan and thus is not named. The other kowatli has smooth bark, it is the Apoplanesia paniculataC. Presl, a
hardwood tree of the Fabaceae (Leguminoseae) family. This tree is called kulebri:tah in Ameyaltepec and kowahtlein Tetelcingo. Thus the names are
reversed from those given to Guettarda elliptica. The the Apoplanesia paniculataC. Presl is found in Oapan and was known by the botanical consultant Silve stre
Pantaleón. Although the preceding seems to be the case, more consultants should be checked to determine if some mistake has been made.
\vl The first token is female /kowatl/, which should be tagged with ref. 5093.
\semref kulebri:tah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kuwiya:wtli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref kó:yá:htli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05338
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kow
\lxoa_c kow
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\der Interj
\sense_e shit
\sense_s chin
\sense_d Oa
\semfld Gender: male
\root kow
\nse This interjection limited to male speakers and is uttered in reaction to a statement or comment that is not well received: A: ¡Xmitsmakas tli:n mitswi:kilia! B:
¡kuh!. It is typical of male speakers from Oapan and may be used by males from other villages in imitation or jest.
\vl For now do not link this token but tag the four male versions.
\ref 05339
\lxam tlapitsaktli
\lxam_c tlapitsaktli
\lxoa tlapitsahtli
\lxoa_c tlapitsahtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e mountain pass
\sense_s paso o puerto de montaña
\sense_d Pending
\root pitsa:
\nse Tlapitsaktli refers to a low-lying pass between two hills; the name derives from the fact that it is narrow.
\mod Illustrate; see illustration on file card
\vl The first female token is /tlapi:tsahli/ and should be tagged with #3405. The rest are OK.
\grm Nominalization (lexical): Note the form: /tlapitsaktli/. Here as with the adjectivals (e.g., /pitsaktik/, etc.) a /k/ is introduced in the derivation.
\ref 05340
\lxam se:wilia
\lxam_c kise:wilia
\lxoa se:wilia
\lxoa_c kise:wilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to put out for (a fire, embers, or also an electrical aparatus, a motor, a stove or burner, a light, etc.)
\sense_s apagar para (un fuego, brazas, o bien un aparato eléctrico, un motor, una estufa o parilla, una luz, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to cool off; to refresh (sb, for example, a cool drink, fresh fruit, etc. [S])
\sense_s refrescar (a algn, p. ej., una bebida refrescante, fruta fresca, etc. [S])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mitsse:wilia un toro:njah, xok tito:nalmikis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That grapefruit will cool you off, you won't be hot anymore.
\phrase_s Esa toronja te va a refrescar, ya no vas a tener calor.
\root se:
\xref se:wia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref se:wiya
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05341
\lxam pana:deroh
\lxam_c pana:deroh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan panadero
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e baker
\sense_s panadero
\sense_d Pending
\nse In Ameyaltepec panade:roh is much more commonly used than pa:nchi:hke:tl.
\semref pa:nchi:hke:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref semí:tachí:hke:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05342
\lxam ma:ka
\lxam_c ma:ka
\lxoa ma:ka
\lxoa_c ma:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\der Modal-imp
\sense_e negative imperative that precedes either the future or the imperative
\sense_s imperativo negativo que precede o el futuro o el imperativo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka tikte:makas!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't be giving it to anyone!
\phrase_s ¡No se lo vayas a dar a nadie!
\phrase_n Ma:ka xya!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't go!
\phrase_s ¡No te vayas!
\sense_e (ma:s [predicate] ~ [noun or pronoun]) to be more [predicate] than
\sense_s (ma:s [predicado] ~ [sustantivo o pronombre]) ser más [predicado] que
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tewa ma:s tiwe:i ma:ka newa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are older than I am.
\phrase_s Eres más grande que yo.
\phrase_n Ma:s we:i Oapan ma:ka Ameyaltepec.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Oapan is bigger than Ameyaltepec.
\phrase_s Oapan es más grande que Ameyaltepec.
\sense_e (~ ma [stative]) let it not be [stative]
\sense_s (~ ma [estativo]) que no esté[estativo]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Deke o:mitskwah petlaso:lkowatl tipatis saka tikoni:s sié:n pla:tos de a:to:hli, ma:s san aga:chitsi:n, ma:ski ma:ka ma tete:ntia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If a centipede stings you, you will get better only if you drink 100 bowls of atole, even if it's just a little bit in each, even if they aren't all full.
\phrase_s Si te pica un ciempiés, te vas a aliviar solamente si tomas cién platos de atole, aunque sea nada más un poquito en cada uno, aunque no estén todos llenos.
\sense_e Don't! (negative pro form, with the predicate event understood from context)
\sense_s ¡Quéno! (negativo de un predicado entendido por el contexto)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't! (do it, i.e., said for example to a child who is about to touch sth hot).
\phrase_s ¡No! (lo vayas a hacer, p. ej., dicho a un niño que estáa punto de tocar algo caliente)
\root ma:
\root ka
\mod Probably derived from optative /ma/ and /ka/ negative. Determine how to list this root.
\vl Link 1st female and 2nd male tokens.
\grm Comparative: Note the following syntax: (ma:s [predicate] ~ [independent pronoun]) to be more [predicate] than, i.e., /Tewa ma:s tiwe:i ma:ka newa/ 'You are older than I
am.' or /Ma:s we:i Oapan ma:ka Ameyaltepec/ 'Oapan is bigger than Ameyaltepec.'
\grm Stative; aspectual; reduplication: Note the use of /-tia/ (as well as /-to/) in the modal expression of a stative (that in the present would be /-tok/): /Deke o:mitskwah
petlaso:lkowatl tipatis saka tikoni:s sié:n pla:tos de a:to:hli, ma:s san agachitsi:n, ma:ski ma:ka ma tete:ntia/ 'If a centipede stings you, you will get better only if you drink
100 bowls of atole, even if it's just a little bit in each, even if they aren't all full.' In this phrase the word /tete:ntia/ represents the use of reduplication to indicate repetition
within a group of similar items, viewed as a whole. The ending /-tia/ represents the modal form of /-tok/, used as a stative (e.g., propositionally equivalent to /tete:ntok/).
\ref 05343
\lxam tlantetechiki
\lxam_c notlantetechiki
\lxoa tlantéchikí
\lxoa_pr tlantechiki
\lxoa_c notlantéchikí
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\compound N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\lexical te-
\lexical_d Am, Oa
\lexical Rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Am
\infv class-3a(k)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e (refl.) to brush ones teeth
\sense_s (refl.) cepillarse los dientes
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Notlantetechiktok, ye kochis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's brushing his teeth, he's about to go to bed.
\phrase_s Se estácepillando los dientes, ya va a dormir.
\root tlan
\root hchiki
\qry Check for unreduplicated form ?/tlantechiki/, as well as /tlanchiki/ and /tlanchichiki/. Also check for transitive use.
\semref 'techíki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05344
\lxam kukwalo
\lxam_c kukwalo
\lxoa kwakwalo
\lxoa_c kwakwalo
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-pass
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-4a(pass)
\sense_e to get bug-eaten
\sense_s carcomerse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia ipino:hlo, yo:pe:w pino:lxi:ni, yo:pe:w kukwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has powder (a piece of wood, a beam, etc.), it's started to get powdery in spots, it's started to get eaten (by termites or other small bugs).
\phrase_s Ya estácarcomido (un pedazo de madera, una viga), ya empezóa llenarse de polvillo, ya empezóa carcomerse.
\root kwa
\nae The absence of pitch-accent in the Oapan indicates the lack of a coda {h} in the reduplicant.
\qry Check short vowel. Passive would expectedly be /kukwalo/; cf. also with /kwalo/.
\qry_h Kwakwalo
\semref kwalo
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05345
\lxam kwa:pitsi:ni
\lxam_c kwa:tepitsi:ni
\lxoa kwa:tepitsi:ni
\lxoa_c kwa:tepitsi:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. inflix te- (Oa); Op. infix te- (Am)
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to get a small piercing wound on ones head
\sense_s herirse ligeramente en la cabeza
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikwa:tepitsi:n, o:ne:chaxilih tetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got a small wound on my head, I got hit by a rock.
\phrase_s Mi cabeza se hirióligeramente, me alcanzóuna piedra.
\root kwa:
\root pitsi:
\nse Kwa:tepitsi:ni refers to a small pinlike wound in the head, perhaps lightly breaking the skin.
\qry Check for transitive form. Again, the presence of /te-/ should be noted and checked although it seems very likely that /pitsi:/ is a separate root. Check for possible forms ?tepitsi:ni
and ?pitsi:ni.
\ref 05346
\lxam totomilia
\lxam_c kitotomilia
\lxoa tótomília
\lxoa_pr totomilia
\lxoa_c kí:tomília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e see tomilia
\sense_s véase tomilia
\sense_d Pending
\root tom
\nse Although this applicative has only been documented in reduplicated form, it has been entered under tomiliato maintain consistency with
tomaand tomi.
\ref 05347
\lxam kaxa:nka:tla:katl
\lxam_c kaxa:nka:tla:katl
\lxoa kaxa:nka:tla:katl
\lxoa_c kaxa:nka:tla:katl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound Part-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e sickly man; man who easily becomes ill or weakened (e.g., from excessive work)
\sense_s hombre enfermizo, que luego luego se enferma o se debilita (e.g., a causa de un exceso de trabajo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kaxa:nka:tla:tl, kaxa:nki itla:kayo. San kukwi:stik, san kwalo:tsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is a sickly man, his body is not resistent. He is out of his element, he is just ill.
\phrase_s Es enfermizo, su cuerpo no aguanta. Nunca se halla donde está, nomás anda enfermo.
\root kaxa:
\root tla:ka
\disamb poxa:hka:sowa:tl; kaxa:nka:sowa:tl
\nse This word refers to a man who gets sick often or who can't bear even a little work without getting ill.
\qry Note that in the exemplary phrase check to see if /san/ should be /sa:/.
\semref tepi:tska:tla:katl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref poxa:hka:tla:katl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05348
\lxam kwa:pochi:nki
\lxam_c kwa:pochi:nki
\lxoa kwa:pochi:nki
\lxoa_c kwa:pochi:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to have disheveled hair
\sense_s tener el cabello greñudo y enmarranado
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to have a fuzzy end (a material object such as a wooden stake that has been pounded a lot, a rope with a frazzled end, etc.)
\sense_s tener la punta ablandada, deshecha o deshilachado (una estaca de madera que ha sido golpeada repetidas veces con una piedra, una soga con su cabo desatado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtekili un kwa:pochi:nki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Cut off the part that has a fuzzy end (e.g., of a stake so that it can be pounded into the earth)!
\phrase_s ¡Córtale la parte de su rabo deshecho (p. ej., de una estaca para que se pueda golpear bien y enterrarle a la tierra).!
\root kwa:
\root pochi:
\ref 05349
\lxam e:wa
\lxoa e:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e see one:waand wa:le:wa
\sense_s véase one:way wa:le:wa
\sense_d Pending
\root e:wa
\nse The intransitive e:wa is only found (as an intransitive) lexicalized with directional prefixes: one:wa and wa:le:wa.
However, its causative form is only found without a directional prefix.
\xref e:wi:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05350
\lxam topi:pih
\lxam_c topi:pih
\lxoa topi:pih
\lxoa_c topi:pih
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\sense_e see -pih
\sense_s véase -pih
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root pih
\ref 05351
\lxam tepotskuwyo:tl
\lxam_c i:tepotskuwyo
\lxoa tepotskohyo:tl
\lxoa_c i:tepotskohyo
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e spine
\sense_s column vertebral
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root tepots
\root kow
\ref 05352
\lxam tlama:machilia
\lxam_c kitlama:machilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Reduced rdp-l
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to frisk; to register (the body of sb)
\sense_s esculcar a; registrar (el cuerpo de)
\sense_d Am
\root mati
\qry In a file card entry I had /tlama:ma:chilia/, with two long vowels. I have assumed this is an error from the comparative evidence of other forms of /machilia/, all of which have a short
root vowel and a long vowel in the reduplicated affix. Note that there is a problem in that the Am word meaning 'to frisk' is listed as tlama:machilia ; perhaps the long
vowel reduplication reflects the manner of searching: once and once again feeling a given location carefully. It might be taht there is also a Oapan equivalent, but this has not been
found. It might also be that the Am form with this meaning has a short vowel: /tlamamachilia/. If so, this present entry should be deleted and combined with 6335. Indeed, it seems
likely that this is the case. THere are, then, several possibilities. The first is that there are two forms: /kitlama:machilia/ and /kitlamamachilia/ (Am) = /kitlama:machilia/ and
/kitlá:machília/ (Oa). If this is the case, then determine how to enter these forms, based on a common practice. Perhaps under /machilia/, although this form has not been
documented to date. If only one of the two reduplicant patterns exist (i.e., if Am only has /kitlamamachilia/), then one entry (which would be 6335) would suffice.
\mod If this entry proves to be /tlamamachilia/ and not /tlama:machilia/, then it should be combined with 6335. At the same time the cfo field should be corrected.
\vl Note that the first Oapan token is /kitlamachilia/ (no pitch accent). This should be tagged with #6336. The next tokens (2 female and 2 male) are /kitlá:machília/. This is
identical to the Oapan word /kitlá:machília/ in entry 6335. The last four tokens for this present entry, therefore, should be tagged with #6335.
\semref tlá:machília
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref machilia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 05353
\lxam tsatsapaltik
\lxam_c tsatsapaltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denon-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s; Op. prefix te-
\sense_e uneven; bumpy; rough; not smooth (e.g., the surface of unpolished ceramics, the unfinished surface of an adobe or plastered wall, etc.; see tepochihtik)
\sense_s desigual; no plano; disparejo;áspero (p. ej., la superficie de cerámica no pulida, la superficie no acabada de una pared de adobe o yeso, etc.; véase
tepochihtik)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xkwaltla:li noyugoh. Newa xwel nihkwaltla:lia, san tetsatsapaltik, san ta:takaltik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Fix my yoke (in this case by making sure it is straight and evenly planed). I can't fix it, its bumpy and uneven.
\phrase_s Arregla mi yujo (en este caso haciendo que va derechito y bien cepillado). No lo puedo arreglar yo, estádisparejo y no muy plano.
\phrase_n Tsatsapaltik, xkwahli o:ke:kchi:hkeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is uneven (on the surface), they didn't make it right (e.g., ceramics).
\phrase_s Estádisparejo (por la superficie), no lo hicieron bien (p. ej., cerámica).
\phrase_n Tetsatsapaltik itlaxkal, xkwahli kimana, san teme:melaktik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Her tortillas are uneven (thicker in some places than others), she doesn't make them well, they are thickish here and there.
\phrase_s Sus tortillas son disparejos (más gruesas en algunas partes que otras), no las echa bien, en partes son más gruesas.
\sense_e to have jutting edges (e.g., a rock, a hill with many pointed protuberances, etc.)
\sense_s tener bordes o filos salientes (p. ej., una piedra, un cerro con protuberancias puntiagudas, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to have sores, acne, or other conditions that made skin rough
\sense_s tenerúlceras, llagas, acnéu otras condiciones que dejan la pieláspera; cacarizo
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Titsatsapaltik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your skin is rough (e.g., from acne, sores, etc.).
\phrase_s Tu piel estááspera (p. ej., de acné, llagas, etc.).
\semfld texture
\semfld size
\root tsapal
\nse The etymology, and even meaning, of tsatsapaltik is not entirely clear. It seems to refer to surfaces that are not smooth, though the precise nature of this lack of
smoothness still needs further research. RS gives tsatsapalli as 'gran mazorca de maíz,' but this might well relate to a particular quality of such a mazorca.
Moreover, any relationship between tsapa and tsatsapaltik is not apparent.
\qry Determine to what other objects /tsatsapaltik/ may apply. Note the fish by this name. Also determine whether /te-/ always occurs, i.e., whether the entry should be /tsatsapaltik/ or
/tetsatsapaltik/. Cf. 5353 with
\ref 05354
\lxam sa:liwi
\lxam_c sa:liwi
\lxoa sa:liwi
\lxoa_c sa:liwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\lexical Op. prefix te- ; cf. tesa:liwi
\sense_e to get stuck (e.g., food in ones throat, or other things that have to move through a slim passageway or similar types of places)
\sense_s atorarse (p. ej., comida en la garganta, u otras cosas que tienen que pasar por un cilindro o tubo angosto)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:tik sa:liwis tlaxkahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tortillas will get stuck to his intestines (i.e., he will get constipated).
\phrase_s Las tortillas se van a pegar a sus intestinos (esto es, se va a constreñir).
\sense_e to get caught (e.g., clothes on a nail or a tree branch, etc.); to get snagged
\sense_s engancharse o atorararse (p. ej., ropa en un clavo o alambre, ropa aventada que se queda sobre la rama de un arbusto, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (~ -nenepil) for ones tongue to get tied
\sense_s (~ -nenepil) trabarsele la lengua
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:sa:liw nonenepi:l, xo:nikpanki:xtih kwahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My tongue got tied, I didn't pronounce it well.
\phrase_s Se me trababóla lengua, no le contestébien.
\sense_e to get stuck (e.g., a rope or sth that should be able to be pulled loose);
\sense_s atorarse (p. ej., una soga que debe poderse zafar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Newa milá:k o:nitewa:k. Ne:xtewa:tsa kapi:res. Tlaka xkwahli, nitik o:sa:liw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've really gotten skinny. The (fruit of the) kapi:res tree has made me lose weight. It's true (contrary to what I thought) that it's no good, it got stuck in my
belly (i.e., didn't digest propery).
\phrase_s De veras he adelgazado. (La fruta del) capires me ha hecho bajar de peso. Es verdad (contrariamente a lo que pesaba) que es dañino, se atoróen mi barriga (y no se
diregió).
\phrase_n O:kwa:ltlakalito. O:sa:lihka ipan kohtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He came to knock it down to the ground (e.g., a kite). It had gotten stuck in a tree.
\phrase_s Vine a aventarlo al suelo (p. ej., un papalote de papel). Se había atorado en unárbol.
\disamb sa:liwi; sasa:lia
\root sa:l
\qry Check to determine that /te-/ has only this one specific meaning. Perhaps here and with /sa:lowa/ a separate entry should be given for the /te-/ forms (or at least a xref there).The
meaning of the verb with and without the intensifier needs to be checked carefully.
\ref 05355
\lxam tewa
\lxam_c tewa
\lxoa táwá
\lxoa_alt téwá
\lxoa_c táwá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(ind)
\der Pr-ind
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e you (sg)
\sense_s tú
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tehwa
\nae This is often pronounced with a raised backed vowel [towa]; see newa.
\vl There are four additional tokens from 01059. These should be tagged with #5355, but they should not be linked as the later tokens recorded here at 5355 are better. The
female linked token should be the first of this present sequence
\ref 05356
\lxam ma:xoxioti
\lxam_c ma:xoxioti
\lxoa má:xixió:ti
\lxoa_c má:xixió:ti
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-ti
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to have small pimple-like bubbles or spots form on ones arm
\sense_s tener pequeños granitos o manchitas subidas en la piel del brazo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nima:xoxio:t, o:ne:chkwah to:nahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got a lot of peeling blisters on my arm, I got burned by the sun.
\phrase_s Se me salieron en el brazo muchos granitos pequeños que se pelaron, me quemóel sol.
\root ma:
\root xi
\qry_fon The quality of the vowel in the reduplication syllable for Oapan Nahuatl is unclear.
\vl Link first male token.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note the reduplicated /má:xoxió:ti/. Recheck the vowel quality.
\ref 05357
\lxam ikxine:si
\lxam_c ikxine:si
\lxoa ixine:si
\lxoa_c ixine:si
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for footprints to be or become visible (of a human or from the back legs of an animal)
\sense_s aparecer o ser visibles las huellas de pie (de un ser humano o de las piernas traseras de un animal)
\sense_d Pending
\root kxi
\root ne:si
\ref 05358
\lxam komolowa
\lxam_c kikomolowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\trans ~Intrans
\sense_e see tekomolowa
\sense_s véase tekomolowa
\sense_d Pending
\root komol
\vl Tag the Oapan speech tokens here with #2875. The links there should be taken from these later speech tokens.
\ref 05359
\lxam a:xoto:ni
\lxam_c aa:xoto:ni
\lxoa á:xotó:ni
\lxoa_pr á:xoto:ni
\lxoa_c á:xotó:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes
\sense_e (usually with short vowel reduplication) to get blisters (on a part of the body)
\sense_s (por lo común con reduplicación de vocal corta) salirsele ampollas (a una parte del cuerpo de una persona)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:aga:xoto:n noma -=O:nimaaga:xoto:n-.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My hands got blisters on them (e.g., from chopping firewood, etc.).
\phrase_s Se les salieron ampollas a mis las manos (p. ej., por leñar, etc.).
\root a:
\root xoto:
\nse With a verb such as a:xoto:ni possessor raising with incorporated noun/body part is more common than the separate expression of the affected body part as subject.
For Oapan Nahuatl only the reduced reduplicated form has been documented, although the headword remains the base (nonreduplicaed form). Florencia Marcelino stated that even
if only one blister occurs the form á:xotó:ni is used. In Ameyaltepec the nonreduplicated form is rare but documented; however, here too reduplication of this verb is
the most common form though a velar voice stop or fricative often separates the reduplicant vowel from the initial vowel of the verb.
\qry Check transitive form which appears to be /a:xoto:naltia/, but check.
\qry_fon Check the nature of the initial /aa/ sequence. Is there some sort of closure between the 2 vowels.
\grm Phonology: note insertion of voiced velar stop, or fricative (written as /g/) between the stem and reduplicated /a/.
\semref a:xopo:ni
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref á:xopó:ni
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05360
\lxam tsope:lik a:to:hli
\lxam_c tsope:lik a:to:hli
\lxoa tsope:lih a:to:hli
\lxoa_pr tsope:lik a:to:hli
\lxoa_c tsope:lih a:to:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\sense_e type of sweet atole
\sense_s tipo de atole dulce
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food
\ency_note a:to:hli
\root tsope:l:
\root a:to:l
\mod See entry under /a:to:hli/ for types of this dish.
\qry Check vowel length and cf. to 3735.
\ref 05361
\lxam xi:hla:nnakayo
\lxam_alt xi:hla:nakayo
\lxam_c i:xi:hla:nnakayo
\lxoa xi:hlanakayo
\lxoa_c i:xi:hlanakayo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e flesh at the flank (particularly of animals)
\sense_s piel o carne que estáen los costados (particularmente de los animales)
\sense_d Pending
\root xi:lla:n
\root naka
\qry_fon Examine the duration of the initial /i:/. This is the possessor prefix and thus is phonologically long. However, it seems to have an extremely short duration in
/i:xi:hlanakayo/. Apparently this is because the overall length, perhaps the syllable weight sequences, etc. See also note under /xi:hlan/.
\grm Vowel length: the possessor /i:-/ is definitely long phonologically in /i:xi:hlanakayo/, but its duration is short: 59 and 61 ms for Florencia and 52 and 82 for
\ref 05362
\lxam to:ka
\lxam_c kito:ka
\lxoa to:ka
\lxoa_c kito:ka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to bury (a person, or animal)
\sense_s enterrar (una persona, o animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:niksempoloh notlayo:lxina:ch, o:nikto:kak wan o:noka:wato itik tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I lost my maize seed forever (i.e., the particular variant or type I was using), I planted it and it never wound up sprouting (lit., remained in the earth).
\phrase_s Perdíla semilla de maíz que estaba utilizando para siempre (esto es, la variante que estaba empleando), lo sembréy se fue a quedar dentro de la tierra.
\root to:ka
\qry_fon Get a recording of /xto:to:katiw/. Check since FK has /toto:ka/.
\ref 05363
\lxam xa:lmichin
\lxam_c xa:lmichin
\lxoa xa:lmichin
\lxoa_c xa:lmichin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e type of medium-sized, scaleless fish (like a catfish)
\sense_s tipo de pez de tamaño regular, sin escamas (como un bagre)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\root xa:l
\root mich
\nse According to Roberto Mauricio (Oa) this is a small type of fish that is no longer found (or only rarely found) in the Balsas River, though it used to be quite common. He also noted
that this is different from the fish known as xa:la:michin.
\ref 05364
\lxam ma:koltotsiwi
\lxam_c ma:koltotsiwi
\lxoa ma:koltotsiwi
\lxoa_c ma:koltotsiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get hands such as those deformed from arthritis or severe rheumatism
\sense_s tener las manos encogidas como por artritis o reumas
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root koltots
\nae See the comments under má:koltóstik(Oa) for a discussion of pitch accent in this word and its derivations. Note that although Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio
Jiménez both gave ma:koltotsiwi in citation, they did accept the form má:koltotsíwi as also correct.
\qry Check to see if /ma:koltotse:wi/ exists.
\ref 05365
\lxam tlama:mahli
\lxam_c tlama:mahli
\lxoa tlama:mahli
\lxoa_c tlama:mahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e one side of a load on a beast of burden (e.g., firewood)
\sense_s un lado de una carga de una bestia (p. ej., leña)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e burden, that which is carried
\sense_s carga, lo que se carga
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yetí:k notlama:mal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My burden is heavy.
\phrase_s Es pesada mi carga.
\root ma:ma
\nse Tlama:mahli refers to a"media carga"of material such as firewood, i.e., the amount that can be loaded on one side of a beast of burden. It differs from a
tlana:palo:hli which is less of a load, just a little bit.
\qry Check to determine whether /tlama:mahli/ can refer figuratively to a carga, e.g., the burden born as the result of an ill child, spouse, etc.
\vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens.
\semref tlana:palo:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05366
\lxam piliwtok
\lxam_c piliwtok
\lxoa pilihtok
\lxoa_c pilihtok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be hanging down
\sense_s estar colgado
\sense_d Pending
\disamb pilkatok; pilliwtok
\root pil
\qry /Piliwtok/ is apparently the same, though less common, as /pilkatok/. This should be checked.
\ref 05367
\lxam tla:ltekomolo
\lxam_alt tla:ltekomolotsi:n
\lxam_c tla:ltekomolo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e type of small insect, still unidentified, that burrows into the ground
\sense_s tipo de pequeño insecto, todavía no identificado, que escarba o cava en la tierra
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tla:ltekomolotsi:n, nemi itik tla:hli. Pitentsi:n, kitla:lia iposi:toh, sahkó:n teyewaltsi:n, ite:n koya:waktsi:n wan tlatsi:ntlah san cho pitsaktsi:n ka:n tlami.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tla:ltekomolotsi:n , it lives inside the ground. It is small, it makes it's hole round like this in the ground, its edge is a wide round circle, and below real
narrow where it ends.
\phrase_s El tla:ltekomolotsi:n , vive en la tierra. Es pequeño, hace su pocito en la tierra, asíes de redondito, es ancho por su orilla y abajo, donde termina, es
estrechito.
\semfld animal
\semfld ins
\root tla:l
\root komol
\notes_func This animal is used as a remedy to cure skin cuts.
\mod See cuaderno for notes on curing.
\semref komo:lo
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05368
\lxam ne:neh
\lxam_c ne:neh
\lxoa ne:neh
\lxoa_c ne:neh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N0/2; Aln(0=2); dim. ne:netsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e (vocative) address term for children of either sex up to about 2 years
\sense_s (vocativo) término para llamar a un niño hasta de aproximadamente 2 años
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (vocative) occasionally used between elder women
\sense_s (vocativo) utilizado ocasionalmente entre mujeres de mayor edad
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (vocative) occasionally used between two cousins, regardless of their sex, when there is great mutual affection and respect
\sense_s (vocativo) utilizado ocasionalmente entre dos primos, sin importar su sexo, cuando existe un cariño y respeto mutuo
\sense_d Am
\nse The etymology of ne:neh is uncertain; possibly it is a loan. In Ameyaltepec, its use between cousins, though usually first cousins, it is slightly more respectful than the
borrowed address terms pri:moh and pri:mah. It is occasionally used in a possessed form as a term of reference, much the same as
pa:n is used in Ameyaltepec. Note that the diminutive in Oapan does not have the expected pitch-accent (ne:netsi:n) even though the non-diminutive
form has a final /h/.
\qry The precise meaning and use of ne:neh should be further researched, as the above definitions seem quite disperse in addressees, etc.
\ref 05369
\lxam papa:totik
\lxam_c papa:totik
\lxoa pápa:tótik
\lxoa_c pápa:tótik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan pato
\psm Adj(ap)
\der Adj-loan
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): ní:pa:tótik ; Op. prefix te-
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be barely able to walk well, only slowly and in seemingly painful steps (e.g., sb old, a drunk, etc.)
\sense_s apenas poder caminar bien, solamente despacio y, aparentemente, con dolor (p. ej., algn viejo, un borracho, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sa: tepapa:totik, xok wel nenemi, ye we:wentsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is just barely able to walk (with slow, deliberate steps), he can't walk anymore, he's already an old man.
\phrase_s Ya camina con pasos pequeños e inseguros, ya no puede caminar (bien), ya es viejo.
\nse The reduplication seems to indicate a metaphoric extension of the base noun, pa:toh.
\qry Check for final /h/; should this be /papato/? My original card had /papa:to/, but I have temporarily changed this to /papa:toh/, pending clarification. Also redetermine etymology; is
this really a borrowing from Sp. pato (duck).
\qry Determine the potential subjects: are these old people, do they include drunks, etc.
\ref 05370
\lxam kuwnelwatl
\lxam_c kuwnelwatl
\lxoa kohnelwatl
\lxoa_c kohnelwatl
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e woody root such as that of which emerges from the vine of the peanut
\sense_s raíz leñosa, como la que sale de las ramas del cacahuate
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\disamb nelwatl; kuhnelwatl
\root kow
\root nelwa
\qry Recheck definition and difference between /nelwatl/ and /kuhnelwatl/. Determine what other plants have this. I had this sentence, but it appears in error and this word only occurs
unpossessed, whereas the former is used possessed. However, the latter is used to refer to tree roots; cf. /tsi:nnelwatl/.
\ref 05371
\lxam tlapi:tsko
\lxam_c tlapi:tsko
\lxoa tlapi:tsko
\lxoa_c tlapi:tsko
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla-k(o)
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e place that is narrow so that passing through (e.g., of people, animals, and material objects) is difficult
\sense_s lugar estrecho o angosto, haciendo dificil el paso (p. ej., de gente, animales y objetos materiales)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlapi:tsko, xma:s wel panowa yo:lki ika ka:rgah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's a narrow place, animals carrying a load can't get through too well.
\phrase_s Es un lugar estrecho, animales con carga no pueden pasar bien.
\root pi:ts
\root_rel -ko
\ref 05372
\lxam koko:miki
\lxam_c koko:miki
\lxoa koko:miki
\lxoa_c koko:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp S-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to get burned by spicy food
\sense_s enchilarse
\sense_d Pending
\root koko:
\root miki
\qry Determine how to code the morphology of these combinations. Check vowel length of /o:/. Determine if other such forms have combinations/compounds with /miki/.
\ref 05373
\lxam tepe:xa:xokotl
\lxam_c tepe:xa:xokotl
\lxoa tepe:xa:xokotl
\lxoa_cpend @tepe:xa:xokotl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e Ruprechtia sp.C. A. Meyer, type of wild plum tree of the Polygonaceae family
\sense_s Ruprechtia sp.C. A. Meyer,árbol de ciruelo silvestre de la familia Polygonaceae
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tepe:xa:xokotl | Kuwtli. Xxokotl, xkipia itla:kihlo. Bwe:noh para tlikuwtli, para kabesi:tah. Ihkón kihlian pa:mpa no: ihkón tlachia ke:n xa:xokotl, ke:n xa:xokokuwtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tepe:xa:xokotl : It is a tree. It is not a xokotl , it doesn't have fruit. It's good for firewood, for the principal rafters of houses. They call it by
this name because it looks like the xa:xokotl , like the xa:xokotl tree.
\phrase_s Tepe:xa:xokotl : Es unárbol. No es un xokotl , no tiene fruta. Es bueno para leña, para las cabezas de las casas. Le llaman asíporque
también parece al xa:xokotl , alárbol de xa:xokotl.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\semfld edible
\root tepe:
\root xa:
\root xoko
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) gives the tepe:xa:xokotl as the guayabillo.. Guizar and Sánchez (1991: give Ruprechtia fuscaFern. of the family
Polygonaceae as the guayabillo. Apparently this is a type of xa:xokotl , although my notes do not indicate any particular classification. It
would, however, clearly seem to be a type of xokotl. Under guayabillo, however, Schoenhals (1988) does not list any tree of this genus, nor does she
include any tree of Ruprechtiain her index. Under guayabillo:"1. (Lopeziaspp., e.g, L. racemosa, L. mexicana) '[family] evening primrose.' See
alfilerillo. 2. (Ginoria nudiflora) '[family] loosestrife.' A tree of the tropical forests that grows up to 40 meters tall. 3. (Psidium sartorianum) '[relative of]
guava.' See arrayán."Note that at least one consultant mentioned that this is not a type of xokotl.
\ref 05374
\lxam xelwa:stli
\lxam_c xelwa:stli
\lxoa xalwa:stli
\lxoa_c xalwa:stli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-wa:s
\infn Stem 1(l)
\sense_e small maguey-fiber (of ixtli (Am) / yextli(Oa)) brush used to untangle hair
\sense_s pequeño cepillo de fibra de maguey (de ixtli (Am) / yextli(Oa)) para desenredar el cabello
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipiya:sowa itson ika ixelwa:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She straightens out her hair with a brush of maguey fiber.
\phrase_s Endereza el cabello con un cepillo de fibra de maguey.
\sense_e (i:xelwa:s wexo:lo:tl) skin of a turkey that hangs from its breast
\sense_s (i:xelwa:s wexo:lo:tl) piel de un guajolote que se le cuelga del pecho
\sense_d Pending
\root xel
\nse The etymology of xelwa:stli (Am) / xalwa:stli (Oa) is uncertain, but it is probably related to xeliwi.
\mod Illustrate.
\ref 05375
\lxam molo:nki
\lxam_c molo:nki
\lxoa molo:nki
\lxoa_c molo:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to have a bad smell
\sense_s tener un mal olor
\sense_d Pending
\root molo:
\qry Check the construction such as /a:jos molo:nki/ and see if it is generalizable.
\grm See discussion under /kwa:toto:nki/.
\ref 05376
\lxam a:chakuwtli
\lxam_c a:chakuwtli
\lxoa á:chakóhtli
\lxoa_c á:chakóhtli
\lxoa_pr a:chakohtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) hacha
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\pitch yes-loan
\sense_e axe handle
\sense_s manga de una hacha
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tool-cultivate
\root kow
\nae The pitch accent in Oapan á:chakóhtli is the reflex of underlying {h} at the end of the Spanish loan a:chah.
\qry Determine the nature of possessed forms.
\qry_h Check /a:chahkohtli/? in SJ
\ref 05377
\lxam istla:kowa
\lxam_c kistla:kowa
\lxoa istla:kowa
\lxoa_c kistla:kowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to spy on or surreptitiously watch; to observe; to snoop around or check out (e.g., a person for malicious ends, often keeping a mental record of the wealth of the person
observed, or of coveted items that might later be stolen, etc.)
\sense_s espiar o observar surrepticiosamente, fijándose en lo que hay (p. ej., algn con fines maliciosos y con malas intenciones, tal vez haciendo una nota mental de lo que se
puede robar, o notando la riqueza para después chismear); husmear
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:yhka ne:xtete:ne:wa. Iwa:n nicha:ntoya pero ne:si san ne:chistla:ko:ko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He badmouths me behind my back (i.e., there, out of earshot). I used to live with him but it appears he only came (to live with me) in order to check me out (e.g., how I live,
what I eat, etc., only later to gossip to others about it).
\phrase_s Habla mal de mípor ahí. Vivía conél, pero parece que nada más vino a husmear (p. ej., cómo vivo, quécomo, etc., para después contárselo a la gente).
\root stla:k
\qry Recheck whether first vowel is epenthetic (i.e. with /tla-/ or reflexive prefix).
\grm Perhaps reclassify certain -owa transitive verbs as basic. Cf. powa/powi; kowa/?; istlakowa/?; etc. Nevertheless often there is a surprising occurrence, as with /ikwiliwi/.
\ref 05378
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was originally an entry for /tewikpa:ntli/, which I have eliminated and limited to an alternate pronunciation of /tewi:pa:ntli/. See this entry for a comment on vowel length.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\ref 05379
\lxam a:nilia
\lxam_c o:ka:nili:to
\lxoa a:nilia
\lxoa_c o:ka:nili:to
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (with directional affix) to fetch or get for
\sense_s (con afijo direccional) traer o llevar para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:ca:nili:ti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go bring him (or her; e.g., as a bride) back for me.
\phrase_s Ve a traerlo (o ella, p. ej., como una novia) para mi.
\phrase_n Xka:nili:ti michin para kimeme:yalti:s un suwa:tl. Kemech o:mi:xiw, para wa:lwetsis le:cheh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go catch fish (crabs are also good), which will help make that woman's milk flow. She has just given birth, it (will be used) so that her milk comes forth.
\phrase_s Ve a conseguir pescado (cangrejos también son buenos) que ayudaráa que aquella señora que tenga leche. Apenas ha dado a luz, será(utilizada) para que caiga su leche.
\phrase_n Xne:cha:nili:ti nosuwa:w, xne:chtla:kamati.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go bring my wife back for me, she doesn't obey me (i.e. respect me, and didn't come back with me).
\phrase_s Ve a traerme a mi mujer, no me obedece (esto es, ella no me respeta y no se quiso regresar conmigo).
\root a:na
\nse For a discussion of the meaning of a:na, particularly in relationship to kwi, cf. these entries.
\qry_fon The Oapan speech token is a good example of vowel lengthening before directional affixes.
\mod Add entry under /me:yaltia:/.
\xref a:na
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05380
\lxam nakaskukwa
\lxam_c kinakaskukwa
\lxoa nakaskokowa
\lxoa_c kinakaskokowa
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V
\der V2-b
\infv Irregular (Am); see kukwa
\infv class-2b (Oa)
\sense_e bother or hurt (a loud or unpleasant sound) one's ears
\sense_s lastimar o doler (un ruido o sonido fuerte) los oidos de uno
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chnakaskokoh motlatsotsonal, ke:n chika:wak tiktsotsona.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your music hurt my ears, you really played it loud.
\phrase_s Tu música me hizo doler los oidos, de veras lo tocas fuerte.
\root nakas
\root kowa
\nse Sounds that might cause this pain include loud music, shouting, etc., i.e., sounds that are bothersome and annoying, in fact, a sound that is literally almost painful.
\nae The reduced form * kinaká:skówa is not acceptable.
\grm Oapan phonology: with /nakaskokowa/ the reduced form * kinaká:skówa is not acceptable.
\ref 05381
\lxam so:nsotik
\lxam_c so:nsotik
\lxoa só:nsotík
\lxoa_c só:nsotík
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (Nah) zonzo
\psm Adj
\der Adj-yoh-tik
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\pitch yes
\sense_e to be idiotic; to be foolish
\sense_s ser zonzo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n xmarrechia:ro! Ma:ka san xteso:nsotik, ma mitsa:lwelita.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go for it (sexually)! Don't just act like an idiot! Let her take a good look at you and like what she sees!
\phrase_s ¡Anímate (a hacerle el amor)! No seas tan zonzo.¡Que te vea y que le gustes (para ser su amante).
\nae This borrowing from Spanish zonzo can be analyzed as comprising the adjectival ending -tik on either the nominal or adjectival form so:nsoh.
There is little to recommend one analysis over the other; for now the adjectival interpretation has been coded into the database, simply because of the similarity of the
-soh ending to the adjectival -yoh. Often so:nsoh implies that the subject does not like or appreciate good things including sexual activity.
\ref 05382
\lxam te:mposteki
\lxam_c te:mposteki
\lxoa te:mposteki
\lxoa_c te:mposteki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to have the point or edge break off (e.g., a machete, or other similar objects with a long edge)
\sense_s rompersele la orilla o punta a (p. ej., un machete, pico u otros objetos con una orilla larga)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:te:mpostek mopi:koh, xok wel titlachwas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The end of your pick broke off, you won't be able to dig anymore.
\phrase_s La punta de tu pico se rompió, ya no vas a poder escarbar.
\root te:n
\root posteki
\ency_note te:mposteki; te:ntlapa:ni; yekaposteki
\nse Both te:mposteki and te:ntlapa:ni refer to the breaking of an edge, or also point, of a given object. However, the former refers more to long, pointed
objects that have their ends break off. The form te:ntlapa:ni is more often used for other types of objects, those to which tlapa:ni might apply such as
ceramic bowls whose edge cracks. The term yekapostekiis used for objects with a point, such as pencils.
\vl Link 1st male token.
\ref 05383
\lxam pa:cho:tl
\lxam_c pa:cho:tl
\lxoa pa:cho:tl
\lxoa_c pa:cho:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e quick sauce made of water with chopped onion, fresh chopped-up corriander, chopped-up chile, salt, and lemon (chopped red tomatoes may be added if available)
\sense_s salsa de preparación rápida hecha con agua y cebolla, cilantro verde y chile (todo picado), con sal y limón (se le puede agregar jitomates picados, si hay)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:pan se: pla:toh note:ka a:tl, kipoye:lian, dya kiko:kotonan sila:ntroh wan xonakatl. Deke u:nkah xi:tomatl no: kiko:koto:nilian wan chi:hli. Yewa pa:cho:tl. Pe:wa
xtlakwa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Water is poured into a bowl, salt is added and then cilantro is shredded along with onion. If there are red tomatoes, they are also chopped up and added with chile. That's
pa:cho:tl. Start eating!
\phrase_s se echa agua a un plato hondo, se le pone sal y entonces pican cilantro y ceballa. si hay jitomate, también se le agrega con chile. Esto es pa:cho:tl
,¡Empieza a comer!
\semfld food
\root pa:cho:
\nae The etymology of pa:cho:tl is unclear, but the archaic root for water, pa:may be present. Pa:cho:tl is made as a quick way to
add flavor to tortillas when there is no time to prepare a more elaborate meal. It is also considered a food characteristic of poor people.
\ref 05384
\lxam tsontekomatl
\lxam_c tsontekomatl
\lxoa tsontekomatl
\lxoa_c tsontekomatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e head
\sense_s cabeza
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (i:tsontekon burrosi:yah or kaba:yosi:yah) horn of a saddle for donkeys or horses
\sense_s (i:tsontekon burrosi:yah o kaba:yosi:yah) parte enfrente donde se amarra un laso de una silla para burros o caballos.
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root tson
\root tekoma
\qry Check definition of /i:tsontekon burrosi:yah/ and determine correct name for 'horn.'
\ref 05385
\lxam kwetla:tsowa
\lxam_c kikwetla:tsowa
\lxoa kwékwetla:tsówa
\lxoa_pr kwekwetla:tsowa
\lxoa_c nó:kwetla:tsówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl (Am)
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): nó:kwetla:tsówa
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to wiggle; to snake (e.g., a hose, rope, etc.)
\sense_s ondular; arquear
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka xkwetla:tso un la:soh! Xa:wi:hli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't make that rope snake (undulate, by snapping one end)! It's not a toy!
\phrase_s ¡No hagas ondular esa riata (al azotarlo)!¡No es un juguete!
\sense_e (refl.) squirm; wriggle; twist back and forth; to buck (an animal such as a bull that has been mounted)
\sense_s (refl.) retorcerse; arquear; ondular; corcovear (un animal, como un toro montado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nokwe:kwetla:tsowa kuwatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Snakes wriggle.
\phrase_s Las serpientes ondulan.
\phrase_n O:nokwetla:tsoh mokone:tsi:n, xkineki ma hna:palo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your little child squirmed, he didn't want me to hold him.
\phrase_s Tu hijito se arqueó, no quiso que lo abrazara.
\phrase_n To:roh kwa:k tleko:lo, pe:wa nokwetla:tsotinemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When it is ridden a bull starts to buck and violently twist its body.
\phrase_s Cuando suben un toro, empieza a brincar y corcovear.
\sense_e (refl.) to twist up (e.g., meat placed on a fire)
\sense_s (refl.) encogerse; torcerse (p. ej., carne puesta sobre el fuego)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w nokwetla:tsowa, yo:pe:w nokoltotsowa un nakatl ipan tekohli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That meat placed on the coals has started to twist up, it has started to shrink and shrivel up.
\phrase_s Esa carne que estásobre las brazas ha empezado a encogerse, ha empezado a achicarse.
\root kwetla:ts
\nse As with many words containing kwe, kwetla:tsowa seems to indicate a twisting, turning, and doubling motion. The reflexive use of
kwetla:tsowa may refer to the movements of a large fish grabbed or left hanging upside-down, a snake as it moves, a flapping rope, or a child struggling to get
free from someone's grasp.
\nae To date an intransitive form kwetla:tsiwi has only been documented in Ameyaltepec, not Oapan. Note also that the transitive most often occurs in a reduplicated
form; indeed, Oapan consultants only offered the reduplicated form and for this reason it is the headword entry.
\qry Check to see if intransitive exists. Check length of /a:/; cf. /kwe:kwetla:stik/. Make sure that reference to a snake's movement has the long vowel reduplication.
\root_notes Cf. the occurrence of kwetla: in both kwetla:ni and kwetla:tsowa. Check all words ending in /-tsowa/ and /-tsiwi/ for any
common semantics.
\ref 05386
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kine
\lxoa_c kine
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\der Interj
\sense_e word used often in phrase final position to mark phrase ending and speakers attitude, perhaps translatable as 'Isn't that so?'
\sense_s palabra a menudo utilizada en posición final de frase y que también marca la actitud del hablante, quizátraducible como '¿No es así?'
\sense_d Oa
\nse The etymology of kine is highly uncertain, but perhaps it is derived from kineki. It is extremely common in Oapan where it is often the final tag on a
comment about something that the addressee should have known.
\ref 05387
\lxam tiroh
\lxam_c ye tiroh
\lxoa tiroh
\lxoa_cpend i tiroh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan tiro (o, de a tiro?)
\psm Adv
\der Adv-loan
\sense_e really; extremely; very
\sense_s muy; muy mucho
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xnikwi:kas, tiroh tekanaktik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm not going to take it (i.e., buy it), it's really very thin (in this case cloth being sold).
\phrase_s No me lo voy a llevar (esto es, comprarlo), es muy delgado (en este caso ropa a la venta).
\phrase_n Tiroh we:i.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's really big.
\phrase_s Es muy grande.
\phrase_n Xmati deke tiroh yetí:k!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Test to see whether it is really very heavy!
\phrase_s ¡Pruébalo para ver si estámucho muy pesado!
\phrase_n ¡I tiroh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Very much so!
\phrase_s ¡Mucho!
\nae Ti:roh can be used in only the restricted domain of modifying another lexical item used predicatively. It is in this sense adverbial: ti:roh niwe:i 'I am very
big.' Thus it differs from adjectives, which modify the term: niwe:i tla:katl 'I am a big man,' versus ti:roh nitla:katl 'I am a true man' (lit., 'truly I am a
man'). It most often precedes an adjectival predicate although it may be used before a verbal expression.
\qry This is obviously a loan, however, the semantics and origin of this term should be researched.
\mod Check to see if token is /ti:roh/ or /ye ti:roh/.
\semref lah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05388
\lxam toma:hka:n
\lxam_c i:toma:hka:n
\lxoa toma:hka:n
\lxoa_c i:toma:hka:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-dvb-ka:n
\infn N2(loc)
\sense_e thick part of (e.g., a stick or trunk)
\sense_s la parte gruesa o gorda de (p. ej., un palo o tronco)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka san tlakpak xtsonteki, xtsonteki tla:ltech, itoma:hka:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't chop it off up high, chop it close to the ground, at the place where it is thick!
\phrase_s No le vayas a corta por la parte de arriba, córtale cerca del suelo, en el lugar donde estámás grueso!
\root toma:
\root_rel -ka:n
\ref 05389
\lxam so:ne:wa
\lxam_c noso:ne:wa
\lxoa so:ne:wa
\lxoa_c noso:ne:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (refl) to stand up (hair)
\sense_s (refl) erizarse (el cabello)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Noso:ne:wtok, kwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's hair is standing up (in this case that on the back of an ox or cow), it is sick.
\phrase_s Se está erizando su pelo (en este caso el que estásobre el lomo de un buey o vaca), está enfermo.
\sense_e (refl.) to be very frightened
\sense_s (refl.) asustarse mucho
\sense_d Oa
\root so:ne:
\nse To date so:ne:wa has only been documented in reflexive form. However, the Oapan term teso:ne:wa has been documented in transitive from:
misteso:ne:was 'it will greatly frighten you.' It is not clear, however, whether one can say mitsso:ne:wa or noteso:ne:wa. Both these possibilities
need to be checked.
\qry Determine full uses of /so:ne:wi/ and /so:ne:wa/. Determine whether /sone:wtok/ is correct. Check if a transitive use of /sone:wa/ is correct and check the difference between
/nosone:wa/ and /sone:wi/. Perhaps /sone:wi/ is limited to riddles? Determine whether /so:ne:wa/ can be used transitively. Note that I have documented the use of /misteso:ne:was/ as
'it will greatly frighten you' but
\ref 05390
\lxam cha:neh
\lxam_c cha:neh
\lxoa cha:neh
\lxoa_alt cha:nih
\lxoa_c cha:neh, cha:nih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-posr-eh
\infn N1/2; Aln(ag)
\sense_e citizen or inhabitant (with rights and obligations) of a particular village;
\sense_s miembro o habitante (con derechos y obligaciones) de un pueblo en particular
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Newa xnicha:neh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm not an inhabitant (citizen).
\phrase_s No soy residente.
\phrase_n Pero a:man ye cha:neh, xok yaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e But now he is a resident (e.g., of Ameyaltepec), he doesn't go (to his native village) anymore.
\phrase_s Pero ahora es habitante (p. ej., de Ameyaltepec), ya no va (a su pueblo de origen).
\phrase_n Sampa o:wa:hlah. Xcha:neh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just came to where he is (living now), he is not from here (said of a man in Ameyaltepec originally from San Juan but with 20 years living with his Ameyaltepequeña wife
in Ameyaltepec).
\phrase_s Solo vino nada más, no es nativo.
\sense_e (poss.) wife
\sense_s (pos.) mujer
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:nosiahka:w mocha:neka:w, pa:mpa xteko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your wife got tired of waiting because you haven't arrived.
\phrase_s Tu esposa se cansóde esperar porque no has llegado.
\ncol a:te:nko cha:neh
\root cha:n
\nse Note that one of the most important aspects of the phrase cha:neh is that its meaning (i.e., level of inclusion) shifts with context. Thus a Oapan resident once referred
to those of Xalitla as xcha:neckeh , referring to fact that they are not Nahuatl peasants like the residents of other pueblos in the Balsas area. The implication was that
unlike residents of other villages (Ameyaltepec, San Juan Tetelcingo, etc.) those of Xalitla were different, not mejikane:ros. In another instant I heard
cha:neh used in the negative to refer to a citizen tekitla:katl of Ameyaltepec only because his great-grandfather had come from another village; the
speaker wanted to emphasize the"foreign"origin of this family line, although the great-grandson was clearly a citizen of Ameyaltepec and would in any other context (i.e., one that was
not focused on pointing out the outside origin of the line) be referred to as a cha:neh. Note then that cha:neh may be us ed with various senses,
depending upon the contrast that the speaker wishes to establish. At times someone having lived in a village for 40 years may be called xcha:neh , not a native, while
at other times someone with but a little time may be stated to be a cha:neh , in an effort to include him o her as part of an in-group.
\vl Link 1st male token.
\ref 05391
\lxam chichitlai:ni
\lxam_c chichitlai:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N(tla-V2-ni)
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e sot; person who goes around drinking a lot (particularly house to house or bar to bar)
\sense_s teporrocho (particularlmente algn que anda de casa a casa o cantina a cantina)
\sense_d Am
\root chichi
\root i:
\nse The meaning of chichitlai:ni derives from the metaphor of someone who like a stray dog, goes house to house, looking for food and, in the case of the human, drink.
\grm Again, note the use of a transitive verb with the nonspecific object marker /tla-/, here to form an agentive.
\ref 05392
\lxam tsi:nnelwayo
\lxam_alt tsi:nelwayo
\lxam_c i:tsi:nelwayo
\lxoa tsi:nelwayo
\lxoa_c i:tsi:nelwayo
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N2(yo)
\sense_e lower or bottom part of the roots (of a plant)
\sense_s parte inferior y delgado de las raices (de una planta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tla:lomitl, ke:itlah kwilintsitsi:nteh. Cha:ntin itik tla:hli, wel kikwa itsi:nelwayo:tsi:n mi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tla:lomitl , they are like little worms. They live in the ground, they can eat the bottom of the roots of maize plants.
\phrase_s El tla:lomitl , son como gusanitos. Viven en la tierra, pueden comer las partes inferiores de las raíces del maíz.
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\root tsi:n
\root nelwa
\qry Check whether the un possessed form exsits and, if it is /tsi:nelwatl/ or /tsi:nelwayo:tl/.
\vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male token.
\ref 05393
\lxam tli:hlowa
\lxam_c tli:hlowa
\lxoa tli:hlowa
\lxoa_c tli:hlowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Adj
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to get covered with soot
\sense_s cubrirse con hollín
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chasik itli:hlo tli:n o:tlatlaka ka:n o:nitlachinoh. O:nitlitli:hlowak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The soot of what had burned when I burned the brush (to clear a field) got on me. I got covered with soot.
\phrase_s Me alcanzóel hollín de lo que se había quemado cuando limpiéun terreno al quemarlo. Me cubrícon hollín.
\root tli:l
\ref 05394
\lxam tije:ras
\lxam_c tije:ras
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan tijeras
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e pairs of posts that are set upright close together and between which are tied the ends of horizontal beams of a wooden fence
\sense_s pares de postes que se colocan verticalmente y muy juntos en entre los cuales se atan los cabos de los travesanos de una cerca de madera
\sense_d Am
\nse In Oapan teje:res is the form of the loan for 'scissors.' Kohteje:resrefers to the posts set up to sustain a castillo upright. Neither Inocencio
Jiménez nor Florencia Marcelino knew the name of the two posts set up to hold the horizontal parts of a wooden fence.
\mod Illustrate; see 3x5 filecard.
\semref kuwtije:ras
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kohteje:res
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05395
\lxam tla:lamo:hli
\lxam_c tla:lamo:hli
\lxoa tlá:lamó:hli
\lxoa_c tlá:lamó:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of green, clayish earth that hardens into a crumbly rock used for the temanastetl and that is also used for dirt floors given that it does not turn to mud
when wet
\sense_s tipo de tierra arcillosa y verde que endurecida se utiliza para temanastetl y que también se emplea para pisos de tierra dado que cuando se moja no se
vuelve lodo
\sense_d Pending
\semfld stone
\semfld soil
\root tla:l
\root ahmo:l
\qry_fon For Am: check length of /a/ and /o/ in /a:mo:hli/. Originally I had a long /a/, which I have changed to a short vowel based only on information from Oapan.
\ref 05396
\lxam ma:xtlatia
\lxam_c noma:xtlatia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to wrap (a cloth, skirt, etc.) around ones waist and legs
\sense_s (refl.) envolverse (con tela, una falda, etc.) por la cintura y piernas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Saka tlake:ntli noma:xtlatia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It was just cloth (i.e., not clothes) that he wrapped around his waist and legs.
\phrase_s Fue solamente con tela que se fajóla cintura y piernas.
\sense_e (refl.) to pull ones skirt up and wrap it around ones legs (e.g., in order to climb up a ladder or a hill, when going to the fields to work)
\sense_s (refl.) jalar la falda y envolverse las piernas con ella (p. ej., al subir una escalera o un cuesta arriba, o al ir a trabajar en el campo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmoma:xtlati!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Draw your skirt around your legs!
\phrase_s ¡Jale tu falda justo a tus piernas!
\root ma:xtla
\nse Note that one acceptation is that of a woman pulling her skirt up tight around her legs in order to make it easier to work. However, in many villages when women go to the field to
work they will wear pants.
\semref a:ma:xtlatia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05397
\lxam tla:lweyaktli
\lxam_c tla:lweyaktli
\lxoa tla:lweweyahtli
\lxoa_c tla:lweweyahtli
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-d-adj
\lexical Lex. rdp-s* (Oa)
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e worked land that has long furrows
\sense_s tierra trabajada con surcos muy largos
\sense_d Pending
\semfld domesticatedivate
\ency_note tla:hli
\root tla:l
\root weya
\qry Check for other shapes of land (e.g., /tla:lpitsaktli/?). Check whether /tla:lwe:yak/ is also correct. Cf. to paradigm with /tla:ltso:ltik/.
\qry_fon As is often the case with reduplication involving an initial or final glide, the length of the /e/ of the reduplicant is not easy to determine. Note that there is definitely no pitch
accent, which suggests a long vowel in the reduplicant. However, I do not hear length and thus have not written it.
\semref tla:ltso:ltik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05398
\lxam nito:tike:tl
\lxam_c nito:tike:tl
\lxoa nító:tiké:tl
\lxoa_c nító:tiké:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e dancer (in a religious dance)
\sense_s danzante (en un baile religioso)
\sense_d Pending
\ency_note danzas
\root hto:ti
\ilus_note http://www.ldc.upenn.edu/nahuatl/images/danza.jpg
\nse Among the regional dances performed in the area are da:nsah de koro:nah, mo:ros, da:nsah de bolah, bake:ros, and many others.
\nae The Oapan form nító:tiké:tl has three high-pitched syllables, two from coda {h} (i.e., {nihto:tihke:tl}) and one from the normal phrasal intonational pattern (culminative
stress). The fact that all three high pitched syllables are present in the surface form (whereas they are absent in a word such as tlakwátasí from {tlakwah + tahsi})
suggests that rules of pitch readjustment and collapse are highly dependent on syllable or morphological structure. On the one hand, although nító:tiké:tl has only four
syllables, it has six morae. On the other hand, nító:tiké:tl, unlike tlakwátasí, has no compounding morphology. Both these factors, metrical and
morphological, might well enter into the lack of pitch suppression in nító:tiké:tl and its occurrence in tlakwátasí.
\qry Note that form * nito:tiki is not acceptable.
\qry_fon The Oapan form nító:tiké:tl has three high-pitched syllables, two from coda {h} (i.e., {nihto:tihke:tl}) and one from the normal phrasal intonational pattern.
The fact that all three high pitched syllables are present in the surface form (whereas they are absence in a word such as tlakwátasí from {tlakwah + tahsi})
suggests that rules of pitch readjustment and collapse are highly dependent on syllable structure. Thus although nító:tiké:tl has only four syllables, it has six
morae. This might well be a factor in pitch accent patterns.
\grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent : Note the stress pattern in this word (which should be checked in a speech analyzer program): /nító:tiké:tl/. The Oapan form
nító:tiké:tl has three high-pitched syllables, two from coda {h} (i.e., {nihto:tihke:tl}) and one from the normal phrasal intonational pattern. The fact that all
three high pitched syllables are present in the surface form (whereas they are absence in a word such as tlakwátasí from {tlakwah + tahsi}) suggests that
rules of pitch readjustment and collapse are highly dependent on syllable structure. Thus although nító:tiké:tl has only four syllables, it has six morae. This
might well be a factor in pitch accent patterns.
\ref 05399
\lxam temolo
\lxam_c i:temolo
\lxoa temoloh
\lxoa_c i:temoloh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e side of the leg (of an animal); side of the hip (of a human)
\sense_s lado de la pierna (de un animal); lado de la cadera (de una persona)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:wets noburroh wan o:xixipe:w ipan itemolo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My burro fell and got scraped on the side of its leg.
\phrase_s Se cayómi burro y se raspópor el lado de su pierna.
\sense_e knee
\sense_s rodilla
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\root temolo
\qry Etymology uncertain. Given this, the orthography and pronunciation should also be checked. In one file card I translate this as 'hip bone.' Check.
\vl Link 1st male token.
\semref ma:temolo; tsi:ntemolo
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05400
\lxam tlachipa:hka:n
\lxam_c tlachipa:hka:n
\lxoa tlachipa:hka:n
\lxoa_c tlachipa:hka:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla-ka:n
\infn N1(N2-tla)
\sense_e place that is clean and uncluttered; place that is well-swept
\sense_s lugar limpio y sin cosas tiradas; lugar bien barrido
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlachipa:hka:n mokia:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your yard is clean and well-swept.
\phrase_s Tu patio estálimpio y bien barrido.
\root chipa:
\nse Tlachipa:hka:n is used to refer to a place (usually the ground or floor space) that is clean, uncluttered, and well swept.
\qry Get antonym.
\ref 05401
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xtemechiwi
\lxoa_c i:xtemechiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become blind (a blindness caused by sth internal, e.g, at the retina or nerve, and not by any specific problem with the eyeball itself)
\sense_s ponerse ciego (una cegadura causada por algo interno, p. ej., en la retina o nervio, y no por un problema específico del ojo mismo)
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root te
\root mech
\nse Note that i:xte:mechiwi refers to a blindness that does not involve the loss of the eye; the eye looks good from the outside but the person cannot see.
I:xte:mpa:cheka:tirefers to sight loss when the eye itself shrivels up and is diseased. According to Florencia Marcelino i:xtemechiwi is used when
pa:ti mi:xtewa:n, 'your eyes"melt."' Cristino Flores (Am) did not know this word but said he had heard i:xteme:tsiwi , though he was unfamiliar with its
meaning.
\qry Check length of Oapan form in recording. In the workshop a long vowel form was given /i:xte:mechiwi/, but this might have been the result of reduplication.
\semref i:xte:mpa:chaka:ti
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xte:mpa:chika:ti
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref siego:ti
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 05402
\lxam kone:tlasotla
\lxam_c nokone:tlasotla
\lxoa kone:tlásotlá
\lxoa_pr kone:tlasotla
\lxoa_c nokone:tlásotlá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ti/tla
\trans +Refl/-trans; ~Intrans
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (relf.) to love ones child (e.g., a mother of her children, or an animal that defends its young and gets angry when sb approaches)
\sense_s (refl.) amar su niño (p. ej., una mamáo una vaca, marrana, etc. que defiende su cría cuando algn se le acerque)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nimokone:tlasotlaya, o:nicho:kak kwa:k o:mik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I loved my child, I cried when he died.
\phrase_s Amaba a mi niño, llorécuando se murió.
\sense_e (refl.) to have difficulty in conceiving a child
\sense_s (refl.) tener dificultad en concebir
\sense_d Oa
\root kone:
\root tlasoh
\qry Check to determine if indeed only used in reflexive, and if the form /kone:tlasoti/ does not indeed exist.
\qry_fon Note: Oapan phonology: note that the form /nokone:tlásotlá/ seems to be preferred. If I remember, IJ and FM accepted /nokoné:tlasótla/ but did not pronounce it (at least
not on the recording). It was much easier to get the alternation /kítlasótla/ and /kitlásotlá/. This suggests that with compound forms there is a tendency to preserve to the
greatest degree possible boundaries between inputs.
\grm Oapan phonology: note that the form /nokone:tlásotlá/ seems to be preferred. If I remember, IJ and FM accepted /nokoné:tlasótla/ but did not pronounce it (at least not on
the recording). It was much easier to get the alternation /kítlasótla/ and /kitlásotlá/. This suggests that with compound forms there is a tendency to preserve to the greatest
degree possible boundaries between inputs.
\ref 05403
\lxam tlimo:hli
\lxam_c tlimo:hli
\lxoa tlimo:hli
\lxoa_c tlimo:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of mole that is served with pig meat or chicken
\sense_s tipo de mole hecho con carne de puerco o pollo
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food
\ency_note mo:hli
\root tli
\root mo:l
\ref 05404
\lxam itsmoli:ni
\lxam_c itsmoli:ni
\lxoa itsmoli:ni
\lxoa_c itsmoli:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for the tip of a bush or tree to send off a young shoot; to become green (a tree as it starts to send off shoots during the early rainy season); to burgeon
\sense_s brotar la puntita de un arbusto oárbol; reverdecer; retoñar
\sense_d Pending
\root tsmoli:
\nse The word itsmoli:ni is used to refer to the emergence of shoots on branches of trees and bushes. But it is not used to refer to the sprouting of seeds planted in the
ground, for which ixwais employed.
\qry Check for possible transitive form /itsmoli:nia/ or /itsmoli:naltia/??? Classical seems to have the latter; cf. entry under /tlatsmoli:nahlo/.
\ref 05405
\lxam to:toltetl
\lxam_c to:toltetl
\lxoa to:toltetl
\lxoa_c to:toltetl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e egg (of any animal including all birds and other animals such as snakes and lizards)
\sense_s huevo (de cualquier animal incluyendo todas las aves y otros animales como reptiles y culebras)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (fig.) eggs of a human female
\sense_s (fig.) huevos de una mujer
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tlan to:toltemeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She can no longer get pregant (i.e., she is past menopause; lit. 'the eggs have been used up')
\phrase_s Ya no puede concebir (esto es, ya pasóla edad de menopausia; lit. 'se acabaron los huevos')
\root to:tol
\root te
\nse The phrase o:tlan to:toltemeh was apparently uttered in jest, though fully understood by all present. Various consultants did mention or accept that women do also
have their 'eggs.'
\semref xa:ltetl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05406
\lxam ko:lah
\lxam_c ko:lah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan cola
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e (kipia ~) to have diarrhea
\sense_s (kipia ~) tener diarrea
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia ko:lah, kwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has diarrhea, he is sick.
\phrase_s Tiene diarrea, estáenfermo.
\qry Check to see if same idiomatic expression exists in Spanish.
\semref tlano:ki:hli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05407
\lxam toto:nki
\lxam_c toto:nki
\lxoa toto:nki
\lxoa_c toto:nki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\sense_e hot (in terms of physical temperature, such as a stove, coal, food, etc.)
\sense_s caliente (en cuanto a temperatura, como una estufa, brasa, comida, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nihkwa:s toto:nki tlaxkahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll eat hot tortillas.
\phrase_s Voy a comer tortillas calientes.
\sense_e hot air; heat
\sense_s aire caliente; lo caluroso o caliente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:cha:lwi:tektok toto:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p DT#8: 363
\phrase_e Hot air is striking against us.
\phrase_s Nos estáviniendo a pegar aire caliente.
\sense_e bright (e.g., a light bulb)
\sense_s candente; brillante (p. ej., un foco)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e hot; sexually active with a lot of lovers or desiring a lot of lovers (either a man or woman)
\sense_s sexualmente activo, con muchas amantes o deseoso de muchas amantes (o un hombre o mujer)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e hot (foods, in terms of the hot/cold division)
\sense_s caliente (cosas comestibles en cuanto a la división entre lo caliente y lo frío)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld medicine
\ency_note hot/cold
\root to:n
\nse Although I do not have notes on which foods are hot and which are cold, my documentation does have some preliminary information. The following are toto:nki :
yepakihli , meló:n , michin , meská:l , pioka:ldoh , and wa:kaxka:ldoh (among many
other foods). One result of eating these foods is that you will get thirsty and want to drink a lot of water. The adjectival toto:nki is part of a paradigm that includes the
intransitive verb toto:nia , but which lacks the transitive form * toto:nilia. Rather, the toto:nilia of this lexicon is an applicative of the
transitive toto:nia ; see respective entries.
\qry Much additional work needs to be done on this subject.
\ref 05408
\lxam tamalko:ntli
\lxam_c tamalko:ntli
\lxoa tamalko:ntli
\lxoa_c tamalko:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(m)
\sense_e large ceramic pot used for making tamals
\sense_s olla grande de barro para hacer tamales
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tool
\root tamal
\root ko:m
\ref 05409
\lxam tlamaxakape:lowa
\lxam_c tlamaxakape:lowa
\lxoa tlamaxikipe:lowa
\lxoa_c tlamaxikipe:lowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to put oneself in a straddling position; to be astride
\sense_s sentarse o estar a horcajadas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nitlamaxakape:lotia:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to go along with my legs in a straddling position (e.g., on an animal being ridden)
\phrase_s Voy a ir a horcajadas (p. ej., sobre un animal como mula o burro).
\phrase_n Titlamaxakape:lotos -=titlamaxakawitos- para ma:ka tiwa:lwetsis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will in a straddling position so as not to fall off.
\phrase_s Vas a estar sentado a horcajadas para que no te caigas al suelo.
\root maxa
\root pe:l
\root_rel -ko
\nae The etymology of both Ameyaltepec tlamaxakape:lowa and Oapan tlamaxikipe:lowa is not entirely clear, although both obviously include the roots
maxaand pe:l. The third /a/ in /maxaka-/ is not immediately identifiable, but it seems to also appear in the synonymous
tlamaxakawia. Oapan tlamaxaka:na is more transparent (including the locative noun stem maxak) but tlamaxikipe:lowa is
unclear. Perhaps the sequence of two /i/s is simply the result of vowel raising and does not reflect any underlying difference from the Ameyaltepec form.
\qry Note that the object of /maxakapelo:wa/ is not clear, when (and if) it has (or can have) a specific object. The only form I have cited is that of /tlamaxakape:lowa/. Also, determine
the difference, if there is one (and if there is it might be in the nature of the object) between /maxakape:lowa/ and /maxakawia/. In one note I have mentioned /maxakape:lo:tia/ as a
word, but I had no entry for this. Check to see if it does indeed exist and, if so, its meaning.
\qry The reason or motivation for /a/ after /k/ is not certain, check length.
\semref maxakawia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tlamaxaka:na
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05410
\lxam no:liwi
\lxam_c no:liwi
\lxoa no:liwi
\lxoa_c no:liwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become bent, curved, wavy, or crooked (sth long and pliable such as a branch of a tree, a soft piece of wood, a soft metal bar, a wire, a candle, a switch, a line or row of
things, etc.)
\sense_s encorvarse; doblarse; torcerse (algo largo y flexible como la rama de unárbol, un pedazo de madera suave, una vara de metal maleable o de madera, un alambre, una vela,
una fila o línea de objetos, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wel no:liwi, yema:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It can be bent, it is soft.
\phrase_s Se puede encorvar, es suave.
\phrase_n O:no:no:liw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It bent in several places (e.g. a stick or rod that becomes wavy over time).
\phrase_s Se enchuecóen varios lugares (p. ej., una vara que por el tiempo queda algo ondulada)
\root no:l
\nse No:liwi and derived words apparently refer to the crookedness of things like an old knarled piece of wood, i.e., sort of wavy and crooked. It also is used often to
refer to the bending that occurs with things that are long and pliable, not stiff, like thick wires for sandals, a wax candle, a switch or long stick, or even a beam of soft wood.
\semref chikino:liwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05411
\lxam ikxitemotso:lowa
\lxam_c nokxitemotso:lowa
\lxoa ixitemotso:lowa
\lxoa_c noxitemotso:lowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) to draw ones legs up close to the body
\sense_s (refl.) encogerse las piernas cerca del cuerpo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmokxitemotso:lo!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Draw your legs up and into your body (e.g. a person sitting or lying down)!
\phrase_s ¡Encógete las piernas hacia el cuerpo (p. ej., una persona sentada o acostada)!
\phrase_n Sa: nokxitemotsolotok, kwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's just has his legs drawn up tight to his body, he's sick.
\phrase_s Estánomás con las piernas encogidas hacia el cuerpo, estáenfermo.
\root kxi
\root temo
\root tso:l
\qry Check for intransitive form. Determine whether the reflexive stative /nokxitemotso:lotok/ should be given a separate entry. Determine whether /ikxitemotso:liwi/ exists, or only the
stative.
\qry Determine the difference between the transitive and intransitive. Determine whether the transitive can be used in a nonreflexive form. Add a discussion between /ikxitemotso:liwtok/
and /mokxitemotso:lotok/ to the grammar.
\qry_h Check for absence of /h/ and cf. to Oapan entry for /'motso:lowa/.
\ref 05412
\lxam tejo:meh de montone:ros
\lxam_c tejo:meh de montone:ros
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan tejón; montón
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e word applied to tejo:meh when they are found in large groups, e.g., upwards of one hundred
\sense_s palabra aplicada a los tejones cuando se encuentran en grandes grupos, a veces arriba de cien
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tejo:meh pero de montone:ros pa:mpa de milá:k miakeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are tejo:meh but called montone:ros because there are a real lot of them.
\phrase_s Son tejones pero de montoneros porque de veras hay muchos (esto es,"un montón").
\semfld animal
\semfld mammal
\nse For a discussion of the social habits of this animal, see tejo:n.
\ref 05413
\lxam kuwxio:tl chi:chi:ltik
\lxam_c kuwxio:tl chi:chi:ltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e Pseudosmodingium perniciosum(Kunth) Engl., type of cuajiote tree of the Anacardiaceae family
\sense_s Pseudosmodingium perniciosum(Kunth) Engl., tipo de cuajiote de la familia Anacardiaceaetype of cuajiote tree
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\ency_note kohxio:tl
\root kow
\root xi
\root pa:lo:
\root chi:l
\root kow
\root xi
\root chi:l
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1988) mentions the cuajiote colorado, which may well be the plant here in question. Of it:"(Bursera spp., e.g., B. excelsa, B. simaruba, B.
bipinnata) 'copal tree,' bursera,' 'gumbo-limbo.' See copal."And under copal, she mentions:"(Bursera spp., e.g., B. excelsa, B. Simaruba, B.
bipinnata) 'copal tree,' bursera,' 'gumbo-limbo.' Tree has a red bark and edible fruit. Incense from the dried sap is used in religious activities. Branches are used for
fence posts since plantings will sprout. Also called cuajiote colorado, indio desnudo, jiote, mulato, palo mulato, papelillo, torote Guizar and Sánchez (1991) have a long list
of Burseraincluding Bursera longipes, which is known as cuajiote rojo and is perhaps the tree called kuhxio:tl chi:chi:ltik.
See entry under kuhxio:tl.
\semref kuwxio:pa:pa:lo:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kohxio:pa:pa:lo:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05414
\lxam tsokwe:liwi
\lxam_c tsokwe:liwi
\lxoa tsokwe:liwi
\lxoa_c tsokwe:liwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl (Oa)
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get slightly curved (sth lineal such as furrows in a field, etc.); to get slightly curled (e.g., eyelashes)
\sense_s encorvarse ligeramente; llegar a tener una curva ligera (algo delgado y largo como surcos, etc.); enrizarse ligeramente; quedar ligeramente rizado (p. ej., pestañas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tsokwe:liw mosurkoh, o:mitsma:tla:n kwahli, xok mela:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your furrow came out slightly crooked, (the plow) really got out of your control, (the furrow) is not straight anymore.
\phrase_s El surco se te salióun poquito chueco, (el arado) te ganóbien, (el surco) ya no estáderecho.
\phrase_n Notla:lilian para ma tsotsokwe:liwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They put it on themselves (in this case makeup on eyelashes) so that they (the eyelashes) curl up at the end.
\phrase_s Se lo ponen (en este caso maquillaje a las pestañas) para que se rizen (las pestañas).
\root tsokwe:l
\qry Determine a transitive form, and all possible subjects of the intransitive and adjectival predicates.
\vl Link 2nd male token.
\ref 05415
\lxam kwahkoyolin
\lxam_c kwahkoyolin
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\sense_e Trichilia hirtaL., tree of the Meliaceae family
\sense_s Trichilia hirtaL.,árbol de la familia Meliaceae
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwahkoyolin : Tiktla:li:s ikakawayo itik a:tl, tikoni:s deke mitskukwa moyo:li:xko. Tipatis
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Costa Rodríguez
\phrase_e Kwahkoyolin : You place its bark in water, you drink it if your lower chest (solar plexus) hurts you. You will get better.
\phrase_s Kwahkoyolin : Pones su cáscara en agua, te lo tomas si te duele el pecho (el plexo solar). Te vas a aliviar.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\semfld -pl-md
\root kwah
\root koyol
\qry Check etymology of /koyolin/. According to JoséSantos, the name of this tree is Spanish is 'cola de coyote.' However, I have not found this listed anywhere.
\semref koyolin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05416
\lxam kopalchi:noh
\lxam_c kopalchi:noh
\lxoa kopalchi:noh
\lxoa_alt kopalkohchi:noh
\lxoa_cpend kopalchi:noh
\lxgen kopalchi:noh
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) chino
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\sense_e Bursera xochipalensisRzedowski, tree that is a member of the Burseraceae family
\sense_s Bursera xochipalensisRzedowski,árbol que es miembro de la familia Burseraceae
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\ency_note kopalkuhtli
\root kopal
\nse In absence of cow dung this tree may be used to fire ceramics. Emidio Rosendo mentioned that at times the wood from this tree may be used to make trays (bateas) as
well as the tori:tos that are danced around on the fiesta of San Lucas. It may also be used to fire ceramics in the absence of cow dung. Also, although the
kuwxio:tl is commonly used to make kwexomameh , according to Emigdio Rosendo kopalchi:noh may also be used.
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) does not list this tree. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) list two trees named in Spanish copal chino, both of the Burseraceaefamily. The first
(p. 131) is the Bursera bipinnatacalled in Spanish either copal chino or copal santo. The second (p. 132) is the Bursera
copalliferacalled in Spanish either copal, copal chino, chichiacle, ticomaca,or copalillo.
\ref 05417
\lxam sentetsi:n
\lxam_c sentetsi:n
\lxoa séntetsí:n
\lxoa_c séntetsí:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Num
\der Adj-num
\pitch yes
\sense_e see sentetl
\sense_s véase sentetl
\sense_d Pending
\nae The reason for the pitch accent in Oapan séntetsí:n is not clear. However, all such forms (e.g., ó:ntetsí:n) manifest the same pattern. This suggests that
despite the fact that sentetl has no underlying {h}, séntetsí:n might in fact represent {sentehtsi:n}. This should be checked with neighboring dialects.
\qry_h sentetsi:n
\ref 05418
\lxam tlanekwilwia
\lxam_c kitlanekwilwia
\lxoa tlanekwilwia
\lxoa_f [tla ne kwil 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kitlanekwilwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to turn aside or to make turn (e.g., an animal by using its reins, a plow by pushing on the beam, etc., particularly to avoid sth in a path)
\sense_s desviar; hacer ir a un lado (p. ej., un animal al jalar por las riendas, un arado al empujar el timón, etc., particularmente para esquivar algo en el camino)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlanekwilwi, ma:ka ipan titlachocholo:lti:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Turn it aside (in this case a horse being ridden), don't run over anything.
\phrase_s Guíalo hacia un lado (en este caso un caballo montado), no vayas a pisar algo.
\phrase_n Xtsonakate:ka moara:doh! Xtlanekwilwi, ma:ka kasis un kuwtsontetl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tilt your plowshare over to the side! Make it (the plow) move around it so that it doesn't hit that stump!
\phrase_s ¡Empuja la reja de tu arado a un lado!¡Desvíalo para que no le pegue a ese tocón!
\root nekwil
\nse The general meaning of tlanekwilwia seems to be to make something go slightly out of its path (giving the path a crooked bend, repeating a pattern or shape indicated
by the root nekwiliwi) and then allowing it to continue on its way. All the documented uses of this word indicate an action to avoid hitting a particular object that is
located in the path of something.
\nae Apparently tlanekwilwia is an applicative of nekwilowa , with vowel loss and metathesis as described in Canger (1980). The applicative increases the
valence to three, it is then reduced through the nonspecific object marker tla-, resulting in a simple transitive. The verb refers to the action of turning an animal, or even a
person, aside, particularly as it occurs with the use of reins on an animal being ridden.
\qry Check the form and phrase /ma:ka ipan titlachocholo:lti:s/. /cholo:ltia/ is a transitive, and the valency is apparently marked by the nonspecific object /tla-/. This leaves the question as
to what /ipan/ refers to. Is it what is being stepped on?
\ref 05419
\lxam tla:lmi:milowa
\lxam_c kitla:lmi:milowa
\lxoa tla:lmí:milówa
\lxoa_pr tla:lmí:milowa
\lxoa_c kitla:lmí:milówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\lexical Lex. rdp-s(vowel-CV)
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to roll (sth) around on the ground
\sense_s revolcar (algo) por el suelo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:notla:lmimiloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He rolled around back and forth on the ground.
\phrase_s Se revolcópor el suelo, de un lado a otro.
\root tla:l
\root mil
\nse This verb has only been documented in the form with a reduplicated verbal root. This is undoubtedly related to its meaning, which is to roll (sb or sth) back and forth along the
ground.
\nae The phonology and underlying form of the Oapan entry kitla:lmí:milówa is apparently based on a pitch accented reduplication of the already"reduplicated"form (or
underlying form) tla:lmimilowa. It appears that the second syllable is a long, high-pitched vowel as occurs in words such as pé:petláka, which is a
reduplicated form of the frequentative pepetlaka. In general Oapan Nahuatl lengthens and gives a high pitch to short vowels that represent in effect secondary
reduplication of what is already a lexicalized reduplicant (as occurs with frequentatives such as pepetlaka). This would seem to be the case with
tla:lmí:milówa, which would therefore represent the reduplicated form (short vowel reduplication with coda {h}) of tla:lmimilowa, which itself does not
appear to occur). The meaning would be something like 'to roll around here and there on the ground.' Further research needs to be done on this form a nd any potential con trast wi
th ? tla:lmimilowa.
\qry Check for both unreduplicated and short vowel reduplicated form. Apparently given the nature of this verb, unreduplicated forms are not found. Check and cf. to /miliwi/ and
/milowa/. Recheck Ameyaltepec reduplication pattern. I originally recorded this with a long vowel, but the Oapan form is clearly short with pitch accent.
\grmx The phonology and underlying form of the Oapan entry kitla:lmí:milówa is apparently based on a pitch accented reduplication of the
already"reduplicated"form (or underlying form) tla:lmimilowa. It appears that the second syllable is a long, high-pitched vowel as occurs in words such as
pé:petláka, which is a reduplicated form of the frequentative pepetlaka. In general Oapan Nahuatl lengthens and gives a high pitch to short
vowels that represent in effect secondary reduplication of what is already a lexicalized reduplicant (as occurs with frequentatives such as pepetlaka). This
would seem to be the case with tla:lmí:milówa, which would therefore represent the reduplicated form (short vowel reduplication with coda {h}) of
tla:lmimilowa, which itself does not appear to occur). The meaning would be something like 'to roll around here and there on the ground.' Further research
needs to be done on this form a nd any potential con trast wi th ? tla:lmimilowa.
\qry_h Check /tla:lmimilowa/, /tla:lmihmimilowa/, etc.
\semref milowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05420
\lxam tlayewalo:listli
\lxam_c tlayewalo:listli
\lxoa tlayewalo:listli
\lxoa_c tlayewalo:listli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(l)
\sense_e religious procession (generally one that circles around the church or village, eventually coming back to the point of departure)
\sense_s procesión religiosa (generalmente una que da vueltas alrededor de algo como la iglesia o el pueblo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:pan dieciseis no: u:nkah tlayewalo:listli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e On the sixteenth there is also a religious procession.
\phrase_s El dieciseis también hay una procesión religiosa.
\phrase_n Ye ki:sa tlayewalo:listli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The religious procession is about to emerge (from a church with one or several saints).
\phrase_s La procesión religiosa estápor salir (de la iglesia con uno o varios santos).
\root yewal
\ref 05421
\lxam tekanaktli
\lxam_c tekanaktli
\lxoa tekanahtli
\lxoa_cpend @tekanahtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-wi?
\sense_e stone that is thin and flat
\sense_s piedra que es delgada y plana
\sense_d Oa
\root te
\root kana:
\ref 05422
\lxam ititia
\lxam_c ne:chichitia, mitsitsitia, kititia
\lxoa ititia
\lxoa_c kititia
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv Irregular in Ameyaltepec: ne:chichitia , mitsitsitia , kititia , te:chichitia , me:chichitia ,
kimititia
\infv class-2a (Oa)
\sense_e to show (sth) to; to demonstrate (sth) to; to teach (e.g., sb how to do sth in particular)
\sense_s enseñarle (algo) a; mostrarle (algo) a; enseñar (algo) a (p.ej., como hacer alguna cosa en particular)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timistlaititi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will show you (teach you) something.
\phrase_s Te voy a mostrar (enseñar) algo.
\root ta
\nae In Ameyaltepec at least (Oapan Nahuatl still needs to be checked in this regard) the first consonant of ititia changes to the fricative of the object prefix:
ne:chichitia , mitsitsitia , kititia , etc.
\xref ita
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05423
\lxam sowa
\lxam_c kisowa
\lxoa sowa
\lxoa_c kisowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3b(ow)
\sense_e to lay, hang out, or spread out (e.g., clothes spread on a bush or the ground to dry)
\sense_s tender; colgar; desplegar (p. ej., ropa extendida sobre un arbusto o la tierra para secar)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl.-anticaus.) to get spread out along the ground (e.g., certain plants that grow close to the earth)
\sense_s (refl.-anticaus.) extenderse por el suelo (p. ej., ciertas plantas que crecen pegadas a la tierra)
\sense_d Pending
\root so:wa
\qry Determine full usage of this verb, and other possible objects; cf. case of using it to hang sacks on a donkey under the applicative /sowilia/. Check meaning of reflexive as in text
under /xiwtema:tlatl/.
\xref sowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05424
\lxam pi:pilo:hli
\lxam_c pi:pilo:hli
\lxoa pi:pilo:hli
\lxoa_c pi:pilo:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical rdp-s-
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e earings
\sense_s aretes
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e small flaps of skin that hang down from the throats of certain animals (e.g., goats and pigs)
\sense_s aretes, los pequeños pedazos de piel que se cuelgan de las gargantas de algunos animales (p. ej., chivos y marranos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n ipi:pilo:l pitso
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e the smal pieces of skin that hang down from the throats of (some) pigs
\phrase_s los aretes de marrano
\root pilo:l
\nae The length of the first vowel is not entirely certain. To date the Oapan data has been analyzed as the ratios of the first to second /i/ are the following: 87:61 and 85:60 (Florencia
Marcelino); 79:33 and 83:49 (Inocencio Jiménez). Although the absolute duration of the first /i/ for both these speakers is well within the range of a short vowel, the contrast
between the first and second vowels suggests a longer initial vowel. If this is the defining feature then tokens such as the pronunciations of Inocencio Jiménez, where the first vowel is
79 and 83 ms, show that phonological length may vary significantly in regard to duration. For now the length has been written down as long.
\qry_fon Check Am vowel length. I have this as a long vowel with the note that it should be checked. Oa seems long, though this is not entirely clear.
\root_notes The possibility that pipilo:hli , and thus the root pilo:l , is derived from underlying {pil} should be commented on in the entries for both
pilo:l and pil.
\ref 05425
\lxam kopi:nilia
\lxam_c kikopi:nilia
\lxoa kopi:nilia
\lxoa_c kikopi:nilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to pull off from (e.g., pulling a bandaid off sb, or detaching a poster from a wall, etc.); to pull out of or from (e.g., a rod from a bed)
\sense_s desprenderle a (e.g., desprendiendo una curita de algn, o quitando un cartel de una pared); sacar de (p.ej., una varita de una cama)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chkopi:nili ni:xte:nka:la:w! Mláni:xte:nkekexkia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Put out my eyelashes that itch for me! My eyes really itch.
\phrase_s ¡Arráncame las pestañas que me escocen! tengo comezón en los ojos.
\phrase_n Xkopi:nili ite:ntsahka molapise:roh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pull the top off your pen (so that you can write)!
\phrase_s ¡Quítale la tapadera a tu pluma (para que puedas escribir).
\root kopi:
\nse Reduplicated and with the nonspecific object tla-, the resultant verb form refers to pulling out several things from something, e.g., plugs and cables from a machine.
\qry Note that I originally had /tlatekokopi:nilia/ as a xref. /tlatekokopi:nilia/ to determine nature of /te/ prefix, i.e. if it is an optional intensifier. Also check to determine whether
reduplication is necessary in this sense meaning.
\grm Note antipassive: /Mistlatekokopi:nili:s ika mokuhia:yo/ 'She will make you come (with her hand)'
\xref kopi:na
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05426
\lxam tsi:nkamaktli
\lxam_c tsi:nkamaktli
\lxoa tsi:nkamahtli
\lxoa_c tsi:nkamahtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loc-2-k(o)
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e the crack in ones buttocks
\sense_s el espacio entre los dos lados de las nalgas
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root tsi:n
\root kama
\ref 05427
\lxam to:nalisiwistli
\lxam_c to:nalisiwistli
\lxoa to:nálisiwístli
\lxoa_c to:nálisiwístli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-is
\infn Stem 1(s)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e heat rash (particularly affecting the abdomen, neck, and similar parts of the body)
\sense_s sarpullido causado por el calor (que afecta particularmente el abdomen, cuello y partes similares del cuerpo)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld disease
\root to:na
\root hsi
\nse The rash referred to by to:nalisiwistli (Am) is made up of very small pimples that often form on the abdomen and neck. They are fine and red, and the actual pimples
(granitos) are almost imperceptible and surrounded by a red area.
\nae The etymology of to:nalisiwistli seems to parallel that of another skin condition, mihka:siwi , in that the second element is derived from the root
{hsiwi}. The plural use of this nominalization (to:nalisiwisteh (Am) / to:nálisiwístih (Oa)) is more common than the singular.
\qry Get all types of skin diseases (cf. furúnculo), tlaxwistli, mihkasiwi, etc.
\ref 05428
\lxam kwa:kuwachi:toh
\lxam_c kwa:kuwachi:toh
\lxoa kwa:kohka:choh
\lxoa_c kwa:kohka:choh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) gacho
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-loan
\sense_e to have (an animal, usually cattle) horns that point forward and down
\sense_s tener (un animal, generalmente ganado) cuernos que apuntan hacia adelante y abajo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwa:kuwachi:toh, tsompilkatok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Its horns are pointed forward and down, they go downward.
\phrase_s Sus cuernos van hacia adelante y abajo, caen hacia abajo.
\ency_note kwa:kohtli
\root kwa:
\root kow
\qry Check to see if reduplication is possible, i.e., /kwa:kuhaachi:toh/? In the other two types of horns I have rcorded reduplication: /kwa:kuhtetekestik/ and /kwa:kuhteteko:ntik/.
\mod Cf. illustration on back of original 3x5 card. Add an /ono, like that for eyes, with the different types of horns. Illustrate.
\grm Orthography: Perhaps have a rule that /h/ is always syllable final. Thus /kwa:kohachi:toh/ would have to be divided /kwa:koh achi:toh/ and not ?/kwa:ko hachi:toh/.
\ref 05429
\lxam chi:lkwe:chowa
\lxam_c chi:lkwe:chowa
\lxoa chi:lkwe:chowa
\lxoa_c chi:lkwe:chowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to grind chile (in a mortar and pestle, on a metate)
\sense_s moler chile (en molcajete o sobre un metate)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kima:to:ne:wa, xwel chi:lkwe:chowa, noso kaxa:nki itla:kayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It makes her hands burn, she can't grind chile, or perhaps her body is not tough.
\phrase_s Le arden las manos, no puede moler chile, o tal vez su cuerpo es flojo.
\root chi:l
\root kwe:ch
\ref 05430
\lxam tla:ltech
\lxam_c tla:ltech
\lxoa tla:ltech
\lxoa_c tla:ltech
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm Loc
\pss Adj
\der N-loc-2
\sense_e to be located close to the ground (e.g., sth hanging in the air, sth set on the ground but raised, such as a table top, etc.)
\sense_s estar ubicado cerca del suelo o piso (p. ej., algo colgado en el aire, algo puesto o de una forma descansando sobre la tierra como la superficie de una mesa, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ti:roh tla:ltech mome:sah, xkwahli o:ke:kchi:hkeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your table is really low lying, they didn't make it well.
\phrase_s Tu mesa estámuy bajito, no la hicieron bien.
\sense_e to be low (a fence, wall, etc.)
\sense_s estar bajo (una cerca, pared, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwepanili, ti:roh tla:ltech motepa:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make it higher, your wall is really low!
\phrase_s ¡Hazlo más alto, tu pared estámuy bajo!
\sense_e (fig.) low (a tone of sth like speech, music, etc.)
\sense_s (fig.) bajo (un tono de algo como habla, música, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tla:ltech to:noh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tone is low.
\phrase_s El tono estábajo.
\root tla:l
\root_rel -tech
\nse Altlhough I have on rare occasions heard this word used to indicate shortness of stature (e.g., of an animal), this seems to be a nonstandard usage. It has been documented only in
Ameyaltepec.
\qry Determine opposite/antonym, e.g., of 'low tone,' etc. Determine best way to characterize the part of speech of terms like this.
\ref 05431
\lxam tsitsikwika
\lxam_c tsitsikwika
\lxoa tsitsikwika
\lxoa_c tsitsikwika
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to bounce and spring up and down; to jump around a lot
\sense_s saltar y brincar arriba y abajo; saltar mucho y muy rápido
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with tla- + ika [noun]) to be full of [noun]; to be jumping with [noun]
\sense_s (con tla- + ika [sustantivo]) estar brincando con; haber una abundancia de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sa: tlatsitsikwikatok ika michin. Miák. Sa: kanaktsi:n a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The place is jumping all over with fish (e.g., a pond or small section of a river). There are a lot of them. The water has been left very shallow.
\phrase_s Por todos lados los peces están brincando. Hay muchos. El agua se quedómuy poca profunda.
\phrase_n Sa: tlatsitsikwika ika ikone:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The place is jumping with her children (i.e., 'she has a lot of children').
\phrase_s El lugar estálleno con sus niños (esto es, 'ella tiene muchos niños').
\phrase_n Sa: tlatsitsikwikatok ika chapolin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The place is crawling with grasshoppers.
\phrase_s El lugar hervía de chapulines.
\root tsikwi:
\qry Impersonal passive; oblique: Note that although it is commonly stated that passive agents cannot be expressed in Nahuatl, little discussion has been given to the impersonal passive
(subjectless) and the expression of subject. The question is how to consider obliques with impersonal (subjectless) phrases. Note: /Sa: tlatsitsikwikatok ika michin. Miák. Sa:
kanaktsi:n a:tl/ 'The place is jumping all over with fish (e.g., a pond or small section of a river). There are a lot of them. The water has been left very shallow.' and 'San tlatsitsikwika
ika ikone:wan.'The place is jumping with her children (i.e., 'she has a lot of children').' One may question whether this is an oblique expression of subject in an impersonal passive; I
believe that although there is much literature on the passive of transitives and the expression (or non-expression) of agents in oblique clauses, there is little comparative work on
passives of intransitives (i.e., the impersonal passive). It will be necessary t o ch e ck on this possibility. The first would be with unaccusatives, as in /tlatsitsikwika ika [noun]/, and
the second would be with unergatives (e.g., /mikilo ika [noun]/). Check!
\grm Impersonal passive; oblique: Note that although it is commonly stated that passive agents cannot be expressed in Nahuatl, little discussion has been given to the impersonal
passive (subjectless) and the expression of subject. The question is how to consider obliques with impersonal (subjectless) phrases. Note: /Sa: tlatsitsikwikatok ika michin.
Miák. Sa: kanaktsi:n a:tl/ 'The place is jumping all over with fish (e.g., a pond or small section of a river). There are a lot of them. The water has been left very shallow.'
and 'San tlatsitsikwika ika ikone:wan.'The place is jumping with her children (i.e., 'she has a lot of children').' One may question whether this is an oblique expression of
subject in an impersonal passive; I believe that although there is much literature on the passive of transitives and the expression (or non-expression) of agents in oblique
clauses, there is little comparative work on passives of intransitives (i.e., the impersonal passive). It will be necessary t o ch e ck on this possibility. The first would be with
unaccusatives, as in /tlatsitsikwika ika [noun]/, and the second would be with unergatives (e.g., /mikilo ika [noun]/). Check!
\xref tsikwi:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05432
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was previously for Oapan /pró:wetiá/ with an alternate pronunciation of /poró:wetiá/; it also had Am /plo:wetia/. This was a duplicate entry that only differed from another
with alternate pronunciations. They have now been combined in one.
\vl The first female token /pró:wetsí:n/ should be tagged with #472, of which it is the diminutive. The following for speech tokens were should be tagged as alternates for
02375. Note that the second male token in 5432 is more clearly /porowetia/ and it should be linked.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 05433
\lxam ilwia
\lxam_c kilwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (ritual) to tell (sth) to
\sense_s (ritual) decirle (algo) a
\sense_d Am
\semfld ritual
\fl te:ilwia
\root lwi
\nse Ilwia has been encountered in Ameyaltepec only in certain ritualized speech, such as bride petitions and carnival songs. Nevertheless, the form with the null
complement tla- is common to both the Ameyaltepec (tlalwia) and Oapan (tlalwiya) subdialects.
\xref tlalwia
\xref_t val_reduce2
\xref_d Am
\ref 05434
\lxam yeyekano:chilia
\lxam_c kiyeyekano:chilia
\lxoa yéye:kano:chília
\lxoa_pr yeye:kano:chilia
\lxoa_c kí:ye:kano:chília; kiíye:kano:chília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e to invoke the yéye:kámeh(Oa) against
\sense_s invocar los yéye:kámeh(Oa) en contra de
\sense_d Oa
\semfld ritual
\semfld soul-loss
\fla te:yekanono:chilike:tl
\root e:ka
\root no:tsa
\nse Apparently this applicative is a malefactive in the sense that the primary object has the aires invoked against, not for, him or her. However, this should be rechecked.
\qry Valency; /tla-/: Note /O:ne:chyekatlanono:chilikeh, o:kite:ne:wkeh chikna:wtipan cha:nekeh para nikwalo:s./ 'They invoked the yeyekameh against me, they named (in
a prayer) the residents of chikna:wtipan so that I would get ill.' Note here that this is syntactically a divalent verb: S and O/PO. However, the base verb is trivalent.
This suggests that perhaps /no:chilia/ is decreased in valency by /tla-/ and that /yeka/ is an oblique. But this is problematical since it is indeed the 'aires' who are invoked. This should
be checked.
\vl The first female token is /kiíye:kano:chília/ and the second is /kí:ye:kano:chília/ (on the first the double /i/ is distinguishable). Link the second female token
/kí:ye:kano:chília/ to the lexicon. This will be the first speech token in the sequence. There then follows a mispronounced female token (the 3rd) which should not be tagged
at all. Finally, there are 4 tokens (2 female and 2 male) for /kiyéye:kano:chília/. These should be tagged and 2 selected, one female and one male, for final concatenation.
Thus the final sound file should comprise 3 speech tokens, one female /kí:ye:kano:chília/ and then a female and male /kiyéye:kano:chília/.
\semref yeyekatlanono:chilia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 05435
\lxam machisti
\lxam_c machisti
\lxoa machisti
\lxoa_c machisti
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to become known (e.g., a particular event, usually through rumor or gossip)
\sense_s llegar a ser sabido (p. ej., un evento en particular, especialmente por rumor o chisme)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xo:machistik a:kino:n o:kimiktih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It didn't become known who killed her (in this case a woman killed on the plains around Ameyaltepec).
\phrase_s No se supo quien la mató(en este caso una mujer matada por el llano alrededor de Ameyaltepec).
\root mati
\ref 05436
\lxam istitl
\lxam_c istitl
\lxoa istitl
\lxoa_c istitl; i:sti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e nail (of a finger or toe, i.e., fingernail or toenail)
\sense_s uña de dedo (de la mano o pie)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e hoof
\sense_s pezuña
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Na:n ne:stok istitl, ka:n o:nowitih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A hoof print is visible here, where it passed through.
\phrase_s Aquíse ve el señal de una pata, por donde pasó.
\semfld body
\root sti
\qry_fon The sound file for this entry should provide a good example of minimal distinctions in the first vowel since the unpossessed has a short /i/ and the possessed a long /i:/.
\vl The first female token is /i:sti/. Then there is a sequence of 4 tokens of /istitl/ and then another sequence of 4 tokens of /i:sti/. The final sound file should be F istitl-M istitl-
F-i:sti M-i:sti.
\semref ixipilistitl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05437
\lxam kwe:tli
\lxam_c kwe:tli
\lxoa kwe:tli
\lxoa_c kwe:tli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e skirt
\sense_s falda
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (intrinsic possession: i:kwe:yo) part of an apron, the cloth that is sewn between i:mekayo yóya nosa:lowa and i:jola:nyo
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) parte de un delante, la tela que se pone entre i:mekayo yóya nosa:lowa and i:jola:nyo
\sense_d Oa
\semfld clothing
\ency_note tlake:ntli; kwe:tli
\root kwe:
\nse There are, at least in Ameyaltepec, the following types of skirts (kwe:tli): kwe:tli de tlachichikotektli , kwe:tli de i:tlakotia:n tlatektli ,
and kwe:tli de koto:ntok.
\nae The plural, seldom used, is kwe:meh (Am) / kwe:mih (Oa). The plural possessed is i:kwe:wan.
\mod Make sure there is an entry for each of these types of skirts. Right now the one missing is kwe:tli de tlachichikotektli.
\semref besti:doh; kwe:pani
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05438
\lxam pi:pilo:lxo:chitl
\lxam_c pi:pilo:lxo:chitl
\lxoa pi:pilo:lxo:chitl
\lxoa_cpend @pi:pilo:lxo:chitl
\compound N-N
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e Bessera elegansSchlt., flowering plant of the Liliaceae family with red flowers and thin petals that hang down
\sense_s Bessera elegansSchlt., plantas con delgadas flores rojas y pétalos que cuelgan hacia abajo, de la familia Liliaceae
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Pi:pilo:lxo:chitl | Kipia ixo:chio chi:chi:ltik, pi:pilkatokeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pipilo:lxo:chitl : It has red flowers, they hang down.
\phrase_s Pipilo:lxo:chitl : Tiene flores rojas, se cuelgan.
\root pil
\root xo:chi
\semfld plant
\semfld fl
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the flor de arete.
\qry Check for vowel length of first syllable in /pi:pilkatokeh/. Also, cf. if there would be a difference in meaning with /pipilkatokeh/.
\ref 05439
\lxam tsi:nxope:wa
\lxam_c kitsi:nxope:wa
\lxoa tsi:nxope:wa
\lxoa_c kitsi:nxope:wa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to push (its snout) into the rear of (as a pig [S] to a sow [O] in heat)
\sense_s empujar (el hocico contra) la parte trasera de (como un marrano [S] a una marrana en celos [O])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitsi:nxope:wa un berra:koh un suwa:pitso. I:pan tsikwi:ni:sneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That boar pushes his snout into the hind quarters of that sow, he wants to mount it.
\phrase_s Ese verraco le empuja su hocico contra la parte trasera de esa marrana, la quiere montar.
\phrase_n O:kitsi:nxope:w kaba:yoh un wa:kax.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That ox (or other head of cattle) pushed (its snout) into the rear of the horse.
\phrase_s Ese buey (u otro tipo de ganado) empujó(su hocico) contra las nalgas del caballo.
\root tsi:n
\root xo
\root pe:
\nse Tsi:nxope:wa has only been documented in reference to certain animals, referring to an action where the male pushes his snout into the rear of the female in heat,
usually sniffing the area before trying to mount.
\grm Word order: Word order needs a specific study. In the case of /O:kitsi:nxope:w kaba:yoh un wa:kax/, which I had translated as 'That ox (or other head of cattle) pushed (its
snout) into the rear of the horse' the order is VOS.
\ref 05440
\lxam tlakaka:wilia
\lxam_c kitlakaka:wilia
\lxoa tlá:ka:wília
\lxoa_pr tlá:ka:wilia
\lxoa_c kitlá:ka:wília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to perform the ceremony known in Spanish as levantamiento de sombra for
\sense_s llevar a cabo la ceremonia conocida como 'levantamiento de sombra' para; levantar la sombra para
\sense_d Pending
\root ka:wa
\nse The reduplicated form tlakaka:wilia is used for leaving offering to the aires in places where a person has lost his or her to:nal. The
unreduplicated form is used for leaving flowers, candles, etc. in front of a saint in the church for someone, in requesting a cure ne:xtlaka:wilia tio:pan. Note that in
leaving an offering for the saint himself one uses words such as tlakwalmanilia, which is also used for offerings left to the deceased at All Saints Day.
\xref ka:wilia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05441
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This is a duplicate of entry 02646 and thus it has been eliminated.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\vl The tokens here should be tagged wtih 2646; the final 2 tokens linked should be from these originally 5441 tokens and not the ones recorded at 2646 as the later sound is
better.
\ref 05442
\lxam kwa:kokoloch
\lxam_c kwa:kokoloch
\lxoa kwá:kokóloch
\lxoa_c kwá:kokóloch
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be curly haired
\sense_s ser chino
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root koloch
\root_notes Undoubtedly the root /kolo/ is related to /ko:l/ 'curved'. Cf. also /xoxoloxtik/ and, in general, words ending in /xtik/.
\ref 05443
\lxam xok
\lxam_alt xoh
\lxam_c xok
\lxoa xok
\lxoa_alt xok
\lxoa_c xok; xoh a:tli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e no longer; not anymore
\sense_s ya no
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xok niá:s, xne:chka:wilia notah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm no longer going to go, my father won't let me.
\phrase_s Ya no voy a ir, no me deja mi papá.
\root ok
\nae Except in phrase final position in Oapan Nahuatl the final /k/ of xok surfaces as [h].
\vl There are four tokens of /xok/ at word 3810, these should be tagged with 5443. The first two tokens here are /xo/; they are wrong and should not be tagged. Then there are
4 tokens of /xok/. They should all be tagged and then the first female and first male should linked (if they are better than the ones from 3810). The final /k/ should be
audible and clear in these tokens, since /xok/ when phrase final has a clear [k]. The following 4 tokens are /xoh a:tlil/. These should be tagged as 5443 also and the 2nd
female and 2nd male token selected for linking.
\semref ok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05444
\lxam okokuwtli
\lxam_c okokuwtli
\lxoa o:kokohtli
\lxoa_c o:kokohtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e dried wood of the ocote tree
\sense_s madera seca del ocote
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Okokuwtli | Bwe:noh para ika titlatlati:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e O:kokohtli : It is good to start a cooking fire.
\phrase_s O:kokohtli : Es bueno para prender un fuego para cocinar.
\root o:ko
\root kow
\mod Apparently trees that end in /-kuhtli/ can refer to the wood of the tree or as a marked term for the tree itself.
\qry Check meaning of /para ika titlatlati:s/. Does it only refer to cooking fires?
\vl Be careful: the first 3 male tokens (of 5) are /ó:kokóhtli/ with high pitch on the first syllable. This is an erroneous pronunciation. Tag it anyway with 5444 as I will use it as
evidence of this type of mistake. However, the final two of the five male tokens are correct: /o:kokohtli/ with no pitch accent on the first syllable. These two should be tagged
as 5444 and one of the two selected for the link. There are 6 female tokens, one is simply /o:kotl/ and it should be tagged as #4933. Of the 5 others, chose the best to link
here as /o:kokohtli/.
\ref 05445
\lxam te:nkaxa:ni
\lxam_c te:nkaxa:ni
\lxoa te:nkaxa:ni
\lxoa_c te:nkaxa:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to have a top, cap, or lid become loose (of a pot, container, bottle, etc.)
\sense_s quedarsele flojo la tapa, tapadera o tapón (a una olla, recipiente, botella, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root kaxa:
\qry Check for metaphoric use (e.g., sb whose word is not firm). Check for transitive.
\ref 05446
\lxam kamachi:pi:l
\lxam_c kamachi:pi:lmeh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to be a blabber-mouth; to be unable to keep a secret or to keep something quiet
\sense_s ser muy indiscreto; ser bocón; ser alguien que no puede mantener un secreto
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kamachi:pi:l, nochi kite:ihlia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's a blabber-mouth, he makes everything public.
\phrase_s Tiene una boca grande, todo se lo dice a la gente.
\root kama
\root chi:pi:l
\qry Check etymology. The reason for /chi:pil/ here is unclear but should be checked, as should be searched for other words that also have /chi:pil/. Check vowel length.
\semref te:nchakal
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05447
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /tsi:nchikipe:ltok/ but appears to be in error and has been removed. The entry was definied as 'to have the bottom ripped completely or almost completely off;
to have a bottom that has given way and fallen off (e.g., of a bucket, box, etc.)' I had the following notes 'Recheck that Am /tsi:nchikipe:ltok/ is correct; perhaps it should have been
/tsi:nchikipe:liwtok/ or /tsi:nchikipe:ltik/. If this entry is changed, change the x-ref under Oa /tsi:nchikipe:lihtok/ (perhaps Am has an equivalent form).'
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 05448
\lxam seja:rowa
\lxam_alt sija:rowa
\lxam_c kiseja:rowa
\lxoa seja:rowa
\lxoa_c kiseja:rowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan (?)
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to back up (particularly one or both oxen of a plow team)
\sense_s echar para atrás; hacer retrodecer (particularmente uno o ambos bueyes que forman la yunta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xikseja:ro! Xikyekawi:teki! Ma tsi:nki:sa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make it back up (in this case an ox pulling a plow)! Hit it on its snout! It needs to back up!
\phrase_s ¡Hazlo retroceder (en este caso un buey de una yunta)!¡Golpéalo por el hocico!¡Quése eche para atrás!
\nse This appears to be a verbalized loanword from Spanish although the source word has not been determined. All documented uses refer to an action affecting an ox or oxen of a team.
\semref sí:jateh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05449
\lxam chi:ltla:hli
\lxam_c chi:ltla:hli
\lxoa chi:ltla:hli
\lxoa_c chi:ltla:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e land on which chile is planted
\sense_s terreno sembrado de chile
\sense_d Pending
\ency_note tla:hli
\root chi:l
\root tla:l
\ref 05450
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod Here /ma:pe:wilia/ has been removed from the dictionary.
\dt 27/Jul/2001
\ref 05451
\lxam wekatsi:n
\lxam_c wekatsi:n
\lxoa wékatsí:n
\lxoa_alt wákatsí:n
\lxoa_c wékatsí:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-pl-tsi:n
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e far away
\sense_s lejos
\sense_d Pending
\root wehka
\nse Wekatsi:n seems to be simply a"diminutive"form of weka with the implication of a shorter distance involved. It is not clear whether there are any other
differences in use.
\semref weka
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref wéká
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05452
\lxam i:xte:mpapa:ya:tik
\lxam_c i:xte:mpapa:ya:tik
\lxoa i:xté:mpa:yá:tik
\lxoa_c i:xté:mpa:yá:tik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\pitch yes
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-l)
\sense_e to have poor and blurry eyesight
\sense_s tener la vista mala y nublosa
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root pa:ya:
\qry_fon Compare this entry /i:xté:mpa:yá:tik/ with /í:xpapa:yá:tik/ and note how the latter has pitch accent on a preceding long vowel whereas the present entry does not have an
overt reduplicant but it does have pitch accent, which seems to be related directly to reduplication (since there is no evidence of underlying {h}, though this should be
checked in SJ). Again, this suggests that reduplications (CVh-) can reduced onto preceding long vowels in certain cases (e.g., /te:m/) and not in others (e.g., /i:x/).
\semref i:xpapa:ya:tik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref í:xpapa:yá:tik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05453
\lxam tetekestik
\lxam_c tetekestik
\lxoa tétekéstik
\lxoa_c tétekéstik
\lxoa_pr tetekestik
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be pointing upward
\sense_s estar apuntando hacia arriba
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tetekestik i:xmon to:nahli kwa:k kemech wa:ltlachi:xtiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The rays of the sun point upward when the sun is just peaking out over the horizon as it rises.
\phrase_s Los rayos del sol apuntan hacia arriba cuando el sol apenas se asoma en el amanecer.
\phrase_n Tetekestik iwiyo pio, xnotsontokatok para tlatsi:ntlah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The feathers of the chicken point upward, they are not inclined downward.
\phrase_s Las plumas de la gallina están apuntadas hacia arriba, no están caídos hacia abajo.
\root te
\root ketsa
\qry I have only heard this used in the plural. This should be checked. If only the plural exists then the entry should be changed to /tetekestik/ and a xref should be placed under /tekestik/.
Check translation of /notsontokatok/, and if /notsontokatok para tlatsi:ntlah/ is redundant.
\vl Two entries have been conflated here. There is first a female token /te:tekestik/, with no pitch accent followed by a sequence of 4 tokens (2 female and 2 male) of the same
word: /te:tekestik/. These tokens (3 female and 2 male) are of word 7754 and should be so tagged. There then follows a sequence of 2 female and 2 male tokens that are of
the present headword: /tétekéstik/, with a short high pitched initial syllable. It is these 4 that should be tagged as 05453 and two linked.
\ref 05454
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was for /a:yekaxtli/ and the xref was to /a:yakaxtli/. It has been eliminated and now only one entry, /a:yakaxtli/ with /a:yekaxtli/ in the alternative field /lxaa
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\ref 05455
\lxam yetsitsikwi:ntsi:n
\lxam_c yetsitsikwi:ntsi:n
\lxoa yé:tsikwí:ntsi:n
\lxoa_c yé:tsikwí:ntsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\sense_e type of food made with ista:kyetl (Am) in which the beans are toasted lightly on a griddle and then placed in a bowl with water with lemon; they are eaten
still partially hard
\sense_s tipo de comida hecha con ista:kyetl (Am); los frijoles se tuestan sobre un comal y después se echan a un plato hondo con agua y limón; se comen todavía
algo duros
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food
\root ye
\root tsikwi:
\ref 05456
\lxam kwi:lia
\lxam_c kikwi:lia
\lxoa kwi:lia
\lxoa_c kikwi:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to seize from by force; to take away from by force; to snatch away from (i.e., sth such as a tool that sb is using)
\sense_s quitarle por fuerza a (p. ej., algo que se estáocupando o utilizando, como una herramienta); agarrarle o arrancarle (algo) a (algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:timitskwi:lih mosi:yah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I took your chair away from you (e.g., by sitting in it when you had planned to sit there or by physically removing it).
\phrase_s Te quitéla silla (p. ej., al sentarme primero o al llevarmela a otro sitio).
\phrase_n O:kite:kwi:lih, o:nowa:xkatih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He took it from someone, he claimed it as rightfully his.
\phrase_s Se lo quitóa alguien, se adueñódeél.
\phrase_n Noyo:hlo katka. O:ne:chkwi:likeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She was my beloved. She got stolen away from me (by another boy).
\phrase_s Ella era mi amada. Me la bajaron (esto es, se fue con otro joven).
\phrase_n Xne:xte:kukwi:li:ti deke tikitas ye nitla:wa:ntok!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go take me way (i.e., from where people are getting drunk, so that I don't also get drunk) if you notice that I am already getting tipsy!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a sacarme (e.g., donde se estáemborrachando gente para que yo no me emborrache) si ves que ya me estoy poniendo embriagado!
\sense_e (usually reciprocal) to play a certain type of marbles in which each player places three (or more) marbles in a line and the others try to hit them
\sense_s (generalmente reciprocal) jugar un cierto tipo de ganicas en que cada jugador
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to take from forcibly after a long struggle (sth such as land, a house or house plot, often after a dispute, such as litgation); to seize (various
things) from by force
\sense_s quitarle por fuerza después tomarle posesión a (algn, algo como un terreno, casa o solar, a menudo como resultado de un litigio); quitarle (varias cosas) por la fuerza a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chkukwi:lian notla:l! Xka:wa, newa o:ne:chmakate:hkeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are taking my land away from me! That's not the way it should be, it was to me that they left it in inheritance.
\phrase_s Me están quitando mi tierra. No debe ser asís, fui yo quien lo recibióen herencia.
\phrase_n Mistlakukwi:li:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They will seize things from you (i.e., taking various things away by force).
\phrase_s Te van a quitar varias cosas por la fuerza.
\sense_e (with directional affix) to go/come get for; to go/come pick up for
\sense_s (con afijo direccional) ir/venir a recoger para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkukwi:li:ti! O:kikwite:w notomi:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go and take it away from him! He picked and took away my money when he left.
\phrase_s ¡Ve a quitárselo! Agarróy se llevómi dinero cuando se fue.
\sense_e (with the directional prefix wa:l- : wa:lkwi:lia (Am) / wa:hkwi:lia (Oa)) to bring for
\sense_s (con el prefijo direccional wa:l- : wa:lkwi:lia (Am) / wa:hkwi:lia (Oa)) traer para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkonkwi:li toba:leh! Xkwa:lkwi:li seki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go and get it for our buddy! Bring some back for him!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a traerlo para nuestro cuate!¡Tráe algunos paraél!
\phrase_n Xte:tepi:ni me:sah! Ma te:cha:lkwi:li:ka:n serbe:sah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Knock on the table (several times) so that they bring us some beer!
\phrase_s ¡Golpetée la mesa (varias veces) para que nos traigan cerveza!
\sense_e (recipr. with long vowel reduplication) to fight back and forth; to engage in an ongoing and see-saw dispute; to tussle (over sth, first one party and then the other seeming
to gain the upper hand)
\sense_s (recipr. con reduplicación de vocal larga) luchar; pelear; librar una batalla (dos o más personas sobre algo); disputarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nokwi:kwi:lian, xakah te:tla:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They fight back and forth over it (e.g., litigating, such as siblings continually fighting over inheritance, etc.), no one gets the upper hand.
\phrase_s Pelean entre ellos (p. ej., litigan, tal vez dos hermanos peleando por su herencia, etc.), pero nadie se lleva la mejor parte.
\root kwi
\nse It appears that kwi:lia is often used in the reduplicated form, with short vowel reduplication. Apparently this occurs with multiple inanimate objects that are being
snatched away, or in cases in which the struggle over the object becomes drawn out, as in a court case. However, the precise situations in which kukwi:lia is used in
preference to kwi:lia is still not entirely clear.
\qry Check the correctness of the phrase with /xne:xte:kukwi:liti/ (see disc. below in /gram) Check dif. of /kwi:lia/ and /kukwi:lia/. i.e. It appears that kwi:lia is often used in
the reduplicated form, with short vowel reduplication. Apparently this occurs with multiple inanimate objects that are being snatched away, or in cases in which the struggle over the
object becomes drawn out, as in a court case. However, the precise situations in which kukwi:lia is used in preference to kwi:lia is still not entirely
clear.
\mod Perhaps /wa:lkwi:lia:/ should have a separate entries under the"w."
\grm Note: /Xne:xte:kukwi:li:ti deke tikitas ye nitlawa:ntok!/ 'Go take me way (i.e., from where people are getting drunk, so that I don't also get drunk) if you notice that I am
already getting tipsy!' Here is a case where the +human object is made a patient (not benefactive, etc.) because of the presence of /te-/ which defines the verbal complex (te:
+ V3) as taking a patient not any other thematic role. However, although I am sure that this phrase was uttered, for some reason I had on an original notecard that the use
of /te:kwi:lia/ should be checked. It should be.
\xref kwi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlakwilia; tlakukwi:lia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tlakwilia; tlá:kwí:lia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05457
\lxam kechmalakachiwi
\lxam_c kechmalakachiwi
\lxoa kechmalakachiwi
\lxoa_c kechmalakachiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to bud and start sending up a spike and flower (i.e., a plant)
\sense_s brotarle y salirle una espiga y flor (esto es, a una planta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kechmalakachiwtok sila:ntroh, papatla:wtok ixiwyo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The center or the corriander plant is budding and sending up a shoot, its leaves are opening up.
\phrase_s Al cilantro se le estásaliendo un tallito, sus hojas se están ensanchando.
\phrase_n Kechmalakachiwtok, yo:pe:w mia:wati nomi:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The spike is now emerging (on the maize plants), the plants in my milpa have begun to send up spikes and tassles.
\phrase_s La espiga se le estásaliendo (al maíz), ya empezóa salir espigas en mi milpa.
\semfld motion
\ency_note plants (growing cycle)
\root kech
\root malakach
\mod In plants section of cultural encyclopedia identify plant parts, etc.
\qry Check for the transitive equivalent ??kechmalakachowa:. Finally, note that the literal meaning of this verb is something to the effect of 'twist at the neck' referring to the manner in
which the tassle of a plant emerges. I have only heard this used in reference to corn and corriander (check to see if it can also apply to any other plants). Question whether
/malakachiwi/ and /malakachowa/ exist, and whether /palakachiwi/ and /palakachowa/ exist.
\vl There is an extra female token at 6512.
\root_notes Etymological division of /malakach(iwi)/ is uncertain. The root /malaka/ clearly refers to a twisting motion, cf. /mali:na/, /malakatl/, etc. The question or problem is the status
of what remains, the /ch/. Cf. /ilakastik/, /wi:laka/, etc. all having to do with crookedness, twistedness, etc. The question is whether the relationship between /malaka/ and
/ilaka/ is /mal+aka/ : /il+aka/ or simply two completely different roots. The other instances of /mal/ would seem to indicate its status as a morpheme or micromorpheme at
some level.
\semref kechmalakache:wi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05458
\lxam tsi:katl
\lxam_c tsi:katl
\lxoa tsi:katl
\lxoa_c tsi:katl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e folk generic name embracing several species of ant
\sense_s nombre genérico foklórico que incluye varias especies de hormiga
\sense_d Pending
\ncol te:ntli
\root tsi:ka
\disamb a:skatl
\ency_note tsi:katl
\nse The group of ants knows as tsi:kameh are distinguished from those known as a:skameh. The te:kwa:ntsi:katl bites; it also participates in
curing ceremonies in that an offering of tixtliis left around its nest in the ground so that it can take it to appease the yeyekameh (Am). In
Ameyaltepec Nahuatl there are five documented types of tsi:katl : te:kwa:ntsi:katl , ma:kokon , kuwtsi:katl ,
tsontetl , and tsi:kameh panoche:ros. The distinguishing feature between the tsi:katl and the a:skatlis still not
entirely clear, although it seems that the a:skameh are in general much smaller. The kohtsi:katl , tsontetl , and ma:kokon
do not bite. The te:kwantsi:katl bites and is appealed to in 'soul-raising ceremonies' (i.e., te:tlakaka:walistli. No information is presently held on the
tsi:kameh panoche:ros.
\qry Check to see if there is a verbal equivalent to /a:skayowa/, etc. Also check to see if the /tsi:katl/ is also a specific type of ant, or solely refers to the superordinate category. Check
into difference between /tsi:katl/ and /askatl/. Also determine the characteristics of the /tsi:kameh panoche:ros/. Finally, determine whether /te:tlakaka:wilistli/ is a word. Enter it or
remove it from the notes above if necessary. Check links.
\semref a:skatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05459
\lxam cha:nsuwah
\lxam_c i:cha:nsuwah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\infn N2
\sense_e female fellow-citizen (from the same place, or reference point, as the possessor)
\sense_s paisana (una mujer del mismo lugar, o punto de referencia, que el poseedor)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nocha:nsowah, nika:n cha:nti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is my fellow citizen, she lives here.
\phrase_s Ella es mi paisana, aquívive.
\root cha:n
\root sowa:
\nae This is an irregular form in that it is obviously derived from ? cha:nsuwa:tl ; however, not only is the possessive form irregular (cf. nosuwa:w 'my wife')
but cha:nsuwah is only found in possessed form. The plural is irregular: nocha:nsuwa:meh , i.e., the regular possessed plural marker -wa:n
is not used. One also find a hispanized plural: /nocha:nsowa:s. As with cha:ntla:kah forms such as ? nocha:nsuwa:w are not used, since
they would have the sense of 'lover.' Note also, and for the same reason (to avoid forms such as nocha:nsuwa:w) that the plural of cha:nsuwah
comprises forms such as nocha:nsuwa:meh and nocha:nsuwa:s.
\qry Apparently /-cha:nsuwah/ is always possessed. Recheck this. Also check the possition of subjects: /nocha:n tisowah/ or /tinocha:nsowah/?
\semref cha:ntla:kah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref cha:nihni:htli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05460
\lxam sowilia
\lxam_c kisowilia
\lxoa sowilia
\lxoa_c kisowilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to lay, spread out, or hang up for (sb, e.g., spreading clothes on a bush or the ground to dry; also,"on"somebody both in the physical sense, i.e., 'hanging on' and the the
malefactive sense, i.e., 'to do (sth) on or against the interests of')
\sense_s tender, colgar o desplegar para (p. ej., ropa extendida sobre un arbusto o la tierra para secar; o bien"a"algn tanto en el sentido físico, esto es, sobre su cuerpo, como en el
sentido malefactivo, en el sentido de hacer algo contra sus intereses)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chsowili notlake:n, ok ma nima:lti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Spread out my clothes for me (in this case to dry), first let me bathe!
\phrase_s ¡Tiéndeme mi ropa (para secar), que me bañe primero!
\phrase_n Xiksowili ipan un kuwtsi:ntli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hang it out (e.g., sth to dry) on that bush!
\phrase_s ¡Cuélgale (p. ej., algo para secar) sobre ese arbusto!
\root so:wa
\nse Sowilia has been documented not only in reference to the action of hanging clothes to dry over an object (in which the object is the primary object) such as the action
of hanging sacks of corn on a donkey (the primary object of the ditransitive sowilia) from the looped rope that is placed on either side of the saddle. However, in
can also be used in a benefactive (to hang something for sb) or malefactive (to hang sth negatively affecting sb) sense.
\vl There should be an additional female and male set from what was originally word 3556 but has been deleted.
\xref sowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05461
\lxam tlatowa:ni
\lxam_c tlatowa:ni
\lxoa tlátowá:ni
\lxoa_c tlátowá:ni
\lxoa_pr tlatowa:ni
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e person who always has sth to say (e.g., sb who always talks at village meetings)
\sense_s persona que siempre tiene algo que decir (p. ej., algn que siempre habla en las reuniones del pueblo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mlá:k tlatowa:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's a real big talker.
\phrase_s Es un hablador.
\phrase_n Niman tlana:nkilia, ke:n tlatowa:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He responds right away (in this case to a call for a town meeting), he is always ready to talk.
\phrase_s Luego luego responde (en este caso a una llamada para una junta del pueblo), estápuesto para hablar.
\disamb tlatowa:ni; tlatole:roh; tlato:lwe:yak
\root hto
\nse Whereas tlatowa:ni implies simply that the subject talks a lot, as someone who is highly opinionated, tlatole:roh has a negative implication, that the
subject is prone to exaggerate, to brag and stretch the truth. Finally, tlato:lwe:yak indicates a person who simply talks a lot, who is highly animated in discussions and
who may go on and on.
\ref 05462
\lxam sakakahli
\lxam_c sakakahli
\lxoa sakakahli
\lxoa_c sakakahli
\lxgen sakakahli
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of grass, of the Poacea family, used to make a thatched-roof hut
\sense_s tipo de zacate, de la familia Poaceae, utilizado para hacer el techo de una choza
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sakakahli | Bwe:noh para kahli. Wekapan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sakakahli : It is good for thatching. It is tall.
\phrase_s Sakakahli : Es bueno para casas. Es alto.
\sense_e house with a thatched roof of zacate
\sense_s casa con techo de zacate
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\ency_note kahli; sakatl
\root saka
\root kal
\ref 05463
\lxam i:xtekwepo:nia
\lxam_c ki:xtekwepo:nia
\lxoa i:xtechikopo:nia
\lxoa_c ki:xtechikopo:nia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. infix chi- (Oa)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to turn inside out
\sense_s voltear al revés
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:titlai:xtekwepo:nih
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You put things on (clothes being worn) inside-out.
\phrase_s Pusiste (tu ropa) al revés.
\root i:x
\root te
\root kwepo:
\nse As far as I have been able to determine this refers exclusively to clothing.
\qry Again, cf. /i:xtekoyak/, check etymology and whether /te/ is incorporated intensifier or part of noun /i:xtetl/. Probably the former, although this should be checked. Check also for
intransitive.
\ref 05464
\lxam tsotsomi:ntia
\lxam_c tsotsomi:ntia
\lxoa tsótsomí:ntia
\lxoa_pr tsotsomi:ntia
\lxoa_c tsótsomí:ntia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\lexical Lex. rdp-s; Op. prefix te-
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to loose fur or hair (an animal)
\sense_s perder el pelo (un animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tsotsomi:ntiak moburroh, tsotsoliwi, yo:pe:w sa:wati.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your donkey has become hairless, it's become bare, it's started to get mange.
\phrase_s Tu burro se quedósin pelo, se pone pelón, ya empezóa tener sarna.
\sense_e for the fibers or hair to dry up on (a plant such as elote)
\sense_s secarsele los pelos (a una planta como el elote)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tsotsomi:ntiak un ye:lo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The fibers on that cob of green corn have dried up.
\phrase_s Se le secaron los pelos a ese elote.
\sense_e to become leafless or lose its leaves (e.g., pests in eating a tree or plant)
\sense_s quedarse (p. ej., bichos o plagas a unárbol o planta) sin hojas
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to lose its feathers
\sense_s caersele las plumas
\sense_d Pending
\root tsomi:n
\nse There is no documentation in the Ameyaltepec corpus of tsotsomi:ntik or similar words being used to refer to hairlessnest (of furry animals), but only to becoming
leafless. But in compounded form it does have this former meaning; see nakastsotsomi:n. Oapan usually has té:mí:ntik (and related derivations) that is
cognate to the Ameyaltepec adjectival tsotsomi:ntik. However, sometimes the stem tsótsomí:n was accepted, as in the intransitive
tsótsomí:ntiaand the apocopated nakastlantsótsomí:n.
\nae Given that the subject of this verb has never been documented to be a human (although this possibility cannot be definitively eliminated) the Oapan form tsótsomí:ntia
has not been tagged as a form in which the reduplicant reduces onto the short vowel of a previous syllable.
\qry Check whether this refers to plants that become leafless; the only example I have of this verb used with a plant refers to an elote and its hairs drying up. But it might well refer to
plants that loose their leaves.
\semref té:mí:ntia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05465
\lxam pantalo:ntetekwia
\lxam_c nopantalo:ntetekwia
\lxoa pantaló:ntekwía
\lxoa_pr pantalo:ntekwia
\lxoa_f [pan ta 'lo:n te 'kwi a]
\lxoa_c nopantaló:ntekwía
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am)
\infv class-3c(pia)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl.) to roll up ones trousers
\sense_s (refl.) arremangarse los pantalones
\sense_d Pending
\root te
\root hkwiya
\nae Although the Ameyaltepec form pantalontetekwia manifests lexicalized short vowel reduplication, it appears that the pitch accent in Oapan
pantaló:ntekwíya is not the result of a reduced reduplicant but rather of the underlying {h} in the verbal stem {tehkwiya}. Note that in the synonomous forms
ikxitetekwia (Am) and ixitékwiyá the Ameyaltepec form also manifests reduplication while the Oapan form does not (as evidenced by the lack of
lengthening on the short vowel of the incorporated noun ixi-). The pitch accent in ixitékwiyá is also the result of the underlying {h} in the verbal stem.
\qry_fon Check all VL for Am and Oa here and in all words with /pantalon/.
\semref ikxitetekwia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref ixitékwiyá
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05466
\lxam moxkayaktli
\lxam_c moxkayaktli
\lxoa moxkayahtli
\lxoa_c moxkayahtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-wi-k
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e cirus clouds; wispy, high clouds
\sense_s nubes cirros; nube alta y delgada
\sense_d Pending
\root mox
\root kaya:
\nae Molina has mixcanactli 'nuves ralas' with a clear etymology of mixtli 'cloud' and canactli (cf. canauac 'cosa delgada desta manera,
lienço o manta delgada de algodón.' The Balsas words might reflect a shift from /n/ to /y/ although they probably derive from another stem (? kaya:wi). There is also a
stem kayasiwi (cf. Tetelcingo, Morelos cayasibi) meaning 'to become thin (as in clothes that get worn out),' so this might be the derivation. In essence, though,
the etymology of moxkayaktli is still not altogether certain.
\ref 05467
\lxam sahkí:n
\lxam_c sahkí:n
\lxoa sahkíi:n
\lxoa_c sahkíi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(dem)
\der Pr-dem
\pitch yes
\sense_e just in this very manner (no more or less)
\sense_s nomás de esta misma manera (ni más ni menos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sahkí:n xke:kchi:wa ika we:itsi:n! Ma:ka ma:s pitentsi:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make it (in this case a bowl being shaped) big just like this! Don't make it any smaller!
\phrase_s ¡Hazlo (en este caso un plato hondo) asíde grande!¡Quéno sea más pequeño!
\phrase_n Sahkí:n niweli nodibujoh, ma:s kwaltsi:n xniweli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e This is as good as I can make a drawing, I can't do it any better.
\phrase_s Asínomás puedo con mi dibujo, más bonito no puedo.
\root sa:
\root iw
\root i:n
\nse In the example sentence Sayhkí:n xke:kchi:wa ika we:itsi:n! Ma:ka ma:s pitentsi:n! the use of sayhkí:n suggests that the actor (the subject of
xke:kchi:wa) is being warned not to continue to make the bowl smaller. Thus, as noted in the discussion under saykón the presence of
sa: in these forms indicates that the process was in effect heading in a certain direction.
\qry In my notes I have that recorded that /sayhkí:n/ contrasts with /sa: ihkí:n/, although it is not specified whether this contrast is simply at the phonological level or whether it is also
semantic and morphosyntactic. This should be checked. Also check whether ?/sahkí:n/ is also correct. For the pronunciation of /sayhkí:n/, see DT8:260.
\semref sahkó:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref sahkión
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05468
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlahpakone:tl
\lxoa_c tlahpakone:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Adj-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e stepchild
\sense_s hijastro(a); entenado(a)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld kin
\root tlakpa
\root kone:
\nde Molina has the Ameyaltepec equivalent tlacpauitectli, but not tlakpakone:tl, which to date has only been documented in Oapan Nahuatl.
\semref tlakpawi:tektli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 05469
\lxam ikxopahli
\lxam_c ikxopahli
\lxoa ixipahli
\lxoa_c ixipahli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e bottom of the foot
\sense_s planta del pie
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root kxi
\root pal
\ref 05470
\lxam kwa:tetepolowa
\lxam_c kikwa:tetepolowa
\lxoa kwá:tepolówa
\lxoa_pr kwá:tepolowa
\lxoa_c kikwá:tepolówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-l)
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to leave a barren stem or trunk (by eating the leaves off a herbaceous plant or chopping off the branches of a tree)
\sense_s dejar pelón o una parte rabón o muñón (al comerle las hojas a una planta herbácea o cortarle las ramas a unárbol)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tsontetl kikwa:tetepolowan anjolí:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The ant known as tsontetl eats the leaves off the sesame plant, leaving it barren
\phrase_s La hormiga conocida como tsontetl le come las hojas al ajojolí, dejándolo pelón.
\phrase_n O:kikwa:tetepolokeh un kohtli, o:noka:w kwa:tetepon, oksepa ma itsmoli:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They chopped the branches off that tree. It was left with its top cut off, it's branches need to grow back again.
\phrase_s Le cortaron las ramas a eseárbol. Lo dejaron pelón, se le va a tener que retoñar las ramas.
\phrase_n Xkwa:tetepolo:ti in kohtli! Ma:ka kimaili:s i:n tomi:l, xkwa:lxi:nili imawa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go cut the branches of the top of this tree! Don't let it strike our cornfield (by casting a shadow on it, considered harmful to the growth of maize), cut its top branches down!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a córtale las ramas en a la parte alta de esteárbol!¡Quéno vaya a pegar (elárbol con su sombra, que se considera dañina) a nuestra milpa, córtale sus ramas más
altas!
\phrase_n Xkwa:tetepolo:ti un sempwalxo:chitl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go cut the top off those marigolds (after transplanting, so that they grow higher)!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a cortarle la parte de arriba de esos cempoalsuchiles (después de transplantarlos, para que crezcan más alto)!
\root kwa:
\root tepol
\disamb ma:tetepolowa; kwa:tetepontilia; kwa:tetepolowa, kwa:kokoto:na, kwá:tsontéki
\nse It is not clear whether in Ameyaltepec kwa:tetepolowa the first te- should be analyzed as reduplication of tepolowa or as
the"intensifying"element that usually follows kwa:. For now I have considered the first option in my coding, given that the action referred to, that of pruning,' is something
that would seem to require a reduplicative paradigm. Apparently the Ameyaltepec word is always reduplicated. The unreduplicated form *kwa:tepolowa has not
been documented. Note that Tetelcingo, Morelos, has the equivalent of kwa:tepoltik meaning 'sin sombrero,árbol sin follaje, cosa que no tiene punta.' At time
kwa:kokoto:na may also be used synonymously with kwa:tetepolowa.
\qry Check for absence of intransitive form ?kwa:tetepoliwi.
\qry Check the phrase /Xkwa:tetepolo:ti in kuhtli, ma:ka kimaili:s in tomi:l, xkwa:lxi:nili imawa:n/ for on one file card I had written /xkwa:xini:li/ in which the first element would be /kwa:-/
'head' and the equivalent would be /kikwa:xini:lia/. If there first element is /wa:l-/ then the form is /kwa:lxi:nilia/ in which /kwa:l-/ = {k + wa:l}. Check.
\grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: note the reduction here despite the length of the vowel kwá:tepolowa.
\semref kwa:kokoto:na; ma:tetepolowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref kwá:tsotsontéki; kwá:tepolówa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05471
\lxam kokomi:nos
\lxam_c kokomi:nos
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan cominos
\psm N
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e Cladocolea sp.Tiegh., vine of the Loranthaceae family
\sense_s Cladocolea sp.Tiegh., enredadera de la familia Loranthaceae
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\nae The reduplication of the initial syllable of the Spanish loan cominos represents the fact that this plant is so named because of its similarity to the cultivated spice
cumino.qualities.
\ref 05472
\lxam te:mpestik
\lxam_c te:mpestik
\lxoa te:mpestik
\lxoa_c te:mpestik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be beardless; to be smooth-shaven
\sense_s ser lampiño; estar recién razurado
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root pets
\ref 05473
\lxam te:nchika:wak
\lxam_c te:nchika:wak
\lxoa te:nchika:wak
\lxoa_c te:nchika:wak
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-k
\sense_e to have a hard edge (e.g., a machete)
\sense_s tener un filo o borde duro (p. ej., un machete)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root chika:
\qry Check if this can also be used in reference to humans, i.e., someone with a strong voice, who is stubborn, etc.
\ref 05474
\lxam to:nalwia
\lxam_c kito:nalwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to do (an activity or task) during the day
\sense_s hacer (una actividad o tarea) durante el día
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to spend the entire day doing (sth)
\sense_s pasar todo el día haciendo (algo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tikto:nalwia, xok san ka:dah ra:toh titekiti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You spent the whole day at it (a particular task), no longer do you just work for short periods of time.
\phrase_s Pasaste todo el día haciéndolo (un trabajo o quehacer en particular), ya no lo haces solamente por ratos aislados.
\phrase_n Xo:kito:nalwih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He didn't spend all day doing it (e.g., a job).
\phrase_s No pasótodo el día haciéndolo (p. ej., una tarea en particular).
\root to:na
\nse From several above phrases it is clear that to:nalwia can take as its object either the activity performed during the day (canonically sex) or the person upon whom this
activity is performed.
\qry Check for other meanings. I have removed the following: /Xok kito:nalwia i:suwa:w./ 'He no longer has daytime sex with his wife.' I have also removed /A:mantsi:n me:roh
nanye:nkwikeh, nankito:nalwian wan nankiyewalwian./ 'You are newlyweds, you got at it during the day and you go at it during the night.' or the Spanish 'Son ustedes recién
casados, lo hacen (el amor) durante el día y lo hacen durante la noche.'
\grm -wia Note the use of /-wia/ as a verbalizer with nouns and stems that indicate a temporal moment. Goods examples are /kwalka:nwia/, /to:nalwia/, /yewalwia/, /kochwia/, etc.
In these instances the meaning of /-wia/ is TIME+wia = 'to do sth during TIME.' The object of this verbal form may either be what is done during this time period or the
person to whom it is done. All /-wia/ forms should be analyzed as a group.
\semref to:nalowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref se:to:nalowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05475
\lxam tsetseliwi
\lxam_c tsetseliwi
\lxoa tsétselíwi
\lxoa_pr tsetseliwi
\lxoa_c tsétselíwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to scatter onto the ground; to fall and sprinkle onto the ground
\sense_s esparcirse al caer sobre el suelo; caer rociado al suelo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tsetseliwtok tlimo:yo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sparks (in this case of a castillo) are falling and scattering out onto the ground.
\phrase_s Las chispas (en este caso de un castillo) se están cayendo esparcidas por el suelo.
\phrase_n San o:tsetseliw un yestli, xo:kitsakwilikeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The blood just sprinkled out onto the ground (in this case with the killing of an animal), they didn't catch it (i.e., cut off its path) with anything (e.g., a bowl or bucket).
\phrase_s La sangre nada más se rociópor el suelo (en este caso al matar un animal), no le pusieron nada para detenerlo.
\sense_e to be sold quickly among a multitude of people (i.e., becoming scattered among many buyers)
\sense_s venderse rápidamente entre una multitud de gente (al distribuirse entre muchos compradores)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San o:tsetseliw, san te:mama:k o:yah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It just got dispersed; it just went into people's palms.
\phrase_s Solamente se dispersó, se fue a las manos (lit. 'palmas') de la gente.
\root tsel
\ref 05476
\lxam tio:tlakilia
\lxam_c tio:tlakilia
\lxoa tio:tlakilia
\lxoa_c tio:tlakilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-lia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to continue (doing sth) until late in the afternoon; to be occupied until the late afternoon
\sense_s hacerse tarde (en la tarde avanzada, al seguir trabajando, p. ej., hasta el atardecer); estar ocupado por toda la tarde
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nitio:tlakilih, ye tio:tlak o:nekok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I worked till late in the afternoon, it was already late in the afternoon when I arrived (here, or at my home, etc.).
\phrase_s Terminéhasta avanzada la tarde (se me hizo tarde), fue ya tarde cuando llegué(aquí, o en mi casa).
\phrase_n Ka:sta o:titio:tlakili:to?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where did you go and spend the entire afternoon?
\phrase_s ¿Hasta dónde fuista a pasar toda la tarde?
\phrase_n Yo:nitio:tlakilih, xwel nitlami tli:n nikchi:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I continued until late in the afternoon, I can't finish what I'm doing.
\phrase_s Seguíhasta avanzada la tarde, no puedo terminar lo que hago.
\semfld time
\root tio:
\root_rel -tlak
\nse Although morphologically this would seem to be a causative form (with -lia) of what in other dialects is an intransitive teo:tlakiya (cf. RS
teotlaquia or teutlaquia meaning 'estar oscuro, hacerse tarde'), tio:tlakilia is used in Ameyaltepec as an intransitive (perhaps one would
expect a reflexive ? notio:tlakilia).
\qry Check length of /kasta/ as well as final /h/.
\qry_fon Again here and with all words that have /tiotlak-/ in them, carefully check length of /o:/.
\vl The first female token is simply /tio:tlakilih/. Since I don't have this entry, simply tag it 99999_05476_OF1a.wav. The following tokens are /tio:tlakilia/ and should be tagged
as 5476.
\grm Verbalization; applicative: The words /tio:tlakilia/ and /tlayowilia/ are intransitives that seem to be formed in the paradigm of /-ya/ and /-lia/. Note that in Classical (and
perhaps other dialects) one finds /teo:tlakia/ and /tlayowa/. However, note that according to FK, /tlayohua/ is an intransitive; it might be an impersonal (i.e., zero valence).
If this is the case, then a simple intransitive with /-lia/ (increasing the valence), would not be entirely unexpected. The same might be said for /teo:tlakia/, which would seem
to be an impersonal. Check to determine whether any other impersonals (e.g., /to:na/, /se:wa/, etc.) have an intransitive form ending in /-lia/.
\semref tlayowilia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref tio:tlaki:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 05477
\lxam xolochiwi
\lxam_c xolochiwi
\lxoa xolochiwi
\lxoa_c xolochiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to bunch up (e.g., pants too big that are pulled tight by a belt)
\sense_s fruncirse; arrugarse (p. ej., pantalones que quedan grandes al apretarse con un cinturón)
\sense_d Pending
\root xoloch
\semref xoloche:wi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05478
\lxam tlatlata
\lxam_c kitlatlata
\lxoa tlátlatá
\lxoa_pr tlatlata
\lxoa_c kí:tlatá
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): kí:tlatá
\infv Irregular; see ita
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to intensely stare at, from head to foot
\sense_s mirar intensamente a, desde abajo hasta arriba
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Melá:k ne:chtlatlastok. I:xtetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's really looking me over. He's all eyes!
\phrase_s Me estárevisando de cabeza a pie.¡Es un mirón!
\phrase_n O:pe:w niktlatlata, nikwelita.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've started to take a good, careful look at it, I like it (e.g., an animal that I'm thinking of buying).
\phrase_s Empecéa mirarlo detenidamente y con cuidado, me gusta (p. ej., un animal que uno piensa comprar).
\sense_e to watch over; to take care of or protect by watching over
\sense_s vigilar; cuidar (algo) al estar viéndolo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chkochwikeh chichimeh, o:kikwakeh tli:n niktlatlastoya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The dogs took advantage of the fact that I was sleeping, they ate what I was watching over.
\phrase_s Los perros se aprovecharon de mícuando estaba dormido, se comieron lo que estaba vigilando.
\sense_e (fig.; with long vowel reduplication in initial syllable) to test out (bluffing, in order to determine sb)
\sense_s (fig.; con reduplicación de vocal larga en sílaba inicial) probar (al tantear a algn con un"bluff")
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San tine:xtla:tlata deke mlá:k timitsmakas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are just testing me out (with a bluff) to see if I will really give it to you
\phrase_s Me estás probando (con un"bluff") para ver si de veras te lo voy a dar.
\root ita
\nae Tlatlata (Am) / tlátlatá are derived from the transitive verb ita to which the nonspecific object prefix tla- has been
incorporated in a non-valency reducing capacity. This is one of the few cases in which such incorporation of tla- occurs (others can be found by searching for the /com
field for 'tla-V2' and the /psm field for 'V2.' Note that it seems clear that tlatlata / tlátlatá is the reduplicated form of * tlata, which has not
been documented in this unreduplicated form. Whereas the form with short vowel reduplication indicates 'staring' or 'eyeing up and down,' the form with long vowel reduplication is
used figuratively to indicating the action of testing someone out. For example, if one person invites another to drink but has no intention of paying, the second person might accept,
even if he doesn't want a drink, just to see if the first will actually buy the drink. Because the short vowel reduplicated fo rm is m ore common, it has been chosen as the headword.
\qry Check difference between /iita/ and /tlatlata/. Note that I originally had /O:ne:chkochwikeh chichimeh, o:kikwakeh tli:n nitlatlastoya/ but corrected this to /niktlatlastoya/. The
correctness of this change needs to be determined.
\grm Reduplication; null complements: Note that apparently /tlatlata/ is derived from /ita/. /tla-/ is incorporated and reduplicated. The /tla-/ seems to create a new lexical item
/tlata/ 'to stare at.' Note that RS has /tlatlatalli/ 'escogido, examinado, decretado, determinado.' and /tlatlatoyan/ 'observatorio, lugar desde donde se mira.' He also has
/tlatta/ as a deverbal adjective meaning 'atento, reservado, circunspecto,' as well as many other forms based on /tlatta/, all involving circumspection, careful observation,
etc. Tlatlata (Am) / tlátlatá are derived from the transitive verb ita to which the nonspecific object prefix tla-
has been incorporated in a non-valency reducing capacity. This is one of the few cases in which such incorporation of tla- occurs (others can be found by
searching for the /com field for 'tla-V2' and the /psm field for 'V2.' Note that it seems clear that tlatlata / tlátlatá is the reduplicated form o f *
tlata, which has not been documented in this unreduplicated form. Whereas the form with short vowel reduplication indicates 'staring' or 'eyeing up and down,'
the form with long vowel reduplication is used figuratively to indicating the action of testing someone out. For example, if one person invites another to drink but has no
intention of paying, the second person might accept, even if he doesn't want a drink, just to see if the first will actually buy the drink. Because the short vowel reduplicated
form is more common, it has been chosen as the headword.
\semref kamatlatlata
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref kamá:tlatá
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05479
\lxam tekolwistli
\lxam_c tekolwistli
\lxoa tekolwistli
\lxoa_c tekolwistli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e Mimosa benthamiiJ. F. Macbr. var. malacocarpa (B. L. Rob.) J. F. Macbr., tree of the Leguminoseae family
\sense_s Mimosa benthamiiJ. F. Macbr. var. malacocarpa (B. L. Rob.) J. F. Macbr.,árbol de la familia Leguminoseae
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tekolwistli | Bwe:noh para tlikuwtli, pero saniman sese:wi, tekolse:wi, se:wi itekohlo. Bwe:noh para korra:l de esta:ntes.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tekolwistli : It is good for firewood, but it goes out right away, its coals go out on it, its coals go out. It is good for a fence with posts.
\phrase_s Tekolwistli : Es bueno para leña pero luego luego se apaga, se le apaga su carbón, su carbón se apaga. Es bueno para una cerca de estantes.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root tekol
\root wits
\nse Some individuals refer to this as tekolse:wi given how it burns. But Luis Lucena, a principle consultant, stated that the only correct term is tekolwistli.
\notes_nature This tree is not listed in Ramírez (1991). Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the espino negro. Literally it means 'charcoal thorn.' Again, given the fact
that it is a thorn, it might be an acacia. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:99) do mention of tree of the family Leguminosae; mimosoideae, whose genus/species is
Acacia pennatulaand which is known commonly as cubata blanca or cenizo.
\qry_fon Check devoicing of /w/.
\semref tekolse:wi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 05480
\lxam tsotla:ni
\lxam_c tsotla:ni
\lxoa tsotla:ni
\lxoa_c tsotla:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to shine (e.g., sth polished, varnished, etc.)
\sense_s brillar (p. ej., algo pulido, barnizado, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tsotla:ntokeh mosapa:tos, yenkwikeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You shoes are shining, they are new.
\phrase_s Brillan tus zapatos, son nuevos.
\disamb tsotla:ni; tsotsotlaka
\root tsotla:
\xref tsotsotlaka
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05481
\lxam a:pismiki
\lxam_c a:pismiki
\lxoa a:pismiki
\lxoa_c a:pismiki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to be hungry
\sense_s tener hambre
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to look for trouble
\sense_s buscar pleito
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ta:pismiki? Newa timitstlakwalti:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Are you looking for trouble? I'll be the one to give you a thrashing.
\phrase_s ¿Buscas pleito?¡Yo te voy a dar una tunda!
\root a:pis
\root miki
\nse Note the metaphoric use of both a:pismiki and kwaltia.
\nae Almost always the /i/ of the subject prefixes is eliminated before this verb: na:pismiki 'I am hungry.'
\mod Enter this phrase under /kwaltia/. I have always heard /na:pismiki/, never /nia:pismiki/.
\qry_fon Note the variation in duration of the initial vowel between the 1st and 2nd tokens of Florencia Marcelino: 73 and 98 ms.
\vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token.
\ref 05482
\lxam te:tlatih
\lxam_c te:tlatih
\lxoa te:tlatih
\lxoa_c te:tlatih
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e to cause burns (a spark, the sape of some trees, etc.)
\sense_s ser algo que quema (una chispa, la savia de algunosárboles, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root tla
\disamb Determine what else causes burns.
\qry_fon Oapan phonology: Note that in one of Florencia Marcelino's pronunciations there seemed to be a final /n/. Check the Yale tape.
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\ref 05483
\lxam metskuwyo
\lxam_c i:metskuwyo
\lxoa metskohyo
\lxoa_c i:metskohyo
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\compound N-N
\der N-d-yo:tl
\infn N1/2; Inal(yo)N-yo
\sense_e thigh
\sense_s muslo
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root mets
\root kow
\ref 05484
\lxam i:xte:nchocho:ka
\lxam_c i:xte:nchocho:ka
\lxoa i:xté:nchó:ka
\lxoa_pr i:xté:ncho:ka
\lxoa_c i:xté:nchó:ka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s(prev-l)
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e for ones eyes to burn or become irritated
\sense_s arderle o irritarle los ojos a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwa:k ti:xte:nchocho:ka, ki:sa mi:xayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When your eyes burn (become irritated) tears come out.
\phrase_s Cuando se te arden los ojos, salen lágrimas.
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root cho:ka
\grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note again the assignment of stress for reduplication even on an underlying long vowel, here again when the syllable is nasal final.
\xref i:xte:nchocho:ktia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref i:xté:nchó:htia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05485
\lxam kwa:tlamanilia
\lxam_c kikwa:tlamanilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-[tla-V2]
\der V1-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to patch the top of (a thatched roof hut)
\sense_s remendar la parte en alto (de una techo de palma o zacate)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Yo:kwa:techi:koya:w mokal. O:isoliw, kineki nokwa:tlamanili:s. Xkwa:papati!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A wide-open hole has opened up in the roof of your house. It's old, it needs to be fixed. Patch up the thatching!
\phrase_s El techo de tu casa se ha reventado. Ya se puso viejo, es necesario remendarlo.¡Arréglale el zacate (donde estáabierto)!
\root kwa:
\root man
\nse Note that in the construction kwa:tlamanilia the element kwa: is a modifying incorporation and does not reduce the valency. The valency is"reduce"by
tla-
\semref kwa:papatia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kwá:papátia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05486
\lxam ikxia:ntiki:sa
\lxam_c kikxia:ntiki:sa
\lxoa ixia:ntiki:sa
\lxoa_c kixia:ntiki:sa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-[V2-asp]
\der Asp
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to knock over (sth on the ground) with ones feet while passing by
\sense_s tirar (algo extendido sobre el suelo) con los pies al pasar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:nikikxia:ntiki:s motepalkaw. Xo:nikitak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I knocked your bowl over with my foot as I passed by. I didn't see it.
\phrase_s Tirétu plato hondo con mi pie al pasar. No lo ví.
\sense_e to get ones feet or legs tangled up in those of another (e.g., in those of another person while trying to step over him)
\sense_s enredarse los pies o pierna con las de otra persona (p. ej., en los pies de otra persona al tratar de pisar sobre ella)
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root a:na
\root ki:sa
\nse The verb ikxia:ntiki:sa (Am) refers to the action of kicking something over, particularly when one spills or knocks out its contents, although this is not necessarily the
case.
\qry Check to see if /ikxia:na/ exists as a transitive.Check to see if this verb can occur without the aspectual ending. Also check if the intransitive /ikxineliwi/ exists. Apparently, though,
because of the definite 'agentive' quality of this action, *neliwi is not used or does not exist.
\vl In the tokens recorded here, the best to link would be the 1st female and 2nd male tokens. However, there are additional tokens of this word in the Oapan dialect at 6612.
These should be tagged as 5486. Judge whether they provide a better sample or corpus for linking.
\semref ikxinelotiki:sa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 05487
\lxam tatapatik
\lxam_c tatapatik
\lxoa tetépatík
\lxoa_c tetépatík
\lxoa_pr tetepatik
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp*
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e having raggedy or heavily patches clothes
\sense_s con la ropa remendada y andrajosa
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be heavily patched (e.g., a gunny sack with many cloth patches)
\sense_s estar muy remendada (p. ej., un costal con muchas parches de tela)
\sense_d Pending
\root tapah
\nse Tatapatik has been classified as a denominal adjective given the occurrence of tatapatli , which RS gives as 'vestido, ropaje basto, viejo, usado,
remendado.' The nominal form has not been documented for either Ameyaltepec or Oapan.
\qry_fon Check pitch accent here. Check also with a subject prefix what the form is.... is it Check /tetépatík/ or whether it should be /tétépatík/. Also, check the form with a subject
prefix. Does it reduce, and if so is the prefix pitch accented. This is important. Also, check in SJ.
\qry_h Check in SJ.
\ref 05488
\lxam chia:wak chapolin
\lxam_c chia:wak chapolin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e type of grasshopper as yet unidentified
\sense_s tipo de chapolín hasta ahora no identificado
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\ency_note chapolin
\root chiya:
\root chapol
\qry I originally had this as /chaya:wak chapolin/ but changed it on the basis of the Oapan evidence. Correct if necessary and if there is a change, make sure to change teh xref under
Oapan /chiachia:wa/.
\semref chiachia:wa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05489
\lxam tsi:nchikipe:liwtok
\lxam_c tsi:nchikipe:liwtok
\lxoa tsi:nchikipe:lihtok
\lxoa_c tsi:nchikipe:lihtok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\compound N-Mod-Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to have its bottom ripped completely or almost completely off; to have a bottom that has given way and fallen off (e.g., of a bucket, box, etc.)
\sense_s estar desfondado; estar con el fondo desprendido por completo o casi por completo (p. ej., una cubeta, caja, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:n
\root chiki
\root pe:l
\semref tsi:nchikipe:ltok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 05490
\lxam chapa:nia
\lxam_c kichapa:nia
\lxoa chapa:nia
\lxoa_c kichapa:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to throw or toss out
\sense_s tirar o echar objetos a la tierra
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkonchapa:ni un tlasohli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go throw out (toss out) that gargage!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a tirar esa basura!
\root chapa:
\qry Obtain a list of objects that can be the patients of /chapa:nia/.
\xref chapa:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05491
\lxam xi:ktli
\lxam_c xi:ktli
\lxoa xi:htli
\lxoa_c xi:htli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e navel; belly-button
\sense_s ombligo
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (ixi:k kweskomatl (Am) / i:xi:k kweskomatl (Oa)) the spigot-like opening at the bottom of granneries (kweskomatl), often
closed off with a corncob that is removed to let out small quantities of maize
\sense_s la pequeña salida en la parte inferior de las trojes (kweskomatl), a menudo tapado con un olote que se quita para dejar salir pequeñas cantidades de
maíz
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (ixi:k tla:ltikpaktli (Am) / i:xi:k tla:ltehpahtli (Oa)) literally 'navel of the world,' term used to refer to Ostotempan, a religious site of
pilgrminage from south-central Guerrero, located near Atliaca
\sense_s (ixi:k tla:ltikpaktli (Am) / i:xi:k tla:ltihpahtli (Oa)) literalmente 'ombligo del mundo', término utilizado para referir a Ostotempan, un sitio
religioso de peregrinación para los del centro-sur de Guerrero, ubicado cerca de Atliaca
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e the lower cylindrical chamber of a lime kiln (tenexko:ntli) into which firewood is stoked to cook the rocks in the upper chamber (see
tenexko:ntli)
\sense_s la cámara inferior de un horno para cal (tenexko:ntli) en que se mete la leña para cocer las piedras en la cámara superior (véase
tenexko:ntli)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root xi:k
\vl The first female token is /xiwtli/ with a short /i/ and this should be tagged as #2200.
\ref 05492
\lxam ikxia:la:wi
\lxam_c ikxia:la:wi
\lxoa ixia:la:wi
\lxoa_c ixia:la:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (often reduplicated with a short vowel) to scrape ones leg
\sense_s (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) rasparse la pierna
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikxiaga:la:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I scraped my leg (in various places, e.g., in falling).
\phrase_s Se me raspóla pierna (en varios lugares, p. ej., al caerme).
\root kxi
\root a:la:
\qry My original entry spelling had simply /o:nikxiaa:la:w/, which I think should be /o:nikxiaga:la:w/, to which I changed it after the data entry. Check.
\qry_fon In dictionary discussion here check for pronunciation of reduplicated form, approixmately 1 hr. 12 minutes.
\semref a:la:wi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05493
\lxam tsi:ntepolketsa
\lxam_c kitsi:ntepolketsa
\lxoa tsí:ntepolkétsa
\lxoa_pr tsi:ntepolketsa
\lxoa_c kitsí:ntepolkétsa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-Mod-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(ts)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to turn or place upside-down (e.g., a water jug, bottle, canteen, etc., often in order to empty of a liquid)
\sense_s voltear o poner cabeza abajo (p. ej., un cántaro, botella, cantimplora, etc., a menudo para verter el líquido que tiene adentro)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtsi:ntepolketsa, ma toya:.wi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Turn it upside down (e.g., a bottle), let the liquid pour out!
\phrase_s ¡Voltéalo cabeza abajo (p. ej., una botella), que se tire (el líquido que estáadentro)!
\semfld motion
\root tsi:n
\root tehpol
\root ketsa
\disamb tsi:ntepolketsa; tsi:nketsa; tsonketsa; i:xakamana
\qry Unclear why p-a is found here. Check.
\nse In regard to the difference beween words such as tsi:ntepolkestok (Am), i:xakamantok and tsonakawestok or tsonaka
unkah , it appears that i:xakamantok refers to objects or animate beings that are extended face down directly on a surface. Thus it may refer to a person lying
face down, or a bucket that is placed upside-down on the ground, with its opening directly on the surface. Ikatok , on the other hand, can refer to things that are
either standing upright on the ground (e.g., a broom leaning against a wall) or that are being held in an upright position (e.g., a bottle). It is not clear whether the other words (e.g.,
tsi:ntepolkestok , tsonkestok , tsi:nkestok , etc.) are specific in regard to whether the object is on the ground or somehow suspended.
On one set of notes I remark that tsi:nkestok and tsi:ntepolikatok are not common and may not be correct.
\nae Tsi:ntepolketsa is apparently derived from tsi:n, tehpol, and ketsa. Both ketsaand
tsi:nhave obvious meanings. This not the case with tehpolis not so easily identified. In tsi:ntepolketsa it seems to have little semantic
relation to tepol (from tepolli 'penis') which FK glosses as meaning, in composition, 'stump, trunk, something blunt.' However, in a compound such as
tsi:ntepolikatok , 'uprooted (a tree, with its roots standing up in the air),' the meaning is clearer, for it apparently refers to a blunt base or end (i.e., with
tepol modifying tsi:n). Thus it would seem that in tsi:ntepolketsa and its derivations refer to the fact that a blunt-ended material object (i.e., one
with a flattened bottom) is set or someone positioned upside down. Note also that the tepolof words such as tepolketsa might be related to the
polof a:polaki. Finally, note that the reason for the lexicalized pitch-accent in Oapan Nahuatl kitsí:ntepolkétsa is not clear since
no underlying {h} has been reported in cognate forms from other dialects.
\qry_h Check SJ placement of (or lack of) /h/.
\xref tsi:ntepolkechilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref tsí:ntepolkechília
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05494
\lxam tlatlakali
\lxam_c tlatlakali
\lxoa tlátlakáli
\lxoa_pr tlatlakali
\lxoa_c tlátlakáli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to lay eggs (a hen, female turkey, or other birds)
\sense_s poner (una gallina, guajolote u otro ave o pájaro)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nopio ye a:kopilkatinemi. Ye tlatlakalis. Notlaye:kchiwili:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My chicken is going around looking up (to see where it will roost). It is about to lay its eggs. It will arrange a next for itself.
\phrase_s Mi gallina anda mirando hacia arriba (para ver donde hacer su nido). Estáa punto de poner. Se va a arreglar su nido.
\sense_e (pio yon ~) hen that is laying eggs (see tla:tla:ski)
\sense_s (pio yón ~) gallina que estáponiendo (véase tla:tla:ski)
\sense_d Oa
\root tlahkali
\qry Check what animals can be the subject of /tlatlakali/. Snakes? Check pronunciation of /nopió/ as in another example of a similar phrase I had /mópio/.
\xref tlakali
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\xref tlahkali
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05495
\lxam wa:xiyo:hli
\lxam_c wa:xiyo:hli
\lxoa wa:xyo:hli
\lxoa_c wa:xyo:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e edible seeds of the tlapalwa:xin
\sense_s semillas comestibles del tlapalwa:xin
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food
\root wa:x
\root yo:l
\ref 05496
\lxam kwa:ti:tirits
\lxam_c i:kwa:ti:tirits
\lxoa kwa:ti:tirits
\lxoa_c i:kwa:ti:tirits
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\infn N2
\sense_e crest (on the head of certain birds, particularly a rooster, and some hens)
\sense_s cresta (sobre la cabeza de ciertos pájaros, particularmente un gallo, y unas gallinas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n ikwa:ti:tirits po:yoh
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e the crest of a rooster
\phrase_s la cresta de un gallo.
\semfld body
\semfld animal
\root kwa:
\nse Some hens pio also have a crest. The etymology of this word is highly uncertain and the /r/ is definitely an innovation. No immediate origin source from Spanish
comes to mind. Molina gives quachichiquilli as 'cresta de paxaro.'
\vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token.
\ref 05497
\lxam kwa:pa:lakaxtli
\lxam_c *kwa:pa:lakaxtli
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-wi
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e (region: Totolcintla) tool used to twist together strings to make wicks for fireworks
\sense_s (región: Totolcintla) herramienta utilizada para torcer hilos para hacer las mechas de cohetes
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kwa:pa:lakaxtli, para tiktsi:lo:s i:loh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A kwa:pa:lakaxtli is used to twine thread.
\phrase_s Un kwa:pa:lakaxtli es lo que se utiliza para torcer hilos.
\semfld tool
\root kwa:
\root pa:lakach
\nse This is a word from Totoltzintla, where the majority of castilleros and coheteros reside. It refers to the tool used there to make wicks. This is different
from the taraví:ya used for rope. However, although the word is from Totoltzintla, it is known by Ameyaltepequeños and thus included in this dictionary as a
headword.
\root_notes Finally, as to the etymology of /kwa:palakaxtli/ note the sequence /alaka/ which may have something to do with twisting or coiling: /wi:laka/, /malaka/, /palakachowa/,
/ilakastik/, etc.
\ref 05498
\lxam ikxiwiwiyoka
\lxam_alt ikxiuwiyoka
\lxam_c ikxiwiwiyoka
\lxoa ixiwiwiyoka
\lxoa_c ixiwiwiyoka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e for ones legs to tremble (e.g., from bearing a heavy weight)
\sense_s temblarsele las piernas (p. ej. por estar sorportando algo muy pesado)
\sense_d Pending
\root kxi
\root wiyo:
\qry Check to determine whether /ikxiwiyo:ni/ is acceptable. If not, determine whether or how to code /xvn in these cases.
\semref wiyo:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05499
\lxam ma:kukwi
\lxam_c kima:kukwi
\lxoa má:kwikwí
\lxoa_alt má:kwí
\lxoa_pr má:kwi
\lxoa_c kimá:kwikwí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to weed (a particular field) by hand
\sense_s desherbar (un campo en particular) a mano
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root kwi
\disamb mi:hli
\nse This may be compared to ma:kwi:kwi 'to grab at the arm of' (as a drunk does to others).
\qry Check for presence of /h/ in other dialects (San Juan Tetelcingo) or for irregular stress reflex in Oapan. Also query for use with a definite object, and, if an object is acceptable (e.g.,
/kima:kukwi/) question as to what the object references. (i.e. if the object refers to the field being weeded or the actual herbs/weeds being pulled out. Unlike other verbs which refer
to planting activity, this is used with /tla-/ to indicate the general action. Apparently the use of the definite object prefix /ki-/ indicates that one weeded a particular field or plot. This
should be checked. Cf. to use of object prefixes with other verbs such as /to:ka/, /ye:kpowa:/, etc.
\qry Re: /tlamá:kwí/: Check whether one can in Oapan say also /tlamá:kwikwí/. Note that for the non-tla form the citation form is /kimá:kwikwí/. Likewise, under /má:kwikwí/ check
whether one can also say /kimá:kwí/?
\grm Many verbs that refer to actions connected with planting will accept the nonreferential object /k-/ but not /tla-/. Note how this is different. Check.
\xref tlama:kukwi
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tlamá:kwí
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05500
\lxam tomapepenke:tl
\lxam_c tomapepenke:tl
\lxoa tomá:penké:tl
\lxoa_c tomá:penké:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who gathers tepe:tomatlin the hills
\sense_s persona que pepena tepe:tomatlen los cerros
\sense_d Oa
\root toma
\root pena
\ref 05501
\lxam xa:hli
\lxam_c xa:hli
\lxoa xa:hli
\lxoa_c xa:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e sand
\sense_s arena
\sense_d Pending
\root xa:l
\ref 05502
\lxam tlake:ntlatla
\lxam_c tlake:ntlatla
\lxoa tlake:ntlatla
\lxoa_c tlake:ntlatla
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-4a
\sense_e for ones clothes to burn
\sense_s quemarsele la ropa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nitlake:ntlatlak, nopan o:pepechihka kwe:teh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My clothes got burned, a firecracker got (i.e., exploded) very close to me.
\phrase_s Se me quemóla ropa, un cohete se me pegó(esto es se explotómuy cerca de mí).
\root ke:m
\root tla
\ref 05503
\lxam kuwxi:ma
\lxam_c kuwxi:ma
\lxoa kohxi:ma
\lxoa_c kohxi:ma
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\compound N-V2
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to plane wood
\sense_s cepillar madera
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to work or carve wood
\sense_s trabajar o labrar madera
\sense_d Pending
\root kow
\root xi:ma
\ref 05504
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /ma:tepachowa/ that was deleted as a duplicate.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Tag the tokens here with #06419.
\ref 05505
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /xo:chitlame:tsi:n/ and has been removed. I had these notes: 'Once Rutilia García of Ameyaltepec referred to what others call xo:tlame:tsi:n
as a xo:chitlame:tsi:n but everyone else said this was wrong and I have no documentation of this pronunciation from any other source.' See /xo:tlametsi:n/.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 05506
\lxam te:ihlia
\lxam_c kite:ihlia
\lxoa te:ihlia
\lxoa_c kite:ihlia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp te:-V3
\der V3-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e see ihlia
\sense_s véase ihlia
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root hli
\ref 05507
\lxam tlakpamontli
\lxam_c tlakpamontli
\lxoa tlahpamontli
\lxoa_c tlahpamontli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound Adj-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e husband of one's stepdaughter
\sense_s esposo de una hijastra
\sense_d Pending
\semfld kin
\root tlakpa
\root mon
\vl There is another token of this word from 4346.
\ref 05508
\lxam tewa:hka:miktia
\lxam_c kitewa:hka:miktia
\lxoa tewa:hka:mihtia
\lxoa_c kitewa:hka:mihtia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Part-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to let (an animate being) waste away (e.g., by not feeding it)
\sense_s dejar demacrar (un ser animado, p. ej., por no alimentarlo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitewa:hka:miktia noburri:toh, ni: xtlakwaltia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is causing my little donkey to waste away, he doesn't even feed it.
\phrase_s Estáhaciendo que mi burrito quede demacrado, ni le da de comer.
\root tewa:
\root miki
\qry Check for difference between /tewa:tsa/ and /tewa:hka:miktia/.
\xref tewa:hka:miki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05509
\lxam xiwtema:tlatl
\lxam_c xiwtema:tlatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e herbaceous plant and weed, not collected and still unidentified
\sense_s planta herbáceae y maleza, todavía no colectada ni identificada
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xiwtema:tlatl | Nokiki:tskia ke:n tema:tlatl. So:loh para tikma:te:kas momi:hlan. Mitsweka:was, nososowa, nokiki:tskia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Xiwtema:tlatl : It is woven together like a tema:tlatl. It just there for you to weed it in your corn field. It will keep you occupied for a long
time, it extends along the ground, it gets meshed together one with another.
\phrase_s Xiwtema:tlatl : Se agarra como un tema:tlatl. Solamente estápara que la arranques con la mano en tu milpa. Te va a hacer dilatar, se
extiende por el suelo, se agarra unos con otros.
\semfld plant
\semfld herb
\root xiw
\root te
\root ma:tla
\nse Although not collected and identified yet, this plant might be the same as the two types of matsa:nkihli that have been collected, one with white flowers
(matsa:nkihli de istá:k i:xo:chio) and the other with yellow flowers (matsa:nkihli de kostik i:xo:chio), both of the Asteraceae family. The reason for
this conjecture is that these two plants are both called tema:tlaxiwtle de ista:kand tema:tlaxiwtle de kostik, respectively, in the neighboring village of San
Juan Tetelcingo.
\notes_nature This is considered tlasohli and is burned in fields as they are prepared for planting.
\ref 05510
\lxam sokitla:laki
\lxam_c sokitla:laki
\lxoa sokitla:laki
\lxoa_c sokitla:laki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ki(a)
\trans ~Caus
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to become stuck in mud
\sense_s atorarse en el lodo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nisokitla:lak pa:mpa ke:n tlasokito:ka, tlayema:nka:n, o:nimosokito:kak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got stuck in the mud because the area is deep with mud (in which things sink), the ground is soft all over, I sunk into the mud.
\phrase_s Me atoréen el lodo porque elárea estácubierto con lodo profundo (en que las cosas se hunden), la tierra estámuy blanda, me hundíen el lodo.
\root soki
\root tla:l
\root ak
\qry Check for transitive form ?/sokitla:lakia/ or ?/sokitla:laktia/?
\semref tla:laki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05511
\lxam pialia
\lxam_c kipialia
\lxoa pi:ilia
\lxoa_c kipi:ilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to wait in expectation for (sth to occur, or sb to do sth)
\sense_s esperar con anticipación para; estar a la espera para (que algo occura, o que algn haga algo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San kipialitoya deke kwi:tekisnekis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He was just wating to see if he would try to give him a thrashing.
\phrase_s Estaba a la espera si le iba a dar una golpiza.
\sense_e (~ pase:nsiah) to have patience with
\sense_s (~ pase:nsiah) tener paciencia con
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipialia pase:nsiah, xniman iwa:n nokwala:nia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has patience with him, he doesn't get mad with him quickly.
\phrase_s Le tiene paciencia, no se enoja conél luego luego.
\sense_e (refl. with 3rd person singular specific object) to have money; to be rich
\sense_s (refl. con objeto de 3era persona singular) tener dinero; ser rico
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kinopialia, xakah kitla:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is rich, no one has more.
\phrase_s Es rico, nadie le gana.
\root piya
\nse Apparently the applicative of {pia}, which takes a specific object, is pialia , whereas the applicative of {hpia}, which takes a nonspecific object, is
tlapi:lia.
\nae Note that the meaning 'to have money' (kinopialia) has an overt 3rd-person singular object only when word initial; otherwise it is deleted: nimopialia
(for * nikmopialia).
\qry Determine precise meaning, and cf. to /tlapi:lia/. Check to see if a form such as /ne:chtlapialia/ or /ne:chte:pialia/ is acceptable. Determine all meansing and erivations of /pia/, /pilia/,
/pialia/, etc.
\qry_fon Check with phonetician about syllable break between /ii/ and judgement on relative length of each vowel.
\vl 2nd female token has very low levels and might not segment.
\semref tlapi:lia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref pia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 05512
\lxam tepo:tskalaktilia
\lxam_c kitepo:tskalaktilia
\lxoa tepo:tskalahtilia
\lxoa_c kitepo:tskalahtilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp Mod-V3
\der V3-d-ap[ca]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to stuff (sth) into (e.g., a medicine or disinfectant into a wound of a person or animal)
\sense_s atiborrarle con; meterle (algo en un lugar) hasta que se aprete (p. ej., un remedio o desinfectante en una herida de una persona o animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tiktepo:tskalaktili:s ne: ka:n kipia kwilin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You'll stuff it deep into the place where there are worms (in this case pushing a remedy made from the kuwi:skitlinto a wound on the back of a mule).
\phrase_s Le vas a meter bien apretado alládonde hay gusanos (en este caso un remedio hecho de kuwi:skitlen una herida en de una persona o animal).
\root tepo:ts
\root kalak
\nse The primary object of tepo:tskalaktilia is the place (a hole, recipient, etc.) that is being"stuffed."
\qry Check vowel lenght in /tepo:tskalaktilia/, perhaps the /o/ should be short (as it is in FK).
\grm Note that the IN of /tepotskalaktilia/ is the modifying not saturating type. The verbal matrix is /kalaktilia/ a trivalent verb. It still is trivalent after incorporation (i.e. S, PrO,
SeO). /Tepo:ts/ seems, then, to indicate something of the manner in which the"placing into"(kalaktilia) takes place, i.e., so that things are bulging.
\xref tepo:tskalaktia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref tepo:tskalahtia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05513
\lxam tlapacho:lte:ma
\lxam_c tlapacho:lte:ma
\lxoa tlapacho:lte:ma
\lxoa_c tlapacho:lte:ma
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-alt-mi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to create a seed bed (tlapacho:hli)
\sense_s hacer un semillero (tlapacho:hli)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Umpa tlapacho:lte:malo:lowa:ya, note:maya chi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There a long time ago people used to make seed beds, they would spread chile seeds on the ground.
\phrase_s Alláhace mucho tiempo se hacía semilleros, se extendía chile sobre la tierra.
\root pach
\root te:m
\grm Impersonal reduplication: A totally acceptable construction, though not often heard, is the reduplication of the impersonal /-lo/. This seems to occur only in the imperfective.
It's meaning should be checked (cf. the discussion by Gabriel de la Cruz in one of the directional tapes.
\ref 05514
\lxam a:kawtilia
\lxam_c na:kawtilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to hurry up or to walk fast
\sense_s (refl.) apurarse o caminar aprisa; saltar hacia arriba
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xmoa:kawtili!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Get a move on! (or, Spring over it lightly! Jump high!).
\phrase_s ¡Muévete! (o,¡Salta!¡Brinca alto!)
\sense_e to spring (e.g., over a puddle); to jump up high
\sense_s brincar (hacia arriba, o adelante, sobre algo como un charco)
\sense_d Am
\root a:kaw
\nse Apparently this verb is used exclusively, or almost exclusively, in the reflexive with human, volitional, agents.
\qry Check possibility of transitive use, and potential meanings. If only reflexive, perhaps recodify.
\ref 05515
\lxam tla:lkukwilchi:ltsi:n
\lxam_c tla:lkukwilchi:ltsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\sense_e type of biting insect that makes solitary nests of grey earth that are open-ended cocoons
\sense_s tipo de insecto que muerde y que construye nidos solitarios de tierra color gris que son como capullos abierto por las extremedades
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root tla:l
\root kwilchi:l
\nse This might be the animal known in English as the 'mud dauber wasp,' and in Spanish as the embarradora de lodo. Schoenhals (1988:218) describes this as
follows:"(Subfam.: Sphecinae, Subfam.: Trypoxyloninae) 'mud dauber wasp.' A family of wasps that includes the organ pipe mud dauber whose nest may be called
chachuaco or jolón Wasp also called overo."
\qry Check etymology and vowel length; as well as precise meaning.
\semref tla:ltsokité:kwilchí:ltsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05516
\lxam chi:chiwaltekomatl
\lxam_c ichi:chiwaltekon
\lxoa chi:chiwaltekomatl
\lxoa_c i:chi:chiwaltekon
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e udder
\sense_s ubre
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root chi:chi
\root tekoma
\nse This word is not used in the absolutive in Ameyaltepec; it is so found, though rarely, in Oapan.
\qry_fon It seems that the fact that Oapan does not accept reduplication reduction with /chi:chiwahli/ indicates a long final /a:/, as in the nonsense word /kichi:chiwaltétekí/.
However, this should be checked with a speech analyzer.
\qry Note that I have removed this definition which might well have been a vacilada of Am men:"a breast when full of milk (including that of human females and of several animals)"or"un
pecho o seno cuando estélleno de leche (de una mujer o de varios animales)"
\root_notes See entry under /tekomatl/. The aggregation of /-tekon/ undoubtedly gives the word the sence of 'container'.
\ref 05517
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa maye:soh
\lxoa_c maye:soh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan ?
\psm Adj
\der Adj-loan
\sense_e see búrro mayé:soh
\sense_s véase búrro mayé:soh
\sense_d Oa
\semref me:so
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 05518
\lxam a:tonkwilin
\lxam_c *a:tonkwilin
\dt 23/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\sense_e type of small worm that reproduces in standing, stored water (such as the water in an a:ko:ntli or water tank)
\sense_s tipo de gusanillo que sale en agua amacenada (como la que se guarda en un a:ko:ntli o tanque)
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\root a:
\root tom
\root okwil
\nse Also documented for Ameyaltepec is a:tonkwitsmeh , but this appears to be idiosyncratic in this village.In Acatlán, however, these worms are called
ahtonquiztle :"maromeros, gusanillos que se reproducen en ollas con agua"; see Matías A. and Constantino L. (1996:73). In Oapan they are called
a:tonkwistih. Cristino Flores stated that he did not know this term and instead used a:tonpitsmeh.
\grm The form /a:tonkwilin/ is interesting for its morphology. It seems to take a reflexive verb (V-1-refl) and use the shortened stem as a modifier for the head noun form /kwilin/.
Certainly, this would seem to be an unusual combination, and perhaps might be coded as S-N.
\semref a:tonkwitsmeh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref a:tonkwistih
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref a:toma
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05519
\lxam totopochpilo:hli
\lxam_c totopochpilo:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e see totopoxtli
\sense_s véase totopoxtli
\sense_d Am
\semfld food-tortillas
\root topo:
\root pil
\nse Totopochpilo:hli is equivalent to totopoxtli. The added nominalization -pilo:hli is linked to the manner in which totopoxtli
is made; see pilowa.
\semref totopoxtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05520
\lxam tlaksa
\lxam_c tlaksa
\lxoa tlasa
\lxoa_c tlasa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\irregular With the meaning of 'to be fast' this verb is inflected with a copula (tlaksa yes 'he will be fast'). However, with a locative and the sense of 'to step on' it is a
class 4a verb ipan o:tlaksak (Am) 'he stepped on it.'
\sense_e to be fast (a person or animal, a motor vehicle, an airplane, etc.)
\sense_s ser rápido (una persona o animal, un coche, un avión, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma tikima:natin, ti:roh xtlatlaksan!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let's go round them up (in this case grazing animals), they are really slow on their feet!
\phrase_s ¡Vámonos a ir a rodearlos (en este caso animales apacentando), de veras no son rápidos para correr!
\sense_e (-pan + tlaksa (Am) / tlasa (Oa)) to step on
\sense_s (-pan + tlaksa (Am) / tlasa (Oa)) pisar sobre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka ipan xtlaksa, yewa tlasoti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't step on it, it is precious (i.e., shouldn't be abused or mistreated)!
\phrase_s ¡No le vayas a pisar, se debe cuidar (esto es, no se debe maltratar)!
\phrase_n Ma:ka nopan xtlatlaksa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't step all over me (e.g., on my feet)!
\phrase_s ¡No me vayas a pisotearr!
\sense_e (-pan + tlaksa (Am) / tlasa (Oa) with long vowel reduplication) to massage with ones feet (by stepping on sb lying face down)
\sense_s (-pan + tlaksa (Am) / tlasa (Oa) con reduplicación de vocal larga) darle masaje a (algn) con los pies (esto es, al pisar sobre algn
acostado boca abajo por el suelo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nopan xtla:tlaksa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Give me a massage with your feet (i.e.,"walk"or"step"on me repeatedly while I lie facedown on the ground)!
\phrase_s ¡Dame un masaje con los pies (esto es, pise repetidamente sobre mi mientras estéacostado boca abajo)!
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to move quickly; to walk quickly
\sense_s (con reduplication de vocal larga) ir o caminar rápido
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San timitschichi:xtiw. Xtla:tlaksa, ke:n tiyo:li:k!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm just going along continually having to wait for you.¡Move quickly, you are really slow!
\phrase_s Voy yendo esperándote cada rato.¡Camina rápido, de veras eres muy lento!
\root tlaksa
\nae Although the precise use needs to be further investigated it appears that at least in Ameyaltepec tlaksa has two inflectional patterns. As an"adjectival predicate"'to be
fast' it takes a copular inflectional pattern, e.g., nitlaksa katka 'I used to be fast.' I am not sure if this holds for Oapan. When used with the relational noun
-pan it receives regular verbal inflection: i:pan nitlaksas 'I will step on it.'
\qry Check for difference between /tlaksan/ and /tlatlaksan/; and cf. comments in grammar notes below. Check for future and past of /tlaksa/ meaning 'to be quick.' My impression is that
often the independent copula is used and that this differs from the more verbal use, with /ipan/. Check. Obtain all verbs of movement with long vowel reduplication to indicate rapid
movement, as in /tla:tlaksa/, /cho:cholowa/, etc.
\grm Pluralization; reduplication: Note the following /Ma tikima:natin, ti:roh xtlatlaksan!/ 'Let's go round them up (in this case grazing animals), they are really slow on their
feet!' The question to be examined in this discussion is the reason for the reduplication, and the difference between /tlaksan/ and /tlatlaksan/. It seems that the major
difference concerns the nature of the plurality, although what follows is just my sense of the issue and should not be taken as a definitive and proven statement. It seems that
/tlaksan/ is used for highly individuated plurality, e.g., /titlaksan/ 'we are fast.' It seems that /tlatlaksan/ refers to a greater plurality that, perhaps, is at the same time less
individuated. The translation might well be, then, something like 'all of them,' indicating plurality within a group. Cf. to the use of reduplication versus plurality in the words
/te:ntokeh/ 'they are full (e.g., hotels) and /tete:ntok/ 'it is filled (a hotel in all its rooms).' Nevertheless al l this should be checked.
\grm Verbs; adjectives; copula; predication; attributives; verbal single-place predicates: Note the verb /tlaksa/. This is generally used in two senses, the first having to do with
speed of a subject (animate or inanimate) and the second having to do with stepping on some object. The interesting point is the variation in tense/aspect inflection of the
two forms. From my recollection (and this needs to be checked) the fully verbal use is always inflected /nopan o:titlaksak/ whereas the adjectival-like predicate can be used
with an independent copula: /nitlaksa katka/ 'I used to be fast.' Cf. the same general situation with"verbs"such as /to:na/ and /se:wa/. Unfortunately I have no textual
examples of /tlaksa/ with an independent copula, but I do recollect such use. The important point to consider is what this tells us about verbs and adjectivals. Most often an
adjectival has a deverbal morphology, either a participial ending, the"suffix"/-tik/, and acopated form (between noun and verb). Givó n mentions in his approach that a
major difference between verbs, adjectives, and nouns is the question of time stability, in which adjectives are somewhere in between the two prototypical parts of speech.
Yet certain actions (such as stepping on sth) are also not very time-stable. Whatever the question of time-stability and its relation to adjectivals, the important point to note is
that the same morphological form, /tlaksa/, manifests two patterns of tense/aspect representation, one more adjectival than the other.
\grm Reduplication with long vowels; verbs of motion: Note /San timitschichi:xtiw. Xtla:tlaksa, ke:n tiyo:li:k!/ 'I'm just going along continually having to wait for you.¡Move
quickly, you are really slow!' Note the difference between the unreduplicated and the reduplicated (long vowel) form. The former is a verb that indicates a characteristic of
the subject, the reduplicated form indicates movement, it is verb of movement. Thus, for example, /nitlaksa/ means 'I am fast' but does not necessarily mean that ?I am moving
fast. However, /nitla:tlaksa/ seems to indicate 'I am moving fast.' Perhaps a similar situation is found with the verb /to:toka/
\xref tlaksaltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref tlasaltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05521
\lxam kuwchal
\lxam_c kuwchal
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e butch female
\sense_s marimacho
\sense_d Am
\root kow
\root chal
\nse The basis for this metaphor is unclear, but perhaps it is related to the bifurcated structure of the kuwchahli , or perhaps it is a play on the root kow,
which means 'tree,' 'wood,' and 'penis. Note that although some speakers stated that this refers to a lesbian, this does not seem to be the case. Rathter, it is used to refer to a
masculine, butch, woman.
\qry Originally I also had /kuwchaltik/ but C. Flores stated that only the shortened form is used. Perhaps remove this entry if found offensive. I have removed the phrase /Kuwchal,
xkineki tla:katl./ 'She is a lesbian, she doesn't want a man.' as C. Flores stated that the term does not refer to a lesbian.
\ref 05522
\lxam tlakakalatsahli
\lxam_c *tlakakalatsahli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e noisemaker used during Holy Week
\sense_s matraca, aparato para hacer ruido durante Semana Santa
\sense_d Am
\root kala:
\ilus_note Make illustration.
\semref so:sórron
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kohcha:charah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05523
\lxam tlatektli
\lxam_c ye:xka:n tlatektli
\lxoa tlatehtli
\lxoa_c tlatehtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e piece (e.g., of cloth) that has been cut
\sense_s pedazo (p. ej., de tela) cortado; corte (de tela)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwa:lki o:me tlatektli de tlake:ntli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Bring back two pieces (cortes) of cloth!
\phrase_s ¡Tráete dos cortes de tela!
\sense_e one of several strips or tiers of horizontally sewn cloth that build up a dress, going completely around the finished item
\sense_s una de varias hileras sobrepuestas de tela cosida horizontalmente que componen una falda al ir completamente alrededor de la ropa terminada
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:chka:n tlatektli mokwe?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How many tiers does your skirt have?
\phrase_s ¿Cuántas tiras horizontales componen tu falda?
\ncol kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli
\root teki
\qry_fon IMPORTANT: cf. 5524 to 4158 for final sound. Is there a difference between the /h/ that results from k>h and kw>h. However, it will also be necessary to determine if this
is the same as /h/ from /w/. Check.
\mod Illustrate kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli
\semref tlate:tektli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlate:tehtli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05524
\lxam tlatsonteki
\lxam_c tlatsonteki
\lxoa tlatsonteki
\lxoa_c tlatsonteki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-[N-V2]
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to cut down trees or thorn bushes in clearing a field
\sense_s tumbarárboles o arbustos espinosos en limpiar un terreno
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikontak cho titla:tlatsotsontektinemia. A:man yo:tekotiwets.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I saw you over there, you were really going at it, cutting down brush here and there (clearing a field). Now you've arrived back here in a hurry (after quickly finishing).
\phrase_s Te víque andabas muy clavado en tumbarárboles y cortar arbustos en el campo. Ahora ya llegaste rápido (habiendo terminado).
\ency_note agriculture
\root tson
\root teki
\qry Do both exist: /tlatso:tsonteki/ and /tla:tlatsonteki/, or only one.
\grm Lexicalization; reduplication: /O:nikontak cho titla:tlatsotsontektinemia. A:man yo:tekotiwets./ 'I saw you over there, you were really going at it, cutting down brush here
and there (clearing a field). Now you've arrived back here in a hurry (after quickly finishing)' Note how here it is the nonreferential or nonspecific prefix that is
reduplicated. This is evidence that the incorporation of /tla-/ functions to create a new lexical item, and it is this item that is reduplicated. Note how reduplication functions
with nominal incorporation, in which it appears that rarely is the nominal root/stem reduplicated, but rather the verb.
\semref tlako:lowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref tsonteki
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05525
\lxam pesa:rowa
\lxam_c kipesa:rowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (Nah) pesar
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to weigh
\sense_s pesar
\sense_d Pending
\nse In Oapan temachi:wa is used both for measuring size and weight; in Ameyaltepec it is used only for size measurements (e.g., length, width, circumference, etc.) while
the Spanish loan pesa:rowa is used for weight.
\semref temachi:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref temachi:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05526
\lxam pa:ya:tl
\lxam_c pa:ya:tl
\lxoa pa:ya:tl
\lxoa_c pa:ya:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e fool
\sense_s tonto; menso
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Papa:ya:tsi:n, xkipia ma:s itlamachilis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's somewhat of an imbecile, he doesn't have all his wits about him.
\phrase_s Es algo tonto, ya no más tiene su inteligencia.
\sense_e person who cannot work well, or do much well
\sense_s persona que no puede trabajar bien, o hacer mucho
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Mlá:k pa:ya:tl, xtlah weli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's a real idiot, he can't do anything.
\phrase_s Es un idiota de a de veras, no puede hacer nada.
\root pa:ya:
\nse In reference to a particular person, this often is used in the diminutive: pa:ya:tsi:n.
\qry Note vowel length definite as recorded.
\semref pa:ya:xiw
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05527
\lxam tatli
\lxam_c tatli
\lxoa tátlí
\lxoa_c tátlí
\lxoa_pr tatli
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(h)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (usually possessed) father
\sense_s (generalmente poseído) padre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ok nemi motah?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Is your father still alive?
\phrase_s Vive todavía tu papá.
\sense_e (unpossessed) male head of (in charge of) household
\sense_s (no poseído) hombre cabeza de (responsable de) familia
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n nitatli, newa nikito:s
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am the head of household here, I'll be the one to decide it.
\phrase_s Aquíyo soy el encargado de familia, soy yo quien decide.
\sense_e (i:ksan totawa:n) ancestors; forebearers
\sense_s (i:ksan totawa:n) antepasados; ancestros
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:te:chnono:tskeh iksan totawa:n ika wi:tseh, wi:ts teposto:to:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p DT1:024
\phrase_e A long time ago, our ancestors told us that they would come, that an airplane would come.
\phrase_s Hace mucho tiempo, nuestros antepasados nos platicaron que vendrían, vendría un avión.
\semfld kin
\root tah
\nse Although one consultant, Luis Lucena, accepted the plural -tawan as 'parents' (e.g., notawan 'my parents') there is no documentation of such use in
unelicited conversation, but rather phrases such as notah wan nona:n , lit. 'my father and my mother, for 'my parents.'
\nae The plural of this form is irregular ta:tateh (Am) and Oapan tá:tatíh. Cf. na:ntli
\mod I have removed this definition: /(vulg.; na:nkah motah) fuck your mother! (lit., 'here is your father,' said by a man while pointing to one's chest, or even genitals,
indicating that he had engendered the person to whom the insult is addressed)/ '(vulg.; na:nkah motah)¡chinga tu madre! (lit., 'aquíestátu papá,' dicho por un hombre
mientras apunta a su pecho o genitales, para indicar queél había engendrado la persona a quien se dirige el insulto)'
\ref 05528
\lxam ma:ne:si
\lxam_c ma:ne:si
\lxoa ma:ne:si
\lxoa_c ma:ne:si
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for the front hoof marks of an animal to become visible on the ground
\sense_s quedar visibles las huellas de las patas delanteras de un animal
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root ne:si
\xref ma:ne:xtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05529
\lxam tlampopo:yoti
\lxam_c tlampopo:yoti
\lxoa tlante:poyoti
\lxoa_c yo:tlante:poyot
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\lexical Reduced rdp-s*(prev-te); Lex. inflix te- (Oa)
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to get blackened and rotting teeth
\sense_s quedarsele los dientes ennegrecidos y pudridos
\sense_d Pending
\semfld disease
\root tlan
\root poyo:
\nae The Oapan form tlante:poyoti manifests the infixed intensifier te- that takes the reduction of the reduplicant (po-). The lack of pitch accent
reflects the fact that the reduplicant does not have {h} as a coda. Note that the length of the final /o/ is still not completely certain and further research will need to be done. Finally,
the perfect form yo:tlante:poyot was given in citation not the present tlante:poyoti because of the difficulty in creating an appropriate context in which the
present tense would be used.
\nse Note that in Oapan the presence of te:- suggests reduplication with a short vowel and no {h}. However, with maize the form I have recorded is with a long vowel:
po:poyotsi:n.
\qry_fon I had /popo:yo:tl/ with the note that the vowel length is definite as recorded. I also have /tlampopoyo/ specifically marked with a short penultimate /o/ in one document.
Likewise, for /tlampopoyo:ti/ I have the short penultimate /o/ marked definitely short. Cf. FK who has /popoyo:tl/ although I have a long penultimate /o:/. This should be
checked. There might be some variation across grammatical category, but there might also be errors in my documentation. Note that for now the form /popoyo:/ has been
used for all entries. However, there seems to be some variation and a check should be done on all words that contain this root.
\ref 05530
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was for /soli:toh/ xrefd to /suli:toh/. However, /suli:toh/ has been made an alternate pronunciation of /soli:toh/ which is the only entry now.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\ref 05531
\lxam te:nki:tskia
\lxam_c kite:nki:tskia
\lxoa te:nki:tsia
\lxoa_c kite:nki:tsia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to take hold of the chin of (e.g., a boyfriend and girlfriend playing with each other)
\sense_s agarrar o tomar en la mano el mentón de (p. ej., un muchacho y muchacha que están jugando)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkonte:nki:tski mono:biah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Reach out and take hold of the chin of your girlfriend!
\phrase_s ¡Estira el brazo para tomar el mentón de tu novia en la mano!
\sense_e (refl.) to rest ones chin on ones hands
\sense_s (refl.) descansar el mentón en las manos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timote:nki:tskitok, ne:si yo:tisiaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are resting your chin on your hands (e.g., sitting at a table), it seems you've gotten tired.
\phrase_s Estás descansando el mentón en las manos (p. ej., sentado cerca de una mesa), parece que ya te cansaste.
\semfld carry
\root te:n
\root ki:tski
\qry Check for other possible objects.
\ref 05532
\lxam i:xakamantasi
\lxam_c i:xakamantasi
\lxoa i:xakamántasí
\lxoa_pr i:xakamantasi
\lxoa_c i:xakamántasí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp [Adv-V1]-Asp
\der Asp
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to fall and hit the ground face down
\sense_s llegar a caerse boca abajo sobre el suelo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:i:xakamantasik, o:tma:pe:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He fell flat down on his face, you pushed him.
\phrase_s Fue a caer boca abajo, lo empujaste.
\phrase_n O:i:xakamantekok, o:kwa:ltlakal to:roh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He hit the ground flat on his face, a bull threw him to the ground.
\phrase_s Llegóa la tierra boca abajo, un toro lo tiróal suelo.
\phrase_n O:ni:xakamantiah, o:niwets.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I went face down, I fell down.
\phrase_s Fui boca abajo, me caí.
\semfld contact
\root i:xaka
\root man
\root ahsi
\nse Although -tasi is the most usual aspectual ending, -teki and -tiw have also been found.
\vl Link 2nd female token. There are 3 female tokens here.
\grm Note an interesting fact that differentiates the statives such as /westok/ from /i:xakamantok/. Cf. how these combine with the aspect/associated motion verb -tiw. Thus
/westitiw/ 'he goes along lying down' as opposed to /i:xakamantiw/ 'he goes falling down face up'. What needs to be elicited is whether one can say ?i:xakamantitiw 'he goes
along lying face down' as opposed to ni:xakamantiw 'he went falling face down' This is an important point to elicit.
\ref 05533
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /yeyekatia/ and has been removed and probably not a word; it was only documented once and C. Flores denied that it was correct.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\ref 05534
\lxam tlakpawi:tektli
\lxam_c tlakpawi:tektli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Adj-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e stepchild
\sense_s hijastro(a); entenado(a)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niktlasotla notlakpawi:tek.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I love my stepchild.
\phrase_s Amo a mi hijastro.
\semfld kin
\root tlakpa
\root wi:teki
\nde Molina has the Ameyaltepec equivalent tlacpauitectli, but not tlakpakone:tl, which to date has only been documented in Oapan Nahuatl.
\qry_fon Check the /k/ in C. Flores pronunciation. It appears quite aspirated. Check the acoustic properties.
\semref tlahpakone:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05535
\lxam amo:lwia
\lxam_c kamo:lwia
\lxoa ámo:wía
\lxoa_pr amo:wia
\lxoa_c kámo:wía
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to shampoo (a person or a part of the body)
\sense_s poner champú(a una persona, o a una parte del cuerpo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w kamo:lwia itsontekon.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She has started to shampoo her hair (with a:mo:hli or, by exstension, any other type of shampoo).
\phrase_s Ella ha empezado a lavarse su pelo (con a:mo:hli o, por extensión, cualquier otro tipo de champú).
\root ahmo:l
\nse This verbal form is related to the fact that the fruit of the a:mo:hli(Am) / ámó:hli(Oa) tree was formerly used to make shampoo. The loss of /l/ from
the nominal form is not unusual, as attested to by FK who notes that this change is found in Tetelcingo, Morelos; Zacapoaxtla; and Clavijero.
\vl There are 3 female tokens here.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note that besides the change in certain consonants (e.g., /s/ to /ts/) there is often a consonant loss. In this case one finds /ámo:wíya/ with the loss of the
final /l/ of the noun stem.
\ref 05536
\lxam tenekwteh
\lxam_c tenekwteh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\sense_e type of small honey-making flying insect, still not identified, that lives in the ground
\sense_s tipo de insecto volador pequeño, todavía no identificado, que produce miel y habita en la tierra
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\ency_note nekwtli
\root te
\root nekw
\nae This headword has only been documented in the plural. Tenekwteh are small flying insects, somewhere in size between tla:lnekwteh and
obe:jas in size. They do not sting and live in the earth, where they make their nests and produce honey. According to the information I have at present they are,
therefore, distinct from the tla:lnekwteh. This, however, needs further research.
\ref 05537
\lxam xina:xtli
\lxam_c xina:xtli
\lxoa xina:xtli
\lxoa_c xina:xtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e seed (e.g., of maize, kernels that have been separated and saved for planting the following year)
\sense_s semilla (p. ej., de maíz, granos que han sido separados y guardados para sembrar el año siguiente)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e ([domesticated animal] de ~) animal that is kept to produce offspring
\sense_s ([animal domesticado] de ~) animal empleado para cria
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa nikpia de xina:xtli. Niktlasotla.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That one (e.g., a pig, goat, donkey, cow, etc.) I keep to produce offspring. I cherish it.
\phrase_s Ese (p. ej., una marrana, chiva, burra, vaca, etc.) tengo para cria. Lo aprecio mucho.
\root xina:ch
\qry Check phrase referring to human seed and offspring. Make sure it is correct since it was reconstructed from memory.
\ref 05538
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be /mlá:k/ for the /lxa field; the entry has been eliminated and this given as an alternative in 4587.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl The four tokens here should be tagged as 4587.
\ref 05539
\lxam ikxikuwtia
\lxam_c ikxikuwtia
\lxoa ixikohtia
\lxoa_c ixikohtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e for ones legs to stiffen or get sore (particularly from being in one position for an extended length of time, but also from a long walk or run, etc.; see Oapan
ixí:kwaló)
\sense_s agarrotarsele o entumecersele a uno las piernas, o que se quedan adoloridos (particularmente por haber estado en la misma posición por mucho tiempo, pero también por
haber caminado una gran distancia, etc.; véase Oapan ixí:kwaló)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Yo:nikxikukuwtiak, san nikxitemotso:liwtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My legs have gotten sore, I've just been sitting with my legs pulled up close to my body.
\phrase_s Se me agarrotaron las piernas, he estado nada más sentado con mis piernas encogidas.
\sense_e (often used on the negative) for ones legs to get strong (e.g., a child who is just starting to walk)
\sense_s (a menudo empleado en el negativo) ponersele las piernas fuertes a (p. ej., un niño que apenas estáaprendiendo a caminar)
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root kow
\nse The Oapan word ixikuhtia is often used in the negative xeixikuhtia or perfective o:ixikuhtiak. Note the difference in semantics of this word
in the two dialects. It is seldom found in the present tense without xe-.
\qry Check use in neighboring dialects to determine which is the most usual interpretation.
\vl Note that the first 4 tokens are of the perfect form /yo:ixikohtiak/. These should be tagged as 5539, but not linked. There then follow 4 tokens of /ixikohtia/. These should
also be tagged and 2 linked.
\ref 05540
\lxam kamaa:xoto:naltia
\lxam_c kikamaa:xoto:naltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cause blisters in the mouth of
\sense_s causar granitos o ampollas en la boca a
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:ne:chkamaa:xoto:naltih a:to:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The atole (because it was hot) caused a blister in my mouth.
\phrase_s El atole (por caliente) me hizo salir una ampollita en la boca.
\root kama
\root a:
\root xoto:
\qry Apparently *kamaa:xoto:nia: does not exist, but this should be checked.
\xref kamaa:xoto:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref kamaá:xotó:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05541
\lxam kalkwitlaxkohli
\lxam_c kalkwitlaxkohli
\lxoa kalkwitlaxkohli
\lxoa_c kalkwitlaxkohli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e purlin: part of a thatched roof house, the minor beam that lies horizontally, running the long way of the house parallel to the sole:ras and to which the
kabe:sas and a:kapilo:hliare attached. In most houses there are one, perhaps two, rows of kalkwitlaxkohli
\sense_s correa: parte de una casa de palma o zacate, las vigitas que corren horizontalmente a lo largo de la casa, paralelas a las sole:ras y a las que se atan las
kabe:sas y a:kapilo:hli. Por lo común, las casas tienen una, y a veces dos, hilera de kalkwitlaxkohli
\sense_d Pending
\semfld construct-part
\ency_note kahli
\root kal
\root kwitlaxkol
\mod Cf. Fld-1984-04-29.1 and words listed there.
\root_notes Under entry for /kwitlaxkohli/, discuss the division of the root, which obviously contains /kwitla/. However, the /kol/ element has a short vowel, whereas the /ko:l/ meaning
'curved' has a long vowel. Also, the /x/ is not completely explained.
\ref 05542
\lxam tlapi:tsa
\lxam_c tlapi:tsa
\lxoa tlapi:tsa
\lxoa_c tlapi:tsa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to play a wind instrument
\sense_s tocar un instrumento de viento
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlapi:tsalo:s, tlakwa:lo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There will be music, there will be eating.
\phrase_s Va a haber música, va a haber para comer.
\root pi:tsa
\xref tlapi:chilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref pi:tsa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05543
\lxam tepe:wistli
\lxam_c *tepe:wistli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e type of tree still not collected nor identified
\sense_s tipo deárbol hasta ahora colectada ni identificada
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root tepe:
\root wits
\ref 05544
\lxam ma:ka:wa
\lxam_c kima:ka:wa
\lxoa ma:ka:wa
\lxoa_c kima:ka:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to let loose (sth that was being held in the hands, e.g., a rope)
\sense_s soltar (algo que uno estaba agarrando en la mano, p. ej., un laso)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xma:ka:wa, xmoa:xka!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let go of it, it isn't yours!
\phrase_s ¡Suéltalo, no es tuyo!
\sense_e to let off (work)
\sense_s dejar ir (a algn después de trabajar todo el día con algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:xtio:tlaki:ltih, ye tlayewa o:ne:chma:ka:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He kept me till late in the afternoon, it was already dark when he let me go (released me from work).
\phrase_s Me detuvo hasta ya avanzada la tarde, ya era noche cuando me dejósalir (me dejósalir de un trabajo).
\sense_e to free (a prisioner); to let loose (an animal in captivity)
\sense_s liberar (un prisionero); soltar (un animal capturado)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (~ mi:hli) to stop using the plow on the field, letting it grow by itself (i.e., after having given it earth in early August)
\sense_s (~ mi:hli) dejar de trabajar la milpa, dejándola crecer solo (después de haberle echado tierra con el arado a principios de agosto)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to exhale (smoke, ones breath, etc.)
\sense_s exhalar (humo, el aliento, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kima:ka:was iiyo, xok kixi:ko:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's going to let his breath out, he can't endure (holding it in) anymore.
\phrase_s Va a soltar su aliento, ya no aguanta (mantenerlo adentro).
\sense_e (refl.) to let go (from where one was holding on); to let oneself fall (by letting go of sth); to become detached (e.g., the neck bones of a chicken after it is killed; see
yestemowa)
\sense_s (refl.) soltarse (de donde uno estaba agarrando); dejarse caer (al soltarse); separarse (p. ej., los huesos del cuello de una gallina cuando se mata; véase
yestemowa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:noma:ka:w ipan benta:nah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He let himself fall from a window (i.e., getting out, holding on, and then letting go)
\phrase_s Se dejócaer desde una ventana (esto es, saliendo, agarrándose, y después soltándose para caer).
\phrase_n O:kimat kikwenti:s un to:roh, o:wa:lnoma:ka:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He felt (realized) that the bull would get the better of him, (so) he let go (and jumped off its back, in this case during a rodeo).
\phrase_s Supo (se diócuenta) que el toro le iba a ganar, (por eso) se dejócaer (en este caso durante un jaripeo).
\phrase_n O:niwa:ltsikwi:n ipan un tepantli, o:niwa:lmoma:ka:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I jumped down off of that wall (where I was), I let myself down (on my own).
\phrase_s Saltéde esa pared (donde estaba), me dejébajar (intencionalmente).
\sense_e (refl. with i:pan + [NP]) to come loose from; to become detached from (after having been attached to)
\sense_s (refl. con i:pan + [Np]) dejarse soltar; desprenderse de (algo que estácomo atado o junto a otra cosa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Iswatl kwa:k yo:wa:k dya ipan kiawi, pipi:nia, noka:wa pipi:nki. Xwel tiswate:ka, ma:s tiktila:nas chika:wak xiska:n noma:ka:wa itech mi:lowatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When the corn leaves (that will be stripped and used as fodder) have dried and then are rained upon, they become fibery, they become tough. You can't strip them from the
stalks, for as hard as you pull, they don't come off the stalk easily.
\phrase_s El zacate del maíz, cuando ya se secóy llueve sobre ello, se pone correoso, se queda correoso, ya no puedes zacatear, por más fuerte que jalas, no se desprende del tallo
luego.
\sense_e (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to come apart (e.g., things that are joined or, together by glue, nails, etc.)
\sense_s (refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta) separarse (p. ej., cosas que están pegados por pegamento, clavos, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xpepecho mome:sah, yo:tlatlapo:w, ye nomama:ka:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Join (the boards of) your table together, it's started to open up, it's coming apart in places.(e.g., the boards that make up its surface).
\phrase_s Junta (las tablas) de tu mesa, ya se estáabriendo en algunos lugares (esto es, las tablas se están separando), en algunos lugares ya se estáseparando.
\root ma:
\root ka:wa
\nse For a full discussion of terms used with plowing, see entry under teki.
\xref ma:ka:wilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlama:ka:wa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05545
\lxam kuwtlatlapa:nahli
\lxam_c kuwtlatlapa:nahli
\lxoa kohtlatlapa:nahli
\lxoa_c kohtlatlapa:nahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e split wood (often in reference to firewood)
\sense_s madera partida (a menudo en referencia a leña)
\sense_d Pending
\root kow
\root tlapa:
\nae The lack of pitch accent in Oapan kohtlatlapa:nahli implies the lack of coda {h} in the first tla- syllable. This, in turn, suggests that the etymology of this
word is that of a N-N compound, in which the second noun is tlatlapa:nahli and the first tla- syllable is the non-specific object marker used in
nominalizations of transitive verbs. In this analysis koh- would function as an incorporated nominal root in an attributive function. For this reason the headword
has not been coded as having any sort of reduplication.
\qry Check whether nonreduplicated ?/kuhtlapa:nahli/ exists.
\qry_h Check for absence of /h/. Cf. Oapan: /kuhtlatlapa:nahli/
\ref 05546
\lxam pino:ltilia
\lxam_c kipino:ltilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to turn (a grain, pasta, or wood) into powder (particularly by bugs and worms that eat them)
\sense_s convertir en polvo o pinole (a un grano, pasta o madera, particularmente por los insectos y gusanos que se lo comen)
\sense_d Am
\root pino:l
\nse Pino:ltilia is a causative used mostly to refer to what bugs do that eat away at a grain or pasta, leaving behind pulverized powder.
\qry Check for intransitive form /pino:lti/. Check all items that may be so affected.
\ref 05547
\lxam tsi:ninekwi
\lxam_c kitsi:ninekwi
\lxoa tsí:inékwi
\lxoa_pr tsi:nekwi
\lxoa_c kitsí:inékwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to smell the rear or hind quarters of (usually a male animal of a female)
\sense_s oler la parte trasera de (usualmente un animal macho a una hembra)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:nsokwi:chiwi to:roh kwa:k kitsi:ninekwi ba:kah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Bulls turn up their mouth and curl their lips out when they smell the rear of a cow.
\phrase_s Los toros alzan el hocico y encrespan los labios cuando huelen la parte trasera de una vaca.
\root tsi:n
\root hnekwi
\nae Oapan tsí:inékwi manifests the loss of intervocalic /n/. The acoustic evidence for the placement of the syllable boundary yielding the vowel sequence /í:i/ is not entirely
clear or unambiguous, particularly since the point of highest fundamental frequency (often at the right edge of vowels in stressed open syllables) is not the same point of minimum
amplitude (another potential indication of syllable boundary).
\qry_fon Syllable boundaries in VV sequences: Oapan tsí:inékwi manifests the loss of intervocalic /n/. The acoustic evidence for the placement of the syllable boundary
yielding the vowel sequence /í:i/ is not entirely clear or unambiguous, particularly since the point of highest fundamental frequency (often at the right edge of vowels in
stressed open syllables) is not the same point of minimum amplitude (another potential indication of syllable boundary).
\grm Oapan phonology: Note loss of /n/ in the following: /kitsí:inékwi/ from /tsi:n-/.
\ref 05548
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /lxa /ixipil bie:joh/ that was duplicated and hence removed.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 05549
\lxam chika:wi
\lxam_c chika:wi
\lxoa chika:wi
\lxoa_c chika:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get strong (a person)
\sense_s ponerse fuerte (una persona)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to pass the stage of fully ripeness (a fruit)
\sense_s estar poco pasado y no a sazón (una fruta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye chika:wtok, xok selik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is passing the stage of ripeness, it is no longer green.
\phrase_s Ya estáun poco pasado (una fruta), ya no estáverde.
\phrase_n Yo:chika:w, yo:pano:k, xok xaxa:ltik un sá:ndiah, yo:pala:n itik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's started to get past ripeness, it's passed the season, the watermelon is no longer crunchy, it is rotten inside.
\phrase_s Ya estámuy madura, ya pasóde sazón, la sandía ya no estáfirme adentro, ya se pudrió.
\sense_e to become a fully mature adult (and either becoming old or, in a different context, pass beyond the customary age for getting married)
\sense_s llegar a ser un adulto pleno (y estar ya viejo o, en otro contexto, estar ya más alláde la edad apropriada para casarse)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye tikchika:wtiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are getting on in years (particularly if, at some 20 to 25 years old, the subject remains unmarried).
\phrase_s Ya te estás haciendo viejo (particularmente si tienes 20 a 25 años y sigues todavía sin casarse).
\phrase_n Te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:n, yo:chika:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is a mature man (beyond the age appropriate for marriage, i.e., over some 25 years of age), he's become a fully mature adult.
\phrase_s Es un hombre maduro (más alláde la edad apropriada para casarse, esto es, más de como 25 años de edad), ya es un hombre plenamente maduro.
\disamb chika:wi; tepitisiw; kohtia; etc.
\root chika:wa
\nse The phrase ye chika:wtok can refer to a fruit, for example corn that has passed the stage of being elote or, in the case of a person, one who is no
longer of a"ripe age,"particularly in regards to marrying.
\ref 05550
\lxam xo:chitl
\lxam_c xo:chitl
\lxoa xo:chitl
\lxoa_c xo:chitl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e flower (and, at times, foliage; cf. xo:chite:ma)
\sense_s flor (y, a veces, follaje; cf. xo:chite:ma)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) flower (as part of a plant [marked as possessor])
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) flor (como parte de una planta [señalada como poseedor])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n ixo:chio ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The flower of the ka:ka:lo:xo:chitltree is pretty.
\phrase_s La flor delárbol ka:ka:lo:xo:chitles bonita.
\sense_e (fig.) a fancy wedding with contracted village musicians (música de viento) who take bread and chocolate to the bride's family home in a long procession; see
tsatsi a:katl (Am))
\sense_s (fig.) haber una boda elegante con músico de viento contratado quienes accompañan a pan y chocolate a la casa de los padres de la novia (véase tsatsi
a:katl (Am))
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kineki xo:chitl. Xkineki pitso.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He wants a fancy wedding with musicians, bread and chocolate. He doesn't want just a pig (as bridewealth).
\phrase_s Quiere una boda elegante con músicos, pan y chocolate. No quiere solamente un marrano (como regalo a los padres de la novia).
\sense_e (alienable possession) wart (of an animal such as a donkey)
\sense_s (posesión enajenable) verruga (de un animal como un burro)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia ixo:chiw un burroh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That donkey has a large wart.
\phrase_s Ese burro tiene una verruga grande.
\root xo:chi
\nse The use of xo:chitl to indicate a wart on an animal refers to the large budding-type growth that occasionally appears on certain animals, particularly donkeys.
\qry Determine the precise term for /ixo:chiw burroh/. Perhaps as a veterinarian.
\mod Illustrate /ixo:chiw burroh/ if possible.
\ref 05551
\lxam tsonkuwayoh
\lxam_c tsonkuwayoh
\lxoa tsonkowayoh
\lxoa_c tsonkowayoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to have worms (in the intestines)
\sense_s tener lombrices (intestinales)
\sense_d Pending
\root tson
\root kowa
\semref kuwayoh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref kowayoh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05552
\lxam chikoteki
\lxam_c kichikoteki
\lxoa chikoteki
\lxoa_c kichikoteki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to cut off a piece at an angle or diagonally from the edge of (e.g., paper, cloth, wood)
\sense_s cortar en diagonal o de soslayo de (p. ej., tela, papel, madera)
\sense_d Pending
\root chiko
\root teki
\ref 05553
\lxam koxte:ka
\lxam_c kikoxte:ka
\lxoa koxte:ka
\lxoa_c kikoxte:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp S-V
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to put to bed and help go to sleep (particularly a child)
\sense_s acostar para dormir (particularmente a un niño)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ok xkoxte:ka mokone:w para wel titekichi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e First put your child to bed so that you will be able to get some work done.
\phrase_s Primero acuesta a tu niño para que puedas trabajar.
\root koch
\root te:ka
\nse The verb koxte:ka refers to the action of putting to bed and helping someone go to sleep, for example by running ones hand over a child, rocking him, etc. The
verbal form tlakoxte:ka refers to what the pasto:res do to the niño santo:tsi:n for the 15 days preceding Christmas. They take the
child saint to the Church and put him to bed, praying to it. They then take along dolls which represent the child saint. Many, though not all, of the shepherds
(pasto:res) take these dolls to the church in order to put them to sleep.
\qry Check to see if the reflexive is correct and, also, whether this can refer simply to the action of putting someone to bed, or whether it implies additional actions such as rocking to
sleep, etc.
\xref tlakoxte:ka
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05554
\lxam tekipanowa
\lxam_c tekipanowa
\lxoa tekipanowa
\lxoa_c tekipanowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to work a team of oxen in the fields
\sense_s trabajar una yunta en la milpa
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to work (a physical job in general, e.g., bricklaying, weeding, repairing roads, etc.)
\sense_s trabajar (un trabajo de trabajo físico en general, como la albanilería, desherbar, reparar caminos, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to function; to work (a mechanical device)
\sense_s funcionar; trabajar (un aparato mecánico)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:notekets, xok tekipanowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's stopped, it no longer works (a machine, watch, etc. that had been running).
\phrase_s Se paró, ya no trabaja (una máquina, un reloj, etc. que había estado funcionando).
\root teki
\root pan
\nae The inflectional paradigm of tekipanowa is distinct from that of panowa. The former follows the usual pattern for -owa verbs
whereas the latter is based on the inflectional paradigm for passive or impersonal formations of verbs ending in underlying long {o:}.
\qry Cf. Gram 1986-05-13/2.
\xref tekipano:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05555
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This word used to be the entry for /tlato:lkwepilia/ but it appears taht this was given in a situation where I asked how one would say this. It is not recognized by others. The def. was
'to translate for' and the sentence /Ne:chtlato:lkwepilia, newa xniweli mejika:noh./ 'He translates for me, I don't know Nahuatl.'
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 05556
\lxam me:y
\lxam_c pakah me:y
\lxoa me:
\lxoa_c me:
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Baby
\der Onom
\sense_e calf
\sense_s becerrito
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:yah me:y.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The calf went away.
\phrase_s Se fue el becerrito.
\semfld baby
\semfld animal
\semfld domesticated
\nae The /e:/ is nasalized in both dialects, imitating the cry of a calf. This is a word used both by very young children before they can talk well and also by adults to talk to children,
imitating their speech.
\qry_fon Check the nasalization and determine whether a special character should be used (e.g., /e/ with a tilde ~).
\ref 05557
\lxam nemilistli
\lxam_c *nemilistli
\lxoa nemilistli
\lxoa_c nemilistli
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e life
\sense_s vida
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Yewainemilis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is his life.
\phrase_s Es la vida deél.
\sense_e (alienable possession) navel
\sense_s (posesión enajenable) ombligo
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Yo:nosemoya:w monemilis.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Your navel has spread out all over.
\phrase_s Tu umbligo se ha dispersado.
\root nemi
\mod Note that perhaps a new crossreference category should be added for nominalization-verbalization. E.g., in cases such as the present, the base verb should be given, whereas under
/nemi/, nominalized forms should be given.
\qry Further investigate the meaning of 'navel' in Oapan Nahuatl.
\ref 05558
\lxam koto:nchikipe:ltik
\lxam_c koto:nchikipe:ltik
\lxoa koto:nchikipe:ltik
\lxoa_c koto:nchikipe:ltik
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to have ones shirt open at (or along) the chest (either unbottoned or ripped)
\sense_s tener la camisa abierta por (o hasta) el pecho (por estar desbrochada o rota)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root chiki
\root pe:l
\qry Check for occurrence of /koto:nchikipe:liwi/ or /koto:nchikipe:lowa/. If neither exists, then perhaps a marker should be added [x] to Adj-part-wi-tik indicating that in the particular
instance no verbal form is found.
\ref 05559
\lxam sesente:ma
\lxam_c kisesente:ma
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp PM-V2
\der V2-alt-mi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to put neatly in order, one after the other (e.g., papers in a file, firewood in neat bundles, etc.)
\sense_s poner en orden, en serie (p. ej., papeles en un archivero, leña en manojos bien arreglados, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Nitlasesente:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm putting things in order (i.e., in series).
\phrase_s Estoy poniendo cosa en orden (en serie).
\sense_e to alphabetize
\sense_s alfabetizar
\sense_d Am
\root sem
\root te:m
\nse The meaning 'alphabetize' simply reflects one way in which things (material objects) can be placed in order. Criteria such as size, shape, color, use, etc. can also be used in arranging
objects, and with each type of ordering the verb sesente:ma may be appropriately used.
\qry Check whether the reduplication is underlying {sehsen} or {sesen}. Check SJ, particularly. Check also the different situations in which /sesente:ma/ can be used.
\qry_h Sesen; cf. query above.
\ref 05560
\lxam pi:pitik
\lxam_c pi:pitik
\lxoa pi:pitik
\lxoa_c pi:pitik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infa tik>tikeh
\sense_e to be small (used for small, mass, inanimate objects; plural is limited to animates)
\sense_s ser chiquito; ser pequeñito (para objetos pequeños, no contables y no animados; en plural sólo para objetos animados)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nochi pi:pitik motlikunw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your firewood is all very small.
\phrase_s Tu leña estámuy chiquita todo.
\semfld size
\root pi
\qry Recheck whether (and when) the plural can be used, /pi:pitikeh/, and what this difference is from the nonpluralized form. Also determine the difference between /pitentsi:n/ and
/pi:pitik/ and whether both can be pluralized with an ending.
\qry_fon The wave form and spectrogram of this word seem particularly good illustrations of
\vl The two female tokens will probably have to be recovered by hand since they both seem to be under the 5,000 threshold.
\semref pitentsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05561
\lxam siego:ti
\lxam_c siego:ti
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan ciego
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to become blind (a blindness caused by sth internal, e.g, at the retina or nerve, and not by any specific problem with the eyeball itself)
\sense_s ponerse ciego (una cegadura causada por algo interno, p. ej., en la retina o nervio, y no por un problema específico del ojo mismo)
\sense_d Pending
\semref i:xte:mpa:chika:ti
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref i:xte:mpa:chaka:ti
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xte:mechiwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05562
\lxam tlakwalte:kilia
\lxam_c kitlakwalte:kilia
\lxoa tlakwalte:kilia
\lxoa_c kitlakwalte:kilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to serve food to
\sense_s servir comida a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xte:chtlakwaltekili, yo:pe:w ta:pismikin!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Serve us some food, we've started to get hungry!
\phrase_s ¡Sírvenos algo de comida, ya empezamos a tener hambre!
\root kwa
\root te:ka
\ref 05563
\lxam i:xmachi:ltia
\lxam_c ki:xmachi:ltia
\lxoa i:xmachi:ltia
\lxoa_c ki:xmachi:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to introduce to (one person to another)
\sense_s presentar a (una persona a otra)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timitsi:xmachi:lti:s nokni:w suwa:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will introduce my sister to you.
\phrase_s Te voy a presentar a mi hermana.
\root i:x
\root mat
\qry Check correctness of this derived causative, and its use. Also cf. if there is a possible comparison to /i:xmaxtia/, i.e., if both exist and, if they do, the difference between them. Cf.
Launey's remarks on the two types of causatives. I originally had a short /i/ in Am form, but have switched it to long based on Oa evidence. This should be checked.
\vl The first female token is /niki:xmachi:ltia/ with the /ni-/ of 1st person (the citation form should be 3rd person with zero morpheme). This 1st-person form should be tagged
but not
\grm Attributive nouns; word order: Timitsi:xmachilti:s nokniw sowa:tl. 'I will introduce my sister to you' Note the use of the noun as a modifier following the head noun, i.e., sth
like 'my female sibling.' But note that the attributive function follows the head.
\xref i:xmati
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05564
\lxam tarabi:yah
\lxam_c tarabi:yah
\lxoa tarabi:yah
\lxoa_alt trabi:yah
\lxoa_c tarabi:yah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan tarabilla
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\semfld tool
\sense_e wooden instrument used for twisting strands of hemp into rope or cord
\sense_s instrumento de madera utilizada para torcer hilo de fibra para hacer sogas o cuerdas
\sense_d Pending
\ncol abió:n tarabi:yah
\ncol abion tarabi:yah
\mod Create illustration.
\semref kohpa:pa:lakaxtli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05565
\lxam ma:kwixtok
\lxam_c kima:kwixtok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-Durative
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be holding or grabbing (sth) in ones hand
\sense_s estar agarrando o asiendo (algo) en la mano
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kima:kwixtinemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He goes around grabbing it in his hand.
\phrase_s Anda agarrándolo en la mano.
\root ma:
\root hkwiya
\nse Both ma:kwixtok (Am) and ma:pixtok (Oa) have only been documented with a durative (progressive) or with certain aspectual endings (such as
-tinemi (Am) / -timi (Oa)). They have not been found without one of these two types of endings. The inflectional paradigm (verb class) varies in accord
with the ending. The etymology of ma:kwixtok is not clear, but perhaps includes the root hkwiya, which is usually found preceded by
te(cf. tekwiya and other forms with an incorporated noun stem).
\nae The simple intransitive ? ma:kwia has not been documented. In other words that seem to have the same kwiyaelement, it is always preceded by
te and has the meaning of 'to roll up.' It seems like this element is the same as appears in ma:kwixtok , which suggests that tekwia is
underlyingly {te + kwiya}.
\semref ma:pixtok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05566
\lxam tlatlama:tsowaltsi:n
\lxam_c tlatlama:tsowaltsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\sense_e type of vine still not identified
\sense_s tipo de bejucco todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tlatlama:tsowaltsi:n | I:xo:chio me:roh ke:n chi:ltoto:roh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tlatlama:tsowaltsi:n : Its flower is just like a chi:ltoto:roh (type of folded tortilla).
\phrase_s Tlatlama:tsowaltsi:n : Su flor es precisamente como la del chi:ltoto:roh (tipo de tortilla doblada).
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root ma:ts
\nse The purplish flower of this plant is shaped like a folded tortilla, hence its name.
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as a tree named calendario. Schoenhals (1988) has no plant of this name.
\semfld flower
\ref 05567
\lxam tsotsokatewistli
\lxam_c tsotsokatewistli
\lxoa tsotsokatewistli
\lxoa_c tsotsokatewistli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e type of pimples or rash that generally appear on th arms, legs, or face of small children; these small pimples rise up forming little balls, they do not contain any liquid and
are often flattopped and of various sizes
\sense_s tipo de sarpullido que sale generalmente por los brazos, piernas o cara de niños pequeños; estos pequeños granitos se alzan formando pequeñas bolitas de varios tamaños,
no tienen ningún líquido y su parte superior es a menudo plana
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia tsotsokatewistli pa:mpa tsotsokatl iwa:n deke tikmamakasi, mitsasis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has the rash of pimples called tsotsokatewistli because he is stingy, and (also) if you fear it (the rash), it will get you.
\phrase_s Tiene el tipo de sarpullido llamado tsotsokatewistli porque es mezquino, y (también) si le tienes miedo (a este sarpullido) te va a alcanzar.
\semfld disease
\root tsoka
\root tewits
\nse It is commonly said that someone has tsotsokatewistli because they are tsotsokatl, i.e., miserly, selfish, and unsharing. It is also said that if
someone fears getting tsotsokatewistli they will be the ones to get it. The condition referred to is one in which parts of the skin pop up forming little balls. They
do not contain liquid and are often somewhat flat-topped and of various sizes.
\qry For cure, see Flk 1984-03-12.2
\vl There is a previous female token from 3663.
\ref 05568
\lxam anyá:n
\lxam_c anyá:n
\lxoa kaya:n
\lxoa_c kaya:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan gañán
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2); pl. anya:nes (Am) / kaya:nes (Oa); poss. noanyá:n (Am) / nokaya:n (Oa); poss. pl.
noanya:nes , noania:nwan (Am) / nokaya:nwa:n (Oa)
\sense_e worker hired for the planting season in order to work the junta
\sense_s gañan, esto es, un trabajador contratado en laépoca de siembra para trabajar la yunta
\sense_d Pending
\ency_note labor arrangements
\nse An anyá:n is usually paid a sum of money or maize and, in Ameyaltepec, often given two pair of clothes, a sombrero, and sandals, sometimes three pairs depending
upon the arrangement with the land owner. Whereas in some areas the gañan only works the junta and after the end of plowing no longer works, in Ameyaltepec the
gañan is also often obligated to help take in the harvest, an arrangement that indicates perhaps greater exploitation of this laborer here than in other villages in the
northern Iguala Valley. Many gañanes from Oapan and Analco go to Santa Teresa to work, starting about May 21 and ending with the release of the yunta, about
Aug. 7. There they are paid in maize, from 11 to 16 cargas for the season. They are also fed or, if their wives come with them, given a ration. The workers are then responsible for
transporting the maize given in payment back to their pueblos, an obligation that often takes a considerable portion o f their wage s (for they often give a percentage of the maize to
the trucker). Note also that in Sta. Teresa the gañanes are given the maize after harvest, around December; if they request a carga before, it counts as double in a
deduction from the final"wages."A worker who aids the gañan is called a boyero(Nahuatl boye:roh). He does not work the team of oxen
and is paid considerably less.
\mod Note that in various entries I have recorded the spelling as /anyá:n/. Check and determine which spelling, with /i/ or /y/ more accurately reflects the actual pronunciation.
\qry Check Oapan plural possessed form.
\ref 05569
\lxam i-
\lxam_c i:tlan
\lxoa i:
\lxoa_c i:tlan
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm Pr(pos)
\der Pr-pre-poss
\sense_e his or her
\sense_s su (deél o de ella)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\qry A recorded, or noted, a short vowel in Ameyaltepec, checked several times. However, in Oapan it appears long, as it was in Classical. Check Oapan variation and cf. to Classical
Nahuatl long /i:/. Recheck length for this and for the plural /im-/, and, most importantly, correct all occurrences if length needs to be changed.
\ref 05570
\lxam chichí:k
\lxam_c chichí:k
\lxoa chichi:k
\lxoa_c chichi:k
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans
\sense_e to be bitter
\sense_s ser amargo
\sense_d Pending
\semfld taste
\root chichi:
\qry Determine things that are classified as /chichí:k/. In my notes I have /kaxtilanmexkahli/. Check for transitive.
\ref 05571
\lxam tekitl
\lxam_c tekitl
\lxoa tekitl
\lxoa_c tekitl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e job
\sense_s trabajo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xnikpia tekitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't have a job.
\phrase_s No tengo trabajo.
\sense_e (xtekitl) to be easy; to not be difficult
\sense_s (xtekitl) ser fácil; no ser difícil
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtekitl! Sana:man yo:titlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's easy! You finished right away.
\phrase_s ¡Es fácil! Luego luego terminaste.
\phrase_n Xtekitl tiktla:nis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It won't be difficult for you to beat him!
\phrase_s ¡No va a ser difícil que le ganes!
\sense_e (alienable possession) the role or nature of; the character of
\sense_s (posesión enajenable) el papel o destino de; el trabajo indicado para; el caracter de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa itekiw para kitlama:maltia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is destined to carry it on its back (e.g., a beast of burden its load).
\phrase_s Es su papel cargarlo (p. ej., una bestia a su carga).
\phrase_n Tla:katl, itekiw para kukuwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Men, it is their role to chop wood.
\phrase_s Los hombres, es su destino (o papel) cortar leña.
\phrase_n Xnikwelita itekiw, xnikwelita ke:n kichi:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't like his character, I don't like how he's doing it.
\phrase_s No me gusta su caracter, no me gusta como lo estáhaciendo.
\phrase_n On suwa:tl umpa tlaka:wtli, yewa itekiw ika itlanekilis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That woman is meant for that, that's her task (that she should do) with desire.
\phrase_s Esa mujer fue hecha para eso, es su trabajo (que debe hacer) con ganas.
\sense_e (inalienable possession) the work of (a particular person)
\sense_s (posesión no enajenable) el trabajo de (una persona en particular)
\sense_d Oa
\root teki
\nae Note the different possessive constructions of tekitl. When possessed with the marker -w the term refers to a trait (or it may be the grammaticalized modal
term i:tekiwreferring to something that is bound to occur). However, with -yo the meaning is 'the work of [possessor]),' at least in Oapan Nahuatl.
\grm -yo; possession: Note the different possessive constructions of tekitl. When possessed with the marker -w the term refers to a trait (or it may be the
grammaticalized modal term itekiw. However, with -yo the meaning is 'the work of [possessor]),' at least in Oapan Nahuatl.
\semref i:tekiw
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05572
\lxam tlapopo:chilia
\lxam_c kitlapopo:chilia
\lxoa tlapopo:chilia
\lxoa_c kitlapopo:chilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to smoke (e.g., a guamúchil tree) by burning something that gives off a lot of smoke (e.g., dried leaves and brush, e.g., the fallen and dried leaves of the same
guamúchil)
\sense_s echar humo a (p. ej., losárboles de guamúchil) al quemar algo que eche mucho humo (p. ej., hojas secas de los mismos guamúchiles)
\sense_d Oa
\root po:k
\nae The ditransitive applicative form popo:chilia has only been documented with the nonspecific object tla-, reducing its valency to two.
\xref popo:tsa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05573
\lxam nexketsa
\lxam_c nexketsa
\lxoa nexketsa
\lxoa_c nexketsa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to prepare nextamahliby placing maize kernels in a bucket (nexko:ntli) of lime water that has been boiled and just taken off the
hearth
\sense_s preparar nixtamal al meter maíz dentro de una cubeta agua con cal (nexko:ntli) que ha sido hervida y apenas sacada del fogón
\sense_d Pending
\root nex
\root ketsa
\nse Nexketsa refers to the entire action of preparing nextamal from the moment the bucket of lime water is placed on a hearth.
\ref 05574
\lxam ye:lo:tamahli
\lxam_c ye:lo:tamahli
\lxoa ye:lo:tamahli
\lxoa_c ye:lo:tamahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e tamal made with fresh, green maize, ye:lo:tl
\sense_s tamal de elote
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye:lo:tamahli, tixtli nonelowa iwa:n ye:lo:tl; de to:tomoxtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e For the ye:lo:tamahli , corn dough is mixed together with green corn; it is made in a corn husk (i.e., not wrapped in corn leaves as some tamales are).
\phrase_s Para el ye:lo:tamahli , masa de nixtamal se mezcla con elote; se hace con la cáscara de la mazorca (esto es, no se envuelve en hojas de maíz).
\semfld food
\ency_note tamahli
\root e:lo:
\root tamal
\qry See entry under /tamahli/.
\ref 05575
\lxam chi:chi:ltik tlayo:hli
\lxam_c chi:chi:ltik tlayo:hli
\lxoa chi:chi:ltik tlayo:hli
\lxoa_c chi:chi:ltik tlayo:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e red maize
\sense_s maíz rojo
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld cultivated
\semfld food-maize
\ency_note tlayo:hli
\root chi:l
\root o:ya
\nse This is a specific color of maize; also known as xo:koyo:lin. For a full list, see tlayo:hli.
\vl Link 2nd male token.
\ref 05576
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be the entry /kala:ntetl/ it has been removed as vulgar.
\dt 12/Jul/2002
\ref 05577
\lxam tlako:lowa
\lxam_c tlako:lowa
\lxoa tlako:lowa
\lxoa_c tlako:lowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans; +Spec
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to clear (of underbrush, bushes, trees, etc., land to be planted the following year)
\sense_s desmontar; tumbar monte (de arbustos yárboles, un terreno que se planea sembrar el siguiente año)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tlako:lo:to.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He went to clear land.
\phrase_s Fue a desmontar.
\phrase_n Yo:kitlako:loh itla:l, se:xtli kito:kas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's already cleared his land, next year he will plant it.
\phrase_s Ya desmontósu terreno, el año que viene lo va a sembrar.
\ency_note tla:hli
\root tlako:l
\nse The action indicated by tlako:lowa includes not only cutting down trees, but cutting part way through the branches of the trees so that the branches lie close to the
ground and close together, enabling them to be burnt. If a person only cuts down the trees but does not so prepare the branches for burning, the verb tlako:lowa is
not used. Rather, one might say Xo:kitlako:loh, san o:tlatsontek 'He didn't clear the land, he only cut down trees.'
\qry Check for applicative. Check correctness of /Yo:kitlako:loh itla:l, se:xtli kito:kas/.
\ref 05578
\lxam ko:kopi:tsiwi
\lxam_c ko:kopi:tsiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to feel ones throat narrowed from having sores or phlegm in it
\sense_s sentirse la garganta angosta por tener granitos o flema
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to get sth stuck in ones throat (e.g, particularly food that refuses to go down)
\sense_s tener la garganta atorada (p. ej., con comida que se queda atorado); taparse la garganta
\sense_d Am
\disamb kechsa:liwi
\root ko:koh
\root pits
\qry Determine if transitive form exists. Note that /a:ko:kopi:tsiwi/ is also correct (entry under /a/ section) although the reason or meaning of the /a:/ is not clear. Check also if there is an
actual difference between the two.
\semref a:ko:kopi:tsiwi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref a:kó:kokopi:tsíwi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05579
\lxam sio:tomi
\lxam_alt soyo:toma
\lxam_c kisoyo:toma
\lxoa sio:toma
\lxoa_c kisio:toma
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-mi
\lexical Op. prefix te- : tesoyotoma (Am) / tesio:toma (Oa)
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to unstich; to take stiches out of (a seam, stiches in the skin, etc.)
\sense_s descoser; quitar la costura de (una costura en la ropa, la piel, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root sio:
\root tom
\qry All entries with /sio/ in Oapan should be rechecked carefully. I am unable to hear any length in the /o/ of /sio/, but sometimes think that it is there. NOTE: In the recording of this
word I think that the long vowel is in evidence. I have so marked it. This should be checked.
\root_notes In Ameyaltepec one finds so:yo:tomi for Classical ciyotomi. There is no evidence on vowel length in Classical Nahuatl. To facilitate
cross-dialect comparison it might be advisable to list this root as siyo: , but given the absence of this root in any dialect other than Classical and
Ameyaltepec, it has been decided to keep the root as so:yo:.
\ref 05580
\lxam welati
\lxam_c welati
\lxoa welati
\lxoa_c welati
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to have ones legs get sore (e.g,. from exertion and tiredness)
\sense_s quedarsele adoloridas las piernas (p. ej., por esfuerzo o cansancio)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:welat, xok wel nenemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His legs got sore (e.g., from walking or running)
\phrase_s Se le quedaron adoloridas las piernas (p. ej., de caminar lejos, de correr, etc.)
\root wila:
\qry Check whether this is the same as /welatia/. In my original notes I had noted that this latter refers to a complete inability to walk, well beyond lameness or soreness.
\ref 05581
\lxam ma:ya:na
\lxam_c kima:ya:na
\lxoa ma:ya:na
\lxoa_c kima:ya:na
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to lead, guide, or take along by the hand
\sense_s llevar o conducir agarrado de la mano
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chma:ya:nan, xok nitlachia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They lead me by the arm, I can no longer see.
\phrase_s Me guian agarrado por el brazo, ya no puedo ver.
\phrase_n I:wa:n o:noma:ya:ntiah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He went along hand in hand with her.
\phrase_s El iba agarrándola de la mano.
\phrase_n Nikma:ya:ntiw, o:tla:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I lead him along him by the arm, he is drunk.
\phrase_s Lo voy llevando por el brazo, se emborrachó.
\phrase_n San kima:ya:ntia:yan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They would just lead him along by the arm (or hand, e.g. a person who is ill).
\phrase_s Solamente lo conducían por el brazo (o por la mano, p. ej., un enfermo).
\root ma:
\root ana
\nse The verb ma:ya:na is almost always found with an aspectual verb of associated motion, most often -tiw or -tinemi (Am) /
-timi (Oa), but occasionally it occurs with the durative -tok.
\ref 05582
\lxam xi:ktlapo:wi
\lxam_c xi:ktlapo:wi
\lxoa xi:htlapo:wi
\lxoa_c xi:htlapo:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become unclogged (a narrow tube-like opening)
\sense_s destaparse; desatascarse (algo como un tubo angosto)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to feel a sharp pain in ones belly (e.g., in lifting a heavy weight)
\sense_s sentirse un fuerte dolor por la zona del ombligo (p. ej., como resultado de levantar algo muy pesado)
\sense_d Pending
\root xi:k
\root tlapo:
\nse In Oapan xi:htlapowi is also employed in reference to the affliction or illness that occurs when semoya:wi tonemilis ; see nemilistli
\ref 05583
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This word was /xokotla:lia/ but it appears not to be a word used often, though it was documented. The definition was as follows '(refl.) to be a braggart; to be a big talker (bragging
about sth that one does not have)'
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 05584
\lxam a:me:hli
\lxam_c a:me:hli
\lxoa a:me:hli
\lxoa_c a:me:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e small well dug in the sand next to a river allowing filtered water for drinking to seep through
\sense_s pocito hecho en la arena junto a un río para que se llene de agua potable que se ha filtrado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka umpa xtlate:ma ipan noa:me:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't fill your water jugs there in my well.
\phrase_s No llenes tu cántaro allíen mi pocito.
\root a:
\root me:ya
\grm Note how it seems that /a:me:hli/ derives from /me:ya/, which indicates that perhaps the root is /me:/ and /-ya/ is a verbalizer.
\mod Illustrate
\ref 05585
\lxam tla:loli:nalistli
\lxam_c tla:loli:nalistli
\lxoa tla:loli:nka:listli
\lxoa_c tla:loli:nka:listli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e earthquake
\sense_s terremoto; temblor
\sense_d Pending
\root tla:l
\root o:li:
\semref tla:loli:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05586
\lxam te:ntlapachiwtok
\lxam_c te:ntlapachiwtok
\lxoa te:ntlapachihtok
\lxoa_c te:ntlapachihtok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to have ones mouth or lower face covered (particularly with cloth or objects made of cloth, usually to protect an injury or to cover pimples, nips from a boyfriend or
girlfriend, etc.)
\sense_s tener la boca o parte inferior de la cara cubierta (particularmente con una tela u objeto hecho de tela, generalmente para protegir una herida o esconder granitos, las
mordidas de un novio o novia, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:timote:ntsotsoloh, xok tite:ntlapachiwtok -=tite:nsa:liwtok-.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You took the covering off the lower part of your face (e.g., in becoming cured of a particular problem or disease), your mouth and chin are lo longer covered by cloth.
\phrase_s Te descubriste la parte inferior de la cara (esto es, al aliviarse de un problema médico en particular), ya no tienes una tela cubriendo la boca y mentón.
\sense_e to have the top or opening covered with a cloth (e.g., a pot or similar object, usually with the cloth tied tight around the rim so that dust, dirt, insects, etc. don't get in)
\sense_s tener la boca o apertura cubierta con una tela (p. ej., una olla, tinaja, etc., usualmente con la tela amarrada para que no entre basura, polvo, moscos, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root tlapach
\qry Undoubtedly /te:ntlapachiwi/ exists, but check and document.
\ref 05587
\lxam to:nalchika:wa
\lxam_c kito:nalchika:wa
\lxoa to:nalchika:wa
\lxoa_c kito:nalchika:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to fortify or strengthen the"soul"(to:nal) of
\sense_s fortalecer, hacer más fuerte el alma (to:nal) de
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root to:na
\root chika:
\qry Check to determine whether /chika:waltia/ exists and, if it does, whether there is a difference between transitive /chika:wa/ and /chika:waltia/. Also, for this entry, check for an
intransitive form and for ?/to:nalchika:wa/.
\mod Cf. Flk-1984-06-07.2
\semref to:nalchika:waltia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref to:nahli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05588
\lxam tsi:ntamahli
\lxam_c tsi:ntamahli
\lxoa tsi:ntamahli
\lxoa_c tsi:ntamahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e rear end (generally with the implication that it is large or fat)
\sense_s nalgas (generalmente con la implicación que son grandes y gordas)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\semfld human
\disamb tsi:ntetl; tsi:ntamahli
\root tsi:n
\root tamal
\qry In general elicit for all body parts descriptions of the part. Thus eyes: /i:xte:nyeyewaltik/, etc., for butts /tsi:npitentsi:n/, for mouths, ears, eyes, faces, arms, legs, hands, feet, buttocks,
etc. Note creation of new code for body part descriptions.
\ref 05589
\lxam tliwa:ki
\lxam_c tliwa:ki
\lxoa tliwa:ki
\lxoa_c tliwa:ki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ki/tsa
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to be roasted; to be toasted (either on top of a clay griddle or directly on embers)
\sense_s asarse; tostarse (o sobre un comal o directamente sobre las brasas)
\sense_d Pending
\root tli
\root wa:
\vl The first male token is /tliwa:hki/ (with an /h/ before the /ki/) not /tliwa:ki/. The male token /tliwa:hki/ should be tagged as 5934.
\ref 05590
\lxam uch
\lxam_alt uchah
\lxam_c uch
\lxoa uch
\lxoa_c uch
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan cochino (?)
\psm Interj
\der Interj-loan
\sense_e sound used for driving away pigs
\sense_s sonido utilizado para espantar y ahuyentar a marranos
\sense_d Pending
\nse In Oapan both uch and kuch are used to chase away animals such as pigs. However, u:ch, with an extended vowel, may be used to
encourage a donkey to come along.
\vl Pick the most energetic examples. I believe it would be the final male token (of three) and the final or penultimate female token. There then follows the sound to call pigs:
/china china chinah/. There might only be 2 recoverable female tokens. Pick the final one and tage with #7761.
\semref kuch
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05591
\lxam kórreah
\lxam_c kórreah
\lxoa kórriah
\lxoa_c kórriah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan correa
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\pitch yes
\sense_e leather strap that is used in certain types of sandals
\sense_s correa, tira de cuero de que se hacen algunos huaraches
\sense_d Pending
\qry Cf. if this also refers to other types of leather straps.
\ref 05592
\lxam i:xte:ntekoya:wi
\lxam_c i:xte:ntekoya:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\lexical Lex. inflix te-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to widen (a hole such as a buttonhole, a hole in ones belt, etc.)
\sense_s ensancharse (un agujero o ojal de la ropa, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:i:xte:ntekoya:w nowera:ch
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The hole in my sandal has gotten wide (i.e. opened up).
\phrase_s El agujero en mi huerache ya se ensanchó(abriéndose).
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root koya:
\nse I.e. for things such as buttoneholes, etc. to widen. Note incorporation of /te/ intensifier.
\semref boto:ntekoya:wi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05593
\lxam te:tsa:wa:tioh
\lxam_c te:tsa:wa:tioh
\lxoa te:tsa:wa:tioh
\lxoa_c te:tsa:wa:tioh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Trans
\sense_e to be full of white lice (particlarly on ones shirt and clothes)
\sense_s estar lleno o cubierto con piojos blancos (particularmente sobre la camisa u otra ropa)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:tsa:w
\root a:t
\nse When these lice invade ones clothes it is held to be a sign of poverty. They are particularly prone to appear on ones shirt.
\qry Check for verbal form (intransitive and transitive), which probably also exist.
\vl Link 2nd male token.
\semref te:tsa:wa:tintli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05594
\lxam tlaxkaltetso:tsontli
\lxam_c tlaxkaltetso:tsontli
\lxoa tlaxkaltetso:tsontsi:n
\lxoa_alt tlaxkaltetsotsontsi:n
\lxoa_c tlaxkaltetso:tsontsi:n, tlaxkaltetsotsontsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e type of toasted tortilla cooked without flipping and then sprinkled with salt on the top
\sense_s tipo de tortilla dorada que se cuece sobre un comal sin voltear y después se le echa sal por la superficie
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlaxkaltetso:tsontli, tikmana se: tlaxkahli wan tikontla:li:s koma:lko. Tikxi:xi:nili:s istatl, xkaman tihkwepas. San tikekwani:s, tiktla:li:s ipan metlatl wan
tiktetso:tsonas ika metlapihli, ka:n xo:xohki, ka:n kipia istatl. Oksepa xkontla:li koma:lko, ikatok itech tlitl. Ma tliwa:ki. Tihkwepas deke se: la:doh o:tliwa:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e (To make) a tlaxkaltetso:tsontli , you pat out a tortilla and place it on the griddle. You then sprinkle some salt on it here and there, you never turn it over. You
then move it, you lay it on a metate and you pound on it with a metlapihli where it isn't cooked, where it has salt. Then you once again place it on the hearth,
upright next to the fire. Let it get toasted. You turn it around if one side has gotten toasted.
\phrase_s (Para hacer) un tlaxkaltetso:tsontli , echas una tortilla y la pones sobre el comal. Entonces, le rocías sal poco a poco, nunca la volteas. Entonces la
quitas, la colocas sobre un metate y la golpeteas con la mano del metate donde estácruda, donde tiene sal. Otra vez la pones donde estáel comal, parada junto al
fuego.¡Quése dore! Lo volteas al otro lado si ya se doró.
\semfld food-maize
\nae The present case exemplifies what appears to be vowel length variation among speakers, at least some from Oapan. There seems little doubt that Florencia Marcelino pronounces
tlaxkaltetso:tsontsi:n with a long vowel reduplicant (from my original notes, this would appear to be the same reduplicant form as that found in Ameyaltepec).
However, Inocencio Jiménez has a short vowel. Whether this reflects a general variation that distinguishes female and male speech (which would be unusual in Oapan) or whether
this represents an idiosyncratic variation of Inocencio Jiménez is not clear at this point. However, measurements of duration strongly suggest differences not only at the phonetic but
at the phonological level as well. For Florencia Marcelino the ratio of the vowels of /tso:tson/ are 125:74 and 116:56 ms; for Inocencio Jiménez the durations are 62:63 and 76:61
ms.
\qry_fon Vowel length variation: The present case exemplifies what appears to be vowel length variation among speakers, at least some from Oapan. There seems little doubt that
Florencia Marcelino pronounces tlaxkaltetso:tsontsi:n with a long vowel reduplicant (from my original notes, this would appear to be the same reduplicant
form as that found in Ameyaltepec). However, Inocencio Jiménez has a short vowel. Whether this reflects a general variation that distinguishes female and male speech
(which would be unusual in Oapan) or whether this represents an idiosyncratic variation of Inocencio Jiménez is not clear at this point. However, measurements of duration
strongly suggest differences not only at the phonetic but at the phonological level as well. For Florencia Marcelino the ratio of the vowels of /tso:tson/ are 125:74 and
116:56 ms; for Inocencio Jiménez the durations are 62:63 and 76:61 ms.
\grm Vowel length variation: The present case exemplifies what appears to be vowel length variation among speakers, at least some from Oapan. There seems little doubt that
Florencia Marcelino pronounces tlaxkaltetso:tsontsi:n with a long vowel reduplicant (from my original notes, this would appear to be the same reduplicant
form as that found in Ameyaltepec). However, Inocencio Jiménez has a short vowel. Whether this reflects a general variation that distinguishes female and male speech
(which would be unusual in Oapan) or whether this represents an idiosyncratic variation of Inocencio Jiménez is not clear at this point. However, measurements of duration
strongly suggest differences not only at the phonetic but at the phonological level as well. For Florencia Marcelino the ratio of the vowels of /tso:tson/ are 125:74 and
116:56 ms; for Inocencio Jiménez the durations are 62:63 and 76:61 ms.
\vl Link 1st female token and 1st male token; not difference in vowel length.
\root xka
\root tsona
\ref 05595
\lxam polowa
\lxam_c kipolowa
\lxoa polowa
\lxoa_c kipolowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to lose (an object)
\sense_s perder (un objeto)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:mpoloh, xkanah ne:si.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I lost it, it's nowhere to be found.
\phrase_s Lo perdí, no aparece en ningún lado.
\phrase_n O:nikpopoloh notomi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I lost my money (over time, e.g., as it fell out of my pocket little by little)
\phrase_s Perdími dinero (durante un tiempo extendido, p. ej., al estar cayéndome del bolsillo poco a poco).
\sense_e to be lacking to (i.e., to be short of, with English [S] marked as Nahuatl [O])
\sense_s hacer falta a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chpolowa tomi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm short of money.
\phrase_s Me hace falta dinero.
\phrase_n Aí:k o:te:chpoloh tomi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We never lacked for money.
\phrase_s Nunca nos faltódinero.
\sense_e (refl.) to make a mistake; to err
\sense_s (refl.) equivocarse; errar; hacer un error
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:timopoloh, kas tikoxtoya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You made a mistake (got it wrong), perhaps you were sleeping.
\phrase_s Te equivocaste, quizáestabas durmiendo.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to waste
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) echar a perder; desperdiciar; malgastar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikpo:poloh notomi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I wasted my money (spending it all unwisely, here and there).
\phrase_s Malgastémi dinero (gastándolo irracionalmente, por aquíy por allá).
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to erase (e.g., sth written down or drawn)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) borrar (p. ej., algo escrito o dibujado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikpo:poloh, xkwahli katka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I erased it (e.g., the answer to a question), it wasn't right.
\phrase_s Lo borré(p. ej., la contestación a una pregunta), no estaba bien.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to interrupt; to cause (sb) to loose his bearings or train of thought
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) interrumpir; hacer perder (a algn) el hilo (p. ej., algn que estápensando)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tine:chpo:poloh, o:nikelka:w tli:n niknemilitoya nikchi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You made me lose my train of thought, I forgot what I was thinking of doing.
\phrase_s Me hiciste perder el hilo, se me olvidólo que estaba pensando hacer.
\phrase_n Ne: nonono:tsalo:tok wan yewa te:po:polowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e People are conversing there, and he interrupts.
\phrase_s Allála gente estáconversando, y el interrumpe.
\sense_e (with tla-) to lose ones senses
\sense_s (con tla-) perder el sentido
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San niwa:ltlapolowa, ne:chkukwa notsontekon.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I just wind up losing my bearings (senses), my head hurts.
\phrase_s De vez en cuando salgo perdiendo el sentido, me duele la cabeza.
\root pol
\qry In /aí:k o:te:chpoloh tomin/ make sure that tense/aspect is correct. Perhaps imperfective would be correct. Check the difference between /ne:chpo:polowa/ and /ne:chtla:tlapolo:ltia/.
\xref polowilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05596
\lxam sotla:wa
\lxam_c kisotla:wa
\lxoa sotla:wa
\lxoa_c kisotla:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi (Oa); V1-alt-wi(a) (Am)
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to make or cause to faint
\sense_s hacer desmayar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mitsisotlati:s, mitsi:xiwi:nti:s, welis mitssotla:was, pero ki:sas tli:n mitik tikpia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It will make you vomit, it will get you drunk, it might make you faint, but whatever you had inside your belly will be expelled.
\phrase_s Te hace vomitar, te emborracha, hasta te puede hacer desmayar, pero sale lo que tienes adentro.
\root sotla:
\qry Recheck the correctness of this causative formation. Perhpas /sotla:wa/ can be transitive, i.e., perhaps the above should be /mitssotla:was/. Check. If /sotla:wia/ is correct. Add a
grammar note on this type of causative formation. Note that in another set of file cards, original ones, I have /sotla:wi/ as the intransitive and /sotla:wa/ as the transitive. Cf. also
/te:sotla:wani/ as 'sth that causes one to faint.' This suggests a transitive /sotla:wa/, not /sotla:wia/.
\grm Causative: if /mitssotla:wi:s/ is correct in the above, this would indicate a causative variation of /sotla:wa/ and /sotla:wia/. This should be checked but if correct added to the
grammar. Note that Classical had /sotla:wa/ as both intransitive and transitive; cf. Ameyaltepec /te:sotla:wani/, an agentive ending in /-ni/ that also suggests /sotla:wa/ as a
transitive.
\ref 05597
\lxam tlatla:ski
\lxam_c tlatla:ski
\lxoa tla:tlaski
\lxoa_c tla:tlaski
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ki
\infn N1
\sense_e animal that is laying eggs (particularly referring to hens)
\sense_s animal que estáponiendo; ponedora (particularmente gallinas)
\sense_d Pending
\root tla:sa
\nse Although tlatla:sa can be used to refer to any bird or fowl that is laying eggs, in Ameyaltepec tlatla:ski has only been documented in reference to hens.
\nae In Oapan this term is rarely used; rather one finds that the relativized illucution piyo yón tlátlakáli is the common term. Florencia Marcelino said that she had heard
tla:tlaski uttered by older people but was not sure of the pronunciation. This seems to explain the irregularity in vowel length. Historically the verb root has a long /a:/
and, as a transitive verb, the nominalization would take the nonspecific object prefix tla-. The fact that the duration of the Oapan pronunciations by Florencia Marcelino
and Inocencio Jiménez suggests a phonologically long initial vowel and a short verbal root vowel perhaps reflects their unfamiliarity with the term. Note that the transitive verb
tla:sa has not been documented in either Oapan nor Ameyaltepec.
\qry Check to see if other birds and fowl (or even snakes) can be referred to with the term /tlatla:ski/. Check /tlatla:ske:tl/, which probably doesn't exist.
\semref tlatlakali
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05598
\lxam tlakali
\lxam_c kitlakali
\lxoa 'tlakáli
\lxoa_alt 'tlakále
\lxoa_pr tlakali
\lxoa_c kítlakáli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e throw or toss (e.g., a ball)
\sense_s aventar o tirar (p. ej., una pelota)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to throw or toss away (e.g., sth that is no longer good, that no longer works)
\sense_s tirar (en el sentido de desechar algo que ya no estábien, que ya no sirve, tirándolo a la basura)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlakali, xoh kwahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Throw it away! it's no longer good.
\phrase_s ¡Tíralo! ya no sirve.
\sense_e to knock down (an animate being or material object that is standing)
\sense_s derrumbar (un ser animado o cosa parado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ticho:cholo:s para ma:ka mistlakaltiki:san.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will walk fast (in this case behind a team of mules while plowing a field) so that they don't knock you down as they go.
\phrase_s Vas a caminar a prisa (en este caso atrás de una yunta de mulas) para que de paso no te avienten al pasar.
\sense_e (with a directional prefix) to toss into; to toss over (here/there)
\sense_s (con un prefijo direccional) aventar (hacia acá/allá); echar (un objeto dentro de un recipiente, máquina, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nikontlakal tomi:n ipan roko:lah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I tossed some money into the jukebox.
\phrase_s Echédinero al rocola.
\sense_e (wa:ltlakali) to toss to the ground (from a height)
\sense_s (wa:ltlakali tirar al suelo (desde una altura)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kwa:ltlakal iye:wah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His mare tossed him to the ground.
\phrase_s Su yegua lo aventóal suelo.
\phrase_n O:wa:lte:tlakal ipan korrá:l, o:kontila:n un to:roh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (in this case a bull) knocked someone down from the fence (around the bullring). The bull reached over (there, with its horns) and pulled him down.
\phrase_s Tiró(en este caso un toro) a alguien del corral (en la rueda de toros). El toro lo alcanzó(a un hombre con sus cuernos).
\phrase_n O:kwa:ltlakalito. O:sa:lihka ipan kohtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He came to knock it down to the ground (e.g., a kite). It had gotten stuck in a tree.
\phrase_s Vine a aventarlo al suelo (p. ej., un papalote de papel). Se había atorado en unárbol.
\sense_e (~ -kone:w) to have a miscarriage (a human or animal)
\sense_s (~ -kone:w) sufrir un aborto espontáneo o no provocado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kitlakal ikone:w
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She had a miscarriage.
\phrase_s Sufrióun aborto no provocado.
\sense_e (refl. + -tech) to play up to
\sense_s (refl. + -tech) congraciarse a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Notlakali notech.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He plays up to me.
\phrase_s Se congracia a mí.
\sense_e (refl. with long vowel reduplication and often -tiw) to wobble back and forth, as if on the verge of falling (e.g., a person with arthritis when walking, etc.)
\sense_s (refl. con reduplicación de vocal larga y a menudo -tiw) tambalearse, de un lado a otro como si estuviera a punto de caer (p. ej., una persona con artristis
cuando camina)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Notla:tlakaltiw ke:n pa:toh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e (When walking) he wobbles back and forth like a duck.
\phrase_s (Al caminar) tambalea de un lado a otro como pato.
\semfld motion
\root tlahkali
\qry Affix order; directionals; impersonal; aspect: The order of affixation does not appear to be always fixed. Thus I had difficulty in determining whether the impersonal of aspectual
constructions was after the main or the aspectual verb. In asking Florencia Marcelino (of Oapan), she stated that both are correct: /tlakwate:walo/ and /tlakwa:lote:wa/. I am still not
certain if one form or the other is more common, or if there is a semantic difference between the two orders. Another example of variable order comes from the word /tlakali/. Here
I have two example sentences with /te:-/ and /wa:l-/. One is /o:te:wa:ltlakal un to:roh/ and the other is /o:wa:lte:tlakal un to:roh/. The reason for this difference (see Gram
1986-09-08.1) is not clear, i.e., whether the order is simply variable or whether there is a semantic difference. It might also depend on the extent to which /wa:ltlakali/ is lexicalized.
Note that the verb /wa:le:wa/, for example, has the /wa:l-/ fused in a new lexicalized verb . To the extent that /wa:ltlakali/ is lexicalized is the extent to which one might expect the
/wa:l-/ to be closer to the verb stem that /te:-/ (although the usual order is directional +nonspecific object+verb). All this should be checked.
\mod For the sentence /O:wa:lte:tlakal ipan korrá:l, o:kontila:n un to:roh/ see Gram 1986-09-08.1 Note that in one example sentence I have /o:wa:lte:tlakal/ and in another /o:te:wa:ltlakal/.
Check.
\grm Affix order; directionals; impersonal; aspect: The order of affixation does not appear to be always fixed. Thus I had difficulty in determining whether the impersonal of
aspectual constructions was after the main or the aspectual verb. In asking Florencia Marcelino (of Oapan), she stated that both are correct: /tlakwate:walo/ and
/tlakwa:lote:wa/. I am still not certain if one form or the other is more common, or if there is a semantic difference between the two orders. Another example of variable
order comes from the word /tlakali/. Here I have two example sentences with /te:-/ and /wa:l-/. One is /o:te:wa:ltlakal un to:roh/ and the other is /o:wa:lte:tlakal un to:roh/.
The reason for this difference (see Gram 1986-09-08.1) is not clear, i.e., whether the order is simply variable or whether there is a semantic difference. It might also depend
on the extent to which /wa:ltlakali/ is lexicalized. Note that the verb /wa:le:wa/, for example, has the /wa:l-/ fused in a new lexicalized verb . To the extent that /wa:ltlakali/
is lexicalized is the extent to which one might expect the /wa:l-/ to be closer to the verb stem that /te:-/ (although the usual order is directional +nonspecific object+verb). All
this should be checked.
\grm Directionals; lexicalization: /O:kwa:ltlakalito. O:sa:lihka ipan kuhtli/ 'He came to knock it down to the ground (e.g., a kite). In the preceding phrase note the use of a
directional prefix and suffix in the same verb. The prefix has the somewhat lexicalized meaning of 'to the ground' or 'down to the ground'; the suffix indicates purposive
subject movement. This is an example of two movements being encoded in one verbal compound through affixation. Cf. this to verbs whose semantics itself encodes a
directional path (e.g., /kalaktia/, which implies movement from outside to inside).
\xref tlakalilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref tlákalília
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\xref tlatlakali
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tlátlakáli
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05599
\lxam ye:lmoya:wa
\lxam_c kiye:lmoya:wa
\lxoa e:lmoya:wa
\lxoa_c ke:lmoya:wa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to turn the stomach of; to disgust
\sense_s darle asco a
\sense_d Pending
\root e:l
\root moya:
\nde Although the intransitive form has not been documented in Balsas region Nahuat it is found in Tetelcingo, Morelos, as the equivalent of yelmoya:wi ; here transitivization
requires the use of a causative construction: yelmoya:witia.
\qry Check for intransitive.
\ref 05600
\lxam sakaa:jos
\lxam_c sakaa:jos
\lxgen sakaa:jos
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) ajos
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e Cyperus odoratusL., a type of sedge (Cyperaceae family) noted for its bulbous root that smells like garlic
\sense_s Cyperus odoratusL., un tipo de Cyperaceae (familia) conocido por su raíz bulbosa que huele como de ajos.
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Sakaa:jos | Xiwtli pero itik tla:hli kipia itsonteyotsitsi:wa:n. Wan nekwisti me:dioh ke:n a:jos, yewa ika kihlian 'sakaa:jos.'
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sakaa:jos : It is a herbaceous plant but inside the earth it has its bulbs. And it smells somewhat like garlic, for this reason it is called
sakaa:jos.
\phrase_s Sakaa:jos : Es una planta herbácea pero dentro de la tierra tiene sus bulbos. Y huele algo como ajos, por eso le dicen sakaa:jos.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root saka
\notes_nature Neither Inocencio Díaz nor Silvestre Pantaleón had heard of this type of grass, but Asención Marcelo said that he knew this plant.
\qry Check translation and meaning of /tsonteyotsitsi:wa:n/, perhaps this is related to a characteristic of an ant by this name.
\semref xóxonakátsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref i:xonak a:ketspalin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref a:xonakatl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05601
\lxam tlapuwahli
\lxam_c tlapuwahli
\lxoa tlapowahli
\lxoa_c tlapowahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e person counted on the list of head of household
\sense_s persona contada en una lista como cabeza de familia; objeto contado en un grupo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xok tlapowahli nika:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's no longer counted here (i.e., no longer a citizen or tekitla:katl).
\phrase_s Ya no es contado aquí(esto es, ya no es ciudadano o tekitla:katl).
\sense_e object that has been counted (as a member of a group, e.g., a head of cattle that has been counted as part of a herd)
\sense_s objeto que ha sido contado (como miembro de un grupo, p. ej., una cabeza de ganado que ha sido contada como parte de un rebaño)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:wa:n tlapowahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is counted with the rest.
\phrase_s Estácontado con los demás.
\root po:wa
\ref 05602
\lxam kexsa:liwi
\lxam_c kexsa:liwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for something to get stuck in ones throat (e.g, particularly food that refuses to go down)
\sense_s atorarsele algo en la garganta (p. ej., comida que se queda atorado)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Yo:nikexsa:liw pa:mpa xok ma:s ya:sneki notlakwal. A:chitsi:n ma nikoni a:tl para temo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got a clogged throat because my food doesn't want to go down anymore. Let me drink a little water so that it goes down (i.e. what is stuck in my throat).
\phrase_s Tengo la garganta atorada porque mi comida ya no quiere pasar. Déjame tomar un poquito de agua para que se despega (lo que estáatorado).
\root kech
\root sa:l
\disamb kechsa:liwi; ko:kopi:tsiwi
\disamb kechsa:liwi
\qry Check for possible transitive form and use. Also check for other possible meanings of the intransitive.
\semref kopa:htestia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05603
\lxam kextetepon
\lxam_c kextetepon
\lxoa kextetepon
\lxoa_alt kextetepoh
\lxoa_c kextetepoh, kextetepon
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e to be headless
\sense_s estar sin cabeza
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Burroh kextetepon.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is a headless burro (a type of na:wahli).
\phrase_s Es un burro sin cabeza (un tipo de na:wahli).
\root kech
\root tepon
\fl tetepon
\nse Although a burroh kextetepon is a type of na:wahli , the word kextetepon can refer to any headless animal (such as a chicken).
\ref 05604
\lxam mexkahli de sakaixtli
\lxam_c mexkahli de sakaixtli
\lxoa mexkahli de sakayextli
\lxoa_cpend @mexkahli de sakayextli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e type of agave still not identified
\sense_s tipo de agave todavía no identificado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mexkahli de sakaixtli | Bwe:noh para i:loh para tiksa:lo:s anjolí:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Mexkahli de sakaixtli : It is good for making string that is used to tie sesame.
\phrase_s Mexkahli de sakaixtli : Es bueno para hacer hilo que se usa para atar ajonjolí.
\semfld plant
\semfld cactus
\root mexkal
\root saka
\root ich
\semref sakamexkahli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05605
\lxam poti:xatia
\lxam_c poti:xatia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan botija (?)
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to become pot-bellied; to get a swollen or bloated belly (a person or animal)
\sense_s llegar a ser barrigón o panzón; hincharsele a uno la barriga (a una person o animal)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Asta yo:tepotixa:tiak, mlá:k kwahli o:ixwik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's belly even got bloated, it really ate its fill.
\phrase_s Hasta se le hinchóla barriga, de veras comióbien.
\nse Poti:xatia usually refers to a condition deriving from illness (e.g., malnutrition, particularly among children) and only jokingly is it said about someone whose belly is
stuffed and bloated from food.
\qry Note that whereas I have recorded that the intensifier is OK here, I do not have this noted for words such as /poti:xatik/, this should be checked.
\ref 05606
\lxam i:xna:miktia
\lxam_c ki:xna:miktia
\lxoa i:xna:mihtia
\lxoa_c tlai:xna:mihtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to provide with the second half (or major part) necessary to complete a task (e.g., to provide a second ox or mule needed to complete a plow team, or to supply half the
firewood needed to complete a load carried by a beast of burden, etc.)
\sense_s proveer con la otra mitad (o una parte principal) necesaria para alcanzar una meta a (p.ej., encontrar el buey o mula necesario para completar una yunta, o contribuir un
lado de una carga de leña, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ki:xna:miktih tli:n iwa:n tekitis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He provided the companion (animal) to that with which he is working (thus completing the team of oxen or mules).
\phrase_s Le dio su pareja al (animal) que estaba trabajando (asícompletando la yunta de bueyes o mulas).
\phrase_n Tlai:xna:miktian, se:sentetl kipian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They each contribute one half (of the yunta), each has one (animal).
\phrase_s Cada quien da la mitad (de la yunta), cada uno tiene un (animal).
\phrase_n O:tlai:xna:miktikeh ika tlikuwtli, san sesen la:doh o:kwa:hkikeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They got together to complete a load of firewood, each one brought (the firewood for) one side.
\phrase_s Se juntaron para completar una carga de leña, cada quien trajo un lado (de leña).
\root i:x
\root na:miki
\nse This verb is probably derived from a nominal form i:xna:miktli (Am), much the same as the verb na:miktia (Am) is derived from
na:miktli (Am). I:xna:mihtia does not seem to be a causative. This verb is only found with the tla- prefix in Oapan.
\nde In Classical there are various senses of this verb. Thus Molina has three entries of ixnamictia, each with different prefixes: ninote 'competir, o rifar con otros';
nite 'rebolver a otros'; and nitla 'aforrar algo, o poner una cosa contra otra.'
\qry Check in general length of /wa:n/ or /iwa:n/ to make sure vowel is not short. Check other significations of /i:xna:miktia/.
\grm Compare this to the forms and translation in RS. It would appear that there are two meanings of /i:xna:miktia/ in classical. One, given as /nite-/ is glossed as 'atacar,
sublevar, levantar a los demás'. This would seem to be a direct causative to /i:xna:miki/ meaning 'to confront'. Context might indicate that there is a primary and secondary
object here. However, another meaning is simply transitive. Cf. /A:man yo:hne:xtih tli:n ki:xna:mikis nobwe:yeh/ in which the subject is the animal that will 'make a pair'
with the ox. With /O:ki:xna:miktih tli:n iwa:n tekitis/, however, the object is the animal worked with /tli:n iwa:n tekitis/. Cf. /iyeltia/.
\xref i:xna:miki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05607
\lxam ma:tompo
\lxam_c ma:tompo
\lxoa ma:tompo
\lxoa_c ma:tompo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) tompo(?)
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\infn N1; pl. ma:tompomeh (Am) / ma:tompomeh (Oa)
\sense_e water animal, grey or blackish in color, that is said to be a type of large chakalin, but without arms or pincers
\sense_s animal del agua, de color gris o negrito, que se dice ser un tipo de chakalingrande, pero sin brazos o pinzas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e person with a bad arm (either congenitally, or one that is deformed, e.g., haven been broken and not having healed properly; used in general for sb who does not have full
use of his arm or arms)
\sense_s persona con un brazo mal (quizo o congenitamente, o tal vez por haberse roto y no haberse sanado bien; empleado para personas que no tienen uso completo de sus
brazos)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ma:totompo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has two bad arms.
\phrase_s Tiene los dos brazos mal.
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\root ma:
\nae The etymology of ma:tompo given that the element tompo has not been clearly identified as a Spanish loan.
\qry Recheck for final /h/ also check vowel length (e.g., of the first /o/ in /tompo/) Also, check to see if this is a loan, or related to the word for a stumpy arm, etc. Also, check for
homophony to word for someone with a bad arm. It is used in general to refer to someone who does not have full use of his arms.
\vl Link 1st male token.
\ref 05608
\lxam amanka:kwi
\lxam_c namanka:kwi
\lxoa ámanká:kwi
\lxoa_pr amanka:kwi
\lxoa_c námanká:kwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Part-V2
\der V1-refl
\trans +Refl/-trans; +Caus
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl.) to become upset or fed up
\sense_s (refl.) hartarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n kali yo:nimamanka:kwik, a:man ye niaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've gotten fed up here indoors, now I'm going (outside).
\phrase_s Me he hartado aquíadentro, ahora ya me voy (afuera).
\phrase_n Nimanka:kwi. Tle:ka ihkón tine:chihlia?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm upset. Why do you say it to to me like that (i.e., that someone saw me drunk, or anything that might bother me or get me upset).
\phrase_s Estoy harto,¿Porquéme lo dices de esta manera? (p. ej., que alquien me vióborracho, o cualquier cosa que me moleste, que me mortifica porque es algo que no me gusta
escuchar o saber).
\root ahmana
\root kwi
\qry Apparently used only in the reflexive, although this should be checked.
\grm The form /yenia:w/ is written as one word given the accent pattern, which falls on the /e/ in the phrase given. Add the clitic nature of /ye/ to the grammar notes.
\grm Apparently /amankakwi/ is used only in the reflexive, although this should be checked. It seems that the causative is used transitively and that the reflexive is not. Thus both
/amanka:kwi/ and /amanka:kwi:tia:/ are monotransitive. The diffence seems to be in the agentive quality of the subject. In the former, subject is simply co-referent with
patient, and there is no agent or cause. In the latter, subject acts as agent and is the cause of patient's change of mental state. What apparently occurs is that in verbs in
which there is no cognate intransitive to transitive constructions, the reflexive indicates non-agentive action, whereas the the causative indicates a prototypical agent-patient
interaction.
\xref amanka:kwi:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref ámanka:kwí:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05609
\lxam ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl kostik
\lxam_c ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl kostik
\lxoa ka:ká:lexó:chitl kostik
\lxoa_c ka:ká:lexó:chitl kostik
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1/2; Aln
\sense_e variety of the species Plumeria rubraL., a tree of the Apocynaceae family; the yello variety is found only in housesite gardens and does not grow wild in the Balsas
region; in Spanish cacalosúchil
\sense_s variedad o forma de la especie Plumeria rubraL., unárbol de la familia Apocynaceae; la con flores amarrillas no es silvestre en la región del Balsas sino que se
encuentra solamente en jardines caseros de los pueblos del valle
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\semfld medicine (pending)
\ency_note ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl
\root ka:lo:
\root xo:ch
\root sta
\semfld flower
\mod For the application of /ka:ka:lo:xo:chtli/, cf. folklore notes.
\ref 05610
\lxam i:xte:nkukwitlanextik
\lxam_c i:xte:nkukwitlanextik
\lxoa i:xté:nkwitlanéxtik
\lxoa_c i:xté:nkwitlanéxtik
\lxoa_pr i:xté:nkwitlanextik
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-l)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have light-colored, greyish (and sometimes bluish) eyes
\sense_s tener los ojos de un color gris ligero (y a veces azúl claro)
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root kwitla
\root nex
\mod Determine the difference in color between i:xte:nkukwitlanextik and i:xte:nsasa:rkah. Also add in /ono section a discussion of eye color. Note that the
reduplicated form refers to sb with eyes of that color. The non-reduplicated form to sb who has been hit in one eye and whose eye gets cloudy as a result.
\qry_fon Again note how the reduction of the reduplicant occurs on an underlying long vowel in the incorporated noun. And again, the noun stem is a body part.
\ref 05611
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was the record for /i:kxi wexo:lotl/ and has been deleted as a duplicate.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\ref 05612
\lxam ikopi:lia
\lxam_c kikopi:lia
\lxoa íkopí:lia
\lxoa_pr ikopi:lia
\lxoa_c kíkopí:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to close ones eye at (at times taken as a sign of dislike)
\sense_s cerrarle el ojo a (a veces tomado como un señal de disgusto hacia la persona)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chikopi:lih. Melá:k o:ne:chtlawe:litak saka o:nyeka icha:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He squinted his eyes at me. He really despises me only because I went to his house.
\phrase_s Me cerrólos ojos. De veras me odia, nada más porque había ido a su casa.
\phrase_n O:tikikopi:lih, tiktlawe:lita.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You blinked your eyes at her, you dislike her.
\phrase_s Le pestañeaste, no te cae bien.
\root hkopi
\nse This should be compared to two forms of the verb kopilia : kikopilia and the reduplicated kí:kopília.
\qry_fon Check length of /i/ in the final segment, /ikoPILia/, in one instance I have it recorded long. I have changed it to long based on this and the fact that in Oapan it is long.
Recheck.
\vl The first male token is /íkopília/, without the object prefix /k/. It should be /kíkopília/. I do not know what word /íkopília/ is so it should be tagged 99999_05612_OM1a.wav
\xref ikopi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref íkopí
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05613
\lxam tla:lchikiwtli
\lxam_c tla:lchikiwtli
\lxoa tla:lchikihtli
\lxoa_c tla:lchikihtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e perforated earthen pot used as a sieve to clean the nextamahliof nexa:yo:tlbefore it is ground
\sense_s coladera de cerámica que se emplea para limpiar el nixtamal de nexa:yo:tlantes de que se muela
\sense_d Pending
\semfld tool-cook
\root tla:l
\root chikiw
\mod Illustrate
\ref 05614
\lxam komisa:rioh
\lxam_c komisa:rioh
\lxoa komisa:rioh
\lxoa_c komisa:rioh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan comisario
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e town mayor and judge, aided by a lieutenant mayor, the segundoh (Am) / sego:ndoh (Oa)
\sense_s alcalde y juez del pueblo, cuyo ayudante es llamado el segundoh (Am) / sego:ndoh(Oa)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld govern
\ency_note officials
\semref jwes
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tekiwah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05615
\lxam mi:hlan
\lxam_alt mi:hla:n
\lxam_c mi:hlan
\lxoa mi:hlah
\lxoa_c mi:hlah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1[poss]
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e cornfield
\sense_s milpa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nia:s nomi:hlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to my cornfield.
\phrase_s Voy a mi milpa.
\root mi:l
\root_rel -tlan
\nse Unlike -tla:lpan, which is always possessed, (cf. nia:s te:tla:lpan 'I am going to someone's field'), mi:hlan has not been documented
with a nonspecific possessor. Thus one often hears nia:s mi:hlan 'I'm going to work in a cornfield,' and not ? nia:s te:mi:hlan , which I have never heard,
although this fact does not preclude that it may also be correct. However, one does often hear mi:hlan possessed with 1st, 2nd, or 3rd person markers:
xkaman niaw momi:hlan 'I never go to your cornfield.'
\nae According to Chen Díaz the final /a:/ is long in mi:hla:n and to:hla:n although he has a short /a/ in words like a.skatlan. Apparently the
locative meaning of mi:hla:n has influenced the vowel. Nevertheless in Oapan it is short. Ameyaltepec forms should be rechecked.
\ref 05616
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was for the placename /A:tlahko/. It is now in the toponymic database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 05617
\lxam xihkón
\lxam_c xihkón
\lxoa xihkón
\lxoa_cpend xihkón
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-manner
\compound Neg-Adv-Demons
\der Adv
\sense_e see xkon
\sense_s véase xkon
\sense_d Am
\vl The Oapan tokens here should be tagged as 2208. As is usually the case, the later sounds should be better and therefore the links should be made with the later recordings.
\ref 05618
\lxam anjoli:n mo:hli
\lxam_c anjoli:n mo:hli
\lxoa a:jolmo:hli
\lxoa_alt a:jolih mo:hli
\lxoa_c a:jolmo:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan ajonjolí
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of mole made of sesame seeds
\sense_s tipo de mole hecho de anjolín
\sense_d Pending
\ency_note mo:hli
\root mo:l
\nse In Oapan both the incorporate and unincorporated forms, a:jolmo:hli and a:jolih mo:hli, are found. In Ameyaltepec only the unincorporated form has
been documented.
\qry_fon Recheck length of /a/ for all examples of 'sesame'. Here I seemed to definitely here a short /a/ in Ameyaltepec but a long /a:/ in Oapan.
\vl Link 2nd female token of /a:jolmo:hli/ and 1st male token.
\ref 05619
\lxam ayuwechmo:hli
\lxam_c ayuwechmo:hli
\lxoa áyawachmó:hli
\lxoa_c áyawachmó:hli, áyowachmó:hli
\lxoa_pr ayawachmo:hli
\lxoa_pr ayowachmo:hli
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound (N-N)-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e mole verde, mole made with dried squash seeds
\sense_s mole verde, hecho de pepitas de calabaza
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food
\ency_note mo:hli
\root ayoh
\root wech
\root mo:l
\qry Note the sequence áya- at the beginning of this noun. Also check the length of the initial vowel. In this pronunciation it seems definitely short.
\ref 05620
\lxam tsokwilowa
\lxam_c kitsokwilowa
\lxoa tsókwilówa
\lxoa_pr tsokwilowa
\lxoa_c kitsókwilówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to make dirty; to make disgustingly dirty
\sense_s hacer mugriento; hacer sucio hasta la asquedad
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl.) to dirty oneself (e.g, from diarrhea)
\sense_s (refl.) ensuciarse (p. ej., de diarrea)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nimotsokwiloh, nima:pi:tsa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I dirtied myself, I have diarrhea.
\phrase_s Me ensucié, tengo diarrhea.
\root tsohkwil
\qry Check for other uses.
\grmx Oapan pitch-accent, phonology: Note that although in a discussion session preceding elicitation Florencia Marceino stated that either /kitsókwilówa/ or /kítsokwilówa/ was
correct, in the recording she would only accept /kitsókwilówa/. It would appear, therefore, that this latter form is the correct one (or at least highly dominant). The lack of
shift is probably due to the overall syllable structure and the fact that not only does the output /kitsókwilówa/ maintain IO maximalization of identity but it maintains pitch on
the syllable with coda {h}.
\ref 05621
\lxam tlatsatsako:ni
\lxam_c tlatsatsako:ni
\lxoa tlá:tsekó:ni
\lxoa_c tlá:tsekó:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-instr-ni
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn N1
\semfld tool-cook
\sense_e ceramic bowl with a handle protruding from the middle of the bottom, and used upside-down for covering pots in which foods such as elotes and tamales are
cooked with steam; in Ameyaltepec the tlatsatsako:ni often has three ring-like legs, rather than one handle in the middle
\sense_s plato hondo de cerámica con una manga que sale de por medio de la parte inferior; se pone boca abajo sobre una olla donde se estácocinando con vapor cosas como
elotes y tamales; en Ameyaltepec los tlatsatsako:ni a menudo tienen tres pies, como astas pequeñas, en lugar de una en medio
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Notepalkaw de tlatsatsako:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is a (regular) ceramic bowl of mine that I use as a lid (e.g., on a pot used to cook tamals, to keep the steam in).
\phrase_s Es un plato hondo de cerámica mío que utilizo como tapadera (p. ej., sobre una olla utilizada para cocer tamales, para que no se escape el vapor).
\root tsakwa
\nse My original notes stated that this instrumental is much less common than its synonym, tlatsatsakwalo:ni , of which it is apparently an apocopated form.
\qry The vowel length of the first /a:/ in the Opaan form is uncertain. Check.
\vl There are 8 tokens of this word; all should be tagged 5621.
\mod Illustrate; see illustration on original 3x5 card.
\semref tlatsatsakwalo:ni
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 05622
\lxam kuwi:xkuwatl
\lxam_c kuwi:xkuwatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of striped snake still not identified
\sense_s tipo de culebra con rayas, aparentemente llamada chicote en español
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld snake
\ency_note kowatl
\root kowi:x
\root kowa
\nse Apparently this is the same as Oapan a:kowatlalthough this should be rechecked.
\semref a:kowatl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05623
\lxam te:kwa:nyo
\lxam_c i:te:kwa:nyo
\lxoa te:kwa:nyo
\lxoa_c i:te:kwa:nyo
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-ni
\infn N2(yo)
\sense_e stinger (of particular insects)
\sense_s aguijón (de ciertos insectos)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\semfld animal
\root kwa
\nse The following animals have a stinger: chi:lpan, tetekomasol , obeji:tas, and the ko:lo:tl.
\qry Determine if there is an unpossessed form ?/te:kwa:nyo:tl/.
\grm Note how an /-ni/ derived agentive can be inalienably possessed and how the final /i/ drops out in this process. A similar elision occurs with compounding.
\semref tsi:nkoli:tah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05624
\lxam sampe:nas
\lxam_c sampe:nas xmotlalo
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan apenas
\psm Adv
\der Adv-man
\sense_e barely; just a little
\sense_s apenas; un poquito
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Sampe:nas xki:xpoye:li! Ma:ka we:i tikte:mili:s, tla:mo ke:n istachichí:k yes!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just salt it a little! Don't put a lot in, if you do it will get too salty!
\phrase_s ¡'échale un poquito de sal! No le pongas mucha, porque si lo haces así, va a pasarse de sal.
\semref tepitsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05625
\lxam wa:hki
\lxam_alt wa:lki
\lxam_c kwa:hki
\lxoa wa:hki
\lxoa_c kwa:hki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Dir-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to bring (to a specific deictic reference point)
\sense_s traer (a un punto específico deíctico)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwa:hki, nihkwa:sneki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Bring it over here, I want to eat it!
\phrase_s ¡Tráelo acá, me lo quiero comer!
\sense_e to come pick up and take away (see kwi)
\sense_s venir a recoger y llevar (véase kwi)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mo:stla nikwa:hkis, a:man xnikaxilia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tomorrow I'll come pick it up, today I don't have the time.
\phrase_s Mañana vengo a recogerlo, hoy no alcanzo.
\semref kwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\root kwi
\nae Wa:hki represents a phonological variation of the seldom realized ? wa:lkwi. According to Inocencio Díaz in the past it was more common to say
wa:lki but that this has been changing to wa:hki , the form used by the majority of Ameyaltepequeños. However, he uses wa:lki , which
is the form he said he learned while young. Note also that there are two tense/aspect inflectional patterns for this verb. The first, with the meaning 'to bring (to a specific deictic
reference point)', simply considers wa:hki as a class 4 verb with the expected conjugation pattern: kwa:hkis , o:kwahkik , etc. In the
second pattern, with the meaning 'to come pick up and take away,' wa:hki is analyzed as the directional prefix wa:l- and the verb kwi.
In those tenses and aspects in which the directional prefix wa:l- is used, the verbal form wa:hki (or, with some speakers, wa:lki) is used
(e.g., kwa:hkis , kwa:hkiya , etc.). However, with those tenses and aspects in which suffix is used, the verb kwi appears as expected:
o:kikwiko , xkwiki , etc. Thus the two senses of wa:hki could (or should, perhaps) be considered two separate entries.
\grm Directionals: Wa:hki represents a phonological variation of the seldom realized ? wa:lkwi. According to Inocencio Díaz in the past it was
more common to say wa:lki but that this has been changing to wa:hki , the form used by the majority of Ameyaltepequeños. However, he uses
wa:lki , which is the form he said he learned while young. Note also that there are two tense/aspect inflectional patterns for this verb. The first, with the
meaning 'to bring (to a specific deictic reference point)', simply considers wa:hki as a class 4 verb with the expected conjugation pattern:
kwa:hkis , o:kwahkik , etc. In the second pattern, with the meaning 'to come pick up and take away,' wa:hki is analyzed as the
directional prefix wa:l- and the verb kwi. In those tenses and aspects in which the directional prefix wa:l- is used, the verbal
form wa:hki (or, with some speakers, wa:lki) is used (e.g., kwa :hkis , kwa:hkiya , etc.). However, with those
tenses and aspects in which suffix is used, the verb kwi appears as expected: o:kikwiko , xkwiki , etc. Thus the two senses of
wa:hki could (or should, perhaps) be considered two separate entries.
\ref 05626
\lxam tepoxaktetl
\lxam_c tepoxaktetl
\lxoa tepoxahtetl
\lxoa_c tepoxahtetl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Adj-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e crumbly stone made of hardened sand, such material is not found in the area of Ameyaltepec but is present in Oapan, where it is used for hearthstones
(temanastetl (Am) / temanistetl(Oa))
\sense_s piedra hecha de arena endurecida que se desmenuza fácilmente; tal piedra no se encuentra en los alrededores de Ameyaltepec pero síen Oapan, donde se emplea para los
tres soportes de la fogata (temanastetl (Am) / temanistetl(Oa))
\sense_d Pending
\semfld stone
\root poxa:
\root te
\nse The first element of this noun is tepoxaktik (Am) / tepoxahtik(Oa), derived from the verb poxa:wi. Note that in other
compounds the participial form used: poxa:hka:sowa:tl (Am) 'a sickly or weak woman.'
\qry Check to determine whether both /poxaktik/ and /tepoxaktik/ exist (cf. my comments under /poxaktik/). Also check whether /poxaktetl/ is correct.
\vl The first female token is /tepoxahtik/ and should be tagged with ref #04480.
\grm Incorporation; modification; adjectivals: Note that there are two ways in which the stem /poxa:/ is incorporated to modify nouns. These two ways are illustrated by
/poxa:hka:sowa:tl/ 'a sickly or weak woman' and /tepoxaktetl/ 'a crumbly rock of hardened sand.' The first is clearly the participial form of the verb /poxa:wi/, i.e.,
/poxa:hka:/, with the common phonological change of w>h in the environment indicated (before /k/, etc.). This type of incorporation of participial modifiers is quite
common. However, the other incorporation is less common. Verbs that end in /-a:wa/ form an adjectival through the reduction of the stem, the aggregation of /-ktik/ and,
almost always, the prefixation of the intensifier /te-/. Thus one has /toma:wi/ and /tetomaktik/, /pitsa:wi/ and /tepitsaktik/ and /poxa:wi/ and /tepoxaktik/. However, as this
entry demonstrates, the adjectival form may be reduced and then placed before a noun that it modifies. One key point to investigate is when this incorporat i on is used,
and when theparticipial forms are used. Would one have ?tepoxaksowa:tl and ?poxa:hka:tetl. Check here and in cognate constructions.
\ref 05627
\lxam ma:tia
\lxam_c noma:tia
\lxoa ma:tia
\lxoa_c noma:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl., with -pan) to use ones fists (e.g., in defending oneself)
\sense_s (refl., con -pan) usar los puños (p. ej., en defenderse)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xkaman te:pan noma:tia, ma:si kiwi:sokih.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He never defends himself with his fists, even though they beat him up.
\phrase_s Nunca se defiende con los puños, aunque le dan de golpes.
\phrase_n I:pan timoma:tia te:kone:w.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e You beat up on other children.
\phrase_s Pegas a los demás niños.
\sense_e (refl.) to have sticky fingers (i.e., to take for oneself that which is dear or precious)
\sense_s (refl.) tener la mano larga (esto es, tomar por si mismo lo que es caro o escaso)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Noma:tia, konki:tskia tli:n tlasoti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has sticky fingers, he reaches out to take what is dear (e.g., money, etc.).
\phrase_s Tiene la mano larga, agarra lo que escasea (p. ej., dinero).
\sense_e (refl.,with a second ojbect) to beat up on
\sense_s (refl., con un segundo objeto) golpear (a una persona que no se opone o no puede defenderse)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n ¡Xkita deke tine:chnoma:ti:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You decide if you want to beat up on me (i.e., I won't fight back)!
\phrase_s ¡Vélo túsi quieres golpearme (no voy a devolver los golpes!
\phrase_n Misnoma:tia:ya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He used to beat up on you.
\phrase_s Te daba unas tundas.
\root ma:
\nae Some Ameyaltepec consultants accepted the reflexive (with the sense of 'to beat up on') with an additional overt object if 1st or 2nd person, e.g., tine:xnoma:tia'you
beat up on me.' Note that the reflexive is that of the 3rd person, not mo- as expected with the 2nd person singular timo-. With an additional 3rd person
object, the marker is not overt, which gives the impression of an absence of head marking: timoma:ti:s Juan 'you are going to beat up on Juan.' In Oapan this word is
always used with -pan to indicate the additional object. It is often used with te:kone:w as in one example above. The sense is always that of using ones fists
on someone that one knows one can beat up. In Oapan noma:tia (without -pan) has the additional sense of 'to defend oneself with ones fists,' e.g.,
¿tlia:o:n o:timoka:wilih, timoma:ti:sia? 'Why did you let yourself (be beat up), you should have defended yourself with your fists!.
\qry Further determine if transitive, nonreflexive form can be used, and further clarify meaning.
\ref 05628
\lxam sokimolo:nki
\lxam_c sokimolo:nki
\lxoa sokimolo:nki
\lxoa_c sokimolo:nki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to have a foul-smell from sledge and mud (water, particularly standing water)
\sense_s tener un mal olor a causa de fango o lodo (agua, particularmente agua estancada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tikita a:tl chipa:wak, pero sokimolo:nki. Mero un sokitl xkwahli ka:n me:xtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The water looks clear but it is foul-smelling from mud (i.e., the sediment along the bottom). It is the mud itself that is no good where the water springs forth.
\phrase_s El agua se ve limpia pero huele mal por el fango. Es el mismo lodo que no estábien en el lugar donde brota (el agua).
\root soki
\root molo:
\qry Check spelling and pronunciation of /mero/ (perhaps /me:ro/, /meroh/, /me:roh/, etc.). Make sure that /me:xtok/ in the above illustrative phrase refers to the place where the water
springs forth.
\ref 05629
\lxam kwa:pa:tsowa
\lxam_c kikwa:pa:tsowa
\lxoa kwa:pa:tsowa
\lxoa_c kikwa:pa:tsowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to splash water on the face of
\sense_s echarle agua a la cara de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma nimokwa:pa:tso:ti para ma:ka nikochisneki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me go splash some water on my face so that I won't feel sleepy!
\phrase_s ¡Déjame ir a echarme agua a la cara para que no tenga sueño!
\root kwa:
\root pa:ts
\qry Check for intransitive: /kwa:pa:tsiwi/.
\root_notes Mention that /pa:ts/ is related to /pa:/, and point out connection between /pa:/ and /pa/ or /a:/.
\ref 05630
\lxam tlake:nxi:ni
\lxam_c tlake:nxi:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (riddle) for the bark to drop off (of a tree)
\sense_s (adivinanza) caérsele la cáscara a (unárbol)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Nochipa cho tlake:nxixi:ntok
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Clothes are just dropping off of it all the time (in this case the kuwxio:tl, a tree with peeling bark, as mentioned in a riddle).
\phrase_s Nomás se le estátirando ropa todo el tiempo (en este caso el kuwxio:tl, unárbol con cáscara que se pela, como se menciona en una adivinanza).
\root ke:m
\root xi:
\nse The only occurrence of this word to date has been in a riddle in reference to a tree with peeling bark that all days is shedding off its"clothes"onto the ground.
\ref 05631
\lxam i:xse:wi
\lxam_c i:xse:wi
\lxoa i:xtse:wi
\lxoa_c i:xtse:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become discolored or faded; to lose its luster (e.g., a colored cloth or painted surface)
\sense_s despintarse o descolorarse; perder la vista o el brillo de los colores (p. ej., una tela o una superficie pintada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n tlachia:ya. A:man xohkó:n, yo:i:xse:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It used to have a pretty appearance. Now it's no longer like that, its lost its luster.
\phrase_s Tenía una apariencia bonita. Ya no es así, perdiósu brillo.
\root i:x
\root se:
\qry In above phrase check final root length of /tlachiaya/. Determine transitive form of /i:xse:wi/.
\qry_fon Note s>ts / x ___
\grm Oapan phonology: Note change of /s/ to /ts/ in the following: /i:xtse:wi/.
\root_notes Note in general the problem of etymology, should it be /se:w/ or /se:/. If the latter, then set up several different entries under /se:/ to distinguish 'one' from 'cold'.
\ref 05632
\lxam pachiwi:tia
\lxam_c kipachiwi:tia
\lxoa pachiwi:tia
\lxoa_c kipachiwi:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to send home or away (a suitor's family and representatives [O] told to leave by a girls father [S], etc.)
\sense_s mandar a casa (p. ej., los parientes y representantes de un pretendiente [O] por el papárenegante de la novia [S])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Deke xtikmati, kwa:kon nite:pachiwi:ti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If you don't know (a father speaking to a daughter as to whether she wants to marry a suitor), then I'll get rid of them (i.e., tell the suitor's representatives and father to
leave and not come back).
\phrase_s Si no sabes (un padre preguntando a su hija si acepta casarse con su pretendiente), los voy a despedir (a los representantes y parientes del pretendiente, diciéndoles que
se vayan y que no regresen).
\sense_e to allow to or let leave; to send home (e.g., a group of hired hands [O] after a day's work)
\sense_s despachar o dejar ir (p. ej., a un grupo de trabajadores [O] después de un día de trabajo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye tio:tlak wan xe te:chpachiwi:tia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's already late in the afternoon and he hasn't let us (in this case workers in sb's field) go home.
\phrase_s Ya es tarde y todavía no nos deja ir (en este caso trabajadores en el sembradío de otra persona).
\sense_e to fire (from a job); to relieve of a responsibility
\sense_s despedir (de un trabajo); eximir de una responsabilidad
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to deny to (sb, a right or privilege to)
\sense_s negar o vetar a (algn, un derecho o privilegio)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka san tikwa:hkis a:tl, o:mitspachiwi:tikeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't try to come take any more water (e.g., at a communal well), they've closed it off to you (in this case because you've reached your cuota they won't allow you to take
anymore).
\phrase_s No vayas a venir para llevarte agua (p. ej., en un pozo comunal), ya te lo vetaron (in este caso porque ya alcanzaste tu cuota y no te van a dejar sacar más).
\sense_e (with tla-) to take ones leave
\sense_s (con tla-) despedirse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne nitlapachiwi:tia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I take my leave.
\phrase_s Me despido.
\sense_e (recipr.) to take leave of each other
\sense_s (recipr.) despedirse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:man ye niaw nocha:n, xoh kaman timotaskeh, nika:n timopachiwi:tian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now I'm going home, we won't see each other anymore, here is where we take leave of each other.
\phrase_s Ahora ya me voy a ir a casa, ya no nos vamos a ver, aquínos despedimos.
\sense_e (-wa:n + refl.) to take leave of
\sense_s (-wa:n + refl.) despedirse de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mo:wa:n ye nimopachiwi:ti:s, ne:xchian nocha:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will take leave of you now, they are waiting for me at home.
\phrase_s Ya me voy a despedir de tí, me están esperando en la casa.
\root pach
\qry In /ne nitlapachiwi:tia/ check whether the /ne/ is correct and whether it is an apocapated form of /newa/. Also recheck the translation of /ne nitlapachiwi:tia/ which I have translated
as"I take my leave."Perhaps /nitlapachiwi:tia/ means 'I let people go (e.g., workers whose day has come to an end).' Check.
\root_notes Probably the root /pach/ here should be reanalyzed as homophonous to the root of /pachiwi/, cf. /pachiwi/ 'to press down on st.' However, this is still not clear, as it might be
a metaphoric extension of the same root.
\ref 05633
\lxam kwa:kokoto:na
\lxam_c kikwa:kokoto:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to prune or cut the top branches off (a plant), leaving it stripped of foliage on top
\sense_s cortarle las ramitas más altas (de una planta), dejándolo sin follaje en la parte alta
\sense_d Am
\root kwa:
\root koto:
\qry Check other uses as well as existence of nonreduplicated form. Also check for intransitive.
\semref kwa:tetepolowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref kwá:tepolówa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref kwá:tsotsontéki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05634
\lxam alba:kah
\lxam_c alba:kah
\lxoa aliba:kah
\lxoa_c aliba:kah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan albahaca
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e basil, a type of small, white flowering plant
\sense_s albahaca, tipo de pequeña planta con flores blancas
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semfld domesticated
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1988) identifies albaca as Ocimum basilicum, 'sweet basil' and states that it is used for stomache aches.
\semfld flower
\qry One record has /aliba:kah/. Check pronunciation.
\ref 05635
\lxam potoktli
\lxam_c potoktli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-ni-k
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e steam (of coffee or other very hot liquids); heat given off (of moist things packed together in a hot environment)
\sense_s vapor (de caféo de otros líquidos muy calientes); calor que sale (de cosas húmedas que están apretadas en un medio caloroso)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n ipotokio kafé:h
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e steam given off by coffee
\phrase_s vapor de café
\root poto:
\nae Although the verb ? poto:ni has not been documented in Balsas Nahuatl it is present in Classical (cf. Molina potoni.ni heder, o oler mal.' It is not unlikely
that potoktli derives from this verb in the way that poposoktl derives from poso:ni.
\qry Check for existence of /poto:ni/. /potoktli/ has the form of a word derived from a verb ending in /o:ni/. However, check both the existence of the supposed base verb, and its
meaning. Also check the full possible meanings of /potoktli/. I have recorded only 'steam' or 'vapor.' Cf. to /poto:ni/ which is given to mean 'oler mal,' in Classical.
\semref ítipotóhtli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05636
\lxam wepe:wa
\lxam_c kwepe:wa
\lxoa kope:wa
\lxoa_c kikope:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to detach; to pull off
\sense_s desprender; arrancar; botar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:tikwepe:w moye:lo:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You pulled your green ear of corn out (of its husk, or off the stem).
\phrase_s Arrancaste tu elote (de su cáscara, o bien desprendiéndolo de su tallo).
\phrase_n O:ne:xchinga:rotiki:s nowitike:tl, o:tlauwepe:wtiki:s ika ye:lo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got screwed over by some passer-by (in this case on a path through my cornfield), he plucked off some green corn as he went by.
\phrase_s Me chingóun caminante (en este caso algn que pasópor mi milpa); arrancóunos elotes al pasar.
\sense_e to uproot (see wiwitla
\sense_s desarraigar (un objeto de donde estámetido; see wiwitla)
\sense_d Pending
\root wepe:
\disamb wepe:wi; kopi:ni
\qry Check whether /wepe:wa ye:lo:tl/ refers to pulling it off of the stem or to pulling it out of its husk. Check also the correctness of /xkuwepe:wa un komekatl ka:n itsmoli:ntok/. I have
removed this definition: 'to uproot (see wiwitla' /Xkuwepe:wa un komekatl ka:n itsmoli:ntok!/ 'Pull that vine off there where it is sending up new shoots (leaving the
roots and stump in place and pulling off only the new sprouts)!'
\grm Antipassive: Note the following /O:ne:xchinga:rotiki:s nowitike:tl, o:tlauwepe:wtiki:s ika ye:lo:tl/ 'I got screwed over by some passer-by (in this case on a path through my
cornfield), he plucked off some green corn as he went by.' Note that it would have been possible, I believe, for the speaker to have uttered /...o:kuwepe:w ye:lo:tl/, but this
did not occur. It would seem that one explanation for this is that the discourse topic in this sentence is the action performed by the traveler, and not the green ears of corn,
which are almost incidental to the event. It seems, then, that the use of the"antipassive"formation occurs when it is the active or transitive event that is highlighted and the
object itself is incidental. It is not a previous topic of discourse, nor will it be subsequently.
\xref wepe:wilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 05637
\lxam ixwa
\lxam_c ixwa
\lxoa ixwa
\lxoa_c ixwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to sprout (seedlings or cultivated plants, wild plants)
\sense_s brotar (cultivos como maíz y frijol, plantas silvestres)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:tlaxwak. O:nikitato.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (in this case a milpa) has started to sprout up. I've already gone to take a look.
\phrase_s Ya empezóa brotar (en este caso las plantas en una milpa). Ya la he ido a ver.
\phrase_n O:tlaxwak ika miák xiwtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It got all covered up by weeds that sprouted.
\phrase_s Se cubrióde maleza que brotarópor todos lados.
\sense_e (fig.) to grow (hair, white hairs with old age, etc.)
\sense_s (fig.) salir (pelo, cañas a la gente vieja, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w ixwa nokwa:istal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have started to get white hairs.
\phrase_s Se me empezaron a salir cañas.
\root xwa
\qry Check status of initial /i/, whether or not epenthetic, although it apparently is, viz. /tlaxwa/. Also determine whether there is a transitive/causative form.
\ref 05638
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kextli:lihki
\lxoa_c kextli:lihki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to be black-necked; to have a black neck (e.g., certain types of birds)
\sense_s tener un cuello negro (p. ej., ciertos tipos de pájaros)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body-description
\root kech
\root tli:l
\semref kechtli:ltik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 05639
\lxam pi:tso:tl
\lxam_c pi:tso:tl
\lxoa pi:tso:tl
\lxoa_c pi:tso:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e woven palm container hung over ones shoulder and to ones hip that is used for storing caught grasshoppers until one arrives home to cook them on a
koma:hli
\sense_s recipiente de palma tejida colgado del cuerpo hasta el nivel de la cintura y utilizado para guardar chapulines cazados hasta llegar a casa, donde se cuecen sobre un comal
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e hot tortilla lightly sprinkled with salt and rolled up and mushed together (used to feed very young children)
\sense_s tortilla caliente rociada con un poquito de sal y enrollada y aplastada (para darle de comer a niños muy pequeños)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmaka pi:tso:tl un kone:tsi:ntli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Give that little child a pi:tso:tl. !
\phrase_s ¡Dále un pi:tso:tl. a ese niñito!
\phrase_n Xkwa mopi:tsow!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Eat your pi:tso:tl !
\phrase_s ¡Come su pi:tso:tl !
\semfld tool
\root pi:ts
\nae Etymologically pi:tso:tl seems to be related to the verb root pi:ts, which indicates a general narrowing of a material object. Both the form of the
palm container (a cylinder with a narrowed opening) and the rolled up and crushed hot, salted tortilla, suggest this semantic relation. For this reason the root of
pi:tso:tl has been given as pi:ts and not pi:tso:.
\qry Check possessed form. Although I have entered /ipi:tso:w/, for the one occurrence I have written down in the example sentences I originally wrote /ipi:tsoh/.
\mod illustration
\ref 05640
\lxam tlai:xtechiko:ni
\lxam_c tlai:xtechiko:ni
\lxoa tlaí:xtechikó:ni
\lxoa_c tlaí:xtechikó:ni
\lxoa_pr tlai:xtechiko:ni
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-inst-ni
\lexical Lex. inflix te- ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) (Oa)
\infn N1
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e fiber brush used to dust and clean off the koma:hlibefore using it to cook (particularly tortillas)
\sense_s escobilla de fibras utilizada para limpiar el comal antes de utilizarlo para cocinar (particularmente tortillas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlai:xtechiko:ni, ika kipupwan koma:hli
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tlai:xtechiko:ni , it is used to clean off the koma:hli.
\phrase_s El tlai:xtechiko:ni , con eso limpian el comal.
\semfld tool
\root i:x
\root chiki
\nse The tool is an instrument of hard grass bound together in a bundle perhaps 6 cms long, and that is used to brush the surface of the comal before starting to make
tortillas.
\nae The motivation for the pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl tlaí:xtechikó:ni is not entirely clear. Often the verbal stem chiki or techiki is
reduplicated, though in this case the Ameyaltepec cognate is not reduplicated. However, given that there is no evidence of underlying {h} in any part of tlaí:xtechikó:ni
it would seem that the pitch accent is a reflex of the reduplicant. If this were the case there are two possible interpretations. The first would be that the stem techiki
reduplicates and that this is reflected in the pitch accent on the preceding long vowel of an incorporated noun stem i:x-. However, given that it is unusual for a long
vowel preceding a reduplicated stem to accept the reduced reduplicant, this explanation might not be the most credible. The second explanation is that the compound verbal form
i:xtechiki itself reduplicates. There is a general rule that reduplicated stems with long initial vowels simpl y acqui re pitch ac cent on the vowel (cf.
a:polakiand á:poláki). Thus i:xtechiki would reduplicate as í:xtechíki. This, in turn, would then nominalize as
tlaí:xtechikó:ni.
\qry I had this sentence but am not sure of its correctness: check /Tlai:xtechiko:ni, tlai:xpupwa ika i:koma:l ikwa:k i tlaxkalowa./ 'The tlai:xtechiko:ni , she cleans off the
surface of her koma:hliwith it when she is about to make tortillas.'
\grm Antipassive; null object: /Tlai:xtechiko:ni, tlai:xpupwa ika ikoma:l ikwa:k i tlaxkalowa/ Note that in this contruction is seems that the object of the transitive /i:xpupwa/ is the
comal, but the marking on the verb is of the nonspecific object /tla-/ and the patient itself (that whose surface is cleaned), is expressed obliquely. It might be possible to
interpret the /ika/ as marking the instrumental (as would be the case in the simple phrase /tlai:xtechikoni, tlai:xpupwa ika/), but it appears much more probable that in the
full phrase of the illustrative sentence it is the"antipassive"construction that obtains.
\semref 'techiki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref suwa:montli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref siwa:montli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05641
\lxam ye:kma:tli
\lxam_c ye:kma:tli
\lxoa ye:hma:tli
\lxoa_c ye:hma:tli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e right hand (as body part)
\sense_s mano derecha (como parte del cuerpo)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (i:pan ~) to the right
\sense_s (i:pan ~) a la derecha
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tia:skeh ipan ye:kma:tli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We're going to go to the right.
\phrase_s Vamos a ir a la derecha.
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root ye:k
\root ma:
\qry_fon Check vowel length of /ye:k/ in Am /ye:kma:tli/, Chen Díaz asserted that it was short.
\ref 05642
\lxam tei:ni
\lxam_c tei:ni
\lxoa tei:ni
\lxoa_c tei:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to break up in pieces; to shatter; to crumble (sth brittle such as dried plants, glass, egg shells, clay pots, etc.)
\sense_s desmenuzarse; hacerse añicos (algo quebradizo como plantas resecas, vidrio, cascarón de huevo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:wa:tsalka:mik iswatl, o:pe:w tetei:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The corn leaves have gotten brittle from having dried, they've started to crumble into small pieces
\phrase_s Las hojas del maíz (zacate) se quedaron todo quebradizo por haberse resecado, ya empezaron a desmenuzarse.
\phrase_n Tla: ipan ticholo:s, tei:nis nosin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If you step on it, my mazorca will get broken to pieces (i.e., the kernels will fall off).
\phrase_s Si le pisas a mi mazorca se va hacer añicos (cayéndole todo el maíz).
\phrase_n Wa:hki o:kimankeh itakatl, san wa:ltetei:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They put really dry dough on the griddle when they made the itakatl , (for this reason) they just wind up crumbling to pieces.
\phrase_s Echaron las gorditas (itakatl) con la masa muy seca, (por eso) vienen desmenuzándose.
\phrase_n O:wetsiko, o:tlapa:ntekok, o:tetei:ntekok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It fell to the ground, it broke when it hit, it shattered when it hit.
\phrase_s Se cayóal suelo, se rompióal contacto, se estrellóal contacto con el suelo.
\root tei:
\grm Directionals; /-teko/; vertical motion: Note how /-teko/ indicates that an action/event occurred when something hit the ground: /O:wetsiko, o:tlapa:ntekok, o:tetei:ntekok./ 'It
fell to the ground, it broke when it hit, it shattered when it hit.' Note how in general the /-ko/ is parallel in meaning to /-teko/.
\ref 05643
\lxam wexo:lo:tl
\lxam_c wexo:lo:tl
\lxoa wéxó:lo:tl
\lxoa_pr wexo:lo:tl
\lxoa_c wéxó:lo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1/2; Aln
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e turkey (in general)
\sense_s guajolote (en general)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e male turkey
\sense_s guajolote macho
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wexo:lo:tl notekomo:nia, kitokatinemi cha:ntsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The male turkey puffs up and ruffles its feathers, it is following around after a female turkey.
\phrase_s El guajolote macho se infla y eriza su plumaje, anda siguiendo un guajolote hembra.
\sense_e (ia:ko:n wexo:lo:tl) ball of flesh that is located on a turkey's breast
\sense_s (ia:ko:n wexo:lo:tl) pelota de carne que se encuentra sobre el pecho de un guajolote
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root weh
\root xo:lo:
\nse Most consultants stated that a wexo:lo:tl is identical to a xo:lo:tl although some stated that the xo:lo:tl referred to a younger turkey. The
wexo:lo:tl is not considered a to:to:tlbut most speakers.
\qry In one file card I had the final /o/ short (e.g., /wexo:lotl/); length should be rechecked. Recheck whether /xo:lo:tl/ is acceptable and is identical to /wexo:lo:tl/. Recheck for presence
of /h/, reported in other dialects.
\grm Oapan phonology : Note that in /wéxó:lo:tl/ the stress is maintained over the long middle /o:/ even though the final syllable is also long.
\semref xo:lo:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05644
\lxam tixtli
\lxam_c tixtli
\lxoa tixtli
\lxoa_c tixtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(x)
\sense_e nextamahli that has been ground (on a metate, in a hand mill, or in an electric mill) and is used to make tortillas and various other foods
\sense_s masa, nixtamal molido que se usa para hacer tortillas
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e ground nextamahli including other ingredients (such as sugar, salt, etc.) that have been added to make any number of foods
\sense_s nixtamal molido al que se le ha agregado varios ingredientes (p. ej., sal, azúcar, etc.) y que se emplea en una cantidad de comidas
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e dough (for bread, and in general any similar substance)
\sense_s masa (para pan u otras comidas similares)
\sense_d Pending
\root tisi
\ref 05645
\lxam kwelpaxtik
\lxam_c kwelpaxtik
\lxoa kwelpaxtik
\lxoa_c kwelpaxtik; kwe:kwelpaxtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound S-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be folded
\sense_s estar doblado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tiktemachi:was de kwelpaxtik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You'll measure it when it's folded in half (e.g., a waistband of a trouser).
\phrase_s Lo vas a medir cuando estédoblado (p. ej., la cintura de unos pantalones).
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to be windy (a road; see chikitoltik)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) ser sinuoso (un camino; véase chikitoltik)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Kwe:kwelpaxtík otlí.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e The road is windy.
\phrase_s El camino es sinuoso.
\root kwelpach
\qry Determine whether one can use /chikino:ltik/ in reference to an /otli/.
\root kwel
\root pach
\vl There are 4 additional tokens of this headword in reduplicated form: /kwe:kwelpaxtik/ at 6242. These should be tagged as 5645 and linked to the second pronunciation. Of
the tokens (originally 6242) for /kwe:kwelpaxtik/, link the 2nd female and 2nd male tokens.
\ref 05646
\lxam wa:hki
\lxam_c wa:hki
\lxoa wa:hki
\lxoa_c wa:hki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\infa ki>keh
\sense_e to be dried
\sense_s ser secado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wa:hki o:kimankeh itakatl, san wa:ltetei:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They put really dry dough on the griddle when they made the itakatl , (for this reason) they just wind up crumbling to pieces.
\phrase_s Echaron las gorditas (itakatl) con la masa muy seca, (por eso) vienen desmenuzándose.
\semref wa:tsaltik
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref_t equivalent
\root wa:
\qry Query order for complex predicates, as indicated in the following discussion: Complex predicates; Word order; adjectives: Note the syntax in the following: /Wa:hki o:kimankeh
itakatl, san wa:ltetei:ni/ 'They put really dry dough on the griddle when they made the itakatl , (for this reason) they just wind up crumbling to pieces.' The question
here is the status of /wa:hki/. It describes the state of the gorditas, or masa to make them, as it/they were placed on the griddle. In this sense it is like"They set the itacates down dry
on the comal,"a complex predicate construction. This would seem to be the general syntax for such constructions. One might, therefore, find a sentence such as /wekapan
o:ke:kchi:w ikal/ 'he made his house tall.' My feeling on these matters is not altogether clear, but perhaps in some cases the secondary predicate can follow the object: ?/o:ke:kchi:w
ikal wekapan/ or even ?/o:ke:kchi:w wekapan ikal/. However, the most natural order seems to be the one in dicated above, in the example sentence.
\grm Complex predicates; Word order; adjectives: Note the syntax in the following: /Wa:hki o:kimankeh itakatl, san wa:ltetei:ni/ 'They put really dry dough on the griddle when
they made the itakatl , (for this reason) they just wind up crumbling to pieces.' The question here is the status of /wa:hki/. It describes the state of the
gorditas, or masa to make them, as it/they were placed on the griddle. In this sense it is like"They set the itacates down dry on the comal,"a complex predicate construction.
This would seem to be the general syntax for such constructions. One might, therefore, find a sentence such as /wekapan o:ke:kchi:w ikal/ 'he made his house tall.' My
feeling on these matters is not altogether clear, but perhaps in some cases the secondary predicate can follow the object: ?/o:ke:kchi:w ikal wekapan/ or even ?/o:ke:kchi:w
wekapan ikal/. However, the most natural order seems to be the one indicated above, in the example sentence.
\ref 05647
\lxam yo:lchika:wa
\lxam_c kiyo:lchika:wa
\lxoa yo:lchika:wa
\lxoa_c kiyo:lchika:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (refl.) to take a firm position and refuse to yield
\sense_s (refl.) tomar una posición o asumir una actitud firme sin querer ceder
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:noyo:lchika:w. O:kipachiwi:tih ikni:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He took a firm, unyielding stance. He kicked his brother out (in this case of a house the first brother claimed was his in inheritance).
\phrase_s Tomóuna posición firme. Corrióa su hermano (en este caso de una casa que el primer hermano reclamaba como suya por herencia).
\phrase_n Noyo:lchika:wa pa:mpa yewa ia:xka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He takes a firm position because he knows that it is his.
\phrase_s Asume una posición tenaz porque sabe que es suyo.
\root yo:l
\root chika:
\qry Check whether this verb /yo:lchika:wa/ can be used transitively, or whether there is a causative form for this.
\ref 05648
\lxam tsotsole:teh
\lxam_c tsotsole:teh
\lxoa tsotsole:teh
\lxoa_c tsotsole:teh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (Sp) tsotsoleh
\psm Adj
\der Adj-loan
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e to be hairless; to be bald (an animal)
\sense_s ser sin pelo (un animal)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be naked (fully or partially, a person, particularly from the waist up); to be topless (in dress)
\sense_s estar desnudo (competa o parcialmente, una persona, particularmente de la cintura hacia arriba)
\sense_d Pending
\root tsol
\nse The etymology of tsotsole:teh is uncertain, but it might well be derived from the Spanish termination -ete on Nahuatl tsotsol.
\qry In one file card I note that /tsotsoleteh/ is used to indicate nakedness from the waist up; check this. The specific /tsi:ntetepon/ is used to indicate nakedness from the waist down.
\ref 05649
\lxam a:yo:ki:sa
\lxam_c a:yo:ki:sa
\lxoa a:yo:ki:sa
\lxoa_c a:yo:ki:sa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to seep out the pus or liquid of an infection (e.g., a part of the body)
\sense_s salirse agua del pus o líquido de una infección (p. ej., una parte del cuerpo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia ye:rbah. Totopo:ni, pe:wa a:yo:ki:sa ima ka:n isti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (a mule in this case) has a fungus infection (from Sp. yerba). It (the infected place) is bursting, it's front leg has started to get filled with pus where its hoof
is.
\phrase_s Tiene yerba (en este caso una mula). se estáreventando (el lugar infectado), su pierna de delante ya empezóa llenarse de pus, allípor su pezuña.
\sense_e to secrete a liquid from inside (e.g., wood from which saps comes out, perhaps as it is cut)
\sense_s echar o dejar salir un líquido desde adentro (p. ej., madera del cual se le sale savia al cortarse)
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root ki:sa
\qry I have only heard this used to refer to an infection that begins to fill with pus; check for other possible acceptations.
\mod Perhaps add a discussion of the difference between /kwitlati/ and /a:yo:ki:sa/, if necessary.
\grm A comment should be made on the manner in which incorporated nouns may indicate a type of specificity through the use of /-yo/, a suffix that indicates an inalienable or
intrinsic relation. Thus /a:yo:tl/ is used most often for 'juice,' (of a fruit), 'broth,' (of a dish being cooked), etc. For the grammar contrast /a:ki:sa/ and /a:yo:ki:sa/.
\semref kwitlati; kwitlatia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05650
\lxam kwa:sebo:ti
\lxam_c kwa:sebo:ti
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan (part) cebo
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to have dried soap remain in ones hair
\sense_s quedarse con jabón seco en el cabello
\sense_d Am
\root kwa:
\semref kwa:sebo:tia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 05651
\lxam mala:ya
\lxam_c mala:ya niá:skia
\lxoa mala:ya
\lxoa_c mala:ya tia:sia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\der Modal
\sense_e may it be so, I hope so (in reference to an event or action)
\sense_s ojalá; espero que asísea (en referencia a un evento o acción)
\phrase_n ¡Mala:ya we:lik yeskia!
\phrase_e I wish it were tasty!
\phrase_s ¡Ojalá fuera sabroso!
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e it would have been just as well not (e.g., in reference to an action that the speaker is indifferent)
\sense_s hubiera sido bien si no (p. ej., en referencia a una acción)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Mala:ya tia:sia.
\phrase_d Oa
\snd_oa 05651_01_oa
\phrase_e It would have been just as well had you not gone.
\phrase_s Hubiera sido bien si no te fuiste.
\root ma
\nse The meaning and use of this Oapan Nahuatl term needs further exploration. Apparently it is always found preceding a verbal predicate, unlike Ameyaltepec malaí:k
which seems to function as well as a simple interjection: Malaí:k! 'May it never be!' However, the precise context of use of Oapan mala:ya needs to be
further researched. For now, an approximation seems to be that it expresses a speaker's expression of disdain, that something that had occurred (in the past) might just as well have
not occurred, or that something that might occur (in the future) could just as well not occur (i.e., speaker has little interest if it happens or not). However, much more research needs
to be done.
\nae Mala:ya probably derives from the optative particle ma, but the etymology is still not clear. Likewise, vowel length is still problematical and several more
examples of this word will need to be obtained. In the eight tokens recorded so far the length relationship between the first and second /a/ is 72:96, 66:98, 85:105, and 81:107 for
Florencia Marcelino, and 101:103, 96:94, 92:110, and 99:107 for Inocencio Jiménez. At times initial vowel seems definitely long, but no sure determination has yet been made. For
now it has been written as short.
\qry Recheck vowel length since the card on which this word is recorded was from the first set that was not checked. Note that in Ameyaltepec I was given the translation"may it be that
(in reference to an event or action)"or, in Spanish"ojaláque (en referencia a un evento o acción)"and the sentence /Malaya miák yeskia/"I wish there were a lot!"or"¡Ojaláque fueran
muchos!"This might be in error. Check. I have temporarily removed /mala:ya/ from Ameyaltepec even though I had the phrase /Mala:ya miák yeskia./ and the translations 'I wish
there were a lot!' or '¡Ojaláque fueran muchos!' This should be checked and, if correct, added under this entry.
\vl There are 4 additional tokens at #2712, which should be tagged as 5651. However, given that the sound quality is better later on, the two linked forms should be from 5651,
this will also match up with the phrase /mala:ya tia:skia/.
\semref malaí:k
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 05652
\lxam kale:wahli
\lxam_c kale:wahli
\lxoa kale:wahli
\lxoa_c kale:wahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e flowering shoot of the maguey or agave plant, the mexkahli
\sense_s quijote, la espiga y que florea del maguey o agave, mexkahli
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root kal
\root e:wa
\nse Although weak, the kale:wahli may be used as a beam in thatched roof houses, supporting light weights.
\qry I believe this is called 'quijote' in Spanish, i.e. the flowering shoot of the maguey plant. Check.
\ref 05653
\lxam te:nxo:pi:l
\lxam_c i:te:nxo:pi:l
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e spout (of a pitcher, ladle, etc.)
\sense_s pico (de un jarra, cucharón, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kipia ite:nxo:pi:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has a spout (e.g., a pitcher or similar object)
\phrase_s Tiene su pico (p. ej., una jarra u objeto similar).
\root te:n
\root xo:pi:l
\grm Intrinsic possession: note that in /kipia i:te:nxo:pi:l/ 'it has its spout' the part/whole relation is not marked by /-yo/.
\semref te:nxo:pi:ltik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref xo:pi:l
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 05654
\lxam tlatestok
\lxam_c tlatestok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\compound tla-Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be packed full (e.g., an area such as a place or room with people)
\sense_s estar apretado o apretujado (unaárea como un lugar amplio repleto de gente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:n tlatestok, xwel nikalakis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The place is really fully packed (in this case a dance hall), I can't go in.
\phrase_s Estáapretujado con gente (en este caso un salón de baile), no puedo entrar.
\phrase_n Toba:leh milá:h tlatestok icha:n ika isin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Our friend, his house is really packed with his dried maize on the cob.
\phrase_s Nuestro amigo, su la casa estállenísima con mazorca.
\root tes
\nse Given that this stem has only been documented when followed by -tok it is unclear whether the underlying root is tesor tets. No
cognate forms that might clarify this issue have been found in other dialects.
\qry Check whether /testok/ can also refer to a place that is crammed, or whether the /tla-/ prefix is imperative. Search for evidence of the stem.
\semref tlapi:tsko
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref testok
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 05655
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod Here /maxpo:ntok/ has been removed from the dictionary.
\dt 27/Jul/2001
\ref 05656
\lxam tlasohloh
\lxam_c tlasohloh
\lxoa tlásohlóh
\lxoa_c tlásohlóh
\lxoa_pr tlasohloh
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be full of chaff (such as broken leaves and stems, pieces of plants, etc. that are found in grain that needs to be cleaned)
\sense_s estar lleno de granzas o ahechaduras (hojas y tallos rotas, pedazos de plantas, etc. en un grano que se necesita limpiar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlasohloh moyew.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your beans are full of chaff.
\phrase_s Tus frijoles tienen muchas granzas.
\sense_e to be dirty (e.g. water that is full of small particles such as dust, dirt, parts of plants, etc.)
\sense_s estar sucio (p. ej., agua llena de polvo o mugre, pedacitos de plantas, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root hsol
\ref 05657
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be the entry for /kuwchi:kwepo:nki/ but has been removed as vulgar.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 05658
\lxam papayextik
\lxam_c papayextik
\lxoa té:paíxtik
\lxoa_c té:paíxtik
\lxoa_pr té:paixtik
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. prefix te- Reduced rdp-s(prev-te)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be coarsely ground (e.g., corn dough, masa, used for tortillas)
\sense_s estar molido gruesamente (p. ej., masa para tortillas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San kipa:pankwi tixtli. Xkwe:xtik, papayextik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She just coarsely grinds the nextamahli. It's not finely ground, it's coarse.
\phrase_s Solamente muele burdamente el nixtamal. No estábien molido, estámuy grueso.
\sense_e to be coarsely woven, with a very open weave (e.g., jute)
\sense_s tener un tejido basto o burdo (p. ej., yute)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlake:ntli papayextik, ke:n yuteh, xkwe:xtik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The cloth is like a coarse mesh, it is like yute, it isn't finely (woven).
\phrase_s La tela es burda, es como yute, no estáfinamente tejida.
\root paya:
\nae The etymology of papayextik is not certain, but it is apparently related to paya:na. A similar type of nominalization (/x/ before /-tik/ in /-ni/-final
verbs) is found with Classical cualaxtli from qualani and palaxtli from palani. In the present case, however, there is an additional vowel
change of /a/ to /e/. Note that at least for the elicitation forms, papaitsais not marked by pitch accent (indicating, as would be expected in a frequentative, that the
reduplicant does not have a coda {h}) whereas the present entry té:paíxtik does have pitch accent (indicating a reduplicant with a coda {h}). The reason for this
variation is not clear.
\qry_fon Check penultimate vowel /e/. Finally, check for possible intransitive: /papayaka/ or /papayeka/. For the Oapan forms, check vl as well. It appears that the length of a
dipthong of vowel and glide is longer than two short vowels together because the transition from one point to the other is vocalic rather than consonantal. It will be
important to determine how to measure this (cf. e.g., /pa:i/, etc.).
\grmx Oapan phonology: Cf. Am /papayextik/ to Oapan /té:payítik/ and note the use of /te-/ for the reduplication. The etymology of papayextik is not certain, but it
is apparently related to paya:na. A similar type of nominalization (/x/ before /-tik/ in /-ni/-final verbs) is found with Classical cualaxtli from
qualani and palaxtli from palani. In the present case, however, there is an additional vowel change of /a/ to /e/. Note that at least for the
elicitation forms, papaitsais not marked by pitch accent (indicating, as would be expected in a frequentative, that the reduplicant does not have a coda {h})
whereas the present entry té:paíxtik does have pitch accent (indicating a reduplicant with a coda {h}). The reason for this variation is not clear.
\ref 05659
\lxam ma:siawi
\lxam_c ma:siawi
\lxoa ma:siawi
\lxoa_c ma:siawi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for ones arms to become tired
\sense_s cansarsele o agotarsele los brazos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nima:siaw, xok wel nitekitis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My arms have gotten tired, I can't work anymore.
\phrase_s Se me agotaron los brazos, ya no puedo trabajar.
\root ma:
\root siawi
\nse Although uttered in an elicitation context and accepted as a correct form by Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez, ma:siawi is not a commonly used word in
Oapan. More usual, and with an almost equivalent meaning, is má:kwaló, which is synonymous to Ameyaltepec ma:kohtia. Nevertheless, Oapan
ma:siawi has been included. It should not be confused with Ma siawi!, 'Let it get tired (e.g., an ox being worked in a field)!'
\qry Check for causative or transitive form. Check for minimal pair: /ma siawi/; /ma: siawi/ and /ma:siawi/.
\vl Be careful here. The first female tokens is /ma siawi/. This has a short /a/ and represent the modal particle /ma/ plus the verb /siawi/. This token should be tagged as 3757,
but not linked there. Simply tagged there so it will be archived under /ma/ as a modal. The next 2 female tokens and all 3 male tokens are /ma:siawi/, with a long /a:/. This is
the present headword. These five tokens (2 F and 2 M) should be tagged as 5659 and two should later be linked. Please link the middle (2nd) male token of the 3 and the
1st good female token (i.e., the 2nd of all 3) If you have any doubts, please ask. Thus the sequence of the original recording is: F /ma siawi/; M /ma:siawi/; *F /ma:siawi/;
*M /ma:siawi/; F /ma:siawi/; M /ma:siawi/. Only the 1st female should be tagged as 3757. The starred tokens are the ones that should be linked.
\semref má:kwaló
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05660
\lxam telowa
\lxam_c kitelowa
\lxoa telowa
\lxoa_c kitelowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to hit with the fist or similar object
\sense_s golpear con el puño u objeto similar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:ra molo:lah! Tli:no:n timitschi:wilitoya? Tle:ka tine:xtelowa?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Damn it! What was I doing to you? Why do you hit me?
\phrase_s ¡Chin!¿Quéte hacía?¿Por quéme pegas?
\phrase_n Xte:telowa pwe:rtah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pound on the door with your fist (repeatedly)!
\phrase_s ¡Tócale la puerte fuerte con el puño (repetidas veces)!
\phrase_n Note:telowa tambo:rah kwa:k kwi:tekin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The drum is pounded on hard when it is played.
\phrase_s El tambor se golpea fuertemente cuando lo tocan.
\semfld contact
\disamb telowa; tepi:nia
\root tel
\semref telolo:tsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05661
\lxam we:lilia
\lxam_c kwe:lilia
\lxoa we:lilia
\lxoa_c kwe:lilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to like the taste of; to find tasty
\sense_s gustar del sabor de; hallar sabroso
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xko:koto:nili xonakatl moyetsi:n para tikwe:lili:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Break off pieces of onion into your beans so you'll make them taste better!
\phrase_s ¡Despedázale cebolla a tus frijoles para que los hagas más sabrosos!
\root we:li
\nae In Oapan although both kwe:lilia and kiwe:lilia are accepted, the former is more common.
\grm Oapan grammar: Object before /w/ initial verbs: In Oapan although both kwe:lilia and kiwe:lilia are accepted, the former is more common.
(NOTE: this should be checked for in normal discourse.)
\ref 05662
\lxam chi:chi
\lxam_c chi:chi
\lxoa chi:chi
\lxoa_c chi:chi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to nurse; to suckle
\sense_s mamar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ok chi:chi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is still nursing.
\phrase_s Todavía mama.
\phrase_n Chi:chisneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He wants to nurse (suckle)
\phrase_s Quiere mamar.
\root chi:chi
\vl The first female token is the plural /chi:chih/ (with final /h/). It should be tagged as 5662 but should not be chosen to be linked since we are using the 3rd person singular
subject (e.g. /chi:chi/) in all cases. NOTE: the male tokens have very low levels here and probably will have to be recuperated by hand.
\xref chi:chi:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05663
\lxam maya:ntli
\lxam_c maya:ntli
\lxoa maya:ntli
\lxoa_c maya:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e famine; severe hunger (from a poor yield in crops, or lack of grains for other reasons)
\sense_s hambruña (por falta de rendimiento de las milpas, o falta de granos por otras causas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Unkah maya:ntli, xo:kiaw, xakah kipia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is a famine, it didn't rain, no one has anything (lit., 'no one has it').
\phrase_s Hay hambruña, no llovió, nadie tiene nada (lit., 'nadie lo tiene').
\root maya:na
\nse The word maya:ntli refers to a severe condition, generalized, and not just a single person's hunger. * Maya:nalistli is not used in Oapan (nor,
probably, in Ameyaltepec).
\grm /Onkah maya:ntli, xo:kiaw, xakah kipia/ 'There is a famine, it didn't rain, no one has anything.' Note how the negative indefinite is expressed: /xakah kipia/ literally 'no one
has it'. But here 'it' does not reference anything, but simply implies a nonspecific, generalized thing. The best translation is 'no one has anything' Note that perhaps (and this
should be checked), one could say /xaka itlah kipia/, but this might have a different sense (check).
\ref 05664
\lxam kama:wak
\lxam_c kama:wak
\lxoa kama:wak
\lxoa_c kama:wak
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-k
\sense_e to be partially dried (e.g., firewood, corn cobs, washed clothes, and other things that are in the process of drying)
\sense_s estar parcialmente seco (p. ej., leña, mazorcas, ropa lavada y otras cosas que están en el proceso de secarse)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:man nomi:hlan miák kama:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now in my cornfield there is a lot of corn that is somewhat dried.
\phrase_s Ahora en mi milpa hay mucho maíz que es algo seco.
\root kama:
\qry Check for existence of /tekamaktik/ etc.Check syntax of exemplary phrase.
\grm Syntax: existential 'be': /A:man nomi:hlan miák kama:wak./ 'Now my cornfield has a lot of corn that is somewhat dried.' Note that absence of a predicate verb such as /kipia/
before /miák/, or perhaps /unkah/ after /kama:wak/. Cf. to phrases such as /o:me nokal/ meaning 'my houses are two' or 'I have two houses.' These types of constructions
should be commented on in the grammar.
\ref 05665
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be /kwa:pa:ya:tsi:n/, but it has been included under /kwa:pa:ya:tl/, with a note that the diminutive form is often used (like Sp. 'tontito').
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\ref 05666
\lxam teteitik
\lxam_c teteitik
\lxoa tétéyotík
\lxoa_c tétéyotík
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-tik (Am) / Adj-tik-yoh (Oa)
\pitch yes
\sense_e to be stoney; to be full of many rocks and stones (a field)
\sense_s ser pedregosa; tener muchas piedras (un terreno de siembra)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld soil
\disamb teteitik; teteyoh; texkalitik; tepachakahloh
\root te
\root_rel -itik
\nse The terms teteyoh and teteitik refer to a field that has many rocks and stones in it but that still have enough soil to be planted in. On the contrary,
texkahloh and texkalitik refer to areas covered completely with large, round stones, making it completely impossible to plant.
\nae For a full discussion of the derivational processes involved, see tlasolitik (Am) / tlásóhlotík.
\qry_fon Oapan phonology; reduplication; pitch accent: Note /tétéyotík/ there are two pitch accents inducated by underlying {h} and one from phrasal intonation. Note that therefore
in a 4=syllable word there are 3 high pitches. This is an example of three pitch-accents in a four-syllable word with all short vowels. Cf. to /tlakwátasí/.
\grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication; pitch accent: Note /tétéyotík/ there are two pitch accents inducated by underlying {h} and one from phrasal intonation. Note that therefore
in a 4=syllable word there are 3 high pitches. This is an example of three pitch-accents in a four-syllable word with all short vowels. Cf. to /tlakwátasí/.
\ref 05667
\lxam tlaiya:nka:n
\lxam_c tlaiya:nka:n
\lxoa tlaiya:nka:n
\lxoa_c tlaiya:nka:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla-ka:n
\infn N1(N2-tla)
\sense_e hiding place; hidden place (where one can be alone and not be seen)
\sense_s escondite; lugar escondido (donde uno puede estar solo, sin ser visible)
\sense_d Pending
\root hya:na
\root_rel -ka:n
\qry Get contextual use. Does this only refer to places that are hidden, or in which people and things hide. Is there a possessed form: ?/itlaiya:nka:n/?.
\ref 05668
\lxam itiko:koxo:nia
\lxam_c kitiko:koxo:nia
\lxoa ítiko:koxó:nia
\lxoa_pr itiko:koxo:nia
\lxoa_c kítiko:koxó:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to massage the belly of (of a person who has a very sore stomach, e.g., from having taken a remedio)
\sense_s dar masaje a la barriga de (de una persona a quien le duele el estómago, p. ej., por haberse tomado algún remedio)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chitiko:koxo:ni, ne:chkukwa niti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Give my belly a massaje, it hurts!
\phrase_s ¡Dáme un masaje sobre la barriga, me duele!
\root hti
\root koxo:
\qry I have only heard this word used in reduplicated form, with long vowel reduplication. Check for occurrence of /itikoxo:nia/. Also, I have not heard the intransitive form
/iti(ko:)koxo:ni/. Check for its acceptability. I had this def. which has been removed 'particularly of a pregnant female to make sure that the fetus is properly placed' along with sb
who has taken a remedio.
\vl Link 1st male token.
\grm Reduplication: long vowel: Note how the lexicalized long vowel reduplication reflects the type of action that is engaged in, here repeated massage in a deliberate action to a
specific spot. This might be one of the very few words where only a reduplicated form is found. Check.
\ref 05669
\lxam sesepoka
\lxam_c sesepoka
\lxoa sesepoka
\lxoa_c sesepoka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to be daunted (e.g., of a task that appears difficult); to get the shivers (in being confronted with certain situations); to be frightened or intimated
\sense_s amilanarse; intimidarse (p. ej., de una tarea que parece difícil); tener o sentir escalofríos (al confrontarse con ciertas situaciones)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nontlachi:x y melá:k wekatlan, a:sta nisesepoka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I took a glimpse over (in this case off the edge of a cliff) and it was really far down, I even got the shivers.
\phrase_s Me echéuna mirada (en este caso por un risco alto) y era mucha distancia al fondo, hasta sentíescalofríos.
\phrase_n Asta nisesepoka, ne:si xniwelis tli:n ne:chnawatian. Ne:chmuwtia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am daunted, it appears that I won't be able to do what they order me (i.e., it is too big a task for the time allotted). It scares me.
\phrase_s Me siento amilanado, parece que no voy a poder con lo que me ordenan (esto es, es una tarea demasiado grande por el tiempo asignado). Me asusta.
\phrase_n Ne:chmuwtia, a:sta nisesepoka. Ne:xti:tlanin para no: ma nia ka:n te:wa:n noma:lo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It frightens me, I even get the shivers. They send me so I that I should also go where people are fighting with others (in this case to a land dispute).
\phrase_s Me asusta, hasta tengo escalofríos. Me mandan que debo ir donde la gente estápeleándose unos contra otros (en este caso a un plieto sobre tierra).
\root sepo:
\nae Although the overt form of sesepoka is that of frequentatives, there is no corresponding form with a long vowel followed by -ni. Rather, one finds
sepowa, with an underlying long {o:}. Moreover, the meaning of sesepoka, at least in some dialects, seems closely related to
sepowa (cf. FK, p. 27). This suggests a possible relation. Note that Molina has cecepocatiquiça. ni. 'espantarse de súpito' and
cecepocatiquiçaliztli 'espanto súpito.'
\qry Determine the precise contexts in which /sesepoka/ can be used. Check why /te:wan noma:lo:s/ is used and how this differs from /noma:lo:s/. Also cf. if /te:wan nokwala:ni:lo:s/ is
also correct (and if so, the difference with simply /nokwala:ni:lo:s/.
\vl Link 1st female token.
\grm Frequentative: Although the form of sesepoka is that of frequentatives, there is no corresponding form with a long vowel followed by -ni.
Rather, one finds sepowa , with an underlying long /o:/. Moreover, the meaning of sesepoka , at least in some dialects, seems closely related
to sepowa (cf. FK, p. 27). This suggests a possible relation. Note that RS has cecepocatiquiça 'asustarse súbitamente' and
cecepocatiquiçaliztli 'espanto, malestar súbito. Note that the fact that /sesepoka/ seems semantically related to /sepowa/ in some dialects
suggests that in this case the derivation might well be similar to that of a frequentative. Note also that /-wa/ and /-ni/ verbs sometimes act alike (e.g., kwalaxtli and
popoloxtik).
\grm Passive; impersonal; reciprocal: /Ne:chmowtia, asta nisesepoka. Ne:xti:tlanin para no: mania ka:n te:wan noma:lo:s/ 'It frightens me, I even get the shivers. They send me so
I that I should also go where people are fighting (in this case to a land dispute).' The form or sequence /te:wan + impersonal/ is interesting and needs to be further
investigated. One wonders whether /te:wan nokwala:ni:lo/ is also correct, or whether it would be accpeted by native speakers. Perhaps the form /noma:lo:s/ would indicate
that people are fighting among themselves, whereas /te:wan noma:lo:s/ indicates that one group of people is fighting with another. This should be checked.
\ref 05670
\lxam oo:xkuwtli
\lxam_c oo:xkuwtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\lexical Lex rdp-s
\sense_e tall tree as yet unidentified that bears a fruit called oo:xin
\sense_s árbol grande todavía no identificado que da un fruto llamado oo:xin
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root o:x
\root kow
\ref 05671
\lxam kia:wate:ntli
\lxam_c kia:wate:ntli
\lxoa kia:wate:ntli
\lxoa_c kia:wate:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e doorway to a house
\sense_s entrada a una casa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Koya:wak mokia:wate:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The doorway to your house is wide.
\phrase_s La entrada a tu casa es ancha.
\phrase_n Xki:sa ompú:n, ipan kia:wate:ntli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go out there, through the doorway!
\phrase_s ¡Salte por allí, por la entrada!
\root kia:wa
\root te:n
\nse Kia:wate:ntli refers to the opening, the doorway, and not the physical object of the door itself, for which the Spanish loan pwe:rtah is used, at
least in Ameyaltepec.
\qry Check to see if it can also refer to interior doorways (i.e. to rooms). In one note I have recorded that this refers to the area in front of a house, in front of the doorway, where people
pass, i.e. threshhold. However, in another entry I refer to this as the /kia:wate:nko/. Check difference between /kia:wate:ntli/ and /kia:wate:nko/.
\grm Note also the manner in which possessive is used here in /koya:wak mokia:wate:n/ (add to grammar notes) in which one does not say /ikia:wate:n mokal/. It is the
houseowner who is the possessor.
\ref 05672
\lxam tlakalilia
\lxam_c kitlakalilia
\lxoa tlákalília
\lxoa_pr tlakalilia
\lxoa_c kitlákalília
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to knock over (sth) on (i.e., affecting sb)
\sense_s tirarle o tumbarle (algo) a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:mitstlakalilih motra:nkah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He knocked over your gate on you (i.e., affecting you personally in a negative manner).
\phrase_s Te tiró tu tranca (esto es, lo tumbóal suelo, afectándote adversamente).
\sense_e to place the blame on
\sense_s culpar; echar la culpa a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San o:kitlakalilikeh, xtlah o:kichi:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They just placed the blame on him, he didn't do anything.
\phrase_s Nada más le echaron la culpa, no hizo nada.
\sense_e to give an enema to (particularly a child, with a syringe or ball of cotton)
\sense_s darle una énema a (particularly un niño, con una jeringa o bola de algodón)
\sense_e (with inverse directional prefix wa:l-) to knock (sth) down to the ground on (i.e., affecting sb)
\sense_s (con prefijo direccional wa:l-) tirarle o tumbarle (algo) al suelo a (esto es, tirando el objeto de una altitud al piso)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:cha:ltlakalilitiki:s nopla:toh, o:ne:chkwala:nih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He knocked my plate down in passinng, he angered me.
\phrase_s Al pasar me tirómi plato al suelo, me hizo enojar.
\sense_e (with a directional prefix) to toss (sth) to
\sense_s (con un prefijo direccional) aventar (algo) a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:cha:ltlakalili! Wel nikasis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Toss it over to me here! I'll be able to catch it.
\phrase_s ¡Aviéntamelo aquí! Voy a poder agarrarlo.
\sense_e (usually with long vowel reduplication) to place on top of (e.g., as paint on a surface in decorating it)
\sense_s (generalmente con reduplicación de vocal larga) resaltar (p. ej., pintando detalles con gotas o rayas de pintura)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kitla:tlakalilih istá:k tlapahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He painted the details on top of it with white paint.
\phrase_s Le puso los detalles con pintura blanca.
\sense_e (~ istatl ; usually in the negative) to believe
\sense_s (~ istatl ; generalmente en el negativo) creer
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtimistlakalilia istatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't believe you.
\phrase_s No te creo.
\ency_note amate (get terms for painting, sizes of amates, types of amates (i.e., historias and pájaros), etc.
\root tlahkali
\nse The three basic steps, and terms, for painting amates are tli:lwi:teki , tsatsakwa , and tla:tlakalilia. The first term refers to outlining the
design with black paint; this is usually done by the most skilled artist in the family. The second term refers to the filling in of spaces, each one with a single color. Finally, the third term
refers to painting the details on top of the flat fields of color. This term and process is particular used with painted birds, in which it is most common to paint a second color on top of
the color that had been used to fill in.
\qry Check the nature of reduplication in the two forms /tsatsakwa/ and /tla:tlakalilia/.
\grm Reduplication: note that the use of /tlakalilia/ to indicate painting the details on top of a field of color manifests long vowel reduplication: /O:kitla:tlakalilih istá:k tlapahli/.
This indicates that the action is repeated constantly and deliberately. However, my notes at this time show that with the action of filling in colors, signified by the verb
/tsakwa/, the reduplication is with a short vowel. This should be confirmed once I have the entry for /tsakwa/ completed (it is still not at this point). But if it is confirmed then
the explanation should be explored and included in my grammar. At present, by guess is that the reason for the two different types of reduplication is as follows. /tsatsakwa/
manifests reduplication in part as a result of lexicalization. Thus /tsakwa/ is 'to close' (as in a door, or other 'open' objects and spaces). But /tsatsakwa/ is lexicalized as 'to
fill in.' And the lexicalization is the result of the fact that the action is repeated constantly ove r a s ingle space. I wouldimagine that if only one space were to be left
unfilled in an amate, one would say /xtsatsakwa/ and not simply /xtsakwa/ (but this should be checked). /Tlakalilia/, on theother hand, can refer to the placement of on drop
or line of paint on another. Thus /o:kitlakalilih istá:k tlapahli/ would signify that 'he put (a spot of) white paint on it.' The reduplication with a long vowel signifies the
careful repetition of the very same activity.
\grm Directionals: note that /o:ne:chaltakalilih/ can indicate either 'he knocked it down to the ground (on me, from me, etc.)' or 'he tossed it over to me.' In the first the ground is
the lexicalized deictic point of reference and the object prefix is the malefactive Primary Object. In the second the object prefix is the deictic point of reference and,
secondarily, the benefactive or destination (check precise semantic roles).
\grm Oapan phonology: one can say either /kítlakalília/ or /kitlákalília/, at least according to what FM said in the session before recording. However, during recording she
repeatedly said /kitlákalília/ and would not use the other form. Cf. to the noted under /tsókwilówa/.
\xref tlakali
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref tlákalí
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05673
\lxam kechpan
\lxam_c i:kechpan
\lxoa kechpan
\lxoa_c i:kechpan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-pan
\infn N2
\sense_e shoulders
\sense_s hombros
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root kech
\root_rel -pan
\qry Note that the relationship of /kechpan/, /panowa/ and /kechpanow/ is interesting, i.e., whether the latter is N+V or a verbalization of /kechpan/. See discussion under /kechpanowa/.
\semref kechpanowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05674
\lxam Sie:teh Bi:sios
\lxam_c *Sie:teh Bi:sios
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan Siete Vicios
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\semfld dance
\sense_e religious dance performed by young and adult men in San Francisco Ozomatlán (and perhaps other neighboring villages)
\sense_s danza religiosa presentada por hombres jóvenes y adultos en san Francisco ozomatlán (y quizáotros pueblos circumvecinos)
\sense_d Am
\ency_note da:nsah
\qry For this check the circumstances when it is performed. Differentiate from Tre:s Pote:nsias.
\semref Tre:s Pote:nsias
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref Tre:s Pote:nsiah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05675
\lxam kitowa
\lxam_c *kitowa
\lxoa kítowá
\lxoa_pr kitowa
\lxoa_c kítowá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\der Modal-evid
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e it is said; they say that
\sense_s dicen; se dice
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Motech wa:ltlamastiw un toba:leh, kitowa itlah tiktlane:wti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That friend of ours is coming straight to you, it's said that you might lend him something (e.g., an ox, donkey, money, etc.)
\phrase_s Ese amigo nuestro viene directo a tí, dicen que quizále vas a prestar algo (p. ej., un buey, burro, dinero, etc.).
\root htowa
\nse Although one might expect the plural kitowan as an evidential, all evidence so far indicates that in Ameyaltepec at least the singular form is used, literally 'he says it'
though the meaning is 'it is said (that).' The citation form for Oapan Nahuatl, however, is the plural (with final /h/). This might reflect the impact of the elicitation of an isolated word.
So, for now, the modal use (i.e., 'it is said that...') of Oapan kítowáh could perhaps be in error, and the correct form might be simply kítowá
\qry Check number of this use of an evidential.
\semref itowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05676
\lxam okwilxi:ntok
\lxam_c okwilxi:ntok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to have or be infested by worms or maggots
\sense_s tener o estar infestado de gusanos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Okwilxi:ntok un nakatl, o:kitlate:milikeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That meat has gotten worms (maggots), flies laid their eggs in it.
\phrase_s Esa carne se agusanó, moscas le depositaron sus huevos.
\phrase_n Xkitati mobese:rroh, san okwilxi:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go take a look at your calf, it has worms (e.g., in a wound)!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a ver tu becerro, tiene gusanos (p. ej., en una herida).
\root okwil
\root xi:
\nse An animal may get worms after being castrated, in its navel, where a bat bit it, or in other types of skin wounds.
\qry For queries, see entry under /okwilxi:ni/. Check this with speech analyzer.
\grm /Okwilxi:ntok/ is interesting in two respects. The first is that I have only heard it with /-tok/ although it would probably exist also in forms without the"progressive"ending.
Second, and more significant, is the thematic roles of subject and incorporated noun. The subject is the location upon which the action or even occurs and the incorporated
noun is the patientive theme (or what would be the subject of an unaccusative, in this case /xi:ni/). Note also, and more importantly, that in this case the subject is an
experiencer or patient and the incorporated noun stem is a subject. This is further discussed in the grammatical notes.
\qry_h kwikwilxi:ntok
\semref kwikwihloh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05677
\lxam tlakwa:te:kihli
\lxam_c tlakwa:te:kihli
\lxoa tlakwa:te:ki:hli
\lxoa_c tlakwa:te:ki:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e (often possessed) person who has been baptized
\sense_s (a menudo poseído) persona que ha sido bautizada
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kiyeka:na itlakwa:te:kil un mihka:tsi:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The godchild of the deceased person is leading it (the funeral entourage, carrying a saint and candles).
\phrase_s El ahijdo de la persona fallecida estáyendo adelante de ello (esto es, de la procesión funeraria, llevándo un santo y velas).
\root kwa:
\root a:
\root te:ka
\vl Link 1st female and 1st male token.
\ref 05678
\lxam to:nati
\lxam_c to:nati
\lxoa to:nati
\lxoa_c to:nati
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\der V0-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e for there to be sunshine and a strong sun; for the sun to clearly appear
\sense_s hacer sol (que brilla y pega, haciendo calor)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:tlapo:w, xok tlamoxte:ntok, yo:pe:w to:nati.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (the sky) has opened up, there is no longer a cloud cover, the sun has begun to shine.
\phrase_s Ya se abrió(el cielo), ya no estátapado de nubes, el sol ya empezóa brillar.
\phrase_n A:man xto:na, pero mo:stla to:natis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Today it isn't hot, but tomorrow the sun will be shining and beating down strong.
\phrase_s Hoy no hace calor, pero mañana se va a asomar y pegar el sol.
\phrase_n Ok to:natitok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sun is still shining strong.
\phrase_s El sol sigue brillando fuerte.
\semfld weather
\root to:na
\disamb to:na; to:nati; to:natia
\nse To:nati and to:natia (apparently synonyms) apparently refer to sunshine itself, to the sun shining brightly either in the sky or in a particular place (such
as the inside of a house). On the other hand to:na refers to heat, to its being hot.
\vl Link 1st male token.
\semref to:natia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05679
\lxam niman
\lxam_c niman
\lxoa niman
\lxoa_c niman
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e right away; soon
\sense_s luego luego; pronto
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlasiwi:ti, niman niá:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hurry it up! I'm leaving soon.
\phrase_s ¡Apúrale! Ya mero me voy.
\sense_e (often with -tsi:n) early, in the early morning
\sense_s (a menudo con -tsi:n) temprano, a buen hora
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n San ni:nimantsi:n niá:s mo:stla.
\root niman
\nse The use of niman to mean 'as well as' or 'and also,' might be a calque from the use of luego in Spanish. The term niman is often
used in the diminutive, in which case it usually refers to an early hour, e.g., the early morning. With a long vowel reduplication and the diminutive it refers to a very early time, i.e.,
with some indication of a slightly earlier hour: ni:nimantsi:n. This reduplicated form is used both in Oapan and in Ameyaltepec, although perhaps somewhat more
often (though still rarely) in the former.
\ref 05680
\lxam kokoxki
\lxam_c kokoxki
\lxoa kokoxki
\lxoa_c kokoxki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ki
\infn N1/2; Aln(ag)
\sense_e one who is ill or sick
\sense_s uno que estáenfermo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kokoxki. Kwalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is a sick person. He is ill.
\phrase_s Es una persona enferma. Estáenfermo.
\sense_e (alienable possession) the sick person in ones household or family
\sense_s (posesión enajenable) el que estéenfermo en la casa o familia de uno
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mokokoxka:w, xtikonta?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e As for the sick person in your household (or family), have you taken a look at him?
\phrase_s ¿En cuanto a la persona de tu casa (o familia) que estáenfermo, no lo has ido a ver?
\root koya
\qry Check to make sure that /-kokoxka:w/, possessed, can refer to an owned animal.
\ref 05681
\lxam xo:chitlai:lo
\lxam_c xo:chitlai:lo
\lxoa xo:chitlai:lo
\lxoa_c xo:chitlai:lo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\der V0-lo
\infv class-4a(pass)
\sense_e for there to be a fancy wedding with contracted village musicians (música de viento) who take bread and chocolate to the bride's family home in a long
procession
\sense_s haber una boda elegante con músico de viento contratado quienes accompañan a pan y chocolate a la casa de los padres de la novia
\sense_d Pending
\ency_note weddings
\root xo:chi
\root i:
\nae This verb has only been documented in the impersonal passive form though it probably could be used as a simple intransitive without the final -lo marker.
\qry See Flk 1985 05-27.1
\ref 05682
\lxam chikimolkuwtli
\lxam_c chikimolkuwtli
\lxoa chikomolkohtli
\lxoa_c chikomolkohtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e Leucaena sp.Benth., type of guaje of the Leguminoseae family
\sense_s Leucaena sp.Benth., tipo de guaje de la familia Leguminoseae
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root chikmimol
\root kow
\semref chikimolin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref wa:xin de chikimolin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05683
\lxam Wepane:koh
\lxam_c Wa:pane:koh
\lxam_c Wepane:koh
\lxoa Wapane:koh
\lxoa_c Wapane:koh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (Sp) Wa:pan
\psm Adj
\der Adj-loan
\infa Gender
\sense_e person from Oapan
\sense_s persona de Oapan
\sense_d Pending
\root owa
\root a:
\root_rel -pan
\nae Although the -eco ending now so common in Spanish has its origin in Nahuatl, it seems here to be reborrowed into Nahuatl, as evidenced by the gendered ending
variation -oh and -ah.
\qry Check for final /h/. Check for other gentilico's (e.g. /xa:lite:koh/, etc.) by village.
\ref 05684
\lxam kwa:te:kilia
\lxam_c kikwa:te:kilia
\lxoa kwa:te:kilia
\lxoa_c kikwa:te:kilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to baptize (the child) of
\sense_s bautizarle (el hijo) a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:xtlakwa:te:kilih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He baptized a child of mine for me.
\phrase_s Me bautizóun niño.
\phrase_n O:ne:chkwa:te:kilih nopo:tsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Me baptized my little girl for me.
\phrase_s Me bautizómi pequeña hija.
\root kwa:
\root a:
\root te:ka
\nae Although (or perhaps"because") the secondary object of kwa:te:kilia is always a human (baby) the object marked used to express this nonspecific object is
usually tla-, ostensibly for non-human nonspecific objects as opposed to te-, used for nonspecific human objects. Thus, as exemplified in an illustrative
sentence above, the documented form is O:ne:xtlakwa:te:kilih and not ? O:ne:xte:kwa:te:kilih.
\qry Check if other acceptations of /kwa:te:kia/ are also acceptable for the applicative.
\vl Use second female and first male tokens.
\grm Nonspecific objects: /tla-/ used for /te:-/: Although (or perhaps"because") the secondary object of kwa:te:kilia is always a human (baby) the object
marked used to express this nonspecific object is usually tla-, ostensibly for non-human nonspecific objects as opposed to te-, used for nonspecific
human objects. Thus, as exemplified in an illustrative sentence above, the documented form is O:ne:xtlakwa:te:kilih and not ?
O:ne:xte:kwa:te:kilih.
\xref kwa:te:kia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref kwa:te:kiya
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05685
\lxam kuwtilia
\lxam_c kikuwtilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make stiff (particularly a part of the body through overwork or heavy exertion)
\sense_s entumecer; hacer doler (particularlmente una parte del cuerpo por demasiado trabajo o esfuerzo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tine:chkuwtilia, ye weka:wtok nika:n te:watokeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You're making me get stiff, we've been sitting here now for a long time.
\phrase_s Ya me hiciste entumecer, ya tenemos buen rato sentados aquí.
\sense_e (refl.) to exert oneself (tensing a particular part of the body)
\sense_s (refl.) hacer un gran esfuerzo (apretando una parte particular del cuerpo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:nikakokw tli:n yetí:k, o:nimokuwtilih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I picked up something heavy, I gave it all my force.
\phrase_s Alcéalgo pesado, me esforcémucho.
\root kow
\nse When referring to a body part in particular, the body part is often incorporated: o:tine:chma:kuhtilih 'you made me get a sore arm (from overwork).' In Oapan this
type of expression would only be used with an incorporated body part. Moreover, with the sense of the Ameyaltepec word, Oapan would use kwalo:tla, but with a
body part incorporated: ne:chmá:kwaló:tlaor, if walking a long distance: ne:chixí:kwaló:tla(but only from walking).
\xref kuwtia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 05686
\lxam tsontetl
\lxam_c tsontetl
\lxoa tsontetl
\lxoa_c tsontetl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of non-biting ant, of those known as tsi:katl , apparently 'carpenter ant' in English
\sense_s tipo de hormiga, de los que se conocen como tsi:katl , que no muerde (aparentemente 'carpenter ant' in English)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) small bulbous part of a plant, and that grows below the ground
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) parte pequeña y bulbosa de una planta, y que crece dentro de la tierra
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xiwtli pero itik tla:hli kipia itsonteyotsitsi:wa:n. Wan nekwisti me:dioh ke:n a:jos, yewa ika kihlian sakaa:jos.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (the sakaa:jos) is a herbaceous plant but inside the earth it has its bulbs. And it smells somewhat like garlic, for this reason it is called
sakaa:jos.
\phrase_s Es (el sakaa:jos) una planta herbácea pero dentro de la tierra tiene sus bulbos. Y huele como ajos, por esta razón le dicen sakaa:jos.
\ency_note tsi:katl
\root kow
\root tsi:ka
\qry I am uncertain what /tsontetl/ refers to as a plant part. This needs to be investigated. In my notes I have /i:tsonteyo/ with no definition. Check.
\ref 05687
\lxam e:watok
\lxam_c ye:watok
\lxoa a:watok
\lxoa_c ya:watok; nia:watok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be seated (a person or animal capable of such positioning)
\sense_s estar sentado (una persona o animal capaz de tal posición)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:watoya kwa:k o:yekok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I was sitting down when he arrived here.
\phrase_s Estaba sentado cuando llegóaquí.
\sense_e (~ -pan [noun]) to be resting on ([noun], e.g., as clouds gathered around a hilltop)
\sense_s (~ -pan [noun]) estar descansando sobre ([sustantivo] p. ej., nubes sobre los cerros)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye:watok un moxtli ipan tepe:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The clouds are gathered around the top of the hill.
\phrase_s Las nubes están descansando sobre la cima del cerro.
\root e:wa
\nae At times Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, at least, has tiye:watok , etc. for te:watok. That is, occasionally the epenthetic /y/ remains after a pronominal prefix.
However, with the 3rd-person the epenthetic /y/ is always present: ye:watok (Am) / ya:watok (Oa). Like other statives that indicate body position
(e.g., westokand ikatok (Am) / yékatók) when used with certain aspectual markers the -ti is maintained:
e:watitiw.
\qry Determine nature of full aspectual compounds possible: /e:watitok/, /e:watitiw/?
\vl Use both sets of tokens, that in the 3rd person (/ya:watok/) and that in the 1st person (/nia:watok/). Total is 4 words concatenated.
\grm Oapan phonology: One finds /nya:watok/ but also, it seems /niya:watok/.
\ref 05688
\lxam a:tetso:liwi
\lxam_c a:tetso:liwi
\lxoa a:tetso:liwi
\lxoa_c a:tetso:liwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to run out of water (e.g., in ones water jugs)
\sense_s acabarsele el agua (p. ej., en la tinaja de uno)
\sense_d Pending
\flao tso:liwi
\root a:
\root tso:l
\qry The correctness of /a:tetso:liwi/ meaning 'to run out of water' should be investigated.
\ref 05689
\lxam te:mahli
\lxam_c te:mahli
\lxoa te:mahli
\lxoa_c te:mahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e pus
\sense_s pus
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kalak a:tl, a:man o:kasik te:mahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Water got into it (e.g., a bandage), now it's gotten infected with pus.
\phrase_s Le entróagua (p. ej., en un vendaje), ahora se infectócon pus.
\root te:mal
\nse To date a possessed form has not been documented, so it is not clear whether te:mahli can be possessed and, if so, whether the form is with alienable or intrinsic
possession (or both). This needs to be checked.
\qry See if a possessed form exist and, if it does, whether it has a /-yo/ form.
\ref 05690
\lxam onaktok
\lxam_c onaktok
\lxoa onahtok
\lxoa_c onahtok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e (kwahli ~) to be a good, tight fit (in a small given space, such as a peg in a hole)
\sense_s (kwahli ~) caber bien apretado (en un espacio reducido, como una estaquilla o clavija en un agujero)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root on-
\root ak
\semref ontestok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref onaki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05691
\lxam ixitia
\lxam_c kixitia
\lxoa íxitiá
\lxoa_pr ixitia
\lxoa_c kíxitiá
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\allomorph i-epen
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to awaken
\sense_s despertar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkixiti! Nikno:tsa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Wake him up! I'm want to speak to him.
\phrase_s ¡Despiértalo! Le hablo.
\root hsa
\nse The form tlaxitia , from isa , is not to be confused with tlaxi:tia , which is derived from asi.
\xref ixitilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref íxitília
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\xref tlaxitia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref tláxitiá
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\xref isa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 05692
\lxam tenono:ntik
\lxam_c tenono:ntik
\lxoa té:nó:ntik
\lxoa_alt ténonó:ntik
\lxoa_c ténonó:ntik
\lxoa_pr té:no:ntik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\infa tik>tikeh
\pitch yes
\sense_e to be mute (but not congenitally); to be reluctant to talk or carry on a conversation
\sense_s ser mudo (pero no por razones congénitos); ser renegante para hablar con la gente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San o:te:chpanawih, ni:n xo:te:chno:ts, san tenono:ntik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just passed by us, he didn't even say anything to us, he is really close-mouthed.
\phrase_s Solamente nos rebasó, no nos dijo nada, es sonso (no habla).
\root no:n
\nse My notes indicate that tenono:ntik, unlike no:ntik, refers to a personal characteristic, to a tendency to not speak or exchange greetings with people, to
remain mute and quiet. No:ntik, on the other hand, refers to a congenital condition or one that is a permanent characteristic of the individual.
\qry Check the relative congenitalness, etc. of /no:ntik/ and /tenono:ntik/
\semref no:ntik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05693
\lxam te:pa:k
\lxam_c te:pa:k
\lxoa te:pa:k
\lxoa_c te:pa:k
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\sense_e happiness; peace; calm
\sense_s felicidad; paz; calma
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San te:pa:k ika kateh, xkaman nokwala:nian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are living happily, they never get mad at each other.
\phrase_s Están viviendo felizmente, nunca se hacen enojar.
\phrase_n Te:pa:htsi:n a:tl.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e The water is pleasing.
\phrase_s El agua hace sentir bien.
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n pare:joh yaw nomi:l, san te:pa:k noopa:wa.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e My cornfield is growing real evenly, it's coming up really nicely.
\phrase_s Mi milpa va parejo, da gusto como estácreciendo.
\root pa:ki
\nse The etymology, precise meaning, and syntactic behavior of te:pa:k is not entirely clear. To begin, its etymology, while apparently related to
pa:kiis not apparent, nor is the precise derivational process that might be involved. In addition, it is still not clear what parts of speech might best describe
te:pa:k nor what syntactic function is fulfills. The Oapan phrase san te:pa:k noopa:wa suggests that te:pa:k can function as a
predicate modifier (adverb); the phrase te:pa:htsi:n a:tl suggests an adjectival function, here as an adjectival predicate. Finally, the Ameyaltepec phrase san
te:pa:k ika kateh (which should be rechecked since it was taken from conversation notes) suggests a nominal function here in a subordinate, adverbial phrase. More research
needs to be conducted on the range of meanings and uses of this term.
\grm Adjunts; adverbial clauses; syntax. Note the following phrase: /San te:pa:k ika kateh, xkaman nokwala:nian/ 'They are living happily, they never get mad with each other.'
Note that this phrase represents an adjunct, an adverbial clause that states the 'way of being' of the subjects (i.e., 'in happiness'). Normally the syntax is Predicate + ika +
subord. clause. One example might be, /nitlakwa ika noyo:hlo/ 'I eat in peace (lit., 'with my heart'). According to what I can remember, another possible syntactic sequence
might be /ika noyo:hlo nitlakwa/ 'In peace I eat.' However, in this phrase we have a third word order (and one that is perhaps more in accord with Classical, although this
should be checked. Adv. clause + ika + Predication. For the same sentence as given here the order would be /noyo:hlo ika nitlakwa/. This should be compared to Classical
syntax.
\ref 05694
\lxam ye:ixkayo:tl
\lxam_c ye:ixkayo:tl
\lxoa ye:ixkayo:tl
\lxoa_c ye:ixkayo:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-kayo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e see -xkayo:tl
\sense_s véase -xkayo:tl
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ye:i
\root xiw
\root kayo:
\qry Check vowel length of the final /o:/. Perhaps it should be short.
\ref 05695
\lxam tlawe:leh
\lxam_c tlawe:leh
\lxoa tlawe:leh
\lxoa_alt tlawe:lih
\lxoa_c tlawe:leh, tlawe:lih
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-posr-eh
\infn N1
\sense_e person or animal easily angered; person with a bad temper or hot headed
\sense_s persona que es malhumorada; persona de mal genio; alguien que se exalta fácilmente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlawe:leh. San kwala:ntok, xkaman u:nkah ika iyo:hloh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is bad tempered. He's always angry, he's never at peace with himself.
\phrase_s Es de mal genio. Siempre estáenojado, nunca estáen paz.
\sense_e animal that is fierce (an animal that is easily angered and attacks or threatens to attack.
\sense_s animal que es bravo (un animal se enoja y ataca o amenaza atacar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chma:kakapa:nih noburroh. Tlawe:leh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My donkey reared up and hit me with its forelegs. It is fierce.
\phrase_s Se encabritómi burro y me golpeócon las piernas de adelante. Es bravo.
\phrase_n Tetekomasolmeh, tlakotiá:n pipitsaktikeh, tlawe:lekeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The insects called tetekomasolmeh are narrow in the middle, they are fierce (i.e., they bite).
\phrase_s Los insectos llamados tetekomasolmeh son muy delgados por en medio, son bravos (esto es, muerden).
\root tlawe:l
\vl There is an extra token at 6906; it should be tagged here at 5695.
\ref 05696
\lxam tetepoltik
\lxam_c tetepoltik
\lxoa tétepóltik
\lxoa_c tétepóltik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be stumpy; without branches (a tree)
\sense_s estar mocho; estar sin ramas (unárbol)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sa: tetepoltik, xok kipia ima:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's just a stump, it doesn't have branches anymore.
\phrase_s Quedónomás mocho, ya no tiene sus ramas.
\root tepol
\nse Classical Nahuatl had tepolli meaning 'penis' (cited by FK, this is only in the Spanish to Nahuatl side of Molina). This word is not found in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, but the
adjectival seems to be clearly derived from this nominal stem. For this reason the entry has been categorized as a denominal adjectival.
\ref 05697
\lxam pa:hka:tlai
\lxam_c pa:hka:tlai
\lxoa pa:hka:tlai
\lxoa_c pa:hka:tlai
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Part-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a(oni)
\sense_e to drink (an intoxicating beverage) out of happiness (with the implication of drinking a lot, enough to get drunk)
\sense_s beber (una bebida alcohólica) por estar feliz (con la implicación de beber mucho, bastante para emborracharse)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pa:hka:tlai:k pa:mpa o:kine:xtih yo:lka:meh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He drank out of pure happiness because he found some animals (i.e., mules, cattle, etc. that had gotten lost).
\phrase_s Bebióde puro placer porque hallólos animales (p. ej., mulas, ganado, etc. que se habían perdido).
\root pa:ki
\root i
\grm Number: /O:pa:hka:tlai:k pampa o:kine:xtih yo:lka:meh/ 'He drank out of happiness because he found some animals (i.e., mules, cattle, etc. that had gotten lost).' Note lack
of number agreement on the verb marking with the noun phrase: /o:kine:xtih/ has a singular object, but /yo:lka:meh/ is plural. This dissonance between verbal marking and
NP number is apparently not uncommon. Apparently it is more common to mark plurality on nouns that as objects on verbs.
\ref 05698
\lxam takachwepe:wi
\lxam_c takachwepe:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to chip; to have the surface split off (e.g., a stone that easily flakes, ceramics, etc.)
\sense_s desportillarse; desconcharse; descascararse (p. ej., una piedra que se desportilla fácilmente, una cerámica, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Takachwe:pe:wis i:n tetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The surface of this rock will chip (split) off.
\phrase_s Esta piedra se va a desportillar.
\root takach
\root wepe:
\semref takache:wi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05699
\lxam mamakasi
\lxam_c kimamakasi
\lxoa mámakási
\lxoa_alt mámá:si
\lxoa_pr mama:si
\lxoa_c kí:makási
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): kí:makási
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to fear; to be afraid or fearful of
\sense_s tener miedo de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia tsotsokatewistli pa:mpa tsotsokatl iwa:n deke tikmamakasi, mitsasis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has the rash of pimples called tsotsokatewistli because he is stingy, and (also) if you fear it (the rash), it will get you.
\phrase_s Tiene el tipo de sarpullido llamado tsotsokatewistli porque es mezquino, y (también) si le tienes miedo (a este sarpullido) te va a alcanzar.
\phrase_n Te:mamakasi kaba:yoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The horse is afraid of (shies away from) people.
\phrase_s El caballo le tiene miedo a la gente (es huraño).
\root mawi
\root ahsi
\nae The etymology and morphology of mamakasi (Am) / mámakási given the loss of underlying {h} in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl and the fact that the pitch
accent pattern in Oapan Nahuatl does not reveal the location of the underlying {h}. It seems clear, given the reduction of the first syllable onto the object prefix ki- in
Oapan kí:makási that the first syllable was a reduplicant with an underlying {h} coda. At the same time, it would appear that the final element in this word is {ahsi}. If
this were the case then there is an obvious reduction in pitch accent so that both the intonational pitch (penultimate syllable) and the pitch accent associated with {ahsi} are
concentrated on a single syllable nucleus. In Oapan one also has the alternative forms kí:má:si and kí:makási. The first form is better written
kí:ma'asi to indicate the lost intervocalic /k/. Note that this shortening does not occur in all forms, e.g., ne:chmamakasi b ut not * ne
:chmama'asi
\qry Comparative evidence from neighboring dialects is needed. I have also documented /tlamamakasi/, cf. to /te:mamakasi/ and to /mahki/.
\grm Predication; adjectivals: Note that in many cases a verbal form, not in any participial form, can function in essence like a predicate adjective. Thus /te:mamakasi kaba:yoh/.
The syntax here is of a verbal predicate: 'The horse is afraid of people'; but it is equivalent to 'The horse is shy,' 'The horse is afraid,' etc.
\grm Contractions: In Oapan one also has the alternative forms kí:má:si and kí:makási. The first form is better written kí:ma'asi to
indicate the lost intervocalic /k/. Note that this shortening does not occur in all forms, e.g., ne:chmamakasi but not * ne:chmama'asi. Thus note
that there are rules for contraction that are still not determined. Perhaps only the /k/ that begins a post-phrasal stress syllable can be deleted. Or perhaps the rule is that a
/k/ cannot be deleted if it is the onset of s phrasally stressed syllable. But this is belied by tlapa:'aseh.
\ref 05700
\lxam te:tsa:wtli
\lxam_c te:tsa:wtli
\lxoa te:tsa:htli
\lxoa_c te:tsa:htli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e bad omen
\sense_s mal agüero
\sense_d Pending
\root te:tsa:w
\mod Illustrate.
\nse According to several Ameyaltepec consultants, the following are considered omens that foretell the death of a member of ones family: m:lák o:tla:k momi:l 'your corn
field has a real good yield; ta:tiyowa 'you get covered with lice'; tite:tsa:wa:ltiyowa 'you get covered with white lice'; timokocha:xi:xa
'you urinate in your sleep'; and timokochxi:xa 'you defecate in your sleep.' Consultants also indicated a series of bad omens that announce the death of someone, not
necessarily a relative. These included tikte:miki yo:yekok ka:rroh mokia:wate:nko 'you dream that a car has driven up to your patio'; tikte:miki wa:hlaw ka:rroh
i:pan ka:n xtlah karrete:rah 'you dream that a car is coming where there is no road'; kwa:k tsatsite:wa wa:ktsi:n, yekah mikis 'when a guaco bird suddenly cries
out, someone will die' kwa:k wa:lcho:ka ko:yo:tl i:te:nko pwe:bloh tlakoiwa:n noso kwa:k tlane:stok, yekah mikis 'when a coyot e comes and c ries at the edge of
town at midnight or at dawn, someone will die; OR kwa:k niso:tla osto:tsi:n i:tech pwe:bloh, yekah mikis 'when a fox vomits close to the village, someone will die.'
\ref 05701
\lxam imansa:nah kuwatl
\lxam_alt imamansa:nah kuwatl
\lxam_c imansa:nah kuwatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) manzana
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e Lantana camaraL., small bush of the Verbenaceae family with brightly colored yellow and red flowers
\sense_s Lantana camaraL., pequeño arbusto de la familia Verbenaceae con llamativas flores de color amarilla y roja
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n I:mansa:nah kuwatl kipia imansani:tah, xnokwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The i:mansa:nah kowatl plant has its manzana, it is not edible.
\phrase_s La planta i:mansa:nah kowatl tiene su"manzana", no se come.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root kowa
\semref a:i:skitl de kowatl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05702
\lxam no:liwtok
\lxam_c no:liwtok
\lxoa no:lihtok
\lxoa_c no:lihtok
\dt 26/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative(refl)
\sense_e to be bent, curved, crooked (sth long and pliable)
\sense_s estar encorvado, torcido, o chueco (algo largo y maleable)
\sense_d Pending
\root no:liw
\qry Determine all those things that can be described with the word /no:liwtok/.
\qry Determine if there is a difference between /no:ltik/ and /no:liwtok/. Both seem to refer to the same state and objects, but perhaps there is a difference, e.g. in the permanence of the
state, etc. If there is a difference, this might apply to the general difference between two such adjectival constructions.
\ref 05703
\lxam pa:smoyowa
\lxam_c pa:smoyowa
\lxoa pasma:rowa
\lxoa_c pasma:rowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan (Nah) pasmo
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-owa
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to become severely infected, leading to convulsions; to get tetanus
\sense_s infectarse severamente, causando convulsiones; tener tétano
\sense_d Pending
\fla pa:smoh
\qry See /pa:smoh/; check definition. My original spelling had /pa:smayowa/, perhaps it should be /pa:smoyowa/. Check.
\ref 05704
\lxam ye:wi
\lxam_c onye:wi
\lxoa ye:wi
\lxoa_c one:wi; o:ye:wito
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (with extraverse directional affix + [oblique]) to come up against (a barrier); to wind up confronting (a situation); to brush up against
\sense_s (con afijo direccional extraversa + [oblicua]) toparse con (un estorbo); terminar confrontando (una situación); llegar a rozar contra
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Teto:ktli, ipan onye:wi moara:doh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is an embedded rock, your plow runs right up against it.
\phrase_s Es una piedra enterrada, tu arado se topa con ella.
\phrase_n Segi:doh kasi tetl, onyeye:wi, teagakioh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (in this case a plow) is always hitting stones, it runs up once and again against something, it (the soil) is full of embedded rocks.
\phrase_s Seguido agarra una piedra, una y otra vez se va a parar (contra una piedra), está(el suelo) lleno de piedras enterradas.
\phrase_n O:niye:wito ika tomi:n. Xok nikpia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I would up (with no) money (i.e., against the"barrier"of poverty). I don't have any anymore.
\phrase_s Me topécon (la falta de) dinero. Ya no lo tengo.
\phrase_n O:ye:wito a:tepe:ya:tl itech un tepa:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The flood waters stopped up against that wall (i.e., which stopped them from continuing further).
\phrase_s Las aguas torrenciales se pararon contra esa pared (que hizo que no fueran más allá).
\phrase_n Onye:wtok itech tepa:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is leaning up against the wall.
\phrase_s Estárecargándose contra la pared.
\phrase_n Ma:ka tonye:wis itech un tla:katl, tla:mo mistsi:nistekwis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't get close to that man, if you do he'll pinch your rear.
\phrase_s No vayas a acercarse a ese hombre, si lo haces, te va a pellizcar las nalgas.
\phrase_n Ma:ka tonye:wis, tla:mo mitsasis to:kes!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't lean up against it, if you do you'll get a shock (electrical)!
\phrase_s ¡No vayas a recargas contra ello, si lo haces te va a dar toques!
\root e:wi
\nse Ye:wi is always found with an extraverse directional, on-, -ti, -to, or -to:ya as the case calls for. But because it
may take either a prefix or suffix, depending upon the tenses or aspect, the verbal stem alone has been chosen for the headword entry.
\qry Check to see if this should be entered as /e:wi/. I remember a phrase that was either /o:niye:wito/. Apparently this has the meaning of 'to come up against (poverty),' 'for one to be
leaning against,' etc.
\vl Do not tag very first female token.
\semref te:liwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05705
\lxam kwa:tsonteki
\lxam_c kikwa:tsonteki
\lxoa kwá:tsontéki
\lxoa_pr kwá:tsonteki
\lxoa_c kikwá:tsontéki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) (Oa)
\infv class-3a(k)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to cut off the head of (a human or animal; see kextsonteki; kexteki)
\sense_s cortarle la cabeza a (una persona o animal; véase kextsonteki; kexteki)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication; kwá:tsontéki) to cut all the branches off (a tree)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta; kwá:tsontéki) tumbar las ramas de (la copa de unárbol)
\sense_d Oa
\flao tsonteki
\root kwa:
\root tson
\root teki
\nse In Oapan this verb is used only to mean 'to prune or cut the branches off (a tree)' and not, as in Ameyaltepec, 'to behead.' It is for this reason, and the fact that cutting branches off is
an iterative action, that the Oapan form is reduplicated (underlyingly {kwa: + rdp-s + tsonteki}), with the reduplicant being reduced to pitch accent on the long vowel of the
incorporated noun. However, there is also a Oapan form kwa:té:tsontéki which refers to the cutting of a person's head. This word was only mentioned in passing and it
needs to be researched (i.e., to what does the reduplication refer). Note that it includes the intensifier te-, which is common on words referring to striking the human head
(e.g., kwa:temo:tla).
\vl Link the 1st male token. The 2nd male token has a stuttered beginning; do not even tag it.
\ref 05706
\lxam koko:saltsi:n
\lxam_c koko:saltsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e see ko:saltsi:n
\sense_s véase ko:saltsi:n
\sense_d Pending
\semref kó:skayá:ntsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05707
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa -timi
\lxoa_c wetskatimi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Associated motion ending
\compound ti-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to go around [what is signified by the main verb]
\sense_s andar [lo que se significa por el verbo principal]
\sense_d Oa
\root nemi
\semref -tinemi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 05708
\lxam tla:lia
\lxam_c kitla:lia
\lxoa tla:lia
\lxoa_c kitla:lia
\dt 24/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to put; to place down
\sense_s poner; colocar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtla:li ipan me:sah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place it (put it down) on the table!
\phrase_s ¡Ponlo sobre la mesa!
\sense_e to put on (e.g., clothes, a hat, etc.)
\sense_s ponerse (p. ej., ropa, sombrero, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Momo:stla niktla:lia notlake:n oksé. Nikimpatlatok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Every day I put on a different piece of clothing. I change them.
\phrase_s Cada día me pongo ropa diferente. Me la cambio.
\sense_e to record; to put down (in writing)
\sense_s anotar; apuntar (p. ej., al escribir una lista)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n o:notla:lih nochi tlato:hli tli:n yo:tikte:te:ne:hkeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e All the words that we have talked about have been put down here.
\phrase_s Todas las palabras que hemos discutidos están anotados aquí.
\sense_e (refl.) to sit down (a person standing)
\sense_s (refl.) sentarse (una persona parada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n xmotla:li, ma timonono:tsakan!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sit down here, let's talk!
\phrase_s ¡Siéntate aquí, vamos a placticar!
\sense_e (refl.) to take hold (a plant)
\sense_s (refl.) echar raices (una planta)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to sit up (e.g., a young baby)
\sense_s incorporarse (p. ej., un bebé)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye wel notla:lia un kone:tsi:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That little child can already sit up (by himself).
\phrase_s Ese niño chiquito ya puede sentarse (incorporarse, por si mismo).
\sense_e (refl) to take root (a plant that has been uprooted)
\sense_s (refl) arraigar (una planta que ha sido desarraigada)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n ¡X'tsi:ntsetselotiw un sakaomitl, ma:ka sa: notla:li:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go along shaking out the roots of the sakaomitl (e.g., when weeding a milpa) so that it doesn't take root again (as the plants are tossed back on the ground)!
\phrase_s ¡Ve sacudiendo las raices del sakaomitl (p. ej., al desherbar una milpa) para que no arraiguen otra vez (después de que se tiren por el suelo).
\sense_e (with rdp.l) to repeat (e.g., an untrue utterance) once and again
\sense_s (con rdp.l) repetir (e.g., una aseveración falsa) una y otra vez
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San xoxokotin, xmelá:k tli:n kitowan. San kitla:tla:lian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are braggarts, what they say isn't true. They just say (lit., 'lay out') one thing after another.
\phrase_s Son fanfarrones, no es cierto lo que dicen. Solamente dicen (lit., 'ponen') una cosa tras otra.
\sense_e to believe, to take for certain (plus a complement)
\sense_s creer, tomar por cierto que (más un complemento)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitla:lia nika:n nemi i:kone:w, pero xa:k.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He thinks that his child is here, but he isn't.
\phrase_s Cree que su hijo aquíanda, pero no está.
\semfld motion
\root tla:l
\xref tla:li:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref tla:lilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\nde The reflexive use of tla:lia can be used to refer to the taking root of a cut tree branch; trees that have this quality are sought after for fence posts. In San Juan
Tetelcingo the term nosa:lowa is used with this same meaning.
\ref 05709
\lxam ma:yo:li:k
\lxam_c ma:yo:li:k
\lxoa ma:yo:li:k
\lxoa_c ma:yo:li:k
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Intrans; ~Trans
\sense_e to be slow with ones hands
\sense_s ser lento con las manos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmotla:tlasiw:ti, ke:n tima:yo:li:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hurry up there (e.g., in doing a task), you are really slow with your hands!
\phrase_s ¡Apúrate (p. ej., en hacer un trabajo), eres muy lento con las manos!
\root ma:
\root yo:li
\qry Determine whether any verbal forms exist.
\root_notes Determine whether the root here should be /yo:l/ or /yo:li/.
\ref 05710
\lxam saka
\lxam_c kisaka
\lxoa saka
\lxoa_c kisaka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to truck; to remove by transporting or carrying (a material object, usually referenced by a mass noun such as water, fodder, stone, from a given location)
\sense_s acarrear; sacar (un objeto material, usualmente no contable como zacate, agua, piedra, de un lugar donde se encuentra)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kisa:saka iswatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He takes out bundles of maize leaves (e.g., from a field to a storage location) in one trip after another.
\phrase_s Acarrea hojas de maíz (p. ej., de su terreno a un lugar de almacenaje) en un viaje tras otro.
\phrase_n Motskwin kí:nsakái:kone:wan.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e You dog is taking out its pups.
\phrase_s Tu perro estállevando sus perritos.
\root saka
\nse The verb saka refers not simply to the carrying of material objects but more specifically to the transporting from one place to another, i.e., the removal of
objects. For example, whereas a:tlakwi refers to 'drawing water,' in one or two trips to the source, kisaka a:tl often refers to a more prolonged
process such as that involved in acquiring the necessary quantity of water for house construction. Yet most often saka is used for carrying activities (such as
taking in bundles of corn leaves from the field, in one repeated trip after another, kisa:saka iswatl) that involve some sort of repetition. For this reason it is most often
found with a reduplicant. In Ameyaltepec only the reduplicant with a long vowel is accepted: kisa:saka. In Oapan the most common redupicative form is with a long
vowel, like in Ameyaltepec (tlasa:saka). However, according to Roberto Mauricio, the short vowel reduplicant, often reduced, is a lso accep table:
tlá:saká.
\semref teki:xtia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref sakilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 05711
\lxam tlatestia
\lxam_c tlatestia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to become stuffed full; to become packed (e.g., a room full of objects or people, a bag full of goods, etc.)
\sense_s apretujarse; llenarse (p. ej., un cuarto con objetos o gente, un costal lleno de cosas, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:tlatestiak, to:hlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's stuffed full (e.g., a room, bus, etc.), there are a lot of people present.
\phrase_s Se apretujóde gente (p. ej., un cuarto, camión, etc.), hay mucha gente presente.
\phrase_n On suwa:montli miák o:kima:keh itra:steh. O:tlatestiak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That daughter-in-law was given a lot of cooking utensils (as wedding gifts). The place (i.e., the inside of her house) filled up with things.
\phrase_s A esa nuera se le dieron muchos trastes (para su boda). El lugar (esto es, el interior de su casa) se llenómuchísimo.
\root tes
\grm Two-place nominal predicates; kinterms: Note the following phrase /Un sowa:montli miák o:kima:keh itra:steh. O:tlatestiak/ 'That daughter-in-law was given a lot of
cooking utensils (as wedding gifts). It (the inside of her house) filled up with things.' Here it is possible to see the use of a kinship term in nonpossessed form (i.e., not as a
two-place predicate) even though it is obvious that the kin term makes most sense only in relation to somone, i.e., one is always a daughter-in-law to someone. However, the
use of an unpossessed kinterm is not unusual in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl. The use of /te:-/ is limited to mark the possessor as someone outside the speech situation or the
discourse as a referent.
\semref tlapi:tskotia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05712
\lxam palo:mah*
\lxam_c palo:mah
\lxoa palo:max*
\lxoa_c palo:max
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan paloma
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1; pl. palo:mas (Am); palo:maxtih (Oa)
\sense_e a variety of dove that is raised domestically for food by a few people
\sense_s tipo de paloma o pichón criado domesticamente por algunos como comida
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\ref 05713
\lxam akukwi
\lxam_c kakukwi
\lxoa ákokwí
\lxoa_pr akokwi
\lxoa_c kákokwí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Adv-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(kw)
\pitch yes-lex
\semfld motion
\sense_e to pick up (e.g., some object lying on the ground); to lift up (e.g., a sack, person, etc.)
\sense_s recoger (p. ej., algo tirado por el suelo) alzar; levantar (p. ej., algo pesado como un costal, persona, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikakukw un tomi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I picked up that coin.
\phrase_s Alcéesa moneda.
\phrase_n O:ne:chakukw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He lifted (picked) me up.
\phrase_s El me levantó(alzó).
\phrase_n Xkakukwi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pick it up (sth fallen on the ground; or,"Lift it up,"sb or sth such as a heavy sack sitting on the ground)!
\phrase_s ¡Recógelo (algo caído en el suelo;"Levántalo,"a (a algn o algo pesado como un bulto o costal parado en el suelo)!
\sense_e (refl.) to rise or puff up (skin from a rash or burn, the top of a blister, carded cotton or wool, tortillas being cooked on a griddle, bread that is rising, a frog when mad, a
fire when starting to catch, etc.); to expand (certain mixtures such as dough) or rise from the addition of water or other liquids such as yeasts
\sense_s (refl.) hincharse, inflarse o abultarse (la piel quemada o con comezón, la capa de una ampolla, algodón cardado o algo parecido, tortillas cocidos sobre el comal, pan que
se levanta, una rana al enojarse, un fuego al empezar a brotar, etc.); crecer o levantarse (ciertas mezclas como la masa) por la agregación de agua u otros líquidos; leudar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mikha:siwi. Kekexkia. Nakukwi itla:kayo, poso:ni itla:kayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has red raised marks (weals) on his body. He itches. His body is puffing out, his body is getting bloated.
\phrase_s Tiene manchas rojas por el cuerpo. Tiene comezón. se hincha su cuerpo, se infla su cuerpo.
\phrase_n Kimo:molo:naltia ichkatl para ma nakukwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She cards the cotton so that it puffs up.
\phrase_s Ella carda el algodón para que se abulte.
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w nakukwi nonexko:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your bucket for soaking maize in lime water has started to rise up (as the maize expands from absorbing water).
\phrase_s Tu cubeta de nixtamal se ha empezado a levantar (el maíz por el líquido y cal).
\phrase_n Xnakukwtok iti, xi:hla:nkalaktok. Xixwi, xtlakwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The belly (of my ox) is not bulging, its side is sunken in. It doesn't eat enough to get full, it doesn't eat.
\phrase_s La panza (de mi buey) no estácombada, su costado estáhundido. No se llena (de comer), no come.
\phrase_n Nakukwtok motlaxkal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your tortilla is puffing up.
\phrase_s Se estálevantando tu tortilla.
\phrase_n O:tekwi:n, o:nakukw tlitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It flared up, the flames rose up.
\phrase_s Llameó, se alzaron las llamas.
\sense_e (refl.) to curl up
\sense_s (refl.) enroscarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nakukw ite:n moli:broh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The edge of your book (its cover) has curled up.
\phrase_s Se encorvóla orilla de tu libro (su portada).
\root ahko
\root kwi
\nae The Ameyaltepec imperfective can be either akokwiya or akokwia , i.e., [a 'ko kwia] or [a ko 'kwi ya]. The duration of the initial vowel of Oapan
ákokwi has been measured at 87 and 76 ms for Florencia Marcelino and 68 and 54 ms for Inocencio Jiménez, a clear indication of phonological shortness.
\grm Note the many significations of the reflexive marker with this verb, from a type of passive to intransitive/anticausative.
\xref akukwilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref ákokwília
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05714
\lxam ma:muwtia
\lxam_c kima:muwtia
\lxoa ma:mohtia
\lxoa_c kima:mohtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to scare; to frighten
\sense_s espantar; asustar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkimima:muwti para ma yeyekawi:lo:kan!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Scare them so that they suffer soul-loss!
\phrase_s ¡Espántalos para que sufran susto!
\sense_e (relf) to become frightened or scared
\sense_s (refl.) asustarse; quedar asustado o espantado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Noma:muwtia. Xtla:katl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He gets frightened. He's not a man!
\phrase_s Se espanta.¡No es hombre!
\semfld emotions
\disamb muhtia, ma:muhtia
\root mawi
\nae Although historical mawi has become mowi (often [muwi]) in most of the Balsas valley villages, the reduplicated form retains the historical /a/, which here
surfaces as a long vowel.
\qry Note that although in one notecard I have recorded that /ma:muhtia/ is the same as /muhtia/ this should be checked. Cf. to the difference between /mowi/ and /momowi/, etc:
\qry Also note the different pattern of reduplication which seems hard to explain: /muhtia/ and /ma:muhtia/ vs. /mowi/ and /momowi/; perhaps include this in my grammatical notes. Cf.
notes under /muhtia:/.
\grm Oapan phonology: note that with imperfectives there is no
\xref ma:muwtilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref ma:mohtilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05715
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be a duplicate for Am /plo:weh/ with /pro:weh/ for Oapan. If there is a sound file here, shift to the proper entry (472). The information/illustrative sentences have
been moved to the Am /lxa plo:weh entry.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 05716
\lxam pe:wya:n
\lxam_c i:pe:wya:n
\lxoa pe:hya:n
\lxoa_f [ i: 'pe:h ya]
\lxoa_c i:pe:hya:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-dvb-ya:n
\infn N2(loc)
\sense_e beginning (of sth long, of a period of time)
\sense_s principio (de algo largo); a principios (de un periodo de tiempo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kineki xpe:wa ipe:wya:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You need to begin at its beginning.
\phrase_s Tienes que empezar por su principio.
\phrase_n Wa:hla:s ipe:wya:n me:stli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will come at the beginning of the month.
\phrase_s Viene al principios del mes.
\root pe:wa
\root_rel -ya:n
\nae This word is very interesting in that the pronuncations for both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez manifest a complete lack of final consonant (i.e., no reflex of the historican
{n} nor any indication of aspiration) as well as the complete absence of a glottal stop, which would be automatically inserted after phrase-final vowel. It is simply a flat final vowel
with no nasalization, no aspiration, and no glottal stop. Since final vowels motivate the automatic insertion of a glottal stop in phrase-final position, it is obvious that writing this as
/i:pe:hya/ would be infelicitous as well as morphologically inaccurate. However, the writing of /i:pe:hya:n/ is perhaps misleading as well since there is no reflex of the /n/ (it is unclear if
there is a slight final aspiration in two of the tokens). What appears to be the case is that across a range of speakers and utterances the surface manifestation of final /n/ varies from
velarized nasal, to aspiration, to complete absence of anyth ing, to glottal stop(some instances of a:ino:no:n ['a:i no: no:?]), to lexicalization of glottal stop
í:xmotlí). Nevertheless, it is interesting that the absence of any final consonant occurs consistently across the pronunciation of i:pe:hya and has not yet
been noticed or documented in other words.
\qry_fon **This word is very interesting in that the pronuncations for both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez manifest a complete lack of final consonant (i.e., no reflex of
the historican {n} nor any indication of aspiration) as well as the complete absence of a glottal stop, which would be automatically inserted after phrase-final vowel. It is
simply a flat final vowel with no nasalization, no aspiration, and no glottal stop. Since final vowels motivate the automatic insertion of a glottal stop in phrase-final position,
it is obvious that writing this as /i:pe:hya/ would be infelicitous as well as morphologically inaccurate. However, the writing of /i:pe:hya:n/ is perhaps misleading as well
since there is no reflex of the /n/ (it is unclear if there is a slight final aspiration in two of the tokens). What appears to be the case is that across a range of speakers and
utterances the surface manifestation of final /n/ varies from velarized nasal, to aspiration, to complete absence o f an y thing, to glottal stop (some instances of
a:ino:no:n ['a:i no: no:?]), to lexicalization of glottal stop í:xmotlí). Nevertheless, it is interesting that the absence of any final consonant
occurs consistently across the pronunciation of i:pe:hya and has not yet been noticed or documented in other words.
\grm **Oapan phonology; phonetics; final /n/: This word is very interesting in that the pronuncations for both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez manifest a complete
lack of final consonant (i.e., no reflex of the historican {n} nor any indication of aspiration) as well as the complete absence of a glottal stop, which would be automatically
inserted after phrase-final vowel. It is simply a flat final vowel with no nasalization, no aspiration, and no glottal stop. Since final vowels motivate the automatic insertion of
a glottal stop in phrase-final position, it is obvious that writing this as /i:pe:hya/ would be infelicitous as well as morphologically inaccurate. However, the writing of
/i:pe:hya:n/ is perhaps misleading as well since there is no reflex of the /n/ (it is unclear if there is a slight final aspiration in two of the tokens). What appears to be the case
is that across a range of speakers and utterances the surface manifestation of final /n/ varies from velarized nasa l, t o aspiration, to complete absence of anything, to
glottal stop (some instances of a:ino:no:n ['a:i no: no:?]), to lexicalization of glottal stop í:xmotlí). Nevertheless, it is interesting that the
absence of any final consonant occurs consistently across the pronunciation of i:pe:hya and has not yet been noticed or documented in other words.
\vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens.
\semref tlakotia:n; tlamia:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlákotiá:h; tlamiya:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05717
\lxam tlatskowa
\lxam_c kitlatskowa
\lxoa tlatskowa
\lxoa_c kitlatskowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to whip; to give a thrashing to; to hit hard (especially with a rope, whip, switch, etc.)
\sense_s azotar; dar una paliza a (particularmente con un laso, látigo, vara, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (~ i:wan) to mix or scramble together with ([oblique, several ingredients in cooking); to cook together with ([oblique] several ingredients)
\sense_s (~ i:wan) mezclar o revolver con ([oblicua], ingredientes en cocinar); cocinar junto con ([oblicua], varios ingredientes)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xiktlatsko yetl iwa:n chi:hli iwa:n to:toltetl!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Scramble the beans with chile and with eggs (all fried together)!
\phrase_s ¡Revuelve los frijoles con chile y con huevo (todo frito junto)!
\phrase_n Xtlatsko iwa:n chi:hli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Cook it (in this case fish) together with the chile (a pot of chile in boiling water, to which the fish is added)!
\phrase_s ¡Cocínalo (en este caso pescado) junto con el chile (un caldo con chile al cual se le agrega el pescado)!
\sense_e (fig.) to make off with; to rip off; to surreptitiously steal through deception; to shoplift
\sense_s (fig.) chingarse; hurtar surrepticiosamente (p. ej., algo de una tienda)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sié:n o:niktlatskoh iwa:n sie:n o:nikmak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I made off with 100 and I gave him 100.
\phrase_s Me chingué100 pesos y le dio cien
\disamb tlatskowa; wi:teki; tlatswi:teki; telowa
\root tlatsk
\nse Neither tlatskowa nor any cognate has been found in Classical Nahuatl or modern dialects. However the root, tlatskseems related to
tlats(2)found elsewhere. In the figurative sense sié:n o:niktlatskoh refers to a situation in which, for example, someone gave me a necklace to sell.
Even though I sold it for 200 pesos I tell him that the sale price was 100. I give him the 100 and keep the other 100 for myself. In this way sié:n o:niktlatskoh.
\root_notes Relate root /tlatsk/ to /tlats/.
\ref 05718
\lxam ma:ki:sa
\lxam_c ma:ki:sa
\lxoa ma:ki:sa
\lxoa_c ma:ki:sa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to survive
\sense_s sobrevivir; salvarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Miahkeh o:mihkeh, san newa o:nima:ki:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Many died, only I survived.
\phrase_s Muchos murieron, solamente yo sobreviví.
\phrase_n O:ma:ki:s, xo:kimiktikeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He survived, they didn't kill him.
\phrase_s Se salvó, no lo mataron.
\sense_e to get out of a jam; to manage to avoid a burdensome obligation (such as obligatory village service)
\sense_s salir de un apuro; liberarse de una obligación pesada (como un cargo en el pueblo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ma:ki:s, xto:pi:letis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He got out of it, he won't be a topile.
\phrase_s Se liberó, no va a ser topile.
\sense_e to give birth successfully (a human or animal)
\sense_s dar a luz conéxito (una mujer o un animal)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root ki:sa
\qry Note that one filecard had the following: /O:ma:ki:s, xo:te:kakaya:w/ which I had as meaning 'He fulfilled his obligation, he did not fool anyone.' Although I had this as a quote from
conversation, the meaning is so different than the others that I have kept it as a query. Check other uses with this meaning. In one entry I had the note that the verb /ma:ki:sa/ in the
sense of to become freed from an obligation is used only to refer to people who have managed to avoid cargo service.
\vl There are 3 female and 2 male tokens. The first female token is /ma ki:sa/. This should be tagged as #3757. It is the optative and the verb /ki:sa/. Then there are two
additonal female tokens and 2 male tokens. Note that the 3rd female token (i.e., the 2nd and final token that represents 5718, remembering that the first token should be
tagged as 3757) and the 1st male token are the ones that should be linked.
\grm Vowel length: This word provides a minimal pair: /ma ki:sa/ and /ma:ki:sa/. A further contrast could be documented in Oapan with the negtive imperative: /ma: ki:sa/.
\xref ma:ki:xtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05719
\lxam tlakwiste:hke:tl
\lxam_c tlakwiste:hke:tl
\lxoa tlakoste:hke:tl
\lxoa_c tlakoste:hke:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e see tlakwite:hke:tl (Am) / tlakote:hke:tl(Oa)
\sense_s véase tlakwite:hke:tl (Am) / tlakote:hke:tl(Oa)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwi
\root e:wa
\ref 05720
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ówimáti
\lxoa_pr owimati
\lxoa_c ówimáti
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-b
\infv Irregular; see mati
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to know ones way; to know the path (e.g., to get from one village to another, or merely to walk through an area traversed by paths)
\sense_s saber el camino (p. ej., para ir de un pueblo a otro, o simplemente por conocer las sendas y veredas que atraviesan una zona)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (often used in the negative) to be aware of the antecedents; to be aware of the past or how things stand; (e.g., a dispute or litigation)
\sense_s (a menudo utilizado en el negativo) saber la historia; conocer los antecedentes (p. ej., de un litigio o pleito)
\sense_d Pending
\root oh
\root mati
\nse The status of the wi in owimati is unclear although it is not unprecedented in other dialects. Thus RS gives a Classical lexeme from Paredes
ouiotl 'lo que concierne a los caminos.' There is a stem owih 'difficult,' but owimati does not seem to be related to this stem, but rather to
ohof otli (Am). It is also possible that the /i/ derives from the stem (i)hmati. The figurative and metaphoric use of owimati
is used most often in the negative to indicate that one does not know the past or the history of a given situation: xniowimati 'I'm not familiar with the history (of a
particular situation).'
\mod I originally had this phrase from Am, but C. Flores stated that it was only a transitive verb: /Xuwimati, xtlah o:kihlih i:tah./ 'He doesn't know where things stand, his father didn't tell
him anything.' Check. Also check that the Oapan word is indeed intransitive.
\ref 05721
\lxam a:tila:na
\lxam_c ka:tila:na
\lxoa a:tila:na
\lxoa_c ka:tila:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to pull along in the water (sth or sb)
\sense_s jalar dentro del agua (algo o algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma tika:tila:naka:n un kuwtli, tikpano:lti:skeh nepa la:doh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let's pull that log along in the water (of a river or lake), we'll pass it over to the other side.
\phrase_s Vamos a jalar ese tronco en el agua (de un río o laguna), vamos a pasarlo al otro lado.
\phrase_n Nika:tila:ntiw. Xwel panowa san ise:lti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I pull him along (on the surface of) the water. He can't cross (to the other side of a river or lake) by himself.
\phrase_s Lo voy jalando (por la superficie) en el agua. El no puede pasar (al otro lado de un río o laguna) por símismo.
\sense_e to pull (sb [O]) into the water (e.g., from the edge of a river or lake)
\sense_s jalar (a algn [O]) abajo del agua (p. ej., desde la orilla o desde adentro de un río o laguna)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka mitsa:tila:nas a:lamatsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't let a:lamatsi:n drag you down into in the water.
\phrase_s No dejes que a:lamatsi:n te jale abajo del agua.
\sense_e to restore a"fallen"fontanelle (for a child) by sucking on the soft spot with water in ones mouth
\sense_s restorarle la fontanela caída a(un niño) al aspirar sobre ella con agua en la boca sobre la parte superior de la cabeza
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Deke se: pitentsi:n o:wetsito ia:w, xka:tila:na. Tihkamakwis a:tl, wa:n tikiyo:tila:na ipan itsontekon.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If the fontanelle of a young child's head falls in, pull it back up with water (i.e., suck it up with water in your mouth). You should take water in your mouth and suck in on
the top of the child's head.
\phrase_s Si se le cae la fontanela a un niño, jálala con agua (aspira sobre la fontanela con agua en tu boca). tomas agua en la boca e inhalas sobre su cabeza.
\root a:
\root tila:na
\nse In the acceptation of a:tila:na that refers to helping someone pass from one side of a river to another, the action consists in one person holding onto a log and
swiming while the other is being pulled across by holding onto the swimmers arm). The third sense of a:tila:na refers to taking water in ones mouth and sucking it up
while ones mouth is placed on top of the"fallen"soft spot on a child's head. Note that this soft spot is called i:a:w (lit. 'his water'); thus it is not clear if the /a:-/ of
a:tila:na refers to the water in ones mouth or the"water"of the child's soft spot.
\ref 05722
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This record, for /kulebri:tah/ has been deleted as a duplicate. See 7766.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 05723
\lxam sekneka
\lxam_c se: sekneka
\lxoa sehneka
\lxoa_c se: sehneka
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-man
\sense_e in a particular or certain distict manner or way
\sense_s en una manera o forma particular o distinta
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sekneka tlachia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It has a different appearance (from others that are already known).
\phrase_s Tiene una apariencia distinta (de otras que ya se conocen).
\phrase_n Se: sekneka tlachian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Each one is different (i.e., the way it appears, should be done, etc.).
\phrase_s Cada uno es diferente (p. ej., en apariencia, en como se debe hacer, etc.).
\root sekneka
\nse Sekneka appears to be related to Classical cecni ; the final /a/ is perhaps related to the same -ah that is found in such forms as
kanah , yekah , etc. If so, it is likely that sekneka and o:ksekneka should both be written with a final /h/.
\qry Determine and query whether there is a final /h/ here, i.e., /seknekah/. Cf. to other forms that end in /-ah/ and have no clear-cut etymology: /yekah/, /kanah/, etc.
\ref 05724
\lxam pipi:na:hka:yoh
\lxam_c xpipi:na:hka:yoh
\lxoa pi:na:hka:yoh
\lxoa_c xpi:na:hka:yoh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg(intrans)
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am)
\sense_e (x ~) to be without shame; to be shameless
\sense_s (x ~) ser sin vergüenza, no tener vergüenza
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xpipi:na:hka:yoh, o:kawak ina:n te:i:xpan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has no shame (is shameless), he scolded his mother in front of others.
\phrase_s No tiene vergüenza, regañóa su mamáfrente a otros.
\root pi:na:
\qry Recheck long vowel in /ka/ since my original notes had a short vowel here. I also had the sequence /wk/ as /pipi:na:wkayoh/. Check.
\ref 05725
\lxam tlamia
\lxam_c kitlamia
\lxoa tlamia
\lxoa_c kitlamia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-mi(a)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to use up (a consumible item such as a drink or food)
\sense_s acabar con (algo que se consume como una bebida o comida)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to finish (a task or chore)
\sense_s terminar (una tarea o trabajo)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl. + -ka , usually with long vowel reduplication) to use (sb or sth) as a pretext or excuse
\sense_s (refl. + -ka , generalmente con reduplicación de vocal larga) utilizar (algo o algn) como pretexto o coartada
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Moka o:nimotlamih. O:niktlatlan in tli:n ne:chpolowa:ya, o:nte:ihlih ika tewa o:tine:chti:tlan ma:ski xmelá:k. San para o:ne:chma:keh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I used you as a pretext. I asked for what I needed, I told people that you sent me even though it was true. It was just so that they would give it to me.
\phrase_s Te utilizécomo pretexto. Pedílo que necesitaba, dije que tu me habías mandado aunque no fuera cierto. Fue solamente para que me lo dieran.
\phrase_n Moka o:nimotlamih para ma:ka ne:xtlai:ti:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I used you as an excuse (e.g., that I had an appointment with you) so that they would not invite me drinking.
\phrase_s Te usécomo pretexto (p. ej., que tenía una cita contigo) para que no me invitara a emborracharme.
\phrase_n Notla:tlamiah ika ma:s san tli:no:n para ma:ka yas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He uses anything as an excuse not to go.
\phrase_s Utiliza cualquier cosa como pretexto para no ir.
\sense_e (ika (Am) / ya: (Oa) + refl.) to pass free time doing
\sense_s (ika (Am) / ya: (Oa) + refl.) pasar el rato libre haciendo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ya: xmotlámitóka:n!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Pass your free time doing it!
\phrase_s ¡Mientras que pase el tiempo, estélo haciendo!
\root tlami
\nse In Ameyaltepec, at least, the phrase -ka notlamia (Am) is synonomous with -ka nokopi:na (Am); see kopi:na.
\qry It is not clear whether both /-ka notlamiya/ and /-ka nokopi:na/ are valid expressions in Oapan Nahuatl. This should be checked and, at the same time, check to see what the oblique
marker is /noka/ or /noya/, etc.
\xref tlamilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 05726
\lxam tomilia
\lxam_c kitotomilia
\lxoa tomilia
\lxoa_c kí:tomília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to undo for (the harm done by stepping over a child lying on the ground; this harm is undone by stepping back over the same child)
\sense_s deshacer para (el daño hecho al pasar sobre un niño acostado en el suelo; este daño se deshace al volver a pisar sobre el mismo niño)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to explain (the meaning of) to
\sense_s explicar (el significado o sentido) a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timistomili:s tli:no:n kito:sneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will explain what it means to you.
\phrase_s Te voy a explicar lo que quiere decir.
\phrase_n Kwahli timitsihlia, kwahli timistomilia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I tell it to you right, I explain it to you well (e.g., the meaning of a word).
\phrase_s Bien te lo digo, bien te lo explico (p. ej., el significado de una palabra).
\sense_e (usually reduplicated with a short vowel) to unhitch (an ox or team of oxen from the yoke) for
\sense_s (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) desatar (un buey o la yunta del yugo) para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timitsintomili:s
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will unhitch them (oxen) for you.
\phrase_s Te los voy a desatar (a una yunta).
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to untie for (e.g., a knot, cable, rope, etc.)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) desatar para (p. ej., un nudo, cable, soga)un animal atado a un poste, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to unhitch (an animal) for
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) soltar (un animal) para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:xtotomili noburroh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Untie (unhitch) my donkey for me!
\phrase_s ¡Desata mi burro para mí!
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to unravel for (a tangled cord, etc., that must be slowly undone); to untwist for (e.g., a taught rope or riata)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) desenredar o desenmarañar para (un hilo, cuerda, mecate, laso, etc., que se tiene que enderezar despacio); desenroscar o quitar lo
retorcido para (p. ej., a una riata muy apretada y torcida o enroscada)
\sense_d Pending
\root tom
\nse The decision to enter the applicative as an unreduplicated verb tomilia was based on desire to keep all entries (e.g., tomi,
toma, and tomilia close together in a potential print version of the dictionary. It was also based on the difficulty in determining which of the
forms (if any) could not appear unreduplicated. It is clear that the nonreduplicated form of the transitive (toma) does occur often with the sense of to undo
something, particularly the potential harm to a child lying on the ground if one steps over him. However, totomi has to date only been documented in a
reduplicated form. It is listed as tomi, as there explained, simply to maintain the parallel structure of entries (e.g., if the transitive occurs unreduplicated then the
intransitive is at least listed in this form also). However, the case of the ditransitive applicative (based on the transitive) is a bit more complicated. In Oapan the unredu plicated
applicative occurs only with the nonspecific object tla- and with the culturally specified meaning of 'to unhitch a team of oxen for.' Thus one may find
Xne:xtlatomili ya nowa:kax 'Unhitch my oxen for me.' This is an antipassive-like construction, with the valency-reducing tla- (resulting in a functionally
intransitive tlatomilia) and the patient expressed obliquely. However, if the object is expressed specifically, then at least in Oapan the verb must be reduplicated:
xne:xtotomili nowa:kax. This is not an altogether unexpected phenomenon as it reflects the fact that the more specific the object the more precise the verbal
expression in terms of its temporal nature (in this case iterativity). The question remains, though, whether an unreduplicated applicative with a specific object can occur. While
Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez denied the correctness of a form such as xne:xtomili further research might docume nt this form in O apan. In
Ameyaltepec it has been documented, although it is clearly much less common than the reduplicated totomilia. Whether or not the Ameyaltepec phrases with the
unreduplicated applicative are to be included depends on further research and clarification.
\qry Check constructions such as /xne:xtomilia noi:joh/. Make sure that /xne:xtomili/ can only be used for a yunta. Determine the difference between /xne:xtomili/ and /xne:xtotomili/, if
there is one.
\grm Reduplication: The decision to enter the applicative as an unreduplicated verb tomilia was based on desire to keep all entries (e.g.,
tomi, toma, and tomilia close together in a potential print version of the dictionary. It was also based on the
difficulty in determining which of the forms (if any) could not appear unreduplicated. It is clear that the nonreduplicated form of the transitive (toma)
does occur often with the sense of to undo something, particularly the potential harm to a child lying on the ground if one steps over him. However,
totomi has to date only been documented in a reduplicated form. It is listed as tomi, as there explained, simply to maintain the
parallel structure of entries (e.g., if the transitive occurs unreduplicated then the intransitive is at least listed in this form also). However, the case of the ditransitive
applicative (based on the transitive) is a bit more complicated. In O apan the unreduplicated applicative occurs only with the nonspecific object tla- and with
the culturally specified meaning of 'to unhitch a team of oxen for.' Thus one may find Xne:xtlatomili ya nowa:kax 'Unhitch my oxen for me.' This is an
antipassive-like construction, with the valency-reducing tla- (resulting in a functionally intransitive tlatomilia) and the patient expressed
obliquely. However, if the object is expressed specifically, then at least in Oapan the verb must be reduplicated: xne:xtotomili nowa:kax. This is not an
altogether unexpected phenomenon as it reflects the fact that the more specific the object the more precise the verbal expression in terms of its temporal nature (in this case
iterativity). The question remains, though, whether an unreduplicated applicative with a specific object can occur. While Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez denied
the correctness of a form such as xne:xtomili further resear ch might doc um e n t this form in Oapan. In Ameyaltepec it has been documented, although it is
clearly much less common than the reduplicated totomilia. Whether or not the Ameyaltepec phrases with the unreduplicated applicative are to be included
depends on further research and clarification.
\vl There are 4 tokens at the end for /kitlatomilia/. These should be tagged as 1401 and used there as teh links, since they are better speech signals that the words originally
recorded at 1401.
\xref tlatomilia
\xref_t val_reduce2
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref toma
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05727
\lxam po:cho:kuwtli
\lxam_c po:cho:kuwtli
\lxoa po:cho:kohtli
\lxoa_c po:cho:kohtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e generic name of group of trees that includes both the po:cho:tl and the xo:pan po:cho:tl
\sense_s nombre genérico de un grupo deárboles que incluye el po:cho:tl mismo y el xo:pan po:cho:tl
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e Ceiba sp.Mill., tree of the Bombacaceae family known in Spanish as pochote
\sense_s Ceiba sp.Mill.,árbol de la familia Bombacaceae conocida como pochote
\sense_d Pending
\root po:cho:
\root kow
\semref po:cho:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05728
\lxam moya:wi
\lxam_c moya:wi
\lxoa moya:wi
\lxoa_c moya:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\trans Compl
\sense_e to get muddy or cloudy (water with sediment that has been agitated)
\sense_s enturbiarse (agua, como el río durante la temporada de lluvias cuando se ensucia por el lodo que se lleva por el corriente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:moya:w a:tl, chika:wak notlalowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The water got muddied, the current is strong.
\phrase_s Se enturbióel agua, estáfuerte la corriente.
\root moya:
\ref 05729
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for /yakah/, which is now an alternate pronunciation of /yekah/.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\vl Tag the 4 tokens here with #02350; probably the speech tokens originally from here, 5729, are of better quality than those previously recorded, but use your judgement on
which to link.
\ref 05730
\lxam kekexioh
\lxam_c kekexioh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-d-yoh
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e party-goer; to be a barrel of fun (a person); to be full of energy
\sense_s ser alegre; estar lleno de energía y alguien que festeja mucho
\sense_d Am
\root kex
\fl kekextli
\nse Kekexioh is considered a denominal adjective based on the occurrence of kekextsi:n , a diminutive nominal form.
\semref kekextik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05731
\lxam tsi:ntepi:tsiwi
\lxam_c tsi:ntepi:tsiwi
\lxoa tsi:ntepi:tsiwi
\lxoa_c tsi:n tepi:tsiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become constipated
\sense_s estar estreñido
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tsi:ntepi:tsiw iburroh, kipelo:tawi:s ika untoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His donkey has become constipated, he will give it an enema with ointment.
\phrase_s Su burro estáestreñido, le va a dar una enema con ungüento.
\root tsi:n
\root tepi:tsi
\nae Although pi:tsiwiand tepi:tsiwimight well be related, the two have been analyzed as having distinct roots, the first meaning 'to narrow' and
the second 'to harden.' For tsi:ntepi:tsiwi perhaps either etymology would"work"(tepi:tsreferring to hardening of the intestines or
pi:tspreceded by the intensifier te- referring to their intense narrowing), but for now the etymology has been given as tsi:n+
tepi:tsiwi.
\qry It is not clear whether this verb can occur without the intensifier /te-/. Check whether /tsi:npi:tsiwi/ is correct. Check also for transitive form.
\vl Link 2nd male token.
\ref 05732
\lxam tsaya:nki
\lxam_c tsaya:nki
\lxoa tsaya:nki
\lxoa_c tsaya:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to have a fissure; to be cracked or fractured (sth hard such as ceramics or wood that is cracked or split but only partially through)
\sense_s estar partido o rajado; tener una fisura a lo largo (algo duro como la cerámica o madera que estárajado o partido pero no de un lado a otro)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tsaya:nki un ko:ntli, xok nihkwis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That pot is cracked, I won't use it anymore.
\phrase_s Esa olla estárajada, ya no lo voy a usar.
\disamb tlapa:nki; tsaya:nki; postehki
\root tsaya:
\ref 05733
\lxam tlakwa:ya:n
\lxam_c i:tlakwa:ya:n
\lxoa tlakwa:ya:n
\lxoa_c i:tlakwa:ya:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-dvb-ya:n
\infn N2(loc)
\sense_e (with human possessor) planted field of maize
\sense_s (con poseedor humano) sembradío de maíz
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Yewa totlakwa:ya:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That is our field.
\phrase_s Ese es nuestro sembradío.
\sense_e (when possessor is cattle or other grazing animal) customary pasture
\sense_s (cuando el poseedor es ganado u otro animal que apacenta) pastura predilecta
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nemi itlakwa:ya:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is at its usual grazing ground.
\phrase_s Estáen su pastura predilecta.
\sense_e (with human possessor) eating time
\sense_s (con poseedor humano) tiempo de comer
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Totlakwa:ya:n yó:yekók.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He arrived while we were eating.
\phrase_s Llegóal tiempo de nuestra comida.
\root kwa
\root_rel -ya:n
\ref 05734
\lxam te:mati
\lxam_c kite:mati
\lxoa te:mati
\lxoa_c kite:mati
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv Irregular; see mati
\sense_e to worry about (a person); to be concerned about
\sense_s preocuparse de (una persona)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kite:maste:ewa iwe:wentsi:n, a:kino:n kitlakwalti:s. Tlayo:wi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is worried on her deathbed about her husband, who will feed him? He is going to suffer.
\phrase_s En el lecho de su muerte se preocupa por su marido,¿Quién le va a dar de comer?él va a sufrir.
\phrase_n Nikominte:mastok nokone:wa:n, san yewameh. A:kinon iwa:n kochiskeh?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm worried about my children there (i.e., they are not where I am), they are by themselves. With whom are they going to sleep?
\phrase_s Estoy preocupado por mis niños allá(esto es, no están donde yo estoy), están solos.¿Con quién van a dormir?
\sense_e (refl.) to worry; to feel concerned or anxious
\sense_s (refl.) preocuparse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nimote:mastok ke:n nikochis. Ke:n se:wa wan xnikpia tli:n ika nimotlapacho:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm worried about how I will (be able to) sleep. It's really cold and I don't have anything with which to wrap myself up in.
\phrase_s Estoy preocupado como (voy a poder) dormir. Hace mucho frío y no tengo con que taparme.
\phrase_n Nimote:mati. Ne:chnawatian se: tekitl wan hmati xniwelis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm concerned. They tell me to do a certain job and I feel I won't be able to.
\phrase_s Me preocupo. Me mandan hacer un cierto trabajo y siento que no voy a poder.
\disamb ne:ntlamati; te:mati
\root te:
\root mati
\ref 05735
\lxam lu:loh
\lxam_c lu:loh mokone:w
\lxoa lo:loh
\lxoa_c lo:loh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-bb
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e cradle
\sense_s cuna
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tiaweh ipan molu:loh, tikochis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Beddy-bye, time to go to sleep!
\phrase_s ¡A la camita, es hora de dormir!
\phrase_n Tiaweh molo:loh!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Let's go to your bed!
\phrase_s ¡Vamos a tu camita!
\semfld Onom
\semfld baby
\nse Apparently this word derives from the coo-ing sound made to lull a baby to sleep. Note that even though /u:/ is not contrastive with /u/, I have marked length given that
the"template"for baby-talk words is CV:CVh (e.g., wi:wih).
\qry Check to see if both possessed and nonpossessed forms can be used. Change /cat accordingly.
\mod Check to where"bb"and"Onom"codes should be placed.
\ref 05736
\lxam eskale:rah
\lxam_c eskale:rah
\lxoa eskale:rah
\lxoa_c eskale:rah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan escalera
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e ladder
\sense_s escalera
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwahli xiksa:sa:lo un eskale:rah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tie the rungs on that ladder well!
\phrase_s ¡átale bien los travesaños a esa escalera!
\grm Reduplication; long vowel: Note in the phrase /Kwahli xiksa:sa:lo on eskale:rah!/ 'Tie the rungs on that ladder well!' Long vowel reduplication is used here because the
rungs are tied at even intervals on the vertical posts. The tieing takes place one rung after another. Cf. this to /xiksasa:lo/, which refers to the tieing of a knot.
\ref 05737
\lxam yo:lchika:wi
\lxam_c yo:lchika:wi
\lxoa yo:lchika:wi
\lxoa_c yo:lchika:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to act in a self-assured or strong-willed way; to be or become unyielding in ones perspectives, plans, and opinions
\sense_s actuar en una manera tenaz o algo terco; ser muy determinado (para hacer algo) sin ceder
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:lchika:wiya. Pero ka:no:n? Xumpa icha:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He acted in a very self-assured manner (as if he were in his house and was the boss). But how can that be? It isn't his house there (i.e., he has no right to impose himself).
\phrase_s Actuaba en una forma tenaz (como si estuviera en su casa yél fuera el jefe).¿Pero cómo es posible? Alláno es su casa.
\phrase_n A:man ye tiyo:lchika:wi,¿Tle:ka xtine:chaka totomi:n?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How you've become unyielding, why don't you give me our money?
\phrase_s Ahora te has puesto algo terco,¿Por quéno me das nuestro dinero?
\root yo:l
\root chika:
\ref 05738
\lxam nexkuwtli
\lxam_c nexkuwtli
\lxoa nexkohtli
\lxoa_c nexkohtli
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound S-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e type of tree not found near Ameyaltepec, but apparently found near Ahuelicán; still not collected nor identified
\sense_s tipo deárbol no hallado cerca de Ameyaltepec aunque si, aparentemente, cerca de Ahuelicán; todavía no colectado ni identificado
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root nex
\root kow
\nse Luis Lucena mentioned that he had heard the name of this tree but would not be able to recognize it. There are none near Ameyaltepec although, he thought, this tree is found near
Ahuelicán.
\vl The first female token is mistaken, it is /nexko:ntli/ and should be tagged as #2868. The rest are correct. Of these, link the last female token and last male token.
\ref 05739
\lxam nakastetitilak
\lxam_alt nakastetetilak; nakastitilak
\lxam_c nakastetitilak
\lxoa nakasté:tilák
\lxoa_cpend @nakasté:tilák
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. infix te- ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e folk generic name for several vines that grow close to the ground and are characterized by thick, fleshy leaves; to date (Sept. 2001) four plants of this name have been
collected, three of the family Nyctaginaceae (Allionia choisyaStandl.; Okenia hypogaeaSchltdle. & Cham.; and Boherhavia coccineaMiller) and
one of the Malvaceae family
\sense_s nombre genérico foklórico de varias enredaderas que crecen cerca del suelo y que se caracterizan por hojas gruesas y carnosas; hasta la fecha (sept. 2001) cuatro
plantas de este nombre han sido colectadas, tres de la familia Nyctaginaceae (Allionia choisyaStandl.; Okenia hypogaeaSchltdle. & Cham.; y
Boherhavia coccineaMiller) y una de la familia Malvaceae
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nakastetetilak | Titila:wakixiwyo, kipiaime:me:yahlo istá:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Nakastetetilak : Its leaves are thick, it has white sap.
\phrase_s Nakastetetilak : Sus hojas son gruesas, tiene la savia blanca.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root nakas
\root tila:
\notes_nature In a visit to Ameyaltepec Chen Díaz mentioned that the name of a potted plant on his porch was nakastetitilak. Later we found a wild plant that Cristino
Flores also identified as nakastetitilak. I have heard the name of this plant given as both nakastetetilak and nakastitilak
although apparently the most correct form is that given as a headword here.
\ref 05740
\lxam tlane:si
\lxam_c tlane:si
\lxoa tlane:si
\lxoa_c tlane:si
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp tla-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to dawn
\sense_s alborear
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tlane:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Dawn has broken.
\phrase_s Amaneció.
\sense_e for there to be a clear view
\sense_s haber una buena y clara vista
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlane:si, weka tontlachias.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is a clear panoramic view (without anything blocking it), you will be able to see a long distance away.
\phrase_s Hay una vista panorámica (sin estorbos), vas a poder ver a mucha distancia.
\phrase_n Tlane:si, de nika:n kwahli ne:stok, xtlah ne:chtsakwilia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There is a clear view, it is clearly visible from here, nothing obstructs my view.
\phrase_s Hay una buena vista, de aquíaparece claramente, nada me estorba.
\semfld weather
\root ne:si
\nse Note that in non-present tenses or aspects tlane:si is usually taken to mean 'to dawn.' In the present (and occasionally the future), however, it can refer to a clear,
unobstructed view, e.g., through an open window. Particularly used is the negative form.
\semref ne:stok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref ne:si
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05741
\lxam chika:wa
\lxam_c kichika:wa
\lxoa chika:wa
\lxoa_c nochika:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to tighten up (e.g., a muscle or body part in exerting a force)
\sense_s dar fuerza a (p. ej., un músculo al hacer un esfuerzo de trabajo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl.) to make a strong physical effort; to steel oneself; to brace oneself; to apply oneself with desire (e.g., to a task)
\sense_s (refl.) hacer un gran esfuerzo; prepararse físcamente para un esfuerzo; aplicarse con afán (p. ej., a una tarea)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmochika:wa! Ma nimopilo!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Brace yourself! I'm going to pull down hard!
\phrase_s ¡Prepárate!¡Voy a jalar con fuerza!
\phrase_n Te:wan nochichika:wtinemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He (e.g., a prisoner) goes around struggling to break out of the grasp of others.
\phrase_s Anda luchando (p. ej., un prisionero) para librarse de la gente que lo estáagarrando
\sense_e (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to be stubborn or hold ones ground
\sense_s (refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta) actuar en una manera obstinada
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl.) to strain (e.g., a woman to give birth, a person or animal in defecating when constipated, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) hacer un esfuerzo con el cuerpo (p. ej., una mujer para dar a luz, una person o animal constipado para defecar, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root chika:
\qry Obtain further examples of use of this verb both in reflexive and with definite object. Particularly check for the correctness of the final two meanings with a reflexive, as opposed to
the use of the intransitive to express these concepts.
\semref yo:lchika:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref chika:wilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 05742
\lxam kwala:ni
\lxam_c kwala:ni
\lxoa kwala:ni
\lxoa_c kwala:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to be mad (particularly in present tense); to get mad (a person or animal)
\sense_s estar enojado (particularmente en el presente); enojarse (una persona o animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwala:nini deke tiktlatekiwti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He tends to get mad if you give him a job to do.
\phrase_s Se tiende a enojar si le encargas alguna tarea.
\sense_e to foam or bubble up (a liquid such as beer or soda)
\sense_s echar espuma (un líquido como la cerveza o el refresco)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwala:ntok norefre:skoh, poso:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My soda is foaming, it is bubbling up.
\phrase_s Se estáechando espuma mi refresco, estáburbujando.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to sulk; to pout; to be in a bad mood
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) ponerse berrinchudo; enfurruñarse; estar de mal humor
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xok kineki tekichi:was. San kukwala:ni, xne:si tli:n kikwala:nia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He does not want to do any work anymore. He's just sulking, [though] it's not clear what is making him mad.
\phrase_s Ya no quiere hacer trabajo. Estáenfurruñado, [aunque] no se ve que es lo que le hizo enojar.
\semfld emotions
\root kwala:
\xref kukwalaka
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Am
\xref kwakwalaka
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05743
\lxam tsatsi:tia
\lxam_c kitsatsi:tia
\lxoa 'tsatsí:tia
\lxoa_pr tsatsitia
\lxoa_c kítsatsí:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to make (sb) shout (e.g., from pain)
\sense_s hacer gritar a (algn, de dolor)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to make (a mechanical device such as the horn of a car) emit a sound
\sense_s hacer sonar (un aparato como el klaxon de un coche, u otro objeto similar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtsatsi:ti moko:chin!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e ¡Honk the horn of your car!
\phrase_s ¡Haz soñar el klaxon de tu coche!
\root tsahtsi
\nae Oapan phonology: In elicitiation and recording Florencia Marcelino gave kítsatsí:tia, specifically denying the correctness of *kitsátsi:tiá. This is the pattern expected for
lexically marked pitch-accented verbs. The heavy penultimate syllable also attracts or holds stress, another factor (though by no means necessary) to explain the HLHL sequence on
a three-syllable transitive verb with the obligatory object prefix.
\vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens
\grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication; pitch accent Note that in elicitiation and recording I was given /kítsatsí:tia/ by FM. This is probably motivated both by a general tendency
for 4-syllable lexically pitch accented words to assume the surface form HLHL as well as the preference of high, marked pitch for heavy syllables. To do this while avoiding
a H-H sequence in a 4-syllable word the stress is shifted left. Rechecking FM denied the acceptability of *kitsátsi:tiá. Note that the dummy morpheme in /nokalté:sól/ solves
the problem of H-H in a 4-syllable word by lengthening one syllable in the Input unit. An option such as ?nokálsosól seems awkward, but this may simply be the result of my
familiarity with Oapan pitch accent patterns.
\ref 05744
\lxam tekochkwitlapi:hli
\lxam_c tekochkwitlapi:hli
\lxoa tekochkwitlapi:hli
\lxoa_c tekochkwitlapi:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-(N-N)
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e Capparis angustifoliaKunth, fine-leaved tree of the Capparaceae family
\sense_s Capparis angustifoliaKunth,árbol con hojas delgadas de la familia Capparaceae
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tekochkwitlapi:hli | Deke peya:stik welis para kahli---mori:yoh, kabe:sah; deke o:wa:k bwe:noh para tlikuwtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tekochkwitlapi:hli : If it is straight it can be used in a house---as a morillo, a cabeza; if it has dried it's good for firewood.
\phrase_s Tekochkwitlapi:hli : Si es derecho se puede usar en una casa--como morillo, cabeza; si se secóes bueno para leña.
\root tekoch
\root kwitla
\root pil
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the cola de pájaro carpintero.
\vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token.
\ref 05745
\lxam kaki:tia
\lxam_c kikaki:tia
\lxoa kaki:tia
\lxoa_c kikaki:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to relate or tell to (a story, a tale, particularly with the sense that the person listening will learn it, a rumor or some occurrence, etc.)
\sense_s relatar o decir a (un cuento, particularmente para que el que lo escuche se lo aprehenda; un chisme; algo que pasó, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikonte:kaki:ti:s, no: kinekin weliskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to tell it to people (i.e., a story), they also want to learn.
\phrase_s Se lo voy a contar a la gente (p. ej., un cuento), también quieren aprender.
\sense_e to pronounce or articulate for
\sense_s pronunciar o articular para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chkaki:ti un tlato:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pronounce that word for me.
\phrase_s Pronuncia esta palabra para mí.
\sense_e (used only in the negative with tla-) to (not) allow (sb) to hear
\sense_s (utilizado solamente en el negativo con tla-) (no) dejar escuchar (a algn)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xte:tlakaki:tia on tla:tsonahli.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e That music doesn't let people hear.
\phrase_s Esa música no deja escuchar.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to say (a complaint, or injurious words) aloud so that it is overheard by (or, at times, to say the same directly to a person's face; note that
with a nonspecific object it is the prefix tla- that is reduplicated)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) hacer oir o escuchar palabras de queja (o, a veces, decir estas palabras directamente a algn; nótese que con un objeto no específico se
reduplica el prefijo tla-)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mitska:kaki:tia tlato:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is letting you hear his words of complaint.
\phrase_s Estáhaciendo que escuches sus palabras de queja.
\phrase_n Deke ihkón o:tikihlih, xo:tiktla:tlakaki:tih, o:tikihlih i:xko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If you said it to him in that manner, you didn't say it (something bad) so that he would overhear it. You said it to his face.
\phrase_s Si se lo dijiste de esa manera, no se lo dijiste para que lo escuchara por casualidad. se lo dijiste a su cara.
\sense_e (tla:tlakaki:tia) to let (sb) overhear words of complaint (without direct reference to that person) (syn. Oa tla:tlapaló:tlatówa)
\sense_s (tla:tlakaki:tia) dejar (a algn) escuchar palabras de queja (sin hacerle una referencia directa); echarle pedradas a (algn); (syn. Oa
tla:tlapaló:tlatówa)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kaki
\nse The forms with long vowel reduplication, ka:kaki:tia (Am) and tla:tlakaki:tia (Am/Oa), refer to saying something insulting about a person so that
the person overhears it. It often refers to actions such as that of drunks who pass in front of someone's house, shouting out an insult so that the person hears it, without addressing
him directly. Indeed, the name of the person who is the object of complaint is also not uttered. Note that when a specific object is present it is the root that is reduplicated; with the
nonspecific tla- it is the nonspecific prefix (secondary object) that is so reduplicated. The form xtlakaki:tia is a clear example of a"let"causative in which the
sense is not"to cause action"but"to allow action."to occur. Here the action is that of someone hearing something.
\grm Reduplication: The forms with long vowel reduplication, ka:kaki:tia (Am) and tla:tlakaki:tia (Am/Oa), refer to saying something insulting
about a person so that the person overhears it. It often refers to actions such as that of drunks who pass in front of someone's house, shouting out an insult so that the
person hears it, without addressing him directly. Indeed, the name of the person who is the object of complaint is also not uttered. Note that when a specific object is present
it is the root that is reduplicated; with the nonspecific tla- it is the nonspecific prefix (secondary object) that is so reduplicated.
\grm Causative: The form xtlakaki:tia is a clear example of a"let"causative in which the sense is not"to cause action"but"to allow action."to occur. Here the action is
that of someone hearing something.
\qry Check for the precise meaning of /ka:kaki:tia/, i.e., whether it always refers to things said aloud to be overheard. Also, check to see if /kakaki:tia/ also exists. Finally, cf. whether one
can have /tlaka:kaki:tia/, as in /ne:chtlaka:kaki:tia/, or whether only the prefix is reduplicated in such cases.
\xref kaki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05746
\lxam pepeyotsa
\lxam_c kipepeyotsa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to give the shivers or creeps to; to make the skin of crawl
\sense_s darle escalofríos a; ponerle los pelos de punta a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mitspepeyotsa tokatl, o:kalak itik mokoto:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The spider makes your skin crawl, it got inside of your shirt.
\phrase_s La araña te pone los pelos de punta, se metiópor tu camisa.
\root peyo:
\qry Check for other meanings of /-pepeyotsa/ as well as presence of base verb /peyo:ni/ and intransitive /pepeyoka/. In one set of notes I have recorded that the root of /-pepeyoka/ is
*peyo:ni, which I have only heard in reduplicated form, /pepeyo:ni/. The verb seems to refer to a slight and small movement that is repeated: /pe:peyo:ni/, or which happens many
times rapidly: /pepeyoka/; cf. /i:xte:mpe:peyo:ni/. Cf. O entry under /papayetsa/, which is perhaps wrong.
\vl The four tokens here are /papaitsa/, which was mistakenly given. All four should be tagged with ref. #03688.
\semref pepeyoka
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05747
\lxam tla:wa:ni
\lxam_c tla:wa:ni
\lxoa tla:wa:ni
\lxoa_c tla:wa:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to become or get drunk
\sense_s emborracharse
\sense_d Pending
\root tla:wa:
\qry Check if this only refers to become drunk from alcohol.
\xref tla:wa:ntia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05748
\lxam a:kawtlapextli
\lxam_c a:kawtlapextli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e raised bed-like platform made of a:kawtli that is set up in the sun and on which chile is dried
\sense_s plataforma como una cama hecha de a:kawtli y que se pone en el sol y se utiliza para secar chile
\sense_d Am
\root a:kaw
\root pech
\disamb a:kawtlapextli
\qry Recheck vowel length in /tlapextli/.
\mod Illustrate
\semref ákotlapéxtli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05749
\lxam ka:ka:lo:sintli
\lxam_c ka:ka:lo:sintli
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e deformed mazorca that is split open at the top point, forming something similar in appearance to a bird's beak
\sense_s una mazorca (o elote) deformada, que tiene la punta abierta y bifurcada como si fuera el pico de un pájaro
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ka:ka:lo:sintli pa:mpa kamacha:lotok ke:n ka:ka:lo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is a"crow"corncob because its end is open like (the mouth of) a crow.
\phrase_s Es una"mazorca de cuervo"porque su punta estáabierta como (la boca de) un cuervo.
\root ka:l
\root sin
\semref sintli de ka:ka:lo:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref sintli de kuwatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref sentli yón kowatsi:ntli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05750
\lxam chachapaka
\lxam_c chachapaka
\lxoa chachapaka
\lxoa_c chachapaka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\trans Compl
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to continually pour, spill, or fall out onto the ground (e.g., water spurting out of a container, streaming off a ledge)
\sense_s verterse o caerse continuamente y en chorros al suelo (p. ej., agua que sale a chorros de un recipiente, de un techo o risco)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w chachapaka a:tl, tlapa:nki moperó:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Water has started to stream out of your metal water jug, it is cracked.
\phrase_s El agua ya empezóa salir, tu perol estároto.
\phrase_n Wa:lchachapakatok ipan tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (in this case water) is pouring off onto the ground (e.g., from a roof or other high place and in a stream, not dripping).
\phrase_s Estácayéndose (en este caso agua) en chorros sobre la tierra (p. ej. del techo, en un chorro continuo, no goteándose).
\phrase_n Kwa:ltoya:wtiw, wa:lchachapakatiw
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e As he comes along he is spilling it out (e.g., water from a jug that is open or fissured), it is splattering out onto the ground.
\phrase_s Viene tirándola (p. ej., agua de un perol que estároto o tiene una fisura), viene caéndose salpicando al suelo.
\root chapa:
\qry Determine whether this can only refer to water spilling in a continuous stream; cf. RS who mentions"caer grandes gotas."Check verbal inflection; is this really class 4
(o:chachapakak)?
\xref chapa:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05751
\lxam teskalxo:chitl
\lxam_c teskalxo:chitl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e type of red flower with eight petals and a yellow center; it grows in particularly rock environments (hence its name)
\sense_s tipo de flor roja con ocho pétalos y un centro amarillo; crece en lugares particularmente pedregosas (de allísu nombre)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld fl(pend)
\root te
\root xka
\root xo:chi
\semfld flower
\nse Some Ameyaltepec consultants have referred to a plant called texkalxo:chitl that appears to be the same. Indeed, since the te:skalxo:chitl is only found
i:pan texkahloh the two might be the same. The etymology of te:skalxo:chitl is unclear (and vowel length should be rechecked.). Perhaps a separate
cross-referenced entry to texkalxo:chitl should be created.
\qry Note that I also have recorded, with no further discussion, the flowering plant /te:skalxo:chitl/. Either this is indeed a different flower, or I made a mistake in writing down on version,
or a speaker might have given me the wrong name and only one is actually correct. This needs to be checked and given that I have more documentation on /texkalxo:chitl/ than
/te:skalxo:chitl/, I have only entered the former. Check both and with vowel length. It is also not completely clear that this flower (i.e., /texkalxo:chitl/ or /te:skalxo:chitl/) is indeed
equivalent to Oa /a:skaxo:chitl/. This too should be checked. C. Flores stated that this is /teskalxo:chitl/ even though I originally had /texkalxo:chitl/.
\semref a:skaxo:chitl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05752
\lxam akestete:ka
\lxam_c kakestete:ka
\lxoa ákésteté:ka
\lxoa_alt ákésteté:ka
\lxoa_pr akestete:ka
\lxoa_c kákésteté:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Adv-V-V
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to place down face up (a person or, metaphorically, an object with a"face"or"mouth")
\sense_s acostar boca arriba (a una persona o, metafóricamente, un objeto con una"cara"o"boca")
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikakestete:kas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am going to lay it down face-up.
\phrase_s Voy a acostarlo boca arriba
\phrase_n Nakestete:katok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is lying face-up.
\phrase_s El estáacostado boca arriba.
\phrase_n Xmakestete:ka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Lie on the ground face-up.
\phrase_s Acuéstate en el suelo boca arriba.
\root ah
\root ketsa
\root te:ka
\disamb akestok
\nse Although L. Lucena stated that this verb also may occur without reduplication, i.e. akeste:ka , I have never heard it used this way. Thus although one does find
akestok , the verb to which this would seem to correspond, * aketsa apparently does not exist: Instead the only documented form to date is
akestete:ka.
\nae The Oapan pitch accent pattern needs to be further researched. It seems to manifest a high pitch on the first syllable, reflective of underlying {ah}, and a high pitch on the second
syllable, a reflex of the coda {h} in the reduplicant {teh-}. The vowel length is definite as indicated. However, the most interesting question in this word is why the reduplicant of
te:ka does not reduce on the preceding short vowel, creating a lengthened high-pitched vowel and yielding ? áké:sté:ka. Most likely there is some sort of
constraint on such a sequence: 3 pitch accented syllables (two long) in a 4-syllable word. Although there are examples of 3 high-pitched syllables in a 4-syllable word
(tétéyotík) this is the result only of underlying {h} ({tehteyohtik}) and not of a reduced reduplicant. Finally, though, note that I did not specifically ask for the possible
form ? áké:sté:ka and thus although it is clear that the pri mary form is ákésteté:ka there re mai ns a possibility that áké:sté:ka might also
be correct.
\qry Check the length of initial /a/ as in one original example it was recorded long. Also recheck the possibility of a form without reduplication of the verb stem.
\qry_fon The Oapan pitch accent pattern needs to be further researched. It seems to manifest a high pitch on the first syllable, reflective of underlying {ah}, and a high pitch on the
second syllable, a reflex of the coda {h} in the reduplicant {teh-}. The vowel length is definite as indicated. However, the most interesting question in this word is why the
reduplicant of te:ka does not reduce on the preceding short vowel, creating a lengthened high-pitched vowel and yielding ? áké:sté:ka. Most
likely there is some sort of constraint on such a sequence: 3 pitch accented syllables (two long) in a 4-syllable word. Although there are examples of 3 high-pitched syllables
in a 4-syllable word (tétéyotík) this is the result only of underlying {h} ({tehteyohtik}) and not of a reduced reduplicant. Finally, though, note that I did not
specifically ask for the possible form ? áké:sté:ka and thus although it is clear that the pri mary form is ákésteté:ka there re mai ns a
possibility that áké:sté:ka might also be correct.
\grmx Oapan reduplication; pitch accent: The Oapan pitch accent pattern needs to be further researched. It seems to manifest a high pitch on the first syllable, reflective of
underlying {ah}, and a high pitch on the second syllable, a reflex of the coda {h} in the reduplicant {teh-}. The vowel length is definite as indicated. However, the most
interesting question in this word is why the reduplicant of te:ka does not reduce on the preceding short vowel, creating a lengthened high-pitched vowel and
yielding ? áké:sté:ka. Most likely there is some sort of constraint on such a sequence: 3 pitch accented syllables (two long) in a 4-syllable word. Although
there are examples of 3 high-pitched syllables in a 4-syllable word (tétéyotík) this is the result only of underlying {h} ({tehteyohtik}) and not of a reduced
reduplicant. Finally, though, note that I did not specifically ask for the possible form ? áké:sté:ka and thu s although it is clear that the primary fo r m is
ákésteté:ka there remains a possibility that áké:sté:ka might also be correct.
\qry_h Check for /h/, perhaps twice: /kahkestehte:ka/. Check. Also p-a is hard to determine.
\ref 05753
\lxam ichkayo:hli
\lxam_c ichkayo:hli
\lxoa ichkayo:hli
\lxoa_c ichkayo:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e seed of the cotton plant
\sense_s semilla de algodón
\sense_d Pending
\root chka
\root yo:l
\ref 05754
\lxam chikoltila:na
\lxam_c kichikoltila:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to pick or pull down with a chikohli (long rod or pole with a small crosspiece tied at the end used to pull down fruits such as ma:ngoh ,
xokotl , komo:chitl , po:cho:tl , etc., or other objects from a high place)
\sense_s cortar o jalar con un chicol (p. ej., fruta como ma:ngoh , xokotl , komo:chitl , po:cho:tl , etc., u otros
objetos de lugares altos)
\sense_d Am
\root chihkol
\root tila:na
\semref chíkolá:na
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05755
\lxam chika:wilia
\lxam_c kichika:wilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to insist or encourage to carry out (particularly certain tasks)
\sense_s instistir, estimular, animar o alentar a que haga (algo, como una tarea en particular)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tikchika:wilitok para kichi:was un tekitl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are encouraging him to do that job.
\phrase_s Estás alentándole a que haga ese trabajo.
\phrase_n Timitschika:wilia xtlakwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I insist that you eat.
\phrase_s Insisto que comas.
\phrase_n Ma:ka xne:xchika:wilito.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't be insisting (that I do sth)!
\phrase_s ¡No me estés insistiendo (que haga algo)!
\root chika:
\qry Determine precise meaning of /chika:wilia/, whether more of insist or encourage.
\grm Complementation; complementary clause: Note: /Timitschika:wilia xtlakwa/ here the phrase /xtlakwa/ is a complementary clause 'I insist that you eat.' Here the imperative
functions much like the optative /ma/ in subordinate clauses that do not have a second person subject. This is a general trend. Thus, /nikneki xya/. 'I want you to do.' Or,
perhaps, /nikneki tia:s/. To date two major forms of complementation have been found here: the imperative (timitschika:wilia xtekiti) or /para/ (timitschika:wilia para
titekitis), etc.
\semref chi:waltia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref chika:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 05756
\lxam kristia:noh
\lxam_c kristia:noh
\lxoa kiristia:noh
\lxoa_c kiristia:noh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan Cristiano
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e person
\sense_s persona; gente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:mik se: kristia:noh, cho:kalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A person died, there is crying.
\phrase_s Una persona se murió, hay llanto.
\ncol tla:ltipan
\fl kixtia:noh
\ref 05757
\lxam tlawe:lia
\lxam_c kitlawe:lia
\lxoa tla:tlawe:lia
\lxoa_c kitla:tlawe:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ia
\lexical Lex. rdp-l (Oa)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to feel 1malice toward and take retribution against, causing harm to (a saint [S] that has been offended, or the ants known as tsi:katl or
tsontemeh, a deceased person not given offerings, fire)
\sense_s sentir malicia hacia y castigar como represalia, haciéndole daño a (un santo [S] que ha sido ofendido, o las hormigas conocidas como tsi:katl or
tsontemeh , un muerte que no recibe ofrendas, el fuego)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka san tikaa:wi:lti:s, mistlawe:li:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't play around with it (in this case the image of a saint), it will feel malice toward you and cause you arm (e.g., making you sick)!
\phrase_s ¡No vayas a jugar conél (en este caso con la imagen de un santo), van a sentir malicia hacia tíy hacerte daño (p. ej., haciendo que te enfermes)!
\phrase_n Kitlawe:li:s Tona:ntsi:n pa:mpa o:kuwikaltih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tona:ntsi:n (the patron saint of Ameyaltepec) will feel malice toward him and cause him harm because he cursed her.
\phrase_s Tona:ntsi:n (la santa patrona de Ameyaltepec) va a sentir malicia haciaél y le va a hacer daño porque le injuriócon palabras.
\phrase_n Mistlawe:li:s tsi:kameh tla: tkontla:li:s tlitl ite:nko ikal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tsi:kameh ants will feel malice toward you and harm you if you place a fire at the entrance to their anthill.
\phrase_s Las hormigas llamadas tsi:kameh van a sentir malicia hacia tíy te van a hacer daño si colocas un fuego a la entrada de su hormiguera.
\root tlawe:l
\nse The only subjects of tlawe:lia that have been documented are saints who have been offended by some action and the two types of ants known as
tsi:katl and tsontemeh , who are taking to be representative of the yeyekameh (Am). The saints or these ants act after become
enraged by the actions of an individual. In Ameyaltepec it is often stated that if a citizen abandons the village to live elsewhere and no longer pays respects to the town saint, then this
saint will cause one harm, perhaps making one become sick. The saint, in this case takes retribution against someone for a perceived lack of respect.
\ref 05758
\lxam papatilia
\lxam_c kipapatilia
\lxoa pápatília
\lxoa_pr papatilia
\lxoa_c kí:patília
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ca
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): kí:patília
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to patch up or fix (sth that has identical parts that need replacing, such as the thatching a house, or the wornout threads of a hammock, etc.) para
\sense_s remendar o arreglar (algo [OS] que tiene partes que se necesitan remplazar como el techo de palma de una casa o los hilos desgastados de una hamaca, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikpapatili:s i:n o:lo:tetl, xok pare:jos, seki pi:pitik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll replace some of the worn out parts of this o:lo:tetl for him, the olotes are they are no longer even, some are short.
\phrase_s Voy a remplazar algunos de los olotes de este o:lo:tetl paraél, ya no están parejos, algunos se quedan cortos.
\root pa
\fl papatia
\nse This verb has only been documented in reduplicated form; see papatia (Am) / pápatiá. It appears that the object of the applicative is the human
benefactive, however, this needs to be checked (the primary object might perhaps be also the object that has its parts replaced).
\xref papatia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref pápatiá
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05759
\lxam teteyoh
\lxam_c teteyoh
\lxoa téteyóh
\lxoa_c téteyóh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\pitch yes
\sense_e see teyoh
\sense_s véase teyoh
\sense_d Pending
\root te
\ref 05760
\lxam pa:chaka:tik
\lxam_c pa:chaka:tik
\lxoa pa:chika:tik
\lxoa_c pa:chika:tik
\lxgen pa:chaka:ltik
\lxvar Ahuel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e to be underdeveloped; to be immature and poorly formed (particularly in reference to seeds or beans that are puny and dry, and thus inedible)
\sense_s ser poco desarrollado; ser inmaduro y mal formado (en particular para referirse a semillas o legumbres que son chiquitos y secos, las semillas sin carne adentro y los
legumbres secos dentro de una vaina)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pa:chaka:tikiyo:ltsi:n ayutli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The squash seeds are underdeveloped (and have no fleshy part inside).
\phrase_s Las semillas de calabaza quedaron vanas (no tienen nada de carne adentro).
\root pa:chaka:
\ref 05761
\lxam pa:chih
\lxam_c pa:chih
\lxgen pa:chin
\lxvar Ahuel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N0/2; Aln(0=2)
\sense_e term of endearment for father, son, grandson, nephew, grandson, and occasionally grandfather
\sense_s término cariñoso para el padre, hijo, nieto, sobrino, y a veces el abuelo
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Pakah topa:chih!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There's our father!
\phrase_s ¡Allíestánuestro papá!
\phrase_n Xia ka:n topa:chih!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go to where our father is!
\phrase_s ¡Ve hasta donde estánuestro papá!
\root pa:n
\nse The etymology of pa:chih is uncertain but it appears to represent the common vocative for male relations pá:n followed by what may be considered a
suffix of endearment, -chih (perhaps a palatalization of -tsi:n). It appears that pa:chih and pá:n are identical in meaning,
though the former might be more a term of endearment. Note that pa:chih may be possessed as a term of reference (as in some of the preceding illustrative
sentences).
\qry Check meaning of /pa:chih/ and /pa:n/ to see if they are the same. It is unclear whether this term can be used possessed as a reference term like /pa:n/. This should be checked.
Apparently the palatalization of the diminutive ending yields /-chih/. Check enter range of kinship relations for which this may be used. Etymology/roots are uncertain (i.e., can it be
used for ritual kinship terms), but obviously this is related to a general sequence of /pa:(n)/ for female kinwomen.
\semref pá:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref ma:chih
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05762
\lxam tetepona:la:wi
\lxam_c tetepona:la:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (usually with short vowel reduplication) to scrape ones knees
\sense_s (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) rasparse las rodillas
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:ni:xpoloh. O:wets, o:teteponaga:la:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He got himself messed up. He fell, he scraped his knees.
\phrase_s Quedólastimado. Se cayó, se raspólas rodillas.
\root tepon
\root a:la:
\semref tlankwa:i:xtexi:kole:wi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05763
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa cháchapólma
\lxoa_pr chachapolma
\lxoa_c cháchapólma
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev) (Oa): ní:chapólma
\infv class-1
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to catch grasshoppers (grabbing them with ones hands off the maize leaves in September and October and then placing them in a container, often of palm, a
pi:tso:tl, as one goes through the cornfields)
\sense_s juntar chapulines (agarrándolos con las manos de las hojas de maíz en septiembre y octubre, y después metiéndolos en un recipiente, a menudo de palma,
pi:tso:tl)
\sense_d Oa
\ency_note hunting
\root chapol
\root ma
\nae As is often the case, the reduplicative pattern of Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl varies. For the same action, Ameyaltepec has chapoltlatlama whereas Oapan has
cháchapólma. Both words have reduplication, no doubt related to the nature of the action of catching grasshoppers, something that is repeated once and again, with no
established or measured order. subdialects have the lexicalized form tlama, derived from the transitive verb ma (which is not found as such in the Balsas
region) and the nonspecific object prefix tla-. Note that the derived intransitive tlama functions as the verbal stem for Ameyaltepec
chapoltlatlama ; the verbal stem is reduplication and modified by noun incorporation (the stem chapol) indicating the type of hunting that is being
referenced. In Oapan the transitive verb ma, which never seems to be found with a specific object marker (ki-) can occur with the nonspecific object
(tla-, forming tlama). This derived intransitive can, as happens in Ameyaltepec, be modified by a nominal stem that indicates the object of the hunting
activity (see, for example, masa:tlama). However, what seems to occur with cháchapólma is that the valency of the transitive verb
ma is"saturated"through the incorporation of a nominal root (chapol), which thus forms a new intransitive compound verb. It is this new verb that
reduplicates, leading to the reduplication of the incorporated nominal stem. It is unclear whether a form such as ? chapoltlátlamá or ? chapó:ltlamá might
also be acceptable.
\qry Determine whether /tlama/ is a transitive normally. Recheck verb class; it appears to inflect like /kwa/. Check to see if nonnreduplicated form can also be used; check for
/ma:satlama/. Chech with /cháchapólma/ reduces to, e.g., /ní:chapólma/.
\mod Add encyclopedic entry for tlama and types of hunting.
\grm Incorporation; /tla-/; valency; transitivity: The reduplicated form, which appears to be the only possible, is probably the result of the type of action (repetitive) involved. Cf.
entry under /tlama:/. Interestingly this verb seems to exist only with the detransitivizing /tla-/. What this means is that the incorporation of the objects hunted occurs as a
modifying (Type I) incorporation: one can have both /tlatlama/ and /michtlatlama/ etc. RS gives under /ma/ the following: nitla- cazar; frec. nitlatlama, pescar, cazar con
redes; tlatlama, el que pesca, pescador. Note, then, that the reduplication might reflect the way in which hunting is effected. Cf. /michtlatlamake:tl/ and elicit whether there is
a word for deerhunter.
\semref chapoltlatlama
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tlama
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05764
\lxam ma:nekwilowa
\lxam_c kima:nekwilowa
\lxoa ma:nekwilowa
\lxoa_c kima:nekwilowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to twist the arm of (sb) and make it crooked (e.g., by dislocating it)
\sense_s torcerle el brazo a (algn) y enchuecárselo (p. ej., por luxación)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chma:nekwiloh, o:ne:chma:tilowilih noma.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He made my arm become crooked, he twisted my arm (e.g., dislocating it)
\phrase_s Me enchuecóel brazo, me torciómi brazo (p. ej., causando una luxación)
\root ma:
\root nekwil
\grm /O:ne:chma:nekwiloh, o:ne:chma:tilowilih noma/ 'He caused my arm to get out of wack, he twisted my arm. Note that the second verb does not manifest incorporation. The
/ma:/ is part of the verbal root or stem. Note that this phrase illustrates the variation, possessor raising and applicative.
\ref 05765
\lxam tlaxopo:nike:tl
\lxam_c tlaxopo:nike:tl
\lxoa tlaxopó:niké:tl
\lxoa_c tlaxopó:niké:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e person who works a plough to open up the earth (particularly for the first time during the season)
\sense_s persona que trabaja la yunta al arar la tierra (particularmente la primera vez durante la temporada)
\sense_d Pending
\root xopo:
\qry Apparently, but check, the form with /-ki/ is not used.
\ref 05766
\lxam koro:nah
\lxam_c da:nsah de koro:nah
\lxoa da:nsah de koro:nah
\lxoa_alt koro:náwakéh
\lxoa_c koro:nah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan corona
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e headdress or crown used in some religious dances (such as Da:nsah de koro:nah (Am) / koró:nawákeh)
\sense_s corona utilizada en algunas danzas religiosas (como Da:nsah de koro:nah (Am) / koró:nawákeh)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwiyo:ti:s ikoro:nah, te:wa:n nito:ti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is going to place feathers in her headdress, she's going to dance with others.
\phrase_s Va a poner plumas en su corona, va a bailar con los demás.
\nse In Oapan this dance is most often called by the name applied to the dancers, koro:náwakéh.
\mod Illustrate.
\semref tsonkahli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05767
\lxam tsitsilika
\lxam_c tsitsilika
\lxoa tsitsilika
\lxoa_c tsitsilika
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq]
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to jingle (e.g., money in a purse, pieces of metal that knock against each other, etc.)
\sense_s tintinear (p. ej., monedas en una bolsa, piezas de metal que se van golpeando, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tsitsilika motomi:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your money jingles.
\phrase_s Tintinea tu dinero.
\semfld sound-material
\root tsili:
\nse For a discussion of the difference between tsitsilika, which refers to a jingling or tinkling sound, and tsitsilka, which refers to a tingling
sensation of the skin, see the entry under this latter form.
\semref tsitsilka
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref tsili:ni
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05768
\lxam kwa:tila:na
\lxam_c kikwa:tila:na
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to pull the hair of (in reference to the hair on a person's head)
\sense_s jalarle el cabello a
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ma:ka xne:chkwa:titila:na, te:kokoh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't pull on my hair, it hurts!
\phrase_s ¡No me jales el cabello, duele!
\root kwa:
\root tila:na
\disamb kwa:momotsowa
\nse Apparently kwa:tila:na refers directly to the pulling of hair, kwa:momotsowa to grabbing, like grabbing a handful of hair and pulling.
\qry Determine difference between kwa:tila:na and kwa:momotsowa. Also, determine whether /kwa:tila:na/ can occur in the nonreduplicated form, or whether it is always reduplicated. If
always reduplicated, then change head entry.
\semref tsontila:na
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05769
\lxam kone:tesosohli
\lxam_c kone:tesosohli
\lxoa koné:sohlí
\lxoa_c koné:sohlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-suf[sosohli]
\lexical Lex. infix te- (Am); Reduced rpd-s(prev-l) (Oa)
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (often used as a vocative) no-good kid; little rascal
\sense_s (a menudo utilizado como un vocativo) escuintle; pilluelo; niño maldito
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:man tikitas kone:tesosohli! Nimitstlakwaltitiwetsis, mlá:k o:tiweka:w!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now you'll see, you little rascal! I'm going to give you a good slapping, you really took your sweet time!
\phrase_s ¡Vas a ver niño maldito!¡Te voy a dar unos manotazos, de veras tomaste tu precioso tiempo!
\root kone:
\root hsol
\nae The Oapan form koné:sohlí is unusual in that the adjectival ending -sósohlí is reduced onto a preceding long vowel of a nominal stem, without the use of
the"dummy morpheme" te-, which usually absorbs the reduction (e.g., as in the variation between kalsósohlí, kaltésosóhli, and the most
common form kalté:sohlí). The reduction of -sósohlí onto final long vowels of a nominal stem is unusual though not unique to the present case. Another
example that has been noted is tlaké:sohlí.
\qry Check to see if /kone:sosohli/ is also OK. If so, change entry and add te- in /aff field. Also, check the lack of subject marker in /a:man tikitas kone:tesosohli/.
\grm Note that in Ameyaltepec the ending is here, with /kone:tesosohli/ with the /te-/ element. Cf. this to Oapan where it was considered a"dummy morpheme."
\grm Oapan reduplication: Note /koné:sohlí/ from Oapan/. Here the stress occurs but there is no representation of the mora of reduplication. Again, this might be explained by
lexicalization. Check what the equivalent for 'woman' would be
\ref 05770
\lxam te:miki
\lxam_c te:miki
\lxoa te:miki
\lxoa_c te:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\der V2-b
\trans +Spec
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to dream
\sense_s soñar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkaman nite:miki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I never dream (have dreams).
\phrase_s Nunca tengo sueños.
\sense_e to dream about; to have a dream about
\sense_s soñar con
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkaman nikte:miki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I never dream about him (or it, etc.)
\phrase_s Nunca sueño conél (o con ello, etc.).
\root te:miki
\nae Te:miki only accepts specific objects; thus * tlate:miki and * te:te:miki are not acceptable.
\ref 05771
\lxam pe:wilia
\lxam_c kipe:wilia
\lxoa pe:wilia
\lxoa_c kipe:wilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (often with a directional prefix) to scare away for (an animal or group of animals, particularly with a shout or by throwing an object)
\sense_s (a menudo con un prefijo direccional) espantar, hacer huir o ahuyentar (un animal o grupo de animales, particularmente al espantarlos con un grito u objeto tirado) para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:mitspe:wilikeh chichi, mitskwali:snekia motlaxkal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They chased away the dog for you, it was trying to eat your tortilla.
\phrase_s Espantaron el perro para tí, quería comerte la tortilla.
\root pe:wa
\nse Pe:wilia might also be used, for example, in a situation in which someone is entering a place where there is a fierce dog. The person entering the yard might say to the
houseowner: Xne:chpe:wili motskwin 'Chase your dog away for me (i.e., so that it doesn't bite me)!'
\qry_fon The first male token of Inocencio's two-token sequence seems to have a very long initial stop /p/. Check.
\xref pe:wia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref pe:wiya
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05772
\lxam kechpostehki
\lxam_c *kechpostehki
\lxoa kechpostehki
\lxoa_alt kexpostehki
\lxoa_c kechpostehki, kexposteki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to have a broken neck
\sense_s tener el cuello roto
\sense_d Pending
\root kech
\root posteki
\qry Check possible uses of this term, i.e. things as well as animates.
\vl Note that the first female token is /kechposteki/, not /kechpostehki/. It should be tagged as #00044 and serve as the linked sound file. The second female token is correct for
this present headword: /kechpostehki/ (with an /h/) but then the 3rd female token is again an error: /kechposteki/ and should also be linked to 00044. The other female
tokens are fine as are all male tokens.
\grm Oapan phonology; variable rules. There is a variation across the female and male Oapan tokens for /kechposteki/. Inocencio Jiménez loses the occlusion on the fricative
/ch/ before the stop /p/ yielding /kexposteki/. He does this in both tokens. Florencia Marcelino, however, maintains the occlusion, /kechposteki/. In general note that it is
often the case that the stem shows up as /kex/ for 'neck' regardless of the following consonant, i.e., it does not seem that the alternation /kech-/ and /kex-/ is entirely
conditioned by phonological environment.
\root_notes Make a note under /posteki/ as a root that this may be formed from /pos/ plus /teki/. Although /teki/ makes sense, there are no other words that come immediately to mind
with /pos/.
\ref 05773
\lxam kalte:nko
\lxam_c kalte:nko
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-1-k(o)
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e the edge of town
\sense_s la orilla del pueblo
\sense_d Am
\root kal
\root_rel -te:nko
\nse To date, at least in natural discourse context, kalte:nko has only been documented as referring to the edge of town and not to the area immediately adjacent to
someone's house. In Oapan the edge of the village is referred to as kalte:mpan(if the area referred to is not adjacent to the river) and tlate:mpan(if the
area referred to is adjacent to the river). To refer to an area adjecent to ones house, Oapan Nahuatl uses kalte:ntitlan; it is not clear if Ameyaltepec has a synonymous
form, I remember simply phrasal expressions such as i:tech nokal , etc.
\qry Check for acceptability of /nokalte:nko/. If not acceptable, change code to eliminate"[poss]"
\grm Note the difference in meaning of /kalte:nko/ and /kalte:ntli/. This suggests that the former is {kal + te:nko} and not {kalte:n + ko}.
\semref kalte:ntitlan
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref kalte:mpan
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref tlate:mpan
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05774
\lxam te:kwi:tsoh
\lxam_c te:kwi:tsoh
\lxoa te:kwi:tsoh
\lxoa_c te:kwi:tsoh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e to be unpleasant; to be boring or tiresome; to be debilitating (certain repetive, unpleasant and onerous tasks, chores that are difficult and tiring such as carrying stones and
rocks to the sides of fields being cleared, or even the act of studying for those not used to it)
\sense_s ser tedioso, enfadoso o fastidioso; ser desagradable; ser aburrido; ser debilitante (algunas tareas repetetivas, desagradables y onerosas, trabajos difíciles y cansados
como la de sacar piedras a la orilla de un terreno de sembrar, o hasta el estudio es te:kwi:tsoh para los que no están acostumbrados a ello)
\sense_d Pending
\disamb te:kuhtilih; te:siawi:tih; te:kwi:tsoh
\root kwi:ts
\qry Get list of tasks that can be described as /te:kwi:tsoh/.
\ref 05775
\lxam ma:kuwso
\lxam_c noma:kuwso
\lxoa ma:kohso
\lxoa_c noma:kohso
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e (refl.) to get a splinter or thorn in the hand or arm
\sense_s (refl.) entrarsele una astilla o espina por la mano o el brazo
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root kow
\root so
\qry Check to see if only reflexive is used, i.e. possibility of ??ne:chma:kuhso.
\ref 05776
\lxam malwia
\lxam_c kimalwia
\lxoa malwia
\lxoa_f [mal 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kimalwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to take great care with; to handle delicately (a domesticated animal, a material object, etc.)
\sense_s cuidar; manejar cuidadosamente (un animal domesticado, una herramienta u objeto material, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nitlamalwia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I take good care of things.
\phrase_s Cuido bien las cosas.
\phrase_n O:weka:w pa:mpa tewa o:tikmalwih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It lasted a long time because you took good care of it.
\phrase_s Aguantó(o duró) mucho tiempo porque lo cuidaste bien.
\root malwi
\disamb malwia; machi:wa
\nse The verb malwia refers to taking great care with something, such as an animal with which one is entrusted (i.e., taking care that it is well fed, etc.) or a material object
that can be easily damaged or broken.
\qry Check etymology, i.e. for presence of /h/ and also possible derivation from /mah/.
\qry_fon The tokens here are good examples of devoicing of /l/.
\vl The first female token is /kima:wiya/ not /kimalwiya/. It should be tagged as 01969.
\xref malwilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05777
\lxam suwa:sa:ne:hli
\lxam_c *suwa:sa:ne:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e short spell or chant uttered to the yeyekameh so that they will make a woman fall in love
\sense_s dicho o corta oración a los yeyekameh para que hagan enamorar a una mujer
\sense_d Am
\ency_note speech; sa:sa:ne:hli
\root sowa:
\root sa:ne:l
\nse When a man uses this type of spell to make a woman fall in love, it is said that kitlano:chilia on sowa:tl , 'He bewitches that woman.'
\mod List all riddles in encyclopedic entry under sa:sa:ne:hli. Determine the types of sa:sa:ne:hli.
\grm Reduplication: Note how in this combined form the head noun is not reduplicated. Apparently in noncombined forms it is always reduplicated.
\semref sa:sa:ne:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05778
\lxam ka:n
\lxam_c ka:n tiaw?
\lxoa ka:n
\lxoa_c ka:n tiaw?
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Reltzer
\der Reltzer-b
\sense_e the place where; where; a place (see ka:mpa)
\sense_s el lugar donde; donde; un lugar (véase ka:mpa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlakwa na:n, ka:n tlakwatokeh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Eat here, where they are eating!
\phrase_s ¡Come aquí, donde están comiendo!
\phrase_n Xnikpia ka:n nikochis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't have a place to sleep.
\phrase_s No tengo donde dormir.
\phrase_n Xya ka:n tlase:waya:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go where there is shade!
\phrase_s ¡Ve donde hace sombra!
\phrase_n Ka:n tiaw?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where are you going? (greeting when passing someone in the street).
\phrase_s ¿A dónde vas? (para saludar a alguien que uno pasa en la calle).
\root ka:n
\nse Ka:n is the non-interrogatory form of ka:non used in what have been analyzed as headless relative phrases. Thus although ka:non
tiaw is perhaps more precise (and also often heard) as the interrogatory form, it seems that ka:n tiaw? is more commonly used. However, with non-second
person subjects the full interrogatory form must be employed: Ka:non ya:s? 'Where will he go?' and not * Ka:n ya:s? The interrogatory
ka:non is also used for embedded questions as sentential complements: xnikmati ka:non cha:nti? 'I don't know (the place) where he lives.' It is not
clear how common this is in Oapan where ka:mpais much used, e.g., niaw ka:mpa nona:n 'I am going to where my mother is.'
\qry_fon The four tokens here (2 female and 2 male) are good examples of the variation in final /w/ between two speakers (Florencia who has a palatal fricative and Inocencio who
has a more velar sound).
\grm Oapan phonology: Use the recording for /ka:n tiaw?/ as a good example of differences in final /w/ as Inocencio has a back fricative and Florencia a palatal.
\ref 05779
\lxam te:nchochopio
\lxam_c ite:nchochopio
\lxoa te:nchopi:yah
\lxoa_c i:te:nchopi:yah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am)
\infn N2
\sense_e beak (of any bird)
\sense_s pico (de cualquier pájaro o ave)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\semfld animal
\root te:n
\root chopi:
\nse The etymology of this word is unclear, but it might well be derived from the root chopi: as in Classical chopinia , which Molina has glossed as
chopinia. nite. picar la biuora, o comer el paxaro. Note also the verb chochopotza. nitla , which Molina glosses as comer o tragar
grano o semilla el paxaro. There are other apparently related words from Molina: tlachochopiniliztli 'herronadas o picadas frequentadas de paxaros o aves'
and tlachopinilli 'cosa picada de aves.' The final /o/ of the Ameyaltepec form might be related to the -yo of inalienable possession.
\semref te:nchochopilo:l
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05780
\lxam tlapopolwia
\lxam_c kitlapopolwia
\lxoa tlá:polwía
\lxoa_f [tlá: pol 'wía]
\lxoa_pr tlá:polwia
\lxoa_c kitlá:polwía
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Am, Oa
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e to forgive; to excuse (sb, for sth such as an error or sin)
\sense_s perdonar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:xtlapopolwi pi:pih!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Excuse me señora!
\phrase_s ¡Perdóname señora!
\phrase_n Xne:xtlapopolwi, o:nimitsihlih tlato:hli tli:n xkwahli! O:ne:chihlikeh pero nitla:wa:nke:tl katka. A:man xne:xtlapopolwi!
\phrase_d Am
\src_p LL GT
\phrase_e Forgive me, I said something offensive to you. They told me about it but I was drunk. Now, forgive me!
\phrase_s ¡Perdóname, te dije algo onfensivo. Me lo placticaron pero estaba borracho. Ahora,¡perdóname!
\phrase_n Kitlapopolwia pa:mpa xki:xmati.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He forgives him because he doesn't know how to read.
\phrase_s Lo perdona porque no sabe leer.
\root pol
\qry Check for form with PO and SO, as /popolwia/
\xref tlapopolwilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref tlá:polwília
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05781
\lxam kwaltsi:n
\lxam_c kwaltsi:n
\lxoa kwaltsi:n
\lxoa_c kwaltsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\pss TM
\der N-tsi:n
\sense_e to be pretty or beautiful
\sense_s ser bonito o bello
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Melákwaltsi:n moxo:chiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your flowers are really pretty.
\phrase_s Tus flores son de a de veras bonitas.
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n yo:tka:w nika:n ka:n tikteketsas mokal, tlakaltech katka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You've left it nice (in this case flat) here where you're going to build your house. Previously it was steeply sloped.
\phrase_s Lo dejaste bien bonito (en este caso plano) aquídonde vas a construir tu casa. Estaba muy inclinado.
\phrase_n Melákwaltsi:n mobeserri:toh, o:tla:kat nakastewe:weyaktik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your calf it really pretty, it was born with long ears.
\phrase_s Tu becerrito es de a de veras bonito, naciócon las orejas largas.
\root kwal
\nse In its acceptation as 'pretty or beautiful' kwaltsi:n is used to refer to females by men and, occasionally, to refer to men by women. Nahuatl equivalent of
'handsome' has not yet been determined.
\xref tlakwaltsi:n
\xref_t plus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 05782
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be the entry for /Komanko/, but it has been removed to the toponym database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 05783
\lxam a:kachakalin
\lxam_c *a:kachakalin
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e type of water animal still not identified, perhaps that called acamaya in Spanish
\sense_s tipo de animal de agua, todavía no identificado, tal vezél que se llama 'acamaya'
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\root a:ka
\root chakal
\nae The etymological analysis into a:kaand chakalis not entirely certain and should be checked.
\qry The roots might, however, be /a:kach/ and /chakal/. Check with other words and comparative dialects.
\ref 05784
\lxam tla:lwia
\lxam_c kitla:lwia
\lxoa tla:lwia
\lxoa_f [tla:l 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kitla:lwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to place earth around (a plant [O]; by hand to an individual plant, or with a plow in working the earth in late July or early August when the maize or sesame plants have
already sprouted and grown somewhat
\sense_s echarle tierra a (una planta [O], a mano a una planta individual, o con el arado al trabajar la tierra a finales de julio o principios de agosto después de que ya crecióalgo
la milpa o anjonjolí)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlatla:lwitok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is turning up the earth with his plow in order to give fresh soil to the plants (maize or sesame)
\phrase_s Le estáechando tierra a la milpa (o al anjonjolí) con el arado.
\root tla:l
\nse Tla:lwia refers to the process whereby a person throws earth around the base of a plant. Although this may be done by hand to individual plants, it often refers to the
process whereby a plow is run through the furrows of a field after the maize has sprouted. This serves both to turn over the weeds and throw loosened up earth against the base of
the stalks. However, note that in Ameyaltepec this term us used for the final (second) pass of the plow over the milpa. It is thus equivalent to Oapan ma:ka:wa. In
Oapan tla:lwia is used occasionally as the synonym of ó:meliáto refer to the first pass with a plow over the milpa after the maize has sprouted. For a full
discussion of these terms, see the discussion under teki
\vl There are two additional tokens of this word at #04877.
\ref 05785
\lxam -xiw
\lxam_c i:tla:kaxiw
\lxoa -xiw
\lxoa_c i:tla:kaxiw
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Suf-poss
\der Suf-poss
\infn N2
\sense_e suffix used on possessed nominal stems indicating that subject is [noun] like possessor
\sense_s sufijo empleado con raíces nominales poseídos que indica que el sujeto del predicado es [sustantivo] como el poseedor
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root_rel -xiw
\qry_fon Again, the Oapan tokens here provide a good example of the distinctions between final /w/ of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez.
\ref 05786
\lxam chi:toh
\lxam_c chi:toh
\lxoa chi:to
\lxoa_c chi:to
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan chivo (?)
\psm N
\der N-loan (?)
\infn N1
\sense_e goat barbecue
\sense_s barbacoa (de chivo)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld food
\qry Check with Spanish speakers on the possibility of a loan. Check final /h/ in Am.
\vl Link 2nd male token.
\ref 05787
\lxam kwa:papatia
\lxam_c kikwa:papatia
\lxoa kwá:papátia
\lxoa_pr kwa:papatia
\lxoa_c kikwá:papátia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-tia
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to repair and patch up the top of (particularly the thatched roofing of a house of palm or grass)
\sense_s reparar o remender el techo o la parte en alto de (particularly el techo de una casa de palma o zacate)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:kwa:techi:koya:w mokal. O:isoliw, kineki nokwa:tlamanili:s. Xkwa:papati!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A wide-open hole has opened up in the roof of your house. It's old, it needs to be fixed. Patch up the thatching!
\phrase_s El techo de tu casa se ha reventado. Ya se puso viejo, es necesario remendarlo.¡Arréglale el zacate (donde estáabierto)!
\root kwa:
\root patla
\nae The etymology of this word perhaps is related to patla'to exchange.'
\nde Molina has papatia. nitla 'reparar algo, o corregir escriptura o enmendar lo mal hecho.'
\vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 06326. They should be tagged as 5787 as well.
\grm Oapan reduplication; reduction: Note how in /kikwá:papátia/ there is no possibility of reduction to /kikwá:patiá/ as occurs in other cases of /kwa:-/.
\semref kwa:tlamanilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 05788
\lxam te:po:poloke:tl
\lxam_c te:po:poloke:tl
\lxoa te:po:póloké:tl
\lxoa_c te:po:póloké:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e person who is bothersome, one who interrupts people, causes others to make mistakes, etc. (e.g., a child, drunk, etc.)
\sense_s persona molestosa, que interrumpe muy seguido o que causa a otros equivocarse, etc. (p. ej., a child, drunk, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root pol
\ref 05789
\lxam tlikechia
\lxam_c kitlikechia
\lxoa tlikechia
\lxoa_c kitlikechia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to set a light to; to light (e.g., a candle, cigarrette, garbage to be burned, etc.); to set fire to
\sense_s poner fuego a; encender (p. ej., una vela, cigarro, basura para ser quemada, etc.); incendiar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkontlikechi para ma tlikwi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Set a light to it so that it catches on fire!
\phrase_s Acércale un fuego para que se encienda!
\root tli
\root kechi
\qry_fon The recordings are problematic in that after the 2nd male token Inocencio says /xihki/ as if his second token was incorrent. Then Florencia reminds him that the word has to
do with 'fire' /tlitl/. But I cannot here any difference on the remaining tokens. This should be checked with the Florencia and Inocencio; I do not know of any word that is
homophonous or near homophonous.
\vl Link 3rd male token.
\xref tlikechilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05790
\lxam te:maliwi
\lxam_c te:maliwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get infected with pus
\sense_s infectarse con pus
\sense_d Am
\root te:mal
\disamb te:malkwepa, te:maltla:lia, te:maliwi
\nse Although I have occasionally heard te:maliwi in natural speech, Luis Lucena, a consultant, denied that it was correct and, instead, gave the anticausative form
note:malkwepa.
\qry Check to determine if a fully transitive form exists.
\semref te:malkwepa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref te:maltla:lia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref te:malkopa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05791
\lxam pe:ltik
\lxam_c pe:ltik
\lxoa pe:ltik
\lxoa_c pe:ltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be shallow and flared out (a bowl, a tray)
\sense_s ser poco profundo y con las orillas abriendo hacia afuera (un plato hondo, una charola)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pe:ltik pa:mpa xtekontik, xwekatlan.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p DT#7:336
\phrase_e It is described as pe:ltik because it is not concave, it is not deep (a bowl or tray).
\phrase_s Se le dice pe:ltik porque no es concavo, no estáprofundo (un plato hondo o charola).
\semfld shape
\root pe:l
\nse Pe:ltik is used to refer to trays, bowls, cooking pots, trays (bateas) or similarly formed objects that are either shallow or open, i.e., that are not deep
with steep sides. The opposite of pe:ltik is teko:ntik.
\qry Determine whether there is a verbal form, /pe:liwi/. Check whether /chikipe:ltik/ can be used to refer to these types of bowls. My impression is that /chikipe:ltik/ is used to refer to
things that are cut or sliced, not simply flared.
\ref 05792
\lxam a:xi:xa
\lxam_c na:xi:xa
\lxoa a:xi:xa
\lxoa_c na:xi:xa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/dif)
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/+trans; +Caus
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (refl.) to urinate (often used with an extraverse directional; without a directional the reflexive often has the sense of 'to urinate on,' i.e., 'to urinate (without moving); see
below)
\sense_s (refl.) orinar; mear (a menudo utilizado con una direccional extraversa; sin direccional el reflexivo tiende a interpretarse como 'orinar sobre', esto es, 'to urinate (without
moving); véase abajo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:na:xi:xato.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He went to urinate.
\phrase_s Fue a orinar.
\sense_e (with a specific object or te-) to urinate on (e.g., a small baby [S] on the person [O] holding it; when the reflexive is used with this sense occasionally
-pan will be added to reinforce the idea of 'on')
\sense_s (con un objeto específico o te-) orinar sobre; mear sobre (p. ej., un bebésobre la persona [O] que lo estásosteniendo; cuando el reflexivo se emplea con este
significado ocasionalmente se le agrega -pan para especificar el sentido de 'sobre')
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:na:xi:x -=i:pan o:na:xi:x-, o:kitla:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He urinated on himself, it (i.e., his need to urinate) got the better of him.
\phrase_s Orinósobre si mismo, le ganó(esto es, su necesidad de orinar).
\phrase_n O:ne:cha:xi:x.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He urinated on me.
\phrase_s Me orinó.
\sense_e (refl.; fig.) discharge or excrete a liquid (e.g., as a tree does sap, or stones for making lime as they are being baked)
\sense_s (refl.; fig.) descargar o excretar un líquido (p. ej., como unárbol a su savia, o piedras al cocerse para sacar cal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w na:xi:xa tenextli ka:n kitokitokeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The lime has started to form liquid which is dripping down (in the oven) into where they are stoking it.
\phrase_s El líquido de la cal (en el horno) ya empezóa escurrirse hasta donde alimentan el fuego.
\semfld functions
\root a:
\root xi:xa
\qry_fon This is a good word to determine the length of initial /a:/ from 'water'.
\xref a:xi:xaltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05793
\lxam we:ika:n
\lxam_c we:ika:n
\lxoa we:ika:n
\lxoa_c we:ika:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-ka:n
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e large town or city
\sense_s pueblo grande o ciudad
\sense_d Pending
\root we:i
\root_rel -ka:n
\ref 05794
\lxam tlama
\lxam_c o:tlamah
\lxoa tlama
\lxoa_c tlama
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to hunt
\sense_s cazar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n On toba:leh melá:k tlama ika wilo:meh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Our friend goes hunting a lot for huilotas.
\phrase_s Nuestro amigo caza mucho a las huilotas.
\sense_e to catch; to make a catch (in hunting animals such as huilotas, deer, tejones, iguanas, etc.)
\sense_s cazar (en el sentido de teneréxito en la caza, p. ej., de huilotas, venado, tejones, iguanas, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xo:titlamah?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Did you catch anything (or, Did you make a kill)?
\phrase_s ¿Cazaste algo?
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to hunt down; to look for and catch or seize (a domesticated animal)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) darle caza a; buscar y agarrar (un animal domesticado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Titlatlama:s ika mobese:rros.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will hunt down (look for and catch) your calves.
\phrase_s Vas a darle caza a tus becerros (buscándolos y cazándolos).
\phrase_n Ye titlama ika mobwe:yeh, ye titekipano:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will go hunt down your ox, you are about to start plowing.
\phrase_s Vas a darle caza a tu buey, ya vas a trabajar el campo.
\root ma
\nse The intransitive tlama often has an incorporated noun referencing the type of object"hunted."Documented to date are: wilo:tlama ,
masa:tlama , wi:lo:tlama , mixtlatlama , chapoltlatlama , and xomiltlatlama. Apparently things that
are caught are incorporated into the reduplicated form, whereas things that are hunted (or chased and seized) are incorporated into the unreduplicated form. In all cases it would
seem that the incorporated nominal stem functions in a modifying role. An exception is Oapan cháchapólma, which has a valency-reducing incorporation directly onto
the transitive verb ma (which is not found in isolated form in the Balsas region.
\nae Although historically ma was a transitive verb signifying 'to hunt' and was often prefixed by tla-, in Ameyaltepec tlama is the only form that
exists. There are no examples of ma with a specific object (i.e., * kima ma:satl). However, the object that is being hunted or caught can still be
expressed obliquely, in an antipassive-like construction: tlama ika wilo:meh. In the case of this verb, therefore, there is no transitive syntax and only an intransitive with
oblique manifestation of the semantic patient. Moreover, the lexicalization of tlama is such that noun incorporation takes place on this intransitive derivative and not the
transitive verbal base. Thus with words such as chapoltlatlama noun incorporation is that of an oblique argument to an intransitive.
\grm Incorporation; antipassive: Although historically ma was a transitive verb signifying 'to hunt' and was often prefixed by tla-, in Ameyaltepec
tlama is the only form that exists. There are no examples of ma with a specific object (i.e., * kima ma:satl). However, the object
that is being hunted or caught can still be expressed obliquely, in an antipassive-like construction: tlama ika wilo:meh. In the case of this verb, therefore,
there is no transitive syntax and only an intransitive with oblique manifestation of the semantic patient, even though historically the verb was transitive. Moreover, the
lexicalization of tlama is such that noun incorporation takes place on this intransitive derivative and not the transitive verbal base. Thus with words such as
chapoltlatlama noun incorporation is that of an oblique argument to an intransitive.
\semref tlátlamá
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05795
\lxam tlaka:waltia
\lxam_c kitlaka:waltia
\lxoa tlaka:waltia
\lxoa_c kitlaka:waltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to hush up or quiet (e.g., a child who is crying loudly)
\sense_s acallar (p. ej., un niño que llora o grita)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tiktlaka:waltian, ma:ka sa: tlato:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We hush him up so that he won't just be talking.
\phrase_s Lo acallamos para que no esténomás hablando.
\sense_e (refl. with te:-) to be prohibited
\sense_s (refl. con te:-) prohibirse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Note:tlaka:waltia ka:n u:nkah a:tl. Xok kika:wili:skeh para ma tlapa:ka sé.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is prohibited (in this case the washing of clothes) where there is water. They won't let one wash clothes (there) anymore.
\phrase_s Se le prohibe a la gente (en este caso lavar ropa) donde hay agua. Ya no van a dejar que uno lave ropa.
\root ka:wa
\nae The causative ka:waltia , which should be a ditransitive verb, has only been documented with either the nonspecific object prefix tla- or an incorporated
nominal stem (as in tlakwalka:waltia). The meaning of ka:waltia would seem to be 'to enjoin, deter, prohibit, etc.' and the object or noun would be
notionally the incorporated patient, that act or event that is prohited to someone, or that someone is enjoined from doing. In this case the tlakwal of
tlakwalka:waltia refers to the food that one is deterred from eating (e.g., by an illness). Note that although Molina has an entry for caualtia, there are always
two objects, one specific and the other not: caualtia. ninotla. 'irse a la mano o abstenerse de algo' and caualtia. nitetla. 'vedar a otro, o yrle a la mano.'
\qry Check meaning with and without /tla-/. That is, check if a form such as /ne:chka:waltia/ exists (certainly /ne:chka:wilia/ does) and what its meaning might be.
\qry Check how /sé/ in pronominal function should be written. Since it seems to be always phrase final, perhaps it should be written with an accented short vowel (considering
phrase-final vowels are short). Check.
\grm /tla-/; valency: The causative ka:waltia , which should be a ditransitive verb, has only been documented with either the nonspecific object prefix
tla- or an incorporated nominal stem (as in tlakwalka:waltia). The meaning of ka:waltia would seem to be 'to enjoin, deter,
prohibit, etc.' and the object or noun would be notionally the incorporated patient, that act or event that is prohited to someone, or that someone is enjoined from doing. In
this case the tlakwal of tlakwalka:waltia refers to the food that one is deterred from eating (e.g., by an illness). Note that although Molina has an
entry for caualtia, there are always two objects, one specific and the other not: caualtia. ninotla. 'irse a la mano o abstenerse de algo' and
caualtia. nitetla. 'vedar a otro, o yrle a la mano.'
\ref 05796
\lxam te:sosok
\lxam_c te:sosok
\lxoa té:sosók
\lxoa_c té:sosók
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be scratchy (e.g., wool against skin); to be prickly (some plants)
\sense_s ser espinoso (algunas plantas); ser algo que pica (como la lana o ropaáspera)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tikmatis ke:n te:sosok mopilisa:l deke xtikochis ika motlake:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You'll find your blanket (of wool) prickly if you don't sleep with your clothes on.
\phrase_s Vas a sentir que te pica tu cobija si no duermes con ropa puesta.
\root so
\ref 05797
\lxam kana:wi
\lxam_c kana:wi
\lxoa kana:wi
\lxoa_c kana:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become thin (a board with wear over time); to wear thin (clothes and cloth)
\sense_s ponerse delgado o desgastado (una tabla de madera con el tiempo; ropa vieja y muy usada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:kana:w nowéra:ch.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My sandals (their soles) have worn thin.
\phrase_s Se desgastaron (las suelas de) mis huaraches.
\phrase_n Ye kana:wtok noka:ltson.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My cotton trousers (of manta) are wearing thin.
\phrase_s Se están desgastando mis calzones de manta.
\sense_e to thin out or disperse (clouds)
\sense_s dispersarse (las nubes)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pe:w kana:wi moxtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The clouds have begun to thin out (disperse).
\phrase_s Las nubes se han empezado a dispersar.
\root kana:
\qry Check vowel length of /kalson/. Do a search and replace for any error found and corrected in this database.
\ref 05798
\lxam a:wakuwtli
\lxam_c a:wakuwtli
\lxoa a:wakohtli
\lxoa_cpend @a:wakohli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e type of tree (probably a type of oak) not found near Ameyaltepec but rather at higher altitudes, e.g, near Apango
\sense_s tipo deárbol (probablemente un tipo de encina) no se encuentra cerca de Ameyaltepec sino en zonas más altas, como cerca de Apango
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root a:wa
\root kow
\ref 05799
\lxam toto:nka:wi:lo
\lxam_c toto:nka:wi:lo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-pas
\infv class-4a(pass)
\sense_e to get damaged by heat emanating from the ground (e.g., a crop during the hot summer months)
\sense_s dañarse por el calor que emana de la tierra (p. ej., la siembra durante los meses calorosos del verano)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:toto:nka:wi:lo:k tlato:ktli, o:panwets toto:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The planted crops got damaged by the heat, the heat came up (out of the ground).
\phrase_s La siembra se dañópor el calor, el calor salióa la superficie de la tierra (saliendo del suelo).
\root to:n
\nse In Oapan there is a word for the heat that emanates from the ground: tla:lto:nka:listli. Most often the condition expressed by toto:nka:wi:lo affects a
planted crop on the day following a single, isolated rain, i.e., after it rained for one day and then stopped during the hot summer months. Heat will then rise up from the ground and
possibly damage the crop.
\qry Check to see if in Ameyaltepec there is also a word for heat emanating from the ground.
\grm Participle: Note the headword entry /toto:nka:wi:lo/. Here, as in other cases, note that a nonverbal and a non-nominal root or stem can serve as the stem for a verbalization.
In general note the way in which /-ki/ and /-tik/ adjectivals verbalize or otherwise combine. There seem to be various cases of /toto:nka-/ entering into other formations.
\ref 05800
\lxam koyo:ni
\lxam_c koyo:ni
\lxoa koyo:ni
\lxoa_c koyo:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to get perforated; to have a hole form in (a piece of wood with termites, a container that has gotten punctured, clothes with a hole, but not ripped)
\sense_s perforarse; agujerearse (un pedazo de madera con polilla, un recipiente, ropa con un agujero, pero no rasgada, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xwel koyo:ni, mlá:k chika:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It can't be drilled, it is really hard (e.g., wood).
\phrase_s No se puede taladrar, de veras es muy dura (p. ej., madera).
\root koyo:
\qry I had a definition: /(fig) to loose ones virginity (a woman)/. This should be checked.
\semref chi:koyo:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05801
\lxam ma:to:ne:wi
\lxam_c ma:to:ne:wi
\lxoa ma:to:ne:wi
\lxoa_c ma:to:ne:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for one to feel a burning sensation in ones arm or hand (from contact with sth spicy such as chile)
\sense_s sentir un dolor ardiente en la mano o el brazo (por contacto con algo picoso como el chile)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Newa xnihkwe:cho:s pa:mpa niman nima:to:ne:wi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I won't grind it (in this case chile) because right away I feel a burning sensation in my arm.
\phrase_s No lo voy a moler (en este caso chile) porque luego luego siento un dolor ardiente en la mano.
\root ma:
\root to:n
\qry Determine whether the cause of the burning sensation can be something other than chile or spicy foods. Also add entries as needed. Probably a transitive exists: /ma:to:ne:wa/ (cf.
/te:nto:ne:wa/). Also probably /to:ne:wi/ and /to:ne:wa/ are acceptable; check for other body part incorporations.
\grm A question that has arisen concerns the morphological analysis (and semantic specificity, perhaps) of verbs that end in /-e:wi/ and /-e:wa/. It seems clear that these are
limited to verbs that indicate some sort of change to the color or surface of subjects. A complete list could be generated, but I remember such color words as /chi:chi:le:wi/,
/tli:le:wi/, /kose:wi/, /kweche:wi/ as well as a lot of"surface"words such as /ko:le:wi/, /-to:ne:wi/, etc. In some cases cognate /-iwi/ words exist. In other cases /-e:wa/
transitive forms exist (some of the intransitive or transitive cognates still need to be documented). In general all these words seem to relate to two general phenomenon. The
first are changes to the color of. The second is changes to the surface appearance and texture of (i.e. smoothing, chipping, etc.). Under /-e:hui/, FK has the following:"to
turn out in a particular manner, to become / pararse (K). This is attested in T and Z. It corresponds to the intransitive verb E :H UA, which also apears incompounds. Both
correspond to transitive E:HU(A)."It would seem, then, that the best way to analyze these verbs is to consider /-e:wi/ and /-e:wa/ to be verbal (or verbalizing?) elements. Or,
perhaps consider /-e:w/ as the verbalizing elements, and /-i/ and /-a/ as markers of transitivity and intransitivity. Thus there are several patterns: 1) iwi/owa. This is the
most"typical"or at least common alternation representative of the"inchoative/causative"alternation (poliwi/polowa). They should be analyzed, perhaps as ROOT+Vbl(1) and
ROOT+Vbl(2), where Vbl(1) and Vbl(2) respond to the endings -iwi and -owa. 2) wi/wa. This is common to verbs of the /toma:wi/ and /toma:wa/ type, again with alternation
between intransitive and transitive. This could be parsed as ROOT+Vbl(1) and ROOT+Vbl(2) in which the following would be the interlinearization: toma:+wi and
toma:+wa. 3) This would correspond to the -e:wi/-e:wa words just mentioned, and in which these elements co uld a l s o fit onto roots that have the /-iwi/ and /-owa/
distinction elsewhere. Thus one would have /ma:to:ne:wi/ as ma:+to:n+e:wi in which the final element is glossed as Vbl(1). Or, for the two forms of 'to become red'
chi:chi:le:wi and chi:chi:liwi one would have rdpl+chi:l+e:wi and rdpl+chi:l+iwi. Historically of course, in some cases a vowel might have been part of the root. Thus for
/poliwi/, historically it might be the case that an analysis of /poli + wi/ (or /polV + wi/) would be more accurate,but placing a final vowel on the root is problematical since it
must disappear in certain other forms, including nominals (cf. /chi:hli/, /tli:hli/, etc.).
\ref 05802
\lxam nakastlan
\lxam_c inakastlan
\lxoa nakastlah
\lxoa_pr nakastlan
\lxoa_c i:nakastlah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(rel)
\der Rel-poss-com
\infn N2(rel)
\sense_e at the side of
\sense_s al lado de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Monakastlan ma nikochi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me sleep by your side.
\phrase_s Déjame dormir a tu lado.
\phrase_n Nika:n ma niktla:li inakastlan, te:wan pa ma ya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let me place it here by its side (e.g., of some object), let is be there with the rest.
\phrase_s Deja que lo coloque aquía su lado (p. ej., de otra cosa), deja que estéallácon los demás.
\phrase_n I:nakastlan metlatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is at the side of the metate.
\phrase_s Estáal lado del metate.
\phrase_n Un ne:nkah tepe:tl,inakastlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That hill over there, at its side.
\phrase_s Ese cerro allá, a su lado.
\root nakas
\root_rel -tlan
\qry Determine whether this can be used with a noun instead of possessive prefix. Also determine whether unpossessed form (i.e., simply /nakastlan/) can be used.
\grm Word order: /Monakastlan ma nikochi/ 'Let me sleep at your side.' Note that with single word adverbs the order is usually with the adverbial clause modifier before the
predicate, as in this case. Use this as an example in the grammar.
\ref 05803
\lxam tekwa
\lxam_c notekwa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\lexical Lex. prefix te-
\infv class-1
\sense_e (-pan + refl.) to get crushed or pinched ([possessor of -pan]) between two sides of (reflexive subject, such as a door, two boards with a crack
between them, pliers, etc., that is, things that close and catch sth in the middle, pinching it as it closes)
\sense_s (-pan + refl.) prensarse o apretarse ([poseedor de -pan] entre dos lados de (sujeto del reflexivo, como una puerta, dos tablas con una hendedura
en medio, pinzas, etc., esto es, objetos que se cierran y agarran algo en medio, prensándolo al cerrar sobre ello)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nopan o:notekwah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It caught me (or part of my body) between it (as it closed).
\phrase_s Me apretó(a mío a una parte de mi cuerpo) entre sus dos lados (al cerrarse).
\phrase_n Ma:ka san ma:s xpepecho, ipan yo:notekwah i:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't place them any closer together (in this case two tables being pushed against each other), they've already trapped this thing between them (i.e., in being pushed
together they caught sth in-between)!
\phrase_s No los vaya a juntar más (en este caso dos mesas que están siendo arrimadas), ya se cerraron sobreél (esto es, apretaron algo entre las dos)!
\root kwa
\nse The only documentation of tekwa is with the reflexive prefix and an oblique object with the relational noun -pan. The phrase refers to an action whereby
two things come together and pinch or close in on something between them, e.g.., a door closing on ones fingers, two pieces of wood closing in on a stick, piece of metal, etc. Or
two tables being pushed together trapping something between them.
\semref tekwaltia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05804
\lxam tlayeltik
\lxam_c tlayeltik
\lxoa tláyeltík
\lxoa_c tláyeltík
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be playful; to be mischievous; to be bothersome (because of overexuberant playfulness)
\sense_s ser juguetón; ser latoso
\sense_d Pending
\root tlahyel
\ref 05805
\lxam ma:tsowa
\lxam_c kima:tsowa
\lxoa ma:tsowa
\lxoa_c kima:tsowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to fold or double over (soft, pliable items, such as a wallet in putting it away)
\sense_s doblar (objetos suaves y blandos, como una cartera al guardarla)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Noma:tsotiw tla:hli. Tlakaltech, oksepa tla:lpachiwtiw surkoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The earth folds back upon itself (in this case on steep land when plowed as the earth from a furrow higher up falls over and folds back on the furrow immediately below it).
It is steep, the furrow gets covered again with earth.
\phrase_s La tierra se va volviendo sobre si misma (en este caso en un lugar muy inclinado cuando la tierra de un surco cuesta arriba le cae sobre y tapa el surco inmediatamente
abajo). Estáinclinado (el terreno), el surco se vuelve a cubrir con tierra.
\sense_e to make a taco (by folding a hot tortilla in half, placing sth in the middle)
\sense_s hacer un taco (al doblar una tortilla caliente, con algo en medio)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xma:tso sé!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make yourself a taco!
\phrase_s ¡Haz un taco!
\root ma:ts
\root ma:
\nse The verb ma:tsowa refers to the action of folding something over on itself so that the sides meet: tortilla, petate, sombrero, etc. The most common use of this
verb is in a phrase something like Xma:tso sé! 'Make yourself a taco' (folding over a tortilla while placing something in the middle). It can also be used for anything
that folds or comes together, e.g. I have heard it (in the intransitive) used to refer to a water hose that"implodes,"preventing water from freely flowing.
\nae The impersonal of this form, rarely used, is uncertain. Some individuals give tlama:tsowalo whereas others give tlama:tso:lo. Nevertheless,
the form is not used. This might explain the nominal derivative tlama:tsowahli.
\qry Again, check final decision on pronominal /sé/.
\ref 05806
\lxam ma:pi:xtli
\lxam_c ma:pi:xtli
\lxoa ma:pi:xtli
\lxoa_c ma:pi:xtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e a handfull
\sense_s una puñada
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:n we:i moma:pi:ch!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How big your handfull is!
\phrase_s ¡Quétan grande es una puñada tuya!
\phrase_n Xne:chaka se: ma:pi:xtli moa:yowech. Ma nkwa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Give me a handful of your squash seeds! Let me eat them!
\phrase_s ¡Dame una puñada de tus semillas de calabaza!¡Quiero comérmelas!
\disamb ma:pi:xtli; tlaki:tskiltsi:n
\root ma:
\root pi:ch
\nse Note that pixtok , the progressive of pia (Am), has a short vowel, ma:pi:xtli has a long vowel. This is because the latter is derived from
the verb ma:pi:chowa).
\qry Determine possessed form; note that in one phrase above the possessed was /moma:pi:ch/. This should be checked.
\grm Xne:chaka se: ma:pi:xtli moa:yowech. Man kwa! Add to grammar notes the apocapated /man kwa/ for /ma nihkwa/. Also note that /ma:pi:xtli/ has a long /i:/ despite the fact
that the progressive of /pia/ is /kipixtok/, e.g., which has a short vowel. Recheck these, but if confirmed note in the grammar.
\semref tlaki:tskiltsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05807
\lxam itikukwa
\lxam_c kitikukwa
\lxoa ítihkokówa
\lxoa_pr itihkokowa
\lxoa_c kítihkokówa
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv Irregular (Am); see kukwa
\infv class-2b (Oa)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to give a stomach ache or upset stomach to
\sense_s empachar; causarle un dolor de estómago a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mitsitikoko:s tli:n tihkwatok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e What you are eating will give you a stomach ache.
\phrase_s Lo que estás comiendo te va a dar un dolor de estómago.
\root hti
\root kowa
\root_rel -ko
\nae There is a slight aspiration [h] closing the second syllable of the Oapan form, at least in the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino (though not so clear in the speech of Inocencio
Jiménez). It might be that this reflects variation in the use of ítík and not ítí for the incorporated noun part of this compound.
\qry Check other /iti/ compounds in Oapan for presence of /h/. If Oa has /k/ and Am doesn't, perhaps create two separate entries with equivao
\qry_fon An analysis of this is important to demonstrate the variability in the sound [h] in /itih-/; the first male token seems to have a very light presence of /h/. Check with
phonetician. It might even be that there are two verbs here /ítikókowa/ and /ítihkókowa/. This should be carefully checked.
\vl Link 2nd male token.
\ref 05808
\lxam tlapaya:nilia
\lxam_c kitlapaya:nilia
\lxoa tlapaya:nilia
\lxoa_c kitlapaya:nilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to grind nextamahlifor (generally in a hand or mechanical grinder, but also on a metate)
\sense_s moler nixtamal for (generalmente en un molino de mano o eléctrico, pero también sobre metate)
\sense_d Pending
\root paya:
\xref tlapaya:na
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05809
\lxam to:nalmiktia
\lxam_c kito:nalmiktia
\lxoa to:nalmihtia
\lxoa_c kito:nalmihtia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make (sb) hot (e.g., heavy clothes)
\sense_s hacer (a algn) sentir el calor (p. ej., ropa gruesa y pesada)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:xto:nalmiktia, ke:n tila:wak nokoto:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It makes me hot, my shirt is really thick.
\phrase_s Me da calor, mi camisa estáde veras muy gruesa.
\root to:na
\root miki
\xref to:nalmiki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05810
\lxam mapiltetepon
\lxam_c mapiltetepon
\lxoa mápiltetépon
\lxoa_c mápiltetépon
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be missing part of a finger
\sense_s faltarsele parte de un dedo
\sense_d Pending
\root mah
\root pil
\root tepon
\ref 05811
\lxam ne:
\lxam_c ne: tia:skeh
\lxoa ne:
\lxoa_c ne: tia:skeh
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-place
\der Adv-pl
\sense_e there (referring to a distant place that is either visible or understood in the discourse)
\sense_s allí(en referencia a un lugar distante que es visible o que se entiende por el discurso)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne: yaw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There he goes (i.e., in reference to a visible place)!
\phrase_s ¡Allíva (en referencia a un lugar visible)!
\root ne:
\qry Apparently this refers to a distant place that is within view; check.
\grm Sentential stress; extrametricality: Note that /yaw/ is extrametrical in both dialects. Thus /ne: yaw/ has intonational stress on /ne:/.
\ref 05812
\lxam tepostla:hlowa
\lxam_c tepostla:hlowa
\lxoa tepostla:hlowa
\lxoa_c tepostla:hlowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to become or get rusty
\sense_s oxidarse
\sense_d Pending
\root tepos
\root tla:l
\qry For this and all other V-1-para-h/wa/tia determine the progressive form of the /-owa/ verbs. That is, is it /tepostla:hlotok/ or /tepostla:hlowatok/. I believe the former. Check for
transitive form: ?tepostla:hlo:tia.
\semref tepostla:hloki:sa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05813
\lxam ma:ma
\lxam_c kima:ma
\lxoa ma:ma
\lxoa_c kima:ma
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to carry (a beast of burden or person [S]) on the back or shoulders
\sense_s cargar (una bestia o persona [S]) a cuestas, por la espaldo o hombros
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (fig.) to take on the responsibility of (e.g., an onerous task or chore)
\sense_s (fig.) tomar la responsabilidad de (p. ej., una tarea pesada, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with tla-) to be suffering under or bearing (e.g., a weight or heavy burden)
\sense_s (con tla-) estar cargado (con una obligación pesada, una responsabilidad, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with tla-) to be holding up; to be bearing a burden (e.g., as a cross-beam holding up other vertical beams that rest upon it, or similar material objects and
supports that support a weight)
\sense_s (con tla-) sostener; cargar (p. ej., una viga horizontal que carga otras verticales, u otros tipos de soportes)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San se: kwentli tlama:matok ika kwenko:koneh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just one furrow has a lot of cornejales bearing down on it.
\phrase_s Solamente un surco estácargado con una cantidad de cornejales.
\root ma:ma
\nse For description of the manner in which a furrow bears the burden of the cornejales cf. drawing in original 3x5 filecard.
\qry Check for the sexual aspect of /ma:ma/. I believe there is one but I am not sure of the specifics.
\xref ma:maltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref ma:malia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlama:ma
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05814
\lxam i:xte:nkoya:wa
\lxam_c ki:xte:nkoya:wa
\lxoa i:xte:nkoya:wa
\lxoa_c ki:xte:nkoya:wa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. inflix te- : i:xte:ntekoya:wa
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to pick the eye out of (e.g., a corpse or other dead animal)
\sense_s quitarle el ojo a (una persona o animal muerto)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:ki:xte:ntekoya:w tsopi:lo:tl moburroh. Yo:mik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A buzzard has picked the eye out of your burro. It's already dead.
\phrase_s Un zopilote le ha quitado el ojo a tu burro. Ya se murió.
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root koya:
\qry Cf. /i:xte:nkoya:wi/ and determine whether another meaning, 'to widen an eye-like hole' is also correct.
\ref 05815
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be the entry for /Ka:n Chapa:ni A:tl/, which is not in the toponymic database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 05816
\lxam tsi:nchikipe:liwi
\lxam_c tsi:nchikipe:liwi
\lxoa tsi:nchikipe:liwi
\lxoa_c tsi:nchikipe:liwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-Mod-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to have the bottom give way or rip completely or almost completely off (e.g., of a bucket, box, etc.)
\sense_s desfondarse (p. ej., una cubeta, caja, etc., casi por completo)
\sense_d Pending
\root tsi:n
\root chiki
\root pe:l
\qry Check for transitive form; check for /tsi:nchipatla:wi/, etc.
\ref 05817
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was originally of /tlakwiste:hki/, but I believe this is erroneous. If it proves to be correct it should be reentered.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 05818
\lxam a:lo
\lxam_c a:lo
\lxoa a:lo; a:lomeh
\lxoa_c a:lo; a:lomeh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N1; pl. a:lomeh
\sense_e type of parakeet, apparently the Pacific Parakeet, Aratinga strennua, or a close relative
\sense_s tipo de perico, aparentemente el"Pacific Parakeet," Aratinga strennuao una especie cercana
\sense_d Pending
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 22, p. 334
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root a:lo
\nse Although the singular is a:lo , these birds are always found in groups; for this reason the plural form a:lomeh is more common and is the form used
in describing them. This bird is large and not considered a to:to:tl.
\nde Molina gives alo as 'papagayo grande.'
\qry Check absence of final /h/.
\qry_fon Use the plural form as a"control"for short /o/ before /-meh/ since /a:lomeh/ seems to definitely have a short /o/.
\ref 05819
\lxam ko:lo:tl
\lxam_c ko:lo:tl
\lxoa ko:lo:tl
\lxoa_c ko:lo:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e scorpion
\sense_s alacrán
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e constellation called ko:lo:tl
\sense_s constelación llamada ko:lo:tl
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewalwi:ka ko:lo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The constellation ko:lo:tl appears in the night.
\phrase_s La constelación ko:lo:tl aparece en la noche.
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\semfld heavens
\ency_note ko:lo:tl
\root ko:lo:
\notes_nature There are the following types of scorpions documented so far: ko:lo:tl , tla:lko:lo:tl , and tliko:lo:tl.
\root_notes Many have suggested that the stem for scorpion is related to the root ko:l'curved.'
\ref 05820
\lxam komba:teh
\lxam_c komba:teh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan combate
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1; pl. komba:tes
\sense_e ritual household celebration and meal done to celebrate the termination of a task (such as plowing with the team of oxen or mules, which is usually finished in early August,
the construction of a house, husking or shelling corn, etc.)
\sense_s comida y ceremonia ritual hecha por una familia para celebrar la terminación de una tarea (tal como el trabajo con la yunta, que por lo común termina en agosto, la
construcción de una casa, el desgranar maíz, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kichi:waskeh komba:tes, o:tekitlankeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They will celebrate with a ritual meal, they finished work with the yunta.
\phrase_s Van a hacer una celebración ritual, terminaron de trabajar con la yunta.
\nse A chicken or pig is killed and people drink beer or sodas. It is usually only the household that celebrates (i.e., privately) although in finishing a house those who helped are invited. In
Oapan sometimes when people finish planting and"unhitch"(tlatoma) the team of oxen, they set off fireworks: tlá:topó:nia.
\qry Check for possible regional Spanish usage of this term.
\ref 05821
\lxam tsoya:lia
\lxam_c notsoya:lia
\lxoa tsóyá:lia
\lxoa_pr tsoya:lia
\lxoa_c nótsoyá:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-para-ki/ya/lia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl.) to perfume oneself; to put on perfume
\sense_s (refl.) ponerse perfume
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nimotsoya:li:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will put some perfume on.
\phrase_s Me voy a poner perfume.
\root tso
\root hya
\nse The reflexive meaning of tsoya:lia is unexpected given the meaning of the adjectival and intransitive verb. Apparently this term was used in the past when people found
perfume unpleasant. Now the term more in use, at least in Oapan, is áwiá:lia
\vl The first and second male tokens are slurred or mispronounced as /nótsola:lia/ Don't tag it. Then there are the 3rd and 4th male tokens. Both should be tagged and I think
the first of these (3rd overall) is the best for linking.
\qry Check meaning of reflexive. If certain, check other meanings of adjectival and intransitive verb. Cf. Gram 1979-99--.
\ref 05822
\lxam kwa:texi:tlastik
\lxam_c kwa:texi:tlastik
\lxoa kwa:texi:tlastik
\lxoa_c kwa:texi:tlastik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-tik (?)
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\sense_e to be bald
\sense_s ser calvo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwa:
\root xi:
\root tlats
\nae Etymologically kwa:texi:tlastik is apparently related to Northern Puebla xitlatztic 'pulido' (polished) and Zacapoaxtla xi:tatztic 'desnudo.'
Molina has no cognate word for 'bald' or 'naked' but does have quaxipetztic 'calvo' as well as related words. Since the qua element is easily identified as
'head' and the petztic element indicates smoothness, it would seem that this Classical form also contains a xi: element.
\qry Check vowel length since this entry was found only on the original file cards with no vowel length recorded. Also, determine whether the /te-/ is optional. Finally, get speakers
interpretation of the etymology and any other possible similar forms.
\vl The first female token has a pause in the middle, don't tag it. Then there are 2 good female and 2 good male tokens. Of these, link 2nd female speech token and 1 male
token.
\grm Apocopated forms; phonology: Note that both Am and Oapan have /kwa:texi:tlastik/ and /kwa:texi:tlas/ as meaning 'bald.' The latter has been categorized as a apocopated
adjectival. Re; the question of the roots involved, comparative evidence suggests /tlats/ as the final element. There is a reason for the /ts/>/s/ shift in the /-tik/ adjectival, as
this is a general phonological change in the Nahuatl of this reason. But if the root is /tlats/ the form /kwa:texi:tlas/ is not explainable. Either the root is actually /tlas/ or has
been reinterpreted as /tlas/, or, more interesting, the phonoogical shift motivated by an ending (in this case /-tik/) is maintainedin the apocopated forms! This should be
researched.
\ref 05823
\lxam tla:lpipi:to
\lxam_c tla:lpipi:to
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan (part) pito
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e natural whistle found in the ground and apparently made by some sort of unidentified animal (perhaps an insect)
\sense_s silbato natural que se encuentra en el suelo y que aparentemente se hace por algún tipo de animal no identificado (quizáun insecto)
\sense_d Am
\root tla:l
\ref 05824
\lxam monexowa
\lxam_c kimonexowa
\lxoa mónexówa
\lxoa_pr monexowa
\lxoa_c kimónexówa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. prefix te- : kitemónexówa
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to make dusty
\sense_s empolvorear
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:timotemonexoh, a:man xma:lti:ti!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You've gotten yourself dusty (covered with dust), now take a bath!
\phrase_s Te cubriste de polvo, ahora,¡vete a bañar!
\sense_e to cause to or make fade (e.g. clothes)
\sense_s hacer que se destiñe (p. ej., ropa)
\sense_d Pending
\root mohnex
\qry Check correctness of kitemónexówa
\vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token.
\root_notes Cf. note for this root under /ma:temonex/.
\ref 05825
\lxam tlayo:koyalistli
\lxam_c *tlayo:koyalistli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e melancholy; sadness
\sense_s melancolia; tristeza
\sense_d Am
\root yo:ko
\qry Check for possessed form?
\ref 05826
\lxam kafe:ntsi:n
\lxam_c kafe:ntsi:n
\lxoa kafe:ntsi:n
\lxoa_c kafe:ntsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) café
\psm Adj
\der Adj-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e coffee colored
\sense_s color café
\sense_d Pending
\semfld color
\nse Kafe:ntsi:n also occurs as the diminutive of the borrowed noun kafe:n.
\ref 05827
\lxam iswate:kilistli
\lxam_c iswate:kilistli
\lxoa iswate:kilistli
\lxoa_c iswate:kilistli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e action of stripping the leaves off the drying corn plant, usually in late October or early November after the milpa has dried (see iswate:ka)
\sense_s zacateo, la acción de quitar las hojas de maíz de la milpa cuando se estásecando, generalmente a finales de octubre o principio de enero (véase
iswate:ka)
\sense_d Pending
\root swa
\root te:ka
\ref 05828
\lxam pipitski:tia
\lxam_c kipipitski:tia
\lxoa pipitski:tia
\lxoa_c kipipitski:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make squeak or squeal (e.g., a mouse, a tejon,or other similar small animals)
\sense_s hacer chillar (p. ej., un ratoncito, tejón u otros animales pequeños)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipipitski:tia un kimichin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He (in this case a cat) makes the mouse squeak (or squeal, as when it is caught).
\phrase_s El (en este caso un gato) hace chillar al ratoncito (p. ej., cuando se caza).
\sense_e to make (sb) emit squeaky sounds (as caused in play among children, newlyweds, etc.)
\sense_s hacer (a algn) emitir ligeros ruidos (p. ej., al jugar niños, novios recién casados, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pe:w nopipitski:tian nokone:wa:n. Na:wiltian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My children have started to make each other squeal and shriek. They are playing around.
\phrase_s Mis hijos ya empezaron a hacerse chillar. Están jugando.
\root pits
\xref pipitska
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05829
\lxam kwa:xe:hli
\lxam_c i:kwa:xe:l
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e part in ones hair (usually in reference to a woman)
\sense_s la raya que parte el cabello (generalmente hablando de una mujer)
\sense_d Am
\root kwa:
\root xe:l
\qry Although I have this recorded with a long /e:/ perhaps it should be short, given the meaning of 'to part in two'. The length should be rechecked.
\semref kéxí:hli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05830
\lxam a:tki
\lxam_c a:tki
\lxoa a:tki
\lxoa_c a:tki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans
\sense_e watery (a soup, consomé, beans cooking in broth, etc.)
\sense_s aguado (un consomé, frijoles, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:tki un yetl. We:i ia:yo wan xkipia yetl miák.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Those beans are watery. They have a lot of juice and not much bean.
\phrase_s Esos frijoles están aguados. tienen mucho jugo y casi nada de frijol.
\phrase_n Xkwahli un a:to:hli, a:tki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That atole is no good, it's watery.
\phrase_s Ese atole no estábien, estáaguado.
\semfld consist
\root a:
\nse The reason for the presence of the /t/ is unclear. But there is a paradigm of a:tki and a:tia, parallel to forms such as
yema:nkiand yema:nia. Another derivation would have a -ti verbalizer, but this would yield *a:tik, which does not exist.
\mod Check difference between /a:tki/ and /a:tostik/ and add to onomasiological section. Apparently the latter is more for mixtures whereas, former for liquids, e.g. ink, etc.
\grm A:tki un yetl. We:i ia:yo wa:n xkipia yetl miak. Those beans are watery. They have a lot of juice and not much bean. Note syntax.
\ref 05831
\lxam_notes zzz
\qry This entry, formerly /maxyoh/, has been removed.
\dt 04/Aug/2001
\ref 05832
\lxam chikitolowa
\lxam_c kichikitolowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp PM-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to bend; to make crooked (long, straight objects such as rods and strips of wood, metal, etc.)
\sense_s doblar; encorvar; enchuecar (objetos largos y derechos, como varitas y tiras de madera, metal, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kichikitoloh kwentli, xpeya:stik. Xwel tekiti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He made his furrows come out crooked, they aren't straight. He can't work (the plow).
\phrase_s Hizo que los surcos le salieran chuecos, no derechos. No puede trabajar (la yunta).
\root chiki
\root tol
\disamb pachowa
\semref chikino:liwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref chikino:lowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05833
\lxam tlapacho:hli
\lxam_c tlapacho:hli
\lxoa tlapacho:hli
\lxoa_c tlapacho:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of seed garden (usually of chile, cilantro, or flowers) in which the seeds are scattered on the ground with a little earth sprinkled on top; the entire garden is then
covered with zacate to keep water from washing away the delicate seedlings that, when fully sprouted, are transplanted
\sense_s pachol; tipo de semillero (generalmente de chile, cilantro o flores) en que primero las semillas se esparcen por el suelo y después se rocían con algo de tierra; entonces el
jardín se tapa con zacate para prevenir que se lleven por el agua las plantas de semillero, que serán transplantados una vez germinadas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n o:ixwak notlapacho:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My seed garden has sprouted nicely.
\phrase_s Germinóbonito mi semillero.
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w kwitlati notlapacho:l, yo:pe:w pa:ti ika xi:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My seed garden has started to rot; it's started to get wet and putrid because it's fallen over (i.e. the seedlings being cultivated got a blight and fell over onto the ground,
starting to rot).
\phrase_s Ya se empezóa pudrirse mi huertita, ya comenzóa disolverse y pudrirse porque se cayó(esto es, las plantas se doblaron al suelo al enfermarse).
\phrase_n Tikxi:xi:ni:s, tiktepe:was chi:lyo:hli, noso sila:ntroh noso xonakatl, iwa:n tiktla:lte:mi:s ika tla:hli, dya tiktlapacho:s ika sakatl dya tika:te:ki:s para ixwas. Deke
o:ixwak tikekwani:s, tikmamanas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e (To make a tlapacho:hli) you sprinkle, you spread out chile seeds, or silantro or onion on the ground and you scatter earth over them, then you cover it with
grass and water it so that they sprout. If they have sprouted you move them (the seedlings), you transplant them.
\phrase_s (Para hacer un tlapacho:hli) echas, desparramas semillas de chile, o silantro o ceballa por el suelo y le cubres con una capa delgada de tierra, después
les pones encima zacate y después les rocías agua para que germinen. De que ya brotaron las cambias de lugar (a las plantitas), las transplantas.
\semfld domesticatedivate
\root pach
\nse Tlapacho:hli refers to the first place where seeds are planted and germinated, before being transplanted to the final garden. The word is apparently derived from
the fact that seed garden is covered with earth and protective grass.
\qry On one file card I note:"type of garden in which seems are sprinkled on the ground and covered with a small layer of earth before being transplanted into a 'pachol.'"The implication
is that a /pachol/ is distinct from a /tlapachohli/, but I am not certain of this. Check the idea of transplanting and whether this actually occurs.
\qry Get special sound texts, etc.
\ref 05834
\lxam tlaxelowa
\lxam_c tlaxelowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to distribute ones property and belongings when near death
\sense_s distribuir los bienes al acercarse a la muerte
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tlaxelotok un kokoxki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That sick person is dividing up his estate.
\phrase_s Esa persona enferma estádividiendo sus bienes.
\root xel
\nse In Oapan tlaxelowa is used in the expected sense of dividing things up and giving them out, e.g, at a fiesta or celebration.
\xref xelowa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\semref testa:rowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05835
\lxam tlakaka:wa
\lxam_c tlakaka:wa
\lxoa tlá:ká:wa
\lxoa_pr tlá:ka:wa
\lxoa_c tlá:ká:wa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to perform (or the person who performs) the ceremony known in Spanish as levantamiento de sombra in which an offering is given to the
yeyekameh (Am) / yéye:kámeh(Oa) in exchange for the return of a soul lost through susto
\sense_s llevar a cabo (oél que lleva a cabo) la ceremonia conocida como 'levantamiento de sombra' que consiste en dejar una ofrenda a los yeyekameh (Am) /
yéye:kámeh(Oa) para intercambiar con un alma que ha sido perdida por el susto
\sense_d Pending
\root ka:wa
\revised 5/08/04
\xref tlakaka:wilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref tlá:ka:wília
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\xref ka:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05836
\lxam te:ntlapa:nki
\lxam_c te:ntlapa:nki
\lxoa te:ntlapa:nki
\lxoa_c te:ntlapa:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to have a broken edge (e.g., a ceramic plate, etc.)
\sense_s tener una orilla rota (p. ej., un plato de cerámica, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root tlapa:
\ref 05837
\lxam kuwasiwisioh
\lxam_c kuwasiwisioh
\lxoa kówasiwísioh
\lxoa_c kówasiwísioh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be painful, causing pain particularly to ones bones and joints
\sense_s causar dolor, particularmente a los huesos y coyunturas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tla:lko:lo:tl, xtotech ki:sa pero ke:n kuwasiwisioh, bwe:yeh kitowa kimiktia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tla:lko:lo:tl does not cause us to become delirious, but it really causes a lot of pain; they say that it kills cattle.
\phrase_s The tla:lko:lo:tl no se nos traba (causando dilirio) pero si causa dolor; dicen que mata al ganado.
\root kowa
\root hsi
\qry Check meaning of /xtotech ki:sa pero ke:n kowasiwisioh/. Perhaps translation needs to be corrected, i.e., why would something be said to not /totech ki:sa/ but then, at the same
time, be called /kowasiwisioh/.
\ref 05838
\lxam mapihli
\lxam_c mapihli
\lxoa mápihlí
\lxoa_pr mapihli
\lxoa_c mápihlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e finger
\sense_s dedo de la mano
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (measure) width of a finger
\sense_s (medida) lo ancho de un dedo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia o:me mapihli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is two fingers wide (the first and middle fingers).
\phrase_s Tiene dos dedos de ancho (el dedo primero y en medio).
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root mah
\root pil
\qry After checking several times I determined that the vowel length for this noun is short for all vowels, although the first vowel should be rechecked here and in compounds given that
many of my entries for /ma:pihli/ had a long first vowel. However, the derivative /mapi:lwia/ apparently has a long vowel on /-pi:l/. Check Oapan and Tetelcingo cognates to verify
the presence of /h/. Check also to see if /mapihli/ can be used in reference to anything but the finger of the hand.
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\ref 05839
\lxam a:tlakwintsi:n
\lxam_alt aa:tlakwintsi:n
\lxam_c a:tlakwintsi:n
\lxoa á:tlakwíni
\lxoa_alt á:tlakwíne
\lxoa_c á:tlakwíne,á:tlakwíni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-V2
\der N-ag-ni
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) (Oa)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e child who draws water often, whose task it is to draw water and take it to where it will be consumed
\sense_s niño que siempre trae agua a donde se consume
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mlá:k a:tlakwintsi:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's a real water-bearer (said slightly in jest)!
\phrase_s ¡Es un verdadero aguador (dicho algo irónicamente)!
\root a:
\root kwi
\nae Oapan Nahuatl á:tlakwíni manifests a pitch-accented initial long vowel, the result of a reduplicant (short vowel with coda {h}). The reduplication is apparently related
to the fact that any child (or person) who is known as a"water-bearer"is so known because he or she repeatedly goes to draw water, an iterative action that motivates the
reduplication.
\qry Cf. /a:tlahke:tl/ and determine difference, if any, between /a:tlahke:tl/ and /a:tlakwintsi:n/. The latter seems much more common, perhaps because little children are usually employed
in this task, as opposed to adults.
\grm Note how the agentive -ni forms a diminutive losing the final /i/ of the verbal ending.
\ref 05840
\lxam tla:wi:lowa
\lxam_c tla:wi:lowa
\lxoa tla:wi:lowa
\lxoa_c tla:wi:lowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-owa
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to shine light (a person [S] with a match, candle, flashlight, torch, etc.)
\sense_s iluminar (una persona [S] con un cerillo, vela, lámpara eléctrica, antorcha, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlaiwatok, ma nitla:wi:lo!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is dark, let me shine some light!
\phrase_s Es oscuro,¡déjame echar algo de luz!
\phrase_n Ne: o:nikontak tlitl. Tla:wi:lowa masa:te:roh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I saw a light over there. The deerhunter is shining a light.
\phrase_s Vi una luz allí. El cazador de venado estáechando una luz.
\sense_e to illuminate a religious space (such as a church) with candles
\sense_s iluminar un espacio religioso (como una iglesia) con velas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:pan Pa:skwah titla:wi:lo:skeh. Tiktla:wi:lwi:skeh Niño Diós.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e On Christmas Eve we will light candles (in the church), we will hold candles near the Child of God.
\phrase_s En la víspera de la Navidad vamos a prender velas (en la iglesia), vamos a poner velas cerca del Niño Diós.
\sense_e (with wa:l- and aspectual -tiw) to come shedding the light of dawn (the rising sun)
\sense_s (con wa:l- y el marcador de aspecto -tiw) venir iluminando con la luz del alba (el sol al salir)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmokwiste:wa! Ye wa:ltla:wi:lotiw to:nahli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Get up! The rising sun is coming along illuminating the Earth!
\phrase_s ¡Levántate! El sol saliente viene iluminando la tierra.
\root tla:wi:l
\nae In the use of wa:ltla:wi:lotiw (Am) to signify 'to come shedding the light of dawn,' note that this is not an impersonal expression as are many verbs that indicate natural
phenomena such as 'to dawn.' Here it is the sun that is the subject of the monovalent verbal predicate. Sometimes the /i/ in Oapan appears to be short, tla:wilowa
although in other forms, e.g., tla:wi:hliit is definitely long.
\xref tla:wi:lwia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref tla:wi:lwiya
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05841
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was the word for /maxtli/ 'pubic hair'; it has been removed as offensive for now (but probably reinsert later).
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 05842
\lxam faji:yah
\lxam_c faji:yah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan fajilla
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e wattle; thin 2x2s or similar wood that runs lengthwise on the inside of the roof in a house with sheeting, similar in where it is placed to the kwihlo:tl of a
house with thatching
\sense_s fajilla; tablas delgadas y largas que corren a lo largo en el interior de un techo de lámina, parecida en su ubicación a la del kwihlo:tl en una casa con
techo de palma o zacate
\sense_d Am
\ency_note kahli
\mod Illustrate.
\ref 05843
\lxam tsi:npilkatok
\lxam_c tsi:npilkatok
\lxoa tsi:npilkatok
\lxoa_c tsi:npilkatok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be squatting (as in the position of going to the bathroom)
\sense_s estar en cuclillas (como cuando uno va al baño)
\sense_d Pending
\root tsi:n
\root pil
\ref 05844
\lxam yo:lxiti:nia
\lxam_c kiyo:lxiti:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to discourage; to make (sb) lose heart (from doing what they had their heart set on doing)
\sense_s desanimar; quitar el deseo a (algn, de llevar a cabo lo que pensaba hacer)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:tine:chyo:lxiti:ni:ko, nia:skia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You came and made me lose heart, I would have gone.
\phrase_s Viniste y me desanimaste, yo hubiera ido.
\root yo:l
\root xiti:
\semref yo:lkwepa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref yó:litlakówa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05845
\lxam boye:roh
\lxam_c boye:roh
\lxoa boye:roh
\lxoa_c boye:roh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan boyero
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2); pl. boye:ros
\sense_e worker, usually a child between 9 and 15 years old, hired for the planting season who does not work the junta but who does other tasks such a taking care of the animals
by watering and grazing them, weeding and uprighting plants if earth covers them during plowing, setting stones between the furrows, and sometimes even harvesting
\sense_s trabajador, por lo común un niño entre 9 y 15 años, alquilado por la temporada de siembra, quien no agarra la yunta pero síse encarga de otras tareas tales como
apacentar y cuidar a los animales, dándoles agua, desyerbando la milpa y enderezando las plantas si se cubren de tierra al pasar la yunta, poner las piedras entre los
surcos y, ocasionalmente, aun cosechando
\sense_d Pending
\mod Perhaps add sound file/text
\ref 05846
\lxam te:si:s
\lxam_c te:si:s
\lxoa te:si:s
\lxoa_c te:si:s
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-poss
\infn N1
\sense_e type of edible grasshopper still not identified
\sense_s tipo de chapulín comestible todavía no identificado
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\ency_note chapolin
\root si:s
\nse Accordig to Lupe Domínguez and several other consultants from Oapan, this grasshopper is known as the spouse (male counterpart)
\qry Perhaps ask why this is so called, relationship to /si:stli/??!!
\ref 05847
\lxam a:komohli
\lxam_c a:komohli
\lxoa a:komohli
\lxoa_c a:komohli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e large and deep area in a river where the water is calm and slow moving, circling around slowly
\sense_s área larga, plana y profunda de un río donde el agua estácalmada y algo estancada; no corre rápido y circula lentamente
\sense_d Pending
\root a:
\root komol
\vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token.
\ref 05848
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xté:yewál
\lxoa_c i:xté:yewál
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have large round eyes (e.g., an owl)
\sense_s tener ojos grandes y redondos (p. ej., un tecolote)
\sense_d Oa
\flo i:xté:we:ítik
\root i:x
\root te
\root yewal
\qry Check to see if this is only used in directly addressing a person.
\semref i:xte:nyeyewal
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 05849
\lxam a:pa:tsiwi
\lxam_c a:pa:tsiwi
\lxoa a:pa:tsiwi
\lxoa_c a:pa:tsiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become moistened or wet with water
\sense_s mojarse con agua; mezclarse con agua
\sense_d Pending
\root a:
\root pa:ts
\vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens.
\qry_fon The duration of the initial (long) /a:/ in Florencia Marcelino's pronunciation is significantly shortened. Under 90 ms. These should be compared to the longer duration of
Inocencio's initial vowel and to the duration of Florencia's second vowel /pa:/, which is well over 110 ms (I don't have the measurements at hand). It is worth considering the
possibility that there is some tendency to neutralization of initial vowels, just as occurs with final vowels.
\ref 05850
\lxam xa:lmo:yo:tl
\lxam_c xa:lmo:yo:tl
\lxoa xa:lmo:yo:tl
\lxoa_c xa:lmo:yo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of small insect, in Spanish called jején(gnat)
\sense_s jején
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root xa:l
\root mo:yo:
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1988:221-22) mentions under jején:"(Accacta furens) 'gnat' Little stinging gnats that travel in dense clouds. The insects cartwheel to the ground
after sucking blood from their victims. Also called mosco, rodador."Ramírez and Dakin (1979) gloss this as 'zancudo de arena.'
\qry_fon Determine a clear way to measure final vowels and, as well, vowels separated by semi-vowels /y/ and /w/.
\ref 05851
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for /tsotsol/, but I have never documented it without the intensifier so I have temporarily removed it. It will be added if needs be later.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\root tsol
\qry Pending entry: cf. /tetsotsol/. Check whether this word can occur without the /te-/ intensifying prefix.
\ref 05852
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tepotskohtli
\lxoa_c tepotskohtli
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root tepots
\root kow
\qry Perhaps an erroneous entry for /teposkuhtli/. The relationship between /tepotskohtli/ and /teposkohtli/ needs to be determined. Cristino Flores insisted that the correct Am name was
/tepotskuwtli/. In Oapan this is /teposkohtli/ although perhaps /tepotskohtli/ is simply the result of elicitation pressure. Check.
\ref 05853
\lxam miktla:n
\lxam_c miktla:n
\lxoa mihtla:n
\lxoa_alt mihtla:h
\lxoa_c mihtla:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-dvb-tlan
\infn N0/1(loc)
\sense_e god-damn (used immediately followed by an insulting adjective, and often preceded by the loan dia:bloh)
\sense_s pinche (en una injuria inmediatamente seguido por un adjectivo insultante y, a veces, precedido por el préstamo dia:bloh)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n A:man tikitas, dia:bloh miktla:n tlatski!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now you'll see, you god-damn lazy bum!
\phrase_s ¡Ya verás, pinche diablo flojo!
\phrase_n Ara:joh miktla:n tlatski un ne:nkah tla:katl. Xkaman kanah yaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Jesus that guy's a god-damn lazy bum! He never goes anywhere.
\phrase_s ¡Carajo, ese tipo es un pinche diablo flojo! Nunca va a ningún lado.
\phrase_n Melá:k timiktla:n tlatski.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are a real lazy bum.
\phrase_s De veras eres un pobre diablo flojo:
\phrase_n Ara:joh! milá:k timiktla:n tlatski.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Shit! You're really a god-damn lazy bum.
\phrase_s ¡Chin! De veras eres un pobre diablo flojo.
\phrase_n Ma:ka tli:mach xne:chiihlito, dia:bloh miktla:n tlake:ntsotsomok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't just be saying any old thing to me, you god-damn tattered piece of rags.
\phrase_s No me estés diciendo cualquiera cosa, pinche bola de arrapos.
\phrase_n Dia:bloh miktla:n titlankoyak!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The hell with you, you toothless hag!
\phrase_s ¡Al diablo contigo, vieja sin dientes!
\phrase_n Dia:bloh miktla:n titechichikil!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The hell with you you bag of bones!
\phrase_s ¡Al diablo contigo pinche demacrado!
\phrase_n Dia:bloh miktla:n tikwitlatesosol!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The hell with you you shit bag!
\phrase_s Al diablo contigo, bola de mierda!
\phrase_n Dia:bloh miktla:n te:ntsonpochik!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You fuzzy-beared slime!
\phrase_s Al diablo contigo y tu barba velosa!
\sense_e Hell (rarely used in this sense)
\sense_s el infierno (poco común con esta aceptación)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xne:chki:tski ipan nokoli:tah, ma nontlachia miktla:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Grab me by my tail, let me peek into hell!
\phrase_s ¡Agárrame por la colita, para que me asome al infierno!
\sense_e (~ tia:chkaw yeyekatl) the most powerful of the yeyekameh or 'aires'
\sense_s (~ tia:chkaw yeyekatl) el más poderoso de los yeyekameh o 'aires'
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (~ ikone:w) dam it! (syn. Oa a:ra i:kone:w)
\sense_s (~ ikone:w) hijo del diablo! (sin. Oa a:ra i:kone:w)
\sense_d Am
\root miki
\root_rel -tla:n
\nse According to Luis Lucena only women say dia:bloh miktla:n [adjectival], because only they shout such types of insults. Women, in his vision, are more prone to
actions covered by the phrase te:uwikaltia. Men either fight or use other words. Generally the form (dia:bloh miktla:n seems to be used without a
subject prefix, constructed as an insulting vocative, although one example has an over subject prefix. It is followed by some insulting term, often an adjectival or apocopated noun
that refers derrogatorily to some physical aspect of the person being insulted. Some consultants understood miktla:n to mean 'hell' whereas others take it to mean"the
inside of the earth where the dead are buried."It is seldom so used though elders understand it to mean this. It also appears with the sense of 'Hell' in the riddle xne:chki:tski
i:pan noko:lah, ma nontlachia miktla:n. According to Cristino Flores the"rey de yeyekatl"is one called miktla:n tia :chkaw yeye katl. This is according to what
he was told by an old man from Ahuehuepan who has since died.
\nae In Oapan there seems to be a long final vowel, as would be expected from the colonial sources.
\mod Source for Cristino Flores comment, see (cf. Flk-1984-07-29.1).
\mod Cf. Flk-1984-07-29.1 for an account of miktlan tia:chkaw yeyekatl. Cf. Gram 1985-10-18.3
\qry Note that originally I had /kwitlatetsotsol/ but I have changed this hear to /kwitlatetsotsol/ based on my understanding of these forms. Check meaning of /kwitlasosol/. Check vowel
length as this /-tla:n/ historically had a long vowel. I have for now changed it to a long vowel based on Oapan acoustic evidence.
\qry_fon Recheck vowel length, based on Oapan evidence I have changed the final /a:/ of the Am form to a long vowel. Previously I had a note that length was uncertain. I will check
it acoustically, but for now a long vowel has been edited throughout.
\vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token. There is an additional token of this word from 4526.
\semref tia:chka:w
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05854
\lxam xi:nka:yoh
\lxam_c xnoxi:nka:yoh
\lxoa xi:nka:yoh
\lxoa_c xnoxi:nka:yoh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg(refl)
\sense_e (x- + refl.) to be unshaven; to have gone a long time without a haircut
\sense_s (x- + refl.) estar desafeitado; haber pasado mucho tiempo sin haber cortado el pelo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tikwa:tepasol, xtimoxi:nka:yoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You have long, dishevelled hair, you've not had a haircut recently.
\phrase_s Tienes el pelo largo y desgreñado, ya tiene mucho que no te has cortado el pelo.
\root xi:m
\vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token.
\ref 05855
\lxam yema:nki
\lxam_c yema:nki
\lxoa yema:nki
\lxoa_c yema:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\sense_e to be soft (e.g., a cloth or other material objects)
\sense_s ser suave (p. ej., una tela u otros objetos materiales)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be weak (a human body)
\sense_s ser débil o flojo (el cuerpo humano)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yema:nki itla:kayo, san a:chitsi:n tekichi:wa, niman kwalo:sneki, poxaktik suwa:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Her body is soft, she just does a little work and right away she is about to get ill, she's a weak bodied woman.
\phrase_s Su cuerpo estádébil, nada más hace un poquito de trabajo, luego luego quiere enfermarse, es una mujer débil.
\root yema:n
\ref 05856
\lxam chi:ka:lin
\lxam_c chi:ka:lin
\lxoa chi:ka:lin
\lxoa_alt chi:ka:lih
\lxoa_c chi:ka:lin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e folk generic name for a group that includes two species: chi:ka:lin de susuwa:tl de kostik i:xo:chio (Am) (Solanum rostratumDunal.) and
chi:ka:lin de tlatla:katl istá:k i:xo:chio (Am) (an unidentified plant of the Sonanceae family)
\sense_s nombre genérico foklórico de un grupo que abarca a dos especies: chi:ka:lin de susuwa:tl de kostik i:xo:chio (Am) (Solanum rostratumDunal.) y
chi:ka:lin de tlatla:katl istá:k i:xo:chio (Am) (una planta no identificada de la familia Sonanceae)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xiwtli, cha:nti ipan tepe:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (the chi:ka:lin) is a weed, it grows on the hills.
\phrase_s (El chi:ka:lin) es una mala hierba, crece en los cerros.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root chi:ka:l
\nse In English the Solanum rostratum, common in the west, has several names: Buffalobur is the most common, but it is also known as Kansas thistle, and Mala mujer.
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the chikal, of the family Solanaceae. Schoenhals (1988) gives chicalote, whose description is somewhat similar to that
of the chi:ka:lin :"(Argemone mexicana) 'Mexican prickly poppy,' 'yellow prickly poppy.' Thistle-like leaves and white or light yellow flowers. A
cough remedy. Also called adormidera espoinosa, amapola aamarilla, amapola blanca, amapola mexicana, cardo santo."
\semref a:chi:ka:lin
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05857
\lxam tekpa:ntok
\lxam_c tekpa:ntok
\lxoa tehpa:ntok
\lxoa_c tehpa:ntok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be in line or in a row (e.g., stones set on the ground)
\sense_s estar en línea o fila (p. ej., piedras colocadas sobre el suelo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to be close together, one on top of the other
\sense_s estar encimados, muy cerca uno a otro
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San tlayo:lwe:wekatik, xtekpa:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is a cob of corn with its kernels spaced far apart, they are not close together.
\phrase_s Esa una mazorca con los granos muy abiertos, no están encimados.
\sense_e to be stacked up (e.g., dishes; see ne:nepanihtok)
\sense_s estar apilado; estar amontonado (p. ej., platos; ne:nepanihtok)
\sense_d Am
\root tekpa:n
\nse Although the more proper term for stacked items is ne:nepanihtokor ne:nepaniwtok in Ameyaltepec there is at least one documented use of
tekpa:ntok with this sense.
\vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens.
\semref tlantekpa:ntok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlantehpa:ntok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05858
\lxam peye:joh
\lxam_alt peyeji:toh
\lxam_c peye:joh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan pellejo
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e see tamalayutli de peye:joh
\sense_s véase tamalayutli de peye:joh
\sense_d Am
\ref 05859
\lxam a:te:nkuwtli
\lxam_c a:te:nkuwtli
\lxoa a:te:nkohtli
\lxoa_c a:te:nkohtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e Bursera lancifoliaSchlecht, tree of the Burseraceae family
\sense_s Bursera lancifoliaSchlecht,árbol de la familia Burseraceae
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root a:
\root te:n
\root kow
\ref 05860
\lxam kwa:koko:pi:liwi
\lxam_c kwa:koko:pi:liwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for ones hair to hang down in strands
\sense_s tener el pelo colgándose en hilos algo enmarranados
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nima:ltih, o:nikwa:koko:pi:liw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I bathed, I've been left with my hair hanging down in stands.
\phrase_s Me bané, tengo el cabello colgado como en hilos enmarranados.
\root kwa:
\root ko:pi:l
\nse Kwa:koko:pi:liwi refers to situations such as when one has long hair and bathes, not drying ones hair, or when one sweats and after removing ones hat notices that
ones hair is flattened down.
\qry Determine the precise meaning of /ko:pi:liwi/, whether it refers to the flattening, or to the fact that things are hanging down in strands.
\root_notes Note possibility that /ko:pi:l/ might be divisible into /ko:/ and /pi:l/.
\semref kwá:pipi:líwi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05861
\lxam i:xkwa:tili:ntok
\lxam_c i:xkwa:tili:ntok
\lxoa i:xkwa:tili:ntok
\lxoa_c i:xkwa:tili:ntok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to have a bruise on ones forehead
\sense_s tener un golpe por la frente; estar golpeado por la frente
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to be with sth tied tightly around ones forehead
\sense_s estar con algo (como una tira de tela) amarrada apretadamente por la frente
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\root tili:
\vl Link 2nd male token.
\ref 05862
\lxam tsi:nkestok
\lxam_c tsi:nkestok
\lxoa tsi:nkestok
\lxoa_c notsi:nkestok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\compound N-Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be tilted with the bottom pointing up; to be upside-down (e.g., a bucket, basket, bottle, sack, etc., in order to empty it)
\sense_s estar volteado con la parte abajo arriba; estar puesto cabeza abajo (p. ej., una cubeta, canasta, botella, costal, etc., para vaciarla)
\sense_d Pending
\disamb tsi:ntepolketsa; tsi:nketsa; tsonketsa; i:xakamana.
\root tsi:n
\root ketsa
\nae Oapan Nahuatl only has this stative with a reflexive marker, a characteristic of all statives in this dialect that include the root ketsa, perhaps reflective of its
resultative significance. In Ameyaltepec the same durative (and others with ketsa) is found with no valency decreasing prefix.
\ref 05863
\lxam toto:nka:pachiwi
\lxam_c toto:nka:pachiwi
\lxoa toto:nka:pachiwtok
\lxoa_c toto:nka:pachiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Part-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to be under the weight or pressure of sth warm (e.g., in bearing a burden, in having a hot compress on an aching part of the body, etc.); to be pressed together and
steaming or emitting heat
\sense_s estar bajo el cargo de algo tibio o caliente (p. ej., en cargar algo, o en tener una compresa caliente, etc.); estar apretado y creando calor
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Toto:nkapachiwtok un sintli. Kama:wtok o:kipixkakeh wan san xoto:ntok. Asta ki:sa potoktli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Those mazorcas are steaming. They were harvested when they were still somewhat moist and they are all just piled together. There is even some steam coming
out of them (from the moist corn cobs beings so closely packed together in a hot environment).
\phrase_s Esas mazorcas están tan apretadas que se les crea calor. Se cosecharon todavía algo húmedas y están todas apiladas. Hasta se les sale vapor (de las mazorcas húmedas
por estar tan apretadas en un clima caloroso).
\phrase_n Nitoto:nka:pachiwtok, ne:chamana.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have something warm pressing down on me (in this case a heavy load of green wood), it bothers me.
\phrase_s Tengo algo caliente cargado sobre mí(en este caso una carga de leña verde), me molesta.
\phrase_n Toto:nka:pachiwtok noma:se:katitlan, yo:pe:w na:yo:tia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My armpit is hot and cramped, it's started to get wet from sweat.
\phrase_s Mi sobaco siento el calor al estar tan apretado, ya empezóa mojarse del sudar.
\root to:n
\root pach
\nse The only documented uses of this word are in the progressive (e.g., -tok, -toya, etc.).
\qry Check meaning of /na:yo:tia/ in final illustrative sentence. Perhaps it refers to 'blisters.'
\mod Change Oapan to durative.
\vl Link 2nd female token
\ref 05864
\lxam nepantlah
\lxam_c nepantlah
\lxoa nepantlah
\lxoa_c nepantlah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(rel)
\der Rel-stem/poss
\infn N2(rel)
\sense_e (unpossessed) in the middle
\sense_s (no poseído) en medio
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nepantlah tikochis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will sleep in the middle (i.e., of two or more persons).
\phrase_s Vas a dormir en medio (p. ej., de dos o más personas).
\phrase_n Nepantlah unkah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is in the middle.
\phrase_s Estáen medio.
\sense_e (alienable possession) in the middle of; at the midpoint of
\sense_s (posesión no enajenable) en el medio de; en el punto medio de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:nepantlah mi:hli, pakah a:tekomatl ika a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e In the middle of the cornfield, there is a gourd canteen with water.
\phrase_s En medio de la milpa, allíhay un tecomate con agua.
\sense_e (with tla-) place or area in the middle (of an open space)
\sense_s (con tla-) lugar en medio (de un espacio abierto)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkontla:li ompú:n, tlanepantlah!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place it down right there, in the central area!
\phrase_s ¡Colócalo allímero, en laárea en medio!
\root_rel nepantlah
\disamb inepantlah vs. itlakotia:n
\nae When possessed nepantlah functions as a relational noun; unpossessed it functions adverbially, modifying a predicate by indicating the location where the event
takes place. Tlanepantlah refers to a space that is centrally located, e.g., the center of an area, a room, etc., though there is no direct or implied reference to a group
of objects in whose middle the event occurs. In essence it functions as a headless relative clause. Note that it refers to the middle of an open space, not the midpoint of a particular
object, in which case i:nepantlah or i: tlakotia:n would be used, with the possessor being the object whose middle is being
referenced. Nepantlah often occurs with an incorporated noun stem, e.g., kalnepantlah'in the middle of the house,' etc. Note that whereas
tlanepantlah refers to a centrally located area or place, nepantlah functions when there is some contextual indication or topi cality of the i
tems in the middle of which the predicate event will occur, e.g., nepantlah nikochis or nepantlah onkah , when speaker and hearer have an idea of the
objects that have a middle.
\qry The difference between nepantlah and tlanepantlah. Check whether /tonepantlah/ is correct.
\ref 05865
\lxam kalwa:wtli
\lxam_c kalwa:wtli
\lxoa kalwa:htli
\lxoa_c kalwa:htli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e type of bug found on chickens, apparently called chinos or piojos de gallina in Spanish, or at least in the regional Spanish of Guerrero,
and"chicken louse"in English
\sense_s tipo de insecto que se encuentran en las gallinas, aparentemente llamados 'chinos' o 'piojos de gallina', por lo menos en el español regional
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n So:lo pio yewa kipia kalwa:wtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Only chickens have the bug called kalwa:wtli.
\phrase_s Sólol las gallinas tienen chinos.
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root kal
\root wa:w
\nae The etymology of this word is uncertain though it might be that the final /w/ is a lexicalized possessed marker.
\notes_nature Under"chino"Schoenhals (1988:217) states,"(Order: Mallophaga; Fam: Menoponidae, Fam: Philopteridae, e.g., Dermanyssus gallinae, Haematopinusspp.)
'chicken louse' See coruco."And under"coruco"(p. 215) she notes that other names for this are"cucultiche, chino, gorupo, piojo."
\ref 05866
\lxam kabai:toh de a:ngel
\lxam_c kabai:toh de a:ngel
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan caballito deángel
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e Calliandra houstoniana(Mill.) Standl, thin rod-like plant of the Leguminosae family
\sense_s Calliandra houstoniana(Mill.) Standl, planta delgada y alta de la familia Leguminosae
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\qry Check phonology as to whether it should be [kabayi:toh].
\nse The Nahuatl name of this plant is a switch from a commun name in Spanish Cabellos deángel. In English it is considered a type of"powder-puff"plant.
\ref 05867
\lxam pa:mpa
\lxam_c pa:mpa nikneki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Subord
\der Subord
\sense_e because
\sense_s porque
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Chaktlatowa pa:mpa o:tlapa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It makes a hollow ringing sound (e.g., a ceramic bowl) because it is fissured (which inhibits a solid ringing sound).
\phrase_s Suena hueco (p. ej., un plato hondo de barro) porque estároto (no completamente sino con una fisura que hace que no resuene bien).
\sense_e (ika ~) because, given that
\sense_s (ika ~) dado que, a causa de que, porque
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ika pa:mpa newa no: xniá:s, xte:ihlitasi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Given that I will not go, tell people when you arrive there!
\phrase_s Dado que yo no voy a ir, díselo a la gente al llegar!
\root pa:mpa
\nse Pa:mpa is used occasionally to introduce subordinate adverbial clauses indicating a reason or cause of a particular event. In Ameyaltepec ika is also
used to introduce an adverbial clause of reason or cause. In Oapan apparently pa:mpa is rarely if ever used as a subordinator: O:niwa:hlah ya
o:tine:chihlih 'I came because you told me' (Florencia Marcelino would not accept pa:mpa here). However, pa:mpa is used with a possessor
prefix to indicate 'for,' 'in the place of,' etc. In Oapan the element pa:mpa , common in Ameyaltepec, is seldom used, and when it is it might well be a"borrowing"from
Ameyaltepec. Thus in a testimonial by Juan Abraham Hernández, who utilizes many Ameyaltepec forms in his speech, there are frequent uses of the phrase yeka
pa:mpa. Other Oapan consultants mentioned that they had not heard this form.
\nde Pipil has a long /a:/ like in the Balsas region; in Tetelcingo, Morelos, there is a short /a/. A recheck should be done on the Ameyaltepec form and vowel length.
\semref ya
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05868
\lxam mapiltlastopo:naltia
\lxam_c kimapiltlastopo:naltia
\lxoa 'mapiltlastopo:náltia
\lxoa_pr mapiltlastopo:naltia
\lxoa_c nómapiltlá:stopo:náltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl; often reduplicated; mapiltlatlastopo:naltia (Am) / mápiltlastopo:náltia (Oa)) to make ones knuckles crack loudly
\sense_s (refl; a menudo reduplicado; mapiltlatlastopo:naltia (Am) / mápiltlastopo:náltia (Oa)) hacer tronar fuertemente los nudillos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nomapiltlatlastopo:naltih, chika:wak kakisti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He loudly cracked his knuckles, it makes a loud sound.
\phrase_s Tronósus dedos fuertemente, hace un fuerte sonido.
\root mah
\root pil
\root tlats-2-; topo:
\disamb mapiltopo:nia
\nse Mapiltlastopo:naltia is the virtual equivalent of mapiltopo:nia , although perhaps mapiltlastopo:naltia indicates a more forceful action.
The sound file for Oapan is the reduplicated"plural"event.
\qry Note that mapiltlastopo:naltia is the virtual equivalent of mapiltopo:nia , although perhaps mapiltlastopo:naltia indicates a more forceful
action: check whether this is so. Note that on one unchecked file card I had for Am /mapiltlastopo:nia/ as meaning"chasquear los dedos."Later it seems that I have found
/mapiltlastopo:naltia/ to be correct. Recheck.
\grm Oapan reduplication: Note the following singular and plural (ie., in ref. to the number of fingers cracked): Sg nomápiltlastopo:náltia and Pl. nomápiltlá:stopo:náltia
\xref mapiltlastopo:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 05869
\lxam tekito:ka
\lxam_c kitekito:ka
\lxoa tekito:ka
\lxoa_c kitekito:ka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Spec
\infv class-4a
\sense_e (no object) to plant communally
\sense_s (sin objeto) sembrar comunalmente
\sense_d Am
\sense_e (with specific object) to plant (a particular land parcel held by the village) communally
\sense_s (con objeto específico) sembrar (un terreno particular propiedad del pueblo) comunalmente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitekito:kayan, a:man xok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They used to plant it (a particular land parcel) communally, they don't anymore.
\phrase_s Antes lo sembraban (una parcela en particular) comunalmente, ya no.
\root teki
\root to:ka
\ref 05870
\lxam chi:hli
\lxam_c chi:hli
\lxoa chi:hli
\lxoa_c chi:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\sense_e generic name for chile
\sense_s nombre genérico para el chile
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e chile sauce
\sense_s salsa de chile
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e mischievous (particularly young children)
\sense_s travieso; latoso (particularmente pequeños niños)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tichi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You're mischievous.
\phrase_s Eres travieso.
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\ency_note chi:hli
\root chi:l
\mod Determine names of as many chiles as possible.
\grm In my notes I state that the following should be compared: /miák chi:hli/ meaning 'there is a lot of chile' and /miák chi:lteh/ 'there are a lot of 'chilares' (or chile garden
plots). If correct this would imply a new use/meaning of the plural, i.e., that the plural of basically mass nouns indicates the plurality of place. Cf. /miak xa:lteh/ and /miak
yemeh/, etc. If this is indeed correct, then the entry and senses above should reflect the different meaning of the plura.
\ref 05871
\lxam bake:ros
\lxam_c bake:ros
\lxoa bake:ros
\lxoa_c bake:ros
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan vaqueros
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of dance comprising cowboys and other characters
\sense_s tipo de danza con vaqueros y otros carácteres
\sense_d Pending
\semfld dance
\ency_note da:nsah
\mod Add page on da:nsas including da:nsah de koro:nah, da:nsah de bo:lah, bake:ros, koneji:tos, Sie:teh Bi:sios, Tre:s Pote:nsias, Re:tos, Mo:ros, etc. Make a complete list.
\ref 05872
\lxam kwa:tese:soh
\lxam_c i:kwa:tese:soh
\lxoa kwa:tese:soh
\lxoa_c i:kwa:tese:soh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) seso
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infn N2
\sense_e brains
\sense_s sesos
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root kwa:
\qry Again, recodify this and other words that are partial loans. From my information the presence of /te-/ is mandatory, although here (as in several other words that begin /kwa:te-/ it is
hard to imagine an intensifier use. Perhaps the /te-/ after /kwa:-/ is related to a classifier /tetl/. It seems to occur in all cases of /kwa:/ plus another element.
\ref 05873
\lxam chi:polo:ni
\lxam_c chi:polo:ni
\lxoa chi:polo:ni
\lxoa_c chi:polo:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp PM-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans +Compl
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to bubble up (air from under water)
\sense_s subir burbujas (de aire desde el fondo del agua)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to spurt out (a liquid such as blood for a severe wound such as that which cuts an artery or vein)
\sense_s salir a chorros (un líquido como la sangre de una grave herida, como una que corta una vena o arteria)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Chi:polo:ni yestli, me:dioh me:ya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Blood spurts out, it sort of flows out (like water from a spring).
\phrase_s Sale a chorritos la sangre, casi fluye (como agua de un manantial).
\root chi:
\root polo:
\qry Check other possible uses of /chi:polo:ni/ and, if it exists, /polo:ni/. Check for trans. ?chi:polo:nia or ?chi:polo:naltia, etc.
\root_notes The occurrence of /polo:/ as a root in /chi:polo:ni/ is unclear. Perhaps it is related to the /pol/ in /polaki/. However, at the same time there is a /polo:ni/ meaning 'to stammer.'
\ref 05874
\lxam perli:tas
\lxam_c perli:tas
\lxoa pe:rlas
\lxoa_c pe:rlas
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan perlitas
\psm N
\der N-loan
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\sense_e Moringa oleiferaLam., domesticated tree of Moringaceae family with small round flowers
\sense_s Moringa oleiferaLam.,árbol domesticado de la familia Moringaceae con pequeñas flores redondas, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Perli:tas | Nokwi ixiwyo kwa:k tlakaka:wan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Perli:tas : Its leaves are used for offerings that are left to the yeyekameh.
\phrase_s Perli:tas : Su utilizan sus hojas cuando se dejan ofrendas a los yeyekameh.
\ref 05875
\lxam mantok
\lxam_c mantok
\lxoa mantok
\lxoa_c mantok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be extended over a flat surface
\sense_s estar extendido sobre una superficie plana
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Notlamanal umpa mantok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My offering is there (in sight) laid out flat.
\phrase_s Mi ofrenda estáallá(en un lugar visible) puesta.
\root man
\qry Check whether /mani/ exists.
\ref 05876
\lxam pe:wa
\lxam_c pe:wa
\lxoa pe:wa
\lxoa_c pe:wa
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Aux
\der Aux
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (~ + [verb]) to begin to [verb]
\sense_s (~ + [verbo]) empezar a [verbo]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pe:was timoko:koltotso:s, pe:was tikwalo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will begin to twist and turn (in pain), you will begin to get ill.
\phrase_s Vas a retorcerse (del dolor), te vas a empezar a enfermar.
\root pe:wa
\ref 05877
\lxam suwate:roh
\lxam_c suwate:roh
\lxoa sowa:te:roh
\lxoa_c sowa:te:roh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (Sp) sowa:tl
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e lady's man
\sense_s hombre mujeriego
\sense_d Pending
\root sowa:
\qry Recheck vowel length of /a:/ with speech analyzer.
\ref 05878
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be the entry for /ichyoh/ but has been deleted as a"chanza"
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 05879
\lxam kaltsakwtok
\lxam_c kaltsakwtok
\lxoa kaltsahtok
\lxoa_c kaltsahtok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\compound N-V1
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be locked or shut up in a house (e.g., a child by his or her parents)
\sense_s estar encerrado en una casa (p. ej., un niño por sus padres)
\sense_d Pending
\root kal
\root tsakwa
\ref 05880
\lxam motsi:ni
\lxam_c motsi:ni
\lxoa motsi:ni
\lxoa_c motsi:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to get a cracked in the surface (of [S], e.g. dry earth, a piece of wood, ceramics not well dried, skin on ones hands or feet from dryness, etc.)
\sense_s resquebrajarse la superficie de; agrietarse ([S], p. ej., tierra resecada, madera, la cerámica no secada biel, la piel de las manos o pies, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:momotsi:n un tepalkatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The surface of that bowl crackled.
\phrase_s Se agrietóla superficie de ese plato hondo.
\phrase_n O:temo:motsi:n tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The earth's surface got cracked (e.g., from having gotten wet and then dried).
\phrase_s Se agrietóla superficie de la tierra (p. ej., al haberse mojado y después secado).
\phrase_n Xkwahli o:kipetsokeh, mo:motsi:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They didn't polish it properly (in this case a ceramic bowl before firing), it's surface has gotten crackled in a few places.
\phrase_s No lo pulieron bien (en este caso una cerámica antes de cocerse), se agrietóen algunos lugares.
\semfld distort-fissure
\disamb motsi:ni; tsaya:ni; siotomi
\root motsi:
\nse As with most verbs containing the element motsi:ni the usual manifestation in discourse is with some form of reduplication (usually it seems with a long vowel)
depending on the circumstances. In particular earth which gets deep fissures over the course of the summer is described with the long vowel reduplicant form of
motsi:ni : mo:motsi:ni.
\nde Molina has momotzinqui 'resquebrajado', he does not have motzini nor momotsini. The latter is in RS glossed as resquebrajarse, reventar,
estallar.' He also have momotziniliztli 'hendedura, cisura, grieta, resquicio.'
\nse The verb motsi:ni and derived forms refer to a process whereby something dries and cracks, the cracks being very small and not going all the way through the object.
Earth that is wet and dries may be said to motsi:ni if the cracks are small and superficial; if the cracks are deeper, farther apart, etc., the verb tsomo:ni
is used. In regard to earth this refers to what happens when it first gets wet and then dries, leaving a cracked surface; the te- is the intensifier prefix. The unintensifed
motsi:ni is documented in reference to cracks on surfaces of pieces of wood, a ceramic that is not well dried, or dried skin (on one's feet especially). Body part nouns
are often incorporated into this verb, particularly the feet and hands: ikxi(te)mo:motsi:ni , ma:(te)mo:motsi:ni , te:momotsi:ni (in reference
to lips). Besides the skin, this verb also indicates a cracked surface that occurs when dirt, soap, or other similar materi als collect a nd dry on the skin's surface. Thus the subject of
motsi:ni can be plaster on a wall; ones skin if covered by dirt, sweat, or dust; ones lips from the cold; the surface of the ground drying up after a rain or flood; etc.
\ref 05881
\lxam mona:ntli
\lxam_c mona:ntli
\lxoa mona:ntli
\lxoa_c mona:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e mother-in-law
\sense_s suegra
\sense_d Pending
\semfld kin
\root mon
\root na:n
\ref 05882
\lxam tio:chi:wa
\lxam_c kitio:chi:wa
\lxoa tio:chi:wa
\lxoa_c kitio:chi:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to bless (e.g., a new saint, palm for Palm Sunday, etc.)
\sense_s bendecir (p. ej., un santo nuevo, palma para Domingo de Ramos, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root tio:
\root chi:wa
\nae The /o:/ here appears long at times (according to acoustic measurements) in the four Oapan tokens recorded and measured (2 from Florencia Marcelino and 2 from Inocencio
Jiménez). The difficulty in measuring stems not only from the fact of the initial palatalization of /tio:/ and the /io:/ sequence that makes it difficult to determine the initiation of the /o:/. It
also stems from the fact that the target of the /o:/ is not fully back but rather a mid central vowel. Clearly more work needs to be done. For now this vowel, following determinations
in other instancias, has been noted as short.
\nde Tetelcingo, Morelos, also has a short vowel here: teochi:wa 'bendecir' (p. 203).
\ref 05883
\lxam kaltso:ntotoma
\lxam_c kikaltso:ntotoma
\lxoa kaso:nto:toma
\lxoa_c kikaso:nto:toma
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-mi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am); Lex. rdp-l (Oa)
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to untie the calzones(traditional cotton pants made of manta) of
\sense_s desatarle los calzones a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:chkalso:ntotoma! newa xniweli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Untie my calzones for me! I can't do it.
\phrase_s ¡Desátame los calzones! yo no puedo.
\root tom
\nse The incorporation here reflects"possessor raising"in that the object is thematically the possessor, thus the applicative form is not used.
\qry Check for intransitive form.
\vl Link first female token.
\grm /Xne:chkalso:ntotoma, newa xniwel/ 'Untie my calzones for me, I can't do it.' Note that in this compound, like /koma:ltlapa:na/ can me compared to applicative forms like
/koma:lchi:wilia/. In the first the IN does not affect the valency of the verb (i.e., is modifying not saturating), whereas in the second it does reduce the valency (therefore the
valency has to be"increased"previously through the applicative). It is interesting that here /kalso:n/ manifests the same type of incorporation. It would be interesting to
determine the incorporated equivalent to something like /ne:chkalso:nsoso
\ref 05884
\lxam kwaltsi:ntilia
\lxam_c kikwaltsi:ntilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tilia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make pretty; to beautify
\sense_s embellecer; hacer bonito
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n On suwa:tl ma:s kikwaltsi:ntilia itlake:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That woman is made better looking by her clothes.
\phrase_s A esa mujer, su ropa se le hace ver mejor.
\phrase_n O:ne:chihlih, tle:ka ne:chkwaltsi:ntili:s? Tla:mo mitswelitas momekaw?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He (my husband in this case) asked me why he should make me look good (e.g., by buying me a nice dress)?"Just so that your lover will like the way you look?"
\phrase_s él (mi esposo en este caso) me preguntópor quéél me iba a embellecer (p. ej., al comprarme ropa nueva)?"¿Nada más para que le gustes a tu amante?"
\root kwal
\qry Apparently the intransitive form *kwaltsi:nti(a) does not exist. This should be checked.
\grm Note word order: /Un sowa:tl ma:s kikwaltsi:ntilia itlake:n/ 'That woman is made better looking by her clothes.' Note how the order her, which seems to involve focalization,
is OVS.
\semref kwalne:xtia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05885
\lxam tsi:nka:xowa
\lxam_c notsi:nka:xowa
\lxoa tsi:nka:xowa
\lxoa_c notsi:nka:xowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) to have ones shoulders thrown back and ones rear end pushed forward
\sense_s (refl.) tener los hombros echados hacia atrás y las nalgas hacia adelante
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Notsi:nka:xotiw pa:mpa o:tla:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He goes along with his shoulders flung back and his hips thrust forward because he's gotten drunk.
\phrase_s Va yendo con los hombros echados hacia atrás y las caderas empujadas por adelante porque se emborrachó.
\semfld motion
\root tsi:n
\root ka:x
\qry Check for possible use of /te-/ ?/tsi:nteka:xowa/. Check for difference between /noka:xowa/ and /notsi:nka:xowa/. Further document meaning, i.e, can this verb be used with
animals; is there an intransitive?
\mod Illustrate.
\ref 05886
\lxam po:che:wa
\lxam_c kipo:che:wa
\lxoa po:che:wa
\lxoa_c kipo:che:wa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to blacken with soot or smoke (e.g., the roof of a house, clothes, etc.)
\sense_s ennegrecer con hollín o humo (p. ej., el techo de una casa, ropa, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root po:ch
\qry The entry under /po:chaktik/ mentions a meaning of becoming black and dirty from anything but soot. Given the meaning of /po:che:wa/, however, this might be in error. It should be
checked, along with the meaning of /po:che:wa/ and /po:che:wi/.
\root_notes The roots po:kand po:chseem closely related.
\ref 05887
\lxam pípian
\lxam_alt pípiah
\lxam_c pípian
\lxoa pipinyah
\lxoa_c pipinyah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan pipián
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e common type of squash (a:yotli), also known, at least in Ameyaltepec, as ixtla:wate:roh
\sense_s tipo común de calabaza (a:yotli), lo mismo, por lo menos en Ameyaltepec, que ixtla:wate:roh
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\ency_note a:yotli
\qry_fon Note the final /ah/ sound for Oapan. It appears that the vowel has a long duration. The question is whether there is a contrast in lenght on final vowels (i.e., vowels in final
position followed either by nothing, and a phonetic glottal stop, or by /h/).
\vl The first female token is /pípiyá:k/ and should be tagged as #00785. For /pipinyah/, link 2nd male token.
\ref 05888
\lxam a:k
\lxam_c xa:k
\lxoa a:k
\lxoa_c xa:k; xa:keh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv Copular
\sense_e to be present in an expected or customary place (generally humans and other animate beings, but also inanimate objects)
\sense_s estar presente en el lugar esperado (generalmente humanos y otros seres animados, aunque también se utiliza con)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xakah a:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e No one is around.
\phrase_s No estánadie.
\phrase_n Xok a:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is not here anymore.
\phrase_s El ya no estáaquí.
\phrase_n Xa:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He isn't to be found.
\phrase_s El no estápresente.
\phrase_n Xna:k yes.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will not be present.
\phrase_s No estaréen asistencia.
\phrase_n Xa:keh katkan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There weren't any (e.g., fish when one went fishing).
\phrase_s No habían (p. ej., peces cuando uno va de pesca).
\phrase_n O:nitlakwe:xtilih, wan xa:k tli:n niktete:mowa:ya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I looked all over and what I was searching for wasn't there.
\phrase_s Mirépor todos lados y lo que yo estaba buscando no se encontraba.
\phrase_n Xakah nemi, xakah a:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e No one is around, no one is present.
\phrase_s Nadie está, nadie se encuentra.
\root a:k
\nse This is an irregular or defective verb in that it occurs only in the negative, although the negative clitic x- may be placed in a position that is not directly adjacent to
a:k (e.g., xakah a:k). If one is asked, for example, why one didn't catch any fish, one could respond: Xa:keh katkan 'There
weren't any/No habían.' Note that a:k may occasionally be used with non-animate objects, although the most common subjects are animates.
\qry For /-tete:mowa:/ Cf. note with /kwe:xtilia:/. In general this and similar lexemes have been typologized (e.g., by Andrews) as"preterit-as-present."However, it seems best to consider
this a deverbal adjectival that functions only as a predicate. The grammar should be changed accordingly. Also, this seems to be the only adjective that only functions as a predicate;
all others that I can think of can be either attributive or predicative.
\ref 05889
\lxam tlanakastlan
\lxam_c tlanakastlan
\lxoa tlanakastlah
\lxoa_pr tlanakastlan
\lxoa_c tlanakastlah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1[tla-]
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e on or around the side (usuall of a hill or other topographical feature)
\sense_s a o por el lado (generalmente de un cerrito, loma u otra cosa de la topografía)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pu:n tiá:s, pun tlanakastlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will go over that way, there around the side (in this case of a hill).
\phrase_s Para alláte vas, allápor el lado (en este caso del cerrito).
\phrase_n U:n otli pakah ne:, itlakotia:n, tlanakastlan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That road that is over there, it is halfway (up the hill), it is on the side (of the hill).
\phrase_s Ese camino que estáallá, estáa la mitad (del cerro), estápor el lado (del cerro).
\root nakas
\root_rel -tlan
\nse Tlanakastlan is documented only in reference to a hill, referring to a path that does not go over a hill but that instead winds around the side.
\semref tlapalo:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05890
\lxam ka:ka:lo:tl
\lxam_c ka:ka:lo:tl
\lxoa ka:ka:lo:tl
\lxoa_c ka:ka:lo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of crow (not among those classified as to:to:tl), apparently the Northern (common) Raven, Corvus corax, or a closely related species such
as the Chihuahuan (White-necked) Raven, Corvus cryptoleucus
\sense_s tipo de cuervo (no clasificado como to:to:tl), aparentemente el"Northern (common) Raven," Corvus corax, o una especie muy cercana como
el"Chihuahuan (White-necked) Raven," Corvus cryptoleucus
\sense_d Pending
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 46, pp. 547, 546
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\ncol sintli de ka:ka:lo:tl
\root ka:lo:
\qry_fon The spectrogram and waveform of this word is an excellent illustration of vowel length. The /a:/s are, at least in one token of Florencia Marcelino, about 120 to 130 ms.
\root_notes Apparently this is related to the verb root ka:l, cf. ka:ka:liwi and, for classical, ka:hli.
\ref 05891
\lxam tlayo:ltixtli
\lxam_c tlayo:ltixtli
\lxoa tlayo:ltixtli
\lxoa_c tlayo:ltixtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(x)
\sense_e corn meal (i.e., ground uncooked maize)
\sense_s maíz molido
\sense_d Pending
\root o:ya
\root tisi
\ref 05892
\lxam parai:soh
\lxam_c parai:soh
\lxoa parai:soh
\lxoa_c parai:soh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan paraíso
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e Melia azederachL., domesticated tree of the Meliaceae family, noted for its flowers
\sense_s Melia azederachL.,árbol domesticado de la familia Meliaceae conocido por sus flores
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1988) under paraíso states"1. (Melia azedarach) 'chinaberry,' Indian lilac,' 'bead tree.' See lilaila."And under lilaila:"(Melia azedarach)
'chinaberry,' Indian lilac,' 'bead tree.' Originally introduced from Asia. Great clusters of lilac-like blooms. Abundant fruits the size of a cherry; stones can be used as beads.
Also called granillo, hacinto, lila, paraíso, pasilla."
\semfld flower
\ref 05893
\lxam kokosmeh
\lxam_c kokosmeh
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e type of small honey-making insects that live in small wax nests that they build in hollow trees
\sense_s tipo de insectos pequeños que producen miel y viven en nidos de cera dentro de lo hueco de losárboles
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\ency_note nekwtli
\root ko:s
\nse I have this word documented only in the plural.
\semref tla:lnekwteh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tla:lnehtih
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05894
\lxam ma:wa
\lxam_c kima:wa
\lxoa ma:wa
\lxoa_c kima:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to infect; to spread a disease to
\sense_s contagiar a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kichi:was tine:chma:was, xnikwalo:sneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You might just spread your illness to me, I don't want to get sick.
\phrase_s A lo mejor me vas a contagiar, no quiero enfermarme.
\sense_e to spread toward and set fire to (e.g., a fire from one location to another).
\sense_s propagarse hacia e incendiar a (p. ej., un fuego de un lugar u objeto a otro)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n On tlitl o:kwepaniak, o:koma:w un so:ya:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That fire has flared up, it spread to the palm (setting it on fire).
\phrase_s El fuego ha llameado, se propagóhacia la palma (incendiándola).
\root ma:wa
\qry Check for other, perhaps metaphoric, meanings.
\ref 05895
\lxam yestli
\lxam_c yestli
\lxoa yestli
\lxoa_c yestli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e (unpossessed) blood
\sense_s (no poseído) sangre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Chi:polo:ni yestli, me:dioh me:ya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Blood spurts out, it sort of flows out (like water from a spring).
\phrase_s Sale a chorritos la sangre, casi fluye (como agua de un manantial).
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) blood (of the body of [possessor])
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) sangre (del cuerpo del [poseedor])
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (kipia -yesio (Am)) to have a good complexion or color
\sense_s (kipia -yesio (Am)) tener una buena tez
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:tlatlastale:w, xok ma:s kipia iyesio.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's already become pale, he doesn't have any color (complexion) left.
\phrase_s Ya se puso pálido, ya no tiene buena tez.
\root es
\nae Although undoubtedly possible in a strictly formal sense, no occurrence of the possessed form without -yo (e.g., noyes) has yet been documented.
\ref 05896
\lxam kakayestik
\lxam_alt kakayextik
\lxam_c kakayextik
\lxoa kakaistik
\lxoa_alt kakaistsi:n
\lxoa_c kakaistik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e to be very thin and translucent (e.g., cloth, paper)
\sense_s ser muy delgado y casi translucente (p. ej., tela, papel)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kakayestik, tlatlane:si.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is very thin, you can see through it.
\phrase_s Es muy delgado, transluce luz.
\root kayas
\nae The etymology of kakayestik (Am) / kakaistik (Oa)) is uncertain (but cf. kana:wi). A possible cognate is Tetelcingo, Morelos
kayasiwi 'se desgasta (la ropa)' (which FK changes, probably erroneously, to cayahsiwi given what she refers to as Tetelcingo's propensity to lose internal
glottal stops. The Oapan cognate of Ameyaltepec kakayestik is kakaistik with no unusual stress, suggesting that there is no underlying coda {h}.
There is also a verbal form kakaisiwi. Molina has cacayactic 'cosa rola, como manta, o arboleda, etc.' Thus the comparative evidence suggests superficial
vowel changes in Ameyaltepec and Oapan, and the root kayashas been postulated to facilitate future cross-dialect comparison.
\semref kana:wak
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05897
\lxam tla:lsokitetl
\lxam_c tla:lsokitetl
\lxoa tla:ltsokitetl
\lxoa_c tla:ltsokitetl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e clod or clump of dried mud
\sense_s terrón de lodo seco
\sense_d Pending
\root tla:l
\root soki
\root te
\qry Cf /tla:ltesokitl/ and check to make sure both are correct.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note s>ts in the following : /tla:ltsokitetl/
\grm Compounding: The evidence should be checked, but at this point it seems that there are two words with identical meanings but different compounding patters: /tla:lsokitetl/
and /tla:ltesokitl/.
\semref tla:lsokitetl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05898
\lxam ikxipil xo:koyo:tsi:n
\lxam_c i:kxipil xo:koyo:tsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\sense_e little toe
\sense_s dedo pequeño o meñique del pie
\sense_d Am
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root kxi
\root pil
\root xo:koyo:
\qry Can one say 'dedo meñique del pie'? Check.
\semref ixipil komixtsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05899
\lxam okichko:lo:tl
\lxam_c okichko:lo:tl
\lxoa okichko:lo:tl
\lxoa_c okichko:lo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e constellation of stars identified as identical to i:ko:lah ko:lo:tl
\sense_s constelación de estrellas identificables como i:ko:lah ko:lo:tl
\sense_d Am
\sense_e type of small scorpion not yet identified (said to be male partner of ko:lo:tl)
\sense_s tipo de alacrán pequeño todavía no identificado (dicen ser el compañero macho del ko:lo:tl)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld heavens
\semfld animal
\root okich
\root ko:lo:
\nse Marcelo Venancio, who admitted he knew little about stars, identified this constellation as okichko:lo:tl , though no other person I consulted knew of this
identification. Thus it should be thoroughly checked as it might be a mistaken on Marcelo's part.
\ref 05900
\lxam a:chi:wihli
\lxam_c a:chi:wihli
\lxoa a:chi:wihli
\lxoa_c a:chi:wihli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e the water (and sometimes by extension the bowl used to contain it) that is used to soften a mixture that is being ground or kneaded (particularly nextamahli
on a metate)
\sense_s el agua (y a veces por extensión el recipiente) que se usa para moler o amasar algo (particularmente el nixtamal sobtre un metate)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa ma:chi:wil.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That is the water (and bowl that contains it) that you use to grind nextamahli.
\phrase_s Es el agua (y la tasa que la contine) que utilizas para moler el nixtamal.
\phrase_n "A:chi:wihli"kito:ka:yo:tian se: tepalkatsi:ntli wan ke:kchi:wan
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A:chi:wi:hli is what they call a small little bowl that they make.
\phrase_s A:chi:wihli es lo que ellos llaman un recipiente pequeño que fabrican.
\root a:
\root chi:wa
\nse Gabriel de la Cruz (Am) used a:chi:wihli to refer to the bowl that holds the water used to grind corn. However, it appears that he was either in error or was using the
word metaphorically since this bowl is most commonly referred to as an a:chi:wi:ltepalkatl and the water itself more correctly refered to simply as
a:chi:wi:hli.
\qry Check correctness of /wan/ in /"A:chi:wi:hli"kito:ka:yo:tian se: tepalkatsi:ntli wan ke:kchi:wan/.
\qry_fon This word, as all containing /a:chi:wil-/ should be rechecked for the length of the final /i/ of the stem.
\semref a:chi:wia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref a:chi:wiya
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05901
\lxam ne:nka:wa
\lxam_c none:nka:wa
\lxoa ne:nka:wa
\lxoa_c none:nka:wa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp S-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (with tla- (Am)) to leave unfinished (a task or job)
\sense_s (con tla- (Am)) dejar sin terminar (una tarea o trabajo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Nika:n nitlane:nka:was, pero ma:ski, timitsompale:wi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here I will (have to) leave what I was doing unfinished, but never mind, I will go to help you.
\phrase_s Aquívoy a (tener que) dejar sin terminar lo que estaba haciendo, pero ni modo, te voy a ir a ayudar.
\phrase_n Tlane:nka:was, okse: la:doh ya:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will leave without finishing, he's going to go somewhere else (e.g., to work).
\phrase_s Va a dejar sin terminar, va a ir a otro lado.
\sense_e (refl.) to give up in vain
\sense_s (refl.) rendirse; dejarse vencer
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xnone:nka:wa, ma:si xweli, ta a:man yaw.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He doesn't give up in vain, even though he can't (do it) up to now he continues to go (e.g., to class).
\phrase_s No se deja vencer, aunque no puede (con ello) hasta hoy sigue yendo.
\root ne:n
\root ka:wa
\qry Check to make sure that form without /tla-/ is OK. Cf. to definition in RS.
\ref 05902
\lxam maxale:wtok
\lxam_c maxale:wtok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be forked (a material object such as a piece of wood, a snake or lizard's tongue; or a road that splits in two, etc.)
\sense_s ser bifurcado (un objeto material como un pedazo de madera, la lengua de una lagartija; o un camino que se parte, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\disamb maxaltik; maxaliwtok etc.
\root maxal
\qry Determine difference between /maxaltik/ and /maxale:wtok/. Determine whether the verb exists: /maxaliwi/ and /maxale:wi/. If these forms are found, add entries and change to Stat
\mod Again, determine whether verbs ending in /e:wi/ should be analyzed as the same root formation as /iwi/ verbs. Also, in the present case, determine whether the verb /maxale:wi/
exists, if it does, then the /cat field should be changed to simply Stat. Again, if /maxale:wi/ exists, determine if there is a transitive form. Cf. entry under /maxaltik/.
\root_notes Note that there are various roots that should be combined together: /maxa/, /maxal/, etc. Determine how best to do this.
\semref maxaliwtok
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref maxalihtok
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref maxaltik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05903
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa komitetl
\lxoa_c komitetl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e (alienable possession) bone (that one possesses, e.g., a dog eating his bone, etc.; Ameyaltepec synonym: omitl)
\sense_s (posesión enajenable) hueso (que uno posesiona, p. ej., un perro comiéndose su hueso, etc.; sinónimo Ameyaltepec: omitl)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) bone (of ones body)
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) hueso (del cuerpo de uno)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e soup bone; bone (usually of a pig or cow) with meat on it used for soup (Ameyaltepec synonym: omitetl)
\sense_s un hueso con carne (generalmente de puerco o res) que se utiliza para hacer caldo (sinónimo Ameyaltepec: omitetl)
\sense_d Oa
\root omi
\root te
\nse Note that in Oapan komitetl is used for 'bone' in general and for 'soup bone.' In Ameyaltepec there are two words: omitl for the former and
omitetl for the latter.
\qry Check to see if this can be possessed and, if so, how possession is marked (/-w/ or /-yo/).
\ref 05904
\lxam tlalo:xtia
\lxam_c kitlalo:xtia
\lxoa tlalo:xtia
\lxoa_c kitlalo:xtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make (an animal such as a beast of burden) go fast (while riding it)
\sense_s hacer correr; apurar (a un animal como una bestia de carga, al estar montado sobre ello)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlalo:xti tewa, newa o:nisiaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You drive it! I'm tired.
\phrase_s ¡Manéjalo tú! Yo me cansé.
\sense_e to drive (a motor vehicle)
\sense_s manejar (un vehículo)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (fig.) to chase after (lit. 'to make run,' as in a member of one sex to one of the opposite sex)
\sense_s (fig.) andar correteando (lit., 'hacer correr,' como el miembro de un sexo a uno del sexo opuesto)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Juan, yewa te:tlalo:xtitok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Juan is a woman chaser (lit., 'he makes people run')
\phrase_s Juan,él es un mujeriego (lit., 'hace correr a la gente').
\sense_e to draw a straight line (cf. tsi:tsikilowa)
\sense_s dibujar una línea recta (cf. tsi:tsikilowa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San o:kitlalo:xtih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just drew a straight line.
\phrase_s Solamente dibujóuna línea recta.
\root tlal
\nse In the sense of 'to draw a straight line,' tsi:tsikilowais the opposite, i.e., to draw a zigzagged line.
\qry Recheck the use of /tlalo:xtia/ to signify making an animal (such as a beast of burden) move quickly. Check for long and short reduplicated forms. Obtain different words for types of
lines and drawings.
\xref tlalo:xtilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlalowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05905
\lxam noxi:kwa:ni
\lxam_c noxi:kwa:niikone:w
\lxoa noxi:kwa:ni
\lxoa_alt noxi:kwa:ne
\lxoa_c noxi:kwa:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e Devil
\sense_s Diablo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Noxi:kwa:ni mitskone:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are the child of the Devil.
\phrase_s Eres el hijo del Diablo.
\phrase_n Noxi:kwa:ni, yo:ne:xtla:n!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e To the Devil, I missed it (in this case a bus)!
\phrase_s ¡Al diablo, me ganó(en este caso camión)!
\sense_e person who is selfish, invidious
\sense_s persona envidiosa, egoísta
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Namoxi:kwa:nimeh, melá:k nantsotsokameh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You all are invidious, you really are cheap (i.e., do not share things with others).
\phrase_s Ustedes son envidiosos, son muy mezquinos (esto es, no quieren compartir con otros).
\sense_e (as attributive + [noun]) damn [noun]
\sense_s (como atributivo + [sustantivo]) pinche [sustantivo]
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Noxi:kwa:ni fle:chah!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Damn bus!
\phrase_s ¡Pinche camión!
\root xi:ko
\nse In Ameyaltepec noxi:kwa:ni i:kone:w is used as an vocative, e.g., noxi:kwa:ni i:kone:w, xyatiwetsi. It is not particularly insulting but rather indicates
anger and affection.
\nae It appears that noxi:kwa:ni is related to the verb xi:kowa that, used reflexively, refers to being jealous or mad at somebody. Thus RS has tetech
ninoxicoa 'estar irritado contra alguien, estar celoso deél.' He also has the transitive of the same verb (i.e., xicoa. nite as 'burlarse, befar a alguien.' The phonological
shift from xi:kowa to xi:kwa would not be unusual for Ameyaltepec Nahuatl (and the Nahuatl of nearby villages). However, the question is whether the
root of noxi:kwa:ni is the same as the root of modern Ameyaltepec xi:kowa , which has the sense of 'endure.'
\qry Check to see full uses of /noxi:kwa:ni/, i.e., can it refer to humans. Recheck presence of /i/ before nouns (as in /noxi:kwa:ni fle:chah/, or should it be /noxi:kwa:nfle:chah/. Also check
if the verb /xi:kwa/ exists; and if /xi:kowa/ has the same meaning of jealously as in Molina when used reflexively.
\ref 05906
\lxam miktilia
\lxam_c kimiktilia
\lxoa mihtilia
\lxoa_c kimihtilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap[ca]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to kill (sth) for or adversely affecting (sb [PO])
\sense_s matar (algo) para o a (afectando adversamente a algn [OP])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chmiktilih nopitso. Xkwahli tla:katl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He killed my pig, causing me harm. He's no good.
\phrase_s Me mataron un marrano. Es malo.
\root miki
\vl The male levels, particularly on one token, are very low.
\xref miki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 05907
\lxam tsoyo:nia
\lxam_c kitsoyo:nia
\lxoa tsoyo:nia
\lxoa_c kitsoyo:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-2a
\trans Compl
\sense_e to fry (a food [O] in oil, butter, lard, etc.)
\sense_s freir (una comida [O] en aceite, mantequilla, manteca, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root tsoyo:
\vl Levels are low on the two male tokens, from 2:30 to 2:50 of session.
\ref 05908
\lxam ma:tetepolowa
\lxam_c kima:tetepolowa
\lxoa má:tepolówa
\lxoa_pr má:tepolowa
\lxoa_c kimá:tepolówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-l)
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to prune the branches of (a tree)
\sense_s podarle las ramas a (unárbol)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kima:tetepolokeh un kohtli, kimailia mi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They pruned the branches off that tree, it was casting its heat on the cornfield (thus adversely affecting the growth of maize)
\phrase_s Le podaron las ramas a eseárbol, estaba echándole su calor a la milpa (dañando el maíz).
\disamb kwa:tetepolowa
\root ma:
\root tepol
\disamb kwa:tetepolowa
\nse The use of mailia in the phrase O:kima:tetepolokeh on kohtli, kimailia mi:hli refers to the action of toto:nka:maka , literally 'giving heat
to,' which can refer to the situation whereby a tree (or perhaps other plant) affects a field with its"heat,"destroying or damaging the crop.
\nae For a discussion of reduplication in this word, see kwa:tetepolowa (Am) / kwá:tepolówa(Oa).
\qry Determine the difference between /ma:tetepolowa/ and /kwa:tetepolowa/
\grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication. Note /má:tepolówa/ how the pitch-accent is placed on /ma:/ instead of what seems to be a reduplication. There is no added length, thus it
seems that /ma:/ acts as certain CV-nasal syllables. NOTE: It appears taht there may be another explanation: note that both /ma:-/ and /kwa:-/ have alternative forms with
short vowel and /h/. Perhaps this explains, to some extent, the acceptance of reduction on these forms.
\semref kwa:tetepolowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref kwá:tepolówa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05909
\lxam tlatelowa:ni
\lxam_c tlatelowa:ni
\lxoa tlatelowa:ni
\lxoa_alt tlatelowa:ne
\lxoa_c tlatelowa:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e fighter; bully; person who goes around beating up on people
\sense_s peleador; bravucón; persona que anda golpeando o peleándose con la gente
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tel
\qry_fon Note that the female tokens have a lower final front vowel than the
\grm Nonspecific object: Note how in /tlatelowa:ni/, which is stated by consultants to be equivalent to /te:telowani/, the nonspecific object /tla-/ is used instead of /te:-/, even
though clearly the object (that which is hit) is a person. There are other cases of this, clearly for example, with /tlakwa:te:kia/, which one seldom (if ever?) finds as
?/te:kwa:te:kia/.
\semref te:telowa:ni
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05910
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for /tlasotik/ but is apparently wrong. It was defined as 'to be scarce'.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 05911
\lxam a:skatl chi:chi:ltik
\lxam_alt a:skatl de un chi:chi:ltik
\lxam_c a:skatl chi:chi:ltik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\sense_e ant of the type known as a:skatl
\sense_s hormiga del tipo conocido como a:skatl
\sense_d Am
\root a:ska
\root chi:l
\disamb hypo a:skatl
\nse This is a type of a:skatl bites, te:kwa:nimeh. However, according to Florencia Marcelino, however, there is only one kind of a:skatl and
therefore even though it is red it is still simply called a:skatl.
\semref a:skatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05912
\lxam to:tomo:xtli
\lxam_c to:tomo:xtli
\lxoa to:tomo:xtli
\lxoa_c to:tomo:xtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e dried corn husk
\sense_s totomoxtle; hojas secas de la mazorca
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xi:lo:kakamatl -=kakamatl-, xye:lo:ti, u:nkah itik ito:tomo:chio ye:lo:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A xi:lo:kakamatl , it doesn't mature into a green ear of corn (an elote), it is found inside the husk of an elote.
\phrase_s Un xi:lo:kakamatl , no madura para convertirse en un elote, se encuentra dentro de las hojas de la mazorca.
\sense_e (i:to:tomo:chio ye:lo:tl) husk of a green ear of maize
\sense_s (i:to:tomo:chio ye:lo:tl) hojas verdes del elote (que lo rodean)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\root tomoch
\nse Apparently this can be used for the husk of an elote , in which case it is referred to as i:to:tomo:chio ye:lo:tl , at least in Ameyaltepec, or it can refer to
the dried husk (of a mazorca), in which case it is simply called to:tomo:xtli or, at times, i:to:tomo:chio sintli (Am). Most Ameyaltepec
speakers maintained that to:tomo:xtli can refer only to the husk of maize (green or dried). However, one speaker, Felipe de la Rosa, referred to an onion has also
having i:to:tomo:chio , i.e., its dry outside skin. This usage was not accepted by many others.
\nae The initial vowel is probably phonologically long, and has so been written. However, its duration is at times rather reduced, in one token Inocencio Jiménez had an initial vowel of
only 77 ms although the second vowel was much shorter, 48 ms. In general Florencia Marcelino gave words that had an initial vowel of about 85 ms and a second vowel about half
that (e.g., in one token she had a ratio of 88:45 ms, in the other, 86:66 ms).
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\qry A recheck of vowel length revealed that it is as recorded in the headword: /to:tomo:xtli/. Note that one filecard had /ito:tomo:ch sintli/ while most others had /ito:tomo:chio sintli/. This
should be checked.
\ref 05913
\lxam i:xkwa:tewia
\lxam_c ki:xkwa:tewia
\lxoa i:xkwa:tewia
\lxoa_f [i:x kwa: te 'wi a]
\lxoa_c ki:xkwa:tewia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to bang or knock against the forehead of (a material object [S] against sb [O]; Oapan synonym: i:xkwa:techakwa:nia; i:xkwá:tsatsí:tia)
\sense_s golpear contra la frente de (un objeto material [S] contra algn [O]; sinónimo en Oapan i:xkwa:techakwa:nia; i:xkwá:tsatsí:tia)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:ne:chi:xkwa:tewih, ke:n tla:ltech motira:nteh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It knocked me in the forehead, the crossbeam of your house is very low to the ground.
\phrase_s Me golpeéen la frente, el tirante de tu casa estámuy bajo.
\sense_e to butt (sth) with its forehead (a bull [S])
\sense_s cornear o golpear (algo) con la frente (un toro [S])
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\root te
\nse The verb i:xkwa:tewia is derived from i:xkwa: 'forehead' and tewia a transitive verb meaning 'to strike (with sth hard).' In Oapan this
word can only be used with a bull as the subject. It refers to the butting action of a bull against some person or thing. In Ameyaltepec the forehead belongs not to the subject (as is
the case in Oapan) but to the"object,"i.e., the person whose forehead got hit hard or smashed.
\qry Check problem of translation and agentivity, i.e. whether reflexive can be used: /o:nimi:xkwa:tewih/, as in /o:nimi:xkwa:tewih ipan tira:nteh/, etc. Note that FK analyzes this as
{i:xkwa:te + wia}. Recheck.
\ref 05914
\lxam ikxitl
\lxam_c ikxitl
\lxoa ixitl
\lxoa_c ixitl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e leg
\sense_s pierna
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e foot
\sense_s pie
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root kxi
\qry Make sure that it can mean both 'leg' and 'foot.'
\vl First male token has low levels.
\ref 05915
\lxam tla:mo
\lxam_c xne:chpale:wi, tla:mo xnimitspale:wi:s
\lxoa tla:man
\lxoa_alt tla:mah
\lxoa_alt tla:mo
\lxoa_c tla:man, tla:mah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Coord
\der Coord
\sense_e function word used to coordinate two independent clauses in which the second clause indicates an event that will occur if the first clause (even if it is a negative) is negated
in an action of the second; otherwise
\sense_s palabra funcional que coordina dos cláusulas en una situación en que la negación de la primera (aunque ella misma sea negativa) resulta en el acontecimiento de la
segunda
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sam pe:nas xki:xpoye:li! Ma:ka we:i tikte:mili:s, tla:mo ke:n istachichí:k yes!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just salt it a little! Don't put a lot in because if you do, it will get too salty!
\phrase_s ¡Echale un poquito de sal! No le pongas mucha porque si lo haces así, se va a pasar de sal.
\phrase_n O:ne:chihlih, tle:ka ne:chkwaltsi:ntili:s? Tla:mo mitswelitas momekaw?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He (my husband in this case) asked me why he should make me look good (e.g., by buying me a nice dress)?"Just so that your lover will like the way you look?"
\phrase_s El (mi esposo en este caso) me preguntópor quéme iba a embellecer (p. ej., al comprarme ropa nueva)?"¿Nada más para que le gustes a tu amante?"
\phrase_n Xmó:pextí! Tla:man tito:ne:wis!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e You should pad yourself (in this case placing a pad on your shoulder before starting to carry a sack of chile), if you don't your skin will burn.
\phrase_s Debes acolchonarte (en este caso al poner una colcha por el hombro antes de cargar un costal de chile), si no se te va a arder la piel.
\phrase_n Ma:ka timoteketsas pu:n itech osto:te:ntli, tla:mo tonwetsis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't stand there next to the edge of the cliff, if you do, you'll fall off.
\phrase_s No te vayas a parar allípor la orilla del precipicio, si lo haces, te vas a despeñar.
\phrase_n Juan, xihkwa! Tla:mo nkwa:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Juan, eat it! If you don't, I will!
\phrase_s ¡Juan, cómetelo! Si no,¡yo lo hago!
\root tla:
\root a:mo
\qry Note use of /tla:mo/ in the example sentence, /tla:mo tonwetsis/ This should be checked. If the usage is incorrect this phrase should be deleted here and from the entry under
/osto:te:ntli/. Also check use of /tla:mo/ in phrase /tla:mo mitswelitas momekas/.
\mod Re: loss of object marker and initial CC sequences. This should be standardized. See comments in grammar field for this entry.
\vl Link 1st male token (for final /h/). There are 5 female and 4 male tokens, select male with final /h/.
\grm Orthography; object loss: A repeated problem in my texts is how to represent orthographically the initial CC sequence that results from loss of object marker /k(i)/.
However, this seems to occur only after certain clitics: /o:-/ the preterite marker; /ma/ the optative marker; and /tla:mo/ the modal element. In a previous note it was
determined that one orthographic rule might be to write /ma/ as a preclitic fused to the following element in the case of one-syllable following predicates. Thus /ma ninemi/
'let me walk' and /ma kiawi/ 'Hopefully it will rain.' However, note that with /ma nia/ the stress falls on /ma/. Thus, in order to maintain the rule that final elements in phrases
are stressed and that this falls on the penultimate syllable, it might be convenient to write this as /mania/ or, perhaps /mánia/. There are other cases in which CC sequences
derives from pronominal prefix plus first syllable of the predicate occur. Thus one has /o:ntek/ 'I cut it.' Here tradition has it tha t /o:/ is written asa prefix, so there is little
striking about the choice of this orthographic convention, instead of say ?/o: niktek/ for the non-loss case and ?/o: ntek/ for the object-loss case. Then the question comes
as to how to represent orthographically phrases such as /ma nteki/. The phonetics are not such as one has an initial /nt/ sequence (i.e., it is not a prenasalized stop. It seems
like there are two viable solutions. One would be to procliticize /n/ to the optative. This would yield /man teki/. The other solution would be to precliticize /ma/ to the verbal
compound. This would yield /manteki/. For the present I think that the second option is perhaps better. Thus a statement may be formed in the following: the fusion of a clitic
to the following transitive verbal predicate permits the shifting of the subjectprefix to coda position and the deletion of the object prefix when this is 3rd person. A further
rule limits the cliticization of /ma/ and /tla:mo/ to transiti ve v erbs with an overt subject prefix and a 3rd-person object prefix. Thus one does not find */man cho:ka/ or
*/mancho:ka/ but only /ma nicho:ka/. The rules and conditions will need to be further explored.
\ref 05916
\lxam mamaya:ntsi:n
\lxam_c mamaya:ntsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Lex. rdp-s
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e stalk of maize that has a lot of jilotes , none of which have kernels
\sense_s tallo de maíz que tiene muchos jilotes, ninguno de los cuales tiene granos
\sense_d Am
\root maya:
\nse The etymology of this word is a reduplicated form of the perfective of maya:na , meaning 'to suffer from famine,' which in turn is related to the fact that the
jilotes on this maize stalk have no kernels (and thus will produce no food).
\grm Deverbalization: The etymology of /mamaya:ntsi:n/ is a reduplicated form of the perfective of maya:na , meaning 'to suffer from famine,' which in turn is
related to the fact that the jilotes on this maize stalk have no kernels. Note how the perfective verb stem here is used as a nominal.
\ref 05917
\lxam o:kpatilia
\lxam_c ko:kpatilia
\lxoa o:hpatilia
\lxoa_c ko:hpatilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to repeat; to do again
\sense_s repetir; volver a hacer
\sense_d Pending
\root o:k
\root_rel -pa
\nse It is not entirely clear at this point whether the object of o:kpatilia is a noun the receives the effect of a repeated action, a verbal predicate (action) that is repeated, or,
potentially, both.
\qry Get range of potential objects, can it be a noun, or must it be a verbal predicate.
\qry_fon Check with phonetician precise characteristics of initial transition in Oapan /ko:hpa-/.
\vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens.
\ref 05918
\lxam tlakwalispan
\lxam_c tlakwalispan
\lxoa tlakwalispan
\lxoa_alt tlakwalispah
\lxoa_c tlakwalispah, tlakwalispan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-pan
\infn N1
\sense_e lunchtime; noon
\sense_s hora de comer; mediodía
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtlatlati. Yo:asik tlakwalispan, titlakwa:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Start a fire! It's now noon, we are going to eat.
\phrase_s Prende un fuego! Ya es mediodía, vamos a comer.
\root kwa
\root_rel -pan
\qry Check for /tlakwalispantilia/.
\vl Link 1st female token and 1st male token.
\ref 05919
\lxam pa:n
\lxam_c pa:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan pan
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e bread
\sense_s pan
\sense_d Pending
\mod Apparently the vulgar use of pa:n to mean"pussy"is limited to Ameyaltepec women, who at times use it among themselves. In Oapan the absolutive form
pa:ntli is occasionally used among men with the same meaning, but is considered vulgar. The vulgar meaning has been put in another dictionary: censored.
\qry This borrowing is used as an"albur"with the meaning of"pussy"or"cunt."I have only heard it used among women. This should be checked.
\semref semi:tah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05920
\lxam tlamo:ltsi:n
\lxam_c tlamo:ltsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e stick (often of otate or a similar hard, straight material) used to stir food (such as atole)
\sense_s palo (generalmente de otate u otro material duro y derecho) que se emplea para menear o batir comida (como atole)
\sense_d Am
\root mo:l
\qry Recheck vowel length as this entry is from a file card on which vowel length was not recorded. Xalitla has a long /o/ as recorded in Ramírez and Dakin (1979).
\mod Illustrate.
\semref kóhtamó:ltsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05921
\lxam so:ne:wi
\lxam_c so:ne:wi
\lxoa so:ne:wi
\lxoa_c so:ne:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to puff up
\sense_s erizarse
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to have ones body hair stand up; to get goose bumps (from cold, fright, etc.)
\sense_s pararsele el pelo del cuerpo a; tener piel de gallina (del frío, miedo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tisone:wi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You have goosebumps.
\phrase_s Tienes piel de gallina.
\phrase_n O:sone:w un chichi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That dog's hair is standing on end.
\phrase_s Se le paróel pelo a ese perro.
\root so:ne:
\qry Determine full uses of /so:ne:wi/ and /so:ne:wa/. Determine whether /sone:wtok/ is correct. Check if a transitive use of /sone:wa/ is correct and check the difference between
/nosone:wa/ and /sone:wi/. Perhaps /sone:wi/ is limited to riddles?
\mod I had the entry/ sentence /Kwa:k kwala:ni so:ne:wi./ 'When it is angry it puffs up (reference in a riddle to the penis).' / Cuando se enoja, se eriza (referencia en una adivinanza al
pene).
\ref 05922
\lxam kwe:chowa
\lxam_c kikwe:chowa
\lxoa kwe:chowa
\lxoa_c kikwe:chowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to finely grind (e.g., chile in a molcajete)
\sense_s moler finamente (p. ej., chile en un molcajete)
\sense_d Pending
\root kwe:ch
\qry Can this apply to nextamal, or is only /tisi/ used in this context? Other uses of /kwe:chowa/.
\ref 05923
\lxam a:tepe:ya:tl
\lxam_c a:tepe:ya:tl
\lxoa a:tepe:ya:tl
\lxoa_c a:tepe:ya:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e flood stream of water that runs off and down a hillside after a torrential rain
\sense_s torrente de agua que baja de un cerro, o en una barranca, después de una fuerte lluvia
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:tepe:ya:tl o:kitetek notla:l, chika:wak o:kiaw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Flash flood waters cut gullies in my land, it rained hard.
\phrase_s Aguas torrenciales cortaron mi terreno, lloviófuerte.
\phrase_n Yo:panwets ipoposokio a:tepe:ya:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Foam has formed on the top of the torrent of water.
\phrase_s Espuma saliópor la superficie de este torrente de agua.
\root a:
\root tepe:
\nae This word should be compared to Molina (Spanish to Mexicano side) atetepeyotl 'ola grande' derived from the nominal roots a:'water' and,
reduplicated, tepe:'hill.' Given the obvious etymological relationship to a:tland tepe:tlone would expect the initial /a:/ to be
long. However, acoustic measurements of the duration of 4 Oapan speech tokens show that Florencia Marcelino had initial vowels of 58 and 45 ms, while her husband Inocencio
Jiménez had vowels of 91 and 68 ms. It is unlikely that the vowel is underlyingly short as the relationship to 'water' (a:tl) seems clear. It is possible that this
represents a real phonological shift for undetermined reasons even though there seems to be a tendency for phonologically long vowels to have a reduced duration in word-initial
position. For now the orthographic representation has been left at /a:/ despite the acoustic evidence.
\ref 05924
\lxam kwa:pasolowa
\lxam_c kikwa:pasolowa
\lxoa kwá:pasolówa
\lxoa_pr kwa:pasolowa
\lxoa_c kikwá:pasolówa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi[e]
\lexical Op. te-
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e see kwa:tepasolowa (Am) / kwa:tépasolówa(Oa)
\sense_s véase kwa:tepasolowa (Am) / kwa:tépasolówa(Oa)
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root pahsol
\ref 05925
\lxam tlamoxte:ntok
\lxam_c tlamoxte:ntok
\lxoa tlamoxte:ntok
\lxoa_c tlamoxte:ntok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be overcast; for there to be a cloud cover
\sense_s estar lleno o tapado de nubes el cielo; estar nublado (el cielo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tlachipa:w; xok tlamoxte:ntok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sky has cleared, it is no longer cloud-covered.
\phrase_s Se despegóel cielo, ya no estátapado de nubes.
\phrase_n Yo:tlapo:w, xok tlamoxte:ntok, yo:pe:w to:nati.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (the sky) has opened up, there is no longer a cloud cover, the sun has begun to shine.
\phrase_s Ya se abrió(el cielo), ya no estátapado de nubes, el sol ya empezóa brillar.
\root mox
\root te:m
\ref 05926
\lxam tlanxixi:ni
\lxam_c tlanxixi:ni
\lxoa tlá:nxí:ni
\lxoa_pr tlá:nxi:ni
\lxoa_c tlá:nxí:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e for ones teeth to fall out (because of age, from an accident or blow, etc.)
\sense_s caersele los dientes (por vejez, por un accidente o golpe, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root tlan
\root xi:
\nse According to one consultant from Ameyaltepec, the nonreduplicated form * tlanxi:ni does not exist. Although no explanation was given, the reluctance to accept the
nonreduplicated, singular form might be related to the semantics of xi:ni, which seems to indicate the action of multiple objects (of a mass or uncountable noun)
falling out of something onto the ground (e.g., corn from a sack, money from a bag, etc.). If this is the meaning of the basic verb, then the fact that * tlanxi:ni is
unacceptable or rare is undertandable. According to this consultant, the verb tlanwetsi (Am) is used to indicate the falling out of one tooth. A Oapan consultant,
Florencia Marcelino, indicated that if one tooth falls in Oapan one would say tlankope:wi. Nevertheless, it is possible that other speakers would accept the
unreduplicated form ? tlanxi:ni. This is suggested by the fact that one documented use of the verb xi:ni with the subject tlantliis the
following, O:tlan tlankopi:ni, ye bie:joh, o:tlan xi:ni i:tlanwa:n , in which singular xi:ni is used with a plural noun as subject, i:tlanwa:n.
\vl If the recording here is for the transitive, then check rec. 7569
\ref 05927
\lxam xaxa:yakatl
\lxam_c xaxa:yakatl
\lxoa xáxa:yákatl
\lxoa_c xáxa:yákatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Reduced rpd-s(pref): nó:xa:yákaw ; í:xaxa:yákaw
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e mask
\sense_s máscara
\sense_d Am, Oa
\ency_note mask-making
\root xa:yaka
\nse Wooden masks are preferably made of either tsompantli , which does not get eaten by bugs and termites, or of xi:lo:xo:chitl , which is used more now
that the former has become scare (although more and more tsompantli is being brought into San Francisco Ozomatlán over great distances, either from Tulimán, or
acquired commercially in bulk.
\nae In Oapan the possessed paradigm for this word is nó:xa:yákaw, mó:xa:yákaw, and í:xaxa:yákaw. The situations in which the reduplicant is
reduced onto the possessive prefix i:- are, then, perhaps limited. To date I have documented í:kó:l and í:koné:w, whereas those cases that
immediately come to mind in which reduction does not occur include í:kakál and í:xaxá:yak. It would seem, therefore, that from this and other evidence
the possessive marker for the 3rd person singular is a long vowel and that there are a few specific and lexicalized cases in which pitch accent is the sole reflex of the reduplicant.
\grmx Reduplication; reduction; Oapan phonology: In Oapan the possessed paradigm for this word is nó:xa:yákaw, mó:xa:yákaw, and
í:xaxa:yákaw. The situations in which the reduplicant is reduced onto the possessive prefix i:- are, then, perhaps limited. To date I have
documented í:kó:l and í:koné:w, whereas those cases that immediately come to mind in which reduction does not occur include
í:kakál and í:xaxá:yak. It would seem, therefore, that from this and other evidence the possessive marker for the 3rd person singular is a long
vowel and that there are a few specific and lexicalized cases in which pitch accent is the sole reflex of the reduplicant.
\qry Make sure to have an encyclopedic entry for /xaxa:yakatl/ and mask-making and mask use in general.
\qry Recheck possessed form /noxaxa:yak/ or /noxaxa:yakaw/. For now the form with final vowel loss has been coded (cf. /noxa:yak/).
\qry_fon This is a good word to use, with /xa:xa:yakatl/, to illustrate the difference between long and short vowel reduplication, in which pitch accent accompanies the short vowel
reduplicant, a reflex of underlying {h}.
\vl The first female form is /xa:xaya:katl/ It should be tagged with #6627. There is also an extra female token for 5927 at 6627.
\ref 05928
\lxam tlakotia:nsa:lowa
\lxam_c kitlakotia:nsa:lowa
\lxoa tlákotia:nsa:lówa
\lxoa_pr tlakotia:nsa:lowa
\lxoa_c kitlákotia:nsa:lówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to tie (a strap, cloth, etc. [Obl]) around the waist of
\sense_s atar (una tela, tirante, etc. [Obl]) por la cintura
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Suwa:tl no: kipia ilpikaw ika notlakotia:nsa:lowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Women also have their cloth band that they tie around their waist.
\phrase_s Las mujeres también tienen su tira de tela que atan por su cintura.
\root tlahko
\root sa:l
\nse To date tlakotia:nsa:lowa has only been documented in the reflexive, with the material that is tied around the waist expressed obliquely after ika (Am) /
ya (Oa). Nevertheless, in elicitation Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez (Oa) gave the transitive form with a 3rd-person specific object.
\vl The first two male tokens (of a total four uttered) are defective and should not be tagged at all (the first is broken off and the second has an unnatural pause in the midde).
All female tokens should be tagged.
\grm Reflexivity; valency; transitivity; middle voice; possessor raising; noun incorporation: There are several verbs that indicate an activity or action that takes place involving a
material object that is part of ones clothes or similarly attached to the body. Note the case of /nokoto:na/. I believe there is another word involving tying. What is interesting
about these forms is that the reflexive is not a patient but rather a middle voice form. Thus, for example, /koto:na/ can be an active verb, and as such the marked object is
the patient. An example would be /kikoto:na/ 'he snaps it (e.g., a rope).' But with /nokoto:na noburroh/ the agentivity is reduced since there is no overt patient. The case of
/te:nsa:lowa/ and /tlakotia:nsa:lowa/ is slightly different, since these in all cases take an object that is in a sense a benefactive. Thus /nikte:nsa:lowa/ 'I will tie [X] around
his mouth' the construction is really like possessor raising with a transitive verb, since the object is the poss essor of the incorporated noun. Cf. to /nikma:tlatia/ 'I burn him
on the arm' (i.e., 'I arm-burn him') to /nikte:nsa:lowa/ 'I tied him on the mouth' (i.e., 'I mouth-tie him'). When used reflexively, what simply occurs is that the possessor is
coreferent with the subject/agent (e.g., /nimote:nsa:lowa/, 'I tie (sth, expressed obliquely, around) my mouth.' Here there is no difference between the reflexive and the
transitive /kite:nsa:lowa/ since both have the same thematic role for the object (possessor of IN). With /koto:na/, however, the situation is different. Note also that the
incorporated noun in this case is an obligatorily possessed noun ending in /-ya:n/. The fact that the incorporated noun must be possessed is interesting. Finally, note the
oblique theme: /Sowa:tl no: kipia ilpikaw ika notlakotia:nsa:lowa/ 'Women also have their cloth band that they tie around their waist.' It is interesting that the reflexive is in
essence a benefactive and /tlakotia:n/ is the place/locative w h ere the event takes place.
\semref tlákosa:lówa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05929
\lxam a:pa:tsowa
\lxam_c ka:pa:tsowa
\lxoa a:pa:tsowa
\lxoa_c ka:pa:tsowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to moisten with water
\sense_s mojar con agua; mezclar con agua
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tika:pa:tso:s ipan moma, poso:ni ke:n jabó:n. Tika:poso:nalti:s
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will moisten it in the palm of your hand, it bubbles up like soap. You will make it froth up with water.
\phrase_s Vas a echarle agua en la palma de tu mano, se hace espuma como si fuera jabón. Vas a hacerlo espumar con agua.
\root a:
\root pa:ts
\ref 05930
\lxam tomayoh
\lxam_c tomayoh
\lxoa tomayoh
\lxoa_c tomayoh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to be spotted with fungus (e.g., pork that is going bad)
\sense_s estar salpicado con hongos (p. ej., carne de puerco que estádescomponiéndose)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tomayoh i:n pitsonakatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e This pork has raised white spots (of fungus) on it.
\phrase_s Esa carne de marrano tiene como granitos blancos (de hongos).
\root toma
\nse I have not documented tomayoh being used to indicate an abundance of tomato in a given food. It seems that for this meaning tomaxokó:k (Am)
/ tomaxoko:k (Oa) is used. In the aceptation given in this entry (taking from documentation from Ameyaltepec), tomayoh refers to raised white spots,
like pimples, that appear on pork. It is not clear whether other types of meat manifest similar processes nor, at this time, whether the white spots are indeed a type of fungus. Other
possible meanings have not yet been checked.
\ref 05931
\lxam i:xpetsowa
\lxam_c ki:xpetsowa
\lxoa i:xpetsowa
\lxoa_c ki:xpetsowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to smooth or polish (ceramics, stones, or other hard surfaces)
\sense_s pulir o bruñir (cerámica, piedra u otras cosas duras)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to plane (e.g., wood)
\sense_s aplanar (p. ej., la madera)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w ki:xpetsowa pa:mpa kixi:ma.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has started to smooth its surface because he is planing it (e.g., a board).
\phrase_s Ya empezóa alisarle la superficie porque lo estáaplanando (p. ej., una tabla).
\sense_e to level (e.g., by moving ones hand in a long, continuous motion over sth such as maize that protrudes above the edges of a cuartillo or other given measure)
\sense_s nivelar (particularmente con la mano, al moverla sobre algo como maíz que no estáplano como en algo utilizado para medir)
\sense_d Pending
\disamb i:xmana; petsowa; i:xpetsowa
\root i:x
\root pets
\nse Apparently i:xpetsowa refers to actions such as polishing or planing hard surfaces, whereas i:xmanarefers to using ones hand or a stick to
smooth something bumpy or that protrudes, such as grain heaped into a measure.
\qry Apparently /i:xpetsowa/ refers to actions such as polishing or planing hard surfaces, whereas /i:xmana/ refers to using ones hand or a stick to smooth something bumpy or that
protrudes. But this is my recollection and needs to be checked.
\ref 05932
\lxam yetí:k
\lxam_c yetí:k
\lxoa yeti:k
\lxoa_c yeti:k
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\sense_e to be heavy
\sense_s ser pesado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yetí:k. Xikmati! Deke xtikaxi:ti:s tihki:xtili:skeh a:chitsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is heavy. Feel it! If you won't be able to get it to its destination we can take a little out.
\phrase_s Estápesado.¡Siéntelo! Si no lo puedes llevar hasta el destino le vamos a sacarle un poquito.
\root ye
\vl There is an extra token from 6201.
\ref 05933
\lxam kala:chin we:i
\lxam_c kala:chin we:i
\lxoa kala:chin yówe:i
\lxoa_f [ka 'la: chi 'yo 'we:y]
\lxoa_c kala:chin yówe:i
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\pitch yes
\sense_e type of large, flat (patlaxtik) cockroach, still not identified
\sense_s tipo de cucaracha grande y plana (patlaxtik), todavía no identificado
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root kala:ch
\root we:i
\nae Apparently the presence of the stressed relativizer yón in Oapan Nahuatl kala:chin yón we:i creates a situation in which both elements of the noun phrase
receive stress, leading to intonational accent on both kala:chin and we:i [ka 'la: chi 'yon 'we:y]. Apparently this would not be the case if the adjectival
we:i was simply adjacent to the head noun, and not relativized (i.e., kala:chin we:i [ka la: chi 'we:y].
\qry The original note states that this is kala:chin we:i, molo:nki. It is not clear whether molo:nki is part of the name of this insect or simply a description of
one of its properties.
\qry_fon Stress and intonation: Apparently the presence of the stressed relativizer yón in Oapan Nahuatl kala:chin yón we:i creates a situation in which
both elements of the noun phrase receive stress, leading to intonational accent on both kala:chin and we:i [ka 'la: chi 'yon 'we:y]. Apparently
this would not be the case if the adjectival we:i was simply adjacent to the head noun, and not relativized (i.e., kala:chin we:i [ka la: chi
'we:y].
\grmx Oapan phonology: intonation and pitch accent: Apparently the presence of the stressed relativizer yón in Oapan Nahuatl kala:chin yówe:i
creates a situation in which both elements of the noun phrase receive stress, leading to intonational accent on both kala:chin and we:i [ka 'la:
chi 'yo 'we:y]. Apparently this would not be the case if the adjectival we:i was simply adjacent to the head noun, and not relativized (i.e., kala:chin
we:i [ka la: chi 'we:y].
\ref 05934
\lxam tliwa:hki
\lxam_c tliwa:hki
\lxoa tliwa:hki
\lxoa_c tliwa:hki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to be roasted; to be toasted (e.g., on a clay griddle or directly on embers)
\sense_s ser asado; ser tostado (p. ej., sobre un comal o directamente sobre las brasas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n On wi:lo:tl nihkwa:s san de tliwa:hki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will eat that huilota just roasted (i.e., not in caldo, etc.)
\phrase_s Voy a comerme esa huilota asada nada más (esto es, no en caldo, etc.).
\semfld cook
\root tli
\root wa:k
\nse Foods that are often cooked this way (notliwa:tsa) include fish, fowl, memelas, squash seeds, garbanzos, among other items.
\vl There is an additional male token from 5589.
\ref 05935
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for Am /katlowa/ and Oa /kátlawá/, but they have been given as alternate pronunciations; cf. 3990.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl The 4 tokens here should be tagged as 3990.
\ref 05936
\lxam chi:la:tl
\lxam_c chi:la:tl
\lxoa chi:la:tl
\lxoa_c chi:la:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of broth made with chile and kaxtiltsi:n beans
\sense_s tipo de caldo hecho con chile y frijoles del tipo llamado kaxtiltsi:n
\sense_d Pending
\qry To date (May 16 2001) I have only a mention of /ka:ldoh de chi:la:tl/ in my notes, in an original file card under /kaxtiltsi:n/. I mention that /ka:ldoh de chi:la:tl/ is one type of food that
uses /kaxtiltsi:n/ in its preparation, but not other notes on this food. For now I have entered
\vl There are 4 Oapan tokens for this entry from 1487. However, the sound from these at 5936 is better, so select one female and one male from these for a link. Use the 1st
male token of 5936.
\ref 05937
\lxam we:weyo:tl
\lxam_c *we:weyo:tl
\lxoa wé:weyó:tl
\lxoa_c wé:weyó:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-yo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e (rare) custom of petitioning for a bride with formal representatives and discourse
\sense_s (raro) costumbre de pedir la novia con representantes y discursos formales
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ta a:man yo tihnemi:tia on, wé:weyó:tl?
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e You are still continuing with that, that bride-petitioning stuff?
\phrase_s ¿Hasta hoy sigues utilizando ese, eso de pedir la novia?
\root we:weh
\qry Check vowel length; the original file card had /we:we:yo:tl/. This perhaps might have a middle short /e/. Check. Note that in Am this word refers to the representatives, in Oapan to
the process. Originally I had this definition: /(rare) elder who represents the groom and his family in petitioning for a bride or /(raro) representante del novio y su familia en ir a pedir
la mano de la novia, but the new definition I placed above seems more accurate. But check.
\ref 05938
\lxam to:nalokotl
\lxam_c to:nalokotl
\lxoa to:nalo:kotl
\lxoa_cpend @to:nalo:kotl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e bush collected but still unidentified, of the Euphorbiaceae family
\sense_s arbusto colectado pero todavía no identificado, de la familia Euphorbiaceae
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n To:nalokotl | Awiá:k iyo:l. Bwe:noh para itsontekon si:yah noso trase:rah, para trabesa:doh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e To:nalokotl : Its heartword is fragrant. It is good for the horn of a saddle or for its back, for its sides.
\phrase_s To:nalokotl : Su corazón es fragante. Es bueno para la"horn"de una silla (de burro, caballo, etc.), para su espalda, o para sus lados.
\root to:nal
\root o:ko
\nse There is some confusion here. My original notes from Ameyaltepec included the preceding descriptive phrase (of the use of to:nalo:kotl to make parts of a wooden
saddle) and the additional statement that this tree was the same as kopalchi:noh. It may be that this was a mistake. When we collected what in Oapan is called
to:nalo:kotl, Inocencio Díaz (Ameyaltepec) mentioned that it was called tlako:tl para tlachpanwa:stli , which agreed with the use that Silvestre Pantaleón
(Oapan) gave for what he called to:nalo:kotl. In sum, either the tree called to:nalo:kotl in Ameyaltepec is not the same as that which goes by the same
name in Oapan, or simply stated the Ameyaltepec consultant who mentioned to:nalo:kotl to me was mistaken.
\notes_nature Acording to consultants this is the same tree as the kopalchi:noh.
\qry Check meaning of /trabesa:doh/. Also check meaning of /trase:rah/. Finally, get translation of"horn"and include it in the proper entries.
\qry_fon Check vowel length. During recording C. Flores definitely seemed to have a short first /o/ of /okotl/.
\ref 05939
\lxam nesawaltia
\lxam_c nonesawaltia
\lxoa nesawaltia
\lxoa_c kinesawaltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\lexical Lex. ne-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to order (sb) to fast; to make (sb) fast (i.e., to abstain from eating for a curing ceremony)
\sense_s hacer u ordenar a (algn) estéen ayunas
\sense_d Pending
\root sawa
\grm Ne- in derivations; reflexive. /nesawaltia/, like /nemaxtia/ is a causative construction of a reflexive action (hence the use of the /ne-/ prefix for a reflexive action. Note that
the reflexive here refers to an action undertaken by the patient of the causative, i.e., the person ordered to fast. Cf. Launey and other Classical grammars for the use of /ne-/
in such constructions.
\xref sawa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 05940
\lxam teko:ntli
\lxam_c teko:ntli
\lxoa teko:ntli
\lxoa_c teko:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(m)
\sense_e deep cavity formed in a hard rock on the surface of the land
\sense_s cavidad profunda en un roca dura sobre la superficie de la tierra
\sense_d Pending
\root te
\root ko:m
\ref 05941
\lxam -ame:ch
\lxam_c name:cha:tli:tia
\lxoa me:ch
\lxoa_c me:cha:tli:tia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(obj)
\der Pr-pre-obj
\sense_e you (pl. object)
\sense_s a uds. (objeto)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nse Used after over subject prefixes; in Ameyaltepec there is an allomorph -me:ch used word initially, i.e., after the 3rd person zero subject morpheme. Otherwise the /a/
surfaces (e.g., after subject prefixes: name:chno:tsa). Oapan never has a:mech, thus one finds nime:chno:tsa.
\ref 05942
\lxam yetamahli
\lxam_c yetamahli
\lxoa yetamahli
\lxoa_c yetamahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e bean tamal, a tamal made with pi:pitikyetl in which alternating layers of bean and dough are cooked in corn leaves (not husks); the tamal is then encased in
a layer of tixtli: nokahlo:tia (Oa)
\sense_s tamal hecho con pi:pitikyetl en que el frijol y la masa va alternando uno sobre el otro y todo se cuece en hojas de maíz, no las hojas secas de mazorca; el
tamal se envuelve en una capa de masa: nokahlo:tia (Oa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yetamahli, kitla:tlatsi:nian tixtli para patla:wi dya pani kixi:nian yetl. Oksepa kitla:lilian tixtli wan oksepa yetl. None:nepanowa tixtli iwa:n yetl, pi:pitik yetl. De
iswatamahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A yetamahli , they pat down corn dough so that it flattens out and then on top the sprinkle beans. Once again they place corn dough (on top) and then again
beans. Corn dough and beans, black beans, are placed one on top of the other. It is wrapped in corn leaves (i.e., not made in husks).
\phrase_s Un yetamahli , golpean repetidas veces la masa con la palma para que se ponga ancha, y entonces arriba le rocian frijoles. Otra vez le ponen masa y
otra vez frijoles. Se van encimando masa y frijoles, frijoles negros. Son envueltos en hojas de maíz (esto es, no totomoxtle).
\semfld food
\ency_note tamahli
\root ye
\root tamal
\qry See entry under /tamahli/.
\mod Add notes under /tamahli/ to cultural encyclopedia for tamales.
\ref 05943
\lxam te:tlatia pitsa:wak
\lxam_c te:tlatia pitsa:wak
\lxoa te:tlatia pitsa:wak
\lxoa_cpend @te:tlatia pitsa:wak
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e Pseudosmodingium andrieuxiiEngl., tree of the Anacardiaceae (Sumac) family, one of the three members of the folk generic te:tlatia
\sense_s Pseudosmodingium andrieuxiiEngl.,árbol de la familia Anacardiaceae (Sumac), uno de tres miembros del género foklórico te:tlatia
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\ency_note te:tlatia
\root tla
\nse This is known as the male plant and although the general reference to this is as te:tlatia pitsa:wakit is also known as te:tlatia de tla:katl.
\qry Determine plural formation. Add to grammar as to the plural process for N-dvb-0 constructions. Check whether /tlatlatsi:n/ is another name for one of these trees.
\ref 05944
\lxam weka
\lxam_c weka
\lxoa wáká
\lxoa_alt wéká
\lxoa_c wéká
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-place
\der Adv-pl
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e far away
\sense_s lejos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xweka, saniman tasis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's not far, you will arrive right away.
\phrase_s No estálejos, vas a llegar luego luego.
\phrase_n Achi weka.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p DT #1: 042
\phrase_e It is a little further.
\phrase_s Es un poquito más lejos
\sense_e (reduplicated with long vowel) set far apart (one object from the other)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) colocado lejos (uno del otro)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n We:weka cha:ntilo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e People live far apart.
\phrase_s La gente vive lejos uno del otro.
\phrase_n Ma:ka san we:weka tiksasa:salo:s un notlake:n, kineki xkasi pi:si:ltik!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't sew my clothes with open stiches, you should sew it with the stitches close together!
\phrase_s ¡No vayas a coser mi ropa con las puntadas abiertas, es importante que la coses con las puntadas apretadas!
\phrase_n Ma:ka we:weka xtla:li, ne:netextik!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't place them far apart, place them close together (e.g., rods on the roof of a house; cf. diagram with /netextik/)!
\phrase_s ¡No los vayas a poner muy apartes, pónlos pegaditos (p. ej. varas para el techo de una casa, véase diagrama con /netestik/)!
\phrase_n We:weka o:nowi:pa:n tlapextli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The cactus rods were tied together far apart.
\phrase_s Las varas del cactus se ataron muy abiertas (una bastante lejos de otra).
\root wehka
\nse The diminutive wekatsi:n (Am) indicates a mitigation of the distance referred to, it implies a distance that is less than that which would be communicated simply by
weka.
\qry In a query for /we:i/:"On DT 1:039 I have /achi we:i/, which I translate as 'It's a little bigger.' Check this. I also have as a similar phrase and interpretation under /weka/ as /achi
weka/ 'It is a little further away.' This has been given as an illustrative phrase and should also be checked."I.e., check both /achi we:i/ and /achi weka/.
\ref 05945
\lxam o:stli
\lxam_c o:stli
\lxoa o:stli
\lxoa_c o:stli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e female animal, or woman, that is pregnant
\sense_s animal encinta; mujer embarazada o con niño
\sense_d Pending
\root o:ts
\nse Although acceptable, it is considered somewhat in poor taste to use this word in reference to a human female.
\qry_fon Check 04371 for another example of this word.
\vl One male token has very low levels.
\grm Prefixation; subject: Note that in a Oapan workshop the form /nio:stli/ was accepted but not */no:stli/. This concurs with other information that I have to the effect that /ni-/
as a subject prefix maintains the /i/ before vowel-initial verbs, but not vowel-initial nouns.
\ref 05946
\lxam isika:pan
\lxam_c isika:pan
\lxoa ísihká:pan
\lxoa_alt ísihká:pah
\lxoa_c ísihká:pah,ísihká:pan
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-manner
\compound Part-Rel
\der Adv-man
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e right away; in a jiffy
\sense_s luego luego; rápidamente; pronto
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Saniman nikchi:wtiwetsi, isika:pan, ma:ka yo:li:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll do it in a hurry, in a jiffy, not slowly.
\phrase_s Lo voy a hacer luego luego, pronto, no lentamente.
\root hsi
\root_rel -pan
\vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens.
\semref íská:pan
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05947
\lxam tete:mowa
\lxam_c kitete:mowa
\lxoa téte:mówa
\lxoa_pr tete:mowa
\lxoa_c kí:te:mówa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev): kí:te:mówa
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e see te:mowa
\sense_s véase te:mowa
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root te:m-2-
\ref 05948
\lxam a:skatl de momolo:nkeh
\lxam_alt a:skatl de un momolo:nkeh
\lxam_c a:skatl de un momolo:nkeh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e ant of the folk generic group known as a:skatl
\sense_s hormiga del tipo conocido como a:skatl
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\ency_note a:skatl
\root a:ska
\root molo:
\nse These ants, which don't bite (xte:kwa:nimeh), are very, very small and are so-called because if they get into ones tortillas (left hanging, for example, in the woods) and
the tortillas are heated up, they smell.
\semref kwitlaya:keh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05949
\lxam te:nmelaktik
\lxam_c te:nmelaktik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\sense_e with an end that is not very curved
\sense_s con un fin que no estámuy doblado
\sense_d Am
\root mela:
\ref 05950
\lxam tlate:ntli
\lxam_c tlate:ntli
\lxoa tlate:ntli
\lxoa_c tlate:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\sense_e edge; border
\sense_s orilla; filo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xya nochi tlate:ntli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go along at the edge (in this case of a planted field)!
\phrase_s ¡Ve por la orilla (en este caso de una milpa)!
\sense_e ledge or narrow path at the edge of a cliff or precipitous drop
\sense_s saliente o senda angosta a la orilla de un peñasco o risco
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka xia ka:n san tlate:ntli!
\phrase_d Am
\src_p DT#7: 423
\phrase_e Don't go where there's just a narrow space at the edge!
\phrase_s ¡No vayas por donde hay nada más un saliente!
\root te:n
\nae The noun tlate:ntli appears to be derived from a relational noun (-te:n meaning 'edge') and a nonspecific possessor (tla-) that has received
an absolutive suffix (much like teo:pantli in Classical Nahuatl). This type of nominalization of a relational expression is not common in Balsas Nahuatl.
\qry In DT#7: 423, listen and check meaning of /tlate:ntli/, i.e., whether it refers to a narrow ledge at the edge of some drop.
\grm /tla-/; Nominalizations; compounding: Note the form /tlate:ntli/. The question is how to characterize the derivational process, and what this indicates about /tla-/ as a prefix
or as"noun-like."The meaning of /tlate:ntli/ is similar to /a:te:ntli/, yet whereas the latter indicates the edge or banks of a river, /tlate:ntli/ simply indicates 'edge.' Note that in
Ameyaltepec Nahuatl there is /a:te:nko/ 'at the river's edge' or 'at the edge of the water' and /tlate:nko/ 'at the edge (e.g., of a village).' The two forms may be nominalized:
/a:te:ntli/ 'river' and /tlate:ntli/ 'edge (of an area).' It is difficult to determine whether /tla-/ here acts as a noun root (e.g., a:+te:ntli and tla+te:ntli) or as a type of
nonspecific argument of a predicate. The noun tlate:ntli appears to be derived from a relational noun (-te:n meaning 'edge') and a
nonspecific possessor (tla-) that has received an absolutive suffix (much like teo:pantli in Classical Nahuatl). Thi s type of nominalization of a
relational expression is not common in Balsas Nahuatl.
\semref a:te:ntli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05951
\lxam ye:kchi:wilia
\lxam_c ke:kchi:wilia
\lxoa ye:hchi:wilia
\lxoa_c ke:hchi:wilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make or to fabricate for (particularly things that involve several parts or ingredients)
\sense_s hacer o fabricar para (particularmente cosas que tienen varias partes o ingredientes)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:che:kchi:wili te:ntema:tlatl! Ye pe:was nitlaxihki:xti:s, tla:mo kikwa:s nobwe:yeh mi:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make me a muzzle of woven maguey fiber! I'm about to start weeding with a plow, if I don't (use one) my ox will eat the maize.
\phrase_s Hazme un bozal de fibra de maguey! Ya voy a empezar a desherbar con la yunta, si no (lo utilizo) mi buey va a comer la milpa.
\sense_e to fix or to repair (sth broken) for
\sense_s componer o arreglar (algo descompuesto) para
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mitse:kchi:wili:skeh mokal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They will fix up your house for you.
\phrase_s Te van a arreglar tu casa.
\phrase_n Timotlaye:kchi:wili:s ika mokal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will fix up your house for yourself.
\phrase_s Te vas a arreglar tu casa para tí.
\disamb chi:wilia; e:kchi:wilia
\root e:k
\root chi:wa
\nae Although historical evidence (the underlying incorporated stem {ye:k}) and phonological rules in Oapan (the shift of {k} to [h] in many contexts) suggests that the present Oapan
headword should be e:hchi:wilia, the /h/ (or a closure) is hard to discern, particularly it seems in the speech of Florencia Marcelino. With Inocencio Jiménez there
seems to be a slight aspiration in this position. However, this all needs to be carefully checked, and this form compared to others with incorporated ye:k.
\qry Recheck that /mitse:kchi:wili:skeh mokal/ means that they will 'fix up,' or 'fix' the house, not build it. Apparently /chi:wilia/ would be used for 'to build for.' Check dif. between
/timotlaye:kchi:wili:s ika mokal/ and /time:kchi:wili:s mokal/.
\qry_fon Although historical evidence (the underlying incorporated stem {ye:k}) and phonological rules in Oapan (the shift of {k} to [h] in many contexts) suggests that the present
Oapan headword should be e:hchi:wilia, the /h/ (or a closure) is hard to discern, particularly it seems in the speech of Florencia Marcelino. With Inocencio
Jiménez there seems to be a slight aspiration in this position. However, this all needs to be carefully checked, and this form compared to others with incorporated
ye:k.
\grm Antipassive: Another example: /Timotlaye:kchi:wili:s ika mokal/ 'You will fix up your house for yourself.' Add this to the examples; also determine the difference between this
phrase and one such as /time:kchi:wili:s mokal/.
\xref tlaye:kchi:wilia
\xref_t val_reduce2
\xref_d Am
\xref tlaye:hchi:wilia
\xref_t val_reduce2
\xref_d Oa
\xref ye:kchi:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref ye:hchi:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05952
\lxam kamatso:tso:ti
\lxam_c kamatso:tso:ti
\lxoa kamatso:tso:ti
\lxoa_c kamatso:tso:ti
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to get pimples or sores in ones mouth
\sense_s salirsele a uno granitos o llagas en la boca
\sense_d Pending
\root kama
\root tso:tso:
\vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens.
\ref 05953
\lxam pitsaktsi:n
\lxam_c pitsaktsi:n
\lxoa pitsahtsi:n
\lxoa_c pitsahtsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\sense_e see pitsaktik (Am) / pitsahtik(Oa)
\sense_s véase pitsaktik (Am) / pitsahtik(Oa)
\sense_d Pending
\root pitsa:
\nse This is a common diminutive, hence it has been listed separately to facilitate the cross-reference to the basic form.
\grm Diminutives; adjectivals: One thing to determine is the manner of alternation between /-tik/ adjectivals and the diminutives. Thus /tli:ltik/ has /tli:ltiktsi:n/; /pitsaktik/ has
/pitsaktsi:n/. This appears to be the grammaticalized pattern. But it should be checked.
\ref 05954
\lxam tilikichiwi
\lxam_c tilikichiwi
\lxoa tilikichiwi
\lxoa_c tilikichiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to scar; to form or leave a scar
\sense_s cicatrizar; dejar un cicatriz
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tilikichiwtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is leaving (forming) a scar.
\phrase_s Estádejando un cicatriz.
\sense_e to have or leave a bad or poorly joined and highly visible seam (e.g., cloth sewn together, leaving a ridge where the two parts meet)
\sense_s dejar o quedar con una costura mal hecha y visible (tela cosida, con una parte subida yáspera donde los dos lados se juntan)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tilikichiw mokoto:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your shirt has a poorly joined seam.
\phrase_s Tu camisa quedócon una costura mal hecha.
\root tilikich
\grm /-tok/; stative; resultative; progressive: One of the more difficult problems in Nahuatl is determining when /-tok/ indicates a progressive form (e.g., /cho:katok/ 'he is crying')
and when it indicates a stative or resultative (e.g., /kaxa:ntok/). Moreover, there are two general patterns of contrast. On the one hand there are forms in /-ki/. Thus one has
/kaxa:ntok/ and /kaxa:nki/, with the difference not entirely clear. My general impression is that the former is more prone to indicate the result of an agentive action,
whereas the latter the resultant state of an inchoative process. Or, it might well be that /-tok/ forms are less permanent and /-ki/ participial forms more permanent. The other
pattern of oppositions or contrasts is that between /-tik/ forms and /-tok/ forms. With verbs that end in /-iwi/ the opposition seems to be between states and the progressive.
Thus with /pa:tsiwi/ one has /pa:stik/ 'to be wet' and /pa:tsiwtok/ 'to be getting wet.' In my notes for /tilikichiwi/ I have the form /tilikichiwtok/ as"'It is leaving a scar' (i.e.,
progressive tense; cf. /tilikixtik/)."This suggests that with /-iwi/ verbs, despite the fact that the intransitives are unaccusatives, the /-tok/ tends to be progressive and the /Root
+ tik/ form functions as the stative/resultative. Thus, /tilikixtik/ is 'scarred' and /tilikichiwtok/ is 'to be becoming scarred.'
\ref 05955
\lxam techichikilka:miki
\lxam_c techichikilka:miki
\lxoa téchichikilka:míki
\lxoa_pr techichikilka:miki
\lxoa_c téchichikilka:míki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp Part-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. prefix te- ; Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to waste away and die
\sense_s consumirse y morir
\sense_d Pending
\root chikil
\root miki
\disamb tewa:hkamiki; techichilka:miki
\qry As with other forms compounded with /miki/, make sure that /techichikilmiki/ and /techichikilka:miki/ refer to the action of dying, and not simply to a state of intense suffering.
\qry_fon Check p-a in Oapan for all words with /techichikil-/. Note that in this word, the amplitude of the first syllable seems to be a main characteristic of its pitch-accent contour.
Cf. the work of Beckman in this regard. The /te-/ syllable is prominent. Recheck its acoustic properties. Check all words with a /techichikil/ stem.
\grm Compounds; incorporation: An effort should be made to find all examples of /ka:-/ compounding that do not involve a perfective verb stem. My notes need to be checked on
this score, but I seem to remember that /iwi/ verbs might not act the same way as others in V-V compounds. The variant /techichikilmiki/ seems, on the other hand, to be a
N-V1 compound, although the noun here is an apocopated form of the deverbal adjectival /techichikiltik/.
\grmx Pitch-accent; Oapan phonology; stress: In Oapan /téchichikilka:míki/ has a pitch accented syllable (the first) that seems to be the result of a reduplicant with underlying {h}
as coda. Yet in the present set of tokens, it appears that the main concomitant of pitch accent is a high amplitude. This should be checked across all words with the
/techichikil/ stem.
\qry_h Check /techihchikilka:miki/.
\xref techichikilka:miktia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref téchichikilka:míhtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 05956
\lxam_notes zzz
\qry Here /kohia:yo:tl/ AM and /koha:yo:tl/ Oapan has been removed, meaning 'semen.'
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\vl These tokens (there are 4 male and no female) should be tagged as 5956 but, given the vulgar meaning, not linked (indeed, the entry has been removed from the online
dictionary).
\grm Orthography; syllables: Check the actual pronuncation of /koh a:yo:tl/. Apparently it would be OK to write an /h/ here and then specify a further rule in Oapan Nahuatl (or
Balsas Nahuatl in general) that /h/ is always in coda position. Thus the only possible division and pronunciation would be [koh 'a: yo:tl]. This would not be the case with a
/w/ as there are clear cases of onset, e.g., /kowaskeh/. At times I have thought of changing /hi/ to /hy/ to force a coda reading pronunciation, but this is not even possible in
the Oapan term /koha:yo:tl/. Also, a word division does not seem heuristic ?/kow a:yo:tl/ or /koh a:yo:tl/. Hence the rule for coda interpretation, which seems to hold.
\ref 05957
\lxam te:-
\lxam_c te:pale:wia
\lxoa te:-
\lxoa_c te:pale:wiya
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(obj); Pr(poss)
\der Pr
\sense_e prefix indicating an unspecified object of a transitive verb or primary object of an intransitive verb (indicating the benefactive, malefactive, recipient, etc.)
\sense_s prefijo que indica un objeto no especificado de un verbo transitivo o el objeto primario de un verbo intransitivo (indicando el benefactivo, malefactivo, recipiente, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e prefix indicating an unspecified possessor, usually sb outside of the discourse context, i.e., 'someone else'
\sense_s prefijo que indica un poseedor no especificado, generalmente algn fuera del contexto del discurso, esto es, 'otro', u 'otra persona'
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ki:xmachilikeh te:wa:xka -=te:a:xka-.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They recognized what he had as something belonging to someone else.
\phrase_s Le reconocieron algo de alguien ajeno.
\sense_e prefix with certain relational nouns (e.g., -wa:n) that simply indicates 'with others' or 'with the others' and not specifying if these are human or nonhuman
\sense_s prefijo con ciertos sustantivos relacionales (p. ej., wa:n) que simplemente indica 'con otros' o 'con los demás' y no especificando si son humanos o no
humanos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:wa:n yo:nopo:w ne:yhka tlikohtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It got counted with the other firewood over there.
\phrase_s Se contócon la demás leña que estáallá.
\grm Relational nouns; nonspecific possessor: Note that there are certain relational nouns that take nonspecific possessors.
\ref 05958
\lxam ne:stok
\lxam_c ne:stok
\lxoa ne:stok
\lxoa_c ne:stok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be visible; for there to be a mark (e.g., of sth having occurred, sth having passed through, etc.)
\sense_s ser visible; haber o quedar señales (p. ej., de algo que ocurrió, de algn o algo que había pasado por un lugar, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nitla:tlachi:xtinemi. Nitlawelita. Yo:pe:w tlanene:stok, ye uunkah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I am going around looking deliberately here and there (in this case in my milpa). I am content (with what I see). Things are starting to be visible (i.e., the seeds I planted
have started to break the surface), already there are some (plants) here and there.
\phrase_s Estoy andando mirando por aquíy por allá(en este caso en mi milpa). Estoy contento (con lo que veo). Cosas ya han empezado a ser visibles (esto es, las semillas que
sembréya empezaron a brotar y los retoños ya aparecen sobre la superficie de la tierra), en partes ya hay (algunas plantitas).
\root ne:si
\qry Check for use of /tla-/ with statives: ?tlate:ntok, tlatepachakahloh, tlakoto:ntok, etc. Check for /tlakiki:sa/ and contrast with /tlaki:sa/, etc.
\qry Make sure that in the phrase /Yo:pe:w tlanene:stok, ye oonkah./ the reduplicant has a short not long vowel. Check and change if necessary.
\grm Reduplication; statives; /tla-/: /Nitla:tlachi:xtinemi. Nitlawelita. Yo:pe:w tlanene:stok, ye uunkah/ 'I am going around looking deliberately here and there (in this case in my
milpa). I am content (with what I see). Things are starting to be visible (i.e., the seeds I planted have started to break the surface), already there are some (plants) here and
there.' Note in this case again the use of /tla-/ with a stative to indicate the geographical dispersion of a state, in this case that of being visible. Perhaps the use of /tla-/ can
be tested with all statives. Note also how there is a difference between /tlane:stok/, which indicates the progressive of an impersonal passive or zero valency verb, and
/tlanene:stok/, which indicates the geographical extension of a stative. What /tla-/ does in /tlanene:stok/ is to remove any subject referent, although interestingly the
reduplication carries the semantics of plurality. Thus /tlanene:stok/ can perhaps be considered a nonspecific subject intr ansitive/stative butinwhich plurality is still marked
in a distributive sense. Perhaps check for the correctness of /tlakiki:sa/ (cf. /tlaki:sa/, which is a weather phenomenon). In general note that /tla-/ can be used with a variety
of grammatical forms to indicate a spatial extension of a situation, state, etc. with no clear subject. Thus one has /tlateteyoh/, /tlakwalka:n/, etc. Cf. the difference of
/tlanene:stok/, which is a reduplicated stative, and /tlatlane:si/, which is a reduplicated form of the intransitive /tlane:si/.
\ref 05959
\lxam pe:liwtok
\lxam_c pe:liwtok
\lxoa pe:lihtok
\lxoa_c pe:lihtok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be sliced, cut, or split open lengthwise (e.g., a recently slaughtered animal such as a pig)
\sense_s estar abierto en canal (p. ej., un animal sacrificado como un marrano)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sa: pe:liwtok un pitso.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That pig is just there cut open lengthwise along its belly.
\phrase_s Ese marrano estánomás alláabierto en canal.
\root pe:l
\ref 05960
\lxam kwa:wiwixowa
\lxam_c nokwa:wiwixowa
\lxoa kwa:wiwixowa
\lxoa_c nokwa:wiwixowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans; +Refl/-trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) to shake ones head
\sense_s (refl.) menearse la cabeza
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tle:ka timokwa:wiwixowa?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Why do you shake your head?
\phrase_s ¿Por quéte meneas la cabeza?
\root kwa:
\root wix
\qry Check to make sure that intransitive does not occur. Also check if this transitive form can be used in non-reflexive. Check possible use of intensifier.
\ref 05961
\lxam kwe:xi:kopi:ni
\lxam_c kwe:xi:kopi:ni
\lxoa kwe:texi:kopi:ni
\lxoa_c kwe:texi:kopi:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. infix te- (Oa); Op. infix te- (Am)
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for ones skirt to be slipping down ones hips
\sense_s bajarsele un poquito la falda (a una mujer)
\sense_d Pending
\root kwe:
\root xi:
\root kopi:
\nse In Oapan the intensifier is constant given that the event referred to is one that results in an unnatural state.
\nae In the Oapan speech tokens, the duration of the initial /e/ after the labialized /k/ is shorter than one would expect from a phonologically long vowel. However, it has been maintained
as phonologically a long vowel in the orthography given the difficulty
\qry Determine how far the dress slips down, and also elicit transitive form.
\grm /te-/: Note that in Oapan /kwe:texi:kopi:ni/ and not /kwe:xi:kopi:ni/ is used: Note that in Oapan the intensifier is used given that the event referred to is one that results in an
unnatural state.
\semref xi:kopi:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05962
\lxam pitsonakatl
\lxam_c pitsonakatl
\lxoa pitsonakatl
\lxoa_c pitsonakatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e pork
\sense_s carne de puerco
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld food
\root pitso
\root naka
\ref 05963
\lxam kaxti:ltsi:n
\lxam_c kaxti:ltsi:n
\lxoa kaxti:ltsi:n
\lxoa_cpend kaxti:ltsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan Castilla
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e dried bean of the type that grows on maize planted in a milpa, in Spanish known as ejote seco or 'dried string bean
\sense_s frijol seco del tipo que crece sobre los tallos del maíz sembrado en una milpa, conocido en español como el ejote seco
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\ency_note yetl
\notes_nature When green this bean and pod is called yexo:tl , in Spanish ejote. The word kaxtiltsi:n , however, refers to the dried bean
which comes from the yexo:tl. Ramírez (1991) identifies this as frijol chino. The term kaxti:ltsi:n is not commonly used in Oapan
where kaxti:la:yetlis the common term.
\qry I have rechecked vowel length and found it to be /ka:xtiltsi:n/. However, Chen Diaz indicated that the spelling is /kaxti:ltsi:n/. The vowel length should again be carefully checked.
Note that under /yepa:paya:n/ I don't mention this as being used. Thus it should be clarified whether /kaxtiltsi:n/ is indeed used in /yepa:paya:n/.Under /kaxtiltsi:n/ I mention, taken
from notes, that this bean is used for atole; however, it is not clear from the entry under atole what type might use this bean. Check. Finally, all the foods listed in the /nte field have
their own entry except /anjolín ika mo:hli/. This should be checked.
\lxam_notes Check vowel length of kaxti:ltsi:n. Cf. comments above.
\semref kaxti:la:yetl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05964
\lxam ko:tsmatil
\lxam_c ko:tsmatil
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to have a bad leg that drags behind the other in walking (more commonly used in reference to animals than humans)
\sense_s tener una mala pierna, que se arrastra atrás de la otra (utilizado más comunmente en referencia a animales que a humanos)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be constantly tripping over ones own leg
\sense_s estar siempre enredándose y tropezándose con su propia pierna
\sense_d Pending
\root ko:ts
\root matil
\qry Check vowel length of /a/. Recheck the correctness of the second gloss, of someone who constantly trips over his leg. This might be in error.
\semref ko:tsmatiltik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05965
\lxam ma:mah
\lxam_c ma:mah nokone:w
\lxoa ma:mah
\lxoa_c ma:mah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Baby
\der N-bb
\sense_e see toma:mah
\sense_s véase toma:mah
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:mah
\mod Perhaps this should be removed in the next version.
\ref 05966
\lxam koxtlamela:wa
\lxam_c koxtlamela:wa
\lxoa koxtlamela:wa
\lxoa_c koxtlamela:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp S-[tla-V1]
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to lay down to rest and fall asleep (not completing a chore or what one intended to do)
\sense_s acostarse para descansar y quedar dormido (no terminando una tarea o lo que uno pensaba hacer)
\sense_d Pending
\root kochi
\root mela:
\nae The valency of koxtlamela:wa, an intransitive, presents interesting problems of analysis. It seems as if the incorporation of the non-specific object tla-
reduces the valency of transitive mela:wa to one argument, a subject, and the stem koch serves as an incorporated predicate modifier (in this case
indicating that the verbal predicate took place because of sleepiness). The question then, concerns the referent of tla-, i.e., what is it that the subject/agent spreads out on
the ground. Here the answer is that it references the accouterments that one lays down on the ground in going to sleep. A similar use of tla- is found in
tlamela:wameaning 'to spend the night at a place where one arrives during travel, pilgrimage, etc.'
\grm Detransitivization: Note the word /koxtlamela:wa/ 'to lay down to rest and fall asleep (not completing a chore or what one intended to do)' Here note the use of a transitive
verb with /tla-/, detransitivizing the construction with the modifying stem incorporation of /koch-/. A similar case is /chichitlai:ni/. What seems to be the case is that
/tlamela:wa/ has acquired a meaning of its own as 'to lay ones bed down'; 'to rest', as in the phrase /icha:n nontlamela:was/ 'I will arrive and rest at his house.' Thus the
morphology of the compound should probably be N-V1 (koch+tlamela:wa) rather than N-V2.
\ref 05967
\lxam a:wiltia
\lxam_c ka:wiltia
\lxoa a:wiltia
\lxoa_alt na:wiltia
\lxoa_c ka:wiltia; ká:wiltiá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to play around with; to make fun of; to joke around with (a person)
\sense_s vacilar; burlarse de (una persona)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mitsa:wiltitokeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are playing around with (joking around with) you.
\phrase_s Te están vacilando
\phrase_n Xa:wilnemi un ichpokawah. Xaka ka:wiltia. Kiye:kte:ne:wan pa:mpa xa:wilnemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That girl does not fool around. No one plays around with her. They speak well of her (praise her) because she doesn't fool around.
\phrase_s Esa muchacha no anda de loca. Nadie la vacila. Hablan bien de ella porque no anda con chavos.
\phrase_n Ma:ka san tikaa:wilti:s. Mistlawe:li:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't fool around with it (in this case a saint). It will hate you (causing you harm).
\phrase_s No tu burles deél (en este caso un santo). te va a odiar (haciéndote daño).
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to play (e.g., a child)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) jugar con (p. ej., un niño)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Ká:wiltiái:kone:w.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He plays with his child.
\phrase_s Juega con su niño.
\sense_e (refl.) to play; (refl + ika (Am) / ya (Oa)) to play with (e.g., an object or toy)
\sense_s (refl.) jugar; (refl + ika (Am) / ya (Oa)) jugar con (p. ej., un objeto o juguete)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:n na:wiltia:ni!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Oh how he plays a lot!
\phrase_s ¡Cómo juega!
\phrase_n Newa nima:wilti:s ika ma:wil.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will be the one to play with your toy.
\phrase_s Jugaréyo con tu juguete.
\phrase_n Mo:stla na:wilti:lo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tomorrow there will be a game (e.g,. of basketball).
\phrase_s Mañana va a haber un partido (p. ej., de basketbol).
\sense_e (recipr.) to play together
\sense_s (recipr.) jugar juntos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Na:wilti:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They will play (together).
\phrase_s Van a jugar (juntos).
\sense_e to move back and forth; to (make) wobble (sth that is loose or not steady)
\sense_s mover de un lado a otro; hacer tambalear (algo que tiene juego o estáflojo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nikwetla:n. O:ne:cha:wiltih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got jerked (thrown quickly by sth, e.g. an animal or bus, etc., that made a sudden movement). It tossed me around.
\phrase_s Me sacudí(esto es, me sacudióalgo, p. ej., un animal o camión, etc. que de repente hizo un movimiento rudo). Me sacudió.
\phrase_n Se: xne:chki:tskili! Man koyo:ni! Ke:n na:wiltia!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hold on to (one side of) it for me (in this case a beam to be drilled)! Let me drill a hole in it! How it moves about (has play in it)!
\phrase_s ¡Deténmelo (agárramelo) por un lado (en este caso un morillo que se va a taladrar)!¡Déjame hacerle un agujero!¡Como se mueve!
\disamb a:wiltia; kakaya:wa
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to rape
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) violar
\sense_d Am
\root a:wil
\nse Like in English, the usage of a:wiltia as in ne:cha:wiltia has a sense of evil intent quite different to the kidding around of
/kamana:lwia (Am). Note, for instance, the phrase xmitsa:wiltia, san mitskamana:lwia 'He's not playing around with (making fun of) you, he's just
kidding you.' The reflexive na:wiltia (Am) implies simply playing (e.g. marbles, basketball, etc.). In Oapan the reduplicated form (á:wiltiá), used
reflexively with an oblique object or used transitively, refers to playing with a toy, or a child. The unreduplicated form is used to refer to joking with, e.g., fooling. It appears that the
alternate form na:wiltia is also used, e.g., mitsna:wiltia 'he plays jokes on you.' Finally, according to Roberto Mauricio one can reduplicate this form as in
mítsatsá:wiltiá, which has the sense of 'to play with every now and then.'
\vl Note that there are 8 tokens here. The first set of 4 is /ka:wiltia/, with the stress/pitch on the penultimate, middle vowel. The second set of 4 tokens (also to be tagged 05967,
is /ká:wiltiá/, with pitch accent (stress) on the first and final syllables. The final linked file will have 4 tokens, F-M-F-M first /a:wiltia/ and then /á:wiltiá/.
\grm Reduplication: Like in English, the usage of a:wiltia as in ne:cha:wiltia has a sense of evil intent quite different to the kidding
around of /kamana:lwia (Am). Note, for instance, the phrase xmitsa:wiltia, san mitskamana:lwia 'He's not playing around with (making fun of)
you, he's just kidding you.' The reflexive na:wiltia (Am) implies simply playing (e.g. marbles, basketball, etc.). In Oapan the reduplicated form
(á:wiltiá), used reflexively with an oblique object or used transitively, refers to playing with a toy, or a child. The unreduplicated form is used to refer to
joking with, e.g., fooling. It appears that the alternate form na:wiltia is also used, e.g., mitsna:wiltia 'he plays jokes on you.' Finally, according
to Roberto Mauricio one can reduplicate this form as in mítsatsá:wiltiá, which has the sense of 'to play with every now and then.'
\semref te:na:wiltia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref a:a:wiltia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref náná:wiltiá
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref tla:wiltia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05968
\lxam yepa:paya:n
\lxam_c yepa:paya:n
\lxoa yé:payá:n
\lxoa_c yé:payá:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-l (Am); Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e type of bean broth made with either pi:pitikyetl , ista:kyetl , or kaxtiltsi:n
\sense_s tipo de caldo de frijoles hecho con pi:pitik yetl ; ista:kyetl o kaxtiltsi:n
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipa:paxowan ista:kyetl para yepa:paya:n, xkikwe:xtilian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They pounded and split up the white beans, grinding them roughly for yepa:paya:n , they didn't grinding them up finely for it.
\phrase_s Machucharon los frijoles blancos para yepa:paya:n , no le molieron finamente.
\semfld food
\root ye
\root paya:
\nse The preparation of this food is as follows. First the beans are crushed on a metate. Then they are washed and put in a pot of water, where they are cooked. After they are done
onions, silantro, and salt is added.
\qry Note that under /kaxtiltsi:n/ I mention that this bean is also used in making /yepa:paya:n/. Here I don't mention this possibility. Thus it should be clarified whether /kaxtiltsi:n/ is indeed
used in /yepa:paya:n/.
\qry_fon Check reduplication pattern in Ameyaltepec. In Oapan it is clearly the reduced short vowel reduplicant. My Am documentation might be in error.
\grm Note the use of a perfective form as a nominal in /yepa:paya:n/.
\ref 05969
\lxam a:wetsi
\lxam_c a:wetsi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(ts)
\root a:
\root wetsi
\qry Check meaning as a wet dream; it appears that this is the primary meaning; this should be checked.
\ref 05970
\lxam na:ntli
\lxam_c na:ntli
\lxoa na:ntli
\lxoa_c na:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e mother (human or animal)
\sense_s madre (humano o animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Me:roh yewa na:ntli, ke:n we:i ki:saikone:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That very one is the mother (e.g., of my animals: pigs, burros, etc.), she has born a lot of children.
\phrase_s Esa mera es la mamá(p. ej., de mis animales: burros, marranos, etc.), le han salido muchos niños.
\sense_e trunk (of a tree, i.e,. that which gives birth to the offshoots)
\sense_s tronco (de unárbol, esto es, de donde nacen los retoños)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Yun na:nkah san te:kone:w, me:ro na:ntli katka yo:ntsontek.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e The ones that are here are just offshoots, it was the trunk itself (of a tree) that I chopped down.
\phrase_s Los que aquíestán son puros retoños, el que era el mero tronco, yo lo tumbé.
\sense_e (i:tik or ara:joh + -na:ntsi:n) phrase used to make an insulting reference to ones mother
\sense_s (i:tik o ara:joh + -na:ntsi:n) frase empleada para hacer una referencia insultante a la madre de uno
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ara:johitikina:ntsi:n, xmelá:k!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Screw his mother, it's not true!
\phrase_s ¡Chinga su madre, no es verdad!
\phrase_n A:ra mona:ntsi:n -=itik mona:ntsi:n-!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Screw your mother!
\phrase_s ¡Chinga tu madre!
\semfld kin
\root na:n
\nse Apparently in Ameyaltepec the possessed diminutive, -na:ntsi:n, is often used in a negative or insulting sense. Or, in Oapan, it may be used interjectionally:
A:y nona:ntsi:n!.
\nae The plural of na:ntli is irregular (cf. tatli (Am)), as the stem is reduplicated: na:na:nteh (Am) and na:na:ntih (Oa).
\ref 05971
\lxam ye
\lxam_alt i
\lxam_c ye kalakis
\lxoa i
\lxoa_alt ye
\lxoa_c i kalakis
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e to be about to occur
\sense_s ya (mero)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I kalaktok -kalakis- to:nahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sun is about to set.
\phrase_s Ya se estáponiendo el sol.
\phrase_n I ya:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's about to go.
\phrase_s Ya se va.
\sense_e (~ ika (Am) / ya (Oa)) for forever
\sense_s (~ ika (Am) / ya (Oa)) para siempre
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n De i ika tiksempolowa pa:mpa o:tikuwitlak, o:tiktlakal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You've killed it forever (e.g., a plant or tree) because you've uprooted it, you've thrown it away.
\phrase_s Lo mataste para siempre (p. ej., una planta oárbol) porque lo arrancaste, lo tiraste.
\root ye
\nse I is apparently a shortened form of ye. Both are acceptable and semantically equivalent. In Oapan i is much more common, in
Ameyaltepec the two possibilities seem more evenly distributed.
\ref 05972
\lxam paya:ni
\lxam_c paya:ni
\lxoa paya:ni
\lxoa_c paya:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (usually reduplicated with short vowel) to break apart; to crumble (certain rocks, cakes, etc.)
\sense_s (generalmente reduplicado con vocal corta) desmoronarse; desmenuzarse (algunas piedras, pasteles, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Poxa:wak, san nima:n papaya:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is crumbly, it breaks apart right away.
\phrase_s Estámuy suelto (en este caso en referencia a la consistencia de una piedra), luego luego se desmenuza.
\root paya:
\nse To date this verb has been documented only in reduplicated form.
\disamb xiti:ni; poxa:wi; papaya:ni
\qry I have this recorded only with reduplication. Check for unreduplicated form.
\ref 05973
\lxam i:xkwa:teposwia
\lxam_c ki:xkwa:teposwia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp [N-N]-V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to put ash or soot on the forehead of for Ash Wednesday
\sense_s poner ceniza o hollín en la frente de para Miércoles de Ceniza
\sense_d Am
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\root tepos
\nse Note the use of teposwia here in the extended sense of 'to mark or place a mark on.'
\semref nexkurustsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref nexkwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05974
\lxam ka:xowa
\lxam_c kika:xowa
\lxoa ka:xowa
\lxoa_c kika:xowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to bend or cause to sag in the middle (particularly the back of a person or animal)
\sense_s pandear o hacer doblar hacia adentro (particularmente la espalda de una persona o el lomo de un animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tihka:xoh! Ke:n tiyetí:k!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You made its back give in (e.g., of a burro)! You are really heavy!
\phrase_s ¡Lo hiciste pandear (p. ej., el lomo de un burro)!¡Quépesado eres!
\phrase_n O:noka:xoh noburroh kwa:k ipan o:nitleko:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My burro sagged when I got on it.
\phrase_s Se pandeómi burro cuando subí.
\phrase_n O:tine:chka:xoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You bent my back back.
\phrase_s Doblaste mi espalda hacia atrás.
\root ka:x
\qry For the intransitive I have the Oapan entry as /teka:xiwi/ with /te-/ apparently required. However, with the transitive it is optional. This should be checked to determine if there is
indeed a different in the necessity of /te-/ depending on transitivity.
\root_notes Perhaps same root is in /kaxitl/, though apparently vowel length is changed.
\qry Although I have the reflexive form /noka:xowa/ in one phrase perhaps this is in error and the correct form should be simply the intransitive /ka:xiwi/. Note however, the in the case of
the burro this is perhaps like Givon's"get"passive. In the form /o:tine:chka:xoh/ it is unclear whether the reference can be to pull someone's shoulders back so that their back curves,
or whether it can only refer to placing such a weight on their shoulders that their back bends and sags in. However, in general it is clearly the case that the reference is to a concave
form. Cf. the statement under Am /kwitlapanka:xiwi/ that in Oapan /teka:xowa/ used reflexively has the same sense.
\qry_fon The length here is particularly clear. These tokens should be compared to /mo:lkaxitl/, etc. to demonstrate how words that contain roots that appear to be semantically
related have clear vowel length distinctions.
\grm Reflexive; intransitive; passive; nondirected alternation: Note that in my documentation I have /o:nika:xiw/ and /o:noka:xoh noburroh kwa:k ipan o:nitleko:k/. This perhaps
provides a clue as to when the intransitive and when the reflexive might be used. The intransitve is used in the first case because the subject is a volitional agent whose back
curves involuntarily (in this case because of a heavy load being born). Since the subject is volitional, it is possible that a reflexive marker would be interpreted as a true
reflexive (Agent acting on Patient, with both coreferential of the same individual). The intransitive clearly indicates the involuntary nature of the action. However, with the
donkey the reflexive does not mark a true reflexive but rather a passive or"get"passive. That is, the donkey's back sagged because of the volitional act of another party. The
translation would be something like 'my donkey's back got bent by my mounting it.'
\ref 05975
\lxam wekatlantia
\lxam_c wekatlantia
\lxoa wákatlántia
\lxoa_alt wékatlántia
\lxoa_pr wekatlantia
\lxoa_c wákatlántia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to become deep (a river, hole, etc.)
\sense_s hacerse profundo (un río, hoyo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w tila:wi un a:te:ntli. Wekatlantia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The river has started to rise. It has become deep (i.e., with the summer rains).
\phrase_s El río ya empezóa subir. Ya se ha hecho profundo (p. ej., con las lluvias del verano).
\sense_e to make a deep impression (e.g., a tumpline in someone's forehead, etc.)
\sense_s dejar una impresión (p. ej., un laso empleado para cargar algo en la piel)
\sense_d Pending
\root wehka
\root_rel -tlan
\qry Check to determine whether /inf should be class 4a or 4c.
\qry_fon Check quality of first vowel in Oapan pronunciation.
\grm -tia: Note the use of the verbalizer /-tia/ in this case where it is added to a locative formation.
\semref wekatlania
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 05976
\lxam kapi:reskuwtli
\lxam_c kapi:reskuwtli
\lxoa kapi:re:skohtli
\lxoa_c kapi:re:skohtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan capires
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e Syderoxylon capiri(A. DC.) Pittier, tree of the Sapotaceae family called capire in Spanish
\sense_s Syderoxylon capiri(A. DC.) Pittier,árbol de la familia Sapotaceae, llamado 'capire' en español
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) and Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give no entry under this word. Guizar and Sánchez (1991: 170) identify the capire as of the family
Sapotaceaeand the genus/species Sideroxylon capiri. Schoenhals (1988) does not list capire, nor the genus/species Sideroxylon
capiri.
\nae The phonological length of the middle vowels /i:/ and /e:/ in Oapan kapi:re:kohtli is uncertain. For these two vowels the speech tokens (two each) of Florencia
Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez measure 118:88 and 110:91 for Florencia and 93:96 and 81:77 for Inocencio. Thus whereas the length of the first vowel seems certain, that of the
second is debatable. The fact that these are Spanish loans further complicates the situation since there are no etymological clues to the length. For now, both vowels have been
written as long.
\qry Check final /h/ in kapi:reh kuhtli/; perhaps this should be written as two words: ?/kapi:reh kuhtli/.
\root kow
\semref kapi:res
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05977
\lxam ye:paso:xiwtli
\lxam_c ye:paso:xiwtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e type of herbaceous plant still not collected nor identified
\sense_s tipo de planta herbácea todavía no colectada ni identificada
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye:paso:xiwtli | Xtlah para, tlachia ke:n yepaso:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Ye:paso:xiwtli : It isn't good for anything, it looks like yepaso:tl
\phrase_s ye:paso:xiwtli : No sirve para nada, tiene la apariencia de yepaso:tl.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root e:paso:l
\root xiw
\semref yéye:páso:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05978
\lxam ayukokone:tl
\lxam_c ayukokone:tl
\lxoa ayó:koné:tl
\lxoa_c ayó:koné:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e squash that has formed with a long, thin, and curved neck
\sense_s calabaza que se formócon el cuello largo, delgado y encorvado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n noayukokone:w, kecha:tekontsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My little, baby-like squash is pretty, it has a thin neck.
\phrase_s Mi calabacita como de muñeca es linda, tiene un cuello delgadito.
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root ayoh
\root kone:
\nse So called, it seems, for its resemblance to a doll or child.
\nae The lengthened and pitch-accented /ó:/ in Oapan Nahuatl ayó:koné:tl is the result of a reduced reduplicant. The underlying form would be {ayo + rdp-s + kone: +tl}.
\qry Query if this is an actual type of squash (i.e., species) or is simply a reference to the fact that the squash is small and perhaps doll-like in appearance.
\qry_fon Recheck the vowel length here. Also recheck the stress pattern. As is the case throughout, the length of the first /a/ of /ayotli/ is problematical.
\mod Illustrate
\grm Reduplication: note metaphoric use of /kokone:tl/ and the presense of this reduplicated form in two types of plants.
\grmx Oapan phonology: reduplication. Note that although in the original form one has /áyotlí/ in Oapan and there would seem to be an underlying glottal (cf. ayo?tli is Classical)
for the reduplication the glottal stop and pitch accent is lost. Thus it would seem that the combination form of /áyotlí/ is simply /ayo/ without pitch accent. Note that it would
not be possible to have a long vowel before a glottal. Thus in a sense reducation of reduplication to vowel lengthening conflicts at least at some level with a rule against V:?
sequences (i.e., long vowel followed by a glottal stop). Recheck all instances for determination of vowel length of /a/ in the word for squash.
\semref sa:ndiakokone:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 05979
\lxam awia:yo
\lxam_c iawia:yo
\lxoa áwiá:hyo
\lxoa_c i:áwiá:hyo
\dt 20/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-yo
\infn N2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e fragrance or sweet smell (e.g., of a flower)
\sense_s fragrancia o buen olor (p. ej., de una flor)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e good flavor or taste (of a food)
\sense_s buen sabor (de una comida)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n No:ksekneka iawia:yo, wa:n un de ko:ntli, no:ksekneka kipia iawia:yo.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 05979_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 14:08
\phrase_e It [food made in a metal pot, teposko:ntli] has a a different flavor, and that made in a clay pot, it has a different flavor.
\phrase_s [Comida hecha en una olla de metal teposko:ntli] tiene un sabor diferente, y la de una olla de barro, también tiene un sabor diferente.
\phrase_n Xoh kipia iawia:yo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's lost its good flavor (or smell).
\phrase_s Ya no tiene su buen sabor (o olor).
\root ahwi
\root hya:
\nae My original notes from Ameyaltepec showed i:awia:yo , i.e., there was not reflex of the adjectival /k/ in the possessed nominal form as occurs in Oapan Nahuatl
i:áwiá:hyo and its cognate i:áwia:ká:yo. There is a possibility that my notes for the Ameyaltepec form are erroneous at this point. Oapan Nahuatl is
interesting in that both i:áwiá:hyo and i:áwia:ká:yo exist. Both seem to manifest the suffix intrinsic possession -yo on an adjectival form. In
i:áwia:ká:yo the underlying {-ka:} is manifest, an ending that surfaces in combinatory forms of participials. In i:áwiá:hyo the suffix of possession is added
directly onto the adjectival as it appears in surface form, i.e., áwiá:k.
\qry Make sure absolutive doesn't exist. Make sure that no /h/, a reflex of /k/ from the adjectival, is present in the AM form. If not, split into two entries given that the derivational
morphology would be distinct.
\vl The first set of 4 tokens is /i:áwiá:hyo/. They should be tagged with this number 5979 and two chosen for linking. The next 4 tokens are /i:áwia:ká:yo/, they should be
06915.
\grm Note for grammatical discussion of -yo possessive: awia:hyo as in xohkipia iawia:hyo. Here the /-yo/ is added to an adjectival. However, note that in the discussion before
recording FM gave both /i:áwiá:yo/ and /i:áwiá:hyo/. In the recording studio Inocencio suggested /i:áwiá:ka:yo/ and this was accepted by Florencia. Finally, we recorded
both /i:áwiá:hyo/ and /i:áwia:ká:yo/, but not ?/i:áwiá:yo/.
\semref áwia:ká:yo
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05980
\lxam a:yema:nki
\lxam_c a:yema:nki
\lxoa a:yema:nki
\lxoa_c a:yema:nki
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\infn N1
\sense_e lukewarm water
\sense_s agua tibia
\sense_d Pending
\root a:
\root yema:ni
\grm For incorporation contrast the meaning of /a:yema:nki/ which is 'lukewarm water' to /a:yema:nia/, which is 'to become soft from being in water.' Discuss how, in this case the
semantic function or /a:/ is distinct in each form. In /a:yema:nki/ 'water' is basically a head noun; in /a:yema:nia/ 'water' is the cause or instrument.
\ref 05981
\lxam mahka:ita
\lxam_c kimahka:ita
\lxoa mahka:ita
\lxoa_c kimahka:ita
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Part-V2
\der V2-b
\infv Irregular; see ita
\sense_e to be daunted by (e.g., a task at hand); to be wary of
\sense_s amilanarse ante (p. ej., una tarea); ser receloso frente a; sentirse intimidado por
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kimahka:ita un tekitl. Xwel kipe:waltia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is daunted by (the size of, the difficulty of, etc.) that job. He can't start it.
\phrase_s Se amilana ante ese trabajo (p. ej., lo difícil que es, lo grande, etc.). No lo puede empezar.
\phrase_n Kimahka:ita un chi:hli, ke:n kokó:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is wary of that chile, it's really hot.
\phrase_s Se siente intimidado por ese chile, por lo picante que es.
\sense_e to be in awe of (the strength of a person, the high price of an item, etc.); to look upon (sb or sth) with respect mixed with fear
\sense_s estar impresionado por; sobrecogerse frente a; ver (a algn o algo) con respeto y miedo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kimahka:ita, de melá:k tlaksa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is awed by how fast he really is.
\phrase_s Estáimpresionado por lo rápido que es.
\sense_e to be fearful of; to be afraid of; to be frightened by
\sense_s sentirse miedo por; asustarse por
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tine:chmahka:ita pa:mpa ke:n o:niwel tli:n nikitowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are fearful of me because I've learned what to do what I say.
\phrase_s Me tienes miedo porque he aprendido hacer lo que digo.
\phrase_n De milá:h o:tlamahka:italo:k pa:mpa o:kitakeh por prime:rah bes.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p DT 1:019
\phrase_e There was a lot of wonder because it was the first time that they saw it.
\phrase_s Había mucho asombro porque fue la primera vez que lo vieron.
\root mawi
\root ita
\mod Determine how best to represent the root for /mawtia/, etc.
\grm Nonreferentiality: /De miláh o:tlamahka:italo:k pampa o:kitakeh por prime:rah bes./ 'There was a lot of wonder because it was the first time that they saw it.' The interesing
point (and here the tape should be checked) is the possible absence of any referent to the subject pronoun of /o:kitakeh/. That is, the syntactic relation between the
impersonal and a fully referenced subject is not as impermeable as presented in many grammars. The translation is something like that presented above.
\ref 05982
\lxam kamapo:tsakia
\lxam_c kikamapo:tsakia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-S-V2
\der V2-alt-ki(a)
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Op. infix te- : kikamatepo:tsakia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to stuff the mouth of
\sense_s llenar la boca de
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:tlan kikamapo:tsakia. Xka:wa, o:tmakaton para nochimeh ma kikwa:kan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He finished stuffing it into his mouth. But that wasn't the deal, we went to give it to him so that everyone could eat it (and instead he greedily ate it all).
\phrase_s Terminómetiéndolo todo en la boca. No debe haber sido así, se lo fuimos a dar para que todos lo pudieran comer (y en lugar de eso,él solo se lo acabó).
\root kama
\root po:ts
\root ak
\qry Check for difference between this transitive form and the applicative (bitransitive?) /kamapo:tsakilia/. Also check for possible intransitive form. Cf. note under /kamapo:tsakilia:/. It
will also be necessary to determine the object of /kamapo:tsakia/ and the nature of the incorporated noun. It would seem that the object of /kamapo:tsakia/ is the person whose
mouth is being stuffed. But then, if this is the case, what is the object of the applicative. Thus does one say /ne:chkamapo:tsaki:s/ or /ne:chkamapo:tsakili:s/. Perhaps there is an error
and /kamapo:tsakia/ is only used reflexively; this would explain the"causative"use of the transitive /kamapo:tsakilia/. Check and cf. /po:tsakia/.
\xref kamapo:tsakilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 05983
\lxam wi:tsakatsi:n
\lxam_c wi:tsakatsi:n
\lxoa wíwisakátsi:n
\lxoa_c wíwisakátsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e folk generic for hummingbirds, of various species, most or all of the family Trochilidae
\sense_s nombre genérico para la chuparrosa, de varias especies todavía no identificadas en su totalidad, la mayoría o todas de la familia Trochilidae
\sense_d Pending
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pls. 29-32
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root witsaka
\nae Florencia Marcelino related the etymology of wíwisakátsi:n
\nae All indications are that the vowels in this word are short. Oapan wíwisakátsi:n manifests a reduplicant (short vowel with {h} coda) that is not found in Ameyaltepec
and the motive of which is not clear.
\nse Florencia Marcelino related this word etymology to wiwiyoka.
\qry On one file card I have noted that /wi:tsakatsi:n/ definitely has a long initial /i/; this agrees with the comparative evidence.
\ref 05984
\lxam we:weti
\lxam_c we:weti
\lxoa wé:wetí
\lxoa_pr we:weti
\lxoa_c wé:wetí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4a
\irregular In Ameyaltepec this verb is a class 3d(ti) verb, with loss of final vowel in the perfective o:we:wet but maintenance in the progresive we:wetitok
; cf. entry under pati.
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to serve as a representative of the groom and his family in petitioning for a bride
\sense_s servir como representante del novio y su familia en pedir la mano de la novia
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root we:weh
\qry In Ameyaltepec I also was given the following, but this might not be correct. Check 'to get old'; 'envejecer' /Yotiwe:wet, xok tite:lpokawah/ 'You've gotten old, you are no longer a
young man.' or 'Te envejeciste, ya no eres un joven.'
\ref 05985
\lxam yeti:lia
\lxam_c kiyeti:lia
\lxoa yeti:lia
\lxoa_c kiyeti:lia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to feel heavy to; to weigh down on
\sense_s sentir pesado a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chyeti:lia i:n, tli:n nikwi:ka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e This feels heavy to him, this which I have carrying.
\phrase_s Este lo siento pesado, esto que me estoy llevando.
\sense_e to make (sb) feel sluggish
\sense_s hacer sentir pesado a (algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chyeti:lia nokoma:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My vaso(a stomach pain) slows me down (or, makes me feel sluggish).
\phrase_s Mi vaso (un dolor en el abdomen) me hace sentir pesado.
\sense_e (-pan + refl.) to place or press ones weight fully down on (sth, [possessor of -pan])
\sense_s (-pan + refl.) poner o descansar todo el peso sobre (algo, [poseedor de -pan])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:pan xmoyeti:li!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Press all your weight down on it!
\phrase_s ¡Descansa todo tu peso sobre ello!
\phrase_n Ma:ka mistla:ni:s, no: xmoyeti:li!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't let him beat you, you too put all your weight into it!
\phrase_s ¡No te vaya a ganar, pónle todo tu peso!
\root ye
\qry Check length of /i/ in Am, perhaps it is long. I have provisionally changed it to long based on the Oapan evidence. Nevertheless, it should be checked.
\ref 05986
\lxam xa:ntli
\lxam_c xa:ntli
\lxoa xa:ntli
\lxoa_c xa:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(m)
\sense_e adobe (i.e., bricks made of)
\sense_s adobe (esto es, ladrillos hechos de)
\sense_d Pending
\ncol kweskomatl de xa:ntli
\root xa:m
\vl Link 1st male token.
\ref 05987
\lxam po:kmiki
\lxam_c po:kmiki
\lxoa po:hmiki
\lxoa_c po:hmiki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to be overcome by, affected by or suffer from smoke
\sense_s sufrir, sentirse abrumado por o afectarse por el humo
\sense_d Pending
\root po:k
\root miki
\qry Determine whether long and short vowel reduplication is acceptable, and the meaning of each.
\qry_fon Use these speech tokens to analyze the nature of devoicing in these contexts. Rather than a devoiced vowel, it seems that the voicelessness affects the initial part of the nasal
/m/. This may be a general aspect of Nahuatl phonetics (or phonetics of Oapan Nahuatl): that when a VhC sequence involves a voiceless stop it is the vowel that is devoiced
toward the end and when the C is a voiced consonant (i.e., in Nahuatl this would mean a nasal), then the devoicing (/h/) affects the onset of the voiced consonant. Again,
this should be checked with a phonetician.
\ref 05988
\lxam ma:tetema:ts
\lxam_c *ma:tetema:ts
\lxoa má:tetéma:ts
\lxoa_c má:tetéma:ts
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. inflix te- ; Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be lazy or slow with ones hands
\sense_s ser perezoso o lento con las manos
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root ma:ts
\nse The lexeme ma:tetema:ts (Am) / má:tetéma:ts is apparently from ma:tsiwi, with the intensifier te- and reduplication that
probably indicates that both hands are affected. It refers generally to someone lazy of slow with their hands and undoubtedly derives from the metaphor of hands that are tightly
closed, folded like a taco, impeding them to be effectively used for well (e.g. grinding corn, making tortillas, grabbing tools, etc.).
\ref 05989
\lxam tia:nkisko
\lxam_c *tia:nkisko
\lxoa tia:nkisko
\lxoa_c tia:nkisko
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1
\infn N1
\sense_e marketplace
\sense_s tianguis
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne: tia:nkisko pa:mpa lugar de ka:n tiaweh, miák yaw ge:nteh u:mpa.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p DT#1:202
\phrase_e There is the marketplace (i.e., the place called tia:nkisko) because it is a place where we go, a lot of people go there.
\phrase_s Allíes el tianguis (esto es, el lugar llamado tia:nkisko) porque es un lugar donde vamos, mucha gente va allá.
\root tia:nkis
\root_rel -ko
\nae The etymology of tia:nkisko is uncertain, though it clearly includes the locative element -k(o) and is undoubtedly related to the intransitive verb
found in Classical Nahuatl tiamiqui (as well as related forms), which RS gives as 'vender, dedicarse al comercio, traficar.' In the above illustrative phrase, however, it
seems that the Ameyaltepec speaker related the etymology of tia:nkisko to the verb yawand the fact that it, the market, is a place where
many people go. In Oapan, according to Florencia Marcelino, it is a word that was used in the past but rarely used now. It is not in her everyday vocabularly (she only remembered
hearing it) and thus the vowel length is not totally reliable.
\ref 05990
\lxam tepe:tomatl
\lxam_c tepe:tomatl
\lxoa tepe:tomatl
\lxoa_c tepe:tomatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e Physalis aggregataWaterf. small wild tomato of the Solanaceae family; when dried it is called tomatetso:hli and is ground into sauce with chile
\sense_s Physalis aggregataWaterf. pequeño tomate silvestre de la familia Solanaceae, al secarse se llama tomatetso:hli y se muele con chile para hacer
salsa
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld edible
\ency_note tomatl
\root tepe:
\root toma
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the tomate de cerro.
\qry_fon This word provide a good illustration of vowel length.
\ref 05991
\lxam kopaxokonono:tsa
\lxam_c *kikopaxokonono:tsa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to brag or boast to (particularly about doing sth that one cannot do, or about having sth that one does not have; to talk big to, to make promises to and not deliver; to
mislead with ones words)
\sense_s alardear (a algn, jactándose que va a hacer algo que no puede, o de tener algo que no tiene; fantochear, jactarse, prometiendo cosas que no puede cumplir; engañar con
palabras)
\sense_d Am
\root kopa
\root xoko
\root no:tsa
\nse This verb (which literally means something like 'to converse like a kopaxokotltree with) and is based on a certain characteristic of the
kopaxokotl tree. Some individual trees flower in the early summer but, despite flowering, often do not come to fruit. Thus the meaning of this compound verb is
that of someone who, like the tree with its flowers, promises something (i.e.,"fruit") but does not deliver.
\qry This word I have only heard with the reduplicated verbal root in the sense of"to talk with". Check.
\semref xokó:nó:tsa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05992
\lxam kwi:che:wi
\lxam_c kwi:che:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become filthy; to become dark and dirty; to get blackened
\sense_s quedarse mugroso; quedarse ennegrecido
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n On toba:leh o:kwi:che:w, o:tlatla:hlowak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Our friend got filthy, he got covered with dirt.
\phrase_s Nuestro amigo quedómugroso, se cubrióde tierra.
\root kwi:ch
\nse Molina gives cuichtli 'hollín' (soot), although the meaning of Ameyaltepec kwi:che:wi (which is not in Molina) seems to refer to becoming"blackened"in
general, with no particular reference to soot.
\qry Again, decide what to do with endings /e:wi/ and /iwi/ as in /tli:liwi/, etc. The question here is whether the form /kwi:chiwi/ also exists, and whether there is a transitive form
/kwi:chowa/. Both these should be checked.
\ref 05993
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This has been removed as a duplicate entry.
\dt 06/Jun/2003
\ref 05994
\lxam tlalwiki:xtilia
\lxam_c kitlalwiki:xtilia
\lxoa tlalwiki:xtilia
\lxoa_c kitlalwiki:xtiliah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap[ca]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to sponsor or celebrate a fiesta in honor of (a saint, the one-year anniversary of the death of a close relative, etc.)
\sense_s hacer o celebrar una fiesta en honra de (un santo, el aniversario después de un año de la muerte de un pariente cercano, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitlalwiki:xtilia isa:ntoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He sponsors a fiesta in honor of his saint (by killing a pig or cow, for example).
\phrase_s Le hace una fiesta a su santo (al matar un marrano o ganado, por ejemplo).
\root lwi-2-; ki:sa
\nae The trivalent ki:xtilia, an applicative of the causative ki:xtia, would take two objects (primary and secondary) along with a subject.
Tlalwiki:xtilia however, is simply transitive. This indicates that since one argument slot is filled by the nonspecific object prefix tla-, the incorporated
noun-stem ilwicannot also"saturate"the verb, lowering its valency. Note that RS has as an intransitive verb ilhuiquixtia with the following observation:
n (por ni) celebrar una fiesta. Se dice también en el mismo sentido nitla-ilhuiquixtia."The Classical Nahuatl agentive ilhuiquixtiani further
suggests the monovalent nature of ilhuiquixtia, despite the fact that it accepts the tla- prefix. Note, moreover that under ilhuiquixtilia RS only has a
transitive (not ditransitive) interpretation:" nite- o niqu- 'celebrar la fiesta de alguien.' Molina has ilhuiquixtilia. nic 'celebrar fiesta a algún
sancto.' Molina also has separate entries for ilhuiquixtia and tlalhuiquixtia with identical meanings as intransitive verbs: 'celebrar fiesta.' Thus in Balsas Nahuatl
tlalwiki:xtilia follows the same pattern found in Molina for the simple transitive ilhuiquixtia and tlalhuiquixtia.
\qry Check whether /ilwiki:xtilia/ also exsits; also check for /ilwiki:xtia/ and /tlalwiki:xtia/.
\ref 05995
\lxam mi:lowatl
\lxam_c mi:lowatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e corn stalk
\sense_s tallo de maíz; huasol
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtsonteki nochi, sintli wan imi:lowayo!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Cut it all down (with a machete), the mazorca along with its stalk!
\phrase_s ¡Córtalo todo (con machete), la mazorca con su huasol!
\phrase_n Umpa noka:wa imi:lowayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's stalk (of a corn plant) is left behind there.
\phrase_s Alláse deja su tallo.
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\ency_note mi:hli
\disamb mi:lowatl; to:kowatl
\root mi:l
\root owa
\nse Mi:lowatl , as well as to:kowatl , both words from Ameyaltepec, have been given several definitions. Some consultants state that it refers to the part of
the maize plant from the elotes to the ground. Anothers define these words as referring to the stripped stalk of the maize plant left after harvest or, during the growth of the
mi:hli , that part located below the bud, i:tiyo:l.
\qry Determine exactly the part of the stalk referred to. Also important is a determination in the phrase /ompa noka:wa imi:lowayo/ what the possessive prefix references. It would be
strange if it referenced the /mi:hli/ since this is part of the noun itself, i.e., as a process of possessor raising, it has already been 'raised.' In the previous example, the possessor seems
to refer to the mazorca, i.e., /sintli wan imi:lowayo/. Check to determine if unpossessed form exists.
\mod See the illustrative diagram with /mi:hli/.
\semref to:powatl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref omi:lkohtli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05996
\lxam techachahloh
\lxam_c techachahloh
\lxoa té:chahlóh
\lxoa_c té:chahlóh
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be covered with or full of flat stones and rocks, about the size of a fist (a field, soil, that detail a plow when the soil is being tilled)
\sense_s estar cubierto o lleno de piedras planas, como el tamaño de un puño (un terreno)
\sense_d Pending
\root te
\root chala:
\semref tepachakahloh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 05997
\lxam kamatla:ni
\lxam_c kikamatla:ni
\lxoa kamatla:ni
\lxoa_c kikamatla:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to get the last word in on (sb being argued with); to win an argument against
\sense_s ganarle laúltima palabra a (algn); ganar un argumento contra (algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtihkamatla:nis, nochi kimati.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You won't be able to get the best of him (in a discussion, debate, or argument), he knows everything.
\phrase_s No vas a tener laúltima palabra conél, todo lo sabe.
\root kama
\root tla:ni
\nse Kamatla:ni refers to the fact that no matter what you say, e.g. in a manner of reproach, the other person will have an answer, even it is a total lie.
\qry In my Am notes I originally recorded this with a short vowel, /-tlani/, which I have"corrected"to a long vowel here. This should be checked.
\ref 05998
\lxam tlaxtektli
\lxam_c tlaxtektli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e something robbed
\sense_s algo robado
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tlaxtektli, xo:kiko:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is robbed, he didn't buy it.
\phrase_s Es robado, no lo compró.
\root xteki
\semref tlaxtekiyo:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tlaxtekihlo:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 05999
\lxam koxo:nia
\lxam_c kikoxo:nia
\lxoa koxo:nia
\lxoa_c kikoxo:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make (a liquid, small stones, etc.) swirl or slosh around inside a container (like a water jug, or a gourd in order to clean it)
\sense_s agitar (un líquido, piedrecillas, etc) dentro de un recepiente (como un cántaro o perol, o un cuatecomate para limpiar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xte:kili a:tl ma:tekon! Xkokoxo:ni para ma chipa:wi, ma ki:sa tlasohli noso tla:ltekwtli de ka:mpa te:ntlapo:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pour water into your canteen! Slosh it around so that (the inside of the gourd) gets clean, so that the garbage inside, or the dust gets removed from its open mouth.
\phrase_s échale agua a tu cantimplora, agítale para que se limpie (lo de adentro), para que salga la basura o polvo por donde esta abierta la boca.
\phrase_n Xkokoxo:ni ma:tekon ika tekwe:xtli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Shake pebbles inside your canteen (to clean it)!
\phrase_s ¡Agítales piedrecitas dentro de tu cantimplora (para limpiarla)!
\phrase_n Xko:koxo:ni para ma tili:ni!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Shake it (a sack full of dried maize on the cob) so that it gets stuffed full (i.e. the cobs settling and the sack getting tighter)!
\phrase_s ¡Agítalo (un costal lleno de mazorca) para que se aprete (al asentarse las mazorcas)!
\phrase_n Yo:tetsa:w tlapahli, xte:kili a:chitsi:n a:tl, xko:koxo:ni para ma kwaltia!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The paint has gotten thick, pour a little water into it, shake it around so that it get better!
\phrase_s ¡La pintura se espesó, viértele un poquito de agua y agítala para que se componga!
\root koxo:
\qry Check difference between /koxo:naltia:/ and /koxo:nia:/.
\vl The first female token is /koyo:nia/, which should be tagged as #1535. Note that the 2nd male token especially has low levels.
\ref 06000
\lxam komo:chipepenke:tl
\lxam_c komo:chipepenke:tl
\lxoa komo:chí:penké:tl
\lxoa_c komo:chí:penké:tl
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\lexical Reduced rpd-s(prev-s)
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e person who gathers guamúchil that has fallen from the tree and scattered on the ground
\sense_s persona que pepena guamúchil que ha caído delárbol y estáregado por la tierra
\sense_d Oa
\root komo:chi
\root pena
\ref 06001
\lxam tlatekitia
\lxam_c tlatekitia
\lxoa tlatekitia
\lxoa_c tlatekitia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4d(tia)
\der V1-d-tia
\sense_e to get sharp; to acquire a sharp edge
\sense_s agarrar filo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:noka:w a:watl, o:tlatekitiak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It got razor sharp, it got sharp.
\phrase_s Agarrófilo de navaja, se puso cortante.
\root teki
\nse Note that in this case the verbalizing ending /-tia/ (underlying {ti + ya}) is added to a verb used as essentially as an adjectival predicate. This shows a process of secondary
verbalization on a word that is morphologically already a verb though semantically functioning in an adjectival capacity.
\vl The levels are low here.
\grm Verbalization; adjectivals; /tla-/; /-tia/; time-stability: Note the verbal /tlateki/ and the intransitive verbalization /tlatekitia/. The first form, /tlateki/ is used in
a"time-stable"manner (cf. Givón), much the same as is /tlaksa/. (An effort must be made to determine the inflectional patterns of such"verbs"since it might be that the
less"action or event oriented"verbs are those that show nonverbal tense/aspect inflection. In the present case, note that in general /-tia/ or {ti-ya} is added onto nominal or
adjectival stems to form a verb. Thus one finds /sowa:tia/ from /sowa:tl/ and /a:yo:tia/ from /a:yoh/. Thus one explanation for the paradigm /a:tl/, /a:tia/ and /a:yoh/,
/a:yo:tia/ is that /-tia/ as an intransitive verbalizer can only be added to nominal or adjectival stems. Yet in the present case, /tlatekitia/, it is seemingly added to a verbal
form, the detransitivized /tlateki/ from /teki/. Perhaps this suggests that there is an overlap in intransitive predication.
\ref 06002
\lxam xa:lpachowa
\lxam_c kixa:lpachowa
\lxoa xa:lpachiwi
\lxoa_c kixa:lpachowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to cover with sand
\sense_s cubrir o tapar con arena
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xikxa:lpacho, ma:ka ne:stos!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Cover it with sand so that it is no longer visible!
\phrase_s ¡Tápalo con arena para que no sea visible!
\root xa:l
\root pach
\ref 06003
\lxam me:dio
\lxam_c me:dio
\lxoa me:dioh
\lxoa_c me:dioh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan medio
\psm Adv
\der Adv-loan
\sense_e a little; somewhat
\sense_s algo; un poco; medio
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pipitska motlapech kwa:k timote:ka, me:dioh kaxa:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your bed squeaks when you lie down, it's a little loose.
\phrase_s Rechina tu cama cuando te acuestas, estáalgo flojo.
\phrase_n Me:dioh xke:wateketsa, ma tlakpantia!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tilt it a little more vertically (in this case the front edge of a lean-to, kalma:tli), let it be a little higher!
\phrase_s ¡Colócalo un poquito más vertical (en este caso el lado más bajo de un alberguito, kalma:tli), quéestéalgo más alto!
\nse The borrowing here is of the idiomatic use of medio from Spanish meaning 'somewhat.'
\qry Check final /h/ In C. Flores (see 04357_01_am) there is a final glottal stop after me:dio.
\ref 06004
\lxam tlakwalkoto:na
\lxam_c kitlakwalkoto:na
\lxoa tlakwalkoto:na
\lxoa_c kitlakwalkoto:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to keep (sb) from eating a meal; to interrupt (sb) who is eating a meal (e.g., in coming to a house at meal time an insist that particular task or question be immediately
attended to)
\sense_s interrumpir a (algn) que estácomiendo (p. ej., al llegar a una casa a la hora de comer o cenar y insistir en tratar un asunto inmediatamente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tine:xtlakwalkoto:na, kemech o:pe:w ika nitlakwa:ya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You've interrupted my meal (e.g., by asking me or ordering me to do sth), I've just started eating.
\phrase_s Me interrumpiste la comida (p. ej., al preguntarme u ordenarme hacer algo), apenas empezaba a comer.
\sense_e to make (sb) lose ones appetite (e.g., an illness [S])
\sense_s hacerle perder el apetito a (algn [O], p. ej., una enfermedad [S])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tra:goh ne:chtlakwalkoto:na.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Drink (i.e., alcoholic drinks) makes me lose my appetite.
\phrase_s El trago me hace perder el apetito.
\disamb tlakwalkoto:na; tlakwalki:xtilia; tlakwalka:waltia
\root kwa
\root koto:
\ref 06005
\lxam tlakakilistli
\lxam_c tlakakilistli
\lxoa tlakakilistli
\lxoa_c tlakakilistli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e (often used possessed in the negative) obedience (to oral instructions and commands)
\sense_s (a menudo utilizado poseído en el negativo) obediencia; entendimiento (a instrucciones y mandamientos verbales)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkipia itlakakilis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He doesn't listen (in the sense of obey).
\phrase_s No obedece (esto es, no hace caso a lo que se le dice).
\phrase_n San tli:mach yo:kite:chi:wilih. Xkipia itlakakilis. Xka:wa, segi:doh kitsakwan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's just did whatever sort of idiocy (to someone). He doesn't learn (e.g., from experience). Who would think it (i.e., that he would continue this way), they lock him up
repeatedly.
\phrase_s Le hizo cualquier cosa a la gente. No aprende (p. ej., de experiencia). Es algo sorprendente, (porque) seguido lo encierran.
\root kaki
\ref 06006
\lxam po:tsakia
\lxam_c nopo:tsakia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp S-V2
\der V2-alt-ki(a)
\trans ~Intrans; +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to force oneself into a tight place
\sense_s (refl.) meterse a fuerza en un lugar apretado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nimopo:tsakih. Afwe:rsah o:nikalak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I pushed myself in (to a tight place). I went in by force.
\phrase_s Me metía fuerza (en un lugar apretado). Era a fuerza que entré.
\root po:ts
\root ak
\nse Apparently this verb refers to the action of forcing an object into a tight place, one that is"stuffed"full and thus with any additional newcomer becomes stuffed and bloated.
\qry Check to determine whether /te-/ intensifier is acceptable.
\semref testilia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref po:tsakilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 06007
\lxam nemi:tia
\lxam_c kinemi:tia
\lxoa nemi:tia
\lxoa_c kinemi:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to keep alive (a young offspring, in the sense of keeping it healthy with good prospects of surviving)
\sense_s mantener vivo (un hijo pequeño, en el sentido de mantenerlo con salud y un buen prognóstico para sobrevivir)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kinemi:tiaikone:w, xmiki, xkimiktia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She cares for her child, he hasn't died, she hasn't had him die on her.
\phrase_s Cuida a su hijo, no se muere, no se le muere.
\sense_e (refl.) to make ones home; to establish ones residence (in a particular place, with the implication that this is a temporary situation)
\sense_s (refl.) tomar o establecer residencia (en un lugar en particular, con la implicación que es temporal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:mantsi:n nika:n nimonemi:titok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Right now I'm making my home here.
\phrase_s Por ahora establezco mi residencia aquí.
\sense_e (sayá ~) to pester
\sense_s (sayá ~) chinchear; preguntar repetidamente
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Sayátine:chnemi:tia, yo:nimitsihlih xtlah mpiya tomi:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e You are just pestering me (e.g., by asking for money I owe), I've already told you that I don't have any money.
\phrase_s No más me estás chincheando con esto (p. ej., pidiéndome dinero), ya te dije que no tengo dinero.
\root nemi
\nse In the first aceptation, the causative nemi:tia is used in reference to a mother who is able to keep her children alive or, in the negative, one whom is plagued by
the death of her children, e.g., xwel tlanemi:tia 'she cannot keep her offspring alive (i.e., the soon die on her).'
\qry Explore the meaning of /nemi:tia/ in terms of keeping ones offspring alive.
\vl There are 3 female and 2 male tokens.
\grm Causative: Note that here the difference between the reflexive causative /nika:n nimonemi:tia/ and the basic verb, /nika:n ninemi/, is that the causative implies a temporary
state. This difference should be added to the discussion of causatives in the grammar. Also important for an understanding of causatives is the"let"or mitigated causatives
that are the implication of such verbs as /nemi:tia/ and /miktia/. Further explore the meaning of these words.
\xref tlanemi:tia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\xref nemi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 06008
\lxam tlasoti
\lxam_c tlasoti
\lxoa tlásotí
\lxoa_pr tlasoti
\lxoa_c tlásotí
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be scarce; to be dear (e.g., water during the dry season)
\sense_s escasear; ser codiciado (p. ej., agua durante la temporada de secas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlasoti a:tl, xikmalwi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Water is scarce, take good care of it (i.e., be careful not to waste it)!
\phrase_s Escasea el agua, cuídala bien (para que no se acabe)!
\sense_e to be precious (and in need of careful treatment)
\sense_s ser precioso (y necesitar de un buen trato)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlasoti mokone:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your child is dear (and should be treated well).
\phrase_s Tu hijo es precioso (y debe ser tratado bien).
\root tlasoh
\nae Although given here as class-4 inflection, this verb has not been documented in the perfective.
\qry Query inflection in Am vs. Oa.
\ref 06009
\lxam mapil xo:koyo:tsi:n
\lxam_c i:mapil xo:koyo:tsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N2
\sense_e pinky
\sense_s dedo meñique
\sense_d Am
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root mah
\root pil
\root xo:koyo:
\semref mápil kómich
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06010
\lxam tsi:tsikiliwi
\lxam_c tsi:tsikiliwi
\lxoa tsi:tsikiliwi
\lxoa_c tsi:tsikiliwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to come apart leaving a ragged edge (e.g., clouds that come apart with the wind)
\sense_s desgarrarse dejando una orilla irregular (p. ej., nubes que se desgarran con el viento)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tsi:tsikiliw moxtli. Yo:kokoto:n, kas yeyekakiawis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The cloud cover come apart here and there. It has torn open, perhaps there will be rain and a driving wind.
\phrase_s Se han depejado las nubes en partes. se han rasgado las nubes, quizáva a llegar un aguacero con fuerte viento.
\root tsikil
\nse Luis Lucena (Am) mentioned that the ripping apart of a cloud cover is often taken as a sign of an impending earthquake.
\nae The question of the phonological length of the reduplicant is reveals the important of relative duration within a word. The sound tokens here should be compared to those of the
transitive form tsi:tsikilowa. The length of the first syllable stands out in particular when the duration of the nuclei in the first two syllables is compared. Thus
Florencia Marcelino (Oa) has ratios of 77:38 and 84:22; Inocencio Jiménez has ratios of 91:44 and 79:38. Thus it would appear that phonological length is determined not by
absolute duration of the vowels but by their comparative or relative duration in relation to the verbal stem. Note that in all cases the reduplicant is twice as long as the stem syllable
and in some cases the ratio is close to 4:1.
\qry_fon Every time I hear this I have a different interpretation of the vowel length. In the recording studio I thought that I had heard /tsitsikiliwi/. It may well be that there are two
forms, depending on the type of zig-zag: /tsitsikiliwi/ and /tsi:tsikiliwi/. This should be checked. The question of the phonological length of the reduplicant is reveals the
important of relative duration within a word. The sound tokens here should be compared to those of the transitive form tsi:tsikilowa. The length of the
first syllable stands out in particular when the duration of the nuclei in the first two syllables is compared. Thus Florencia Marcelino (Oa) has ratios of 77:38 and 84:22;
Inocencio Jiménez has ratios of 91:44 and 79:38. Thus it would appear that phonological length is determined not by absolute duration of the vowels but by their
comparative or relative duration in relation to the verbal stem. Note that in all cases the reduplicant is twice as long as the stem syllable a nd i n some cases the ratio is
close to 4:1.
\vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. There are 4 extra tokens from 4425.
\grm Vowel length, reduplication: The question of the phonological length of the reduplicant is reveals the important of relative duration within a word. The sound tokens here
should be compared to those of the transitive form tsi:tsikilowa. The length of the first syllable stands out in particular when the duration of the nuclei
in the first two syllables is compared. Thus Florencia Marcelino (Oa) has ratios of 77:38 and 84:22; Inocencio Jiménez has ratios of 91:44 and 79:38. Thus it would appear
that phonological length is determined not by absolute duration of the vowels but by their comparative or relative duration in relation to the verbal stem. Note that in all
cases the reduplicant is twice as long as the stem syllable and in some cases the ratio is close to 4:1.
\ref 06011
\lxam ma:kwi:kwi
\lxam_c kima:kwi:kwi
\lxoa ma:kwi:kwi
\lxoa_c kima:kwi:kwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to grab (at) the arm of
\sense_s asir o agarrar (a) el brazo de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:chma:kwi:kwitiw in tla:wa:nke:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e This drunkard goes along grabbing at my arm.
\phrase_s Ese borracho me va agarrando el brazo.
\root ma:
\root kwi
\semref má:kwí
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06012
\lxam china:ntli
\lxam_c china:ntli
\lxoa china:ntli
\lxoa_c china:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(m)
\sense_e wattling; type of wall or fence made of canes or rods that are interwoven around stakes placed firmly in the ground
\sense_s chinamíl, tipo de pared o cerca cerca construido de varas entrelazadas entre estacas clavadas fuertemente en la tierra
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e name of one of the 12 songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as kwa:tepail
\sense_s nombre de uno de los 12 sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como kwa:tepail
\sense_d Oa
\ency_note kahli; cerca
\root china:m
\nse This type of fencing is, itself, divided into two types. The first is called bajere:keh (Am) and the second is called tlawi:pantli
Bajere:keh consists of rods twisted around stakes. Tlawi:pantli has upright rods tied together by interlaced twine. At either side the upright ends of
these fences are tied to stakes. The better part of this tlawi:pantli simply rests on the ground, end up. It is thus a much weaker construction than
bajere:keh. According to Emidgio Rosendo, the best rods for making china:ntli , apparently of the type known as bajere:keh are from
ista:kwistli, tetekolotsi:n(Am), and tlapa:nwistli (a tree or bush not yet identified). Also able to be used are
komalakawistli, witspatla:xtli, koo:la:wa, and kuwiya:wtli. For a more extensive discussion of the dance
kwa:tepailand the name of all 12 songs, see entry unde r kwa:tepail.
\mod Make sure both /bare:jeh/ and /tlawi:kpantli/ have separate entries.
\ref 06013
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an apocopated form /pipilich/ (cf. /pipilixtik/) which had been defined as '(insulting) to be full of wrinkled (particularly the face, in reference to a person)' / '(insulting) ser
bien arrugado (particularmente la cara, en referencia a una persona)'. The question, however, is whether /pipilich/ exists as anything more than an insulting term. Can it be applied to
objects or just to people? And if to people is it simply an insult (e.g., a Nahuat 'prune-face').
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 06014
\lxam chichitlayehli
\lxam_c chichitlayehli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e to be mischievous, playful and troublesome like a dog (e.g., always getting into places, unable to stay still)
\sense_s ser latoso y juguetón como cachorrito (esto es, siempre metiéndose en lugares donde no se debe, muy agitado)
\sense_d Am
\nse In various Ameyaltepec compound words chichi is used metaphorically to refer to someone who is"dog-like"in how he carries out certain activities, i.e., going
around to and getting into many places. In Oapan chichi tláyehlí is only possible with chichi as the subject of the verbal predicate: 'mischievous or
bothersome dog (e.g., that takes food, that pulls at clothes).'
\ref 06015
\lxam pa:kilistlami:ltia
\lxam_c kipa:kilistlami:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to overwhelm (sb, by giving an abundance of something desired)
\sense_s abrumar a (algn, al dar algo deseado en demasia)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:timitspa:kilistlami:ltih, ihkón ke:n tiknekia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I gave you much more of what you wanted.
\phrase_s Te di en demasia lo que querías.
\root pa:ki
\root tlami
\nse The sense of pa:kilistlami and pa:kilistlami:ltia is 'too much of a good thing.' For example, if a person asks the meaning of a word and is answered, but
then while he is writing the person continues to talk and talk, giving other examples and meanings, then pa:kilistlami:ltia is appropriate. In Oapan this is not used in the
transitive.
\xref pa:kilistlami
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 06016
\lxam papayowa
\lxam_c papayowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Adj; ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to become or go crazy; to lose ones senses
\sense_s enloquecerse; perder los estribos
\sense_d Am
\root pahpa
\nae Although the meaning of papayowa would seem to be related to words such as pa:ya:ti and kwa:pa:ya:ti , there is no evidence of the
/ya:/ syllable nor of a long vowel in the second /pa:/. Thus the etymology of papayowa remains uncertain.
\qry Recheck vowel length, although this appears to be correct. Cf. to the words, with somewhat similar meaning, such as /pa:ya:ti/ or /kwa:pa:ya:ti/, etc. As always, determine transitive
form /-papayo:tia/? Cf. to /kwa:papayoh/ and /kwa:papayo:tia/.
\semref kwa:papayotia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref pápayótí
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06017
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /kapa:naltia/ but it was a duplicate for 6369. Thus it (this present entry) has been eliminated.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Tag the tokens here with #6369, which is the same entry headword.
\ref 06018
\lxam chalalatli
\lxam_c chalalatli
\lxoa chalálatlí
\lxoa_c chalálatlí
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(h)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e Amphipterygium adstringens(Schltdl.) Standl., tree of the Anacardiaceae family, apparently the cuachalalate in Spanish
\sense_s Amphipterygium adstringens(Schltdl.) Standl.,árbol de la familia Anacardiaceae, aparentemente llamado cuachalalate en español
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e fruit of the above tree
\sense_s fruta delárbol susodicho
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root chalalah
\semref chalalakuwtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref chalálakóhtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06019
\lxam ikni:wtli
\lxam_c ikni:wtli
\lxoa ihni:htli
\lxoa_c ihni:htih; nohni:w
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e sibling (male or female, having at least one parent in common)
\sense_s hermano(a) (con por lo menos un pariente en común)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewameh ikni:wteh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are siblings.
\phrase_s Ellos son hermanos.
\sense_e (ika o:kpa (Am) / ya o:hpa (Oa) ~) half-sibling
\sense_s (ika o:kpa (Am) / ya o:hpa (Oa) ~) medio hermano(a)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikpia ika o:kpa nokni:w, nokse: ina:n newa nokse: nona:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have a half-sibling, (s)he has one mother and I have another.
\phrase_s Tengo un medio-hermano(a),él(la) tiene su madre y yo tengo otra.
\sense_e similar; making a matching set (e.g., an earing that matches another, or that complements it; any object that looks like or makes a pair with another)
\sense_s parecido; igual; que hace juego con (p. ej., un arrete que hace juego con otro; o cualquier objeto que parece a o hace pareja con otro)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e synonym
\sense_s sinónimo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Techichilka:miki, san no: yewa ikni:w tewa:hka:miki
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tewa:hka:miki has as a synonym techichilka:miki.
\phrase_s Tewa:hka:miki tiene su sinónimo en techichilka:miki.
\semfld kin
\root kni:w
\nse The relationship of ikni:wteh , at least in its extended sense, obtains between any two individuals who have at least one parent in common. Thus if a man has a child
by one woman, and then remarries and has another child, the two children are considered ikni:wteh.
\mod Perhaps give /o:kpa ikni:wtli/ a separate entry. Or, perhaps use the system used with /me:sti/ although the limited number of kinterms that can be so used suggests that separate
entries might be ok, with x-reference at /okpa/ Note in general the use of /o:kpa/ with kinship terms and varied meaning, usually signifying a generation difference from two to three
lineal generations. Cf. Dakin's observation that /w/ might be related to possessed suffix. Check.
\vl Note that the final selection should include 4 concatenated tokens, two each of /ihni:htih/ and /nohni:w/.
\grm Reciprocal: Note that the plural of nouns that usually indicate two-place predicates is used to indicate a mutual/reciprocal relation. Thus /ikniwteh/ 'they are siblings (of
each other)' However, other two-place predicate nouns (i.e., those that are not reciprocal terms) in the plural indicates that the subjects share this relationship not to each
other, but to a series of other individuals.
\ref 06020
\lxam tamari:ndokuwtli
\lxam_c tamari:ndokuwtli
\lxoa temarí:ndokóhtli
\lxoa_c temarí:ndokóhtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) tamarindo
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\pitch yes
\sense_e tamarind tree
\sense_s árbol que rinde el tamarindo
\sense_d Pending
\nae The pitch accent in Oapan temarí:ndokóhtli is a reflex of the final underlying {h} added to the Spanish loan tamarindo.
\root kow
\ref 06021
\lxam tepe:titok
\lxam_c tepe:titok
\lxoa tepe:titok
\lxoa_c tepe:titok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be piled up; to be in a large pile (e.g., squash after the harvest, corn cobs, etc.)
\sense_s estar amontonado (p. ej., calabaza, mazorca, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n San tepe:titos notepalkawa:n, xe nikimikxitia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My ceramic bowls will just be piled up, I still haven't fired them.
\phrase_s Mis platos hondos de barro van a estar nada más amontonados, todavía no los he cocido.
\phrase_n Mlá:h o:htla:tla:ki:tih. Ta tepe:titokeháyotíh
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e You really made it give a good harvest, the squash are just piled up (e.g., in the corner of a house).
\phrase_s De verás los hiciste rendir una buena cosecha, la calabaza estáhasta amontonada (p. ej., en la esquina de una casa)
\root tepe:
\nae This word only exists as a stative; the intransitive verbal form * tepe:ti is not correct, at least in Oapan.
\qry Check to determine other uses of this word.
\ref 06022
\lxam tenexyepakihli
\lxam_c tenexyepakihli
\lxoa tenexyepakihli
\lxoa_c tenexyepakihli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e Acacia coulteriBenth. ex A. Gray, tree of the Leguminosae family, despite its Nahuatl name, this is not considered a type of yepakihli
\sense_s Acacia coulteriBenth. ex A. Gray,árbol de la familia Leguminosae a pesar de su nombre en Nahuatl no se considera un tipo de yepakihli
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tenexyepakihli | Deke yo:wa:k, bwe:noh para tlikuwtli. Tekwitlanextik itla:kayo. Kikwa:nin A:na:lko, ma:ka Ame:yaltepe:k. Deke yosese:yak, chichi:ya, xok wel
tihkwa:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tenexyepakihli : If it has dried it's good for firewood. It's trunk is grey. They eat it in A:na:lko, not in Ameyaltepec. If it's gotten cool it gets bitter, you can't
eat it.
\phrase_s Tenexyepakihli : Si ya se secóes bueno para leña. Su tronco es gris. Lo comen en Analco, pero no en Ameyaltepec. Si ya se hizo frío se vuelve amargo, ya
no lo puedes comer.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root te
\root nex
\root yepa
\root kil
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as quelite cenizo. See publication J. T. Jawad, D. S. Seigler, and J. E. Ebinger, A. Systematic treatment of Acacia
coulteri (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) and related species in the New World, American Journal of Botany, in revision.
\ref 06023
\lxam i:xte:npi:pitik
\lxam_c i:xte:npi:pitik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e to have small eyes
\sense_s tener los ojos pequeños
\sense_d Am
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root pi
\nse Virtual equivalent of i:xte:ntsotsoyo:tik.
\qry Check the length of the first /i:/ in /pi:pitik/. If the reduplication with long vowel is correct, make a note for the grammar.
\semref i:xte:mpitika:tsi:ntih
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06024
\lxam tsikwi:naltia
\lxam_c kitsikwi:naltia
\lxoa tsikwi:naltia
\lxoa_c kitsikwi:naltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b(ni/altia)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make jump (e.g., a horse over a barrier); to startle (and make jump or run)
\sense_s hacer brincar (p. ej., un caballo sobre una barrera); asustar, haciendo brincar o correr de susto
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtsikwi:nalti mokaba:yoh, ma panwetsi ipan tla:losto:tsi:ntli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Make your horse jump so that it leaps up on that small ledge of ground!
\phrase_s ¡Haz brincar a tu caballo, que alcance subir a ese pedazo saliente de tierra!
\phrase_n Yo:kitsikwi:naltih un masa:tl, yo:kiki:xtih ka:n koxtoya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He startled that deer, making it take off running, he chased it out from where it was sleeping.
\phrase_s Asustóese venado haciéndolo correr, lo sacóde donde estaba durmiendo.
\sense_e to make move fast; to gallop (e.g., a horse being ridden)
\sense_s hacer correr rápido; hacer galopar; echar al galope (p. ej., un caballo montado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n On toba:leh ne: yaw, tlatsikwi:naltitiw ipan kaba:yoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Our friend is going along over there, he's galloping along on a horse.
\phrase_s Nuestro amigo alláva, estágalopando sobre un caballo.
\semfld motion
\root tsikwi:
\vl Link 1st female token.
\grm Antipassive; /tla-/: Note: /Un toba:leh ne: yaw, tlatsikwinaltitiw ipan kaba:yoh/ 'Our friend is going along over there, he's galloping along on a horse.' This construction is
perhaps not antipassive in the sense that the oblique marker is /ipan/ and not /ika/, and thus the oblique argument is not so much a patient as a location, referencing the
location of the agent (the rider). However, given that /kitsikwi:naltia kaba:yoh/ is also possible (as, perhaps would be /tlatsikwi:naltia ika kaba:yoh/). At any rate, again
note that the /tla-/ is by no means completely"non-referential".
\xref tsikwi:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06025
\lxam tepi:stik
\lxam_c tepi:stik
\lxoa tepi:stik
\lxoa_c tepi:stik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be hard (e.g., wood, bricks, the ground when packed down, etc.)
\sense_s ser duro (p. ej., la madera, tabique, la tierra maciza, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be resistant or hard to move (e.g., a lid or cap on sth, a screw tightly put in, etc.)
\sense_s ser resistente o difícil de mover (p. ej., una tapadera o tapón, un tortillo muy apretado, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be stout and strong (of body and health; see tepi:tska:suwa:tl y tepi:tska:tla:katl)
\sense_s ser fuerte y duro (de cuerpo, de salud; véase tepi:tska:suwa:tl y tepi:tska:tla:katl)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Poxa:hka:suwa:tl, xtepi:stik itla:kayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She is a woman who weakens easily, her body isn't tough.
\phrase_s Es una mujer débil, no estáduro su cuerpo.
\root tepi:ts
\ref 06026
\lxam nika:n
\lxam_c nika:n
\lxoa nika:n
\lxoa_c nika:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-place
\der Adv-pl
\sense_e here
\sense_s aquí; acá
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (de ~) from here (accepts plural: de nika:meh)
\sense_s (de ~) de aquí(admite el plural: de nika:meh)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:kinono:meh wa:hlaweh? De nika:meh?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Who are coming? Are they from here?
\phrase_s ¿Quiénes vienen?¿son de aquí?
\root ni-
\root ka:n
\nse Note the use of a plural marker on nika:n in the Ameyaltepec phrase de nika:meh. This suggests that whereas de should be
considered a predicate 'to be of,' (cf. de newa 'it is mine', lit., 'it is of me') or 'to be from' (cf. nide Oapan 'I am from Oapan') nika:n may be
considered almost like a headless relative 'the place that is here'. Perhaps this would explain its ability to take a plural marker, a characteristic that might apply to several other
adverbs of location.
\grm Pluralization and clticiziation: In the phrase De nika:meh note the use of the plural. This suggests that de nika:n should be considered
functionally like a headless relative clause: de nika:n 'a person from here' and de nika:meh 'people from here.' In this instance the plural
marker acts as a clitic, pluralizing the relative clause on its rightmost element. In the same vein note the use of the subject marker on relative clauses: /ni de nika:n/ 'I am
from here.' It might be possible to consider /de/, therefore, as potentially a predicate, 'to be of' or 'to be from' Thus /de newa/ would be analyzed as {0-de newa} 'it is of me'.
What is clear from this example and from more totally Nahuatl clauses such as /niwe:i chichi/ is that person and number marking can occur at the level of the predicative
clause, even though words can be distinguished morphosyntactically (e.g., /tiwe:imeh chichimeh/ in which the plural marker with /we:i/ indicates that it is not incorp orated
into /chichi/.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note velarization of final /n/ in the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez.
\root_notes The root ka:n seems obvious in nika:n although the remaining element is of unclear status, sort of like a"cran"morpheme. The key is how to
reference such roots. I think that the way noted here is fine, include them as if they were regular roots, and then add a commentary to the root dictionary.
\ref 06027
\lxam yechi:la:tl
\lxam_c yechi:la:tl
\lxoa yechi:la:tl
\lxoa_c yechi:la:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-(N-N)
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e bean broth prepared with ista:kyetl or kaxtiltsi:n
\sense_s caldo de frijol preparado con ista:kyetl o kaxtiltsi:n
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yechi:la:tl, weli de ista:kyetl noso kaxtiltsi:n. Kipia chi:hli, xonakatl, sila:ntroh, istatl. Kamantika kipa:lian komi:nos ika kaxtiltsi:n pero xika ista:kyetl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The bean broth called yechi:la:tl , it can be made with ista:kyetl or kaxtiltsi:n. It has chile, onions, cilantro, salt. Sometimes
they mix in cloves with kaxtiltsi:n but not with ista:kyetl.
\phrase_s El caldo de frijo llamado yechi:la:tl , se puede hacer con ista:kyetl o kaxtiltsi:n. Tiene chile, cebolla, cilantro, sal. A
veces se le agregan cominos al kaxtiltsi:n but not with ista:kyetl.
\semfld food
\root ye
\root chi:l
\root a:
\qry Check recipe. The meaning of /pa:lia/ is not clear and needs to be checked. It is not on any separate file card.
\qry_fon For a comparative study, it should be possible to example the duration/length of /a/ and /a:/ in final position before the absolutive.
\semref tlachi:la:te:ki:hli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06028
\lxam pa:xowa
\lxam_c kipa:xowa
\lxoa pa:xowa
\lxoa_c kipa:xowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to flatten (a hollow ball, a tire, etc.; te- is used for harder objects, such as tin cans)
\sense_s aplastar (una pelota u otra cosa hueca y blanda; te- se emplea para cosas más duras, como latas)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to crush (sugar cane and other such items so processed)
\sense_s triturar; apachurar (caña y otros objetos asíprocesados)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipa:xowan uwatl, kiki:xtian pano:chah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They crush up cane to make panocha.
\phrase_s Trituran caña para hacer panocha.
\phrase_n Kipa:xo:s un mexkahli de un yo:iksik para konxi:ni:s itik ti:nah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will pound and flatten out that maguey that has already been boiled so that he can throw it into a caldron (where it will be cooked, notokia).
\phrase_s Va a triturar y apachurar el maguey que ya se cociópara echarle al caldero (donde se va a cocer más, notokia).
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to pound repeatedly in order to crush or split
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) golpear repetidamente para machucar o quebrar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:nikpa:pa:xoh noyew.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I pounded and split my beans (e.g., on a metate).
\phrase_s Machuquéy quebrémis frijoles (p. ej., sobre un metate).
\phrase_n Kipa:paxowan ista:kyetl para yepa:paya:n, xkikwe:xtilian.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They pounded and split up the white beans, grinding them roughly for yepa:paya:n , they didn't grinding them up finely for it.
\phrase_s Machucharon los frijoles blancos para yepa:paya:n , no los molieron finamente.
\root pa:x
\nse Apparently
\qry Determine precisely what and what type of material can be the object of /-pa:xowa/.
\ref 06029
\lxam tlatlatlami
\lxam_c tlatlatlami
\lxoa tlá:tlamí
\lxoa_pr tlá:temi
\lxoa_c tlá:tlamí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp tla-V1
\der V1-alt-mi(a)
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-3a(m)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e for everything to get finished up all over (e.g., all the beer in all the stores); for everything to end (e.g., as a fiesta ends and all the itinerant merchants leave, the festivities
end, etc.)
\sense_s acabarse todo por todos lados (p. ej., toda la cerveza en todos los puestos); terminarse todo (p. ej., al acabarse una fiesta, se van los vendedores, ya no hay festividades,
etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root tlami
\nae The derivational process leading to tlatlatlami (Am) / tlá:tlamí (Oa) seems to involves the prefixation of the nonspecific object marker tla-
combined with the reduplication of the verbal stem tlami. Under this analysis the underlying form would be {tla + rdp-s + tlami}. This analysis most easily
explains the pitch accent pattern of the Oapan form. Another potential analysis would posit reduplication of the nonspecific object prefix tla-, which is prefixed to the
verbal stem to yield an impersonal construction. Under this analysis the underlying form would be {rdp-s + tla + tlami}. In Totolcintla, where the underlying {h} surfaces, the
pronunciation is /o:tlatlahtlan/ suggesting that the first /tla-/ is an impersonal marker and the second /tlah-/ is the reduplicant (of a short vowel with coda /h/). They also say, more
commonly, /nohnoka o:tlan/, or equivalent phrases. Nevertheless, it is interesting that another case of double tla- with a tla- initial verb is Ameyaltepec
tlatlatla:ki. This seems to be equivalent to Oapan tlá:tlá:ki. Note, however, that in both dialects the forms tlatla:ki exist (in Oapan
there is no pitch-accent, which suggests that the first tla- is the impersonal marker, not a reduplicant. Since there are no examples to date of a reduplicated impersonal
marker tla- it would seems that the two forms of tlatla:ki and tlatlatla:ki (Am) or tlatla:ki and tlá:tlá:ki are
distinct. The first would be the simple impersonal form, i.e., the impersonal marker tla- prefixed to an intransitive verb (here tla:ki) whereas the
second would be equivalent to tlatlatlami (Am) or tlá:tlamí (Oa) in which a reduplicated form is preceded by the impersonal tla- which then,
in Oapan, takes the reduced reduplicant.
\qry Check for the position of /h/ in this sequence. Is it /tlahtlatlami/ or /tlahtlahtlami/, or even /tlatlahtlami/.
\grmx Reduplication; impersonal; /tla-/: The derivational process leading to tlatlatlami (Am) / tlá:tlamí (Oa) seems to involves the prefixation of the
nonspecific object marker tla- combined with the reduplication of the verbal stem tlami. Under this analysis the underlying form would be
{tla + rdp-s + tlami}. This analysis most easily explains the pitch accent pattern of the Oapan form. Another potential analysis would posit reduplication of the nonspecific
object prefix tla-, which is prefixed to the verbal stem to yield an impersonal construction. Under this analysis the underlying form would be {rdp-s + tla +
tlami}. This seems less likely to explain the pitch accent pattern in Oapan Nahuatl. Undoubtedly evidence from San Juan Tetelcingo, where {h} surfaces as [h], would clarify
matters. In Totolcintla, however, where the underlying {h} also surfaces, the pronunciation is /o:tlatlahtlan/ suggesting that the first /tla-/ is an impersonal marke r and the
second /tlah-/ is the reduplicant (of a short vowel with coda /h/). Note the use of the impersonal. Note also that /tlahtlami/ does not seem to exist without the previous /tla-/.
\grm Reduplication; impersonal: The derivational process leading to tlatlatlami (Am) / tlá:tlamí (Oa) seems to involves the prefixation of the
nonspecific object marker tla- combined with the reduplication of the verbal stem tlami. Under this analysis the underlying form would be
{tla + rdp-s + tlami}. This analysis most easily explains the pitch accent pattern of the Oapan form. Another potential analysis would posit reduplication of the nonspecific
object prefix tla-, which is prefixed to the verbal stem to yield an impersonal construction. Under this analysis the underlying form would be {rdp-s + tla +
tlami}. This seems less likely to explain the pitch accent pattern in Oapan Nahuatl. Undoubtedly evidence from San Juan Tetelcingo, where {h} surfaces as [h], would clarify
matters. In Totolcintla, however, where the underlying {h} also surfaces, the pronunciation is /o:tlatlahtlan/ suggesting that the first /tla-/ is an impersonal marker and th e
second /tlah-/ is the reduplicant (of a short vowel with coda /h/). They also say, more commonly, /nohnoka o:tlan/, or equivalent phrases. Nevertheless, it is interesting that
another case of double tla- with a tla- initial verb is Ameyaltepec tlatlatla:ki. This seems to be equivalent to Oapan
tlá:tlá:ki. Note, however, that in both dialects the forms tlatla:ki exist (in Oapan there is no pitch-accent, which suggests that the first
tla- is the impersonal marker, not a reduplicant. Since there are no examples to date of a reduplicated impersonal marker tla- it would seems that the
two forms of tlatla:ki and tlatlatla:ki (Am) or tlatla:ki and tlá:tlá:ki are distinct. The first would be the simple
impersonal form, i.e., the impersonal marker tla- prefixed to an intransitive verb (here tla:ki) whereas the second would be equivalent to
tlatlatlami (Am) or tlá:tlamá; (Oa) in which a reduplic a t ed form is preceded by the impersonal tla- which then, in Oapan, takes
the reduced reduplicant.
\xref tlami
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06030
\lxam paxtli
\lxam_c paxtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e moss
\sense_s musgo
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root pach
\nse Refers to moss used in Christmas birth scenes (krech).
\qry Determine range of plants to which this may refer.
\ref 06031
\lxam a:ko:ntli
\lxam_c a:ko:ntli
\lxoa a:ko:ntli
\lxoa_c a:ko:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(m)
\sense_e large, standing earthenware water jug
\sense_s tinaja amplia hecha de barro que se usa para almacenar agua
\sense_d Pending
\ncol wexo:lo:tl
\root a:
\root ko:m
\qry Cf. drawing with 3x5 card entry.
\mod Illustrate
\ref 06032
\lxam tso:ltik
\lxam_c tso:ltik
\lxoa tso:ltik
\lxoa_c tso:ltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\pss TM; T
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be short (a material object such as a rope or cord, in length); to be short (a person in stature)
\sense_s ser corto (un objeto material como un laso o cuerda); ser bajito (una persona en estatura)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ti:roh tso:ltik imekayo motso:tsokol.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The cord of your water jug is really short.
\phrase_s El mecate de tu cántaro es muy corto.
\phrase_n Melá:k tso:ltik motah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your father is really short.
\phrase_s Tu papáestámuy bajito.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to have repeated, short sections (e.g., a path that has a lot of such short sections between curves located close together)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) tener repetidas secciones cortas (p. ej., una senda que tiene muchas secciones así, todas metidas entre curvas cerradas que están a poco
distancia una de otra)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tso:tso:ltik otli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The path has very short straight stretches located in between curves that are close together (see illustration).
\phrase_s La senda tiene cortas secciones derechitas intercaladas entre las curvas (véase ilustración).
\sense_e (kipia or kitla:lia ~) to have or place a horizontal taken-in seam halfway down a skirt and all the way around (i.e., where the cloth is folded,
doubled up and sewn to shorten the dress)
\sense_s (kipia o kitla:lia ~) tener o poner una tablita o costura horizontal a la mitad de una falda y que lo rodea completamente (esto es, la tela se
dobla y se cose para acortar un poquito una falda)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kitla:lih tso:ltik ikwe.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She put a take-in seam around her dress.
\phrase_s Le puso una pequeña tablita horizontal alrededor de su falda para acortarla un poquito.
\phrase_n Kipia tso:ltik ikwe.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Her dress has a take-in seam around it.
\phrase_s Su falda tiene una pequeña tablita horizontal para acortarle un poquito.
\root tso:l
\mod Illustrate several sentences. See illustration re: dress on original filecard. The phrases /O:kitla:lih tso:ltik i:kwe./ and /Kipia tso:ltik i:kwe./ have illustrations. These should eventually be
linked to the illustrative sentences.
\grm Parts of speech: Note that in the two sentences /O:kitla:lih tso:ltik i:kwe/ 'She put a take-in seam around her dress.' and /Kipia tso:ltik i:kwe/ 'Her dress has a take-in seam
around it.' the question concerns the part of speech of the adjectival /tso:ltik/. It seems that one could analyze this as a headless relative phrase, but that this might correctly
communicate the nature of the construction. I think for the purposes of analysis this is best considered part of a phrase: /kipia tso:ltik/ and /kitla:lia tso:ltik/ 'to have / place
a take-in seams.
\ref 06033
\lxam tlatio:chi:wala:tl
\lxam_c tlatio:chi:wala:tl
\lxoa tlatio:chi:wala:tl
\lxoa_c tlatio:chi:wala:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e holy water
\sense_s agua bendita
\sense_d Pending
\root tio:
\root chi:wa
\root a:
\qry_fon Check over vowel quantity and quality here with a phonetician.
\ref 06034
\lxam tlako:tl
\lxam_c tlako:tl
\lxoa tlako:tl
\lxoa_c tlako:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e generic name for woody bush-like plants (not trees) whose branches can be used as switches
\sense_s nombre genérico para arbustos (noárboles) cuyas ramas se pueden utilizar para varas
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e switch; rod; flexible stick (e.g., such as those used for whipping beasts of burden to make them move faster)
\sense_s vara (como las que se emplean en azotar a bestias para que caminen más rápido)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root tlako:
\notes_nature Apparently plants that are grouped in this category are characterized simply by the use to which their branches are put. According to one consultant, Juan de la Rosa, the
following are tlako:tl : tepe:iyo:tl , tla:ltontsi:n , me:kotlako:tl , and tlachpa:nwa:stli. He
also stated that the branches of certain trees can also be so used, mentioning among them tepe:i:xkihli and temomonextlako:tl.
\ref 06035
\lxam ma:kpalpepetsiwi
\lxam_c ma:kpalpepetsiwi
\lxoa ma:hpalpetsiwi
\lxoa_c ma:hpalpetsiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. -rdp-s (Am)
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for one to have ones palms get become smooth (from lack of work, i.e., not being calloused)
\sense_s quedarsele las palmas lisas (esto es, por falta de trabajar y, por esta razón, no tener callos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nima:kpalpepetsiw, xkaman nitekiti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My palms have become smooth, I never work (i.e., do manual labor that might have calloused by hands)
\phrase_s Se alisaron mis palmas, nunca trabajo (esto es, con las manos lo que hubiera causado callos).
\root ma:
\root pets
\root_rel -ko; -pal
\qry From my notes it is not altogether clear whether this verb describes how hands that are tender from lack of work become shiny and smooth from sudden work, or whether the hands
become smooth from simple inactivity; I believe the latter is the key.
\vl There are 3 good female tokens and 2 male ones. Link the second female and 2nd male tokens.
\grm Oapan phonology, reduplication: Note that in this form there is no reduplication of the reduplication: /ma:hpalpépe:tsíwi/. The reason for the lack of reduction is not clear
at this point since it seems that the /a/ of /pal/ is short.
\ref 06036
\lxam yes
\lxam_c yo:yah yes
\lxoa yes
\lxoa_c siwa:tl yes
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\der Modal
\sense_e ([perfective verb] + ~) it must have been that [verb]
\sense_s ([verbo en perfectivo] + ~) a lo mejor [verbo]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A: Xkitati, yo:polak! Kas yo:a:mi:mik yes! B : Ka, yo:panwetsiko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A: Take a look, he's gone underwater! Maybe he's drowned! B: No, he's come to the surface.
\phrase_s A:¡Ve, ya se metióabajo del agua! A lo mejor se ahogó! B: No, ya salióa flote.
\phrase_n O:yah yes!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's probably gone!
\phrase_s ¡A lo mejor se fue!
\sense_e ([noun] + ~) it's bound to be [noun]; it's sure to be [noun]
\sense_s ([sustantivo] + ~) ha de ser [sustantivo]
\sense_d Pending
\disamb kitekiw; kipia para; kas; yes
\root kah
\nse Used modally, the future of the verb 'to be' indicates a situation that speaker feels is bound, or was bound, to occur. Thus Oapan siwá:tl yes (note that the
yes is extrametrical and does not take stress; however, for orthographic conventions it is written as a separate word) indicates the speaker's opinion that a baby (still a
fetus) probably or is bound to be a girl. This modular use of yes does not indicate a future event of becoming. Thus siwá:tl yes is not used to refer
to a young girl who will become a woman. For this, a verbalized noun expression is used: siwa:tias 'she will become a woman.'
\grm Copula; verbalization with /-tia/: According to Florencia Marcelino the noun plus /yes/ form for cases such as /siwá:tlyes/ is not used to refer to the act of"becoming a
woman"(as I mistakenly report in my grammar) but rather to the fact that something will be a girl. The example she gave with /siwá:tlyes/ is that of a pregnant woman and sb
guessing that the child to be born will be a girl (not a boy). This should be discussed in the grammar and the relevant cases changed.
\ref 06037
\lxam pio:kuwa
\lxam_c pio:kuwa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan pio
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3b(ow)
\sense_e to buy chickens
\sense_s comprar pollos
\sense_d Am
\root ko:wa
\qry Check vowel length of /o:/. Cf. /piomo:hli/ with a short /o/. Cf. also to some inflected forms of /pio/ that seem to show a long final vowel. This might well be a mistaken entry. In
Oapan incorporation does not occur here: Rather one says /kikowa piyo/ or /ne:chkowilia nopiyo/. The lexical item /piyokowa/ is not used according to Florencia Marcelino
although the agentive is used: /piyoko:hke:tl/.
\grm Noun Incorporation In Oapan incorporation does not occur here: Rather one says /kikowa piyo/ or /ne:chkowilia nopiyo/. The lexical item /piyokowa/ is not used according
to Florencia Marcelino although the agentive is used: /piyoko:hke:tl/.
\ref 06038
\lxam te:kwa:xo:tlaltih
\lxam_c te:kwa:xo:tlaltih
\lxoa te:kwa:xo:tlaltih
\lxoa_c te:kwa:xo:tlaltih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e to be frustrating, causing anger and exasperation, or giving headaches to people
\sense_s ser fastidioso, que frustra o causa enojo y exasperación
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:n te:kwa:xo:tlaltih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Oh, how exasperating he is (giving people a headache)!
\phrase_s ¡Quétan fastidioso esél (dándole un dolor de cabeza a la gente)!
\root kwa:
\root xo:tla
\grm Agentives and adjectivals: Although I have not specifically noted that /te:kwa:xo:tlaltih/ can refer to people as well as to bothersome things, my filecard translation of the
example sentence (which was simply /ke:n te:kwa:xo:tlaltih/ is 'Oh how he gives people a headache' implies that such forms can apply to humans, and not simply to
inanimates and animals. However, this should be checked (i.e., whether /te:kwa:xo:tlaltih/ can also have human subjects). Note that /te:miktih/ apparently refers not to
assassins, but to venon and other material objects that can cause death.
\ref 06039
\lxam kostik
\lxam_c kostik
\lxoa kostik
\lxoa_c kostik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e yellow
\sense_s amarillo
\sense_d Pending
\semfld color
\root kos
\ref 06040
\lxam sombre:roh
\lxam_c sombre:roh
\lxoa sombré:rotlí
\lxoa_c sombré:rotlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan sombrero
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln (1=2) (Am); N1/2; stem-final saltillo; Aln (Oa)
\pitch yes
\sense_e hat
\sense_s sombrero
\sense_d Pending
\nse In a vulgar sense, the head of the penis is referred to as its 'hat' (i.e., i:sombre:roh mokow 'the head of your penis').
\nae The Ameyaltepec and Oapan forms of this Spanish loan differ in that the Ameyaltepec form does not have the absolutive whereas the Oapan form (when the hat is unpossessed)
manifests the final -tli of the absolutive. Therefore the possessed coding is slightly different. For Ameyaltepec the unpossessed and possessed forms are the same; for
Oapan the possessed form drops the absolutive, with the underlying {h} appearing as it is now in word final position and, as a result, the loss of the pitch accent sequence
(i:sombre:roh, with only intonational stress).
\ref 06041
\lxam tomatetso:hli
\lxam_c tomatetso:hli
\lxoa tomatetso:hli
\lxoa_c tomatetso:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-wi
\sense_e name for the dried tepe:tomatl
\sense_s nombre del tepe:tomatlsecado
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld edible
\root toma
\root te-
\root tso:l
\nse This dried wild tomato is ground in with chile to make a chile sauce eaten cold.
\ref 06042
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa abare:keh
\lxoa_c abare:keh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan bajareque
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of chinamíl fence with upright rods laced together with sections so constructed attached to upright posts sunk into the ground
\sense_s tipo de chinamíl una varas verticales, atados con cuerda entrelazada; una sección de tales varas se ata a estacas empotradas en la tierra
\sense_d Oa
\ency_note kahli
\qry Check to see if this should be like the Sp., i.e., /bajare:keh/ or another Nahuatl term that I recorded, /bajere:keh/. First /a/ should still be rechecked for length.
\mod Under /ono for /kahli/ discuss the construction of the two types of chinamil.
\semref bajare:keh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref china:ntli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06043
\lxam tsi:na:miki
\lxam_c notsi:na:mikin
\lxoa tsi:na:miki
\lxoa_c notsi:na:mikih
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e (recipr.) to be back to back (e.g., two people standing, sitting or lying down next to each other, two material objects with their bottoms flush against each other, etc.)
\sense_s (recipr.) estar a espaldas (p. ej., dos personas parados, sentados o acostados juntos, dos objetos materiales con las partes inferiores pegadas una contra otra, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:notsi:na:mihkeh. Se: na:nika tlachi:xtok wan se: na:nika tlachi:xtok.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p CF nakaskukwepach 7:40 mins
\phrase_e They placed themselves back to back (in this case two friends sleeping together). One was facing in this direction and one was facing in this (other) direction.
\phrase_s Se colocaron a espaldas (en este caso dos amigos durmiendo). Uno miraba para acáy uno (el otro) miraba para acá(al contrario).
\phrase_n Wa:lnotsi:na:miktiweh tso:tsokolteh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The water jugs are coming along tied bottom to bottom (e.g., on a donkey, to protect them as they are taken to market).
\phrase_s Los cántaros vienen atados base contra base (p. ej., sobre un burro, para protejerse al ser llevados a vender en el mercado).
\root tsi:n
\root na:miki
\mod See illustration on 3x5 file card for illustration of how canteens are carried to market with bottom tied against bottom.
\vl The first female token /notsi:na:miki/ is erroneous. It has a final glottal stop and this indicates a singular, which is impossible with this verb. It should not be tagged. The
following tokens (2 female and 2 male) are correct: /notsi:na:mikih/ and all should be tagged.
\ref 06044
\lxam yewaltsakwa
\lxam_c kiyewaltsakwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(kw)
\sense_e to enclose (an area with a fence, e.g., so that animals don't enter)
\sense_s cercar; encerrar (unaárea con una cerca, p. ej., para que los animales no se metan)
\sense_d Pending
\root yewal
\root tsakwa
\semref yewalkorra:ltia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06045
\lxam tlaxtehki
\lxam_c tlaxtehki
\lxoa tlaxtehki
\lxoa_c tlaxtehki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ki
\infn N1
\sense_e thief
\sense_s ladrón
\sense_d Pending
\root xteki
\nae The form tlaxtehki is one of the few agentives that have a final -ki instead of -ke:tl (cf. tiopixki)
\ref 06046
\lxam i:xte:nka:miliwi
\lxam_c i:xte:nka:miliwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get a black eye
\sense_s salirsele, o tener, el ojo con moretón
\sense_d Am
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root ka:mil
\qry Check for transitive which should exist.
\semref i:xte:ntexoxo:wiya
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06047
\lxam itakatl
\lxam_c itakatl
\lxoa ítakátl
\lxoa_c ítakátl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e a type of food that is toasted on a clay griddle (koma:hli) and contains a hard toasted covering of ground, spicy maize (often specially prepared to take on
long trips given that it doesn't spoil or harden)
\sense_s tipo de comida dorado sobre un comal y que tiene una capa dura y picosa de maize tostado con varias especies (se preparan para llevar de viaje dado que no se echan a
perder ni se endurecen)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tewa! Xkwa:lpa:patlacho notakatsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You! Reach over here and flatten out my itakatl (by lightly pressing down on it once and again).
\phrase_s ¡Tu! Estírate la mano hacia acápara aplanar mi itakatl (al golpearlo ligeramente, una y otra vez)
\sense_e (anjolí:n (Am) / a:jolin (Oa) ~) tortilla-like food made with sesame and toasted on a clay griddle
\sense_s (anjolí:n (Am) / a:jolin (Oa) ~) gordita de ajonjolídorada sobre un comal
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (~ chibi:toh) tortilla-like food made with pi:pitik yetl de tli:ltiktsi:n and chi:lwa:ktli and toasted on a clay griddle (synonym
Oapan ítakachí:boh)
\sense_s (~ chibi:toh) gordita de pi:pitik yetl de tli:ltiktsi:n y chi:lwa:ktli dorada sobre un comal (sinónimo de Oapan
ítakachí:boh)
\sense_d Am
\semfld food-maize
\root htaka
\nse An itakatl is often made with pi:pitik yetl.
\qry Determine precise recipe and different types of /itakatl/ that can be prepared (e.g., such as that prepared with /pi:pitik yetl/). Also check etymology and related words (or verbs).
Recheck possessed form.
\root_notes Perhaps related the nominal to an archaic verbal form; note that now one finds /itki/ as a transitive verb meaning to take along (on a trip).
\ref 06048
\lxam ma:na:miki
\lxam_c noma:na:mikin
\lxoa ma:na:miki
\lxoa_c mowa:n toma:na:mikih
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to come across accidentally with ones hands (e.g., in feeling under a bush for something, accidentally touching a scorpion)
\sense_s agarrar o tocar accidentalmente con las manos (p. ej., en estar tanteando abajo de un arbusto, accidentalmente tocando o agarrando un alacrán)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (refl. + -wa:n) to be as good with ones hands (in making sth, in carrying out a task, etc.) as
\sense_s (refl. + -wa:n) ser tan bueno con las manos (en fabricar algo, cumplir con una tarea, etc.) como
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n I:wa:n nimoma:na:miki, tekiti ke:n newa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I can do a task with my hands like him, he works just like me.
\phrase_s Comoél, puedo llevar a cabo una tarea con las manos, trabaja como yo.
\sense_e (refl., plural only) to have land bordering on that of another (expressed as [Obl]; Oapan synonym tla:lna:miki)
\sense_s (refl., solamente plural) tener tierra que linda con la de otro (expresado como [Obl]; sinónimo en Oapan tla:lna:miki)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Nohniw i:wan toma:namikih ka:mpa tito:kah.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Where we plant, we have land bordering on that of my brother.
\phrase_s Donde sembramos, tenemos tierra que linda con la de mi hermano.
\root ma:
\root na:miki
\qry Check to see if this verb can be used in non-reflexive form, and meaning. Check transitive and causative possibilities. For some reason both Inocencio and Florencia rejected
/mowa:n noma:na:miki/ but I'm not sure why. Perhaps this verb only occurs in the first person, or perhaps only in the plural. This needs to be clarified.
\vl The first two female tokens /mowa:n noma:na:miki/ (final glottal stop) are erroneous and should not be tagged. There then follow the correct tokens /mowa:n toma:na:mikih/
which has /to-/ initial and then plural (final /h/).
\root_notes Recheck root analysis for /na:miki/, and other words with /na:-/ beginning.
\ref 06049
\lxam a:tli
\lxam_c ka:tli
\lxoa a:tli
\lxoa_c ka:tli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a(oni)
\sense_e to spill the liquid out of (said of what a hen [S] does to its egg; i.e., when a chicken breaks open one or more of its eggs, letting the liquid spill out and killing the embryo)
\sense_s tirarle el líquido (una gallina de su huevo; se refiere a cuando una gallina rompe uno o más de sus huevos, dejando salir el líquido que esta adentro y asímatando el fetus)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ka:tli:k ito:toltew. O:kitlapa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (i.e., a hen) made the liquid run out of its egg. It broke it open.
\phrase_s Ella (esto es, una gallina) hizo que saliera el líquido de su huevo. Lo reventó.
\root a:
\root i:
\qry Re-check and confirm correctness of the transitive use in reference to a chicken. However, note that verbs derived from /i:/ 'to drink' and an incorporated noun might well accept
both intransitive and transitive; thus cf. /po:ki:/ which in Ameyaltepec, although not Oapan, is both transitive and intransitive although defective in that it only accepts definite third
person objects.
\grm If a:tli can be both intransitive and transitive (cf. po:ki in Ameyaltepec) then this fact should be discussed in the grammar. Check.
\ref 06050
\lxam mansa:nah
\lxam_c mansa:nah
\lxoa mansa:nah
\lxoa_c mansa:nah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan manzana
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e apple
\sense_s manzana (fruta)
\sense_d Pending
\semref mansani:tah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06051
\lxam kuwtsi:katl
\lxam_c kuwtsi:katl
\lxoa kohtsi:katl
\lxoa_c kohtsi:katl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of biting ant, collected but not yet identified, of those known as tsi:katl; it is half black and somewhat red on its underbelly, and lives in wood,
especially firewood
\sense_s tipo de hormiga, colectado pero no identificado, de los que se conocen como tsi:katl, que muerde; es negro con algo rojizo por su parte medio
inferior, vive en madera, particularmente leña
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\ency_note tsi:katl
\root kow
\root tsi:ka
\nse It lives in wood, often in ista:kwistli, tlakwa:mpets, tepe:mi:skitland many other types of trees.
\ref 06052
\lxam to:nalwi:lo
\lxam_c to:nalwi:lo
\lxoa to:nalwi:lo
\lxoa_c to:nalwi:lo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-pas
\infv class-4a(pass)
\sense_e to get beaten down upon by the sun; to lie unprotected in the sun (only animates [S], e.g., a drunk who faints and is lying in the sun)
\sense_s estar totalmente expuesto al sol; ser pegado o golpeado por el sol; estar tirado donde pega fuerte el sol (solamente seres animals [S], p. ej., un borrocho que se desmaya y
se queda acostado en el sol)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:s san xkoyotsa na:nika! Xkwa:lwi:ka ka:n tlase:waya:n, o:to:nalwi:lo:k!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just drag him over in this direction (in this case a drunk you has lost consciousness)! Bring him over here where there is some shade, he's been beaten down on by the sun!
\phrase_s ¡Jálalo para acá(en este caso un borracho que ha perdido el conocimiento)!¡Tráetelo acádonde hay sombra, ya quedómuy pegado por el sol¡
\phrase_n Yo:to:nalwi:lo:k. Xkitati! Kimikti:s to:nahli, kas ke:n o:tla:wa:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's gotten beaten down on by the sun. Go take a look at him! The sun's going to kill him, perhaps he's gotten drunk!
\phrase_s Fue pegado por el sol.¡Ve a verlo!¡El sol lo va a matar, quizáse emborrachó!
\phrase_n O:nito:nalwi:lo:k, o:ne:chmáto:nahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I lay unprotected in the sun, the sun beat down on me.
\phrase_s Me quedéexpuesto al sol, el sol me pegófuerte.
\root to:na
\nse According to several consultants, the only potential subjects of to:nalwi:lo are animate beings.
\ref 06053
\lxam xoxio:ti
\lxam_c xio:ti
\lxoa xio:ti
\lxoa_alt xóxió:ti
\lxoa_c xíxió:ti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to have small pimple-like bubbles or spots that form on ones skin (usually the result of a rash or overexposure to the sun); to have ones skin peel
\sense_s tener pequeños granitos o manchitas subidas en la piel (generalmente el resultado de sarpullido o de haber sido expuesto mucho al sol); pelarse (una persona)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yope:w xoxio:ti nokone:w. Melá:k tila:wak o:kasika tso:tso:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My child's skin has started to peel in small pimple-like sections. He really got a heavy rash.
\phrase_s La piel de mi niño ya empezóa subirse como en granitos pequeños. De veras le agarróun fuerte caso de sarpullido.
\phrase_n Mokone:w yo:pe:w xixi:kopi:ni, yo:pe:w xixio:ti. Kipia itlaxi:kopi:nal
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your (in this case newborn) child has started to have parts of his protective skin covering (with which he was born) come loose, it has started to flake off. He has a thin
covering of skin (with which he was born).
\phrase_s A tu niño (en este caso recién nacido) ya se le empezóa desprender parte de la piel (con que nació), ya empezóa pelarse.él tiene como una capa de su piel.
\root xi
\nse In Ameyaltepec, an irregular reduplicated form, xoxio:ti (Am) is perhaps more common than the regular xixio:ti. In regard to the after effects of
sunburn and rashes, xio:ti does not refer to peeling per se, but rather to the small, pimple-like white bubbles that form on ones skin. Note that
xio:ti can easily accept an incorporated body part; cf. ma:xixio:ti (Am) / má:xixió:ti.
\qry Check the precise meaning of /xio:ti/ (as well as length of first /i/, which might be hard to determine. Apparently it refers to small bubble-like sections of ones skin that forms after a
rash. Recheck also the quality of the first vowel in the reduplicated syllable.
\ref 06054
\lxam sa:letli
\lxam_c sa:letli
\lxoa sá:letlí
\lxoa_c sá:letlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-posr-eh-abs
\infn Stem 1(l)
\pitch yes
\sense_e type of fishing net with a loop of rope at the middle of a short, wide net. The fisherman places his head through the loop and holds the net, which hangs down in front of his
body, out with extended arms that are placed along the inside edge of the net. As the fisherman moves the net along while swimming underwater he scoops up fish. The
sa:letli is used in particular to trap fish, such as catfish, that hide underneath rocks near the banks of a river
\sense_s tipo de red de pescar con una soga en círculo colocada a la mitad de una red corta y ancha. El pescador coloca su cabeza por la soga y agarra la red, que cuelga enfrente
deél, con sus dos brazos extendidos, corriendo sus brazos sobre la parte interior de la red. Al nada con la red abajo del agua, el pescador atrapa pescados con la red. El
sa:letli se utiliza en particular para atrapar a los peces, como el bagre, que se esconden abajo de las piedras por la orilla del río.
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld tool-hunt
\ency_note michtlatlama
\root sa:l
\qry Create illustration. Also list with all words related to fishing and fishing nets.
\ilus_note http://www.ldc.upenn.edu/nahuatl/images/dicfishing.jpg
\nae The etymology of sa:letli (Am) / sá:letlí is uncertain. It would seem t be derived from the root {sa:l} although this is not entirely clear. The pitch accent in
Oapan Nahuatl suggests that surface /e/ derives from the possessive ending -eh followed by an absolutive. Another possible derivation would be from the short
(perfective) stem of ? sa:le:wi (which, unfortunately, has not been documented; cf. sa:liwi). For the moment the derivation has been linked to the
root sa:land the possessive marker -eh.
\ref 06055
\lxam te:ntsi:tsikiltik
\lxam_c te:ntsi:tsikiltik
\lxoa te:ntsi:tsikiltik
\lxoa_c te:ntsi:tsikiltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e to have a ridged edge (as in a particular style of fruit bowls commonly made for the tourist artisanry market)
\sense_s tener la orilla mellada o recortada con picos (como es el estilo de algunos fruteros vendidos en el mercado turístico)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root tsikil
\nse The long vowel reduplication in te:ntsi:tsikiltik apparently reflects the even spacing of the ridges cut in fruit bowls, or placed at the edges of certain types of
clothing.
\qry_fon One of my note cards has the observation that the /i:/ of the reduplicated syllable is definitely long. In a visit to Oapan Thom Smith-Stark recorded this as long as well. A
review of the acoustic data from Oapan confirms this.
\mod Illustrate.
\grm Diminutive: check diminutives of /-tik/ adjectivals, but my notes give a diminutive for /te:ntsi:tsikiltik/ as /te:ntsi:tsikiltsi:n/.
\ref 06056
\lxam matlapahli
\lxam_c matlapahli
\lxoa mátlapáhli
\lxoa_c mátlapáhli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e wing (of any bird; see ma:stla:kapahli)
\sense_s ala (de cualquier pájaro; véase ma:stla:kapahli)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n imatlapal pio
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e the wing(s) of a chicken
\phrase_s la(s) ala(s) de una gallina
\sense_e fin (of a fish; see tetekwitsio)
\sense_s aleta (de un pez; tetekwitsio)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Michin no: kipia imatlapal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Fish also have fins.
\phrase_s Los peces también tienen aletas.
\sense_e wings (e.g., of insects, airplanes)
\sense_s alas (p. ej. de insectos, de un avión)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e green above-ground shoots (of onions, garlic, etc.)
\sense_s hojas que salen (de cebolla, ajos, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xpípíxonakatlí:matlápal!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Pick the onion shoots (i.e., to add them to food)!
\phrase_s ¡Despréndele las hojas de la cebolla (p. ej., para agregarles a la comida)!
\disamb ma:stlakapahli
\root mah
\root tlapal
\nse The etymology of this word is uncertain; apparently, however, there is an underlying {h}. Although most consultants gave matlapahli as equivalent to
ma:stla:ka:pahli , some Ameyaltepec consultants indicated that whereas matlapal can refer to the fins of a fish, ma:stla:ka:pahli cannot
be so used. However, according to Florencia Marcelino, ma:stla:kapahli refers to wings that have a shoulder joint, that are bent, such as those of birds (i.e., a
wing with a shoulder blade or some equivalent anatomical unit). However, mátlapáhli (Oa) refers to wings such as those of insects, a single element that emerges from
the body and cannot be bent. Thus, for example, the shoots of onions are referred to as i:matlapal (Am). While it does seem clear that no one would refer to onion
shoots as ma:stla:ka:pahli it does seem that at least some Ameyaltepec speakers do use matlapahli to refer to bent or jointed wings.
\nse According to Florencia Marcelino, ma:stla:kapahli refers to wings that have a shoulder joint, that are bent, such as those of birds (i.e., a wing with a shoulder
blade or some equivalent anatomical unit). However, mátlapáhli (Oa) refers to wings such as those of insects, a single element that emerges from the body and cannot
be bent. Thus, for example, the shoots of onions are referred to as i:matlapal (Am).
\qry Note that I have /matlapahli/ with a short initial /a/, and /ma:stlakapal/ with a long initial /a/. These should be checked, as should the presence/absence of underlying /h/ in /matlapahli/.
Also, check the difference between the two (e.g., can only fish have /matlapahli/, and not /ma:stlakapahli/. Note, finally, that I have noted that in /matlapahli/ all vowels are definitely
short.
\root_notes For comments on root /tlapal/, see /ma:stlakapal/ and comments on /tlakapal/.
\ref 06057
\lxam kokoxka:tik
\lxam_c kokoxka:tik
\lxoa kokoxka:tik
\lxoa_c kokoxka:tik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-ag-tik
\infa tik>tikeh
\sense_e to be sickly; to be ill
\sense_s estar enfermizo; estar enfermo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye tlachia pe:ro ok kokoxka:tik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is conscious (has all his senses about him), but he's still ill.
\phrase_s Ya estáconsciente, pero sigue enfermo.
\root koya
\nse At this point the difference between kwaloand kokoxka:tik is not entirely clear. It appears that the former is used more to a temporary
condition caused by a passing disease whereas the latter is more indicative of a long-term and enduring illness. However, this should be checked.
\ref 06058
\lxam ma:tetena:wihli
\lxam_c ma:tetena:wihli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (Nah) matatena
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e jacks
\sense_s matatena
\sense_d Am
\root a:wil
\qry Recheck vowel lenght of /i/ which I recorded short but which should perhaps be long. Also, reconfirm this game and its name in Spanish.
\mod For a description of how this game is played in Ameyaltepec cf. DT #8: 783ff. and continuation on DT #7 001 ff. Also, cf. Flk 1984-03- 10.1.
\ref 06059
\lxam kamanono:n
\lxam_c kamanono:n
\lxoa kamano:no:n
\lxoa_c kamano:no:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-tmp
\sense_e when it is (not as a subordinator or complementizer);
\sense_s cuando es (no como subordinador ni complementizador)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n ¡Kitowa wa:hla:s, pero xtikmatih kamano:no:n!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He says he'll come, but we don't know when (it will be)!
\phrase_s ¡Dice que va a venir, pero no sabemos cuando (va a ser)!
\sense_e (ye ~) to be a good time ago; to be from the past
\sense_s (ye ~) ser de hace mucho tiempo; ser del pasado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye kamanono:n o:nitlate:mo:to.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's been some time since I went to search for my animals.
\phrase_s Ya es de hace algo de tiempo que no voy a sabanear.
\root kaman
\nse In the phrase ye kamanono:n o:nitlate:mo:to , it was not yesterday altough it may have been the day before, or three or four days ago, yet not too long, for as
everyone says deke ya:lwa, ya:lwa 'it it were yesterday (one would say) yesterday.'
\qry_fon Also, lengthening of /o:/ should be checked. Note that this is an excellent word for seeing vowel length as the nasals and initial stop are so clearly marked. Check all final
/onon/ sequences. In the recording with Cristino Flores it definitely seemed that he had two long /o:/s at the end of this word.
\grm Note that the meaning and use of interrogatives with an additional /-on/ is still not clear: /akinon/ to /akino:non/ etc.
\ref 06060
\lxam tlapipilwa:stli
\lxam_c *tlapipilwa:stli
\lxoa tlá:pilwá:stli
\lxoa_c tlá:pilwá:stli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-wa:s
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn Stem 1(l)
\sense_e stick with several small branches that are cut off short; the tlapipilwa:stli is hung upside-down in the interior of a thatched-roof hut, allowing the short
cut-off branches to serve as hooks on which other things may be hung
\sense_s vara con varias ramitas cortadas y medio rabones; el tlapipilwa:stli se cuelga al revés en el interior de una casa de zacate o palma para que las ramitas,
apuntando hacia arriba, sirvan como ganchos para colgar cosas
\sense_d Pending
\semfld material
\root pil
\mod Illustrate. See illustration with original file card.
\vl There are 3 female tokens and 2 male tokens. Link 2nd female token and 1st male token.
\ref 06061
\lxam te:mposa:wi
\lxam_c te:mposa:wi
\lxoa te:mposa:wi
\lxoa_c te:mposa:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to have a swelling on ones lips or lip area
\sense_s con los labios o laárea por los labios hinchados
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to pout; to have or make a pouting or scowling face
\sense_s hacer un mohín; hacer una cara de berrinche o una mala cara con ceño fruncido
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n San tite:nkwala:ntok, san tite:mposa:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You just have an angry look on your face, you are just pouting.
\phrase_s Tienes nada más una cara de enojado, tienes cara de berrinche.
\phrase_n Te:mposa:wtok, o:kitla:lih itlawe:lxa:yak. San te:nkwala:ntok, xkineki tekichi:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is pouting, he put on his angry face. He just has a mad look, he doesn't want to do any work.
\phrase_s Tiene cara de berrinche, se puso su cara de enojo. Nada más se le ve un rostro de enojo, no quiere ponerse a trabajar.
\root te:n
\root posa:
\nse Literally 'to have puffed up lips,' te:mposa:wi refers to a pouting look as one purses out and puffs up ones mouth.
\ref 06062
\lxam che:che:tl
\lxam_c che:che:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Lex. rdp-l
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of Orange Oriole, probably the Streak-backed Oriole, Icterus pustulatusor a closely related species; it makes a hanging nest
\sense_s tipo de"Orange Oriole,"proablemente el"Streak-backed Oriole," Icterus pustulatuso una especie cercana; construye un nido colgante
\sense_d Am
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 67, 69, pp. 748, 750
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root che:
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1988:391) gives several birds with the word cheje , all of which seem to refer to types of woodpeckers. She also give chej-chej ,
Cyanocitta stelleri or Steller's jay, cross-referenced with the azulejo ocotero, another name for Steller's jay:"Common, 5-13,000 in the pines of the
mountains. Usually solitary. A rich blue in color. Has a high blacksih crest and a very loud call. Also called arrendajo, azulejo, copetón, cuauhgallito, cháchara, cháchara
copetona, chara ocotera, chej-chej, cheje, gallito [in Michoacán], querre-querre"(p. 366). Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'sinsontli.'
\semref ichkakukwintsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref chiá:chiá:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06063
\lxam a:polaki
\lxam_c a:polaki
\lxoa a:polaki
\lxoa_c a:polaki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to become summerged or summerge oneself completely under water (from a position already in the water)
\sense_s sumergirse completamente en el agua (desde una posición ya dentro del agua)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:nkah, kwaltsi:n a:polaki, weka:wi kixi:kowa itik a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That person there can really go under water, he can last a long time underwater.
\phrase_s Aquel bien puede sumergirse en el agua, aguanta mucho tiempo bajo el agua.
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n a:polaki motera:yah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your fishing net goes nicely into the water (e.g., because it has a lot of lead).
\phrase_s Tu atarraya entra el agua bien (p. ej., porque tiene mucho plomo).
\phrase_n Wel na:polaki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I can dive underwater.
\phrase_s Puedo sumergirme en el agua.
\root a:
\root polak
\nse In Ameyaltepec both na:polaki and nia:polaki were accepted by consultants, though the former seems vastly more common. Note that the sense of
a:polaki, at least in Oapan, is that one is already in the water and becomes, or is, submerged under water.
\qry_fon Note the differnece in the duration of the initial /a/ in the two female tokens; a good example of phonetic variation.
\vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token.
\xref a:polaktia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref a:polahtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 06064
\lxam tsomo:ni
\lxam_c tsomo:ni
\lxoa tsomo:nia
\lxoa_c tsomo:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to rip; to get ripped (e.g., materials such as paper or cloth, and objects such as deeds, blankets, sacks, bags, clothes, etc.)
\sense_s rasgarse; romperse (p. ej., materiales como papel o tela, y objetos como títulos, cobijas, costales, bolsas, ropa, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w xixi:ni notlayo:l, yo:tetsomo:n noxikipi:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My corn has started to spill out onto the ground, my sack has gotten a big rip in it.
\phrase_s Mi maíz empezóa regarse por el suelo, se rompiófeo mi costal.
\phrase_n Xkikpayo:kopi:na! Ma tsomo:ni! Oksepa tiktlamanili:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pull the thread out of it (in this case a thread that is hanging loose from where a garment has been patched)! Let it rip open! You can patch it up again!
\phrase_s ¡Quítale el hilo (en este caso un hilo que se cuelga de donde se había remendado un vestido)!¡Que se desbarate!¡Después lo volverás a remendar!
\sense_e to crack; to split open (hard surfaces such as walls, the ground, cement floors, dried skin, certain fruits such as melons, squash, etc.)
\sense_s agrietarse; partirse (superficies duras como paredes, la tierra, suelos de cemento, la piel resecada, ciertas frutas como melones, calabazas, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tsotsomo:nkeh kalteh, o:tla:loli:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Cracks split through the (walls of the) houses, there was an earthquake.
\phrase_s Se partieron (las paredes de) las casas, hubo un terremoto.
\phrase_n Yo:tso:tsomo:n. Pa:stik katka, o:pe:w wa:ki, o:pe:w tso:tsomo:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It got cracked in various places (in this case the ground). It was moist, it started to dry, it started to crack in various places.
\phrase_s Se agrietó(en este caso la tierra). Estaba mojada, empezóa secarse, empezóa agrietarse en varios lugares.
\phrase_n Ka:n tli:ltik tla:hli, ke:itlah tla:ltesokitl, wel tso:tsomo:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where the earth is black, like sticky mud, the earth can crack (as it dries).
\phrase_s Donde la tierra es negra, como lodo pegagoso, la tierra puede agrietarse.
\phrase_n O:tso:tsomo:n itlampa nokxopal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The skin on the bottom of my feet cracked (from dryness).
\phrase_s Se agrietaron las plantas de mis pies (de la sequedad).
\root tsomo:
\qry Cf. Gram 1985-10-01.1 Reduplication: Note the following examples of the same word with short and long vowel reduplication: /O:tsotsomo:nkeh kalteh, o:tla:loli:n/ 'Cracks split
through the (walls of the) houses, there was an earthquake.' And /Yo:tso:tsomo:n. Pa:stik katka, o:pe:w wa:ki, o:pe:w tso:tsomo:ni/ 'It got cracked in various places (in this case the
ground). It was moist, it started to dry, it started to crack in various places.' Both the subjects are hard surfaces; the difference appears to stem from the manner in which the splitting
occurred. With the houses, the breaks were sudden and multiple, without any particular order. With the land, the ground slowly broke apart as the earth dried. Hence the long vowel
reduplication, which indicates an action repeated over time, with slow, deliberate intervals. Nevertheless, check the difference between short and long vowel reduplication with this
word.
\grm Reduplication: Note the following examples of the same word with short and long vowel reduplication: /O:tsotsomo:nkeh kalteh, o:tla:loli:n/ 'Cracks split through the (walls
of the) houses, there was an earthquake.' And /Yo:tso:tsomo:n. Pa:stik katka, o:pe:w wa:ki, o:pe:w tso:tsomo:ni/ 'It got cracked in various places (in this case the ground).
It was moist, it started to dry, it started to crack in various places.' Both the subjects are hard surfaces; the difference appears to stem from the manner in which the splitting
occurred. With the houses, the breaks were sudden and multiple, without any particular order. With the land, the ground slowly broke apart as the earth dried. Hence the
long vowel reduplication, which indicates an action repeated over time, with slow, deliberate intervals. Nevertheless, check the difference between short and long vowel
reduplication with this word.
\xref tsotsomoka
\xref_t frequent
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06065
\lxam tsi:nchi:kwati
\lxam_c tsi:nchi:kwati
\lxoa tsi:nchi:kwati
\lxoa_c tsi:nchi:kwati
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to get a type of rash on ones rear end, particularly that caused by heat and irritation from rubbing (a condition that frequently affects small children)
\sense_s tener la piel de las nalgas con un sarpullido rojo, particularmente a causa del calor y la fricción; escaldarse las nalgas (una condición que frecuentemente afecta a niños
pequeños)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w nitsi:nchi:kwati ika weka o:niwa:le:w wan mlá:k to:na, o:nimi:to:nih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I've started to get a red rash on my buttocks because I've come a long way and its really hot, I sweated (a lot).
\phrase_s Se me empezóa salir un sarpullido rojo por las nalgas porque vine de muy lejos y hace mucho calor, sudé(mucho).
\phrase_n O:nitsi:nchichi:kwat ipan burroh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got a rash on my rear end from riding on a donkey.
\phrase_s Se me salióun sarpullido por las nalgas por andar sobre burro.
\semfld disease
\root tsi:n
\root chi:kwa
\qry Check whether /tsinkamachichikwa:ti/ is correct, as I had on one file card.
\semref chi:kwati
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06066
\lxam obe:jah
\lxam_c obe:jah
\lxoa obeji:tah
\lxoa_c obeji:tah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan abeja
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e bee (often in plural)
\sense_s abeja (a menudo en el plural)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:kwa:ni, mitskwa:s ikaitsi:nkoli:tah. Umpa noka:wa ka:n o:mitskwah, o:mistsopi:nih, dya tsi:nkopi:ni, dya saniman miki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It stings (the bee), it stings with its stinger. It (the stinger) becomes detached there where it stung you, where it penetrated you, and then its stinger comes out, and then it dies
right away.
\phrase_s Pica (la abeja), pica con su aguijón. Alláse queda (el aguijón) donde te picó, donde te penetró, y luego se desprende, y entonces luego luego se muere.
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\ency_note nekwtli; bees
\notes_nature This is a type of bee that makes honey and stings. It is larger than the tetekomasol but rounder. Like piñas , this word is often used in the
plural, even in the rare event it refers to a single bee.
\qry The possibility of using the singular should be checked.
\ref 06067
\lxam tlakotatatsi:n*
\lxam_c tlakotatatsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound S-N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e type of large hawk-like bird as yet unidentified
\sense_s tipo de ave grande, como halcón, hasta ahora no identificada
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tlakotatatsi:n, no: kikwa kuwatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tlakotatatsi:n also eats snakes.
\phrase_s El tlakotatatsi:n también culebras.
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root tlahko
\root tah
\nae The etymology of Ameyaltepec tlakotatatsi:n is uncertain, and any determination is made more difficult by the fact that underlying {h} does not surface in this dialect.
Also, for now, no Oapan cognate form is documented, where pitch accent would reflect coda {h}. For now the etymology has been provisionally given as
tlahkoand tah.
\qry Etymology uncertain, particularly if an /h/ is present in the first element.
\notes_nature This bird is not categorized as a to:to:tl. It apparently is a type of hawk. Consultants from Ameyaltepec specificed that in San Juan Tetelcingo this bird is
called tsohmatatatsi:nor something to this effect. In Spanish one consultant gave the name as ograntehueso(sic). Ramírez and Dakin (1979)
identify this as the 'grifo.'
\qry_h Check for /h/.
\semref áyokwá:ni
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06068
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /paika/ (Am) and cognate Oapan forms. It was deleted as a duplicate.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\vl There are eight tokens here: four are for /paika/ (two female and two male) and four are of /payá/ (2 + 2). This entry, 6068, has been eliminated since it is a duplicate of
4235. Tag all tokens with #4235 and then use two of each to link to the two pronunciations /payá/ and /paika/ at 4235.
\ref 06069
\lxam we:wewia
\lxam_c kiwe:wewia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to take a representative to (the father of the potential bride or eloped girlfriend) in order to petition for a girl in marriage or assuage the parents' ire
\sense_s llevar un representante a (la casa del padre de la novia fugada) para pedir una novia en matrimonio o apaciguarle la ira
\sense_d Am
\root we:weh
\nse The verb we:wewia usually has the father of the groom as the subject and the father of the bride as an object.
\qry Check vowel length as here the second /e/ is short but in many other related words it is long.
\ref 06070
\lxam o:me
\lxam_c o:me
\lxoa o:me
\lxoa_c o:me
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Num
\der Num-b
\infa pl. o:memeh
\sense_e two (as numerical modifier)
\sense_s dos (como modificador numérico)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e two (of them)
\sense_s dos (de ellos)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n De o:me ika onkah, kalakis, tla: xkalakis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There are two possibilities, either he will accept the office (into his"cargo"as juez, etc.) or he won't.
\phrase_s Hay dos posibilidades, o va a aceptar el cargo, o no lo acepta.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) two by two; in twos; in pairs
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) dos por dos; en doses; en pares
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:si astah oo:meikxi o:kontla:litiah, ke:n we:weka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It appears that he went along planting every two steps (i.e., dropping maize seeds every two steps), that is really far apart.
\phrase_s Parece que iba sembrando cada dos pasos (esto es, dejando caer las semillas de maíz cada dos pasos), es muy apartado (una mata de otra).
\phrase_n Oo:memeh iswate:kan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They are working in pairs stripping the corn leaves from the stalks (i.e., one principal worker and inana:mik).
\phrase_s Están zacateando en grupos de dos (esto es, un trabajador principal y inana:mik).
\phrase_n Nankitla:lili:skeh oo:me kartó:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You all will each contribute with two cases of beer.
\phrase_s Cada uno de ustedes va a contribuir con dos cartones de cerveza.
\sense_e (ka:dah ~ (with short vowel reduplication)) every other
\sense_s (ka:dah ~ (con reduplicación de vocal corta) cada dos (o cada tercer como algunos cuentan)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ka:dah oo:me xihpan mi:xiwtiw noba:kah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Every two years my cow gives birth.
\phrase_s Cada dos años pare mi vaca.
\root o:me
\nae As with other numerals, pluralization is restricted to human subjects, e.g. Oapan nio:memeh 'you'all are two' or 'there are two of you.'
\qry As in all cases, check reduplication of numbers for meanings: two by two, in twos, etc.
\ref 06071
\lxam tsope:lilia
\lxam_c kitsope:lilia
\lxoa tsope:lilia
\lxoa_c kitsope:lilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to sweeten
\sense_s endulzar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tixtli iwa:n a:yotli o:iksik, notsope:lilia ika pano:chah, de to:tomo:xtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e (It is made of) tixtli and cooked squash, it is sweetened with panocha, it is (wrapped in) corn husks.
\phrase_s (Se hace de) masa y calabaza cocida, se endulze con panocha, (se envuelve con) las hojas de la mazorca.
\root tsope:l
\ref 06072
\lxam tetekwika
\lxam_c tetekwika
\lxoa tetekwika
\lxoa_c tetekwitsa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\trans Compl
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to crackle (a fire)
\sense_s crepitar (el fuego)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlixo:xtli san xo:tlatok, xtekwi:ntok, xtetekwikatok, xwekapan ki:stok itliyo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The coals are just burning bright, the flames are not rising, they are not crackling, their flames are not rising very high.
\phrase_s Las brasas solamente están encendidas, no están llameando, no están crepitando, sus llamas no salen muy altas.
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w tetekwika tlitl, yo:tekwi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The fire has started to crackle, it's caught on..
\phrase_s El fuego ya empezóa crepitar, ya agarrófuerza.
\sense_e to pound; to beat fast (the heart)
\sense_s latir fuertemente (el corazón)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tetekwikatok noyo:hlo, o:nimotla:loh chika:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My heart is pounding, I ran real hard.
\phrase_s Se me estálatiendo fuerte el corazón, corrírápido.
\root tekwi:
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\xref tekwi:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlatetekwika
\xref_t val_reduce0
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06073
\lxam truchah
\lxam_c truchah
\lxoa toro:chis
\lxoa_alt tro:ches
\lxoa_c toro:chis
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan trucha
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e trout
\sense_s trucha
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\ref 06074
\lxam a:chitsi:n
\lxam_c a:chitsi:n
\lxoa á:chitsí:n
\lxoa_pr a:chitsi:n
\lxoa_c á:chitsí:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e a little
\sense_s un poco
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root a:chi
\nae As FK notes under achi "In some, but not all, constructions this has a final glottal stop, achih. See achihtetzin, achihto:n,
achihtzi:n.
\qry I had originally /achi/ as an entry but this appears incorrect. I had the phrase /Ok achi xkwa:lte:ka!/ 'Pour out (serve) a little more!' but this is not correct. /Achi/ is a modifier,
/achitsi:n/ a noun. NB
\grmx Pitch accent; numerals: One of the major problems in analyzing Oapan Nahuatl is the occurrence of pitch accented sequences in numeral diminutives with /tetsi:n/, e.g.,
/ó:ntetsí:n/. It would seem that what is occurring is a suppletive form, either of the number (with a final /h/) or of /te-/. However, since I believe (check) that /séntetsí:n/ has a
pitch accented sequence and obviously there could not be an {h} in /sen/, it seems reasonable to posit forms such as {sentehtsi:n}, etc. I had originally /achi/ as an entry but
this appears incorrect. I had the phrase /Ok achi xkwa:lte:ka!/ 'Pour out (serve) a little more!' but this is not correct. /Achi/ is a modifier, /achitsi:n/ a noun. NB
\qry_h Check SJ for /sentetsi:n/, etc.
\ref 06075
\lxam a:po:poxowa
\lxam_c na:po:poxowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans; +Refl/-trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) to waddle, or roll back and forth, in water or mud (particularly animals such as pigs); to wiggle and wallow back and forth in the soft ground (as if there were water,
e.g., a hen)
\sense_s (refl.) revolcarse en lodo o agua (particularmente un marrano); menearse en la tierra (como si fuera agua, p. ej., una gallina en la tierra suelta)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w na:po:poxowa: un pitso.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That pig has started to waddle around in the mud (or a puddle or depression of mud and water).
\phrase_s Ese marrano ya empezóa revolcarse in el lodo (o en una depressión en la tierra, llena de agua y lodo).
\phrase_n Na:po:poxotok un pio.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That chicken is wallowing in the dirt (i.e., it wiggles back and forth to settle down into a depression it has made in the earth).
\phrase_s Esa gallina se estámeneando para acomodarse en la tierra (esto es, se menea la colita de un lado a otro para hacer un lugar cómodo).
\root a:
\root pox
\nse Apparently because of the nature of the action referred to, this verb is not used in a non-reduplicated form.
\qry Check absence of transitive form. Also check to see if it is possible to use transitively.
\ref 06076
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /koha:yekaxtli/, which pointed to /koha:yakaxtli/. I have eliminated /koha:yekaxtli/ and included it as an alternate pronunciation of /koha:yakaxtli/.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\ref 06077
\lxam ximiktia
\lxam_c kiximiktia
\lxoa xihmihtia
\lxoa_c kixihmihtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to let (a planted field) become overgrown with weeds
\sense_s dejar (una milpa o terreno sembrado) llenarse de maleza
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tlaximiktih. We:i o:kito:kak, san o:kiyo:kolih, xo:kitlapoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He allowed (his field) to become overgrown with weeds. He planted a lot, he provoked it (it was his fault), he didn't weed it.
\phrase_s Dejóque (su milpa) se llenara de maleza. Le sembrómucho;él lo provocó, no lo limpió.
\phrase_n Melá:k tila:wak un xiwtli, yo:tila:w. Ye titlaximiktitok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The weeds have really gotten overgrown, they've spread all over. You are letting things (e.g., your milpa) get overgrown with weeds.
\phrase_s La maleza estámuy espesa, se ha llenado de maleza. Ya estás dejando que se cubriera de hierba.
\phrase_n O:tikximiktih momi:l, xniman o:tma:te:kak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You let your cornfield get overgrown, you didn't weed it right away.
\phrase_s Dejaste que tu milpa se llenara de maleza, no la deshierbaste luego.
\phrase_n Yo:kixihmiktih i:mi:l ya: xkima:te:ka.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He's let his corn field get overgrown with weeds because he didn't weed it.
\phrase_s He dejado que su milpa se llenara de maleza porque no lo desherbó.
\root xiw
\root miki
\nse The causative ximiktia is an example of a causative verb that signifies an action more characterized by"allow"than"causa."The single nasal in ximiktia is
the result of reduction. Molina has ximmictia. nic 'ahogar la hierba el trigo, o cosa así.'
\qry All documented cases of /ximiktia/ are with /tla-/ as a prefix. Check whether the specific object /ki/ can be used, i.e., /kiximiktia imi:hlan/. If only /tla-/ can be used, then it will be
necessary to change the entry or at least x-reference and note that only /tla-/ is possible.
\vl Link 1st female token and 2nd male token.
\grm Causative: Note that in the causative /ximiktia/ the sense is to 'allow' something to occur, in this case that a field becomes overgrown with weeds. Note: /O:tlaximiktih. We:i
o:kito:kak, san o:kiyo:kolih, xokitlapoh/ 'He allowed (his field) to become overgrown with weeds. He planted a lot, he provoked it (it was his fault), he didn't weed it.' It
appears that perhaps with verbs that in the intransitive indicate a naturally occurring state, the causative might well indicate that the causer allows this state to occur.
Further analysis of such occurrences and of incorporation such as in /ximiki/ should be conducted. Note: /Yo:kixihmiktih i:mi:l ya xkima:te:ka/ 'He let his corn field get
overgrown with weeds because he didn't weed it.'
\xref ximiki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref xihmiki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 06078
\lxam tsotsoliwi
\lxam_c tsotsoliwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become bare (e.g., an animal that loses its hair or fur)
\sense_s quedar pelón (p. ej., un animal que queda sin pelo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tsotsomi:ntiak moburroh, tsotsoliwi, yo:pe:w sa:wati.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your donkey has become hairless, it's become bare, it's started to get mange.
\phrase_s Tu burro se quedósin pelo, se pone pelón, ya empezóa tener sarna.
\root tsol
\nae Although Ameyaltepec Nahuatl tsotsoliwi has been documented without the intensifier te- both the alternate form tetsotsole:wi as well as
Oapan Nahuatl te:tsoliwiare only reported with this form. It is possible, therefore, that the te- is either very common or necessary and that the form
tsotsoliwi is relatively rare.
\qry Ask, of course, what else can /tsotsoliwi/. NOTE: In the Oapan elicitation Florencia and Inocencio recorded /tetso:liwi/. This might have been an error. However, it is unclear if
/tsotsoliwi/ exists as a Oapan word. For this reason it has been left blank, but it needs to be corrected and the meaning linked to the word.
\vl There was a mistake here and the four tokens are actually the word /tetso:liwi/ at #2944. Thus the 4 tokens here at 6078 should be numbered 2944 and two of them used for
the two linked files.
\ref 06079
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xte:ntexoxo:wia
\lxoa_f [i:x te:n te xo xo: 'wi a]
\lxoa_c i:xte:ntexoxo:wia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-para-k/ya/lia
\trans ~Adj
\lexical Lex. inflix te-
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to get a black eye
\sense_s salirsele o tener el ojo con moretón
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root xo:
\qry Check for transitive which should exist.
\qry_fon The second male token manifests the almost entire deletion of the reduplicant vowel [i:xte:ntexxo:wiya]. Thus even though the second /o/ has a short duration, it is marked
as phonologically long.
\vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token.
\grm /te-/ Note the obligatory use of the intensifier in this word, which indicates a state that is not normal and the result of some negative occurrence: /i:xte:ntexoxo:wiya/
\grm Phonology; phonetics: for /i:xte:ntexoxo:wiya/: The second male token manifests the almost entire deletion of the reduplicant vowel [i:xte:ntexxo:wiya]. Thus even though
the second /o/ has a short duration, it is marked as phonologically long.
\semref i:xte:nka:miliwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06080
\lxam we:ika:puwa
\lxam_c nowe:ika:puwa
\lxoa we:ika:powa
\lxoa_c nowe:ika:powa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Part-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-tran
\infv class-3b(ow)
\sense_e to brag about
\sense_s ensalzar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (often used in the reflexive) to talk big; to brag
\sense_s (a menudo utilizado en el reflexivo.) alardear; jactar; fanfarronear
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nowe:ika:puwa, kel melá:k kipia tomi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He talks big, as if he really had a lot of money (i.e., but he doesn't).
\phrase_s Alardea como si de veras tuviera mucho dinero (pero no lo tiene).
\root we:i
\root po:wa
\nse This is the virtual equivalent of menta:rowa(Am/Oa) as well as the following words from Oapan: we:ika:te:ne:waand iwia:npowa.
\qry Check for other forms with /we:ika:/. I seem to remember a /wa:lwe:ika:chi:was/ but haven't found the annotation in my file cards.
\grm Participles; /ka:-/; grammaticalization: The /ka:-/ as a 'ligature' is often considered to be a participial formation for verbs that combine with others (e.g., kwala:nka:no:tsa).
The same /ka:/ is probably found in the agentive forms and in deverbal adjectivals such as /koto:nki/, in which final /a:/ might have been shortened and raised. However, it's
use as what is apparently an independent grammaticalized particle for predicate modification is not discussed. In /we:ika:powa/ there is a basic (underived) adjectival that
can be considered deverbal (and hence participial). Note also that /we:i/ participates in a series of variations that often involve a denominal base: /istatl/, /ista:k/, /ista:ya/,
/istalia/, and that when the adjectival forms in these series combines, it does so with /ka:/: /tsope:lika:-/, etc. Check Sullivan.
\grm Phonology: It might be that underlying long {o:} in the context {o:wa} is always realized in Am on the surface as [u] and should be written: /kipuwa/, /kikuwa/., etc. Perhaps
this should be an orthographic rule. Check.
\ref 06081
\lxam ile:wia
\lxam_c kile:wia
\lxoa ile:wia
\lxoa_f [i le: 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kile:wia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to desire (particularly the taste of sth, such as a particular food or prepared dish)
\sense_s antojarsele (particularmente el sabor de algo, como una comida en particular, o un guisado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikile:wia, nihkwa:sneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I desire it, I want to eat it.
\phrase_s Se me antoja, tengo ganas de comerlo.
\sense_e to be hot for (a person's body); to lust after
\sense_s tener ganas de (estar con una persona sexualmente); desear a (algn, sexualmente)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikile:wia un suwa:tl, kwaltsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm hot for that woman, she's pretty.
\phrase_s Tengo ganas de esa mujer, es bonita.
\sense_e to covet; to want to possess (wealth, material objects, etc.)
\sense_s codiciar (riqueza, objetos materiales)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kile:wia notomi:n, ne:chtlawe:lita.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He covets my money, he despises me.
\phrase_s Desea mi dinero, me odia.
\root l
\root e:w
\nse The etymology of this verb is uncertain; cf. other words with initial il or el such as elka:wa , elna:miki , etc. Local
dialects in the Balsas River valley seems to vary as to whether the initial syllable is il or el. In Ameyaltepec, apparently the verb ile:wia
is only used to refer to food or, by extension a woman. For example, it is said that if a pregnant woman wants to eat a particular food while pregnant (/kile:wia:/) and doesn't, then
her child will be born with some mark. In the phrase /kile:wia notomin/ the use is idiomatic; in general /ile:wia/ is not used to refer to coveting the wealth of another, or a person, but,
almost always, to desiring a food.
\qry Check for underlying {h} after initial /i/.
\xref ile:wilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 06082
\lxam teololtetl
\lxam_c teololtetl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e large, round boulder
\sense_s roca grande y redonda
\sense_d Am
\root te
\root olol
\root te
\qry Check for other forms, such as /teolohli/ or /ololtetl/. Recheck vowel length.
\semref tebie:joh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tebie:joh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref tewe:weh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06083
\lxam san
\lxam_c san se:
\lxoa san
\lxoa_c san se:
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-b
\sense_e only (in terms of quantity)
\sense_s solamente (en cuanto a cantidad)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San se: pe:soh nikpia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I just have one peso.
\phrase_s Solamente tengo un peso.
\sense_e merely (in reference to the fact that it was not sth of greater impact)
\sense_s simplemente; solamente (en referencia a que no fue otra cosa mayor)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San kichkone:tl o:kichi:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It was merely a child who did it.
\phrase_s Solamente fue un niño quien lo hizo.
\phrase_n Xnimotlalo:s. Niá:s san yo:li:k, kichi:was nima:ntiki:sas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm not going to run. I'll just go slowly, otherwise I might trip and fall.
\phrase_s No voy a correr. Me voy a ir despacio, de otro modo me puedo tropezar.
\phrase_n San o:tika:sia:wte:w. Xo:tikchipa:wte:w. Tikchipa:wteko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You just left it (e.g., clothes) soaking before you headed out. You didn't wash them. You'll wash them upon returning.
\phrase_s La dejaste remojando (en este caso ropa) antes de salir. No la la lavaste antes de salir. La vas a lavarla regresando.
\phrase_n Xok ne:wa, nochi to:nahli san ye:watok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He can't stand up and walk anymore, all day he just sits.
\phrase_s Ya no puede incorporarse y caminar, todo el día estánomás sentado.
\phrase_n Nika:tila:ntiw. Xwel panowa san ise:lti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I pull him along (on the surface of) the water. He can't cross (to the other side of a river or lake) by himself.
\phrase_s Lo voy jalando (por la superficie) en el agua. El no puede pasar (al otro lado de un río o laguna) por símismo.
\sense_e (~ no: [independent pronoun]) by [one]self (e.g, myself, yourself, etc.)
\sense_s (~ no: [pronombre independiente]) [si] mismo (esto es, mi mismo, ti mismo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Note:i:xpantia san no: yewa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He came clean all by himself (i.e., voluntarily confessed sth that he had done, e.g., that he had broken sth, he had killed a pig, etc.).
\phrase_s Confesóde su propia cuenta (por si mismo, esto es, voluntariamente confesóalgo que había hecho, p. ej., haber roto algo, matado un marrano, etc.).
\sense_e (~ di + [perfect]) once you have [verbed]
\sense_s (~ di + [perfecto]) una vez que has [verbo]
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n San di yo:tihtlamih, tia:seh.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Once you have finished it (e.g., some food), we will goo.
\phrase_s Una vez que la has acabado (p. ej., una comida), vamos a ir.
\sense_e (ma:s ~) just
\sense_s (ma:s ~) solamente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:s san xne:xtoto:nilia notlaxkal!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just heat up my tortillas for me!
\phrase_s ¡Solamente caliéntame mis tortillas!
\sense_e (~ se: yewa) it is the same
\sense_s (~ se: yewa) es lo mismo; es igual
\sense_d Pending
\ncol ke:nkah
\ncol we:i
\ncol ihki
\ncol kemech
\ncol kwahli
\ncol otli
\root san
\disamb sa:; san
\nse San is often found is phrases with ma:s and an interrogative pronouns (e.g., ka:non, ke:non, tli:non, katlewa, akinon); these phrases
function like the -ever words in English, and may be subordinators, indefinite pronouns, or headless relative clauses in Nahuatl syntax. Thus note: Xtla:li ma:s san
ka:non 'Put it down wherever (in any place you desire).' Or, Ma:s san ke:non tikneki, kon nikchi:was 'I 'However you want it, that is how I will do it,' in which
ma:s san ke:non introduces a subordinate clause. In the phrase Ma:s san akinon kichi:was , 'Anyone will do it,' the phrase ma:s san
akinon functions as a headless relative clause, here the subject completement of the verb phrase kichi:was. And in the phrase Xne:chaka ma:s san
katlewa! the function of ma:s san katlewa is that of a headless relative clause which is a object complement.
\nse The difference between san and sa: is at times difficult to determine, perhaps given the fact that they often translate identically into English. A good
strategy for distinguishing the two, therefore, is to compare minimal expressions. One might have, for example, both sa: koxtok and san koxtok. The
first indicates that the subject is in a reduced state, that he or she now no longer does anything but sleep and is on the verge of death. Thus cf. sa: koxtok, ti:roh kwalo
'He is just sleeping, he's really sick.' The second phrase, san koxtok indicates that the subject is 'just sleeping,' i.e., nothing worse or nothing else has taken place.
Thus one might find the phrase san koxtok, xmitskwa:s 'he (in this case a rattlesnake) is just sleeping, he won't bite you.' Again, sa: yo:li:k indicates that
the subject has been reduced to a state of slowness, whereas san yo:lik simply suggests the speed at which somet hing should be d one: san yo:lik
xtlato! 'Just speak in a quiet voice!' There are undoubtedly many more examples of contrasts between sa: and san that could be adduced. One
can also contrast the expressions, san titlakwa:skeh and sa: titlakwa:skeh. The first might be used, for example, if we are going to travel to Mexico
City and one person asks the other what they will do. The answer might be san titlakwa:skeh 'We're just going to eat (i.e., nothing else). However, if two people have
a list of activities to do or accomplish before they part ways (i.e.,.to discuss business, to make phone calls, to eat, etc.) and only the final activity remains to be carried out, one
person might say to the other, a:man, sa: titlakwa:skeh 'Now all that is left is to eat.' Or, another example: san o:wa:hlah and sa:
o:wa:hlah. The first might be used if someone comes and just came to visit, that is the only activity, nothing else. Here one would use San o :wa:hlah 'He just
came here (i.e., for no other reason). But one can also say sa: o:wa:hlah 'He just came' (e.g., a person who returns to his village but does not plan to stay, he just
came and will soon leave).
\qry A definite attempt should be made to offer contrasting sets of /sa: ~ / and /san ~ / phrases (as above). It will also be extremely important to determine the underlying forms for words
like /sayhki/, sayhkí:n/, /sayhkón/, and /sampa/, i.e., whether these represent /sa: + / or /san + /. For /sampa/ try to elicit a contrast: /sampa/ /sa: umpa/, /san umpa/, etc. Also,
recheck /san no:/ plus independent pronoun. Can one say /san no: newa/. Check and correct.
\qry_fon Check the length of final /e/ in /san se:/, the phrase used here for elicitation.
\qry Check all collocations to see if they are applicable only to Am or to both, if both change to colao and make appropriate adjustments.
\semref a:kino:n; kamanon; ka:no:n; katlewa; ke:no:n; tli:no:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06084
\lxam tepo:xtok
\lxam_c tepo:xtok
\lxoa tepo:xtok
\lxoa_c tepo:xtok; notepo:xtok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\trans +/-Reflexive
\infv Durative
\sense_e (refl.; notepoxtok) to be wrapped up; to be covered up (e.g., a person sleeping, sb protecting himself from the cold or rain, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.; notepoxtok) estar envuelto; estar cubierto (p. ej., una person durmiendo, algn protegiéndose del frío o de la lluvia, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be wrapped up; to be covered (e.g., material objects such as cement or other things covered as a protection from the rain, etc.)
\sense_s estar envuelto; estar tapado (p. ej., objetos materiales como cemento u otras cosas envueltas como protección de la lluvia, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root tepoya
\nse My notes are unclear as to whether this stative is found only in the reflexive (i.e., notepo:xtok 'it/he is wrapped up') or whether the nonreflexive form also exists, ?
tepo:xtok. For now I have indicated that the reflexive marker is always used in the stative when the subject is a volitional agent.>From Oapan data it seems that the
reflexive is used for humans that have wrapped themselves up whereas the nonreflexive is used for objects or, in certain circumstances such as when sleeping, for people (e.g.,
someone who has been covered up while sleeping).
\qry Check vowel length of /o:/. Check nature of stative: is /tepo:xtok/ correct, or is it /notepo:xtok/ (or both, one as a stative and the other a resultative, or for agents versus patient
states, etc.)
\vl There are 4 additional tokens of the reflexive variant of this word, /notepo:xtok/ at 6119. I have decided to enter the nonreflexive and reflexive under one headword. Thus
the 6119 tokens, /notepo:xtok/ should be tagged with #6084 and two of then chosen for the links to the second form in the lxoc field: /notepo:xtok/. Two tokens originally
from 6084, /tepo:xtok/ should be linked to the first pronunciation/word in the lxoc field.
\ref 06085
\lxam tlatlatsiwintsi:n
\lxam_c tlatlatsiwintsi:n
\lxoa tlatsiwistli
\lxoa_cpend tlatsiwistli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e small ant-like nonflying insect still not identified
\sense_s pequeño insecto como hormiga que no vuela, todavía no identificado plenamente
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tlatlatsiwintsi:n, se: yo:lka:tsi:n ke:itlah tsi:katsi:ntli. San kima:maltian deke titlatsiwi mitskwa:s. Xpatla:ni, san mitsekos.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tlatlatsiwintsi:n it is a little animal like a small ant. They say that if you are lazy it will bite you. It doesn't fly, it just crawls up on your body.
\phrase_s El tlatlatsiwintsi:n es un animalito como una hormiga pequeña. Dicen que si eres flojo te va a morder. No vuela, solamente te sube (del suelo).
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\nse The plural form in Ameyaltepec is tlatlatsiwintsitsi:nteh ; in Oapan it is tlatsiwistih.
\root tlats
\semref tlatsiwistli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06086
\lxam -tasi
\lxam_c tlakwatasi
\lxoa -'tasí
\lxoa_c komó:ntasí; tlákwatási
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Associated motion ending
\infv class-4a/associated motion
\sense_e to occur (with an intransitive verb) or do (with a transitive verb) upon arriving there (at a particular location located away from a deictic reference point)
\sense_s occurir (con un verbo intransitivo) o hacer (con un verbo transitivo) al llegar allá(a un lugar en una dirección extraversa de un punto de referencia deíctica)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nitlakwatasi Wa:pan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will eat upon arriving in Oapan.
\phrase_s Voy a comer al llegar a oapan.
\phrase_n A: Xtitlakwate:wa? B: Ka, asta:mpa nitlakwatasi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A: Will you eat before heading out? B: No, I won't eat until arriving there!
\phrase_s A:¿Vas a comer antes de salir? B:¡No, no voy a comer hasta llegar allá!
\sense_e (with an intransitive verb) to occur in hitting the ground (toward"there,"i.e., away from a particular deictic reference point, usually speaker location)
\sense_s (con un verbo intransitivo) ocurrir en llegar a tierra allá(distante de un punto de referencia deíctica, usualmente la ubicación del hablante)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:miktasik -i:pan tla:hli-, o:wetsiko chika:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He died (upon hitting the ground) there, he fell down hard.
\phrase_s Se murió(al caer a la tierra) allá, cayócon estrépito.
\phrase_n O:tlatskwepo:ntasik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He hit the ground there with a bang.
\phrase_s Cayóa la tierra alláhaciendo un gran estrépito.
\root ahsi
\nse This aspectual marker is the antonym of -teko (Am) / -tékó(Oa). It signifies that an action takes place over a horizontal or vertical plane, with the
action signalled by the verb occuring away from a deictic reference point. Often the present is used even with a future event: mo:stla nitlakwatasi te:cha:n 'tomorrow I
will eat upon arriving at someone's house.'
\nae The impersonal of asi (Am) / ásí (Oa) manifests palatalization: axilo (Am) / áxiló (Oa).
\vl Note that there are two sets of words: /tlákwatási/ and /komóntási/. The final sequence of sound tokens should have /komó:ntasí/ first and /tlakwátasí/ second, even though
this was not the order in the elicitation.
\grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note that with two {h} in certain forms one pitch-accent mark disappears. Thus note /tlákwatási/ in which the underlying form is
{tla-kwah-t-ahsi}. However, one does not find */tlákwátasí/.
\semref asi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ásí
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06087
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /kúkuneh kúkuneh/ (Am) and /kókoneh kókoneh/ (Oa). It has been eliminated as a duplicate and the Am form listed as an alternate pronunciation.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\vl Tag the words (4 female tokens) as 582.
\ref 06088
\lxam ko:tsi:lowa
\lxam_c kiko:tsi:lowa
\lxoa ko:tsi:lowa
\lxoa_c kiko:tsi:lowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to twist tightly so that tight loops form (e.g., a lasso or rope, garden hose, etc.)
\sense_s torcer o enroscar para que salga como rizos apretados (p. ej., un laso, manguera para agua, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kiko:ko:tsi:loh ila:soh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He let his rope get twisted up in various places (causing it to get tight coils in it, because he did not take proper care in making it).
\phrase_s Hizo que se enroscara su laso en varios partes. (p. ej., al no prestar la atención apropriada al hacerlo).
\root ko:tsi:l
\vl There are 4 female tokens; do not link the 2nd, but tag all 4.
\grm Causative; transitive, 'let': Note /O:kiko:ko:tsi:loh i:la:soh./ The sense here is one of 'letting' (e.g., by negligence) sth happen: 'He let his rope get twisted up in various
places (causing it to get tight coils in it, because he did not take proper care in making it).' It does not indicate a volitional act.
\ref 06089
\lxam tla:lpachiwi
\lxam_c tla:lpachiwi
\lxoa tla:lpachiwi
\lxoa_c tla:lpachiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get covered by earth
\sense_s taparse o cubrirse de tierra
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Noma:tsotiw tla:hli. Tlakaltech, oksepa tla:lpachiwtiw surkoh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The earth folds back upon itself (in this case on steep land when plowed as the earth from a furrow higher up falls over and folds back on the furrow immediately below it).
It is steep, the furrow gets covered again with earth.
\phrase_s La tierra se va doblando sobre si misma (en este caso en un lugar muy inclinado cuando la tierra de un surco cuesta arriba le cae sobre y tapa el surco inmediatamente
abajo). Estáinclinado (el terreno), el surco se vuelve a cubrir con tierra.
\root tla:l
\root pach
\qry Ask about transitive.
\ref 06090
\lxam xa:mayo
\lxam_c ixa:mayo
\lxoa xa:mayo
\lxoa_c i:xa:mayo
\dt 06/Mar/2006
\psm N
\der N-yo
\infn N2
\sense_e thin skin covering (e.g., of certain grains such as maize, beans, etc., that peel off when the grains are cooked, of a rock that peels, such as mica, etc.; see
kakawatl)
\sense_s capa o cáscara delgada que se pela, se desconcha o se despelleja (p. ej., de ciertos granos como el maíz o frijol, de una piedra como mica que se desconcha; véase
kakawatl)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kwa:k yo:xi:pe:w ipan nexko:ntli, ki:sa ixa:mayotsi:n tlayo:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When it (the kernels of maize) has peeled inside the pot used to make nextamahli , the skin covering comes off.
\phrase_s Cuando (los granos de maíz) se pelan dentro de la olla donde se hace nixtamal, sale su cáscara.
\sense_e thin skin covering of babies and just born mammals
\sense_s delgada capa de piel de los niños y otras mamalias recién nacidas
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n No:hkón no: ne:stok ya: kamach, kamach yo:tla:kak, i:tik i:xa:mayotsi:n nemi.
\phrase_d Oa
\snd_oa 06090_01_oa
\src_p Joaquín Herrera: 2003_01_19_JH1_Oa.wav / 5:48
\phrase_e He also looks like that as he just, he just was born, he's still covered by a thin covering of skin.
\phrase_s Así también se ve dado que apenas, apenas nació, está cubierto de una capa delgada de piel.
\sense_e (~ tlaxkahli) thin crust that separates from the top of a tortilla as it is cooked; syn. i:xko tlaxkahli
\sense_s (~ tlaxkahli) costra delgada que se separa de la"frente"de una tortilla al cocerse; sin. i:xko tlaxkahli)
\sense_d Am
\root xa:ma
\nae The headword i:xa:mayo has not been documented unpossessed; its etymology it seems to derive from i:xand a:ma, literally
'face paper/covering.' The intrinsic possessive marker -yo is part of the headword entry here since the nominal stem has only been found in an intrinsic (part/whole)
possessive construction.
\qry In my original notes I have recorded that there is no initial /i/ in this word, as witnessed by the fact that the form I finally elicited was /xa:mayo:tl/, not /i:xa:mayo:tl/. Nevertheless, this
form was only elicited with great difficulty and is obviously not used in conversation. Moreover, the nominal form here seems to be closely related to /i:xa:mia/, the verb. Note that
under the definition /i:xa:mayo tlaxkahli/ I had at the end"see i:xa:wayo"; but there is no entry for /i:xa:wayo/. This should be checked, perhaps I simply forgot to add
it; or perhaps it doesn't exist.
\vl There are 2 extra tokens of this word at 6659. They should be tagged here at 6090.
\ref 06091
\lxam te:ntsakwa
\lxam_c kite:ntsakwa
\lxoa te:ntsakwa
\lxoa_c kite:ntsakwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(kw)
\sense_e to put a lid or top on (e.g., a perol, canteen, gourd); to cork (a bottle)
\sense_s ponerle una tapadera a (p. ej., a un perol, una cantimplora, etc.); ponerle un tapón o corcho a (una botella)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root tsakwa
\ref 06092
\lxam to:nalse:wia
\lxam_c noto:nalse:wia
\lxoa to:naltse:wia
\lxoa_f [to: nal tse: 'wi a]
\lxoa_c noto:naltse:wia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi(a)
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to take a rest from the sun (by sitting in the shade of a tree, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) tomar un descanso del sol (al sentarse en la sombra de unárbol, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n No:to:nalse:wia, xok tekiti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He takes a break from the sun (by sitting in the shade), he no longer works.
\phrase_s Toma un descanso del sol (al sentarse en la sombra), ya no trabaja.
\root to:na
\root se:
\grm Oapan phonology: Note /s/ to /ts/: /to:naltse:wiya/. This seems quite common in the environment / l___. I believe there are many other examples.
\ref 06093
\lxam kwadra:doh
\lxam_c kwadra:doh
\lxoa kwadra:doh
\lxoa_c kwadra:doh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan cuadrado
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2); pl. kwadra:dos
\sense_e amate of the standard size (just under 40 x 60 cm)
\sense_s amate de tamaño estandard (casi 40 x 60 cm)
\sense_d Pending
\ency_note amates
\mod Check names for other sizes of amates. Add to x-ref for /a:matl/.
\ref 06094
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa wítlátl
\lxoa_c wítlátl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e otate, a type of reed-like plant not yet collected nor definitively identified
\sense_s otate, tipo de planta como carrizo, todavía no identificado plenamente
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root ohtla
\nae San Juan Tetelcingo has ohtlatl, hence the pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl.
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1988) states under otate:"1. (Arthrostylidium racemiflorum, Arundinaria longifolia, Bambusa spp., e.g., B. arundinacea) 'wild
cane' Any of the small bamboos with solid stalks which are used for beds. In some areas, otate is applied to the types of cane or bamboo with solid stalks and
carrizo to those that are hollow. Also called caña brava, cuilote. 2. (Genera Lasiacis, Panicum, Bromus) See carricillo."
\semref o:tlatl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06095
\lxam kone:tsatsi
\lxam_c kone:tsatsi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to shout like a child (said of adults and children)
\sense_s gritar como un niño (dicho de adultos y niños)
\sense_d Am
\semfld sound-human
\root kone:
\root tsatsi
\qry Check for causative.
\semref koné:tlatówa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06096
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was a duplicate of Am /kwa:papayoh/ and has for this reason been deleted.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 06097
\lxam ka:wte:wa
\lxam_c kika:wte:wa
\lxoa ka:hte:wa
\lxoa_c kika:hte:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp V2-asp
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to leave behind
\sense_s dejar atrás (al salir)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nihka:wte:was, mo:stla nikwa:hkis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll leave it behind (upon heading out), tomorrow I'll come to pick it up.
\phrase_s Lo voy a dejar al salir, mañana vengo a recogerlo.
\phrase_n O:ne:chka:wte:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He left me behind.
\phrase_s Me dejóatrás.
\phrase_n Yo:kika:wte:w i:n nomi:l, yo:kika:wte:w a:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It left my milpa behind, the rain left it behind (i.e., in reference to a situation whereby early in the planting season it rained, but then later well into the planting season it
stopped, leaving the cornfield to dry up).
\phrase_s Dejóatrás mi milpa, la lluvia dejóde caer sobre ella (esto es, en referencia a una situación en la cual se sembrótemprano en la temporada pero después, más adelante
hacia finales de la temporada, dejóde llover, dejando que la milpa se secara).
\sense_e to leave in inheritance
\sense_s dejar en herencia
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nihka:wte:was kwa:k nimikis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll leave it in inheritance when I die.
\phrase_s Lo voy a dejar en herencia cuando me muera.
\root ka:wa
\root e:wa
\nse Note that a major difference between ka:waand ka:wte:wa (Am) / ka:hte:wa (Oa) is that the latter implies a 'leaving behind' in
going to another place. Thus, nimitska:wte:wa implies that the subject (in this case 1st person) leaves the object behind in going to a precise destination. It thus has the
sense of 'to start out ahead of and leave behind.' Thus, when a disease or illness leaves someone as they get better, the correct form is, e.g., mitska:wa not
mitska:wte:wa , since the disease has no precise or defined place to go.
\qry The example sentence /Nihka:wte:was kwa:k nimikis./ was taken from memory and should be checked.
\ref 06098
\lxam un
\lxam_c un tla:katl pa:kis
\lxoa yo on
\lxoa_c yo on tla:katl pa:kis
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dem
\sense_e (~ [noun]) that; those [noun]
\sense_s (~ [sustantivo]) ese; eso; esa; eses; esos; esas [sustantivo]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xte:kili a:tl un tso:tsokohli, ma a:chika:wi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pour water into that water jug so that it hardens!
\phrase_s ¡Viértele agua a ese cántaro para que se macise!
\root on
\nae It is difficult to determine the most heuristic way of representing this element on. In Oapan in can be used pronominally in a postverbal position that
is"extrametrical"in the sense that it is not stressed. Thus (under on as a pronominal element) one finds nihkwis on [nih 'kwis on] 'I will use/take that one.'
In this sense it appears that the post stress on has a long vowel, but this needs to be further checked. It has still not been definitely established whether Oapan uses
on as a demonstrative adjective (i.e., 'that [noun]'). Apparently it does, and here it contrasts with in. My preliminary impression is that vowel lengthening
affects the pronominal use, and on becomes o:n while in becomes i:n (although it may be the case that i:n can
also be used in a demonstrative sense). Finally, there is the sequence yon or yo on. Again, here it still has not been definitely d etermine the nature of t
he difference, if there is one. It may be that yon is simply a rapid pronunciation of yo on, or it may be that yon is specifically a relativizer
whereas yo on before a noun essentially functions as a demonstrative adjective. All this needs to be further researched. For now a three part distinction is proposed:
(1) o:n as demonstrative pronoun: this element is postverbal and extrametrical, never holding stress, and it manifests vowel lengthening. It contrasts with
i:n as in nihkwis o:n vs. nihkwis i:n. (2) yóon : this is found in prenominal position and determines that the noun is a particular
one, 'that,' and not any other. It can often be translated simply as a demonstrative adjective, but its syntactic status needs to be determine. (3) on as a demontrative
adjective in a prenominal position. (4) yón : this is for headless relative clauses and can be translated as 'the one/thing that is'. It ofte n follo w s nouns and precedes
adjectives or verbs in a modifying role, e.g., tlake:ntli yón chi:chi:ltik 'the cloth that is red,' 'the red cloth.' However, all this needs to be further researched given that the
preceding is probably wrong and based on incomplete evidence.
\qry Check whether there is a demonstrative, distal pronoun /un/ so that the /in/ ~ /i:n/ is paralleled by an /un/ ~ /un/ distinction. Check!!! Also, perhaps the pronominal form here is /iún/.
One test is to translate"that man will go' vs. 'the one who is a man will go.'
\vl Low levels, particularly male tokens. This is a pronominal use of /on/ so the phrase /nihkwis on/ should be tagged as 7478 not 6098. Two of the phrases /nihkwis on/ should
then be linked at 7478.
\ref 06099
\lxam tla:lwa:tsahli
\lxam_c tla:lwa:tsahli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e dry land (i.e., land that does not hold water and that therefore dries up quickly)
\sense_s suelo seco (esto es, suelo que no retiene agua y que, por esta razón, se seca rápido)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tla:lwa:tsahli. Kineki a:tl, ma kiawi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is dry land. It needs water, I hope it rains.
\phrase_s Es suelo seco. Necesita agua, ojaláque llueva.
\semfld soil
\root tla:l
\root wa:
\semref wa:tsaltik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06100
\lxam te:nkuwtik
\lxam_c te:nkuwtik
\lxoa te:nkohtik
\lxoa_c te:nkohtik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e to be hard to control (a beast of burden that is resists control by its reins)
\sense_s ser difícil de controlar (una bestia que no responde a las riendas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:nkohtik moburroh, xwel tikteltia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your donkey is hard to control (i.e., even by pulling on the rope tied around its snout), you can't stop it.
\phrase_s Tu burro es difícil de controlar (esto es, aún jalándole las riendas), no lo puedes detener.
\disamb te:ntili:ntok; te:tepi:stik; te:nkohtik
\root te:n
\root kow
\nse According to Luis Lucena, te:nkuhtik is not used to refer to lids or tops that are on tight; for this te:ntepi:stik and te:ntili:ntok are used.
\ref 06101
\lxam iwitl
\lxam_c iwitl
\lxoa yówítl
\lxoa_alt ówítl
\lxoa_c yówítl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e feather (of any bird, or those used in a headdress, etc.)
\sense_s pluma (de cualquier ave o pájaro, o plumas utilizadas en las coronas de danzantes)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nihkwis iwiyo pio.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will use a chicken feather.
\phrase_s Voy a utilizar una pluma de gallina.
\root hwi
\nse This refers to feathers of any bird, and the feathers used in a corona for the 'danza de corona'.
\vl Link first male token. Note low levels here.
\grm Phonology; Ameyaltepec: Note the accent here on /wi/ cf. to [i 'xo chio]. Apparently the syllable structure, division and stress depends on the length of the word.
\semref wiyo:tia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref yówiyó:tia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06102
\lxam se:xtilia
\lxam_c kise:xtilia
\lxoa se:xtilia
\lxoa_c kise:xtilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to celebrate or commemorate the anniversary of sb or sth (particularly the anniversary of sb's death, but also a marriage, etc.) for the number of year's time indicated by a
numeral that, as a clitic, precedes this bound verb
\sense_s celebrarle o conmemorarle a algn o algo (particularmente.ej., una muerte, un matrimonio, etc.) el número de años que se indica por un número colocado antes de este
verbo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikse:xiwtili:s nowe:wentsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will commemorate the one year anniversary of my husband's death.
\phrase_s Voy a conmemorarle el aniversario de la muerte de mi esposo.
\root se:
\root xiw
\nse The conmemoration of someone's death this involves praying at their house and then taking the cross to the church where they will place it with an offerring before it. In the morning
they place the cross and offering where the person was buried; in the late evening they remove it and take it back. At this time they also give meat (chicken, pork, or beef) to those
who bore the coffin when the person was first buried.
\nae Whether se:xtilia should be considered an applicative or causative needs to be further researched. Semantically it seems to function as an applicative and the
morphology is not inconsistent with this interpretation. However, there are many denominal verbs that have -tilia in a derived causative sense: 'to make [sb] become like
[nominal stem]' (e.g., kone:tilia, plo:wetilia , etc.). Given the semantics of se:xtilia, however, for the present is has been
considered an applicative derivation from the unrealized inchoative * se:xti. This should be reconsidered later.
\mod Note that although the verbal intransitive can occur with any number, only the first year anniversary is celebrated and has a verbal form (at least in Oapan). It is only used in Oapan
to refer to the anniversary of the death of someone. Change definition.Whether se:xtilia should be considered an applicative or causative needs to be further
researched. Semantically it seems to function as an applicative and the morphology is not inconsistent with this interpretation. However, there are many denominal verbs that have
-tilia in a derived causative sense: 'to make [sb] become like [nominal stem]' (e.g., kone:tilia, plo:wetilia , etc.). Given the semantics
of se:xtilia, however, for the present is has been considered an applicative derivation from the unrealized inchoative * se:xti. This should be
reconsidered later.
\semref -xiwti
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06103
\lxam tsokwe:liwtok
\lxam_c tsokwe:liwtok
\lxoa tsokwe:lihtok
\lxoa_c tsokwe:lihtok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be slightly curved (sth lineal, such as furrows in a field, etc.); to be slightly curled (e.g. eyelashes)
\sense_s estar ligeramente encorvado (algo delgado y largo como surcos en el campo); estar ligeramente rizado (p. ej., pestañas)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tsokwe:liwtokeh, xok mela:wtokeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They (in this case furrows in a field) are slightly curved; they are no longer straight.
\phrase_s Son (en este caso surcos en un campo) ligeramente chuecos; ya no corren rectos.
\root tsokwe:l
\mod Illustrate; see illustration on original 3x5 file card.
\ref 06104
\lxam kwa:chi:koya:wi
\lxam_c kwa:chi:koya:wi
\lxoa kwa:chi:koya:wi
\lxoa_c kwa:chi:koya:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Op. infix te- : kwa:techi:koya:wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for a wide hole to open up in the top of (e.g., a hut of palm or zacate)
\sense_s abrirse un gran agujero en lo alto de (p. ej., una casa de palma o zacate)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:kwa:techi:koya:w mokal. O:isoliw, kineki nokwa:tlamanili:s. Xkwa:papati!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A wide-open hole has opened up in the roof of your house. It's old, it needs to be fixed. Patch up the thatching!
\phrase_s El techo de tu casa se ha reventado. Ya se puso viejo, es necesario remendarlo.¡Arréglale el zacate (donde estáabierto)!
\phrase_n Yo:kwa:techi:koya:w mosombre:roh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The top of your hat has come off.
\phrase_s Se desprendióla copa de tu sombrero.
\disamb kwa:chi:koyo:ni
\root kwa:
\root chi:
\root koya:
\qry Check difference between this word and /kwa:chi:koyo:ni/. Given that /chi:koya:wi/ and /chi:koya:wa/ exist, one would expect that the transitive cognate of /kwa:chi:koya:wi/ also
exists.
\ref 06105
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mámá:wah
\lxoa_c mámá:wah
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\pss Adj
\der N-posr-wah
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e something with a lot of branches (e.g., a tree, stick, etc.)
\sense_s algon con muchas ramas (p. ej., unárbol, vara, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e something with a lot of arms (e.g., a centipede)
\sense_s algo con muchos brazos (p. ej., un ciénpiés)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\nae Undoubtedly the reduplicant would reduce on a preceding short vowel in a prefix but given the semantics of this term such a construction seems unlikely.
\semref mama:yoh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06106
\lxam tsi:ntechakwa:nteko
\lxam_c tsi:ntechakwa:nteko
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp *V1-Asp
\der Asp
\lexical Lex. inflix te-
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to hit ones rear end hard against the ground in falling
\sense_s darse un duro golpe por las nalgas al caerse fuertemente al suelo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nitsi:ntechakwa:ntekok, o:ne:chekwanilikeh nosi:yah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I banged my rear hard (in falling to the ground), they pulled my chair out from under me.
\phrase_s Me golpeédura las nalgas (sobre el suelo), me quitaron la silla.
\root tsi:n
\root chakwa:
\qry Check for existence of free-standing verb /chakwa:ni(a)/, which is not yet documented. Also, note that my only documentation of this headword for the present entry was with the
intensifier: /tsi:ntechakwa:ni/. It is unclear whether the form without an intensifier exists and thus even though I have decided to use it as the headword, its correctness needs to be
checked. Cf. /kwa:chakwa:nia/. Check vowel length of /ekwania/ and /chakwa:nia/. This entry might be in error and perhaps should be removed. Check. Check this present entry. I
originally here had /tsi:nchakwa:ni/ but all the examples were with /te-/ as an infix and an aspectual ending. Hence I changed the headword. Cf. if this exists in Oapan.
\mod Cf. Gram 1985-10-05.2
\semref tsi:ntechakwa:nia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06107
\lxam peya:wi
\lxam_c peya:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to flow or fall off an inclined surface (e.g., water off of a sloped roof, a cloak, etc.)
\sense_s correrse o deslizarse hacia abajo sobre la superficie de una inclinación (p. ej., agua que corre por un techo inclinado, o por un capote)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San peya:wi a:tl, xkalaki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The water is just running off (e.g., a raincoat), it's not soaking in.
\phrase_s Nada más se corre el agua (p. ej., sobre un capote), no lo empapa.
\sense_e to slip and fall backward (e.g., a person walking down a steep incline, on a slippery surface, etc.; see xi:la:wa
\sense_s resbalar y caerse hacia atrás (p. ej., una persona caminando cuesta abajo, sobre una superficie resbalosa, etc.; véase xi:la:wa
\sense_d Pending
\root peya:
\nse In regards to slipping, and a human subject, this verb refers to an action such slipping on a surface with ones feet going forward as one slips backward. Note that in Classical
Nahuatl peyaua is glossed as (Molina):"rebosar el trigo o otras cosas semejantes."However, peyactic and peyauac are given a meaning
similar to that here:"corriente de tejado o cosa semejante."Thus in general the meaning does seem to indicate a flowing motion off of a slope.
\qry Check for transitive. I did have an entry for /peya:wa/ but it had * before the word/head entry.
\mod Note that perhaps a new coding should be used to distinguish these verbs with a long stem-final vowel from those like /poliwi/.
\semref tlapeya:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06108
\lxam cho:kwitla
\lxam_c cho:kwitla
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(ap)
\compound N-N(?)
\der N-ap
\infn N1; pl. cho:kwitlameh
\sense_e crybaby; a big cryer
\sense_s llorón; mezquino
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Cho:kwitla. Ke:n cho:kani!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is a crybaby. Oh, how he cries!
\phrase_s Es un llorón.¿Cómo se la pasa llorando?
\root cho:ka
\root kwi
\nse The etymology of cho:kwitla is uncertain. It seems to be closely related to cho:kwitl , though with the slight difference in meaning between the two
noted in the definitions. Note that cho:kwitla refers to someone, particularly small children, who cry a lot. Cho:kwitl refers more to figurative,
metaphoric crying, such as that which is 'after money.'
\qry For cho:kwitla , see GRAM 1984-09-02.1 Although it is usually used to indicate a crybaby, one entry stated that at times it can also be used interchangeably with
cho:kwi:tl.
\grm Determine meaning of both /cho:kwitl/ and /cho:kwitla/ and discuss derivational process.
\semref cho:kwi:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06109
\lxam to:nalte:mowa
\lxam_c kito:nalte:mowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to divine for; to tell the fortune of (sb who has lost sth, who is ill or has an ill family member, etc.)
\sense_s adivinar o echar suertes para; interpretar la suerte de (algn que ha perdido algo, o que estáenfermo o tiene un miembro de su familia enferma)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:noto:nalte:mo:to.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He went to have his fortune told.
\phrase_s Fue a que se le adivinararan el futuro.
\root to:na
\root te:m-2-
\semref tete:mowilia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref téte:mowília
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06110
\lxam kiawpale:wia
\lxam_c nokiawpale:wia
\lxoa kiahpale:wia
\lxoa_f [ki ah pa le: 'wi a]
\lxoa_c nokiahpale:wia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi(a)
\trans +Refl/-trans; ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to protect or shelter oneself from the rain
\sense_s (refl.) protegerse o albergarse de la lluvia
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Umpa wel timokiawpale:wi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There you can protect yourself from the rain.
\phrase_s Alláte puedes proteger de la lluvia.
\phrase_n Tekakahli, kó:n wel timokiawpale:wi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is a shelter (below a ledge of outcropping rocks), that way you will be able to protect yourself from the rain.
\phrase_s Es un risco sobresaliente de piedra, de esta manera (esto es, metiéndote abajo de ello) te puedes proteger de la lluvia.
\root ki
\root yawi
\root pale:
\qry Check use of non-reflexive form.
\qry_fon Check for glide ?kiyawi...
\vl There are 5 tokens that were originally recorded at 3301. The first of these, female, is mistakenly /nokiahpale:wiyah/ (or -n), i.e., it ends with a plural marker. Do not link
this, but tage as 6110 also. Thus there should be 9 total tokens (5 originally from 3301 and 4 from 6110. Given the better quality of the later sound files, the links should
probably be from those originally at 6110.
\root_notes Perhaps /pale:wia:/ can be further etymologized into /pal/, etc.
\ref 06111
\lxam pati
\lxam_c pati
\lxoa pátí
\lxoa_pr pati
\lxoa_c pátí
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\infv_d Am
\infv class-4a
\infv_d Oa
\irregular In Ameyaltepec this verb is a class 3d(ti) verb, with loss of final vowel in the perfective o:pat but maintenance in the progresive patitok , as in
Oapan. See also we:weti.
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to get better, to recover ones health
\sense_s aliviarse, recuperarse; convalecer
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwalowa:ya, a:man yo:pe:w pa:pa:ki, ye patitsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He used to be ill, now bit by bit he's started to recover, he's a little better.
\phrase_s Estaba enfermo, ahora poco a poco ya empezóa convalecer, ya estáun poquito mejor.
\root pah
\nae The phonological rule eliminating surface /h/ in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl (i.e., {pahti}>/pati/) has affected the verbal class of this verb by feeding the rule for perfective (short) stem
formation. Given that after {h} deletion the final sequence of the verb is no longer CCV, the perfective (short) stem is formed by simply deleting the final vowel: o:pat
'he got better' (Am). In Oapan, however, the deletion is"not complete"in the sense that it creates a pitch accent on the syllable nucleus. This apparently prevents stem shortening and
the Oapan perfective (short) stem is ó:patík. The dialect in both communities uses the lexical stem for the durative and aspectual forms: patitok ,
patitiw (Am) and pátitók, pátitíw (Oa).
\qry Check for other meanings of /pati/.
\grm Diminutive with verbs: /Kwalowa:ya, a:man yo:pe:w pa:pa:ki, ye patitsi:n/ 'He used to be ill, now bit by bit he's started to recover, he's a little better.' Note that this verb is
one of the few (cf. /poliwi/) that accepts the diminutive /-tsi:n/ in the present indicative. This should be noted in the grammar.
\grm Inflection: perfective The fact that /pati/ is now in Ameyaltepec inflected as /o:pat/ for the perfective demonstrates that the underlying or historical {h} has been completely
lost, as otherwise one would find the unallowed *{o:paht}, and that this loss has occurred in such a way so as to permit loss of /t/ in these circumstances.
\ref 06112
\lxam kukuwi
\lxam_c kukuwi
\lxoa kókowí
\lxoa_pr kokowi
\lxoa_c kókowí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s(pref): nó:nkowís
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e (almost always with a directional affix) to (go/come) chop wood
\sense_s (casi siempre con un afijo direccional) (ir/venir a) leñar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kukuwito, xiska:n yekos.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He went to chop wood, he won't be back soon.
\phrase_s Fue a leñar, no va a llegar pronto.
\phrase_n O:nikontak. Ko:kukuwtok, pero xnikmati tla: kaxi:ti:s se: burroh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I saw him there. He was chopping wood here and there, but I don't know if he will even complete a load for one donkey.
\phrase_s Lo vi hacia allá. Estaba leñando por acáy allá, pero no sési va a completar ni una carga de burro.
\phrase_n Nika:n niko:kukuwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here I chop a little wood here and there.
\phrase_s Aquícorto un poco de leña por aquíy por allá.
\phrase_n Kineki xko:kukuwi, ma:ka tikwa:ltitila:ntia:s ipan otli xo:pantlah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You need to chop wood whenever you get the chance (every once in a while, in reference to during the dry season) so that in the summer months (during the rainy season
and planting) you don't have to just come along the path (on your way back from the field) picking up firewood as you come (because of lack of time to properly chop
wood).
\phrase_s Tienes que ir leñando de vez en cuando (cuando tengas oportunidad, en referencia a la temporada de secas), para que durante la temporada de lluvias no tienes que
venir recogiendo leña sobre el camino (por no haber juntado leña cuando hubieras podido).
\root kow
\nae In Oapan, when there is a preceding short vowel the reduplicant is almost always reduced: nó:nkowís. I have heard words such as nónkokówis uttered
in natural conversation (as in response to a question ka:n tiaw? 'Where are you going?). However, one woman, after using this unreduced term,
nónkokówis (I am not sure whether she used the pitch accent pattern of Oapan Nahuatl) mentioned that she was talking like those of Ameyaltepec (in recognition of
the fact that I had lived there a long time and tend to have an Ameyaltepec accent). However, it is interesting that even when there is a preceding long vowel (as in the perfective
marker o:-) the reduplicant is often reduced, leaving as a reflex only pitch accent: ó:kowíto 'he went to chop wood (for firewood).' In fact, some
consultants stated that the form ó:kowíto was more usual than ó:kokowíto, even though I have heard both often in conversation. Since the pitch accent i
s a clear re flex of the reduplicant (with a coda {h}), it is equally clear that in ó:kokowíto the only reflex of the reduplicant is pitch accent, and not vowel lengthening.
\qry Check length of /i/ in impersonal /kukowilo/ or /kukowi:lo/; cf. entry under /tekoncho:ka/.
\qry Re: /kukowi/: check to see if there are other verbs which seem to be formed from a noun root with the ending /i/.
\grmx Pitch accent; reduplication; reduction: In Oapan, when there is a preceding short vowel the reduplicant is almost always reduced: nó:nkowís. I have heard
words such as nónkokówis uttered in natural conversation (as in response to a question ka:n tiaw? 'Where are you going?). However, one
woman, after using this unreduced term, nónkokówis (I am not sure whether she used the pitch accent pattern of Oapan Nahuatl) mentioned that she was
talking like those of Ameyaltepec (in recognition of the fact that I had lived there a long time and tend to have an Ameyaltepec accent). However, it is interesting that even
when there is a preceding long vowel (as in the perfective marker o:-) the reduplicant is often reduced, leaving as a reflex only pitch accent:
ó:kowíto 'he went to chop wood (for firewood).' In fact, some consultants stated that the form ó:kowíto was more usual than
ó:kokowíto, even though I have heard both often i n conv ersation. Since the pitch accent is a clear reflex of the reduplicant (with a coda {h}), it is equally
clear that in ó:kokowíto the only reflex of the reduplicant is pitch accent, and not vowel lengthening. This adds to the problem of reduction and pitch accent
on long vowels preceding reduplicated stems. There are three major cases in which this occurs. First, it appears to occur with many incorporated body parts. This is amply
documented and discussed in the lexicon. Second, it occurs in several cases of possessive noun constructions: /í:kó:l/, /í:koné:w/, /í:metlátsi:n/. In all these cases the reduced
form was considered much more correct than the unreduced form. Indeed, Florencia Marcelino stated that /í:kokó:l/ was an Ameyaltepec form. Nevertheless, there are
several nouns in which speakers did not reduce. Thus for /kákahlí/ 'awning', I only obtained the form /í:kakál/ except for one person, Carlota Pantaleón, who gave /í:kál/. I
had tried to relate the lack of redu c t ion of /kákahlí/ to metrical factors, but no explanation has proved satisfactory. I asked several consultantsfor the possessed form of
/kókomá:hli/ 'toy clay griddle'; many denied the existence of such a form, though I have documented it. Nevertheless, several speakers accepted it and gave the correct
meaning. All gave the possessed form without reduction: /íkokóma:l/. Finally, there are forms such as /ó:kowíto/, which show reduction onto the long vowel of the perfective
marker /o:-/ preceding the reduplicated stem. The only explanation I have been able to come up with is that in certain cases the question of lexicalization plays a part. That
is, pitch accent is used as a reflex of a reduplicant on those cases in which the terms are frequently used (cf. the cases mentioned above). There is also the possibility that
reduplication reduction functions differently with nouns (in which case reduplication is not productive) and verbs (possibly including adjectives). This interpretation i s su
pported by some evidence from Ahuelicán where (pending further study) it appears that the underlying {h} of thereduplicant is conserved in the reduction with nouns but
not with verbs. Thus one has /nó:hkól/ 'my grandfather'; /í:hkó:l/ 'his grandfather' but apparently (and this should be checked) /né:xtehte:mówa/ and /mí:ste:mówa/ and
/kí:te:mówa/ (recheck this last form).
\vl Low levels for all tokens.
\grm Note the following: /Kineki xko:kukowi, ma:ka tikwa:ltitila:ntia:s ipan otli xo:pantlah/ 'You need to chop wood whenever you get the chance (every once in a while, in
reference to during the dry season) so that in the summer months (during the rainy season and planting) you don't have to just come along the path (on your way back from
the field) picking up firewood as you go (because of lack of time to properly chop wood).' First note that the vowel surfaces as /o:/ in long vowel reduplication. However,
note also the meaning of this reduplication, clearly indicating actions that are repeated at very long intervals.
\xref kukuwilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref kókowília
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 06113
\lxam tsomo:nki
\lxam_c tsomo:nki
\lxoa tsomo:nki
\lxoa_c tsomo:nki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to be torn or ripped (cloth or similar materials)
\sense_s estar rasgado o roto (tela o material parecido)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niktlatlamanili:s nokosta:l, tsomo:nki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm going to patch up my sack, it is ripped
\phrase_s Voy a remender mi costal, estárasgado.
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to be cracked; to be split or fissured (a hard surface or material such as earth that dries and cracks in the process, a poorly plastered wall,
dry parts of ones feet, etc.)
\sense_s (con reduplication de vocal larga) estar agrietado; estar partido (una superficie o materia dura como la tierra que se reseca y se agrieta, un pared mal enyesada, la piel
reseca de los pies, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tso:tsomo:nki un tla:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The land has been left with many fissures (or cracks).
\phrase_s La tierra quedócon muchas grietas.
\root tsomo:
\qry Check to see if /te-/ is possible. Check to see if /tsomo:ntok/ is possible. In general for all V-alt cases check the durative and the participial forms (e.g., /kaxa:ntok/ and /kaxa:nki/,
etc. Create a new field for this, perhaps /xvj for deverbal adjectives. Make sure all intransitive verbs have been tested for this. Thus in /xvj for the headword /kaxa:ni/ one would
have kaxa:ntok; kaxa:nki. For /kwepa/ one would have kweptok; ---- etc. This will not include the Stat-x forms for which no intransitive exists. It will also not apply to unergative
verbs in which the durative is a progressive and no adjectival with /-ki/ exists. Thus no /xvj field under /cho:ka/ since /cho:katok/ is a progressive. Check difference of potential
subjects with /tsotsomo:nki/ and /tso:tsomo:nki/.
\grm Reduplication; Statives; Resultatives: Note that /tsomo:nki/ indicates 'to be ripped' or 'to be fissured.' Note however that the semantics of reduplication continue to affect the
resultatives/statives despite the fact that a state, with no direct temporal dimension, is signified by the stative. Thus earth that has become fissured in the months following the
rains, as the land dries up, is referred to by /tso:tsomo:nki/, with the long-vowel reduplication signalling the temporal extension of the original cause of the state, i.e., that
the cracking occurred slowly over time.
\ref 06114
\lxam kostiktsi:n seliktsi:n
\lxam_c kostiktsi:n seliktsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-complex
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e watered down or whitened yellow (e.g., paint)
\sense_s amarrillo aguado, que tiene algo de blanco agregado (p. ej., pintura)
\sense_d Am
\semfld color
\root kos
\root sel
\nse Originally the entry here was for kostiktsi:n seseltsi:n , but Cristino Flores (Am) suggested that the present entry was by far the more common term.
\qry Check other uses of /seseltsi:n/ and perhaps give further definitions under this headword. Check whether it can be used with other colors: ?tli:ltik seseltsi:n, chichi:ltik seseltsi:n, etc.
\grm Diminutive: note the double diminutive here: /kostiktsi:n seseltsi:n/. In general determine the way in which the diminutive is used with colors to indicate, I think, less intensity
of the color. This should be investigated with native speakers, but it seems that the /-tsi:n/ indicates less of a given color, i.e., less red, less yellow, etc.
\ref 06115
\lxam mi:hli
\lxam_c mi:hli
\lxoa mi:hli
\lxoa_c mi:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e maize plant
\sense_s planta de maíz
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e planted cornfield (i.e., mi:hlan, by extension from mi:hli)
\sense_s terreno sembrado (esto es, mi:hlan, por extensión del significado de mi:hli)
\sense_d Pending
\root mi:l
\ref 06116
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xte:ntexoxo:wilia
\lxoa_c ki:xte:ntexoxo:wilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V2-para-k/ya/lia
\trans ~Adj
\lexical Lex. inflix te-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give a black eye to
\sense_s hacerle salir un moretón en el ojo a
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root xo:
\qry Recheck this entry as it might be erroneous.
\semref i:xte:nka:miliwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06117
\lxam mia:wati
\lxam_c mia:wati
\lxoa mia:wati
\lxoa_c mia:wati
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to send up a tassle and flower (the maize plant)
\sense_s brotarle la espiga y flor (a una planta de maíz)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to send up a shoot from the center (certain grasses, sakatl)
\sense_s echar un retoño del centro (como hacen ciertos zacates)
\sense_d Pending
\root mia:wa
\qry Determine the precise scientific name for this process as well as all the plants that can be the subject of this verb.
\ref 06118
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa koró:nawáke:tl
\lxoa_c koró:nawákeh; koró:nawáke:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan Danza de Corona
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e dancer in a certain religious line dance performed by young women, now only in Oapan during Carnival and Holy Week
\sense_s danzante en una cierta danza religiosa de línea bailada por jovenes doncellas, ahora sólo se presenta en solamente en Oapan durante Carnaval y semana santa
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (plural: koró:nawákeh) (by extension) dance in which the dancers are called by this name
\sense_s (plural: koró:nawákeh) (por extensión) danza en que los danzantes se conocen por este nombre
\sense_d Oa
\semfld dance
\ency_note danza
\nae Although underlying {koro:nahwahke:tl} suggests a multiple pitch accent surface form, this is not realized, apparently because of surface limitations on pitch accent patterning.
\qry For this and Da:nsah de Bo:lah check the circumstances when it is performed. They are definitely performed during Carnaval and, I think, during Holy Week. Check
whether performed at other times.
\vl There are 3 female and 2 male tokens of /koro:náwaké:tl/ and 2 each of /koró:nawákeh.
\grmx Oapan phonology: Note reduction of pitch-accent since one would expect another from /-wah/: /koró:nawákeh/. Although underlying {koro:nahwahke:tl} suggests a
multiple pitch accent surface form, this is not realized, apparently because of surface limitations on pitch accent patterning.
\semref Da:nsah de koro:nah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06119
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for /tepo:xtok/ and a reflexive stative/resultative: /notepo:xtok/. This has been combined under /tepo:xtok/. In the future it will be necessary to determine how
best to enter this..
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\vl The four tokens here should be tagged with #6084.
\ref 06120
\lxam sapan
\lxam_c sapan tla:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-place
\der Adv-pl
\sense_e just on
\sense_s solamente sobre
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xtla:li ipan tetl! Ma:ka sapan tla:hli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Place it on a rock! not just on the ground!
\phrase_s Pónlo sobre una piedra, no simplemente sobre la tierra.
\phrase_n O:kiye:w itlayo:l, xok sapan tla:hli unkah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He stored his shelled corn, it's no longer just lying on the ground.
\phrase_s Guardósu maíz desgranado, ya no estásolamente sobre el suelo.
\root san
\root_rel -pan
\nse Sapan seems to be a shortened form of the sequence san ipan , though perhaps the first element might be sa: (i.e., from sa:
ipan. There is a general tendency, it seems, for /n/ to get lost in certain word-final contexts, a tendency that is particularly pronounced in Oapan. Note also that in Oapan the
shortened form sapan is not used but rather sa i:pan, with the first element sa probably derived from san after the loss of
final /n/ before a following vowel-initial word.
\qry Again, check to whether a careful pronunciation of sapan is the equivalent of /sa: ipan/ or /san ipan/.
\mod Perhaps a separate morphological or other category should be developed for abbreviations.
\semref san
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06121
\lxam kakasoliwi
\lxam_c kakasoliwi
\lxoa kakasoliwi
\lxoa_c kakasoliwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become light (sth that once had a heavier weight: some woods, particularly firewood; squash and other fruits that dry up; tortillas as they get old; often this verb is used
for materials that become light because they have dried up)
\sense_s secarse y quedarse ligero, de poco peso (algo que antes pesaba más: algunas maderas, particularmente leña; calabazas secadas por el sol; tortillas viejas; a menudo se
utiliza este verbo para materiales que se ponen ligero porque se secaron)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:kakasoliw motlikuw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your firewood became light from drying.
\phrase_s Tu leña quedómuy ligera por haberse secada.
\phrase_n Yo:kakasoliw un kwe:roh, xok bwe:noh para nokurti:ro:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That hide has become dry and light (from being old), it's no longer good for tanning.
\phrase_s Ese cuero ya se secóy se puso ligero (de viejo), ya no sirve curtirlo.
\phrase_n O:kakasoliw un ayutli, xo:tiktlapa:n. O:wa:tsalka:mik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That squash dried up and got light, you didn't cut it in half (taking out the seeds). It shrivled up and got brittle.
\phrase_s Esa calabaza se secóy se puso ligera, no la partiste (para quitarle las semillas). Se marchitóy se puso quebradizo.
\root kasol
\nse The etymology of this word is uncertain. In Oapan, the cognate form is ikakasoliwi , with no unusual stress, a fact that indicates that the underlying form is neither *
kahkasoliwi nor * kakahsoliwi , i.e., from ihsoliwi. However, note that the cognate for kakasolwa:ki is Oapan
/kosolwa:ki , in which, perhaps, there was a change from vowel harmony. At any rate, the root given here for kakasoliwi is at present
kasol. In one entry I have recorded that this verb refers to the action of drying up but maintaining the same form, i.e., squash, watermelon, left on the vine; firewood
that is very dry.
\vl There are four extra Oapan tokens from 04290. These should be c and d for 6121.
\semref kakasolwa:ki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06122
\lxam po:kyoh
\lxam_c po:kyoh
\lxoa po:hyoh
\lxoa_c po:hyoh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-h/wa/tia
\sense_e to give off a lot of smoke (such as green wood)
\sense_s echar mucho humo (como leña verde)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n On tlikuwtli melá:k po:kyoh! Xkwahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That piece of firewood really gives off a lot of smoke! It's no good.
\phrase_s ¡Ese pedazo de leña echa muchísimo humo! No estábien.
\sense_e to be covered with soot and smoke (e.g., the inside of a house; cf. Ameyaltepec po:ktik)
\sense_s estar cubierto con tizne y humo (p. ej., la parte interior de una casa; cf. Ameyaltepec po:ktik)
\sense_d Oa
\disamb po:kioh; po:ktlan
\root po:k
\nse Po:kyoh refers to a property of materials (such as certain woods or plants) that give off a lot of smoke. It is not used to reference a place filled with a lot of smoke,
for which po:ktlan (Am) / po:htlan(Oa) is used.
\nde Molina glosses pocyo as 'cosa que tiene humo'; RS has the same word as 'que produce o contiene humo', which seems more in line with the Balsas definition.
\vl Link 1st female token.
\mod Perhpas compare this as minimal pair to /po:yoh/. Check.
\ref 06123
\lxam po:cho:ko:niah
\lxam_c po:cho:ko:niah
\lxoa po:cho:ko:niah
\lxoa_c po:cho:ko:niah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e edible, bulbous growth that forms underground on the root of the po:cho:tlor tla:lto:ntsi:n(Am) / tla:ltepisolin(Oa)
trees; its texture and taste is much like that of the jícama
\sense_s la parte bulbosa y comestible que crece bajo la tierra sobre la raíz del po:cho:tlo tla:lto:ntsi:n(Am) / tla:ltepisolin;
tiene la textura y sabor de la jícama
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kipia ipo:cho:ko:niah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (the po:cho:tl or tla:lto:ntsi:n tree) has long, tuber-like (edible) growths on its roots.
\phrase_s Tiene (elárbol llamado po:cho:tl o tla:lto:ntsi:n) una parte bulbosa (y comestible) que crece sobre sus raíces.
\phrase_n Po:cho:ko:niah | I:nelwayo po:cho:tl, de un seselik wel tihkwa:s, ke:n xi:kamah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Po:cho:ko:niah : It is the root of the pochote tree, if young and tender you can eat it, it is like the jicama.
\phrase_s Po:cho:ko:niah : Es la raíz del pochote, si es tierno lo puedes comer, es como la jícama.
\semfld plant
\semfld tuber
\semfld edible
\root po:cho:
\root ko:n
\qry Check for any other plant that has /iko:niah/. Also check for whether when formed on a /tla:ltontsi:n/ tree it is also called /ipo:cho:koniah/ or simply /iko:niah/. Check for unpossessed
form, i.e., whether one can simply say, /nihkwa:s po:cho:ko:niah/.
\nae The etymology of po:cho:ko:niah is not totally transparent. Clearly there are the elements po:cho:and ko:m. The termination is
not clear. In Oapan this noun refers only to the tuberous root of the pochote. It is never possessed, while in Ameyaltepec po:cho:ko:niah can apparently be either
possessed or non-possessed.
\semref tla:ltepo:cho:ko:niah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06124
\lxam tlanwepe:wi
\lxam_c tlanwepe:wi
\lxoa tlankope:wi
\lxoa_c tlankope:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for ones tooth to become loose and fall out
\sense_s aflojarsele y caersele un diente a
\sense_d Pending
\root tlan
\root wepe:
\nse When Florencia Marcelino, a consultant, was asked for the Oapan equivalent of Ameyaltepec tlanwetsi , she gave tlankope:wi, itself cognate to
Ameyaltepec tlanwepe:wi. She did not accept tlanwetsi as a valid Oapan form.
\nae If several teach come loose and fall out the verbal stem is reduplicated, e.g., tlanuwepe:wi (Am) / tlá:nkopé:wi (Oa). The difference from
tlanxixi:ni (Am) / tlá:nxí:ni(Oa) is not entirely clear.
\grm Reduplication: /o:tlanuwepe:w/ 'several of his teeth fell out.' Note the use of reduplication of the verbal stem to indicate plurality within a single event/environment.
\semref tlanxixi:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlá:nxí:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref tlanwetsi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06125
\lxam popoye:ktsi:n
\lxam_c popoye:ktsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e type of gordita or memela made of tixtli and salt, and occasionally some lard, often taken as food on long trips given that it
does not spoil
\sense_s tipo de gordita o memela de masa y sal, y a veces un poquito de manteca, que a menudo se llevan en los viajes dado que no se echa a perder
\sense_d Am
\semfld food
\root poye:
\semref tlaxkalpoye:k
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06126
\lxam kaltsakwa
\lxam_c kikaltsakwa
\lxoa kaltsakwa
\lxoa_c kikaltsakwa; o:kikaltsak
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(kw)
\sense_e to lock up in a house
\sense_s encerrar en una casa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kikaltsahkeh un kone:tl para o:pe:w kwi:tekin, te:muwtih itah wan ina:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They locked that kid up in the house (i.e., closed the door behind them) in order to start thrashing him, his parents are mean.
\phrase_s Encerraron ese niño en la casa (cerrando la puerta atrás de ellos) para empezar a azotarlo, son bravos sus padres.
\sense_e (refl.) to shut oneself up inside a house; to close the door to ones house (e.g., for privacy)
\sense_s (refl.) encerrarse a si mismo dentro de una casa; cerrar la puerta de la casa para estar solo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmokaltsakwa, ma:ka mitsitaka:n ke:n tikchi:wtok!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Shut yourself up in your house, don't let them see what you are doing!
\phrase_s ¡Enciérrate en la casa, no dejes que vean lo que estás haciendo!
\root kal
\root tsakwa
\nae The loss of final vowel in the perfective leads to a final /kw/ consonant. In Oapan this often surfaces as /k/ in a what appears to be a variable rule that is not true for all speakers.
\qry_fon Check nature of final /h/ in Oapan form. Is there an aspiration and is the phonetics different from normal final /k/.
\grm Oapan phonology; perfective: This entry has a recording of the perfective /o:kikaltsak/. Check final /k/ for any aspiration, etc.
\ref 06127
\lxam kwa:tenexyowa
\lxam_c kwa:tenexyowa
\lxoa kwa:tenexyowa
\lxoa_c kwa:tenexyowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to get dandruff
\sense_s tener o llegar a tener caspa
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwa:
\root te
\root nex
\qry Check to see if transitive form can be used /kwa:tenexyo:tia/. Originally I had this definition for Am: 'to get ringworm' or 'enfermarse de tiña' but this is probably in error. See
/tsonawatl/.
\ref 06128
\lxam yo:lkwepa
\lxam_c kiyo:lkwepa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to change the mind or desires of
\sense_s cambiar de parecer o idea a; cambiar la voluntad de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:kina:nkilika un te:lpokawah, a:man yo:kiyo:lkwepkeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She had accepted the proposition of that boy (in this case to marry him), now they (e.g., friends, other women) have changed her mind.
\phrase_s Ella le había aceptado su proposición (en este caso de matrimonio), ahora la hicieron (p. ej., otras amigas) cambiar de idea.
\sense_e (refl.) to change ones mind; to have a change of heart
\sense_s (refl.) cambiarse de parecer o idea
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xok tiknamakas, yo:timoyo:lkwep.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You won't sell it anymore, you've changed your mind (or, had a change of heart).
\phrase_s Ya no lo vas a vender, te cambiaste de parecer.
\root yo:l
\root kwepa
\grm Pluperfect: Note the following example of use: /Yo:kina:nkilika on te:lpokawa, a:man yo:kiyo:lkwepkeh/ 'She had accepted the proposition of that boy (in this case to marry
him), now they (e.g., friends, other women) ha've changed her mind.' The pluperfect here is a classic case of its use: it indicates a situation that is no longer valid. In this
case, since the girl had changed her mind about marrying the boy, her initial acceptance was no longer"active."Thus it is in the pluperfect, which more than anything is not
a tense, but indicates a counterfactual situation.
\semref yo:lxiti:nia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref yó:litlakówa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06129
\lxam mawistla:katl
\lxam_c mawistla:katl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound S-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e (ritual) father of the bride
\sense_s (ritual) padre de la novia
\sense_d Am
\semfld ritual
\root mawis
\root tla:ka
\nse This word is documented only in the bride-asking speech of don Plutarco Ramírez. It is used by the representative of the groom's father in addressing the bride's father.
\semref mawistlatowa:ni
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06130
\lxam i:xtla:watl
\lxam_alt i:xtla:watl
\lxam_c i:xtla:watl
\lxoa ixtla:watl
\lxoa_c ixtla:watl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e plain; savanna
\sense_s llano; sabana
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtepe:k nito:ka, san nochi nika:n i:pan ixtla:watl.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I don't plant in the hills, just all here on the plain.
\phrase_s No siembro en los cerros sino todo aquíen el llano.
\semfld topography
\root xtla:wa
\nse This form is relatively rare in Oapan and Ameyaltepec, where ixtla:waka:n is much more common.
\nae Apparently the initial vowel is long in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl but short in Oapan. However, this needs to be rechecked.
\lxam_notes Check initial vowel length.
\ref 06131
\lxam ma:a:xoto:ni
\lxam_c ma:a:xoto:ni
\lxoa ma:á:xotó:ni
\lxoa_c ma:á:xotó:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to get blisters on ones hands
\sense_s salirse ampollas en las manos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nima:aga:xoto:n, chika:wak o:nitekit.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I got blisters on my hands (in various places), I worked hard.
\phrase_s Se me salieron ampollas por las manos, trabajéduro.
\root ma:
\root xoto:
\nse The verb ma:a:xoto:ni often occurs with short vowel reduplication indicating that the blisters occur in various parts of the hand. When there is such reduplication in
Ameyaltepec Nahuatl a [g] is inserted to break up the triple vowel sequence. In Oapan, I have only heard this in the reduplicated form, and Florencia Marcelino would only accept
the reduplicated (reduced to pitch accent on the long initial vowel of the stem a:xoto:ni) form, here given as the Oapan headword.
\ref 06132
\lxam kakalakatsi:n
\lxam_c kakalakatsi:n
\lxoa kakalakatsi:n
\lxoa_c kakalakatsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e Caesalpinia cacalacoKunth, tree of the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family so called because of the characteristics of its fruit
\sense_s Caesalpinia cacalacoKunth,árbol de la familia Fabaceae (Leguminosae) asíllamado por las características de su fruta
\sense_d Am
\sense_e fruit of the tree Caesalpinia cacalaco, also called kakalakatsi:n
\sense_s fruta delárbol Caesalpinia cacalaco, también llamado kakalakatsi:n
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e design of woven palm, flat with small pebbles inside, used on Palm Sunday and that makes a rattling sound when shaken
\sense_s diseño de palma tejida, plano con piedrecitas colocadas adentro, para Domingo de Ramos y que hace un cascabeleo al agitarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xne:che:kchi:wili nokakalakatsi:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Weave my palm together as a kakalakatsin !
\phrase_s ¡Téjeme mi palma en la forma de kakalakatsin !
\phrase_n Wel kichichiwa so:ya:tl ke:n kakalakatsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He can make palm into the shape of a kakalakatsin.
\phrase_s El puede hacer la palma en forma de kakalakatsin.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\ency_note Easter
\root kala:
\qry Check to see if this fruit is edible.
\ref 06133
\lxam tsomo:nia
\lxam_c kitsomo:nia
\lxoa tsomo:nia
\lxoa_c kitsomo:nia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to rip (e.g., materials such as paper or cloth, and objects such as deeds, blankets, sacks, bags, clothes, etc.)
\sense_s rasgar; romper (p. ej., materiales como papel o tela, y objetos como títulos, cobijas, costales, bolsas, ropa, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtsomo:ni tlakotsi:n moa:maw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Rip off a piece of your paper (e.g., for me to use)!
\phrase_s ¡Arráncale un pedazo de tu papel (p. ej., para que yo lo pueda usar)!
\phrase_n Kitsotsomo:nia so:ya:tl para iswasa:lo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He rips the palm (in long strips) so that he can (use it to) tie up corn leaves stripped from the dried plant just before harvest.
\phrase_s Rasga la palma (en tiras largas) para (utilizarla en) atar las hojas de maíz que habían sido arrancadas de la milpa justamente antes de la cosecha.
\root tsomo:
\vl Extremely low levels all tokens.
\xref tsomo:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06134
\lxam tlatsiwi
\lxam_c tlatsiwi
\lxoa tlatsiwi
\lxoa_c tlatsiwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Compl; +Caus
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to feel lazy; to be or become lazy; to get tired of doing sth (e.g., painting, writing, etc.)
\sense_s sentirse flojera; ser o ponerse flojo; cansarse de hacer algo (p. ej., pintar, escribir, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tlatsiw, xoh kineki tekichi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He got lazy, he no longer wants to do any work.
\phrase_s Se puso flojo, ya no quiere trabajar.
\sense_e to develop late in the planting season (e.g., beans; cf. ísiwí)
\sense_s desarrollarse tarde en el ciclo agrícola (p. ej., frijoles; cf. ísiwí)
\sense_d Oa
\root tlats
\flo ísiwí
\disamb tlatsiwi; tlatska:ki:sa
\xref tlatsiwilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06135
\lxam tla:kayo:xi:kopi:ni
\lxam_c tla:kayo:xi:kopi:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to have ones skin peel (e.g., from sunburn)
\sense_s pelarsele a un la piel (p. ej., después de haberse quemado por el sol)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:pe:w nitla:kayo:xi:kopi:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My skin has started to peel.
\phrase_s La piel se me empezóa pelar.
\root tla:ka
\root xi:
\root kopi:
\qry Check for transitive; check to whether this applies to only humans, or includes animals.
\ref 06136
\lxam tlato:lkaki
\lxam_c kitlato:lkaki
\lxoa tláto:lkáki
\lxoa_pr tlato:lkaki
\lxoa_c kitláto:lkáki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to understand the speech or utterances of
\sense_s entender las palabras o discurso de
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xtimotlato:lkakin, nokse: motlato:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We don't understand each other, you speak a different language.
\phrase_s No nos entendemos, tu hablas otra lengua.
\sense_e (recipr.) to come to an agreement; to negotiate a settlement
\sense_s (recipr.) llegar a un acuerdo; negociar un arreglo
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xnotlato:lkakilo. Seki no: ihkón kitowan, seki no: ok sekneka kitowan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e An agreement cannot be reached (e.g., in a town meeting). Some say it that way (e.g., how sth should be done), others offer a different perspective.
\phrase_s No se puede llegar a un acuerdo (p. ej., en una junta del pueblo). Algunos lo dicen de esa manera (p. ej., como se debe hacer algo), otros ofrecen una perspectiva
distinta.
\sense_e to listen to the advice of
\sense_s escuchar y atenderse al consejo de
\sense_d Oa
\root hto
\root kaki
\qry_fon The fact that the pitch accent is on /tlá/ provides some evidence perhaps that the p-a is applied to the nucleus of the syllable with coda {h} and then readjusted if necessary.
\grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent: Note that in /kitláto:lkáki/ the pitch accent is directly on the nucleus of the syllable with coda {h}, this is to be expected if the coda {h} is the
reason for pitch accent; and then there is no motive for reassigment. It would appear that in general with 5 syllable words there is little reassignment, but this should be
checked.
\ref 06137
\lxam tlatska:ki:sa
\lxam_c tlatska:ki:sa
\lxoa tlatska:ki:sa
\lxoa_c tlatska:ki:sa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Part-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to laze around; to hang out being lazy
\sense_s holgazanear; flojear; andar con flojera; estar sin hacer nada
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n nitlatska:ki:stok, xkanah nia:sneki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm here hanging out being lazy, I don't want to go anywhere.
\phrase_s Aquíestoy holgazaneando, no quiero ir a ningún lado.
\phrase_n San titlatska:ki:stinemi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You just go around being lazy.
\phrase_s Nada más andas holgazando.
\disamb tlatsiwi; tlatska:ki:sa
\root tlats
\root ki:sa
\nse Tlatsiwihas the sense of 'to feel lazy' or 'to become lazy.' For example, when one gets up in the morning without any desire to do any work, one might say
nitlatsiwi ; or if one gets tired of a particular chore of task, one may say o:nitlatsiw ('I got lazy'; 'I got tired (of doing it),' etc.) However, if
one is actually acting lazy, lolling about without doing anything, the word tlatska:ki:sa may be used. In essence, then, tlatska:ki:sa refer more to the
action of acting lazy, whereas tlatsiwi to the feeling of being lazy.
\qry One entry filecard has: /no: nika:n titlatska:ki:salo:tok ke:n motah, mocha:n puroh tlatska:ki:salo:tok/ 'You are here also being lazy like your father, in your household everyone goes
around being lazy.' This seems an unusual form and might be in error. Hence it has not yet been entered in the database.
\qry Check for causative. Check for possible difference of /san titlatska:ki:stinemi/ and /sa: titlatska:ki:stinemi/.
\qry_fon This is a particularly good token word for the long vowel /a:/ in the participles.
\ref 06138
\lxam kwite:wa
\lxam_c kikwite:wa
\lxoa kote:wa
\lxoa_alt kwite:wa
\lxoa_c kikote:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp V2-asp
\der Asp
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e see kwiste:wa (Am) / koste:wa(Oa)
\sense_s véase kwiste:wa (Am) / koste:wa(Oa)
\sense_d Pending
\root kwi
\root e:wa
\nse The Oapan use of kwite:wa is found in a story by Juvenal Ramírez. According to Roberto Mauricio Juvenal and his family all use this form, and this is because for
many years they planted in the area of Xa:la:tlahko, where many Ameyaltepequeños have their fields.
\qry_fon Check for /h/ in Oapan i.e., should /kote:wa/ be /kohte:wa/; if it is there it is very light. Check both /kote:wa/ and /tlakote:wa/ (entry 5311).
\ref 06139
\lxam ye:ixiwti
\lxam_c ye:ixiwti
\lxoa ye:ixihti
\lxoa_c ye:ixihti
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Num-V2
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4a
\sense_e see -xiwti (Am) / -xihti(Oa)
\sense_s véase -xiwti (Am) / -xihti(Oa)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nse More common than the verbal form, at least in Oapan, is a phrase such as a:man i:n kitlamiya ye:i xihpan.
\vl Link 1st female and 2nd male tokens.
\ref 06140
\lxam ma:tlawia
\lxam_c kima:tlawia
\lxoa ma:tlawia
\lxoa_f [ma: tla 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kima:tlawia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to trap or snare with a net
\sense_s atrapar con red
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kima:tlawia wi:lo:meh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He snares huilotas with a net.
\phrase_s Atrapa huilotas con una red.
\sense_e to snare, trap, compel, or snare (sb) into doing a job, fulfilling a function, etc.
\sense_s obligar o compeler (a algn) para hacer un trabajo, desempeñar una función, etc.
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:nkah un tikma:tlawi:skeh, yewa tekipano:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There's the one that we will snare, he will work (in this case in a community cargo).
\phrase_s Ese que estáallála vamos a atrapar,él va a trabajar (en este caso en un cargo del pueblo).
\ency_note hunting
\root ma:tla
\mod Illustration: Cf. drawing with original 3x5 file card for how the net is laid and the birds snared.
\ref 06141
\lxam suwa:tl
\lxam_c suwa:tl
\lxoa siwa:tl
\lxoa_c siwa:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e married woman
\sense_s mujer casada
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e woman who has already given birth or had sexual intercourse
\sense_s mujer que ya tiene un niño o que ha tenido relaciones sexuales
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye suwa:tl, xok ichpokawah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She's already a woman (i.e., has had sexual intercourse), she is no longer a maiden.
\phrase_s Ya es mujer (esto es, ya ha tenido relaciones sexuales), ya no es una doncella.
\sense_e female (particularly when compounded with other nouns suwa:kone:tl 'young girl')
\sense_s del sexo feminino; hembra (particularmente en composición con otros sustantivos, suwa:kone:tl 'mujer joven')
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Suwa:tl noso tla:katl?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Was it (in this case a child just born) a girl or a boy?
\phrase_s ¿Era niña (en este caso un niño recién nacido) o niño?
\sense_e (poss.) wife
\sense_s (pos.) esposa
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kicho:kilia isuwa:w, o:mik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is crying for his wife, she died.
\phrase_s Estállorando por su esposa, se murió.
\sense_e (possessed with short vowel reduplication) lover
\sense_s (poseído con reduplicación de vocal corta) amante
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San isusuwa:w.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p DT1:288
\phrase_e She's like his wife (i.e., not really his wife).
\phrase_s Es como (si fuera) su esposa (esto es, no es de veras su esposa)
\phrase_n Hermelinda García isusuwa:w, xmelá:k isuwa:w, san de kamana:lowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hermelinda García is his lover, she's not really his wife, just in"play."
\phrase_s Hermelinda García es su amante, no es su esposa de veras, solamente de vacilada.
\sense_e (in composition with [animal]) female [of the indicated species]; see suwa:pitso , etc.
\sense_s (compuesto con [animal]) hembra [de la especie indicada]; véase suwa:pitso , etc.
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (inalienable possession) genitalia of (a woman; Ameyaltepec synonym suwa:chiwa:yo)
\sense_s (posesión no enajenable) genitalia de (una mujer; sinónimo de Ameyaltepec suwa:chiwa:yo)
\sense_d Pending
\root sowa:
\nse The reduplicated form sosowa:tl (Am) / sísiwá:tl (Oa) can be used instead of mo:sah , a Spanish borrowing. Note that the possessed
form of sosowa:tl indicates that the man was not really serious about the woman; it does not simply indicate that they were not married. That is, if a man is serious
about a woman and sets up a household with her, the verb nepanowa is used and she is referred to as i:sowa:w and not isosowa:w.
The reduplicated form, as a consultant explained, indicates that the man is planning on being with the woman only for a while, that he does not consider her his
compañera. The denominal adjectival form sosowa:tik (Am) / sísiwá:tik (Oa) is used to indicate effeminateness. Finally note that in
composition with an animal sowa: indicates that the animal is the female of the species; the male is usually not marked.
\nae The Oapan plural form is irrregular: síwaméh. The pitch accent here suggests an underlying glottal or 'saltillo' after the noun root that creates the pitch accent mark:
{siwah + meh}. This is not the case with tla:kameh, which has regular stress, even though historically the plural was tla:kah. In Ameyaltepec the plural form
has a short /a/, suwameh , clearly the result of the same form as Oapan after the loss of the plural marker /h/. In Totolcintla the plural is siwahmeh, which
evidences the presence of /h/.
\qry Check whether /kich/ or /okich/ can be used to mark masculinity in a species.
\qry_fon The length is difficult to hear in final syllable position, although comparative evidence, as well as evidence from compounds, suggests that the /a:/ is long. However, the
acoustic evidence from this form /siwa:tl/, should be analyzed to determine if there is indeed a clear difference between long and short /a/ in this context.
\grm Reduplication: note that there is a conversation about reduplication following DT1:288.
\grmx Plural Oapan: Note the Oapan plural form: síwaméh, which suggests an underlying glottal or 'saltillo' after the noun root that creates the pitch accent mark.
This is not the case with tla:kameh, which has regular stress.
\ref 06142
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa -we:weh
\lxoa_c michwe:weh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e ending adding to certain nouns to indicate large size
\sense_s terminación agregada a varios sustantivos para indicar gran tamaño
\sense_d Oa
\root we:weh
\ref 06143
\lxam ikuwsa:wananakayo ikwitl bu:rroh
\lxam_c ikuwsa:wananakayo ikwitl bu:rroh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e type of mushroom that grows on burro or cow dung
\sense_s tipo de hongo que crece sobre el excremento de burro o vaca
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root kow
\root sa:wa
\root naka
\root kwitla
\semref kuhsa:wananakatl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06144
\lxam kwa:tewia
\lxam_c nokwa:tewia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\semfld contact
\sense_e (refl.) to hit ones head against
\sense_s (refl.) golpearse la cabeza contra
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nimokwa:tewih pan tepa:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I knocked my head against the wall.
\phrase_s Golpeémi cabeza contra la pared.
\phrase_n O:timokwa:tewikeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We hit our heads together.
\phrase_s Nos chocamos las cabezas.
\root kwa:
\root te
\qry Check for possibility of transitive use. However, also note that in many cases compounds with /-tewia/ are used only reflexively.
\mod Perhaps add separate sense of the reciprocal.
\semref kwa:chakwa:nia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kwa:techakwa:nia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref kwá:tsatsí:tia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06145
\lxam rradurah
\lxam_c rradurah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan herradura
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e constellation of stars that form a U or horseshoe shape, still not identified
\sense_s constelación de estrellas en forma de U o herradura, todavía no identificada
\sense_d Am
\semfld heavens
\ency_note si:tlalin
\ref 06146
\lxam iswasa:lowa
\lxam_c iswasa:lowa
\lxoa iswasa:lowa
\lxoa_c iswasa:lowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to tie fodder of stripped maize leaves into bundles with strips of palm
\sense_s atar en manojos con tiras de palma las hojas del maíz sacadas en el zacateo
\sense_d Pending
\root swa
\root sa:l
\nse This intransitive verb, iswasa:lowa refers to an action related to stripping the corn leaves, iswatl, from the corn stalks to preserve as fodder.
One takes handfuls of the stripped leavs and slams them down between two standing stalks. Later, one goes along with palm to tie the corn leaves into bundles. Before this action
the corn leaves, while still not completely dry, are stripped from the plant in an action called iswate:kilistli, each worker working 3 zurcos at once. The corn
leaves are then placed between maize stalks where they are left to dry. Some weeks later the bundles are tied together with palm, and taken out of the field to be stored, either in the
village or in an iswakohtlilocated near the milpa.
\qry Elicit nominal form ?iswasalowistli
\semref iswate:ka
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06147
\lxam tetsotsol
\lxam_c tetsotsol
\lxoa te:tsol
\lxoa_c te:tsol
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. prefix te- ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te)
\sense_e to be featherless (e.g., a chicken); to be hairless (an animal such as an ox)
\sense_s estar sin plumaje (p. ej., una gallina); estar sin pelo (un animal como un buey)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tetsotsol mópio.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your chicken is featherless.
\phrase_s Tu gallina no tiene plumas.
\sense_e person who is destitute, in extreme poverty
\sense_s persona indigente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sa: itekiw xtlah tikpia, titetsotsol.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When all is said and done you don't have anything, you are destitute (i.e., so don't brag about anything).
\phrase_s A fin de cuentas no tienes nada, eres una persona indigente (y, por eso, no vayas a jactar de nada).
\sense_e (with diminutive -tsi:n) maize without its husk
\sense_s (con el diminutivivo tsi:n) mazorca sin su cáscara, pelón
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xpixkatiw tetsotsoltsi:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go along harvesting the maize taking off the husk as you go (leaving the ear of corn"nude")!
\phrase_s ¡Ve cosechando el maíz quitándole su cáscara mientras vayas yendo (dejando la mazorca"desnuda")!
\phrase_n Nikpia sintli puroh tetsotsoltsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have maize on the cob that is all without its husk.
\phrase_s Tengo mazorcas que están todos sin su cáscara.
\sense_e (pio~) featherless chicken
\sense_s (pio~) gallina sin plumas
\sense_d Oa
\root tsol
\ency_note mi:hli
\nae It appears that in Oapan te- (as a"dummy morpheme") is always found with tsotsol (which reduces to te:tsol). In Ameyaltepec, however,
the"intensifier"is not always present. This is the case with compounds (e.g., kextsotsol) and in the Ameyaltepec word for 'naked' (tsotsoltetl ; cf.
Oapan te:tsoltetl). However, when an isolated word tetsotsol appears to be the only acceptable form. Note, finally, that Ameyaltepec consultants
indicated that when referrring to maize on the cob without its husk, the te- is necessary, as is the diminutive ending -tsi:n : tetsotsoltsi:n.
\qry Recheck plural form. I have heard 'asoleado' used in reference to a buey without hair. Also check whether form without /te-/ occurs. This also holds for /tetsotsole:wi/, i.e., check
whether ?/tsotsole:wi/ occurs. Check final /h/ in /puroh/
\mod Include /tetsotsoltsi:n/ as a type of maize/mazorca.
\ref 06148
\lxam tlayo:lkwa
\lxam_c tlayo:lkwa
\lxoa tlayo:lkwa
\lxoa_c tlayo:lkwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to eat maize (e.g, an animal)
\sense_s comer maíz (p. ej., un animal)
\sense_d Pending
\root o:ya
\root kwa
\nse This is used to refer to animals that are feed maize to eat.
\ref 06149
\lxam tlaxtla:wa
\lxam_c kitlaxtla:wa
\lxoa tlaxtla:wa
\lxoa_c kitlaxtla:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to pay for (particularly in compensation for a debt, work done for wages, the cost of sth acquired, etc. [O])
\sense_s pagar para (particularmente en compensa, p. ej., para cubrir una deuda, trabajo hecho, el costo de algo adquirido, etc. [O])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kite:wi:kilia imon, pero itech ki:sas toba:leh, nochi yewa kitlaxtla:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His son-in-law has debts, but everything will come from our friend pocket, he will be the one to pay for everything.
\phrase_s Su yerno tiene deudas, pero todo va a salir a cuenta de nuestro amigo, va a serél quien lo paga todo.
\phrase_n Tia:skeh ne: ina:k un toba:leh, yewa sie:mpreh ma:s kitlaxtla:wa!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let's go there to where that friend of ours is, he always pays more (e.g., in wages, for work done)!
\phrase_s ¡Vamos allídonde estánuestro amigo,él siempre paga más (p. ej., en sueldo, para trabajo hecho)!
\phrase_n Ma:s patioh kitlaxtla:wan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They pay a higher price for it.
\phrase_s Pagan un precio más alto por ello.
\sense_e to compensate; indemnify; to pay compensation to (e.g., an aggrieved person [O])
\sense_s compensar (con dinero) a; indemnificar (p. ej., una persona agredida o merecedor de una compensa [O])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ne:xtlaxtla:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He will indemnify me (e.g., in a judicial settlement).
\phrase_s Me va a indemnificar (p. ej., después de un juicio)
\disamb tlaxtla:wa; tlaxtla:wilia
\root xtla:
\nae The underlying verb form is apparently (i)xtla:wa, perhaps a ditransitive, although this form is seldom used. Rather, one finds tlaxtla:wa, a transitive verb,
which has the nonspecific object prefix. In one acceptation the object of tlaxtla:wa is the item paid for (e.g., ... nochi yewa kitlaxtla:was 'he will
pay for everything'). However, in another acceptation the object is the person receiving the payment, in compensation. For example, a speaker might threaten someone who has
done something harmful by saying I:tekiw tine:xtlaxtla:was 'For sure you're going to have to pay me (i.e., compensate me)!' Thus tlaxtla:wa with a
human object is used to refer to someone who receives payment in a court settlement, or even out of court, for example for damage done. This may be paid by a drunk you splits
open someone's head or sleeps with a virgen daughter. However, if one accidently kills someone's animal (such as a pig) the form ne:xtlaxt la:wilia'he will pay me
for it' is used (and not ne:xtlaxtla:was 'he will indemnify me') and the thing paid for is the secondary object
\qry Check whether /tlaxtla:wa/ is acceptable with no other object, i.e., /nitlaxtla:wa/, or whether it is acceptable with a nonspecific object, e.g., /nitlatlaxtla:was/. Both of these seem
erroreous, and my recollection at this point is that only /kitlaxtla:wa/ is acceptable. I also seem to remember that if one pays the fine of someone, a human object is possible. This
should be checked (e.g., /timitstlaxtla:was/) 'I will pay for you.' In general check this and the difference with
\xref tlaxtlawilia; tlaxtla:wia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 06150
\lxam yo:lkatsitsi:nteh de mi:hli
\lxam_c yo:lkatsitsi:nteh de mi:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of small black and yellow insect found in maize plants
\sense_s tijeritas, tipo de pequeño insecto negro y amarillo que se hallan en las plantas de maíz
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root yo:l
\root mi:l
\semref tijeri:tas
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref a:ma:xtlatsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06151
\lxam pitso
\lxam_c pitso
\lxoa pitso
\lxoa_c pitso
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e pig
\sense_s marrano; cerdo
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (fig.) wedding in which the bridewealth was only a pig or two
\sense_s (fig.) boda en que el"pago"para la novia (bridewealth) es solamente uno o dos marranos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kineki xo:chitl. Xkineki pitso.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He wants a fancy wedding with musicians, bread and chocolate. He doesn't want just a pig (as bridewealth).
\phrase_s Quiere una boda elegante con músicos, pan y chocolate. No quiere solamente un marrano (como regalo a los padres de la novia).
\sense_e large biceps
\sense_s bíceps grandes; conejos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nikpia pitso.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have large biceps.
\phrase_s Tengo bíceps grandes.
\phrase_n Ki:sa pitso.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His biceps bulge (when he makes a muscle).
\phrase_s Salen sus conejos (cuando hace esfuerzos para resaltar sus músculos).
\semfld animal
\semfld domes
\root pitso
\ref 06152
\lxam tewi:kpa:ntli
\lxam_alt tewi:pantli
\lxam_c tewi:kpa:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e row of stones or rocks piled up and set in a line like a low-lying wall (such as temantli , the rows of stones placed in the mounds between furrows of a
planted field)
\sense_s línea de piedras amontonadas y colocadas en una hilera en un corral de poca altura (como los temantli , las hileras de piedras puestas en los montículos
entre los surcos de un terreno cultivado)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e short rise or cliff-like break in the terrain, perhaps some one or two meters high, where water has cut into stone ground
\sense_s pequeño risco o rompimiento en la tierra, de como uno o dos metros de altura, donde agua le ha cortado un terreno pedregoso
\sense_d Am
\semfld topography
\root te
\root wi:pa:
\disamb temantli; tewipa:ntli; tekorra:l
\nse Although some speakers gave the form tewi:kpa:ntli , Luis Lucena stated that this was incorrect, and that the proper term was tewi:pa:ntli.
\qry Recheck vowel length. I originally had /wipa:/ here and /wi:pa:/ in other entries, but the roots seem the same and therefore I have changed /tewipa:ntli/ to /tewi:pa:ntli/.
\mod See illustration on filecard.
\ref 06153
\lxam potihki
\lxam_c potihki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e mealy; having a fine-grained texture (e.g., certain fruits and vegetables such as lima beans, camote, potato, squash, and overripe cantaloupe or watermelon)
\sense_s arenosa; con una textura muy fina (p. ej., ciertas frutas y verduras como habas, camote, papa, calabaza y melón o sandía muy maduro)
\sense_d Am
\semfld texture
\root poti
\nae The etymology of this word is uncertain. No cognates have yet been found in other dialects.
\qry Etymology uncertain; check for related verb forms such as ?potiwi. Also check for vowel length, perhaps entry should be ?poti:hki.
\ref 06154
\lxam tamala:yutli kipia ikakawayo
\lxam_c tamala:yutli kipia ikakawayo
\lxoa tamaláyotli yón kakawáyoh
\lxoa_pr tamalayotli yon kakawayoh
\lxoa_c tamaláyotli yón kakawáyoh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e certain variety of the small, thin-skinned type of squash called tamalayutli
\sense_s tipo de calabaza chiquita y de cáscara delgada de los llamados tamalayutli
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\ency_note tamala:yotli
\root tamal
\root ayoh
\root kawa
\nae The vowel length of the /a:/ of tamala:yutli / tamaláyotlí has been problematical. It may be that some speakers have a short vowel here.
\vl There are 3 female and 3 male tokens. However, the first male token is stuttered/broken and should not be tagged.
\grmx Pitch accent; relative clauses: the particle /yón/ seems to require intonational stress and, at the same time, break up the relative clause between head and modifier so that
each element receives at least intonational pitch accent. This needs to be checked over the course of many relative phrases.
\ref 06155
\lxam petlasa:kah
\lxam_c petlasa:kah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e petate that has been rolled and tied into a tube with one end (the bottom) closed and that is used to transport grains
\sense_s petate enrollado y atado como tubo y cerrado a un lado (el fondo) y que se utiliza para transportar granos
\sense_d Am
\semfld tool
\root petla
\root sa:ka
\nse Petlasa:kah might be derived from the verb saka , meaning 'to transport,' although the long vowel would seem to negate this.
\qry Recheck the vowel in /petlasa:kah/ and determine etymology if possible.
\mod Make illustration.
\semref sa:kah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref petlakoxta:l
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06156
\lxam ma:kokoh
\lxam_alt ma:kokon
\lxam_c ma:kokoh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\sense_e type of non-biting ant, still unidentified
\sense_s tipo de hormiga todavía no identificado, y que no muerde
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:kokoh, ke:n tsi:katl tlachia, san yewa ma:s pitsa:wak, itlakotiá:n pitsako:tsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The ma:kokon looks like the ant called tsi:katl , just that it's narrower, it's middle is really tiny and thin.
\phrase_s El ma:kokon parece como la hormiga que se llama tsi:katl sólo que es más delgado, en la parte en medio es chiquitito.
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\ency_note tsi:katl
\root ma:
\root kon
\nae The etymology of ma:kokon is uncertain (and the vowel length should be checked). However, animals are usually called by a name that in some way refers to their
physical characteristics and this might be the case with ma:kokon , which might indicate something about the"arms"of this ant; or the etymology might be entirely
different.
\mod /ma:kokoh/ used to be another entry (#2002). Now this has been entered as an alternate pronunciation for /ma:kokon/, this entry. Check which is more common, and this should be
made into the principal entry.
\semref ma:we:weyak
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06157
\lxam tekoxtik
\lxam_c tekoxtik
\lxoa tekoxtik
\lxoa_c tekoxtik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denon-tik
\sense_e to have black and white spots or stripes such as those found on the lineated woodpecker (Dryocopus lineatus)
\sense_s tener rayas de negro y blanco, como el carpintero real (Dryocopus lineatus)
\sense_d Oa
\root tekoch
\root_rel -pan
\ref 06158
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa petlakoxta:l
\lxoa_c petlakoxta:l
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) costal
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e petate that has been rolled and sewn into a tube with one end (the bottom) closed and that is used to transport grains or chile
\sense_s petate enrollado y atado o cosido como tubo y cerrado a un lado (el fondo) y que se utiliza para transportar granos o chile
\sense_d Oa
\semfld tool
\root petla
\mod Make illustration.
\semref petlasa:kah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref sa:kah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06159
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ítia:po:té:tia
\lxoa_pr itia:po:te:tia
\lxoa_c ítia:po:té:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to get a large, round belly or midsection; to have a bloated belly
\sense_s llegar a tener una barriga hinchada, grande y redonda
\sense_d Oa
\root hti
\root a:
\root po:te:
\semref po:te:tia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06160
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xté:nkwetóhli
\lxoa_c i:xté:nkwetóhli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N1/2; Aln
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e eyelids
\sense_s párpados
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root kweh
\root tol
\qry Check stress pattern.
\semref i:xte:nkweri:toh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06161
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mihká:chichi:wa
\lxoa_pr mihka:chichi:wa
\lxoa_c nomihká:chichí:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Part-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e (refl.) to lie down as if dead; to play dead
\sense_s (refl.) acostarse como muerto; jugar al muerto
\sense_d Oa
\root miki
\root chi:wa
\semref mihka:tete:ka
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06162
\lxam kamayo:li:k
\lxam_c kamayo:li:k
\lxoa kamayo:li:k
\lxoa_c kamayo:li:k
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to be a slow-eater or drinker
\sense_s ser lento en comer o beber
\sense_d Oa
\root kama
\root yo:l
\qry I had as a Oapan synonym listed here /te:nyo:li:k/ (Oa). However, this is not in the database. Check if it is correct and, if so, add. Also clarify differences, if any, with /kamayo:li:k/.
\semref kamasasa:l
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06163
\lxam tsi:npachowa
\lxam_c kitsi:npachowa
\lxoa tsi:npachowa
\lxoa_c kitsi:npachowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to give an enema with a ball of cotton (to a person or animal)
\sense_s darle unaénema con una bolita de algodón (a una persona o animal)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:n
\root pach
\semref pelo:tawia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06164
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixonak a:ketspalin
\lxoa_alt ixonak a:kitspalin; ixonak a:ispalin; a:ketspalin ixonak
\lxoa_c ixonak a:ketspalin
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e Cyperus odoratusL., a type of sedge (Cyperaceae family) noted for its bulbous root that smells like garlic
\sense_s Cyperus odoratusL., un tipo de Cyperaceae (familia) conocido por su raíz bulbosa que huele como de ajos
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root xonak
\root a:
\root ketspal
\qry At one time Silvestre Pantaleón mentioned that this was different from the /xoxonakatsi:n/. This should be checked.
\qry_fon Notice the difference between the 1st and 2nd female tokens in regard to the velar between /a/ and /ets/. In the first it is voiced and perhaps somewhat open; this should be
compared to the second. In general an analysis needs to be conducted on stops and voicing.
\vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token.
\semref sakaa:jos
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref a:xonakatl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref xóxonakátsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06165
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa komo:n
\lxoa_c komo:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e tarantula
\sense_s tarantula
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root toka
\root tomi
\qry_fon The duration of the final vowel is strikingly long. Note also the difference in the pitch peak between Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez.
\semref tokatl de un totomioh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06166
\lxam xiwyo:xi:ni
\lxam_c xiwyo:xi:ni
\lxoa xihyo:xi:ni
\lxoa_c xihyo:xi:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to lose leaves (a tree during the dry season)
\sense_s perder las hojas (unárbol durante la temporada de secas)
\sense_d Oa
\root xiw
\root xi:
\vl There are 3 female tokens and 2 male tokens.
\grm Noun incorporation; intrinsic possession: The word /xihyo:xi:ni/ seems to illustrate the incorporation either of an abstract noun, /xiwyo:tl/ that is not otherwise found in
Balsas Nahuatl, or the fact that the incorporation for such items (i.e., when the relationship of the incorporated noun to the subject is one of part/whole). Note, however,
that the nominalization, incorporation, etc. of noun when they are in a part/whole relation with an argument (subject or object) are manifested with the /-yo:/ possessed
marker (e.g., /ki:xteyo:tia/ 'he places eyes (part/whole) on it'). It would be wrong in this case (as probably with /xihyo:xi:in/ to consider the /yo:/ part of an abstract
incorporated noun. Rather, it suggests a part/whole relationship to the main arguments of the predicate.
\qry_fon Cf. notes under /
\semref xiwyo:tepe:wi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06167
\lxam tsonakayeti:ya
\lxam_c tsonakayeti:ya
\lxoa tsonakayeti:ya
\lxoa_cpend @tsonakayeti:ya
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Mod-V1
\der V1-para-k/ya/lia
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to have one side heavier than other (e.g., scales, a donkey with a load, etc.)
\sense_s tener un lado más pesado que otro (p. ej., un balance, un burro con una carga, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsonaka
\root ye
\ref 06168
\lxam itiyo:lkwa
\lxam_c kitiyo:lkwa
\lxoa ítiyó:lkwa
\lxoa_pr itiyo:lkwa
\lxoa_c kítiyó:lkwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to eat the center of the maize stalks (e.g., worms or insects [S], when the milpa is still young, perhaps a foot or so high in August)
\sense_s comer el centro de las plantas de maíz (p. ej., gusanos o insectos [S], cuando la milpa es todavía joven, quizámedio metro, en agosto)
\sense_d Oa
\root hti
\root yo:l
\root kwa
\ref 06169
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwa:tepail
\lxoa_c kwa:tepail
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(ap)
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\infn N1; pl. kwa:tepai:ltih
\sense_e female dancer in a religious line dance performed by young women, now only in Oapan during Carnival and Holy Week
\sense_s danzante en una danza religiosa de línea bailada por jovenes doncellas, ahora sólo se presenta en solamente en Oapan durante Carnaval y Semana Santa
\sense_d Oa
\semfld dance
\ency_note da:nsah
\root kwa:
\root te
\root payol
\nse This dance is traditionally performed during the fiesta of San Agustín (in August and now in February), San Miguel, and a:wihli(Carnival). It may, unlike the
koro:náwakéh (see koro:nah), which is only performed during Carnival, also be performed during other fiestas. There are 12 sones (songs) of this
dance, plus another tune that is unnamed and employed when the dancers enter and leave the church yard or other place of performance. The 12 sones are named for the patterns
or movements which the dancers make: 1) tsi:ntemowah, korrali:toh, san se: weyak, china:ntli, tepailtsi:n,
mona:rkah, kalma:tli, ilakastsi:n, koro:stsi:n, nomá:kwíh, mona:rkah, and we:i
korra:l. There are two versions (apparently in both dancer movements and music) of mona:rkah. The plural name for the dances is
kwa:tepailtih.
\qry For this and Da:nsah de Bo:lah check the circumstances when it is performed. They are definitely performed during Carnaval and, I think, during Holy Week. Check
whether performed at other times.
\qry_fon The length of the vowels in the sequence /ai/ is hard to determine and much more research will need to be conducted. It might be that the /i/ is lengthened, or undergoes
compensatory lengthening from the reduction of /yol/ to /i:l/, i.e., the loss of the /o/. All this needs to be checked across the board. Perhaps the elicitation of the plural form
/kwa:tepailtih/ would help clarify length.
\semref Da:nsah de Bo:lah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06170
\lxam te:i:xna:mikini
\lxam_c te:i:xna:mikini
\lxoa te:í:xna:mikíni
\lxoa_c te:í:xna:mikíni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\pitch yes-rdp
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l)
\sense_e person who stands up to and challenges people; person who talks back and argues with people
\sense_s persona que enfrenta a la gente, discutiendo y no dejándose; respondón
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root i:x
\root na:miki
\nae The pitch accent in te:í:xna:mikíni is a reflex of the reduplication of the verbal stem i:xna:miki ; vowel initial stems simply acquire a pitch accented initial
vowel which is lengthened if it were underlyingly short. In this case the long initial vowel is unchanged in regard to quantity.
\qry_fon Check quality of final vowel, I have written /i/ for both although Florencia Marcelino's vowel is lower.
\grm Oapan phonology and reduplication: Note /te:í:xna:mikíne/ where the stem initial vowel is stressed in lieu of reduplication.
\semref te:nana:nkilia:ni
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06171
\lxam kwilintsi:n
\lxam_c nokwilintsi:n
\lxoa kwilintsi:n
\lxoa_c kwilintsi:n
\dt 23/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e very little baby, recently born
\sense_s bebérecién nacido
\sense_d Oa
\root okwil
\nse The term kwilintsi:h is applied to very little babies who squirm a lot, hence the use (in the diminutive) of the word for 'worm.'
\semref kone:kwilintsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06172
\lxam kone:kwilintsi:n
\lxam_c kone:kwilintsi:n
\lxoa kone:kwilintsi:n
\lxoa_c kone:kwilintsi:n
\dt 23/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e woman with a recently born baby
\sense_s mujer con un bebérecién nacido
\sense_d Oa
\root kone:
\root okwil
\semref kwilintsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06173
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This is a repeat entry of /tepo:tskalaktia/ in 5294. For this reason it has been eliminated.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Tokens here should be tagged with #05294.
\ref 06174
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa sa:yo:lwia
\lxoa_f [sa: yo:l 'wi ya]
\lxoa_c kisa:yo:lwiyah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to have flies swarm around one ([S] in English, expressed as Nahuatl [O])
\sense_s tener muchas moscas a su alrededor ([S] en español expresado como [O] en náhuatl)
\sense_d Oa
\root sa:yo:l
\nae The grammatical subject of sa:yo:lwia is always 3rd-person plural, effectively the same"flies"that are expressed by the verbalized nominal stem sa:yo:l.
Thus a construction such as te:chsa:yo:lwiyah could be translated as 'the flies swarm around us' although a strict translation of the Nahuatl would be 'they (the flies)
affect us with flies,' or something to that effect. Cf. the discussion under a:skawia.
\grm Subject; cognate subjects; deverbal nouns; /-wia/: Note that in /sa:yo:lwiya/, from Oapan, the nominal roots it the necessarily implied subject of the derived verb: The
potential subjects of sa:yo:lwiya are apparently limited to the single item of sa:yo:limeh, 'flies.' That is, it is the flies that cause flies to be around
one (the grammatical object in Nahuatl). Thus a construction such as te:chsa:yo:lwiyah could be translated as 'the flies swarm around us' although a strict
translation of the Nahuatl would be 'they (the flies) affect us with flies.'
\ref 06175
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:kasísiwá:tl
\lxoa_c tla:kasísiwá:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e effeminate man; homosexual
\sense_s hombre afeminado; homosexual
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:ka
\root sowa:
\nae For a reason not understood at present, the citation form of this nominal compound did not manifest reduction of the reduplicant onto the final short vowel of the preceding nominal
stem: ? tla:ká:siwá:tl. Whether or not this would be an acceptable alternate form still needs to be determined.
\mod Determine single root for /sowa:tl/ Am or /siwa:tl/ Oa.
\grmx Oapan reduplication; reduction; pitch accent: For a reason not understood at present, the citation form of this nominal compound (/tla:kasísiwá:tl/) did not manifest
reduction of the reduplicant onto the final short vowel of the preceding nominal stem: ? tla:ká:siwá:tl. Whether or not this would be an acceptable alternate
form still needs to be determined.
\qry Check why reduction does not occur.
\ref 06176
\lxam suwa:tik
\lxam_c suwa:tik
\lxoa siwa:tik
\lxoa_c siwa:tik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e to be gossipy
\sense_s ser chismoso
\sense_d Oa
\root sowa:
\nse In Oapan this is said only of men who are said to display the gossipy tendencies attributed to women.
\ref 06177
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:jo:hloh
\lxoa_alt a:johloh
\lxoa_c a:jo:hloh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan ajonjolí
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e full or covered with sesame (e.g., a sesame roll or similar type of bread)
\sense_s cubierto o lleno de ajonjolí(p. ej., un pan cubierto de ajonjolí)
\sense_d Oa
\nae Vowel length in Spanish loans is nortoriously difficult to determine. The number of tokens available for acoustic measurement is often limited and insufficient for an statistical
determination. Moreover, vowel length seems to change depending upon the syllabic structure. The borrowed word for sesame ajonjolí(Oapan Nahuatl
a:jolin) seems to manifest these difficulties. The nominal borrowing seems to have a long initial vowel and the remainder short, although this needs to be checked.
Based on acoustic measurements, the present headword, a:jo:hloh, seems to have two long vowels, though the second has a shorter duration across all tokens than the
first. Indeed, in some cases it might be better written as a phonologically short vowel. For this reason the short-vowel orthography has been entered as an alternate pronunciation.
\qry_fon The vowel length in this word and all contained the same borrowed Spanish stem should be checked.
\vl Tag 2nd female token and 2nd male token.
\ref 06178
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa te:mpachka:yo
\lxoa_c i:te:mpachka:yo
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-wi-ki
\infn N2
\sense_e folded and sewn hem around the edge of an item of clothing (e.g., the hem of a dress)
\sense_s dobladillo cosido alrededor de alguna pieza de ropa (p. ej., una falda)
\sense_d Oa
\root te:m
\root pach
\disamb tlake:ntli
\mod Create an /ono page on clothes: pants, mens shirts, sandals, hats, womens clothes (blusa, falta, vestido, corpiño, etc.). Also jewelry, etc.
\semref kechpachka:yo
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06179
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa te:tewa:ts
\lxoa_c te:tewa:ts
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-part
\sense_e to cause weight loss
\sense_s hacer enflaquecer
\sense_d Oa
\root tewa:
\ref 06180
\lxam ma:tla:ki
\lxam_c ma:tla:ki
\lxoa ma:tla:ki
\lxoa_c ma:tla:ki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to have a green thumb (e.g., so that what one plants bears a lot of fruit)
\sense_s tener un dedo verde (p. ej., para que lo que uno siembra rinde bien)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root tla:ki
\nde Apparently ma:teyo:ti in Ameyaltepec has a more diverse meaning than ma:tla:kifor whereas the former refers to a person whose efforts lead to the
multiplication of cooked and natural fruits, the second refers only to fruits of the earth.
\vl The first female token (of three) is erroneous: /ma tla:ki/ (the optative particle /ma/; this should be tagged with ref. 3757). The next four tokens, two female and two male,
are correct utterances of /ma:tla:ki/ (the major difference between these four and the first is the vowel length of the first /a/) and should be tagged as 6180, with one female
and one male linked.
\semref ma:teyo:ti
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06181
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was the entry for /ma:kakapaka/, it has been removed as a duplicate.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 06182
\lxam tla:lko:nchi:wilia
\lxam_c notla:lko:nchi:wilia
\lxoa tla:lko:nchi:wilia
\lxoa_c notla:lko:nchi:wilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to make a small concavity for oneself in the ground (e.g., a dog or pig about to have a litter)
\sense_s (refl.) hacer una pequeña concavidad en la tierra para si mismo (p. ej., una perra o marrana a puntar de parir)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Chichiíkwa:h ni:xiwi, notla:lko:nchi:wilia. Tlatekomolowa, kichi:wa i:tla:lko:n para ni:xiwis.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e A dog when it is giving birth, it makes a hole for itself in the ground. It scratches out a hole, it makes its depression in the earth so that it can give birth.
\phrase_s Una perra cuando va a parir, se hace una cavidad en la tierra. Excava, hace una hoyito para que pueda parir.
\root tla:l
\root ko:m
\root chi:wa
\qry Check whether transitive form exists, or if only the reflexive is possible.
\semref tla:lko:nwia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06183
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xonakayoh
\lxoa_c xonakayoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to have a lot of onions (e.g., a salad)
\sense_s tener mucha cebolla (p. ej., una ensalada)
\sense_d Oa
\root xonaka
\ref 06184
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa po:tsihtok
\lxoa_c po:tsihtok
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be stuffed full (e.g,. sb's mouth, a stuffed tortilla, etc.)
\sense_s estar atestado; estar muy lleno (una cosa abierta como la boca de algn, o una tortilla de frijol, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root po:ts
\root_notes Perhaps compare many of the roots that have /po:/: /po:ts/, /po:te/, /po:cho:/, etc.
\ref 06185
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa po:tsiwi
\lxoa_c po:tsiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to become stuffed full (e.g,. sb's mouth, a pot with beans that have increased in size with cooking, etc.)
\sense_s llenarse; atestarse (una cosa abierta como la boca de algn, o una tortilla de frijol, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\disamb po:tsiwi; tewitsiwi
\root po:ts
\ref 06186
\lxam tlachapa:ni:hli
\lxam_c tlachapa:ni:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e branches of thorns that have been placed on the ground (to serve as a fence or barrier to animals)
\sense_s ramas espinosas que han sido colocadas por el suelo (para evitar que los animales pasen)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e (korrá:l de ~) a fence made of thorn bushes heaped on the ground
\sense_s (korrá:l de ~) cerca hecha de ramas espinosas colocadas y apiladas por el suelo
\sense_d Am
\semfld material
\ency_note fences and fencing
\root chapa:
\qry Check length of penultimate /i:/. Perhaps this should be short.
\semref wistlachapa:ni:hli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref tlawistlachapa:nihli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06187
\lxam itipi:tsmiki
\lxam_c itipi:tsmiki
\lxoa ítipi:tsmíki
\lxoa_pr itipi:tsmiki
\lxoa_c ítipi:tsmíki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp N-Mod-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to feel bad from having eaten or drunken in excess
\sense_s sentirse mal del estómago por haber comido o bebido demasiado
\sense_d Oa
\root hti
\root pi:ts
\root miki
\ref 06188
\lxam teyoyo:li:tik
\lxam_c teyoyo:li:tik
\lxoa té:yo:lí:tik
\lxoa_c té:yo:lí:tik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-tik-ki
\lexical Lex. prefix te- ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be a slowpoke; to be very slow in what one does (e.g., walking, working, performing a task, etc.)
\sense_s ser lentón; ser muy lenta en hacer cosas (en caminar, trabajar, hacer algo, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root yo:l
\nae Although the exact derivational process of té:yo:lí:tik is not entirely clear, it seems to be formed from the adjectival yo:li:kand the intensifier
te-, onto which the reduplicant is reduced (creating the lengthened, pitch-accented vowel). The adjectival ending -tik is apparently in paradigmatic relationship
with the -k of yo:li:k.
\qry Check meaning and vowel length; determine whether this is a close synonym to Ameyaltepec /sasa:l/.
\semref sasa:l
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06189
\lxam chi:ltepapaye:xtli
\lxam_c chi:ltepapaye:xtli
\lxoa chi:lté:paíxtli
\lxoa_c chi:lté:paíxtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-?
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-te)
\infn Stem 1(:)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e crushed dried peppers (e.g., of the type used on pizza)
\sense_s chile seco y triturado (p. ej., el tipo empleado con pizza)
\sense_d Oa
\root chi:l
\root paya:
\nae The word chi:lté:paíxtli is clearly related to Oapan papaitsa(cf. Ameyaltepec papayetsa), in turn derived from paya:ni.
The"dummy morpheme" te- takes the lengthening and pitch accent that is a reflex of the reduplicant.
\ref 06190
\lxam ma:kwe:chowa
\lxam_c kima:kwe:chowa
\lxoa ma:kwe:chowa
\lxoa_c kima:kwe:chowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to crush or grind up in ones hand (e.g., chile seco)
\sense_s triturar en las manos (p. ej., chile seco)
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root kwe:cho
\ref 06191
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:ma:xtlatsi:n
\lxoa_c a:ma:xtlatsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e type of small black and yellow insect found in maize plants
\sense_s tijeritas, tipo de pequeño insecto negro y amarillo que se hallan en las plantas de maíz
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root a:
\root ma:xtla
\vl There are 4 extra tokens at 6307. Link 2nd female token from 6307 and 2nd male token from 6307.
\semref yo:lka:tsitsi:nteh de mi:hli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tijeri:tas
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref a:ma:xtlatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06192
\lxam ma:kuwtilia
\lxam_c noma:kuwtilia
\lxoa ma:kohtilia
\lxoa_c noma:kohtilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to tighten or tense ones arm or hand (e.g, in making a strong effort to hold onto sth, or in pullling hard on sth, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) apretar o tensar el brazo o la mano (p. ej., en hacer un esfuerzo para que algo se le vaya de las manos, o en jalar fuerte a algo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmoma:kohtili, ma:ka mitsma:tla:nis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tense your arm, don't let it win out over you!
\phrase_s ¡Pon fuerte a tu brazo, quéno se te vaya a ganar!
\root ma:
\root kow
\disamb makuhtilia; ma:chika:wa
\semref ma:chika:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06193
\lxam xo:wi:lin
\lxam_c xo:wi:lin
\lxoa xo:wi:lin
\lxoa_c xo:wi:lin
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e catfish (precise species not yet identified)
\sense_s bagre (especie preciso todavía no identificado)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\root xo:wi:l
\nde In Tlalcozauhtitlan this fish is known as michpetstik.
\qry On one file card I mention that both vowels here are definitely long; Ramírez and Dakin (1979) record the first /i/ as short.
\ref 06194
\lxam tio:panki:sa
\lxam_c tio:panki:sa
\lxoa tio:panki:sa
\lxoa_c tio:panki:sa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\compound N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to get married in a church ceremony (i.e., lit. 'to emerge from church')
\sense_s casarse en una ceremonia religiosa (de la iglesia; lit. 'salir de la iglesia')
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tio:panki:s ika ino:biah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He got married in the church to his girlfriend.
\phrase_s Se casóen una ceremonia religiosa (en la iglesia) con su novia.
\root tio:
\root ki:sa
\root_rel -pan
\qry Check vowel length here and in all words with /tio/. Here I definitely heard a short vowel in the recording for Oapan.
\xref tio:panki:xtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 06195
\lxam tla:ltewistika:n
\lxam_c tla:ltewistika:n
\lxoa tla:ltewistika:n
\lxoa_c tla:ltewistika:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla:l-ka:n
\infn N1(N2-tla)
\sense_e see tla:lte:tewistika:n (Am) / tla:lte:tewitska:n(Oa)
\sense_s véase tla:lte:tewistika:n (Am) / tla:lte:tewitska:n(Oa)
\sense_d Pending
\root tla:l
\root tewits
\ref 06196
\lxam a:tonkwitsmeh
\lxam_c *a:tonkwitsmeh
\lxoa á:tonkwístih
\lxoa_c á:tonkwístih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound S-N
\der N-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l)
\infn N1
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e type of small worm that reproduces in standing, stored water (such as the water in an a:ko:ntlior water tank)
\sense_s tipo de gusanillo que sale en agua amacenada (como la que se guarda en un a:ko:ntlio tanque)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root a:
\root tom
\root kwits
\nse For Ameyaltepec a:tonkwitsmeh appears to be idiosyncratic (it is rarely used); the more common form is a:tonkwilin. In Acatlán, they are called
ahtonquiztle :"maromeros, gusanillos que se reproducen en ollas con agua"; see Matías A. and Constantino L. (1996:73). Cristino Flores stated that this term is used in
Oapan and in Ameyaltepec they are called a:tompitsmeh.
\nae Apparently reduplication is the motive for Oapan Nahuatl pitch accent in á:tonkwístih. However, there are two scenarios. The first is that the vowel is underlyingly long
(perhaps from the root a:'water') and that reduplication is reflected simply in pitch accent (with no lengthening of an already long vowel). This is perhaps the most
likely scenario (cf. a:polaki, unreduplicated, and á:poláki, reduplicated). However, it might be that the vowel is originally short with pitch accent and
reduplication has led to lengthening (? átonkwístih, unreduplicated, and á:tonkwístih, reduplicated). It is interesting that the only cognate form from
another dialect obtained to date, from Acatlán, Guerrero, has an /h/ closing the first syllable, ahtonquiztle. If this were representative of the underlying morphology,
then Oapan would have a surface form (after the predictable phonological changes) of átonkwístih. With this analysis the pitc h accent derives from an underlying {h}
and not reduplication; reduplication, however, would lead to vowel lengthening. However, given the probably relation of á:tonkwístih to a:tl 'water,' with
a long vowel, the first interpretation seems more likely.
\vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens.
\qry_h atonkwitsmeh.
\root_notes Note that /kwits/ might here be an allomorph of /kwil/ as in /kwilin/.
\semref a:tonkwilin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06197
\lxam kextsakwa
\lxam_c nokextsakwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a(kw)
\sense_e (refl.) to become hoarse
\sense_s (refl.) quedarse o ponerse ronco; cerrarsele a la gargante a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nokextsakw, xtikmatin tli:n kokolistli kipia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He got hoarse, we don't know what illness he has.
\phrase_s Se puso ronco, no sabemos que enfermedad tiene.
\root kech
\root tsakwa
\qry Check to see if possibly used in non-reflexive form. Also check for transitive/causative forms. Finally, since I had once recorded this as /kechtsakwa/, the use of /ch/ or /x/ should be
checked.
\semref kopa:htsakwa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06198
\lxam nakastekontitlan
\lxam_c inakastekontitlan
\lxoa nakastekontitlan
\lxoa_alt nakastekontitlah
\lxoa_c i:nakastekontitlah, i:nakastekontitlan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loc-titlan
\infn N2
\sense_e inside or concave part of the ear (see Oapan synonym: nakasko)
\sense_s parte interior o concava de la oreja (véase sinónimo de Oapan: nakasko)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e concave area immediately behind the ear
\sense_s área concava inmediatamente atrás de la oreja
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\root nakas
\root tekom
\root_rel -titlan
\nse The etymology of nakastekontitlan would seem to be related to that of, for example, a:xi:xtekon in which the -tekon element apparently
refers to a container or round hollow location. In Oapan this refers to be small depression on the head right behind the lobe. Apparently nakastitlanis a synonymous
term.
\ref 06199
\lxam asi
\lxam_c asi
\lxoa ásí
\lxoa_pr asi
\lxoa_c ásí
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers -lo
\allomorph Palatalization
\der V1-b
\pitch yes-lex
\infv class-4a
\irregular In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan the impersonal manifests the change /s/ to /x/: axilo (Am) / áxiló (Oa)
\sense_e to arrive at a destination (there, i.e., away from a deictic reference point and toward which one is going)
\sense_s llegar a una destinación (allí, esto es, en sentido extraverso de un punto de referencia y hacia donde uno estáyendo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ye tasitokeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We are about to arrive.
\phrase_s Estamos por llegar.
\phrase_n Kwahli xkaxi:ti icha:n! Kwahli ma asi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Take him right to his house! Have him get there OK!
\phrase_s ¡Hazlo llegar bien a su casa!¡Quéllegue bien!
\sense_e to be able to reach with ones hands (e.g., sth high)
\sense_s poder alcanzar con las manos (p. ej., algo colgado en lo alto)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xwel tasis pa:mpa titla:ltech.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You won't be able to reach it because you are short.
\phrase_s No lo vas a poder alcanzar porque estás chaparrito.
\sense_e (~pan ~) to arrive (there) at a location where someone ([possessor of -pan]) is already located
\sense_s (~pan ~) llegar (allí) a un lugar donde alguien ([poseedor de -pan]) ya está
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Mopan nasi, xyatiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go along! I (will) arrive (where you will be) later.
\phrase_s ¡Ve yendo! Llego (alládonde estarás) después.
\sense_e (san + with a directional affix) to arrive and quickly head back without much delay
\sense_s (san + con un afijo direccional) llegar y luego luego estar de regreso
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n San o:tasiko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You just arrived here and headed right back.
\phrase_s Solamente llegaste y luego luego te fuiste.
\phrase_n San tonasis. Ma:ka tiweka:wis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will just arrive there and come right back. Don't spend a long time (daudle) there!
\phrase_s Solamente vas a llegar alláy en seguido regresarás.¡No te vayas a tardar allá!
\semfld motion
\ncol to:nahli
\root ahsi
\nse Note that without a directional or with ~pan the verb asi contrasts with yeko : asi vs. yeko and
ipan asi vs. ipan yeko. Asi indicates movement away from and yeko toward a given reference pont. However, with a
directional indicating to go/come to a particular place and immediately head right out again, only asi is used: san tonasis or san tiwa:lasis
but not * san tiwa:lekos , etc.
\semref -tasi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\xref axilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref áxília
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\xref axi:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref axi:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref áxí:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\xref áxí:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 06200
\lxam ikxipeya:stik
\lxam_c ikxipeya:stik
\lxoa ixipeya:stik
\lxoa_c ixipeya:stik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e to have a stiff leg that can't be bent
\sense_s tener una pierna tiesa que no se puede doblar
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root to:pi:l
\nse Same as /ikximelaktik/.
\qry Make sure that /ikximelaktik/ and /ikxito:pi:ltik/ are the same. Check the Oapan equivalent.
\semref ikximelaktik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ikxito:pi:ltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06201
\lxam yeteteki
\lxam_c yeteteki
\lxoa yé:tekí
\lxoa_alt yetétekí
\lxoa_pr yé:teki
\lxoa_c yé:tekí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\pitch yes-rdp
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\sense_e to pick beans (in harvesting)
\sense_s cortar o cosechar frijoles (en la milpa)
\sense_d Oa
\root e
\root teki
\nse This refers to the action of pinching the stem of the beans with ones fingers in order to detach them, not to pulling the beans off the stem (hence the use of the verbal root
teki).
\nae In Oapan one may find reduplication with a long vowel: ye:yé:tekí. Interestingly, this reduplicant form was not accepted when the noun stem was not incorporated:
kiteki yetl but ? kite:teki yetl. This might reflect the lexicalized meaning of te:teki ('to slice'), which would not be appropriate here.
\grm Reduplication: In Oapan one may find reduplication with a long vowel: ye:yé:tekí. Interestingly, this reduplicant form was not accepted when the noun stem
was not incorporated: kiteki yetl but ? kite:teki yetl. This might reflect the lexicalized meaning of te:teki ('to slice'), which would
not be appropriate here.
\vl The first female token here is /yeti:k/ and should be tagged as #5932. After this there are 3 female and 3 male correct tokens.
\ref 06202
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /tlaa:yawtok/, but C. Flores denied that this was a valid word.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 06203
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be the entry for /Texi:ntlan/, which has now been placed on the toponymic database.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 06204
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa koxtlakwa
\lxoa_c koxtlakwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Mod-[tla-V1]
\der V1-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to eat in ones sleep
\sense_s comer entre sueños
\sense_d Oa
\root koch
\root kwa
\ref 06205
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa koxtetsoyo:tia
\lxoa_c koxtetsoyo:tia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Mod-V1
\der V1-d-tia
\lexical Lex. inflix te-
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to fail to grow as a result of lack of sleep
\sense_s quedarse pequeño de estatura por falta de dormir
\sense_d Oa
\root koch
\root tsoyo:
\qry_fon Check length of final /o:/ in all words having /tsoyo:tik/.
\grm Noun incorporation: Note the semantic implications of this incorporation
\ref 06206
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa áxoké:n
\lxoa_alt áxoké:h
\lxoa_c áxoké:n,áxoké:h;áxoké:meh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of grey-colored heron, with a long neck extended as it flies; of the family Ardeidae (apparently not illustrated in Howell and Webb)
\sense_s tipo de garza gris, con un cuello largo que se extiende al volar; de la familia Ardeidae (aparentemente no ilustrado en Howell y Webb)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root axoh
\nse Inocencio Jiménez stated that this is the bird known as the garza(i.e., heron) in Spanish, a bird with a long neck that is rarely seen (though it does show up) in Oapan.
The a:sta:tlon the other hand is a small egret-like bird. Miguelálvarez del Toro, in his commentary on Francisco Hernández, identifies this as the Anhinga
anhinga.
\nae The etymology of this Oapan word is unclear. The pitch accent in Oapan suggests an underlying {h}, but the location of this is not readily apparent. One might posit either
{ahxoke:n} or {axohke:n}. Although the length of the first vowel is unclear. In the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino is seems to have a short duration, with Inocencio Jiménez it
is slightly longer, more in accord with a phonologically long vowel. For the present a short vowel has been recorded given the possibility of an underlying {ah} sequence.
\nde No cognate forms in other dialects have been documented except Classical. Molina has axoquen 'cierto páxaro de pluma blanca.{
\vl Note that this word should have a female singular: /áxoké:n/ then a male singular /áxoké:h/. This will be followed by another sequence of equal tokens, female and then
male, plural /áxoké:meh/.
\qry_h Locate /h/.
\semref ga:rsah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref a:rsah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06207
\lxam nakasko
\lxam_c i:nakasko
\lxoa nakasko
\lxoa_c i:nakasko
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-k(o)
\infn N2
\sense_e inside or concave part of the ear
\sense_s parte interior o concava de la oreja
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\root nakas
\root_rel -ko
\semref nakastekontitlan
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06208
\lxam mahka:tsi:n
\lxam_c mahka:tsi:n
\lxoa mahka:tsi:n
\lxoa_c mahka:tsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-tsi:n
\sense_e to be easily frightened (particularly a young child, but also any person or animal)
\sense_s ser asustadiza o miedosa (particularmente un niño joven, pero además cualquier persona o animal)
\sense_d Pending
\root maw
\root miki
\nse Mahka:tsi:n is the diminuative of mahki although given that mahki and i:xmahki are often applied to animals
mahka:tsi:n is applied to humans, such as little children who are easily frightened.
\ref 06209
\lxam to:mouwe:i
\lxam_alt to:mouwe:i
\lxoa tó:mowéwé:i
\lxoa_alt tó:mokóhtli de wéwé:i
\lxoa_cpend @tómowéwé:i
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-b
\lexical Lex rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e type of large cactus still not definitively identified
\sense_s órgano, tipo de cactus grande todavía no identificado definitivamente
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\disamb ó:rganoh
\fl ó:rganoh
\semref ó:rganoh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06210
\lxam chika:walistli
\lxam_c chika:walistli
\lxoa chika:walistli
\lxoa_c chika:walistli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e resistence (to illness); strength (in regard to health)
\sense_s resistencia (en cuanto a las enfermedades); fortaleza (en cuanto a la salud)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Nóntlatlanília i:chika:walis.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I ask for his strong health (in this case case in leaving an offering in the church).
\phrase_s Pido que tenga su fuerza (en este caso al dejar una ofrenda en la iglesia).
\root chika:
\ref 06211
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kapostik
\lxoa_c kapostik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e jet black
\sense_s negro
\sense_d Oa
\root kapots
\nse Kapostik is used in Oapan, though rarely; it is not documented in Ameyaltepec, though it seems that some people know this word, who mentioned that it was
commonly used in Acatlán. Whether Oapan has a verbal form still needs to be checked. However, kapostik is very rarely used and the more common form is
tli:lihki.
\nde Molina has several cognate words including caputzaui 'pararse negro' and caputztic 'cosa negra.'
\ref 06212
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa í:xteyó:tia
\lxoa_pr í:xteyo:tia
\lxoa_c kí:xteyó:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to place (e.g., paint) the eyes on (in this case on a figure painted on an amate)
\sense_s poner (esto es, pintar) los ojos a (en este caso una figura dibujada sobre un amate)
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root te
\nae The pitch accent noted is due to reduplication of the verbal stem, indicating that two eyes were painted or placed on the object in question.
\grmx /-yo/: The pitch-accent marking should definitely be checked here. However what is interesting about this verb is the use of /-yo/ for the eyes of the moon; this should be
checked and how this verb may be used.
\ref 06213
\lxam kwa:kon
\lxam_c kwa:kon tia:skeh
\lxoa kwa:kon
\lxoa_c kwa:kon
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adv
\der Adv-tm; Adv-man
\sense_e then
\sense_s entonces; en ese moment; es cuando
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ok ma nima:lti! Kwa:kon tia:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just let me bathe! Then we'll go.
\phrase_s ¡Deja que me bañe! Entonces iremos.
\phrase_n Me:roh kwa:kon niá:s!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That's precisely when I will go.
\phrase_s Es precisamente entonces cuando voy a ir.
\phrase_n Ok ma nima:lti, kwa:kon tia:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e First let me bathe, then we will go.
\phrase_s Primero, déjame bañar, entonces vamos.
\sense_e (interjection) you bet! that's right! of course!
\sense_s (interjección)¡asíes!¡seguro!
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A: Xtikpale:wis? B: Kwa:kon!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A: Are you going to help him? B: You bet!
\phrase_s A:¿Lo vas a ayudar? B:¡Asíes!
\root hkwa:k
\nae The
\qry In one entry I have this recorded with a long final /o:/; in others a short (for Am). This should be checked. Now check this in tapes of Oapan.
\ref 06214
\lxam pa:kilismaka
\lxam_c nopa:kilismaka
\lxoa pa:ilismaka
\lxoa_c nopa:ilismaka
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv Irregular; see maka
\sense_e (refl.) to make oneself happy (e.g., in painting something that one takes pleasure in)
\sense_s (refl.) hacerse feliz (p. ej., al pintar algo que le gusta a uno)
\sense_d Oa
\root pa:ki
\root maka
\grm Oapan phonology: k-deletion. Note the intervocalic deletion of /k/ in /pa:ilismaka/.
\ref 06215
\lxam tlako:pepenke:tl
\lxam_c tlako:pepenke:tl
\lxoa tlakó:penké:tl
\lxoa_c tlakó:penké:tl
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\lexical Reduced rpd-s(prev-l)
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e person who gathers small branches of wood that are scattered on the ground (for firewood)
\sense_s persona que pepena ramas de losárboles que están regadas por la tierra (para leña)
\sense_d Oa
\root tlako:
\root pena
\grmx Oapan phonology: reduplication: Note here that the reduplicant reduces to pitch accent only on a preceding long vowel of the incorporated nominal stem.
\ref 06216
\lxam ka:ka:lo:te:ntli
\lxam_c ka:ka:lo:te:ntli
\lxoa ka:ka:lo:te:ntli
\lxoa_c ka:ka:lo:te:ntli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e type of agave still not identified
\sense_s tipo de agave todavía no identificado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ka:ka:lo:te:ntli | Bwe:noh para i:loh, para la:soh, para tema:tlatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Ka:ka:lo:te:ntli : It is good for string, for rope, for woven net bags (of the type called tema:tlatl).
\phrase_s Ka:ka:lo:te:ntli : Es bueno para hilo, para laso, para bolsas tejidas (del tipo llamado tema:tlatl).
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root ka:lo:
\root te:n
\notes_nature This type of maguey is processed and used in making fiber bags although the fiber of this maguey cannot be used in bird snares because it is too short. Compare to
to:to:lasi:toh and rrea:lixtli.
\semref mexkahli de ka:ka:lo:te:ntli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kwahli mexkahli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref mexkahli ka:ka:lo:te:ntli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06217
\lxam tsi:npwe:nteh
\lxam_c i:tsi:npwe:nteh
\lxoa tsi:npwe:nteh
\lxoa_c i:tsi:npwe:nteh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) puente
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N2
\sense_e tailbone; coccyx (of a person or animal)
\sense_s rabadilla; coxis (de un ser humano o un animal)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root tsi:n
\ref 06218
\lxam so:ya:wi:teki
\lxam_c kiso:ya:wi:teki
\lxoa so:ya:wi:teki
\lxoa_c kiso:ya:wi:teki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infn N-V
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to whip with palm
\sense_s azotar con palma
\sense_d Oa
\root so:ya:
\root wi:teki
\qry Check meaning and see if this also has the meaning of /so:ya:wia/ in Ameyaltepec, i.e., to wave and make noise with palm to scare (e.g., chicks) away.
\semref so:ya:wia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06219
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlipili:ni
\lxoa_c tlipili:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans +Caus
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to become slightly cooked (usually things such as meat that are place on a koma:hlior cooked in a pan; e.g., birds are made to tlipili:ni on the
clay griddle so that they don't go bad overnight, meat is partially cooked in a pan or pot, maybe 15 minutes or so when it is late at night so that it doesn't spoil)
\sense_s cocerse ligeramente (algo como un pájaro sobre el comal ligeramente, o carne en agua hervida en un sarten o olla; no se cocina bien, se hace para evitar que se eche a
perder con el calor, p. ej., carne)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld cook
\root tli
\root pili:
\xref tlipili:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\semref tlimiki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06220
\lxam ilteki
\lxam_c kilteki
\lxoa ilteki
\lxoa_c kilteki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to sip or sip up the juice of (a solid food with a great amount of tasty broth, such as beans, while leaving on the plate the solid food, to be eaten later)
\sense_s sober, beber o chupar el líquido de (un guisado preparado con mucho caldo sabroso, como los frijoles, dejando la comida sólida en el plato, para ser comido después)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkilteki!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Sip its juice!
\phrase_s ¡Chúpale el caldo!
\sense_e to absorb a liquid (e.g., a rag used to absorb and clean a spilled liquid; a porous paper absorbing ink)
\sense_s absober un líquido (p. ej., un trapo empleado para quitar un líquido que se tiró; un papel a porous paper absorbing ink)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kilteki we:i tlapahli a:matl, koo:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Amates absorb a lot of paint, they suck it up.
\phrase_s Los amates aborben mucha pintura, la beben.
\sense_e (refl.) to wheeze
\sense_s (refl.) resollar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sa: noltektok, xok weli tlato:hli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's reduced to just wheezing, he can't talk anymore.
\phrase_s Estáreducido a resollar, ya no puede con palabras.
\root lteki
\qry Check for possible further etimological division to /(h)l/. Another entry I have not recorded is /kilteki we:i un tlapahli a:matl/. Check for syntax, i.e. whether /un/ should be placed
here; cf. the phrase also recorded without /un/. I have an entry /tlalteki:ltia/ which was a mistaken Oapan utterance for /tlateki:tia/. This was located at 05118. I have created a new
entry /tlateki:ltia/; but I was not sure what the word meant. Provisionally I have entered it as /iltekiltia/. This should be checked and the xrefs changed as necesary.
\grm /Kilteki we:i un tlapahli a:matl, koo:ni/ 'Amates absorb a lot of paint, they suck it up' Note VOS word order.
\root_notes The root /teki/ here is perhaps related to the /tek/ of /teka/ 'to pour out' and /tekilia/ 'to pour or serve sth to sb'; check vowel lengths.
\xref ilteki:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 06221
\lxam isoliwi
\lxam_c isoliwi
\lxoa ísolíwi
\lxoa_pr isoliwi
\lxoa_cpend ísolíwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to become worn out; to become thin with wear (e.g., clothes by wearing them, or other objects that get worn, thin, tattered, etc.)
\sense_s luirse (ropa); desgastarse (y ponerse delgado, p. ej., ropa o tela, en general objetos materiales que se usan mucho se dan evidencia del uso al ponerse más delgados)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:isoliw motlake:n, o:pe:w tlatlankwi:tsowa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your clothes are worn out, their weave has started to open up (as a number of threads have started to break).
\phrase_s Tu ropa estábien luida, el tejido ha empezado a abrirse (al reventarse algunos hilos)
\phrase_n Tetsi:ltik katka, pero a:man yo:poxa:w, ye isoliwtiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It was tightly wound (the strands of a rope), but now it's become loose, it's getting old and worn out.
\phrase_s Estaba apretada (una soga), pero ahora ya se aflojó, ya se desgastando.
\phrase_n O:isoliw ichina:n mokal, xikchina:nti.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The chinamíl of your house has gotten old and worn out. Build a (new) was of chinamíl for it!
\phrase_s Se envejecióel chinamíl de tu casa.¡Póngale uno (nuevo)!
\phrase_n A:man o:noka:w chi:koyaktik ikal, o:kika:wilih ma isoliwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now his house has wound up split open on top (i.e., in the thatching for the roof), he let it get old.
\phrase_s Se casa (esto es, el techo de palma) ya quedóabierto, dejóque se envejeciera.
\root hsol
\vl The tokens here are mistakenly of the transitive /kísolówa/ and should be tagged with #04233. Unfortunately, when I did the elicitation I had two entries for the transitive
form and non for the intransitive. I have since changed 6221 from /isolowa/ to /isoliwi/, but since this was done after the Oapan recordings there is no token here.
\ref 06222
\lxam lá:minah
\lxam_alt lá:minah de asbe:stoh
\lxam_c lá:minah
\lxoa lá:minah
\lxoa_c lá:minah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan lá:mina
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e asbestos sheeting used for house roofs
\sense_s lámina de asbesto para techar
\sense_d Oa
\semref albe:stoh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06223
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlaxipacho:lo:ni
\lxoa_c tlaxipacho:lo:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-inst-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e part of a house, the thick beam, apparently the upper roof beam plate, that runs parallel to the sole:rah
\sense_s parte de un techo, la viga gruesa, aparentemente la contra solera, que corre paralelo a y justamente arriba de la solera
\sense_d Oa
\semfld construct-part
\ency_note kahli
\root kxi
\root pach
\nse The etymology of Oapan Nahuatl tlaxipacho:lo:ni is not clear, though provisionally it has been analyzed as containing the root from 'leg' or 'foot,' i.e.,
kxiand pachowa. Florencia Marcelino stated that in her household it is called tlaxipacho:hli; the form here was given by her husband,
Inocencio Jiménez.
\qry Check neighboring dialects.
\semref ko:ntrasole:rah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tlaxipacho:hli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06224
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa wákaltetso:tsóna
\lxoa_pr wakaltetso:tsona
\lxoa_c kiwákaltetso:tsóna
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\lexical Lex. inflix te- ; Lex. rdp-l
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to hold a gourd or gourd-like object over (a chick [O]) and tap on it lightly
\sense_s sostener una jícara o algo parecido sobre (un pollito [o]) darle golpecitos ligeros
\sense_d Oa
\root wehka
\root tsona
\nae The vowel length of the reduplicant is probably long despite ambigous evidence from the two speech tokens of Inocencio Jiménez. He was not familiar with the meaning of the term,
and this might account for some variation. Also, despite the fairly short duration of the reduplicant vowel, the ratio between this vowel and the initial vowel of the verbal stem
tsona is still within a range that would suggest a phonologically long vowel in the reduplicant.
\qry Check the vowel length of the first /o:/ of the final verbal element. Note that in genereal this verb is usually found with short vowel reduplication (e.g., /tlatsotsona/). In Florencia
Marcelino's speech I seemed to have heard a long vowel, and a short one with Inocencio. He did not seem familiar with the meaning of this term and this may have lead to the
difference.
\vl Link 1st male token.
\semref tekontetso:tsona
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06225
\lxam na:ntia
\lxam_c nona:ntia
\lxoa na:ntia
\lxoa_c kinona:ntia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-tia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to claim or treat as one's mother (e.g., a neice of the adult woman)
\sense_s (refl.) reclamar o tratar como madre (p. ej., la sobrina de una mujer adulta)
\sense_d Pending
\root na:n
\nae Although Classical Nahuatl (Molina) has nantia. nino 'tomar a alguna como madre' other similar forms include a specific object, e.g., tatia. nicno 'tomar a otro
por padre.' This might well represent a simple error or variation in Classical, but it does perhpas reflect the tentative nature of overt marking of the specific object. Note that in
Ameyaltepec the tendency is to not overtly represent the object, i.e., nona:ntia , whereas in Oapan this is overtly marked: kinona:ntia.
\nde As expeced the Oapan form has both objects marked. The reflexive coreferences the subject, the child who takes an adult as a father, and the specific object references the adult.
Thus one might have mitsnótatiía 'he takes you as a father.'
\qry Check for /na:ntia/. Check for meaning of /tatia/; does it mean to take sb for ones father, or does it make to reclaim/recognize one as one's father. This is important. Perhaps both
are correct. Check how specific object is incorporated, i.e., nimitsna:ntia or nimitsnona:ntia, etc.
\semref ikni:wtia; suwa:wtia; tatia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ihni:htia; siwa:wtia; tátiá
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06226
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry originally had a blank for /lxa and te:tekets for /lxo. However, since the latter is already documented and recorded at 2131, this entry, 6226 has been deleted and the
information encoded elsewhere.
\vl There are 8 tokens here for 6226 which should be coded as additional instances of 2131. Also, it is the 6226 tokens that should be linked, not those from 2131.
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\ref 06227
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa chala
\lxoa_c chala
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\sense_e bird known in Spanish as chachalaca, probably the West Mexican Chachalaca, Ortalis poliocephala, or the White-bellied Chachalaca, O. leucogastra
\sense_s ave conocida como chachalaca, probablemente el"West Mexican Chachalaca," Ortalis poliocephalao el"White-bellied Chachalaca," O. leucogastra
\sense_d Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 14, p. 222
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root chal
\notes_nature Some informants identified this as the chachalaca in Spanish, as does Ramírez and Dakin (1979). The species identification is from Leopold (1959).
\nde In Oapan this bird is also called chalto:n, as it is in Ameyaltepec.
\qry Recheck length of /o:/; cf. to /miston/ or /misto:n/.
\semref chalto:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06228
\lxam sepa se:
\lxam_alt sepa okse:; oksepa se:
\lxam_c sepa se: tlaxkahli
\lxoa sápáse:
\lxoa_pr sapa se:
\lxoa_c sápáse: tlaxkáhli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound Adj-Adj
\der Adj-b
\pitch yes
\sense_e once again another different
\sense_s otra vez otro diferente o distinto
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (~ [day of the week]) the following [day of the week]
\sense_s (~ [día de la semana]) el otro [día de la semana]
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n sápáse: sá:badoh
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e the following Saturday (i.e., the Saturday after this upcoming one)
\phrase_s el otro sábado (esto es, el que le sigue a este)
\root se:
\root seh
\root_rel -pa
\nae The formsápásé:
\nae Apparently, uttered in isolationsápásé:
\mod Make sure /coga link is to the correct entry for this.
\nae The formsápásé:
\vl The first female token is simply /sápa sé:/ and should not be tagged. There are 4 good tags of /sápa sé: tlaxkáhli/.
\semref ok se:
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06229
\lxam tsa:tsa:stik
\lxam_c tsa:tsa:stik
\lxoa tsa:tsa:stik
\lxoa_c tsa:tsa:stik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik (?)
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e to be translucent (e.g., cloth that is worn out)
\sense_s ser casi tranlucente (p. ej., tela luida)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to be finely woven or meshed (e.g., woven or meshed objects such as an a:ya:tl , tema:tlatl , hammock, screen such as that to clean grain,
the edge of a shawl, very open cloth such as that used for straining cheese, etc.)
\sense_s estar bien tejido o tener malla muy cerrada (p. ej., ayate, tema:tlatl , hamaca, arnero, borda de un rebozo, tela muy abierta como la que se usa para filtrar
queso, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Bwe:noh o:ne:che:kchi:wilikeh, melá:k tsa:tsa:stik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They really made it nicely for me (sth woven or meshed), it is really finely woven (or with a fine mesh).
\phrase_s Me lo hiceron bien (algo tejido o con malla), tiene el tejido muy cerrado (o mella muy fina)
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n kwe:xtik, xtsa:tsa:stik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is finely woven, it is not open.
\phrase_s Estébien tejido (cerrado) no estáabierto.
\root tsa:ts
\disamb teskaltik; tetsi:ltik (in regard to cloth); tetsi:liwtok; tsa:tsa:stik
\nse The meaning of tsa:tsa:stik is not entirely clear, and no cognates from other dialects have been documented that might clarify the semantics of this term. In notes
from Ameyaltepec it was noted that whereas tetsi:ltik and teskaltik most often refer to cloth that is tightly woven, tsa:tsa:stik is used
for things that are more openly woven, such as hammocks, nets, meshes, etc. It may also be used to refer to certain types of cloth, but here apparently the cloth must be open, such
as that used to strain coagulated milk that is being made into cheese. However, these observations might be slightly erroneous. In Oapan, Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez
mentioned that tsa:tsa:stik refers only to cloth that has become thin and translucent with wear. Later, Inocencio mentioned that mosquito netting, kwe:xtsi:n
wa:n pipi:stik can also be described as tsa:tsa:stik. Here it might be not simply because it is finel woven, but be cause the resulting cloth is light (an effective of
the small threads that are used). They both explicitly denied that any material items such as ayates, meshes, hammocks, etc., could be described by this adjectival term.
At another time, however, Florencia mentioned that things (such as ayates and gunnysacks) that have an opened-up weave, from being old can be described as
tsa:tsa:stik. The contrary would be netextik, in reference to a weave. Thus if a sack or ayate is worn in places, one might say
tsa:tsa:tsa:stik. She gave as an example of this type of weave the cheap plastic sacks in which chile is stored, transported and sold. However, Inocencio Jimenez
mentioned that he would not so use this word, although it could be used to reer to a fineness such as that found in a mosquitero.
\nae The etymology of tsa:tsa:stik is very uncertain. The long vowel reduplication is perhaps related to the nature of the pattern involved: evenly spaced repetitions of
a closed mesh. Yet the sequence tsa:s is not immediately recognizable. One question is whether the final /s/ represents underlying {s} or {ts} although regardless of the
answer the element is not recognizable.
\qry Check what may be /tsa:tsa:stik/. Can it refer to cloth used to strain cheese.
\ref 06230
\lxam kochka:wa
\lxam_c nokochka:wa
\lxoa kochka:wa
\lxoa_c nokochka:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp S-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (refl.) to oversleep (and miss sth such as a task one was supposed to perform, a bus, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) quedar dormido (no despertando a tiempo y faltando a algo como un camión, una cita, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:nokochka:w, o:isak yo:tlane:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He overslept, he awoke when dawn had already broken.
\phrase_s Quedódormido, despertócuando ya había amanecido.
\sense_e (refl.) to go to sleep and leave sth undone (e.g., food unfinished, a radio or light on, or even failing to make love to a partner---wife, girlfriend, husband, lover---because
one is too tired and falls asleep)
\sense_s (refl.) dormirse dejando algo sin hacer (p. ej., comida sin terminar, un radio o luz dejado prendido, o hasta quedarse dormido sin hacerle el amor a un esposo, esposa,
novio, o novia, porque uno estaba demasiado cansado y quedódormido)
\sense_d Pending
\root kochi
\root ka:wa
\qry Check and make sure that this is used only in the reflexive. Also, note the two different meanings above and check whether both are correct.
\grm /O:nokochka:w, o:isak yo:tlane:s/ 'He overslept, he awoke when dawn had already broken' Note the syntax, without the subordinator 'when'.
\ref 06231
\lxam te:ilwia
\lxam_c kite:ilwia
\lxoa te:ilwia
\lxoa_f [te: il 'wi ya]
\lxoa_c kite:ilwia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp te:-V3
\der V3-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to bring charges against; to denounce (sb, in particular, before judicial authorities; in Ameyaltepec this involves going before the komisá:rioh)
\sense_s acusar a; denunciar a (algn, en particular, frente a las autoridades judiciales; en Ameyaltepec esto implica ir frente al komisá:rioh)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xtepostoka, tla:mo kwala:nis. Miste:ilwi:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Follow it up (in this case the addressee's child has hurt another child and the addressee is advised to visit the house of the hurt child's parents to console them), if you don't
he (the father of the hurt child) will get mad. He will denounce you (before the village authorities).
\phrase_s ¡Dale seguimiento (en este caso el niño del sujeto ha lastimado a otro niño y el hablante le aconseja visitar la casa del niño lastimado para consolar a los padres)! si no
lo haces, se va a enojar (el padre del niño lastimado). te va a denunciar (frente a las autoridades del pueblo).
\phrase_n Timiste:ilwi:s deke tine:chasis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will bring charges against you (before the village authorities) if you touch me (said by a girl to a boy who was bothering her).
\phrase_s Te voy a denunciar (frente a las autoridades del pueblo) si me tocas (dicho de una muchacha a un muchacho quien la estaba molestando).
\sense_e (refl.) to bring charges (before judicial authorities)
\sense_s (refl.) hacer una denuncia o acusación (frente a las autoridades judiciales)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Note:ilwi:lo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A charge is being presented (e.g., before the village komisa:rioh)
\phrase_s Se estápresentando una denuncia (p. ej., frente al komisa:rioh del pueblo)
\semfld communicate
\root lwia
\nse Although in other dialects ilwia in a ditransitive verb, in Oapan and the Balsas region villages it is documented only with the nonspecific object prefix for humans,
te:-. In this lexicon, therefore, te:ilwia has been entered as a transitive (bivalent) verb with its own entry, rather than under ilwia , which
appears only in some ritual texts.
\qry Check to determine whether this is used only in the sense of to bring charges against (in a court situation) or whether the person being complained to can be an authority figure, such
as a parent.
\grm Detransitivization: a major concern in Nahuatl is whether the nonspecific object prefixes should be considered object prefixes or detransitivizing morphemes. Viewed from
another perspective, the question is whether te:- and tla- have more in common with the object prefixes or with incorporated nouns. Certainly
they differ from objects in that they occur to the right of the directional prefixes, and thus closer to the verb stem. tla-, unlike te:- can be
reduplicated, a clear indication that it is close to, and perhaps part of, the stem. Moreover, words with te:- and tla- often have highly lexicalized
and particular meanings. tla-, in particular, reduces the valency of intransitives to form impersonals. Another factor is that both affect the nature of specific
prefixes. Thus te:- on ditransitive verbs indicates that the specific object be interpreted as a"secondary"object (or base object rather than applicative
object). tla-, on the other hand, sets the other object as an applicative object. With maka note that tla- takes the place of the
specific object syntactically: kimaka xo:chitl 'he gives him flowers' and kitlamaka 'he gives him things (e.g., fodder).' With te:-
the semantic role shifts: kite:maka xo:chitl 'he gives flowers away (to people)' Thus with kimaka xo:chitl the ki references the
recipient/benefactive; with kite:maka xo:chitl the ki references the flowers. In this sense, te:- changes the argument structure
whereas tla- simply replaces a specific with a nonspecific object. Thus there are reasons for arguing that both prefixes are derivational prefixes and not
simply"objects."However, there are arguments against this, for when valency increases (e.g., /miki/ to /miktia/) it would be erroneous to assume that the nonspecific objects
simply re-reduce the valency. The question is how to entry these into the dictionary. For n ow some have been accorded separate entries (e.g., te:ilwia)
while others have not (e.g., te:miktia). Others, such as te:maka and tlamaka have been cross-referenced from separate entries
back to the basic one.
\semref ihlia; te:i:xpantia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06232
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod Becuase it is vulgar /kuwtechi:mal/ has been removed.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\vl Given the somewhat vulgar nature of this term, it should be tagged but not linked to the headword. Only Inocencio Jiménez uttered this token, hence it has 4 male tokens.
\ref 06233
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:ti
\lxoa_c a:ti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\der Interj
\sense_e Good mourning (from midmorning to noon)!
\sense_s ¡Buenos días (desde mediados de la mañana hasta mediodía)!
\sense_d Oa
\nse The etymology of a:ti is not clear, though it is probably a shortened form of former greeting term, perhaps even pano:ltih. Nevertheless, unlike most
greeting terms a:ti has a final glottal stop and no plural formation.
\nae There is no plural to this form.
\semref pano:ltih
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06234
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa te:nkomiteyo
\lxoa_c i:te:nkomiteyo
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e bone of the chin
\sense_s hueso de la barba
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\root te:n
\root omi
\semref te:nkwalkaxtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref te:nkokaxtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06235
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be for Oapan /tekechilia/, which was an alternate pronunciation of /telkechilia/. It has been eliminated and given as an alternate pronunciation of /telkechilia/; see
-#2706.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\vl There are 6 tokens here (3 female and 3 male). They should be tagged as #2706 and linked there.
\ref 06236
\lxam tlapiloke:tl
\lxam_c tlapiloke:tl
\lxoa tlapíloké:tl
\lxoa_c tlapíloké:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e fisherman who fishes by hanging hooks from stakes sunken into the river
\sense_s pescador que pesca al colgar anzuelos de estakas metidas en el fondo del río
\sense_d Oa
\root pil
\qry Check if this can only refer to a fisherman, or whether it can be used to refer to others who hang things such as nets (e.g., to catch birds).
\ref 06237
\lxam ma:i:to:nia
\lxam_c noma:i:to:nia
\lxoa ma:i:to:nia
\lxoa_c noma:i:to:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-refl
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to have ones hand sweat (on one)
\sense_s sudarsele la mano
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root pach
\qry Check length of /i/. I had originally had it long, but then changed it to short when revising, based on comparative data from other cases of /ito:nia/. Check.
\semref ma:papachka
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref ma:papachka
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06238
\lxam a:xi:xtewe:i
\lxam_c a:xi:xtewe:i
\lxoa a:xi:xtewe:i
\lxoa_c a:xi:xtewe:i
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\sense_e to be a person who urinates a lot
\sense_s ser meón; ser una persona que orina mucho
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root xi:xa
\semref a:xi:xpal
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref a:xi:xaleh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref a:xi:xte:roh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06239
\lxam pa:pa:lo:yowa
\lxam_c pa:pa:lo:yowa
\lxoa pa:pa:lo:yowa
\lxoa_c pa:pa:lo:yowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to become full of moths (e.g., maize stored in a granary)
\sense_s llenarse de polilla (p. ej., maíz guardado en una troje)
\sense_d Oa
\root pa:lo:
\ref 06240
\lxam tenaltia
\lxam_c kitenaltia
\lxoa tenaltia
\lxoa_c kitenaltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cause to groan or grunt, or to emit sounds of complaint from suffering or pain (such as from illness, pain, or heavy exertion)
\sense_s hacer gemir o emitir sonidos de queja por el sufrimiento o dolor (como la enfermedad, el dolor o un gran esfuerzo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Melá:k o:ne:xtetenaltih un kokolistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That illness really made me groan and complain in suffering.
\phrase_s Esa enfermedad me hizo gemir del dolor mucho.
\phrase_n Kitenaltia, yetí:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He makes it groan (in this case an animal being loaded), it is heavy.
\phrase_s Lo hace quejar (en este caso un animal que se carga), es pesado.
\root tena
\xref tena
\xref_t ni_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06241
\lxam temasoltik
\lxam_c temasoltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e fat; squat
\sense_s gordo; reconcho y bajo
\sense_d Am
\semfld shape
\disamb temasoltik; poti:xah; toma:wak, etc.
\root temasol
\nse The etymology of temasoltik is uncertain, but it is perhaps related to the word tamasoltik , found in Classical Nahuatl as meaning sapo o
rana.
\qry Check to determine whether this should be written (and if it is pronounced) [temasoltik] or perhaps it is/should be [tamasoltik]. Also determine whether /temasohli/ or /temasolin/
exist in Ameyaltepec. Ramírez and Dakin give /temasohli/ for 'sapo'.
\ref 06242
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry had been for /kwe:kwelpaxtik/ in Oapan Nahuatl. However, it has been deleted and the example sentence, definition, etc., placed under /kwelpaxtik/, which is found in
both dialects. The sound file for the headword /kwelpaxtik/, therefore, should be linked to the entry for /kwelpaxtik/, as a second utterance.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\vl The 4 tokens here should be tagged as 5645 and then two of them linked to the second pronunciation: /kwe:kwelpaxtik/.
\ref 06243
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mimilka:ki:sa
\lxoa_c mimilka:ki:sa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Part-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to rise thickly (smoke; see toma:hka:ki:sa)
\sense_s salir en una gruesa columna (humo; véase see toma:hka:ki:sa)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Mimilka:ki:sa po:htli.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e The smoke was rising up thickly.
\phrase_s El humo estaba saliendo en una gruesa columna.
\root mil
\root ki:sa
\qry_fon Oapan phonology: use the tape of the Oapan sound here to illustrate extreme shortness of vowels. The first is extremely short, particularly in the pronunciation of Florencia
Marcelino.
\vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token.
\grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: The pronunciation of /mimilka:ki:sa/ involves an extremely short reduplicant vowel, particularly the 2nd token of Florencia's
pronunciation.
\grm Adjectival incorporation: One problem in Nahuatl morphosyntax has been how adjectivals ending in /-tik/ can take on an attributive function in compounds. Note how the
deverbal adjectival from /mimiliwi/ is /mimiltik/ and */mimilki/ does not exist. However, in combination the participial form (for -iwi verbs, i.e., with loss of /iwi/ and
replacement with /-ka:/). In general an effort should be made to determine the manner in which /-tik/ final adjectivals can be incorporated in an attributive function.
\ref 06244
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlaá:yahpachíhtok
\lxoa_pr tlaá:yahpachihtok
\lxoa_c tlaá:yahpachíhtok
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l)
\infv Durative
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be foggy all over
\sense_s estar con neblina por todos lados
\sense_d Oa
\root a:yawi
\root pach
\semref tlaa:yawtitlan
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06245
\lxam mahka:listli
\lxam_c mahka:listli
\lxoa mahka:listli
\lxoa_c mahka:listli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e fear
\sense_s miedo
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kinamak de mahka:listli, pa:mpa o:kikak kikwi:li:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He sold it out of fear (in this case a piece of land) because he heard they were going to forcibly take it away from him.
\phrase_s Lo vendióde miedo (en este caso una parcela de terreno) porque escuchóque se lo iban a quitar a fuerzas.
\phrase_n Sa: tikateh ika mahka:listli, yo:tikitakeh ika milá:k wel wa:hlaweh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Here we've been reduced to fear, we've seen that they (in this case robbers) really can come.
\phrase_s Aquíhemos sido reducidos al miedo, hemos visto que de veras pueden (en este caso los ladrones) venir.
\root mawi
\grm Nominalization/deverbalization: The derivation is interesting and should be checked in grammars. I do not know of other cases in which the compound for with the 'ligature'
/ka:/ is used in nominal derivatives.
\semref nemohti:hli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06246
\lxam i:xte:nka:wa
\lxam_c ki:xte:nka:wa
\lxoa i:xte:nka:wa
\lxoa_c ki:xte:nka:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp [N-N]-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to pass over without seeing or noticing; to forget or leave out (sth to be noticed, copied, etc.; e.g., when trying to copy sth and then leaving out some portion, a word or two
perhaps, by mistake)
\sense_s pasar sobre (algo, p. ej., algo escrito) sin verlo; olvidarse de y dejar afuera (algo que hubiera sido incluido, copiado, etc., p. ej., cuando uno intenta copiar algo y lo copia
imperfectamente, dejando una parte, tal vez una o dos palabras, afuera)
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root ka:wa
\semref i:xka:wa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06247
\lxam a:neki
\lxam_c a:neki
\lxoa a:neki
\lxoa_c a:neki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to be thirsting for water (a plant)
\sense_s estar sediente (una planta)
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root neki
\qry_fon This word, considering the facility of measuring vowel length before a nasal, provides a good example of initial vowel length (also, considering that the first element /a:/
'water' is known to have a long vowel. Measurements for the 4 tokens show: Florencia Marcelino: 122 and 125 ms; Inocencio Jiménez: 114 and 112 ms.
\vl Link 1st male token.
\grm Oapan phonology: vowel length: Re /a:neki/: This word, considering the facility of measuring vowel length before a nasal, provides a good example of initial vowel length
(also, considering that the first element /a:/ 'water' is known to have a long vowel. Measurements for the 4 tokens show: Florencia Marcelino: 122 and 125 ms; Inocencio
Jiménez: 114 and 112 ms.
\ref 06248
\lxam okichka:wahli
\lxam_c okichka:wahli
\lxoa oichka:wahli
\lxoa_c oichka:wahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e widower
\sense_s viudo (masculino)
\sense_d Oa
\root okich
\root ka:wa
\nse Although oichka:wahli is used in Oapan to mean 'widower,' the unmarked form ka:wahlimay indicate both widow and widower, without reference to
sex.
\semref ka:wahli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06249
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixia:po:tetl
\lxoa_c i:xia:po:te
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-(N-N)
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e calf
\sense_s pantorilla
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\root kxi
\root a:
\root po:te
\nae The fact that there is no possessed marker (-w) on the possessed form of this body part seems to confirm the hypothesis that body part possession is zero-marked.
Most often this is hard to determine because possession is of consonant-final stems and the plural marker use on these nouns (e.g., nomapilwa:n) is innovative and not
part of the historical pattern of possession. Most vowel final forms (e.g., nokxi 'my leg/foot') have final CC so the presence of final /i/ can be analyzed as epenthetic (or
maintained to avoid final CC sequences). But in the case of Oapan noxia:po:te there is no such motive and one can only posit loss of the absolutive with no possessed
marker -w.
\grm Oapan phonology; body part possession: i:xia:po:te : The fact that there is no possessed marker (-w) on the possessed form of this body part seems
to confirm the hypothesis that body part possession is zero-marked. Most often this is hard to determine because possession is of consonant-final stems and the plural
marker use on these nouns (e.g., nomapilwa:n) is innovative and not part of the historical pattern of possession. Most vowel final forms (e.g.,
nokxi 'my leg/foot') have final CC so the presence of final /i/ can be analyzed as epenthetic (or maintained to avoid final CC sequences). But in the case of
Oapan noxia:po:te there is no such motive and one can only posit loss of the absolutive with no possessed marker -w.This is perhaps the only
case in which I have found a body-part that ends in VCV before the absolutive except those that end in the element /te/ suffixed to a body part (e.g., /i:xtetl/). This confirms
that the suffix for i nalien able body-part possession is zero (as in /i:ma/ and other similar terms. To confirm this, however, perhaps the possessed form of /a:po:tetl/ should
be obtained.
\semref ko:stamal
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref ixitoma:hka:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06250
\lxam tla:lmati
\lxam_c *kitla:lmati
\lxoa tla:lmati
\lxoa_c kitla:lmati
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv Irregular; see mati
\sense_e to know where (sb) plants
\sense_s conocer donde siembra (algn)
\sense_d Pending
\root tla:l
\root mati
\ref 06251
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ma:a:po:tetl
\lxoa_c i:ma:a:po:te
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-(N-N)
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e biceps
\sense_s bicéps
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root ma:
\root a:
\root po:te
\nae For a fuller explanation of this lexical item, see ixia:po:tetl
\semref ma:xi:lo
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06252
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tomayo:tia
\lxoa_c kitomayo:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-para-h/wa/tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to add tomato to (particularly to a sauce so that it becomes less spicy)
\sense_s agregarle tomate a (especialmente a salsas para que se hagan menos picosas)
\sense_d Oa
\root toma
\ref 06253
\lxam a:yo:tsi:n
\lxam_c a:yo:tsi:n
\lxoa a:yo:tsi:n
\lxoa_c a:yo:tsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e tortoise
\sense_s tortuga
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (rare) armadillo
\sense_s (raro) armadillo
\sense_d Am
\qry_fon Use this to measure vowel length of vowels on either side of glide /y/.
\semref tortugah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06254
\lxam nenenke:tl
\lxam_c nenenke:tl
\lxoa nénenké:tl
\lxoa_c nénenké:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-rdp
\lexical Lex. rdp-s(pref): ní:nenké:tl
\sense_e walker
\sense_s caminante
\sense_d Oa
\root nemi
\ref 06255
\lxam chikino:ltik
\lxam_c chikino:ltik
\lxoa chikino:ltik
\lxoa_c chikino:ltik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound Mod-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be bent or crooked (a long, thin object)
\sense_s estar chueco; estar torcido; estar encorvado (un objeto largo y delgado)
\sense_d Oa
\root chiki
\root no:l
\qry Determine whether both /chikitoltik/ and /chikinoltik/ exist in Ameyaltepec.
\vl Recheck vowel length. I originally had it short for /chikino:ltik/ here, but found it long elsewhere. Therefore I have changed it here, provisionally, to a long vowel as well.
\semref chikitoltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06256
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be a Oapan entry for /tlachikipé:lotók/ that was eliminated as a duplicate.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl This is a duplicate entry that has been eliminted; tag speech tokens with #4642.
\ref 06257
\lxam tliko
\lxam_c tliko
\lxoa tliko
\lxoa_c tliko
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-1-k(o)
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e in the fire (of the hearth)
\sense_s en el fuego (del hogar)
\sense_d Pending
\root tli
\root_rel -ko
\ref 06258
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa nónoká
\lxoa_c nónoká
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-pl
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e everywhere
\sense_s por todos lados
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Nónokátlá:se:wíya:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e There is shade everywhere.
\phrase_s Hay sombra por todos lados.
\root no:
\nae The precise etymology of this term, nónoká is not entirely clear.
\semref nowiá:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref nochiwiá:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref nowiya:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06259
\lxam tle:ka
\lxam_c tle:ka
\lxoa tlia:o:n
\lxoa_alt tliá:
\lxoa_alt tli:ka
\lxoa_c tlia:o:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-int
\sense_e why?
\sense_s ¿por qué?
\sense_d Pending
\root tle:
\nse The full range of use of the Ameyaltepec and Oapan forms needs to be investigated. It seems that the Ameyaltepec form can be used both as a complementizer (xnikmati
tle:ka ya:s 'I don't know why he is going?') and as an interrogative (Tle:ka tikneki? 'Why do you want it?'). It may also be used as a full predicate:
Tle:ka? 'Why is it?' It is not clear at this point whether Oapan Nahuatl tliáo:n has all these functions.
\qry_fon These tokens should be examined/analyzed by a phonetician.
\vl Link 1st male token.
\ref 06260
\lxam tekontsatsi:tia
\lxam_c kitekontsatsi:tia
\lxoa tekóntsatsí:tia
\lxoa_pr tekontsatsi:tia
\lxoa_c kitekóntsatsí:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to cause to emit a loud, hollow, resonant sound
\sense_s hacer emitir un sonido fuerte y hueco
\sense_d Oa
\semfld sound-material
\root tekoma
\root tsahtsi
\semref tekoncho:ktia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06261
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlá:hlotík
\lxoa_c tlá:hlotík
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-tik-yoh
\pitch yes
\sense_e to be covered with a layer of loose earth
\sense_s estar cubierto o tapado con una capa de tierra suelta
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:l
\semref tla:litik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06262
\lxam wa:xyo:xi:ni
\lxam_c wa:xyo:xi:ni
\lxoa wa:xyo:xi:ni
\lxoa_c wa:xyo:xi:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to lose seed pods as they fall off (of certain types of legumes or related genera)
\sense_s caersele los legumes (a ciertos tipos deárboles)
\sense_d Oa
\root wa:x
\root xi:
\qry_fon Check length of /o:/ and do this across similar words; cf. /-yo:tia/ which always has a long vowel.
\ref 06263
\lxam tla:listatl
\lxam_c tla:listatl
\lxoa tla:listatl
\lxoa_c tla:listatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e salt from ones sweat that remains behind (e.g., on clothes) as it dries
\sense_s sal del sudor que se queda (p. ej., en la ropa)
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:l
\root sta
\semref tla:lti:satl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06264
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xtliki:sa
\lxoa_c i:xtliki:sa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for ones eyes to feel hot
\sense_s sentir los ojos calientes
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root tli
\root ki:s
\qry Check for existence of the word /tliki:sa/.
\grm Note that reduplication is common in words refering to eyes. However, here as in a few other cases (I believe one also involving /ki:sa/, it is an incorporated and new lexical
item, /tliki:sa/ that is reduplicated. Check for existence of word /tliki:sa/.
\semref i:xte:ntlitliki:sa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06265
\lxam tla:listayowa
\lxam_c tla:listayowa
\lxoa tla:listayowa
\lxoa_c tla:listayowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Adj; ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to become covered with white spots from dried sweat (e.g., clothes)
\sense_s cubrirse de manchas blancas por sudor secado (p. ej., la ropa)
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:l
\root sta
\semref tla:lti:sayowa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06266
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yekachi:lmo:ltia
\lxoa_c kiyekachi:lmo:ltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-[N-V2]
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give a bloody nose to
\sense_s sacarle sangre a la nariz de
\sense_d Oa
\disamb yekachi:lmo:lkwaltia; yekayeski:xtia
\root yeka
\root chi:l
\root mo:l
\root kwa
\semref yekachi:lmo:lkwaltia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06267
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was a duplicate of Oapan /tsopilote:rah/ and has been eliminated.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Tag the 4 tokens here with 4268, of which this present entry was a duplicate.
\ref 06268
\lxam oksepa se:
\lxam_alt oksepa okse:
\lxam_c oksepa se:
\lxoa sápa sé:
\lxoa_c sápa sé:
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(indef)
\der Pr-indef
\pitch yes
\sense_e a different one
\sense_s uno diferente; uno distinto
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xne:chmaka sápa sé:!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Give me a different one!
\phrase_s ¡Dáme otro diferente!
\root sepa
\root se:
\nae The final stress characteristic of o:ksé suggests that this"lexeme"is in fact two words that always occur in phrase-final position, thus motivating the stress on
sé: , i.e., o:k sé:. In fact, the same two-word analysis could be applied to o:k se: and the absence of a stressed final element can be
related to the fact that this pair of words modifies a nominal head that follows (and thus is assigned stress): nikno:tsas o:kse tla:katl 'I will speak to another man' (vs.
nikno:tsas o:ksé 'I will speak to a different one (i.e., person)").
\qry Note that in at least one case I have recorded /o:ksé/ with stress on the final syllable. My understanding of the difference (which should parallel the difference between /no:kse:/ and
/no:ksé:/ is that the first is adjectival and the second pronominal. This should, however, be checked. Certainly when pronounced alone the final syllable is stressed, which suggests an
analysis of two words /o:k se:/ which would by general rule lead to stress on the final word. Moreover, when uttered in isolation this would seem to have a clear pronominal function.
In the phrase /momo:stla niktla:lia notlake:n o:kse:, nikimpatlatok/ note the placement of /o:kse:/. I did not originally record stress on /o:kse:/ in this occurrence, but have added it in
the above phrase based on my understanding of the meaning of this word. This should be rechecked. Finally, I think that there might be a different between /o:kse: nikneki/"I want
another one"and /o:ksé: nikneki/, or /nikneki o:ksé:/"I wan t a distinct/diff e rent one."This too should be checked.
\vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word from 4531 which should be tagged as 6268.
\ref 06269
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa sempa:pa:ntsi:n
\lxoa_c sempa:pa:ntsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e ear of maize that remained small, poorly formed, and immature (in reference to an ear still on the stalk, or even already cooked)
\sense_s elote que quedómal formado, pequeño e inmaduro (en referencia a un elote todavía sobre la planta o hasta cuando ya se coció)
\sense_d Oa
\ency_note maize
\root sin
\root pa:n
\semref pa:pa:ntsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06270
\lxam sentetla:lia
\lxam_c nosentetla:lia
\lxoa sentetla:lia
\lxoa_c nosentetla:lia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to become completely formed (e.g., a fetus)
\sense_s (refl.) formarse enteramente (un fetu)
\sense_d Oa
\root sem
\root te
\root tla:l
\semref sentechi:wa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06271
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwa:tesi:gritilia
\lxoa_c kikwa:tesi:gritilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-tilia
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give a crewcut or very short haircut to
\sense_s cortar el pelo muy corto, casi al ras, a
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\root tesi:gri
\nae The etymology of this and related Oapan words is unclear, as is the best phonological representation. For now this word (or stem) has been written as tesi:gri though
obviously the /g/ and /r/ are not within the standard phonological repertorie of Nahuatl. It is possible that this involves a loan from Spanish (though /r/ does show up in historically
Nahuatl words such as Ameyaltepec tekwisiri); on th eother hand it might involve some phonological shift within Nahuatl (e.g., from underlying or historical *
tesikili). Within the Nahuatl parameter, the initial te- might well be the intensifier, which often occurs in this context (e.g., kwa:temo:tla). Clearly
more evidence is needed.
\qry_fon Check the phonetics of this word. The [g] is unclear, perhaps another sound.
\vl There are 4 extra tokens of this word at 07011
\semref kwa:tetesonowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kwa:tesmero:ntilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06272
\lxam saniman kayo:tl
\lxam_c saniman kayo:tl
\lxoa saniman kayo:tl
\lxoa_c saniman kayo:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e something done early (e.g., a field planted early in the rainy season)
\sense_s algo hecho a buen hora (p. ej., una milpa sembrada al principio de la temporada de lluvias)
\sense_d Oa
\root san
\root niman
\root kayo:
\semref bwe:nóra káyo:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06273
\lxam kuwyowa
\lxam_c kuwyowa
\lxoa kohyowa
\lxoa_c kohyowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to become overgrown after having once been cleared (a field for planting)
\sense_s volverse monte después de haber sido desmontado (un terreno de siembra)
\sense_d Oa
\qry Check for transitive form
\semref mo:nteyowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06274
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xteyo:hli
\lxoa_c i:xteyo:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound (N-N)-N
\der N-b
\infn N1/2; Aln
\sense_e eyeball
\sense_s globo ocular
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root i:x
\root te
\root yo:l
\ref 06275
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yékatsó:lko
\lxoa_c i:yékatsó:lko
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\pitch yes
\sense_e nostrils
\sense_s ventana de la nariz
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root yaka
\root tso:l
\root_rel -ko
\grm Locatives; /-ko/; possession: Note that in general it is assumed that /-ko/ constructions cannot function in fully nominal form (e.g., be possessed). However, note that
although /yékatsó:lko/ represents a locative with /-ko/, what Launey refers to as the only locative, it can be possessed and function in a two-place predicate construction.
\ref 06276
\lxam xa:yakatsotsoneh
\lxam_c xa:yakatsotsoneh
\lxoa xa:yaká:tsonéh
\lxoa_alt xa:yakátsotsóneh
\lxoa_c xa:yaká:tsonéh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-posr-eh
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn N1
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e person with a lot of facial hair
\sense_s persona con mucho pelo por la cara
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:yaka
\root tson
\nae The loss of /k/ has not been documented in this form ? xa:yá:tsotsóneh. The headword xa:yaká:tsonéh manifests the reduction of the reduplicant onto the
final short vowel of the compounded nominal stem, i.e., it represents underlying {xa:yaya + tsoh + tson + eh}.
\ref 06277
\lxam te:nxi:pal
\lxam_c i:te:nxi:pal
\lxoa te:nxi:pal
\lxoa_c i:te:nxi:pal
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N(?)
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e lips
\sense_s labios
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root te:n
\root xi:pal
\nae The phonological length of /i:/ is clear in the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino but not so marked in the speech of her husband, Inocencio Jiménez. Indeed, in his speech the final
/a/ occasionally has a longer duration than the /i:/. Note also that the initial i:- of the possessed marker is unusually short in the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino
although it is clearly a phonologically long monovocalic morpheme. Given the comparative evidence and information from other speakers (not recorded) the proper vowel length
representation has been determined to be te:nxi:pal, as indicated.
\ref 06278
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlásoltipántia
\lxoa_pr tlasoltipantia
\lxoa_c tlásoltipántia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to become covered with garbage, particularly organic material such as pieces of dried plants (a patio or house floor, etc.)
\sense_s cubrirse de desechos y basura, particularmente materia orgánica como pedazos rotos de plantas secas (el suelo de un patio o interior de una casa)
\sense_d Oa
\root hsol
\grm Verbalization; /-tia/: Note the many ways in which denominal verbs may be created with /-tia/. Here the intransitive is derivation from a nominal stem comprising a deverbal
noun /tlásohlí/ and a relational noun /-pan/ that creates a nominal form then verbalized.
\semref tlasolitia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06279
\lxam tsi:nyewaltik
\lxam_c tsi:nyewaltik
\lxoa tsi:nyewaltik
\lxoa_c tsi:nyewaltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e to have a specific cut on the bottom (of a shirt) in which the edge goes straight around, with no inverted u-shaped section cut out at the side seams
\sense_s tipo de corte por la orilla inferior (de una camisa) en el cual la orilla va recta alrededor de la camisa, sin ninguna sección en forma de"u"invertida sacada de los lados,
abajo de la costura
\sense_d Pending
\semfld clothing
\root tsi:n
\root yewal
\nse Florencia Marcelino defined tsi:nyewaltikas referring to a shirt without an inverted"u-shaped"cut at the side. According to my notes, which might be in error, in
Ameyaltepec this type of shirt was called tsi:ntlatektli. However, in Oapan it is shirts that have the"u-shaped"that are referred to as kipiya tlatehtli, i.e.,
a phrasal expression. Most importantly, then, the Ameyaltepec speaker who mentioned that tsi:ntlatektli referred to a shirt with a straight bottom edge might have
been in error.
\mod See illustration with original 3x5 filecard.
\semref tsi:ntlatektli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06280
\lxam kexsawa:nki
\lxam_c kexsawa:nki
\lxoa kexsawa:nki
\lxoa_alt kextsawa:nki; kéxsasawá:nki
\lxoa_c kextsawa:nki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to be hoarse
\sense_s estar ronco
\sense_d Oa
\root kech
\root sawa:ni
\nse Apparently in Oapan this compound verb may occur with an unreduplicated (the more common form) or reduplicated verbal stem (i.e., kextsawa:nki The reduplicated
and nonreduplicated forms in Oapan seem to have the same meaning. My original notes from Ameyaltepec had kexsasawatik with this same meaning, but this needs
to be confirmed.
\nae Oapan Nahuatl here has an alternation between kexsawa:nki (the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez) and kextsawa:nki (the pronunciation of Florencia
Marcelino), in which a stop, [t], is inserted between the double fricatives. The shift of /s/ to /ts/ is not uncommon in Oapan Nahuatl (it occurs, for example, after /l/), but the example
here shows that at least in some contexts it is perhaps best considered a variable rule.
\nde Molina has yçauaca n 'estar ronco, o sonar las cosas huecas y vazias, como el cacao dañado.' Tetelcingo, Morelos, has sahuani 'estar ronco,' with a short
final /a/. Oapan Nahuatl seems to have a clear long vowel in this position.
\vl Link 1st female token and 1st male token.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note also the s>ts change here, after /x/. This parallels other examples/contexts of the identical change of fricative to affricate.
\semref kexsasawaktik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06281
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlipili:naltia
\lxoa_c kitlipili:naltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to slightly cook (either on a griddle or in boiling water, so that the meat does not spoil overnight or during the day)
\sense_s cocer ligeramente (o sobre el comal o en agua hervida para evitar que se eche a perder por la noche o con el calor del día)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld cook
\fl tlimiki
\root tli
\root pili:
\vl There are 3 extra female and 2 extra male tokens at 6513.
\xref tlipili:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\semref tlimiktia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tlimihtia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06282
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa te:nkokaxtli
\lxoa_c i:te:nkokax
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Loc-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(x)
\sense_e chin
\sense_s barbilla; mentón
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root te:n
\root kax
\root_rel -ko
\nae In te:nkomitetl it is clear that the /ko/ syllable is part of the nominal head komitetl, the standard Oapan Nahuatl word for 'bone.' However, in the
equivalent form te:nkokaxtli, the same syllable seems more like a locative te:nko, even though the compound form te:nko +
kaxtli is unusual.
\vl The first male token, /i:te:nkokex/ is erroneous and should not be tagged; it should be /i:te:nkokax/. The next 2 male tokens are correct and both should be tagged (one one
linked).
\semref te:nkwalkaxtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref te:nkomiteyo
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06283
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa te:nkomitetl
\lxoa_c i:te:nkomiteyo
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e chin
\sense_s barbilla; mentón
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root te:n
\root omi
\root te
\nae For a discussion of the etymology of te:nkomitetl, see te:nkokaxtli.
\semref te:nkwalkaxtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref te:nkokaxtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06284
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kopa:hyo:ltsi:n
\lxoa_c i:kopa:hyo:ltsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N2
\sense_e úvula
\sense_s uvula
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root kopa:
\root yo:l
\root_rel -ko
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\semref ko:kobande:rah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06285
\lxam kamachahli
\lxam_c kamachahli
\lxoa kamacha:hli
\lxoa_c i:kamacha:l
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e jawbone
\sense_s mandíbula
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e area where the jawbone meets the skull
\sense_s área donde la mandíbula se junta con la cabeza
\sense_d Oa
\root kama
\root chal
\nse Consultants gave two senses: the jawbone proper and the place in the mouth where the jawbone joins the full skull. Both meanings may be correct, or one definition might be in
error.
\nae The final /a:/ appears to be long in the possessed form. But given the difficulty in determining the length of final vowels, the unpossessed form kamacha:hli should be
checked as well. Note also that in all four Oapan tokens analyzed (two by Florencia Marcelino and two by Inocencio Jiménez) the initial /i:/ of the possessed marker is quite long (in
ever case over 100 ms). There is in general great variation in the vowel quanitity of this morpheme. It might reflect simple arbitrary variation or might be related to prosodic features.
Note that in the present case, i:kamacha:l, the word is four syllables and the initial syllable would receive secondary stress.
\qry Check vowel length and meaning. Note long vowel in Florencia Marcelino /kamachalko/
\ref 06286
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ye:hli
\lxoa_c i:ye:l
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1/2; Aln
\sense_e liver
\sense_s hígado
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\root ye:l
\vl There are 8 tokens for this word (4 + 4). All are correct and should be tagged.
\semref chichi:katl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06287
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlankwa:ix
\lxoa_alt tlankwa:kex
\lxoa_c i:tlankwa:ix
\dt 03/Mar/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e knee
\sense_s rodilla
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root tlankwa:
\root i:x
\nae The Oapan form tlankwa:ix seemingly derives from the basic stem for 'knee' (tlankwa:) and the element i:x, probably related to
i:xtli, the stem for 'face.' However, it might be related to the form tlakwa:itl with a final fricative surfacing through reinterpretation.
\qry Check vowel length and etymology.
\semref tetepon
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06288
\lxam xa:lkwe:xtli
\lxam_c xa:lkwe:xtli
\lxoa xa:lkwe:xtli
\lxoa_c xa:lkwe:xtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e fine-grained sand
\sense_s arena fina
\sense_d Am
\root xa:l
\root pitsa:
\root xa:l
\root kwe:ch
\semref xa:lpi:si:hli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref xa:ltoma:wak
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref xa:lpitsa:wak
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref xa:lkwe:xtik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06289
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa metskomiteyo
\lxoa_c i:metskomiteyo
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e thigh bone
\sense_s hueso del muslo
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root mets
\root omi
\root te
\semref metsa:kayo
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06290
\lxam to:tolteyoh
\lxam_c to:tolteyoh
\lxoa to:tolteyoh
\lxoa_c to:tolteyoh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to have eggs (a dish such as chi:lmante:ka)
\sense_s tener huevos (una comida como chi:lma:nteka)
\sense_d Oa
\root to:tol
\root te
\nse Although often with words pertaining to food the ending -yoh indicates abundance (e.g., istayohmeaning 'to be salty' and not simply 'to have salt'), in
this case to:tolteyoh seems to simply indicate 'to have eggs,' not necessarily in abundance.
\ref 06291
\lxam chi:ltlasektli
\lxam_c chi:ltlasektli
\lxoa chí:ltlaséhtli
\lxoa_c chí:ltlaséhtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(k)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e chile that has been dry-roasted on a clay griddle
\sense_s chile que ha sido tostado sobre un comal
\sense_d Oa
\semfld food
\semfld chile
\root chi:l
\root hseki
\nae The standard pronunciation is chí:ltlaséhtli. When asked, Inocencio Jiménez accepted, and uttered, the form chi:ltlásehtli, in which the pitch accent is
immediately on the syllable nucleus that as the coda {h} (i.e., {chi:l + tla + hsek + tli}). He said that the two forms were equivalent although Florencia Marcelino was reluctant to
accept the second form. Given this. it is most likely chi:ltlásehtli is not an acceptable or common form.
\grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent: Note /chí:ltlaséhtli/. Here there is a leftward shift of pitch from /tlásehtlí/. I.e., the Input Output identity is not maximized but a more
favorable stress pattern is (i.e., long vowels stressed and final syllables unstressed). Florencia Marcelino stated that /chi:ltlásehtlí/ was not acceptable at all; Inocencio
Jimenez did accept it as an alternative pronunciation. The standard pronunciation is chí:ltlaséhtli. When asked, Inocencio Jiménez accepted, and uttered, the
form chi:ltlásehtli, in which the pitch accent is immediately on the syllable nucleus that as the coda {h} (i.e., {chi:l + tla + hsek + tli}). He said that the two
forms were equivalent although Florencia Marcelino was reluctant to accept the second form. Given this. it is most likely chi:ltlásehtli is not an acceptable or
common form.
\ref 06292
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mesté:tomáhtik
\lxoa_c mesté:tomáhtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-te); Lex. infix te-
\infa tik>tikeh
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be thick-thighed; to have thick thighs (e.g., as some athletes)
\sense_s tener los muslos fornidos o gruesos (p. ej., como algunos atletas); tener los muslos llenos.
\sense_d Oa
\root mets
\root toma:
\nae The present word, mesté:tomáhtik, demonstrates that in a form such as tetomahtik the initial te- is a prefix (in this case both an intensifier
and, for Oapan Nahuatl, a"dummy morpheme"onto which a redupicant may reduce). It is the primary stem that reduplicates and the underlying form of the present entry would be
{mets + te + rdp-s(toh) + toma: + k + tik}. The reduplicant, which is used to indicate that both thighs are thick, is reflected in the lengthened and pitch accented preceding vowel.
Note that a plural subject would be expressed as mesté:tomaíkeh.
\vl There are 4 more tokens of this word at 6875. Tag these also as 6292 and pick the best for linking.
\semref metskuwyotetotomaktik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06293
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa iswamo:xo:hli
\lxoa_c iswamo:xo:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-wi
\infn N1
\sense_e small pieces of iswatl that have broken off in small pieces from the leaf and are left on the ground
\sense_s pequeños pedazos de iswatl que se caen de la hoja y se dejan tirados por el suelo
\sense_d Pending
\root swa
\root mo:xo:
\nae The etymology of the final element of this word, mo:xo:hli is unclear. It would seem to be deverbal noun, but neither the nominal form nor the potential verbal form ?
mo:xo: has been documented in any other dialect. Note that the initial /i/ in the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez is quite long, reflective of his general tendency to
lengthen initial /i/.
\vl Link 1st male token.
\semref iswakwe:xtli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06294
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kechkwitlapi:hli
\lxoa_c i:kechkwitlapi:l
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan cola
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N1/2; Aln
\sense_e hair that goes down to the nape of the neck (often used to refer to men)
\sense_s pelo que baja hasta la nuca del cuello (a menudo empleado para referirse a un hombre)
\sense_d Oa
\root kech
\root kwitla
\root pi:l
\nde This usually, but not always, refers to men.
\semref kechko:lah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06295
\lxam wa:lma:chapa:nia
\lxam_c kwa:lma:chapa:nia
\lxoa wa:hma:chapa:nia
\lxoa_alt ma:chapa:nia
\lxoa_c kwa:hma:chapa:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (with inverse directional prefix) to cut the branches down of (a tree) tossing them to the ground
\sense_s (con prefijo direccional inverso) cortarle las ramas de (unárbol) tirándolas al suelo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ma:
\root chapa:
\nae According to both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez this verb exists only with the directional prefix wa:l-. This is because the action of cutting the branches
(i:ma:wa:n) off a tree implicitly involves tossing them or letting them fall to the ground. For this reason the primary entry is wa:hma:chapa:nia although the
verbal stem ma:chapa:nia is given as an alternate in order to facilitate searhes.
\qry_fon Note that it is not entirely clear what the sequence is /kwa:hma:chapa:nia/ (which I expected) or /kwa:ma:chapa:nia/ (which I hear). For now I have recorded/written down
/kwa:hma:chapa:nia/, i.e., that there is an /h/ in the surface form. This should be checked with a phonetician. Note that there seems to be a slight devoicing of the vowel or
nasal where they join. However, this definitely needs to be confirmed.
\vl The first female token is /kima:chapa:nia/. This should be tagged but not linked. For semantic reasons it is an unusual or unacceptable form. The following 4 tokens:
/kwa:hma:chapa:nia/ should all be tagged and two should be linked.
\grm Oapan phonology; directionals. Re: /ma:chapa:nia/ and the elicitaiton form /kwa:hma:chapa:nia/. According to both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez this verb
exists only with the directional prefix /wa:l-/. Note that it is not entirely clear that there is an /h/ in the surface form. There might be a slight devoicing. If this is not the case
then it might be that there are 3 allomorphs of {wa:l-}: /wa:l-/ before vowels and perhaps, for some speakers, before some consonants; /wa:h-/ before voiceless consonants;
/wa:-/ before voiced consonants (e.g. nasals). This needs to be checked.
\semref ma:xi:nia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06296
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlankeltik
\lxoa_c tlankeltik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to have a constant smile (i.e., a person who has a cheerful disposition)
\sense_s risueño, tener una sonrisa tenerstante (p. ej., una persona alegre y de buen caracter)
\sense_d Oa
\root tlan
\root kel
\ref 06297
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tótolí:nia
\lxoa_pr totoli:nia
\lxoa_c kí:tolí:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): nó:tolí:nia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e (refl.) to cause oneself suffering for lack of food induced by fasting
\sense_s (refl.) hacerse sufrir por falta de comer a causa de estar en ayunas
\sense_d Pending
\root toli:
\nae Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez only accepted the reduplicative form which is reduced with a prefix having a short vowel, e.g., kí:tolí:nia, but is maintained
on the surface with a prefix having a long vowel, e.g., né:xtotolí:nia.
\qry Check for nonreflexive use.
\semref toli:nwia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06298
\lxam isoltik
\lxam_c isoltik
\lxoa ísoltík
\lxoa_c ísoltík
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be worn out (items such as clothes, or the thatch roof of a house of palm or grass)
\sense_s estar desgastado; estar luido (algo como ropa o tela, el techo de una casa de palma o zacate, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to be outgoing or"lame-duck"(from an office or village cargo, e.g, the tlayeka:nkeh and other officials in Oapan)
\sense_s estar saliente (en referencia a un puesto o cargo del pueblo, p. ej., los tlayeka:nkeh y otros que tienen una"carga"en Oapan)
\sense_d Oa
\root hsol
\ref 06299
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsi:yakwitlatl
\lxoa_c tsi:yakwitlatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of earthy material carried by the tsontetl (carrier) ant; it is used as fertilizer (particularly for onions, corriander, etc.)
\sense_s tipo de tierra o despercidio llevado por la hormiga llamada tsontetl y utilizado como fertilizante (particularmente para cebollas, cilantro, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:ka
\root kwitla
\nae Vowel length determination here has been based in part on etymological analysis. It is possible that there has been some compensatory lengthening from the deletion of underlying
intervocalic /k/ ({tsi:ka + kwitlatl}) although this is not certain. In addition, it appears that Florencia Marcelino has a much more rapid transition to the target lower back vowel than
Inocencio Jiménez, her husband, in which the duration of the /i:/ is more pronounced. Although more research needs to be done on this vowel sequence (and on glides in general),
provisionally the present headword has been written as tsi:yakwitlatl.
\vl Link 1st female and 2nd male tokens.
\semref tsontekwitlatl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06300
\lxam kuwxi:mahli
\lxam_c kuwxi:mahli
\lxoa kohxi:mahli
\lxoa_c kohxi:mahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e wood shaving(s) (Ameyaltepec equivalent: kuwxi:ntli)
\sense_s viruta(s) de madera (equivalente en Ameyaltepec: kuwxi:ntli)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (rare in Am) wood that has been planed (Ameyaltepec equivalent: tlaxi:mahli)
\sense_s (raro en Am) madera cepillada (equivalente en Ameyaltepec: tlaxi:mahli)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kow
\root xi:m
\nse Both definitions were given by Oapan consultants and it remains to be checked whether both are indeed correct. The Ameyaltepec equivalents for each aceptation are given in
parentheses in the sense definition.
\qry Check meaning of this Oapan word as in another entry I had this as meaning 'wood that has been planed (see tlaxi:mahli)' ; madera cepillada (véase
tlaxi:mahli)
\ref 06301
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa síwaméh
\lxoa_alt síwamíh
\lxoa_c síwaméh, síwamih
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\pitch yes
\sense_e irregular plural of siwa:tl
\sense_s plural irregular de siwa:tl
\sense_d Oa
\root siwa:
\vl Tag 2nd female token and 1st male token.
\ref 06302
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa séntli yóde metlatsí:ntli
\lxoa_pr sentli yo de metlatsi:ntli
\lxoa_c séntli yóde metlatsí:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e deformed mazorca with one side flat and smooth, with kernels part of the way up
\sense_s mazorca (o elote) deformada, con un lado plano y liso, con granos nada más por como la mitad
\sense_d Oa
\root sin
\root metla
\vl 1st male token is stuttered, do not tag. Tag other 2 male tokens and 2 female tokens; link 1st female and 2nd male tokens.
\qry_fon Note that there is no /n/ in /yón/. This might be from deletion of /n/ or it might be because the underlying form here is /yo/, the short 3rd person pronoun. Nevertheless, it is
stressed as is the relativizer.
\grmx Relativizer; pitch accent; stress: Note the compound noun form: /séntli yóde metlatsí:ntli/ which contains the relativizer /yó/. There are two things to note there. The first is
that the stress (intonational) is placed on both the head and the attributive (as well as the relativizer). This pattern has been documented enough to warrant a generalized
(though tentative) statement that the relativizer is +stress and divided the noun head and attributive into two stress groups. Thus it should not be considered a single noun.
The other point to be noted (and worthy of further investigation) is that the relativizer here is simply /yó/. There is no /n/. This may be because of deletion before /de/; note
that there are many contexts in which such deletion occurs. Or it may be that /yóde/ should be considered a single relativizing term. Finally, it could be that the relativizer
here is the pronoun /yo/ and that we can consider two relativizing (grammaticalized forms) /yo + on/>/yón/; and /yo + de />/yóde/. This needs to be thoroughly checked,
particularly whether /yóde/ always occurs when the attributive quality is a material that the head noun is made of.
\semref sintli de kuwatl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref sentli yón kowatsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref sintli de ka:ka:lo:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06303
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa temunye:kos
\lxoa_c temunye:kos
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) muñeco
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e prehispanic figurines
\sense_s figura prehispánicas
\sense_d Oa
\semref í:dolos
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06304
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa pih
\lxoa_c pih
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Interj
\der Interj
\sense_e shit!
\sense_s ¡chin!
\sense_d Oa
\semfld Gender: female
\root pih
\vl Tag but do not link any of these tokens to the dictionary as the term is offensive, basically meaning something like"cunt!"as a female interjection of disapproval.
\semref kow
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06305
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:pia:skwalo
\lxoa_c tla:pia:skwalo
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-pass
\infv class-4a(pass)
\sense_e to feel pain when urinating
\sense_s sentir dolor al orinar
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root peya:
\root kwa
\semref a:xi:xkwalo
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06306
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:man i:n
\lxoa_f [a: 'man i:n]
\lxoa_c a:man i:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-complex
\sense_e today
\sense_s hoy
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n A:man i:n mitspale:wi:s!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Today he is going to help you!
\phrase_s ¡Hoy te va a ayudar!
\sense_e (ke:n~) at this time of day
\sense_s (ke:n~) a estas horas del día
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Totaseh mo:stla ke:n a:man i:n!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e We'll see each other tomorrow at about this time of day!
\phrase_s ¡Nos vemos mañana como a estas horas!
\root a:man
\root i:n
\mod Perhaps this entry should be removed and placed under /a:man/.
\ref 06307
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry, Oapan /a:ma:xtlatsi:n/ has been removed since it is a duplicate of 6191.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl The 4 tokens here should be tagged with 6191.
\ref 06308
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:pia:smiki
\lxoa_c tla:pia:smiki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to need to urinate badly
\sense_s necesitar o tener muchas ganas de orinar
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root peya:s
\root miki
\disamb miki
\mod Add onomasiological entry discussing /miki/ as a compound verb.
\semref a:xi:xmiki
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06309
\lxam tariatia
\lxam_c notariatia
\lxoa táriatiá
\lxoa_pr tariatia
\lxoa_c notáriatiá
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (Nah) tarea
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e to give a lot of work to
\sense_s dar mucho trabajo o muchas tareas a
\sense_d Oa
\nae The pitch accent in Oapan taréatiá clearly derives from the final {h} of the Spanish loan táreah.
\ref 06310
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlá:pextlí
\lxoa_c tlá:pextlí
\dt 01/Mar/2006
\psm N
\infn N2
\allomorph x=ch
\der N-dvb-wi
\pitch yes
\sense_e grating made of grass placed on the bottom of pots to separate the food being steamed from the boiling water (particularly used in cooking tamals)
\sense_s rejilla de zacate colocada al fondo de una olla para separar lo que se estácociendo al vapor del agua hirviendo (empleada particularmente en cocinar tamales)
\sense_d Oa
\root pech
\qry Check to determine if /tlapepextli/ exists in Am with this or another meaning. If it does, make appropriate change here and in entry #652.
\mod Illustrate; see illustration on original file card. Originally I had this as an entry for Oapan; however, in Oapan saká:pextlí refers only to the grass as it grows. Thus I have
removed the entry of Oapan for this word here and substituted a cross-reference to the term used:
\semref sakapepextli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06311
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:xi:xtekimaka
\lxoa_c na:xi:xtekimaka
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv Irregular; see maka
\sense_e (refl.) to make an effort to urinate
\sense_s (refl.) hacer un esfuerzo para orinar
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Antes tiá:s xma:xi:xtekimakate:wa!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Before you go (e.g., boarding a bus) make an effort to urinate!
\phrase_s ¡Antes de que te vayas (p. ej., subiendo un camión) haz un esfuerzo para orinar (para que después no te den ganas de orinar)!
\root a:
\root xi:xa
\root maka
\qry Determine whether only reflexive is used. Also, cf. use of /tekiwia/ in other contexts to indicate making an effort. Question Launey re: use of /-tekiwia/ to indicate making an effort to
do sth. Check if there is a causative form.
\semref a:xi:xtekiwia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06312
\lxam xa:yakakwepa
\lxam_c kixa:yakakwepa
\lxoa xa:ya:kopa
\lxoa_alt xa:yakakopa
\lxoa_c kixa:ya:kopa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to turn the head of (e.g., an animal such as a donkey, mule, or horse, by pulling on its reins)
\sense_s voltear la cabeza de (p. ej., un animal como un burro, mula o caballo, al jalar las riendas por un lado)
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:yaka
\root kwepa
\semref te:nkwepa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06313
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa malwi:hli
\lxoa_c malwi:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn N1
\sense_e something needing to be handled with great care (e.g., a certain type of animal in a delicate state, or sth manufactured that is particularly easy to damage)
\sense_s algo que require ser manejado o tratado con cuidado (p. ej., un animal que es algo delicado, o un objeto que necesita ser cuidado en su fabricación)
\sense_d Oa
\root malwi
\nae The length of the vowel in the penultimate syllable is somewhat uncertain although probably long. The target position is reached late, with the majority of the syllable consisting of the
gradual fronting of the vowel, from high back to high front.
\qry_fon The length of the vowel in the penultimate syllable is uncertain. The target position is reached late, with the majority of the syllable consisting of the gradual fronting of the
vowel, from high back to high front.
\vl Link 1st female token.
\semref malwilistli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06314
\lxam a:pantetl
\lxam_c a:pantetl
\lxoa a:pantetl
\lxoa_c a:pantetl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e child who wants to play, or often plays, in the water
\sense_s niño que quiere jugar, o que siempre juega, en el agua
\sense_d Am
\sense_e stone found by or in the river that has been smooth by the action of running water (Am. synonym a:te:ntetl)
\sense_s piedra lisa que se encuentra por la orilla o dentro del río y que ha sido pulida por la acción de agua corriente (Am. sinónimo a:te:ntetl)
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root te
\root_rel -pan
\nae The first element of the compound noun a:pantetl is a:pana locative noun used to be 'river.'
\qry_fon Oapan phonology: The 4 tokens here provide a good illustration of variation in vowel length both within a word (long vs. short) and between speakers (Florencia has a
smaller ratio between /a:/ and /a/, first and second syllables of /a:pantetl/, based on a long duration to her short vowel).
\grm Oapan phonology: The 4 tokens here provide a good illustration of variation in vowel length both within a word (long vs. short) and between speakers (Florencia has a
smaller ratio between /a:/ and /a/, first and second syllables of /a:pantetl/, based on a long duration to her short vowel).
\ref 06315
\lxam toto:nka:kwa
\lxam_c kitoto:nka:kwa
\lxoa toto:nka:kwa
\lxoa_c kitoto:nka:kwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to eat while hot (e.g., directly from the pot)
\sense_s comer caliente (p. ej., directamente del sarten u olla)
\sense_d Oa
\root to:n
\root kwa
\vl Link 2nd male token.
\ref 06316
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlaxipacho:lhli
\lxoa_cpend @tlaxipacho:lhli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-inst-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e part of a house, the thick beam, apparently the upper roof beam plate, that runs parallel to the sole:rah
\sense_s parte de un techo, la viga gruesa, aparentemente la contra solera, que corre paralelo a y justamente arriba de la solera
\sense_d Oa
\semfld construct-part
\ency_note kahli
\root kxi
\root pach
\nae For a discussion, see tlaxipacho:lo:ni.
\semref ko:ntrasole:rah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tlaxipacho:lo:ni
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06317
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa pi:pilo:leh
\lxoa_c pi:pilo:leh
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-posr-eh
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn N1
\sense_e person who has earings
\sense_s persona que tiene aretes
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Pi:pilo:leh tla:katl.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He is a man with earings.
\phrase_s Es un hombre con aretes.
\root pil
\qry Check vowel length.
\vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens. There are 4 extra tokens at 6423.
\ref 06318
\lxam pi:pilo:ltia
\lxam_c nopi:pilo:ltia
\lxoa pi:pilo:ltia
\lxoa_c nopi:pilo:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to wear or put on earings
\sense_s (refl.) ponerse o vestirse con arretes
\sense_d Oa
\root pil
\nae The duration measurements of the initial vowel are not as conclusively long as they are for other related words such as pi:pilo:leh. Florencia Marcelino has a ratio of
first to second vowel of 80:60 and 86:56 ms; Inocencio Jiménez has ratios of 68:58 and 75:53. Nevertheless, given the evidence from other headwords the first vowel has been
maintained as long in the orthographic representation of pi:pilo:ltia.
\ref 06319
\lxam yo:lpachiwi
\lxam_c yo:lpachiwi
\lxoa yo:lpachiwi
\lxoa_c yo:lpachiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to have ones fill; to be satisfied (from a meal)
\sense_s hartarse (de demasiado comida)
\sense_d Pending
\root yo:l
\root pach
\ref 06320
\lxam tlamimi:ntik
\lxam_c tlamimi:ntik
\lxoa té:mí:ntik
\lxoa_alt témimí:ntik
\lxoa_c té:mí:ntik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-tik
\lexical Lex. prefix te- ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have very small, sparse leaves (that should be large, e.g., a plant poorly watered whose leaves don't grow)
\sense_s tener las hojas pequeñas y poco densas (que debe ser grandes, p. ej., en una planta que no ha recibido agua suficiente)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to have sparse hair (e.g., a person in quimotherapy, an animal with little hair on its tail, etc.; Am synonym kwa:tlamimi:ntik)
\sense_s tener el pelo o cabello ralo (p. ej., una persona en quimoterapia, un animal con poco pelo por la cola, etc.; Am sinónimo kwa:tlamimi:ntik)
\sense_d Oa
\root mi:n
\mod The word té:mí:ntik alone and in compounds refers to sparse. This should be changed in all entries.
\vl The first female token is /te:mihtih/ and should be tagged as 03054. The following 4 (2 F and 2 M) are correct and should be tagged as 6320.
\ref 06321
\lxam ma:kwepa
\lxam_c kima:kwepa
\lxoa ma:kopa
\lxoa_c kima:kopa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to turn over with ones hand
\sense_s voltear con la mano
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root kwepa
\qry The meaning is uncertain and has been derived from my understanding of the meaning of the component parts and the nature of Nahuat incorporation. It should be checked.
\ref 06322
\lxam_notes zzz
\qry The entry here was for Oapan Nahuatl /kechpetska:yo/ but in recording both Inocencio and Florencia rejected this in favor of /i:kechpachka:yo/. Nevertheless, there is one
pronounced token of this word which should be tagged.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\vl There is one token of /i:kechpetska:yo/. Apparently this is not the correct form (Florencia was not too familiar with the proper term /i:kechpachka:yo/. For this reason
simply tag this one female token as 6322, but do not link it (this entry has been removed anyway). Then the 4 tokens /i:kechpachka:yo/ should be tagged as.
\ref 06323
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ma:pachka:yo
\lxoa_c i:ma:pachka:yo
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-wi-ki
\infn N2
\sense_e cuff (of a shirt)
\sense_s puño (de una camisa)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root pach
\nse To date this term has only been documented in possessed form.
\ref 06324
\lxam china:nkahli
\lxam_c china:nkahli
\lxoa china:nkahli
\lxoa_c china:nkahli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e house made of wattling
\sense_s casa de chinamitl
\sense_d Oa
\ency_note kahli; china:ntli (and fencing)
\root china:m
\root kal
\semref china:ntli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06325
\lxam kakawayo:ki:sa
\lxam_c kakawayo:ki:sa
\lxoa kakawayo:ki:sa
\lxoa_c kakawayo:ki:sa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to shed bark (a tree)
\sense_s caersele la cáscara (a unárbol)
\sense_d Oa
\root kawa
\root ki:sa
\vl Link 1st female and 2nd male tokens.
\ref 06326
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry has been deleted as a duplicate of 5787.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl The 4 tokens here should be tagged as 5787, of which they are duplicated.
\ref 06327
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ko:snetextik
\lxoa_c ko:snetextik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound Adj-N
\der Adj-dvb-tik
\sense_e to have ones legs so close together so that when one walks often the knees or ankles knock against each other (either a person or animal)
\sense_s tener las piernas tan cerradas que a menudo se golpean las rodillas o tobillos al caminar (o una persona o un animal)
\sense_d Oa
\root ko:ts
\root_rel -netech
\nse Apparently the /ne/ of 'mutually' and the /tech/ of 'close to'. Cf. entry under /ko:tsko/. Make sure, recheck, that this can refer to either ones knees or ankles knocking together when
one walks. In one entry I have the reference to knees, in another to ankles. In general the reference is to someone whose legs are close together.
\qry Make sure, recheck, that this can refer to either ones knees or ankles knocking together when one walks. In one original I have the reference to knees, in another to ankles. In
general the reference is to someone whose legs are close together. Determine whether there is a form /ko:tsnetextik/ and a verb /ko:tsnetechiwi/ or /ko:tsnetechowa/. Also check for
the existence of a verb /netechiwi/. There is probably an Am form /ko:tsnetextik/. Check.
\vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token.
\semref ko:tsnetech
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06328
\lxam ma:kakapaka
\lxam_c ma:kakapakatiw
\lxoa ma:kakapaka
\lxoa_c ma:kakapakatiw
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to make a drumming or clattering sound with ones hands or fingers
\sense_s hacer un sonido como de traqueteo con las manos o dedos
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to make a clattering sound with ones front hooves (e.g., a horse that is galloping)
\sense_s hacer un sonido como golpeteo con las patas delanteras (p. ej., un caballo galopeando)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ma:
\root kapa:
\nse The word ma:kakapaka is often found with the aspectual endings -tiw, hence the Oapan citation form ma:kakapakatiw.
\qry Check meaning, the present meaning given was elaborated from memory since no notes could be found. Recheck.
\vl There are 7 female tokens of this word; all but the 5th, which is stuttered, should be tagged. There are also 6 male tokens. The first 3 are stuttered and should not be tagged.
The last three should be tagged. Link the final (6th overall, 3rd and last of the good tokens) to the headword. Finally, after 6400 I asked Florencia and Inocencio to again
repeat this word, it is not in sequence there, but the 4 tokens should be tagged as 6328. I believe that the male tokens there might provide the one to be linked, but check.
\ref 06329
\lxam tlatlaxiskomok
\lxam_c tlatlaxiskomok
\lxoa tlatlaxiskomok
\lxoa_c tlatlaxiskomok
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e to have a very bad cough, dry and hard with phlegm or mucous dislodged with the cough
\sense_s tener un tos muy fuerte, seco y duro con flema que sale al toser
\sense_d Oa
\semfld disease
\root tlasi
\root komo:
\grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: This and related words might provide a good example of the nature of short vowel reduplication (here without pitch accent) in terms of the
relative duration of the stem and reduplicant syllable).
\semref tlatlaxistopok
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06330
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlamachiliswah
\lxoa_c tlamachiliswah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-posr-eh
\infn N1
\sense_e person who is intelligent, wise
\sense_s persona inteligente; sabio
\sense_d Pending
\root mati
\qry Note that the file card on which this was recorded did not have vowel length specified. But given that /machi:lia/ has a long vowel (as do the cognates reported in FK), it is likely that
/tlamachi:listli/ and /tlamachi:lisioh/ both have the long /i:/ as marked. Nevertheless, for now this has been kept short in the data entries.
\vl There are 4 extra tokens of /tlamachiliswah/ recorded at 6722. They should be tagged with #6330.
\semref tlamachilisioh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tlamachiliseh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06331
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mápilówa
\lxoa_pr mapilowa
\lxoa_c mápilówa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-owa
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to point ones finger
\sense_s apuntar con el dedo
\sense_d Oa
\root mah
\root pil
\ref 06332
\lxam tlamuwti:lo:ni
\lxam_alt tlamamuwti:lo:ni
\lxam_c tlamuwti:lo:ni
\lxoa tlá:mohti:ló:ni
\lxoa_c tlá:mohti:ló:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-inst-ni
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn N1
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e scarecrow
\sense_s espantapájaros
\sense_d Oa
\semfld material
\root ma:wi
\nae The /i:/ in the third syllable is clearly of long duration in the speech of Florencia Marcelino (Oa); in the utterances of her husband, Inocencio Jiménez, this vowel is less clearly long
but, given the overall context of vowel duration in the word, probably should also be considered phonologically long. The initial /á:/ carried a high pitch. Again, its length is more
marked in the speech of Florencia Marcelino than that of her husband. Moreover, given that pitch here must be the result of a reduced reduplicant (from underlying {tla + rdp-s +
muwi)
\mod Cf. Gram 1985-04-23.1
\vl Link 2nd male token.
\semref tlatla:katl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06333
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:kwitsahlo:tl
\lxoa_c tla:kwitsahlo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-yo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e crooked bolt of lightening
\sense_s rayos chuecos que atraviesan el cielo
\sense_d Oa
\semfld weather
\root a:
\root kwitsa
\nae The etymology of tla:kwitsahlo:tl is not clear. Provisionally it has been analyzed as a deverbal noun involving the stem kwitsaand the nominal stem
a:'water.' The former might well have something to do with things that are crooked or zig-zag and the nominal stem adds the implication of 'water', which is often
associated with lightening. No cognate forms have been found in the published sources for Nahuatl; neighboring villages should be checked. Note, finally, that the vowel length still
needs to be carefully checked. The duration of the first syllable, with /a:/ as its nucleus, varied from about 78 and 88 ms for Florencia Marcelino and 89 and 82 ms for Inocencio
Jiménez. Thus it could well represent a phonologically short vowel.
\qry_fon Carefully recheck this word's vowels, particularly the initial one.
\vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token.
\semref kuwatsi:ntli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06334
\lxam i:xte:nakatl
\lxam_alt i:xte:nnakatl
\lxam_c i:xte:nakatl
\lxoa i:xte:nakatl
\lxoa_c i:xte:nakatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound (N-N)-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e light translucent film that progressively spreads over the eyes
\sense_s carnosidad, capa delgada y translucente que va cubriendo el ojo
\sense_d Pending
\semfld disease
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root naka
\qry Check whether this word is possessed and the type of possession: /ni:xte:nakaw/, /ni:xte:nakayo/, etc.?
\ref 06335
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlá:machília
\lxoa_pr tlá:machilia
\lxoa_c kitlá:machília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to feel around the body of for the location of sth (e.g., a robber in looking for money)
\sense_s tantear el cuerpo de para encontrar la ubicación de algo (p. ej., un ladrón que busca dinero)
\sense_d Oa
\root mati
\mod If Am entry 5352 proves to be /tlamamachilia/ and not /tlama:machilia/, then it should be combined with 6335 or 6335 should be combined with 5352. At any rate, only one entry
should be used.
\mod If this entry proves to be /tlamamachilia/ and not /tlama:machilia/, then it should be combined with 6335 and cfa here should be changed.
\vl There are 4 additional speech tokens from 5352. Do not link 1st female token from tokens originally at 6335.
\semref tlama:machilia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlátlachília
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06336
\lxam tlamachi:lia
\lxam_c kitlamachi:lia
\lxoa tlamachilia
\lxoa_c kitlamachilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to know (sth, such as a secret) about (sb)
\sense_s saber (algo que es un secreto) de (algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timistlamachilia, pero xnikte:ihli:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I know something about you, but I'm not going to tell.
\phrase_s Séalgo de tí, pero no lo voy a decir.
\root mati
\vl There is an added single female token of this from 5352.
\qry_fon Check vowel length in both dialects. During the recording session I seem to have perceived Cristino Flores as having a long /i:/ as indicated. Check!
\ref 06337
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixisa:yo:lin
\lxoa_c ixisa:yo:lin
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e fly; type of insect called in Spanish mosca, still not definitively identified
\sense_s mosca, tipo de insecto todavía no identificado plenamente
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\ency_note insects
\root kxi
\root sa:yo:l
\qry Dif. between /ixisa:yo:lin/ and /sa:yo:lin/.
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'mosca verde, mosca filaria.'
\ref 06338
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa te:kwa:ntik
\lxoa_c te:kwa:ntik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e tiger colored (yellow and black)
\sense_s color y patrón de tigre (tener amarrillo y negro)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld color
\root kwa
\grm /-tik/; adjectives: Note the following denominal adjective from Oapan: /te:kwa:ntik/, said in reference to a tiger lily.
\ref 06339
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa boto:ntekoya:wi
\lxoa_c boto:ntekoya:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) botón
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. inflix te-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to widen (a hole such as a buttonhole, a hole in ones belt, etc.)
\sense_s ensancharse (un agujero o ojal de la ropa, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root koya:
\semref i:xte:ntekoya:wi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06340
\lxam a:ki:lia
\lxam_c ka:ki:lia
\lxoa a:ki:lia
\lxoa_c ka:ki:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to put on (an item of clothing) of
\sense_s ponerse (algo de ropa, etc.) de
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n O:ne:cha:ki:lih nowe:rach.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He put on my sandals.
\phrase_s Se puso mis weraches.
\root a:k
\qry_fon This word, /ka:ki:lia/ is particularly good to demonstrate the vowel length in the applicative.
\grm Applicative; vowel lengthening: Note that the final vowel is lengthened here; the motivating factor is not apparent.
\vl There are four tokens of this word mistakenly uttered at 3827. These should be tagged as 6340 additional tokens. Note that the linked tokens should be those recorded at
6340.
\xref a:kia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 06341
\lxam mora:doh
\lxam_c mora:doh
\lxoa mora:doh
\lxoa_alt moradi:toh
\lxoa_c mora:doh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan morado
\psm Adj
\der Adj-loan
\sense_e light purple
\sense_s morado o color lila
\sense_d Pending
\semfld color
\nse Apparently mora:doh is a lighter shade of purple than kakamotsi:n (Am) or kámotík(Oa), although this should be checked.
\semref kakamotsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref kámotík
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06342
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kámotík
\lxoa_c kámotík
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e dark purple
\sense_s morado oscuro
\sense_d Oa
\semfld color
\root kamoh
\semref kakamotsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref mora:doh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06343
\lxam a:to:lnelowa
\lxam_c a:to:lnelowa
\lxoa a:to:lnelowa
\lxoa_c a:to:lnelowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to stir atole (so that it doesn't burn)
\sense_s batir o revolver atole (para que no se queme)
\sense_d Oa
\root a:to:l
\root nel
\nae The phonological length of the initial /a/ of a:to:hli is at times difficult to determine with absolute certainty as its duration is highly variable. This is particularly true when it
is in word initial position, though it also is problematical in other contexts (e.g., poye:h a:to:hli). In the present case, a:to:lnelowa, the initial /a:/ varies in
duration. The two speech tokens of Florencia Marcelino (Oa) are between 60 and 70 ms; Inocencio Jiménez has vowel durations of 74 and 94 ms. (Note that in Pipil the initial
vowel of atole has been documented as short.) The problem of shortening of word initial vowels needs to be examined. For now the general policy in terms of
orthography is to standardize all written forms to a single vowel length except in cases where a clear phonological rule for shortening can be determined (e.g., as occurs with
frequentatives).
\qry_fon Vowel length The phonological length of the initial /a/ of a:to:hli is at times difficult to determine with absolute certainty as its duration is highly variable. This
is particularly true when it is in word initial position, though it also is problematical in other contexts (e.g., poye:h a:to:hli). In the present case,
a:to:lnelowa, the initial /a:/ varies in duration. The two speech tokens of Florencia Marcelino (Oa) are between 60 and 70 ms; Inocencio Jiménez has vowel
durations of 74 and 94 ms. The problem of shortening of word initial vowels needs to be examined. For now the general policy in terms of orthography is to standardize all
written forms to a single vowel length except in cases where a clear phonological rule for shortening can be determined (e.g., as occurs with frequentatives).
\vl Link 2nd male token.
\ref 06344
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa chí:ltamó:ltsi:n
\lxoa_c chí:ltamó:ltsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e stone pestle used for grinding up chile in a mortar
\sense_s mano de piedra para moler chile en un molcajete
\sense_d Oa
\root chi:l
\root tah-2-; mo:l
\semref temo:ltsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06345
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kóhtamó:ltsi:n
\lxoa_c kóhtamó:ltsi:n
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e wooden stick (often of otate or a similar hard, straight, material) used for stirring a liquid (generally atole) as it cooks
\sense_s palo de madera (generalmente de otate u otro material duro y derecho) para revolver un líquido que se cuece (generalmente atole)
\sense_d Oa
\root kow
\root tah-2-; mo:l
\nse This stick is used for stirring atole. However, when vast amounts of mole are made (e.g., by the fiscal during Carnival), this same stick may be used for stirring mole. But when small
amounts of mole are made a large spoon is used.
\qry_fon Recheck vowel length as this entry is from a file card on which vowel length was not recorded. Xalitla has a long /o/ as recorded in Ramírez and Dakin (1979).
\vl There are 4 extra tokens of this word at 6678; these too should be tagged as 6345.
\semref tlamo:ltsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06346
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa támó:ltsi:n
\lxoa_c támó:ltsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e stone pestle used for grinding in a mortar
\sense_s mano de piedra para moler en un molcajete
\sense_d Oa
\root tah-2-; mo:l
\nae The motivation for pitch accent in Oapan támó:ltsi:n is unclear. Zacapoaxtla (cf. comments in FK) has temo:lotl, suggesting an etymology from
tetl 'stone' and the verb mo:la. However, this would not explain the pitch accent. The only syllable that could have a coda {h} would be the initial syllable
(which would have to be {tah} or {teh}).
\qry This might refer instead or also to a wooden stick used for stirring atole. Check. The etymology is unclear. Check in San Juan, for if the etymoloyg is from /te-/ of stone, then the
pitch accent is not explainable.
\qry_fon Check quality of initial /a/ in all forms /chi:ltamo:ltsi:n/, /kohtamo:ltsi:n/ and /tamo:ltsi:n/.
\qry_h tamoltsin
\grm Check all the compound forms with /támó:ltsi:n/ to document p-a shift.
\semref temo:ltsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06347
\lxam tlate:moke:tl
\lxam_c tlate:moke:tl
\lxoa tlaté:moké:tl
\lxoa_c tlaté:moké:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who goes looking for animals that have been left out to graze
\sense_s persona que va a buscar animales que han sido dejados a apacentar
\sense_d Oa
\root te:mo
\ref 06348
\lxam kextelolo:tsi:n
\lxam_c i:kextelolo:tsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N2
\sense_e round bone at the base of the neck
\sense_s hueso redondo a la base del cuello
\sense_d Am
\semfld body
\root kech
\root te
\root olo:
\nae The /l/ in telolotsi:n might represent the same process that yields an /l/ in words like a:ltepe:tl.
\qry_fon In one entry I have the second /o:/ long; I believe this is wrong but it should be checked. Check etymology of /telolo-/. Note: I have written in long based on acoustic
information from Oapan Nahuatl.
\semref kéxtamó:ltsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06349
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa chi:chiwalxakwaliwi
\lxoa_c chi:chiwalxakwaliwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to have ones breasts get crushed (e.g., a woman by a young child who jumps on her chest)
\sense_s aplastarsele los senos a (p. ej., una mujer por un niño que le brinque al pecho)
\sense_d Oa
\root chi:chi
\root xakwal
\vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token.
\ref 06350
\lxam ma:tolopochiwi
\lxam_c ma:tolopochiwi
\lxoa ma:tolopochiwi
\lxoa_c ma:tolopochiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get a ball-like swelling on ones arm
\sense_s hincharsele algo como una bolita al brazo
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root tolopoch
\ref 06351
\lxam te:nyo:tia
\lxam_c kite:nyo:tia
\lxoa te:nyo:tia
\lxoa_c kite:nyo:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-yo:tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to put a lip, rim, or edge on (e.g., a ceramic pot or bowl that one is making)
\sense_s ponerle una borde o orilla a (p. ej., a una olla o plato hondo de cerámica que uno estáfabricando)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to put a cuff on
\root te:n
\mod Determine how to classify these verbs, whether as part of the paradigm V2-para-h/wa/tia or as a denominal verb. It might be that the latter is better since the full paradigm is not
available in many of these cases.
\mod Note to make a comment in the grammar of the relationship between paradigms such as
\ref 06352
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa te:mposa:hlo:tia
\lxoa_c kite:mposa:hlo:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan (part) bozal
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp [N-N]-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to tie a rope around the snout of an animal (such as a mule, donkey, or horse) to serve as a rein
\sense_s amarrar un laso por el hocico de un animal (como una mula, burro o caballo) para servir como riendas
\sense_d Oa
\root te:n
\qry Check /a/ length beflore /hlo:tia/.
\semref te:mbosa:ltia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref te:mposa:ltia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06353
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ma:
\lxoa_c ma: cho:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\der Modal
\sense_e negative imperative and optative clitic, generally immediately to the left of a verbal predicate
\sense_s clítico del imperativo y optativo negativo, generalmente inmediatamente antes del predicado verbal
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (~ hkon) not like that!
\sense_s (~ hkon)¡asíno!
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\nse It appears that Oapan Nahuatl má: is usually found with verbal predicates. It is not clear whether it can be used with nominal and adjectival predicates. This needs to
be determined. In Oapan one finds both ma: hkon and ma: hkión with the same meaning.
\qry_fon An effort must be made to determine whether there is a minimal pair /ma: + / and /ma:-/ the first being the negative optative and the second the incorporating stem for /ma:/
'hand.' Perhaps elicit: /ma posteki/, /ma:posteki/ and /ma: posteki/. It there is a length distinction this would be very important. Unfortunately I don't have /ma:posteki/ in the
lexicon.
\semref ma:ka
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06354
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:ma:xtlatl
\lxoa_c a:ma:xtlatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e diaper
\sense_s pañal
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root ma:xtla
\nse According to Florencia Marcelino the possessed form of this noun is i:a:ma:xtla, i.e., with no -w possessed marker. In this way it manifests inalienable
possession and parallels the possessed paradigm of kwe:tli. The possessed form of a:ma:xtlatl, therefore, lends support to the hypothesis that
inalienable possession is zero-marked and not simply limited to certain forms that, in some dialects, have final /itl/ (e.g., kweitl). Another example that parallels the present
case is ixia:po:tetl.
\grm Nahuatl possession; inalienable: According to Florencia Marcelino the possessed form of /a:ma:xtlatl/ is i:a:ma:xtla, i.e., with no -w possessed
marker. In this way it manifests inalienable possession and parallels the possessed paradigm of kwe:tli. The possessed form of a:ma:xtlatl,
therefore, lends support to the hypothesis that inalienable possession is zero-marked and not simply limited to certain forms that, in some dialects, have final /itl/ (e.g.,
kweitl). Another example that parallels the present case is ixia:po:tetl.
\semref a:ma:xtlatsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref tsi:nkwe:tli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06355
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kalwa:xkohtli
\lxoa_c kalwa:xkohtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound (N-N)-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e Leucaena leucocephala(Lam.) DeWit, guaje of the Fabaceae (ex Leguminosae) family with edible fruit
\sense_s Leucaena leucocephala(Lam.) DeWit, guaje de la familia Fabaceae (ex Leguminosae) con frutos comestibles
\sense_d Oa
\root kal
\root wa:x
\root kow
\vl There are 4 good female tokens and 3 male tokens. One male token is stuttered.
\semref a:wa:xkohtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref a:wa:xin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kalwa:xin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref a:wa:xkohtli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06356
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kalwa:xin
\lxoa_alt kalwa:xih
\lxoa_pr kalwa:xin
\lxoa_c kalwa:xin
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\sense_e Leucaena leucocephala(Lam.) DeWit, guaje of the Fabaceae (ex Leguminosae) family with edible fruit
\sense_s Leucaena leucocephala(Lam.) DeWit, guaje de la familia Fabaceae (ex Leguminosae) con frutos comestibles
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e fruit of the tree of this name
\sense_s fruta delárbol de este nombre
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\semfld edible
\root kal
\root wa:x
\vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens.
\semref a:wa:xin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref a:wa:xkohtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kalwa:xkohtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06357
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xté:me:tsíwi
\lxoa_pr i:xté:me:tsiwi
\lxoa_c i:xté:me:tsíwi; o:i:xté:mé:tsiw
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp [N-N]-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-l)
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have ones eyes wide open and alert
\sense_s estar con los ojos bien abiertos y alertos
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root me:ts
\grm Derivation from nouns: Apparently /i:xte:me:tsiwi/ is derived from the root for 'moon' and thus its meaning, 'to have eyes wide open like moons.'
\semref i:xte:mpopo:ni
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06358
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tepe:yo:lki
\lxoa_c tepe:yo:lki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ki
\infn N1; pl. tepe:yo:lka:meh
\sense_e wild animal (any wild animal, tiger, wolf, deer, coyote, tejón, that lives in the woods or forest)
\sense_s animal silvestre (cualquier animal, tigre, lobo, venado, coyote, tejón, que vive en el bosque)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld cat
\root tepe:
\root yo:l
\semref kuwyo:lki
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06359
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tepe:michin
\lxoa_c tepe:michin
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e (fig.) snake
\sense_s (fig.) culebra
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld sn
\root tepe:
\root mich
\ref 06360
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa te:tema:tlatsi:ntli
\lxoa_c te:tema:tlatsi:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e steps; stairway
\sense_s escalera
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Ma tose:wi:tin ne: ka:mpa te:tema:tlatsi:ntli!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Let's got sit down and rest there on the steps!
\phrase_s ¡Vamos a ir a descansar allídonde estála escalera.
\root te
\root ma:tla
\nse Te:tema:tlatsi:ntli is a word that is rarely used by younger speakers but known by those of more advanced age.
\nae The etymology of Te:tema:tlatsi:ntli is not entirely clear. Provisionally it has been analyzed as a compound noun from the roots for 'stone' (te) and 'net'
(ma:tla) with the first nominal stem reduplicated with a long vowel.
\nde Classical Nahuatl (Molina) has tlamamatlatl 'escalón, o grade' as well as both tlamaamatlayaualli and tlamamatla ilacatztli, both glossed as 'caracol
de escalera.'
\vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token.
\ref 06361
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsi:npa:lakaxtlalowa
\lxoa_c notsi:npa:lakaxtlalowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-Mod-V1
\der V2-refl
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) to go speeding along with the rear swerving around (e.g., a car from excess speed after having made a sharp turn)
\sense_s (refl.) ir corriendo con la parte trasera corriendo de un lado a otro (p. ej., un coche por un exceso de velocidad después de haber dado la vuelta)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:n
\root pa:lakach
\root tlal
\qry Check for transitive and causative forms.
\ref 06362
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa pa:lakaxtla:lia
\lxoa_c kipa:lakaxtla:lia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp S-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to turn sharply (e.g., a car such as a patrol car chasing a thief, etc.)
\sense_s girar fuertemente (p. ej., una patrulla que va en pos de un ladrón)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Sa: sápatípan kipa:lakaxtla:lia i:ka:rroh.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Just once he makes his car take a sharp turn.
\phrase_s Nada más una vez hace su coche girar fuertemente.
\sense_e (refl.) to do a pirouette (a ballet dancer)
\sense_s (refl.) hacer una pirouette (una bailarina)
\sense_d Oa
\root pa:lakach
\root tla:l
\nse In terms of degrees of turn, the transitive pa:lakachowaindicates a much less radical or hard turn than pa:lakaxtla:lia.
\ref 06363
\lxam tsi:ntechiki
\lxam_c notsi:ntechiki
\lxoa tsí:ntechíki
\lxoa_pr tsí:ntechki
\lxoa_c notsí:ntechíki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-l)
\infv class-3a(k)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl.) to scratch ones rear end (particularly in reference to a pig, e.g., just after having bathed in mud)
\sense_s (refl.) rasgar la parte trasera (particularmente en referencia a un marrano, p. ej., inmediatamente después de haberse bañado en el lodo)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:n
\root te
\root hchiki
\nae The Oapan form tsí:ntechíki results from the reduplication of the verbal stem techiki, with the reduplicant reduced on the long vowel nucleus of the
incorporated noun stem tsi:n.
\grm Oapan phonology; reduplication. The Oapan form tsí:ntechíki results from the reduplication of the verbal stem techiki. Note how the CVN
syllable, even with a long vowel, can take reduced reduplication.
\semref 'techiki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06364
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ma:panowa
\lxoa_c ma:panowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4c(pano)
\sense_e to cross (the deep part of a river) raising one arm to keep clothes (or other material) dry and the other to pull ones self across
\sense_s atravesar (la parte honda de un río) con un brazo levantado para mantener seco la ropa (u otra cosa) y la otra para ir nadando
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to cross a river (e.g., a dog, horse, or head of cattle that uses its arms to doggy-paddle through the water)
\sense_s cruzar un río (p. ej., un perro, caballo o ganado que utiliza sus patas para ir nadando)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root pano
\qry Recheck the meaning of this verb; also check to see whether it should be analyzed as /ma: + a: + panowa/. Check for /ixipanowa/, etc.
\ref 06365
\lxam te:mpapalowa
\lxam_c note:mpapalowa
\lxoa té:mpalówa
\lxoa_pr té:mpalowa
\lxoa_c noté:mpalówa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-l)
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e (refl.) to lick ones lips (e.g., after eating)
\sense_s (refl.) limpiarse los labios con la lengua (p. ej., después de comer)
\sense_d Oa
\root te:n
\root palo
\qry Check for transitive use.
\ref 06366
\lxam mapilpapalowa
\lxam_c nomapilpapalowa
\lxoa 'mapilpápalówa
\lxoa_pr mapilpapalowa
\lxoa_c nómapilpápalówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl.) to lick ones fingers (e.g., after eating)
\sense_s (refl.) chuparse los dedos (p. ej., después de comer)
\sense_d Oa
\root mah
\root pil
\root palo
\nae No reduced form is accepted: * nómapí:lpalówa.
\grm Oapan reduplication; phonology: No reduced form is accepted: * nómapí:lpalówa does not exist but only /nómapilpápalówa/. Duration elicitation of
/nómapilpápalówa/ both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez specifically rejected the reduction of the reduplicant */nómapí:lpalówa/. I have been unable to come
up with any reason for this. From the independent word /mápihlí/, as well as duration itself, it is clear that the final /i/ of the stem is short. Therefore it should accept
reduction of the reduplicant. Moreover, in a previous word (6365) /noté:mpalówa/ reduction occurs on the long vowel of an incorporated nominal stem. For now
/'mapilpápalówa/ simply has to be considered an exception.
\ref 06367
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ihpátlawía
\lxoa_pr ihpatlawia
\lxoa_f ['pa tla 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kihpátlawía
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to carry (e.g., a heavy weight) balanced on ones head
\sense_s cargar (p. ej., algo pesado) balanceado sobre la cabeza
\sense_d Oa
\root pahtla
\nae There is no immediate clue as to the etymology of this word nor the motive for the pitch accent pattern found in Oapan Nahuatl kipátlawíya. Usually such pitch accent
derives from a coda {h} somewhere in the verbal stem. Here the only two possibilities are {pahtla} and {patlah}. Neither of these forms coincides with anything documented in
other dialects. One possibility would be a root of {pahtla} and the other would be {patlah}. If the root were {patla:}, found in patla:wi 'to become flat,' then the pitch
accent would be left unexplained.
\grm Transitivity: cf. /patla:wa/ vs. /patla:wia/.
\qry_h Check for location of /h/.
\ref 06368
\lxam sandiapepenke:tl
\lxam_c sandiapepenke:tl
\lxoa sandiá:penké:tl
\lxoa_c sandiá:penké:tl
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm N
\loan (part) sandía
\der [N-V2]ag-ke:tl
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn N1
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e person who picks watermelon in harvesting them
\sense_s persona que corta sándia para cosecharlas
\sense_d Oa
\root pena
\nae The initial consonant of the borrowed sequence /día/ is devoiced and then undergoes palatalization as any /tia/ sequence in Oapan Nahuatl.
\ref 06369
\lxam kapa:naltia
\lxam_c kikapa:naltia
\lxoa kapa:naltia
\lxoa_c kikapa:naltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia)
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give a hard slap to, provoking a loud slapping sound (like wet clothes against a rock) as two surfaces come together hard (e.g., a woman with clothes as she washes
them, beating them against a hard flat surface to remove the soap; a man of a woman in having sexual intercourse; a person slapping another on bare skin with the palm of
the hand; a person smashing an insect against a wall or table, etc.)
\sense_s dar una fuerte palmada o golpe a, causando un fuerte sonido como de una palmada al golpearse dos superficies, una contra otra (p. ej. una persona al golpear ropa
mojada contra una superficie dura y plana al lavar; un hombre a una mujer al tener relaciones sexuales con ella; una persona a otra al darle una fuerte palmada sobre su
cuerpo; una persona a un animalito al aplastarlo contra algo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:tikwi:tek un xiwsa:yo:lin. Kwaltsi:n o:tihkapa:naltih ipan me:sah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You swatted that fly. You smashed it hard against the table (causing a loud slapping sound).
\phrase_s Le diste bien a esa mosca. La aplastaste sobre la mesa (causando un fuerte sonido en el momento).
\phrase_n O:tine:chtekapa:naltih ika moma:kpal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You gave me a hard slap (made a slapping sound come out of me) with the palm of your hand.
\phrase_s Me diste una fuerte palmada (haciendo salir un sonido como de palmada) con la palma de tu mano.
\phrase_n Kikapa:nalti:s un sokitl, tlaxakwalotok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She will make a slapping sound with the mud; he is kneading it.
\phrase_s Va a hacer que el lodo haga sonidos como palmadas; lo estáamasando.
\sense_e to drench
\sense_s empapar
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Ma:si san tlapayahtli, no: te:kapa:naltia.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Even though it is just a drizzle, it also gets people soaked.
\phrase_s Aunque es nada más una llovizna, también empapa a la gente.
\disamb kapa:naltia; tlatskapa:naltia
\root kapa:
\qry Check possible occurrence of simple transitive form /kapa:nia:/ and if it exists, cf. to /kapa:naltia:/. I originally had this sentence which I have removed to check: /Kwaltsi:n
kikapa:naltitok a:te:ntli, tlapa:kalo/ 'She is really causing it (in this instance her clothes) to make a slapping sound at the river. People wash there.' / 'Estáhaciendola (la ropa) emitir un
sonido como de palmadas por el río. Hay gente lavando.' Check this.
\semref tlatskapa:naltia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref kapa:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06370
\lxam iyo:maka
\lxam_c kiyo:maka
\lxoa 'iyo:máka
\lxoa_pr iyo:maka
\lxoa_c kíyo:máka
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-b
\infv Irregular; see maka
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to fill up with air
\sense_s llenar con aire (p. ej., una llanta)
\sense_d Pending
\root hyo
\root maka
\qry This word was uttered during elicitation with Florencia and Inocencio, but the sense was not given. Pending.
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\qry_fon Check vl of Oapan.
\ref 06371
\lxam kapa:nia
\lxam_c kikapa:nia
\lxoa kapa:nia
\lxoa_c kikapa:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to slap down hard on the ground or a flat stone (sth wet such as mud in making ceramics, always with an open hand, with the palm)
\sense_s azotar fuertemente contra una superficie plana y dura (algo mojado como el barro para hacer cerámica, siempre con la mano abierta, con la palma)
\sense_d Oa
\root kapa:
\vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 6395, though here they have the optional intensifier prefix /te-/. They should all be tagged as 06371. The linked words,
however, should be from 6371 and be /kikapa:nia/, NOT /kitekapa:nia/ from 6395.
\semref korrali:toh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06372
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa piochi:la:tl
\lxoa_c piochi:la:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) pio
\psm N
\compound N-(N-N)
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e chicken broth
\sense_s caldo de pollo
\sense_d Oa
\semfld food
\semref pioka:ldoh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06373
\lxam suwa:kwe:tli
\lxam_c suwa:kwe:tli
\lxoa siwa:kwe:tli
\lxoa_c siwa:kwe:tli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e skirt of a type of woman's outfit with a blouse separate from the skirt, i.e., they are not sewn together in one piece
\sense_s falda del vestido de mujer que tiene una blusa separada de la falda, esto es, las dos partes no están cosidas en una sola pieza
\sense_d Oa
\semfld clothing
\ency_note tlake:ntli; kwe:tli
\root sowa:
\root kwe:
\semref kwe:tli de koto:ntok
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06374
\lxam ikne:li:listli
\lxam_cpend ikne:li:listli
\lxoa ihne:li:listli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e see xikne:li:listli (Am) / xihne:li:listli(Oa)
\sense_s véase xikne:li:listli (Am) / xihne:li:listli(Oa)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kne:li
\ref 06375
\lxam komaxaltsi:ntli
\lxam_c komaxaltsi:ntli
\lxoa komaxaltsi:ntli
\lxoa_c komaxaltsi:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e forked stick used for holding down the branches of a thorn bush so that it can be chopped down with a machete. By bending over the branches, the
komaxaltsi:ntli faciliates access to the main stem close to the ground
\sense_s vara bifurcada que se utiliza para mantener las ramas de un arbusto de espinas cerca del suelo, asíexponiendo la parte inferior del tronco principal
\sense_d Oa
\semfld tool
\root kow
\root maxa
\semref kuwchahli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06376
\lxam chi:ladi:toh
\lxam_c chi:ladi:toh
\lxoa chi:ladi:toh
\lxoa_cpend @chi:ladi:toh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan chilado
\psm Adj
\der Adj-loan
\sense_e color that is a type of peach red-orange (a color between red and orange)
\sense_s color entre rojo y naranjo, un tipo de rojo durazno o bermejón
\sense_d Oa
\semfld color
\nse The etymology of this word is unclear, but perhaps it is a type of 'watery' red. Some consultants translated this as bermejón.
\qry The /a/ was recorded short in all my notes except one final check in which I recorded a long /a:/ and stated:"... all entires should be corrected to have the long /a:/. This change
should be noted in my grammar notes as well. Thus, there appears a clear connection with the root /a:to:l/. Nevertheless, the vowel length of the /a:/ should be rechecked, in fact, in
one entry I have /chi:lato:ltsi:n/, i.e. the length of the /a:/ should be rechecked.
\vl Apparently this word was not elicited.
\root_notes Discuss possibility of further dividing /a:to:l/.
\semref chi:la:to:ltsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06377
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry has been deleted and incorporated as a particular sense under #5280.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\vl The four tokens here should be tagged as 05280. Two of the tokens should then be linked to the second, pitch-accented pronunciation of this word, /ná:watekétsa/.
\ref 06378
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tétemichma:yáwi
\lxoa_pr tetemichma:yawi
\lxoa_c tétemichma:yáwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\compound N-N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes
\sense_e to extend ones hand underneath a rock in the water in search of fish
\sense_s extender la mano abajo de las piedras en el río en busca de peces
\sense_d Oa
\root te
\root mich
\root ma:
\root yaw
\ref 06379
\lxam tomi:ntlatlanke:tl
\lxam_c tomi:ntlatlanke:tl
\lxoa tomí:ntlatlanké:tl
\lxoa_c tomí:ntlatlanké:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\incorp [N-V2]-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e beggar
\sense_s limosnero
\sense_d Pending
\root tomi:n
\qry Check to determine if /tlatlanke:tl/ is a word. If not then this is a nominalization: N from (N-V2) and this should be coded in the inflectional field. Com is used for word+word
sequences.
\ref 06380
\lxam a:koxo:nia
\lxam_c ka:koxo:nia
\lxoa a:koxo:nia
\lxoa_c ka:koxo:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to slosh around in water (e.g., vegetables, beans, fruit such as strawberries, etc. to wash them)
\sense_s agitar en agua (p. ej., verduras, frijoles, frutas como fresas, etc., para limpiarlas)
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root koxo:
\ref 06381
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa á:xopó:nia
\lxoa_pr á:xopo:nia
\lxoa_c ká:xopó:nia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to cause a small water-filled blister on the skin of (sb, e.g., the animal known as mi:te:katl that alights on ones skins and leaves a small wet spot,
i:a:xi:x , that turns into a small pimple-like blister)
\sense_s hacerle salir una ampollita llena de agua a (algn, p. ej., como lo que pasa cuando el insecto llamado mi:te:katl se pone sobre la piel, dejando unas gotas de
líquido, i:a:xi:x , en la piel donde después salen una erupción como granito)
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root xopo:
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\ref 06382
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlá:mihká:tia
\lxoa_pr tlá:mihka:tia
\lxoa_c tlá:mihká:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Part-V1
\der V1-d-tia
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-4d(tia)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to remain hard even after being cooked in boiling water (particularly beans, but also squash and tamals)
\sense_s quedar duro aun después de cocerse en agua hirviendo (particularmente frijoles, pero también calabaza y tamales)
\sense_d Oa
\root miki
\qry Determine precise meaning and explore further examples. This might well be a word from Oapan; check. Determine whether there are other forms, e.g., ?/tlatlamiki/, etc. Get
precise definition.
\semref tlatlaka:mihka:ti
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tla:mihka:kwi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06383
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlá:mihká:kwi
\lxoa_c tlá:mihká:kwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-Part-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to remain hard even after being cooked in boiling water (particularly beans, but also squash and tamals)
\sense_s quedar duro aun después de cocerse en agua hirviendo (particularmente frijoles, pero también calabaza y tamales)
\sense_d Oa
\root miki
\root kwi
\qry Determine precise meaning and explore further examples. This might well be a word from Oapan; check. Determine whether there are other forms, e.g., ?/tlatlamiki/, etc. Get
precise definition.
\semref tlatlaka:mihka:ti
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tlá:mihká:tia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06384
\lxam kuwtije:ras
\lxam_c kuwtije:ras
\lxoa kohteje:res
\lxoa_c kohteje:res
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) tijeras
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\sense_e forked posts that are used to prop up a kasti:yoh
\sense_s horcones bifurcados que se emplean para parar a los castillos de cohetes
\sense_d Pending
\root kow
\semref tije:ras
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06385
\lxam tla:lkwaltia
\lxam_c kitla:lkwaltia
\lxoa tla:lkwaltia
\lxoa_c kitla:lkwaltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to throw dirt or sand at the face of
\sense_s echar tierra o arena en la cara de
\sense_d Oa
\disamb tla:lte:mia; tla:lkwaltia
\root tla:l
\root kwa
\nse Whereas in Oapan tla:lkwaltia refers to throwing sand or earth in someones face, tla:lte:mia refers to the action or throwing sand or dirt at someone's
body.
\ref 06386
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa komitetl
\lxoa_c i:komiteyo
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e (alienable possession) bone (that one possesses, e.g., a dog eating his bone, etc.)
\sense_s (posesión enajenable) hueso (que uno posesiona, p. ej., un perro comiéndose su hueso, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) bone (of ones body)
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) hueso (del cuerpo de uno)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\root omi
\semref omitl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06387
\lxam iyo:miki
\lxam_c iyo:miki
\lxoa íyo:míki
\lxoa_pr iyo:miki
\lxoa_c íyo:míki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have a heavy stomach (particularly from overeating, so that one is unable to work or has difficulty working)
\sense_s sentir el estómago pesado (particularmente por comer demasiado, hasta que no se puede trabajar, o que llega a ser difícil)
\sense_d Oa
\root hyo:
\root miki
\qry Recheck meaning and possible other uses. Note also problem of morphology; check for other apparent verb roots without /ka:/.
\semref itipa:tsmiki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06388
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwitlaxahtli
\lxoa_c kwitlaxahtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e sandal
\sense_s huarach
\sense_d Oa
\root kwetlax
\root ak
\semref wera:ch
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kahtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref wera:ch
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06389
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kahtli
\lxoa_c kahtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan huarach
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e sandal
\sense_s huarach
\sense_d Oa
\root kak
\nse The form kahtli is used occasionally, but only by the very oldest members of the village. The most common term for 'sandal' is kwitlaxahtli.
\semref we:rach
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kwitlaxahtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref wera:ch
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06390
\lxam kwe:pi:stik
\lxam_c kwe:pi:stik
\lxoa kwe:pi:stik
\lxoa_c kwe:pi:stik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der N-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to have (a woman) a tight-fitting dress
\sense_s tener (una mujer) una falda muy apretada
\sense_d Oa
\root kwe:
\root pi:ts
\vl There are four extra tokens of this word at 6694
\semref tsi:ntlapi:tsal
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tsi:ntlapi:tsaltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06391
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:kó:kotolopóchyo
\lxoa_c i:a:kó:kotolopóchyo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\infn N2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e Adam's apple
\sense_s nuez de la garganta
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\root a:
\root ko:koh
\root tolopoch
\nae Etymologically, Oapan Nahuatl i:a:kó:kotolopóchyo seems to derive from an compound noun whose second element is an undocumented abstract noun ?
tolopochyo:tl. This analysis is based on the fact that body parts are possessed with -yo only when there is a contrasting type of alienable possession (as
occurs with Oapan i:komitew and i:komiteyo). Since there is no potential contrast of i:a:kó:kotolopóchyo with ?
i:a:kó:kotolópoch it would seem more plausible to interpret the final -yo as part of the noun stem itself, not a possessed marker. Pending evidence to the
contrary, this is the analysis held for the morphological interpretation presented in this entry. Note, finall, that the pitch accent marked on i:a:kó:kotolópoch is a reflex of
the final {h} in ko:koh 'front of the throat.'.
\qry Note that this is the same (or similar, check) to /ko:kobuchih/ and /ko:kobande:rah/.
\semref buchih
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref ko:kobuchih
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref ko:kobande:rah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref a:ko:koh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kechtolopochyo
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref a:ko:koh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref ko:kobande:rah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06392
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kechtolopochyo
\lxoa_c i:kechtolopochyo
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\infn N2
\sense_e Adam's apple
\sense_s nuez de la garganta
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\root kech
\root tolopoch
\nae For further discussion of this headword and its etymology, see a:kó:kotolopóchyo.
\qry Note that this is the same (or similar, check) to /ko:kobuchih/ and /ko:kobande:rah/.
\semref buchih
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref ko:kobuchih
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref ko:kobande:rah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref a:ko:koh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref a:kó:kotolopóchyo
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref a:ko:koh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref ko:kobande:rah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06393
\lxam kechpantlatsi:nia
\lxam_c kikechpantlatsi:nia
\lxoa kechpantlatsi:nia
\lxoa_c kikechpantlatsi:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to slap on the back or shoulders (a person)
\sense_s dar una palmada por la espalda o hombro (a algn)
\sense_d Pending
\root kech
\root tlatsi:
\semref kechpantekapa:nia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06394
\lxam kechpantekapa:nia
\lxam_c kikechpantekapa:nia
\lxoa kechpantekapa:nia
\lxoa_c kikechpantekapa:nia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\lexical Lex. inflix te-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to slap on the back or shoulders (a person)
\sense_s dar una palmada por la espalda o hombro (a algn)
\sense_d Oa
\root kech
\root kapa:
\semref kechpantlatsi:nia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06395
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was /tekapa:nia/, but it has been eliminated and fused with /kapa:nia/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Tag these entries as 6371, /kapa:nia/.
\ref 06396
\lxam tsi:ntekapa:nia
\lxam_c kitsi:ntekapa:nia
\lxoa tsi:ntekapa:nia
\lxoa_c kitsi:ntekapa:nia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give a sharp slap on the butt to (a person who is wearing clothes)
\sense_s darle una fuerte palmada en el trasero a (a algn que tiene ropa puesta)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:n
\root kapa:
\semref tsi:ntlatsi:nia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06397
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:pia:stli
\lxoa_c tla:pia:stli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e urine
\sense_s orina
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root piya:s
\qry_fon This word might well provide a very good acoustic illustraiton of the sequence /ia:/. Check and compare with other /ia/ sequences with a short /a/.
\semref a:xi:xtli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06398
\lxam kuwtlatlika:wahli
\lxam_c kuwtlatlika:wahli
\lxoa kohtlatlika:wahli
\lxoa_c kohtlatlika:wahli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e firewood that is partially burned
\sense_s leña que estáparcialmente quemada
\sense_d Oa
\root kow
\root tli
\root ka:wa
\semref tlatlika:wahli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06399
\lxam tlatlika:wahli
\lxam_c tlatlika:wahli
\lxoa tlatlika:wahli
\lxoa_c tlatlika:wahli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e firewood that is partially burned
\sense_s leña que estáparcialmente quemada
\sense_d Oa
\root tli
\root ka:wa
\semref kohtlatlika:wahli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06400
\lxam tsi:ntlatektli
\lxam_c tsi:ntlatektli
\lxoa tsi:ntlatehtli
\lxoa_c tsi:ntlatehtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(k)
\sense_e shirt with a particular type of cut on in which the bottom edge has a u-shaped section cut out at the side seams
\sense_s camisa con un tipo de corte particular en que la orilla inferior tiene una sección en forma de"u"invertida recortada de los lados, por donde termina la costura
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Niktekis para tsi:nte:nkwah i:n koto:ntli, xok tsi:nteyewahli, yes tsi:ntlatektli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will cut it (a man's shirt sewn by hand) so that it has an inverted u-shaped section cut out at the side, it won't go straight around from one side to other, it will have a
section of its lower part cut out.
\phrase_s Lo voy a cortar (una camisa para hombres) para que la parte inferior estérecortada en forma de"u", ya no va a tener la orilla inferior recta por toda la camisa,
tendráuna sección de abajo recortada.
\semfld clothing
\root tsi:n
\root teki
\mod Illustrate. See illustration with original 3x5 filecard.
\vl Note that after this word, and at the end of the session, I asked Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez to repeat /ma:kakapakatiw/ 4 times (twice each). This did this.
Thus the 4 tokens here can also be tagged with 6328, a word that has many female tokens but only 1 correct male one, I believe. Perhpas one of the male tokens here, after
6400, is better.
\semref tsi:nte:nkwah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tsi:nteyewahli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tsi:nteyewaltik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06401
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tepe:htla:hli
\lxoa_c tepe:htla:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Loc-N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\sense_e land located in the hills, well above the sandy valley near the river
\sense_s tierra que estáen los cerros, bastante arriba del valle arenoso junto al río
\sense_d Oa
\root tepe:
\root tla:l
\root_rel -ko
\qry_fon If the transcriptions are right, the Oapan form has an /h/ derived from a geminate consonant cluster; the Ameyaltepec form is simply based on tepe:tl. If this
proves not to be correct, then change the entries.
\semref tepe:tla:hli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06402
\lxam e:watetla:lia
\lxam_c ke:watetla:lia
\lxoa a:watetla:lia
\lxoa_c ka:watetla:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp V1-Asp
\der Asp2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to place (sb) in an upright sitting position
\sense_s incorporar (a algn) en una posición asentada pero más vertical
\sense_d Oa
\root e:wa
\root tla:l
\nae As with other cases of verbs that end in tetla:lia it seems likely that this is a reinterpretation of the Classical Nahuatl form -titla:lia, a transitive, nonreflexive
auxiliar. Launey (p. 251) has the example sentence Nique:huatitla:lia in coco:xqui 'Levanto al enfermo y lo siento' (I raise up the sick person and sit him down.' The
meaning of Classical e:huatitla:lia is identical to Oapan Nahuatl a:watetla:lia, which lends great support to the hypothesis that Balsas -tetla:lia is
equivalent to the cited Classical form.
\grm Aspectuals; auxiliaries: Note that the form /tetla:lia/ is very common as a verbal ending in Oapan and Ameyaltepec Nahuatl. Thus we have /xoto:ntetla:lia/, /a:watetla:lia/,
etc., etc. I believe that there are many verbs like this. As with other cases of verbs that end in tetla:lia it seems likely that this is a reinterpretation of the Classical
Nahuatl form -titla:lia, a transitive, nonreflexive auxiliar. Launey (p. 251) has the example sentence Nique:huatitla:lia in coco:xqui 'Levanto al
enfermo y lo siento' (I raise up the sick person and sit him down.' The meaning of Classical e:huatitla:lia is identical to Oapan Nahuatl
a:watetla:lia, which lends great support to the hypothesis that Balsas -tetla:lia is equivalent to the cited Classical form.
\ref 06403
\lxam momotsowa
\lxam_c kimomotsowa
\lxoa te:motsowa
\lxoa_c kite:motsowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Reduced rpd-s*(prev-te); Op. prefix te- (Am)
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to grapple at; to grab; to seize
\sense_s agarrar; asir; coger
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkita! Yo:nomomotsokeh, noma:skeh, notlatlawi:tekiskeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Look! They've grabbed each other, they're going to go at each other, they're going to wrestle.
\phrase_s ¡Mira! Ya se agarraron, van a pegarse, van a luchar (jugar paraso).
\phrase_n Xmomotso un pio! Xkasi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Grab that chicken! Catch it!
\phrase_s ¡Agarre esa gallina!¡Alcáncele!
\phrase_n Xkwa:ltemomotso, xkwa tlakotsi:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Reach over and grab a piece (in this case of bread), eat half of it!
\phrase_s ¡Estírate para agarrarlo (en este caso algo de pan), cómete la mitad!
\sense_e (refl.) to grab onto; to hold firmly or tightly onto
\sense_s (refl.) agarrarse; aferrarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwahli xmomotso, kwahli xmoki:tski! Ma:ka mitsa:ltlakalis!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Grab on tightly, hold on tightly! Don't let it (in this case a bull) throw you to the ground!
\phrase_s ¡Agárrate bien, aférrate bien!¡Quéno te vaya a tirar al suelo!
\sense_e to grab and pull off a small piece (e.g., of bread, chicken, etc.)
\sense_s agarrar y desprender una pequeña sección de (p. ej., pan, pollo, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to pinch (e.g., one child playing roughly with another)
\sense_s pellizcar (p. ej., un niño pequeño jugando y enojándose con otro)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (refl.) to scratch oneself lightly, leaving a mark (e.g., a very small baby on its face)
\sense_s (refl.) rasgarse ligeramente, dejando una ligera huella (p. ej., un bebépor la cara)
\sense_d Oa
\nse It appears that across the board (i.e., in isolated forms and with nominal incorporation: xa:yakamomotsowa, nakamomotsowa, kwa:momotsowa) Ameyaltepec
accepts the reduplicated form momotsowa with the possibility of infixing te- whereas Oapan Nahuatl only accepts te:motsowa, i.e., with the
reduplicant reduced on the dummny morpheme te-. According to Luis Lucena (Am) the form * kimotsowa is not acceptable (i.e., the unreduplicated form
with a specific object) although when a reflexive is used the unreduplicated verbal form nomotsowa is acceptable, meaning 'to wrestle'. It appears that
momotsowa refers more to a grappling action than to grabbing per se.
\root te-
\root mots
\qry Check L. Lucena's statement:"According to Luis Lucena the form *kimotsowa is not acceptable (i.e., the unreduplicated form with a specific object) but with the reflexive the
unreduplicated is acceptable (meaning 'to wrestle')."If the unreduplicated is not acceptable, then the entry should be changed to /momotsowa:/ with the appropriate notes.
\root_notes Re: roots, cf. all the words that have /mots/ as part of them
\semref momotsowa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tlatemó:motsówa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06404
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kone:po:wi
\lxoa_c kone:po:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3b(ow)
\sense_e to act like a child
\sense_s portarse como niño
\sense_d Oa
\root kone:
\root po:wa
\qry Elicit the progressive or preterite but it is like that there is a long /o:/ neutralized before /wa/. Elicit all N-V forms in which the verb is /powa/, e.g. this entry, /tla:kapowa/, etc.
\semref kone:powa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06405
\lxam pitentsi:ntilia
\lxam_c nopitentsi:ntilia
\lxoa pitentsi:ntilia
\lxoa_c nopitentsi:ntilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tilia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to give ones age as less than it really is (an adult)
\sense_s (refl.) dar su edad menos de como es de verdad (un adulto)
\sense_d Oa
\disamb Disambiguate /kone:tilia/ and /kone:powa/.
\root kone:
\qry Cf. Gram 1984-10-20.1 for additional notes.
\semref kone:powa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref kone:tilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06406
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yó:yótli yón sísiwá:tl
\lxoa_pr yo:yotli yón sisiwa:tl
\lxoa_c yó:yótli yón sísiwá:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-complex
\der N-b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e Thevetia ovata(Cav.) A. DC., a tree of the Apocynaceae family with fruit called toto:roh
\sense_s Thevetia ovata(Cav.) A. DC.,árbol de la familia Apocynaceae con fruta que se llama toto:roh
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root yoh
\root sowa:
\semfld flower
\qry Etymology uncertain, perhaps a lexicalized reduplication. Speakers should be asked if the name has anything to do with a characteristic of the tree. Check for the difference between
/yo:yotli/ and /okichyo:yotli/, if there is one. Again check difference between /kostik/ and /kokostik/, or is this just a pluralization.
\qry_fon This sequence of /yó:yótli yón sísiwá:tl/ is interesting in that there are several factors that lead to the unusual pitch accent. First, there are two underlying {h}: {yo:yohtli
yon sihsiwa:tl}. This creates two pitch accents, at least on first analysis at the syllable nucleus. Then, apparently the relativizer /yón/ creates two stress or intonational
groups: the nominal head and the adjectival modifier. As seems to be the case in such situations, both parts of the relative clause receive intonational stress at first. This is
documented in other cases such as /kala:chin yówé:i/. Normally /yó:yotlí/ shows pitch accent on the first and final syllable. However, here it shows pitch accent on the first
syllable as well as perhaps on the second syllable (this needs to be carefully checked). This is clearly a reflex of the underlying {h}. However, it seems that the intonational
stress is no longer on the final syllable as it is on the unmodifie d /yó:yotlí/ but rather on the penultimate syllab le. This suggests that the relativizer /yón/, which is
obligatorily stressed, serves to prevent rightward shift of pitch accent onto the final syllable. Nevertheless, if the pitch contour is high on the penultimate /yo/ of /yóyotlí/ it is
somewhat mitigated, perhaps better described as a secondary accent. However, what seems clear from cases such as /kalá:chi yówé:i/ is that the relativizer does indeed
create two intonational phrases, both of which receive intonational stress. When one or both of the now"separated"nouns also has underlying {h} then it too manifests both
lexical pitch accent and intonational stress. The first from the underlying {h} and the second from intonation, although it usually shifts rightward (note that this rightward
shift occurs unless the middle syllable is heavy, i.e., has a long vowel). In the present case, however, the rightward shift is inhibited by the stressed (hig h pitched) relativizer.
Then the final element, the attributive noun, has pitch accent f rom the underlying {h} and from the intonational sequence. Here there is rightward shift toward the phrase
boundary.
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\grmx This sequence of /yó:yótli yón sísiwá:tl/ is interesting in that there are several factors that lead to the unusual pitch accent. First, there are two underlying {h}: {yo:yohtli
yon sihsiwa:tl}. This creates two pitch accents, at least on first analysis at the syllable nucleus. Then, apparently the relativizer /yón/ creates two stress or intonational
groups: the nominal head and the adjectival modifier. As seems to be the case in such situations, both parts of the relative clause receive intonational stress at first. This is
documented in other cases such as /kala:chin yówé:i/. Normally /yó:yotlí/ shows pitch accent on the first and final syllable. However, here it shows pitch accent on the first
syllable as well as perhaps on the second syllable (this needs to be carefully checked). This is clearly a reflex of the underlying {h}. However, it seems that the intonational
stress is no longer on the final syllable as it is on the unmodifie d /yó:yotlí/ but rather on the penultimate syllab le. This suggests that the relativizer /yón/, which is
obligatorily stressed, serves to prevent rightward shift of pitch accent onto the final syllable. Nevertheless, if the pitch contour is high on the penultimate /yo/ of /yóyotlí/ it is
somewhat mitigated, perhaps better described as a secondary accent. However, what seems clear from cases such as /kalá:chi yówé:i/ is that the relativizer does indeed
create two intonational phrases, both of which receive intonational stress. When one or both of the now"separated"nouns also has underlying {h} then it too manifests both
lexical pitch accent and intonational stress. The first from the underlying {h} and the second from intonation, although it usually shifts rightward (note that this rightward
shift occurs unless the middle syllable is heavy, i.e., has a long vowel). In the present case, however, the rightward shift is inhibited by the stressed (hig h pitched) relativizer.
Then the final element, the attributive noun, has pitch accent f rom the underlying {h} and from the intonational sequence. Here there is rightward shift toward the phrase
boundary.
\semref okichyo:yotli de susuwa:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06407
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yó:yotli yón tlá:katl
\lxoa_pr yo:yotli yón tla:katl
\lxoa_c yó:yotli yón tlá:katl
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-complex
\der N-b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e Thevetia pinifolia(Standl. & Steyerm.) J.K. Williams, a tree of the Apocynaceae family with fruit called toto:roh
\sense_s Thevetia pinifolia(Standl. & Steyerm.) J.K. Williams,árbol de la familia Apocynaceae con fruta que se llama toto:roh
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root yoh
\root tla:ka
\notes_nature Note that in Oapan there are two types of yó:yotlí one considered male and the other female. The male has smaller yellow flowers than the female.
Sowa:tl má:s wéwé:i. The flowers of the female are also sweeter smelling.
\semfld flower
\qry Etymology uncertain, perhaps a lexicalized reduplication. Speakers should be asked if the name has anything to do with a characteristic of the tree. Check for the difference between
/yo:yotli/ and /okichyo:yotli/, if there is one. Again check difference between /kostik/ and /kokostik/, or is this just a pluralization.
\semref okichyo:yotli de tlatla:katl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06408
\lxam ma:xeliwi
\lxam_c ma:xeliwi
\lxoa ma:xeliwi
\lxoa_c ma:xeliwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (usually in the progressive) to have its branches swaying back and forth (e.g., a tall tree blowing in the wind)
\sense_s (usually en el progresivo) estar con las ramas meneándose de un lado a otro (p. ej., unárbol alto cuando hay fuerte viento)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root xe:l
\qry_fon Recheck this vowel length. I originally had it recorded as a short vowel for Oapan.
\ref 06409
\lxam ma:xi:ntok
\lxam_c ma:xi:ntok
\lxoa ma:xi:ntok
\lxoa_c ma:xi:ntok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\incorp N-Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be lying down with ones arms extended out to the side (e.g., sb sleeping)
\sense_s estar acostado con los brazos extendidos hacia el lado (p. ej., algn durmiendo)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma: xi:
\semref tlasemá:yékotók
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06410
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa semá:yekówa
\lxoa_pr semá:yekowa
\lxoa_c kisemá:yekówa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-N-V1
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-l)
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to measure by extending ones arm straight out to the side
\sense_s medir al extender el brazo directamente al lado, paralelo a la tierra
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Kisemá:yekówa tla: kásís chikwasen ma:tli.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He measures it with his arms extended to see if it reaches six arms length.
\phrase_s Lo mide con el brazo extendido para ver si alcanza seis brazadas.
\root sen
\root ma:
\root ekowa
\nae The etymology of semá:yekówa needs further research. Provisionally it has been analyzed as contained a reduplicant of the verb yekowa
\qry_h Check for location of /h/.
\ref 06411
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlasemá:yékotók
\lxoa_pr tlasemá:yekotok
\lxoa_c tlasemá:yékotók
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der (tla-V2)-Stat
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Oa
\pitch yes-lex
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be lying down with ones arms extended out to the side (e.g., sb sleeping)
\sense_s estar acostado con los brazos extendidos hacia el lado (p. ej., algn durmiendo)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root ekowa
\nae The pitch accent contour on this headword is not completely clear. Both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez manifest a high pitched long vowel on /má:/, which seems to be
the obvious reflex of an underlying reduplicant. The speech token of Inocencio Jiménez seems to offer a clear final HLH sequence, as would be expected. The pattern for Florencia
Marcelino is less clear.
\qry Check stress pattern on speech analyzer. It is still unclear and SG should be consulted.
\grmx The pitch accent contour on this headword is not completely clear. Both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez manifest a high pitched long vowel on /má:/, which
seems to be the obvious reflex of an underlying reduplicant. The speech token of Inocencio Jiménez seems to offer a clear final HLH sequence, as would be expected. The
pattern for Florencia Marcelino is less clear.
\semref ma:xi:ntok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06412
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa semí:tachí:hke:tl
\lxoa_c semí:tachí:hke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) semita
\psm N
\incorp [N-V2]-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\sense_e baker
\sense_s panadero
\sense_d Pending
\semref pa:nchi:hke:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref pana:deroh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06413
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa semí:tanemá:ke:tl
\lxoa_alt semí:tanamá:ke:tl
\lxoa_c semí:tanemá:ke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) semita
\psm N
\incorp [N-V2]-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\sense_e person who sells bread; baker; breadseller
\sense_s vendedor de pan; panadero
\sense_d Oa
\root namaka
\ref 06414
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mahki
\lxoa_c mahki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\der Interj
\sense_e no then
\sense_s ya no!
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Mahki ma: xpale:wi!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Don't help him then (e.g., I will pay you better, so don't go help him)!
\phrase_s ¡No le ayudes pues (p. ej., voy a pagarte más)!
\sense_e Forget it!
\sense_s ¡A poco!
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root iw
\nse This may be contrasted with mahkimeaning serrero. The term listed in this entry is most often used either alone, as ma:hki! or followed by
a negative imperative beginning with ma: or ma:ka. The difference between a direct negative imperative: ma:[ka] xkuwa and its use with
ma:hki as in ma:hki ma: xkuwa seems to be that the latter indicates a change in the situation, e.g., someone was thinking of buying something and a friend
says ma:hki ma: xkuwa, or someone was thinking of helping others, etc. When used by itself ma:hki seems to indicate that the speaker is content with a
change in the situation. For example, a someone was going to help me but then changes his mind and says he'll go to sleep: ma:hki ! 'Fine then!' However,
ma:hki is often used as an interjection to indicate playful displeasure at something another has said he will do. For example, if I have a water gun and s ay I'm going to
sho ot you with it, you might say, ' Ma:hki! ' with a meaning of something like 'Oh, come on, please don't!'
\ref 06415
\lxam a:xopo:ni
\lxam_c a:xopo:ni
\lxoa á:xopó:ni
\lxoa_c á:xopó:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l)
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to get blisters (on a part of the body)
\sense_s salirle ampollas (a una persona sobre una parte del cuerpo)
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root xopo:
\qry All words with /xopo:ni/ and /xoto:ni/ need to be checked and reviewed.
\qry_fon Use the first high-pitched vowel here to determine possible duration of a long, high-pitched, initial /á:/. Depending on how one measures vowel length (i.e., Florencia's /a/
seems to devoice earlier than Inocencio's before the fricative /sh/) the duration here is between 90 and 114 ms. This should give an idea of how initial long vowels seem
quite a bit shorter than long vowels that are word internal. A study should be carried out on, for instance /a:/ from 'water' to determine the conditions leading to variation.
\grmx Oapan phonology; vowel length: Note in /á:xopó:ni/ has a definite long, high-pitched vowel. The duration seems to vary between 80 and 114 ms, although much depends on
the measurement process (and decisions as to when to start/end the vowel measurement). But the very longest duration, from earliest incipient sound to the beginning of the
fricative /sh/ is 114 ms. with Inocencio Jiménez. This is quite a bit shorter than long vowels that are word internal.
\semref a:xoto:ni
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref á:xotó:ni
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06416
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa komo:lo
\lxoa_alt komolo
\lxoa_c komo:lo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn N1
\sense_e type of small insect, still unidentified, that burrows into the ground
\sense_s tipo de pequeño insecto, todavía no identificado, que escarba o cava en la tierra
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Koko:neh kítsatsíliah, kihliah,"Komo:lo, komo:lo, si ma nikoni ma:w."Miakpa hkon kítsatsíliah, yo kine wa:hpowetsi.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Children shout to it, they say to it,"Komo:lo, komo:lo, let me have a little of your water!"They shout it to many times like this, and it then comes to the surface.
\phrase_s Los niños le gritan, le dicen,"Komo:lo, komo:lo, dáme un poquito de tu agua!"Asíle gritan muchas veces y entoncesél viene a la superficie.
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root komol
\nae The factors that influence vowel length change in Nahuatl are not well understood, although word classes such as baby talk and shortened words seem to manifest vowel length of
surface forms that is not in accord with the underlying root or stem. Likewise, reborrowings from Spanish often manifest vowel length patterns at odds with the original Nahuatl. In
the present case it seems clear that the Oapan insect name komo:lo is related to the verbal root komoldespite the vowel length difference. The motive
for the change in quantity is, however, not clear.
\grm Oapan phonology; vowel length change: The factors that influence vowel length change in Nahuatl are not well understood, although word classes such as baby talk and
shortened words seem to manifest vowel length of surface forms that is not in accord with the underlying root or stem. Likewise, reborrowings from Spanish often manifest
vowel length patterns at odds with the original Nahuatl. In the present case it seems clear that the Oapan insect name komo:lo is related to the verbal root
komoldespite the vowel length difference. The motive for the change in quantity is, however, not clear.
\semref tla:ltekomolotsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06417
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa la:
\lxoa_alt la:h
\lxoa_c la: kana:wak; la: i:xtetl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv
\sense_e really; quite
\sense_s muy; algo
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xni:htis la: kana:wak.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I'm not going to take it (i.e., buy it), it's really thin.
\phrase_s No me lo voy a llevar (esto es, comprarlo), es muy delgado.
\nse La: is a shortened form of mela:k ; the precise relationship between the two terms, i.e., whether one indicates a lesser degree of modification of a
predicate, is not certain. Since this word is almost always followed by another term, pronunciation of this term in isolation can vary according to speaker. However, it appears that
this is best represented as la:, that is, with a long vowel and no following /h/ or /k/.
\qry_fon Check devoicing of vowel toward end.
\vl There are three sets of tokens: /lah kana:wak/, /lah panitsi:n/ and /lah i:xtetl/. Tag all with 6417. That is, there should be 12 total tokens, female and male of each set of
utterances. Then link only one female and one male from each /lah kana:wak/ and /lah i:xtetl/, i.e., there will be 4 tokens linked in the order expressed above.
\semref melá:k
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref mélá:k
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06418
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:ma:xtlatia
\lxoa_c na:ma:xtlatia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp [N-N]-V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to wrap (a cloth, skirt, etc.) around ones waist and legs (Ameyaltepec equivalent: ma:xtlatia)
\sense_s (refl.) envolverse (con tela, una falda, etc.) por la cintura y piernas (equivalente de Ameyaltepec: ma:xtlatia)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (refl.) to pull ones skirt up and wrap it around ones legs (e.g., in order to climb up a ladder or a hill, when going to the fields to work; Ameyaltepec equivalent:
ma:xtlatia)
\sense_s (refl.) jalar la falda y envolverse las piernas con ella (p. ej., al subir una escalera o un cuesta arriba, o al ir a trabajar en el campo; equivalente de Ameyaltepec:
ma:xtlatia)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xma:ma:xtlati!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Draw your skirt around your legs.
\phrase_s Jale tu falda justo a tus piernas.
\sense_e to put diapers on (Ameyaltepec equivalent: tsi:nkwe:tia)
\sense_s poner panales a (equivalente de Ameyaltepec: tsi:nkwe:tia)
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root ma:xtla
\nse Note that one acceptation is that of a woman pulling her skirt up tight around her legs in order to make it easier to work. However, in many villages when women go to the field to
work they will wear pants. The reason for the a:- in Oapan Nahuatl is not clear.
\ref 06419
\lxam ma:tepachowa
\lxam_c kima:tepachowa
\lxoa ma:tepachowa
\lxoa_c kima:tepachowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-[N-V2]
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to crush or hit the hand of with a stone (Oapan synonym: ma:te:tso:tsona)
\sense_s machucar o golpear con una piedra la mano de (sinónimo de Oapan: ma:te:tso:tsona)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:nimoma:tepachoh wan o:ka:miliw. O:noyeskwep, xotopo:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I hit my hand with a stone and it turned purple from the bruise. A blood blister formed, [but] it didn't pop.
\phrase_s Golpee: la mano con una piedra y se puso morada, salióuna ampolla con sangre, pero no se reventó.
\sense_e (refl.) to have ones arm or hand crushed by a rock (e.g., that falls down from a cliff, wall, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) aplastarsele el brazo o la mano por una piedra (p. ej., que cae de un risco, cerca, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to take an offshoot of (i.e., a plant or small bush so that the branch takes root), bend it down, place a rock over it
\sense_s tomar una ramita (de una flor o arbusto), doblarlo y poner una piedra sobre la ramita (para que eche raíz)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld contact
\root ma:
\root te
\root pach
\nse In Oapan the reflexive noma:tepachowa can be used to refer to an event whereby rocks fall down and crush someone's arm beneath them. However, this verb is not
used transitively to refer to the action of crushing someone's arm or hand with a stone.
\qry Check etymological analysis for /tepachowa/ and make sure there is agreement. Check to see if /ma:pachowa/ is correct. Also, check the vowel length. Note that Tetelcingo,
Morelos, has /quimötepöchoa/, equivalent to long /a:/. Thus the possibility that the correct entry should be /ma:tepa:chowa/ should be rechechecked.
\vl There are 4 extra tokens of this Oapan headword at 5504. They should be tagged as 6419 and the best two overall should be linked (one female and one male).
\ref 06420
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa cho:kwitik
\lxoa_c cho:kwitik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-tik
\sense_e to be cheap; to be miserly (i.e., a cheapskate)
\sense_s ser codo; ser mezquino
\sense_d Oa
\root cho:ka
\root kwi
\semref cho:kwi:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06421
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tomi:ncho:kwi:tl
\lxoa_c tomi:ncho:kwi:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-0
\sense_e cheap; cheapskate; miser
\sense_s codo; mezquino
\sense_d Oa
\root cho:ka
\root kwi
\nae The final vowel length in tomi:ncho:kwi:tl and cho:kwitik is uncertain and needs to be carefully checked. For the present the former has been written with
a long final vowel and the latter with a short penultimate vowel. These determinations will need to be carefully checked in the future.
\qry_fon The final vowel length in tomi:ncho:kwi:tl and cho:kwitik is uncertain and needs to be carefully checked. For the present the former has been
written with a long final vowel and the latter with a short penultimate vowel. These determinations will need to be carefully checked in the future.
\semref cho:kwi:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06422
\lxam tlano:ki:hli
\lxam_c tlano:ki:hli
\lxoa tlano:ki:hli
\lxoa_c tlano:ki:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e (kásí ~) to get diarrhea
\sense_s (kásí ~) tener diarrea
\sense_d Oa
\root no:ki
\qry Check to see if same idiomatic expression exists in Spanish.
\semref tlano:ki:listli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref a:pi:tsalistli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ko:lah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06423
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry has been deleted as a duplicate of 6317.
\dt 14/May/2002
\vl Link tokens here to 6317.
\ref 06424
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlamaxaka:na
\lxoa_c tlamaxaka:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-[N-V2]
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to put oneself in a straddling position; to sit astride
\sense_s sentarse o estar a horcajadas
\sense_d Oa
\root maxa
\root a:na
\root_rel -ko
\qry Note that the object of /maxakapelo:wa/ is not clear, when (and if) it has (or can have) a specific object. The only form I have cited is that of /tlamaxakape:lowa/. Also, determine
the difference, if there is one (and if there is it might be in the nature of the object) between /maxakape:lowa/ and /maxakawia/. In one note I have mentioned /maxakape:lo:tia/ as a
word, but I had no entry for this. Check to see if it does indeed exist and, if so, its meaning.
\qry The reason or motivation for /a/ after /k/ is not certain, check length.
\semref tlamaxakape:lowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref maxakawia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tlamaxikipe:lowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06425
\lxam ikxipilisti
\lxam_c ikxipilisti
\lxoa ixipilisti
\lxoa_c i:xipilisti
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound [N-N]-N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e toenail
\sense_s uña del pie
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root pil
\root sti
\ref 06426
\lxam ma:tla:lkalaki
\lxam_c ma:tla:lkalaki
\lxoa ma:tla:lkalaki
\lxoa_c ma:tla:lkalaki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-[N-V1]
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to have ones front legs sink into the ground (e.g., a mule that steps where an animal has burrowed in the ground)
\sense_s sumirsele las patas delanteras en la tierra (p. ej., una mula que pisa por donde un animal ha excavado bajo la tierra)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root tla:l
\root kala
\ref 06427
\lxam tsonxi:ni
\lxam_c tsonxi:ni
\lxoa tsonxi:ni
\lxoa_c tsonxi:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to have ones hair fall out (in going bald)
\sense_s caersele el pelo a (uno que estáquedando calvo)
\sense_d Oa
\root tson
\root xi:
\ref 06428
\lxam xa:yakaposa:wi
\lxam_c xa:yakaposa:wi
\lxoa xa:ya:posa:wi
\lxoa_alt xa:yakaposa:wi
\lxoa_c xa:ya:posa:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for ones face to swell or puff up
\sense_s hincharsele la cara
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:yaka
\root posa:
\qry Check for transitive form.
\semref xa:yakatili:ni
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06429
\lxam yeyemaxtik
\lxam_c yeyemaxtik
\lxoa yemaxtik
\lxoa_c yemaxtik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-adj-tik
\sense_e to be squishy (e.g., certain soft cheeses, some leather, bananas, etc.)
\sense_s ser blando (p. ej., ciertos quesos, algunos cueros, plátanos, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root yema:n
\nse As opposed to yema:nki, yemaxtik indicates a plush softness, of something that is thick and more or less able to be squeezed.
\ref 06430
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa teno:xlámatsí:n
\lxoa_c teno:xlámatsí:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e specific dancer in the Oapan dance called teno:xtih
\sense_s danzante en particular que baila en la danza de Oapan llamada teno:xtih
\sense_d Oa
\root te
\root no:ch
\root lamah
\ref 06431
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ma:tetso:tsona
\lxoa_c kima:tetso:tsona
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-[N-V2]
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to crush or hit the hand of with a stone
\sense_s machucar o golpear con una piedra la mano de
\sense_d Oa
\semfld contact
\root ma:
\root te
\root tsona
\semref ma:tepachowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06432
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:ltsokité:kwichí:ltsi:n
\lxoa_c tla:ltsokité:kwichí:ltsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound [N-N]-N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-te)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e type of non-biting insect that makes solitary nests of grey earth that are open-ended cocoons
\sense_s tipo de insecto que no muerde y que construye nidos solitarios de tierra color gris que son como capullos abierto por las extremedades
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root tla:l
\root soki
\root kwilchi:l
\nse For the description, this might be the animal known in English as the 'mud dauber wasp,' and in Spanish as the embarradora de lodo. Schoenhals (1988:218) describes
this as follows:"(Subfam.: Sphecinae, Subfam.: Trypoxyloninae) 'mud dauber wasp.' A family of wasps that includes the organ pipe mud dauber whose nest may be called
chachuaco or jolón Wasp also called overo."
\qry Check etymology and vowel length; as well as precise meaning.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note phonological rule of s>ts / l ___.
\semref tla:lkukwilchi:ltsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06433
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixtakakoné:watí
\lxoa_pr ixtakakone:wati
\lxoa_c ixtakakoné:watí
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp Mod-V1
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes
\sense_e to become pregnant out of wedlock
\sense_s quedar embarazada fuera del matrimonio
\sense_d Oa
\root xtaka
\root kone:
\nae The pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl ixtakakoné:watí is a reflex of the final /h/ in the possessor ending -wah.
\semref ixtakao:sti
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06434
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ma:pixtok
\lxoa_c kima:pixtok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-Durative
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be holding or grabbing (sth) in ones hand
\sense_s estar agarrando o asiendo (algo) en la mano
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root piya
\nse Both ma:kwixtok (Am) and ma:pixtok (Oa) have only been documented with a durative (progressive) or with certain aspectual endings (such as
-tinemi (Am) / -timi (Oa)). They have not been found without one of these two types of endings. The inflectional paradigm (verb class) varies in accord
with the ending.
\semref ma:kwixtok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06435
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ítiko:pa:xówa
\lxoa_pr itiko:pa:xowa
\lxoa_c nítiko:pa:xówa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans +Refl/-trans; Compl
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl.) to pull in ones stomach
\sense_s (refl.) sumirse el estómago
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Nítiko:pa:xówa para nonakisítík pantalo:n, para nihtsakwas nopantalo:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I suck in my gut so that I fit into my pants, so that I can close them.
\phrase_s Me súmo la barriga para que pueda caber dentro de mis pantalones, para que los puedo abrochar.
\root hti
\root ko:
\root pa:x
\nse According to Florencia Marcelino the root ka:x- is used in words that refer to the bending of ones back, e.g., noka:xowa.
\nae The etymology of ítiko:pa:xówa is unclear, particularly the identity or origin of the ko: syllable, since pa:xhas been identified elsewhere.
\semref itika:xowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06436
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was Oapan entry for /a:kó:kokopitsíwi/. It is a duplicate of 464 and all tokens here should be tagged as 00464
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Tag the tokens as #00464. Note that these later tokens (6436) are clearer than the earlier ones (464) and should be the ones tagged.
\ref 06437
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa á:tonkwístli
\lxoa_c á:tonkwístli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Mod-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\pitch yes
\sense_e see á:tonkwístih
\sense_s véase á:tonkwístih
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\root a:
\root tom
\root kwits
\nse Given that this word usually is found in the plural, it has been listed under á:tonkwístli.
\grm The form /a:tonkwilin/ is interesting for its morphology. It seems to take a reflexive verb (V-1-refl) and use the shortened stem as a modifier for the head noun form /kwilin/.
Certainly, this would seem to be an unusual combination, and perhaps might be coded as S-N.
\ref 06438
\lxam ikxikukwalo
\lxam_c ikxikukwalo
\lxoa ixí:kwaló
\lxoa_pr ixi:kwalo
\lxoa_c ixí:kwaló
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-pass
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-4a(pass)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e for ones legs to stiffen or get sore (particularly from being in one position for an extended length of time, but also from a long walk or run, etc.)
\sense_s agarrotarsele o entumecersele a uno las piernas, o que se quedan adoloridos (particularmente por haber estado en la misma posición por mucho tiempo, pero también por
haber caminado una gran distancia, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kxi
\root kwa
\nse The reduced reduplication of the Oapan headword ixí:kwaló is a simple reflection of the fact that two legs are affected at the same time. It has never been documented
in the nonreduplicated (i.e., singular) form.
\vl There are 4 extra tokens of this word at 6998, these later tokens should also be tagged as 6438.
\semref ikxikuwtia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\xref ixí:kwaló:tla
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 06439
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:kayo:tl
\lxoa_c tla:kayo:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-yo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e principal (of money or other items lent)
\sense_s principal (de dinero u otras cosas prestadas)
\sense_d Pending
\root tla:ka
\nse The other term used, both in Ameyaltepec and Oapan, is the obligatorily possessed tla:nka.
\ref 06440
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kopa:htestia
\lxoa_c kopa:htestia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Loc-V1
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e for something to get stuck in ones throat (e.g, particularly food that refuses to go down)
\sense_s atorarsele algo en la garganta (p. ej., comida que se queda atorado)
\sense_d Oa
\root kopa:
\root tes
\root_rel -ko
\semref kechsa:liwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ko:kopitsiwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref a:ko:kopitsiwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref a:kó:kokopitsíwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06441
\lxam kwa:tsonteki
\lxam_c kikwa:tsotsonteki
\lxoa kwa:tsonteki
\lxoa_pr kwa:tsonteki
\lxoa_c kikwá:tsotsontéki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a(k)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to prune or cut the top branches off (a plant or tree), leaving it stripped of foliage on top
\sense_s cortarle las ramitas más altas (de una planta oárbol), dejándolo sin follaje en la parte alta
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\root koto:
\nae In notes it was recorded that the alternate form kwá:tsontéki, with reduction of the reduplicant onto a preceding long vowel, is also possible.
\qry Check other uses as well as existence of nonreduplicated form. Also check for intransitive. The possibility of /kwá:tsontéki/ needs to be confirmed.
\grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: note the equivalence of the following two forms: /kwá:tsotsontéki/ and /kwá:tsontéki/.
\semref kwa:kokoto:na
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06442
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ítipotóhtli
\lxoa_c ítipotóhtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(k)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e steam (of coffee or other very hot liquids); heat given off (of moist things packed together in a hot environment)
\sense_s vapor (de caféo de otros líquidos muy calientes); calor que sale (de cosas húmedas que están apretadas en un medio caloroso)
\sense_d Oa
\root hti
\root potok
\qry Check for existence of /poto:ni/. /potoktli/ has the form of a word derived from a verb ending in /o:ni/. However, check both the existence of the supposed base verb, and its
meaning. Also check the full possible meanings of /potoktli/. I have recorded only 'steam' or 'vapor.' Cf. to /poto:ni/ which is given to mean 'oler mal,' in Classical.
\qry_fon Check final stem sound before the absolutive with phonetician.
\semref potoktli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06443
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kala:n
\lxoa_c kala:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N1/2; Aln
\sense_e (often possessed) chile sauce ground in a mortar
\sense_s (a menudo poseído) salsa de chile hecho en un molcajete
\sense_d Oa
\root kala:
\nse Kala:n is a word used occasionally by elder women of Oapan. It is synonymous to chi:lmo:hliand the name derives from the sound the pestle makes as
it hits against the side of the mortar.
\semref chi:ltekakala:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref chi:lmo:hli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06444
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlankwa:i:xtexi:kole:wi
\lxoa_c tlankwa:i:xtexi:kole:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to scrape ones knees
\sense_s rasparse las rodillas
\sense_d Oa
\root tlan
\root kwa:
\root i:x
\root xi:kol
\nae The length of the /i/ following tlankwa:- is uncertain. In certain speech tokens (here particularly) it appears short, as if it were related to the short /i/ of
kwa:itl, which is documented in the Balsas region only in compounds as kwa: and kwah. In other pronounciations however, the /i:/ appears long,
as it does in tlankwa:ix. A careful acoustic study should be made of these forms to determine the proper way in which length should be written on this vowel.
\qry_fon The length of the /i/ following tlankwa:- is uncertain. In certain speech tokens (here particularly) it appears short, as if it were related to the short /i/ of
kwa:itl, which is documented in the Balsas region only in compounds as kwa: and kwah. In other pronounciations however, the /i:/
appears long, as it does in tlankwa:ix. A careful acoustic study should be made of these forms to determine the proper way in which length should be written
on this vowel.
\semref tetepona:la:wi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06445
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa í:xtsetselówa
\lxoa_pr í:xtsetselowa
\lxoa_c kí:xtsetselówa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to dust off the surface of (by hitting it with sth such as a rag or other similar item, or with an open hand)
\sense_s despolvorear la superficie de (al azotarla con un trapo o algo parecido, o con la mano abierta)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld contact
\root i:x
\root tsel
\nse This is the virtual synonym of i:xpopowa.
\semref i:xwi:teki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06446
\lxam pa:pa:lo:yoh
\lxam_c pa:pa:lo:yoh
\lxoa pa:pa:lo:yoh
\lxoa_c pa:pa:lo:yoh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Trans
\sense_e to have a lot full of poorly formed seeds (squash seeds)
\sense_s tener muchas semillas mal formadas (semilla de calabaza)
\sense_d Oa
\root pa:lo:
\nse The term pa:pa:lo:yoh is used for a large quantity of squash seeds in which many are poorly formed. Apparently this is because when the seeds are tossed around
(nó:tselówa) to remove the chaff, the lighter, poorly formed seeds fly off like butterflies.
\ref 06447
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ákestewéstok
\lxoa_pr akestewestok
\lxoa_c ákestewéstok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der Mod-*V1-Asp-Stat
\infv Durative
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be lying down face up (a person or animal and, by extension, certain objects with a"face"or"mouth")
\sense_s estar acostado boca arriba (una persona o animal y, por extensión metafórica, algunos objetos con una"boca"o"cara")
\sense_d Pending
\root ah
\root ketsa
\root wes
\nae The etymology of Oapan Nahuatl ákestewéstok is uncertain. It is clearly closely related to forms such as Ameyaltepec a:kestok (vowel length here
should be checked) and thus one can posit initial elements of ah(ko) and ketsa, which in the durative would translate as 'to be face up (boca arriba).'
Apparently Oapan Nahuatl adds the stative element westok 'to be lying down,' so that the entire compound means 'to be lying down face up.' A problem arises,
however, in the interpretation of the /te/ sequence between ákes- and wéstok. One would not expect the"ligature" ti- to occur in this position
as westok is a stative and not the aspectual marker -tiwetsi, which indicates the hurried nature with which a verbal predicate is carried out. Note that
Tetelcingo, Morelos, has (with the spelling conventions standardized to Balsas Nahuatl) kahketstetlahkali 'tumba boca arriba (to knock down face up).' What is
interesting is the appearance of the same vowel sequence te- (note that for an unknown reason FK changes this to ahquetztitlahcali, but the te-
sequence appears both time this word occurs in the Tetelcingo, Morelos, dictionary. For now the te- has been left unanalyzed.
\vl Check vl and p-a; cf. to Am /a:kestok/. Cf. vl and p-a, etc.
\grm Statives: Apparently this is ákestiwéstok in which there is a combination of statives: ákestók plus westok. Note that statives
followed by another ending often surface as -ti- as in westitiw.
\semref a:kestok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06448
\lxam a:kestiw
\lxam_c o:ta:kestiah
\lxoa ákestíw
\lxoa_pr akestiw
\lxoa_cpend ákestíw
\lxoa_pr akestiw
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der Mod-*V1-Asp
\infv Irregular; see -tiw
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to fall backward (e.g., on a chair) landing on ones back facing face up
\sense_s caerse hacia atrás (p. ej., al estar sentado sobre una silla) y quedar tirado boca arriba
\sense_d Oa
\root ah
\root ketsa
\qry Check whether Ameyaltepec has this form, and whether Oapan has /akestok/.
\nse This verb is inflected as the aspectual ending -tiw.
\semref a:kestok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ákestewéstok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06449
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa koska:tlastaltik
\lxoa_c koska:tlastaltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound Part-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e light yellow (as the color of certain cakes)
\sense_s amarillo pálido o pastel
\sense_d Oa
\root kos
\root tlastal
\vl There are 9 female tokens for this word, all good and all should be tagged. For the male tokens. There are 9 male tokens, but only 3, 5, 8, and 9 are good. The others (1, 2,
4, 6, 7) should not be tagged. Some are stuttered. Others have /-tlastastik/ instead of /-tlastaltik/. I think that the 8th is the best and should be linked.
\semref kostik de un tlatlastaltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06450
\lxam kamachaltlapa:na
\lxam_c kikamachaltlapa:na
\lxoa kamachaltlapa:na
\lxoa_c kikamachaltlapa:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp [N-N]-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to split the mount open of (e.g., the head of a slaughtered pig in order to cook it)
\sense_s por la mandíbula, partir la cabeza de (p. ej., un marrano sacrificado para cocinar su cabeza)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to split open (e.g., a piece of wood) at a place that is forked
\sense_s partir (p. ej., un pedazo de leña) donde hay una bifurcación
\sense_d Oa
\root kama
\root chal
\root tlapa:
\qry_fon The /a/ is definitely short here by acoustical measurement of Oapan Nahuatl; check other words with /chal/.
\ref 06451
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ma:we:weyak
\lxoa_c ma:we:weyak
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infn N1; pl. ma:we:weyakeh
\sense_e type of non-biting ant, as yet still unidentified
\sense_s tipo de hormiga todavía no identificado, y que no muerde
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\ency_note tsi:katl
\root ma:
\root weya
\qry_fon It is difficult to determine the vowel length of the reduplicant. It should be checked and compared with other words that have /we:weyak/ (or /weweyak/) reduplicant. For
now I have written it has long.
\semref ma:kokon
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06452
\lxam to:to:tlama
\lxam_c to:to:tlama
\lxoa to:to:tlama
\lxoa_c to:to:tlama
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-[tla-V2]
\der V1-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to hunt birds (with a net, rifle, slighshot, etc.)
\sense_s cazar pájaros (con una red, rifle, resortera, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\ency_note hunting
\root to:to:
\root ma
\semref tlama
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref wi:lo:tlama
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06453
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa chichi:koxo:chitl
\lxoa_c chichi:koxo:chitl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Adj-N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e type of small tree still not identified
\sense_s tipo deárbol pequeño todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root chichi:
\root xo:chi
\nse This small tree is called by this name because it is bitter. It is a remedy, it's bark is boiled or soaked, Florencia Marcelino was not sure. She thought that the Spanish name is
quina. In a discussion with Manuel Jiménez, he seemed to indicate that the chichi:koxo:chitl is different from quina; at one point he referred
to chichi:koxo:chitl as siwa:tl, giving the indication that it was the female counterpart to quina. This needs to be checked.
\nae Two lexical elements of chichi:koxo:chitl are clear: chichi:k 'bitter' and xo:chitl 'flower.' The reason for the /o/, or /ko/, is not clear.
\ref 06454
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa moyahtik
\lxoa_c moyahtik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\sense_e to be muddied (but less so than indicated by moya:wak)
\sense_s estar agitado y sucio (un líquido, pero de menos intensidad que moya:wak)
\sense_d Oa
\root moya:
\ref 06455
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlapia:stlami
\lxoa_c tlapia:stlami
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-mi(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to urinate completely (emptying ones bladder so that one does not immediately need to go again)
\sense_s terminar con la necesidad de orinar (para que no tiene que ir otra vez en seguida)
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root piya:s
\root tlami
\nse This is usually used in the negative, as is the similar term xi:xtlami, indicating that the subject did not completely relieve himself.
\semref a:xi:xtlami
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06456
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa teyowa
\lxoa_c teyowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to form seeds (certain plants such as corriander and onions in which the seeds are left when the flowers drop off)
\sense_s formarse semillas (ciertas plantas como cilantro y cebolla donde se quedan las semillas después de que se caen las flores)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to form a pit (certain fruits such as avocado, plums, etc.)
\sense_s formarse el hueso (ciertas frutas como aguacate, ciruelas, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root te
\nse The following herbaceous plants have i:teyo : kola:ntoh, xonakatl, ye:paso:tl, kókihlí. The following
fruits have i:teyo : a:wakatl, xokotl, etc.
\ref 06457
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kolá:ntoteyó:hli
\lxoa_c kolá:ntoteyó:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) cilantro
\psm N
\compound N-[N-N]
\der N-b
\infn N1
\sense_e corriander seeds
\sense_s semilla de cilatro
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root te
\root yo:l
\semref sila:ntroteyo:hli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06458
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xonakateyo:hli
\lxoa_c xonakateyo:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-[N-N]
\infn N1
\sense_e onion seeds
\sense_s semilla de cebolla
\sense_d Oa
\der Nat-pl-cult
\root xonaka
\root te
\root yo:l
\ref 06459
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kó:kilteyó:hli
\lxoa_alt kó:ilteyó:hli
\lxoa_c kó:kilteyó:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-[N-N]
\der N-b
\sense_e seed of the kó:kihlí, i.e., huazontle plant
\sense_s semilla de kó:kihlí, esto es, el huazontle
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root koko
\root kil
\root te
\root yo:l
\nae Although the vowel duration of the first syllable in the Oapan speech tokens here is not markedly long, evidence from the isolated form kó:kihlísuggests a
phonologically long initial vowel. The motivation for the pitch accent is not clear.
\qry Check vowel length carefully, as in the word for the plant itself.
\ref 06460
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa takalkope:wa
\lxoa_c kitakalkope:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to pull the scab off (a wound)
\sense_s arrancar la costra de (una herida)
\sense_d Oa
\root takal
\root wepa:
\ref 06461
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa takahlo
\lxoa_c i:takahlo
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e scab (of a wound)
\sense_s costra (de una herida)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n O:wets itakahlo.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Its scab fell off.
\phrase_s Se le cayósu costra.
\root takal
\ref 06462
\lxam takalwepe:wi
\lxam_cpend takalwepe:wi
\lxoa takalkope:wi
\lxoa_c takalkope:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for a scab to fall off (of a wound)
\sense_s caerse la costra (de una herida)
\sense_d Oa
\root takal
\root wepa:
\qry Check potential subjects of this verb. Is it the wound or the person?
\ref 06463
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xwi:hloh
\lxoa_c i:xwi:hloh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to have the evil eye (a child)
\sense_s tener mal de ojo (un niño)
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\qry Make sure that Am /tlai:xwi:hli/ is correct.
\semref tlai:xwi:hli; tlai:xwi:hloh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06464
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:kowatl
\lxoa_c a:kowatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of striped snake still not identified
\sense_s tipo de culebra con rayas, aparentemente llamada chicote en español
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld sn
\ency_note kowatl
\root a:
\root kowa
\nse Apparently Oapan a:kowatl is the same as Ameyaltepec kowi:xkowatl or chikote:roh although this should be checked.
\nae The /o/ in the speech tokens for a:kowatl seems to have an extended duration, although previously I had considered length to be neutralized in this position. It should
be checked and compared with other tokens of the word kowatl as well as other cases of /o/ preceding /w/.
\qry_fon Check /o/ here in /a:kowatl/. The spectrogram suggests the possibility of a long vowel. Note: The /o/ in the speech tokens for a:kowatl seems to have an
extended duration, although previously I had considered length to be neutralized in this position. It should be checked and compared with other tokens of the word
kowatl as well as other cases of /o/ preceding /w/.
\semref kuwi:xkuwatl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref chikote:roh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06465
\lxam pitsa:hka:nki:tskia
\lxam_c nopitsa:hka:nki:tskia
\lxoa pitsa:hka:nki:tsia
\lxoa_c nopitsa:hka:nki:tsia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to be with arms akimbo; to have ones hands holding ones hips
\sense_s (refl.) estar con los brazos en jarras
\sense_d Oa
\root pitsa:
\root ki:tski
\root_rel -ka:n
\vl The first 2 female tokens and the first male tokens are of a word I don't know: /nopi:tsa:hka:nki:tia/ (the first female token is slightly mispronounced as
/nopi:tsanka:nki:tia/). At any rate these first two female tokens and 1st male token should be tagged 99999_06465_OF1, etc. There then follow 4 valid tokens of this
headword. They should all be tagged at 6465.
\semref xi:hla:nki:tskia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06466
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xi:komo:nia
\lxoa_c noxi:komo:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)[+ca]
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to spread out and ruffle its feathers (a male turkey when angry or agitated)
\sense_s (refl.) extender y abrir su plumaje (un guajolote macho cuando se agita o se enoja)
\sense_d Oa
\root xi:
\root komo:
\nse The etymology of this verb is unclear; to date it has only been documented in a reflexive form and in reference to male turkeys.
\nae The incorporated element seems to be simply xi: although perhaps one would expect xi:h, from the nominal stem xi:kbefore a
k- initial verb. However, no [h] is audible between the /i/ and /k/ of xi:komo:nia. There is no cognate form in other dialects, so it is not possble to offer any
comparative data. Perhaps a more precise acoustic analysis will shed some light on whether the proper orthography should include /h/.
\qry_fon Check /h/ after the first syllable. The incorporated element seems to be simply xi: although perhaps one would expect xi:h, from the nominal
stem xi:kbefore a k- initial verb. However, no [h] is audible between the /i/ and /k/ of xi:komo:nia. There is no cognate form in
other dialects, so it is not possble to offer any comparative data. Perhaps a more precise acoustic analysis will shed some light on whether the proper orthography should
include /h/.
\semref komo:nia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06467
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for Oapan /peya:sowa/. It has been eliminated as a duplicate for 4742.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl This entry was for /peya:sowa/ and has been eliminated as a duplicate entry. The tokens should be given ref. #4742.
\ref 06468
\lxam sisi:tlaltik
\lxam_c sisi:tlaltik
\lxoa sísi:tláltik
\lxoa_c sísi:tláltik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Op. prefix te- ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te): té:si:tláltik
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be of a certain color and pattern with light-colored shapes on a dark background (e.g., the skin or certain squashes or gourds)
\sense_s ser de un cierto color con cosas claras salpicada sobre un fondo oscuro (p. ej., la cáscara de ciertas calabazas)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld color
\root i:x
\root te
\root si:tlal
\ilus_note Take photograph of cloth of this pattern..
\ref 06469
\lxam kekextik
\lxam_c kekextik
\lxoa kekextik
\lxoa_cpend @kekextik
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e to be a a barrel of fun or full of energy; to be a live wire; to be a party-goer
\sense_s ser alegre o lleno de energía; ser aliviando, esto es, alguien que festeja mucho
\sense_d Oa
\root kex
\semref kekexioh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kekextsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06470
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:skaxo:chitl
\lxoa_c a:skaxo:chitl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of red flower with eight petals and a yellow center; it grows in particularly rocky environments
\sense_s tipo de flor roja con ocho pétalos y un centro amarillo; crece en lugares particularmente pedregosas
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld fl
\root a:ska
\root xo:chi
\nse Some consultants suggested that Ameyaltepec texkalxo:chitl and Oapan a:skaxo:chitl were equivalent. This needs to be investigated; provisionally they
have been related through the equivalence field, but this might need to be changed. Note that I have also documented a Oapan name for a flower, a:skalxo:chitl. This
might simply be an error and the two might be equivalent. However, there might also be two distinct flowers. Unfortunately, to date none have been collected.
\semfld flower
\semref texkalxo:chitl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06471
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa chícolá:na
\lxoa_c kichícolá:na
\lxoa_pr chicola:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to pick or pull down with a chicol (i.e., fruit such as ma:ngoh , xokotl , komo:chitl , po:cho:tl ,
etc., or other objects from a high place)
\sense_s enganchar, agarrar o jalar con un chicol (p. ej., fruta como ma:ngoh , xokotl , komo:chitl , po:cho:tl , etc., u
otros objetos de lugares altos)
\sense_d Pending
\root chihkol
\root a:na
\qry_h kichícolá:na
\vl There are 4 extra tokens from 03434 that should be tagged as 6471. However, note
\semref chicoltila:na
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06472
\lxam tlapi:tskotia
\lxam_alt tlapi:tskotia
\lxam_c tlapi:tskotia
\lxoa tlapi:tskotia
\lxoa_c tlapi:tskotia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to become stuffed full; to become packed (e.g., a room full of objects or people)
\sense_s apretujarse; llenarse (p. ej., un cuarto con objetos o gente)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xoh tlawe:i, yo:tlapi:tskotiak.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e There's no longer any room, it's gotten stuffed full (e.g., a room, bus, etc.).
\phrase_s Ya no hay campo, se apretujóde gente (p. ej., un cuarto, camión, etc.).
\root pi:ts
\root_rel -ko
\semref tlatestia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06473
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa cháchapólmaké:tl
\lxoa_c cháchapólmaké:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e person who gathers grasshoppers
\sense_s persona que caza chapulines
\sense_d Oa
\root chapol
\root ma
\semref chapoltlatlamake:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06474
\lxam tsontila:na
\lxam_c kitsontila:na
\lxoa tsontila:na
\lxoa_c kitsontila:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to pull the hair of (in reference to the hair on a person's head)
\sense_s jalarle el cabello a
\sense_d Oa
\root tson
\root tila:na
\semref kwa:tila:na
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06475
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kalte:mpah
\lxoa_pr kalte:mpan
\lxoa_c kalte:mpah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-k(o)
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e the edge of town
\sense_s la orilla del pueblo
\sense_d Oa
\root kal
\root_rel -te:npan
\nse In Oapan this refers to the edge of the village that is not adjacent to the river; see tlate:mpanand, for a more extensive discussion, kalte:nko.
\qry Check for acceptability of /nokalte:nko/. If not acceptable, change code to eliminate"[poss]"
\grm Note the difference in meaning of /kalte:nko/ and /kalte:ntli/. This suggests that the former is {kal + te:nko} and not {kalte:n + ko}.
\semref kalte:nko
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06476
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xté:si:tláltik
\lxoa_c i:xté:si:tláltik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Lex. inflix te- ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be spotted (particularly some cloth with white spots or patterns on a dark background)
\sense_s estar salpicado de color (particularmente tela con un patrón de algo blanco o de color claro sobre un fondo oscuro)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld color
\root i:x
\root te
\root si:tlal
\mod Take photograph of cloth of this pattern..
\semref sisi:tlaltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06477
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlapia
\lxoa_f [tla 'pi ya]
\lxoa_c tlapia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3c(pia)
\sense_e to have a boyfriend (or girlfriend)
\sense_s tener un novio (o novia)
\sense_d Oa
\root piya
\xref pia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 06478
\lxam tetexowa
\lxam_c kitetexowa
\lxoa tetexowa
\lxoa_c kitetexowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to gnaw at; to nibble at
\sense_s roer a
\sense_d Oa
\root tex
\ref 06479
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ihno:pia
\lxoa_f [ih no: 'pi a]
\lxoa_c kihno:pia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3c(pia)
\sense_e to have as an adopted child; to adopt (a child)
\sense_s tener como hijo adoptivo; adoptar (un niño)
\sense_d Oa
\root kno:
\root piya
\ref 06480
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa westli
\lxoa_c i:wes
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e sister-in-law (of female speaker, or possessor)
\sense_s cuñada (de un hablante mujer, o poseedora)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld Gender: female
\root wes
\qry Check whether this is from a female ego or whether only women utter this word.
\ref 06481
\lxam kuwatsi:n
\lxam_c kuwatsi:n
\lxoa kowatsi:n
\lxoa_c kowatsi:n; kowa:tsi:ntih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1; irregular pl. kowa:tsi:ntih
\sense_e twin
\sense_s gemelo
\sense_d Oa
\root kowa
\nae In Oapan Nahuatl the forms kowatsi:n and kowa:tsi:ntih refer to human twins; kowatland kowatsitsi:ntih to snakes. In the
first acceptation the final vowel of the stem, /a/, is lengthened to compensate for the reduction of the reduplicant of the diminutive.
\grm Oapan phonology; vowel lengthening: The forms kowatsi:n and kowa:tsi:ntih refer to human twins; kowatland
kowatsitsi:ntih to snakes. In the plural of the first definition the reduplicant
\semref kwa:teh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06482
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yo:lka:wah
\lxoa_c yo:lka:wah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-posr-eh
\infn N1
\sense_e person with animals (e.g., cattle)
\sense_s persona con animales (p. ej., ganado)
\sense_d Oa
\root yo:l
\ref 06483
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsi:ntéchiwilá:na
\lxoa_pr tsi:ntechiwila:na
\lxoa_c kitsi:ntéchiwilá:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-Mod-V2
\der V2-b
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes
\sense_e to drag the bottom of (e.g., a heavy sack of maize or other grain, a child on a mat, etc.) along on the ground
\sense_s arrastrar la parte inferior de (p. ej., un costal pesado, un niño sentado sobre una tela o algo parecido, etc.) sobre el suelo
\sense_d Oa
\semfld motion
\root tsi:n
\root techih
\root wila:na
\mod NOTE that originally I had /tsí:ntechiwilá:na/ with p-a on /tsí:n-/. However, after consulting with Roberto Mauricio I have noted this as /tsi:ntéchiwilá:na/, which is not problematical
(cf. /téchiwilá:na/). Thus the following note is in reserve pending checking of the p-a pattern in the original recording. If the original is correct then there are two patterns, and the
/tsí:ntechiwilá:na/ pattern most likely reflects reinterpretation of the placement of underlying {h}. The original note was as follows: The motivation for the pitch accent pattern in
Oapan Nahuatl tsí:ntechiwilá:na is unclear as it is for téchiwilá:na, which is also pitch accented, suggesting that either the first or second syllable has a
coda {h}. However, note that in the pronunciation of Robert Mauricio it is the /te/ syllable that is pitch accented: l tsi:ntéchiwilá:na. Thus it might well be that the
transciption of t he speech token is incorrect. If tsi:ntéchiwilá:na is the corr ect transcription/pronunciation, then this would suggest that the {chih} syllable has,
underlyingly, a coda {h}. Cf. also téchiwilá:na.
\grmx The motivation for the pitch accent pattern in Oapan Nahuatl tsí:ntechiwilá:na is unclear as it is for téchiwilá:na. which is also pitch
accented, suggesting that either the first or second syllable has a coda {h}.
\vl The first male token is mispronounced as /kitsi:ntéchiwilá:na/ with the stress on /té/ and should not be tagged. The following two male tokens are correct and should be
tagged: /kitsí:ntechiwilá:na/.
\qry_h kitsí:ntechiwilá:na
\semref tsi:ntewila:na
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06484
\lxam techwila:na
\lxam_c kitechwila:na
\lxoa téchiwilá:na
\lxoa_pr techiwila:na
\lxoa_c kitéchiwilá:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. prefix te-
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to pull or drag along on the ground (e.g., a dead animal that is being tossed into the river or gully, a thorn bush, etc.)
\sense_s arrastrar por el suelo (p. ej., un animal muerto que va a ser tirado, un arbusto espinoso, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xkwa:ltechwila:ntiw!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Drag it over here!
\phrase_s ¡Tráelo arrastrando hacia acá!
\disamb techwila:na; (te)koyo:tsa
\semfld motion
\root techih
\root wila:
\nae The pitch accent in téchiwilá:na indicates that here as in tsí:ntechiwilá:na there is an underlying {h} as a coda element in one of the syllables. Yet there is
no comparative evidence as yet that suggests where the coda element might be. Provisionally, it has been placed at the end of the second syllable. The origin of the /i/ in Oapan
Nahuatl techiwila:na is not clear; it might well be epenthetic.
\qry Check whether /tsi:nwila:na/ and /tsi:ntechiwila:na/ are synonymous, at least in some circumstances. Check whether /tsi:nwila:na/ and /tsi:ntechiwila:na/ are synonymous, at least in
some circumstances.
\qry_h Check for /h/
\semref tewila:na
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06485
\lxam tlachi:chi:tike:tl
\lxam_c tlachi:chi:tike:tl
\lxoa tlachi:chí:tiké:tl
\lxoa_c tlachi:chí:tiké:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\incorp [tla-V2]-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e mother (either human or other) who is nursing her young
\sense_s madre (o una mujer o un animal) que estádando pecho a sus niños
\sense_d Oa
\root chi:chi
\ref 06486
\lxam chichina:ntli
\lxam_c chichina:ntli
\lxoa chichina:ntli
\lxoa_c chichina:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e female dog that is nursing its young
\sense_s perra que estáamamantando su cría
\sense_d Oa
\root chichi
\root na:n
\ref 06487
\lxam pitsona:ntli
\lxam_c pitsona:ntli
\lxoa pitsona:ntli
\lxoa_c pitsona:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e female pig that is nursing its young
\sense_s marrana que estáamamantando su cría
\sense_d Oa
\root pitiso
\root na:n
\ref 06488
\lxam piona:ntli
\lxam_c piona:ntli
\lxoa piona:ntli
\lxoa_c piona:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) pio
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e hen that is has its young
\sense_s gallina con su cría
\sense_d Oa
\root na:n
\ref 06489
\lxam pilowah
\lxam_c pilowah
\lxoa pilowah
\lxoa_c pilowah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-posr-wah
\infn N1
\sense_e to have chicks (a hen with recently born offspring)
\sense_s tener pollitos (una gallina que tiene cría)
\sense_d Oa
\root pil
\ref 06490
\lxam kakawapepenke:tl
\lxam_c kakawapepenke:tl
\lxoa kakawá:penké:tl
\lxoa_c kakawá:penké:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\incorp [N-V2]-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e person who gleans peanuts from the field
\sense_s persona que recoge cacahuates que han quedado en el campo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kawa
\root pena
\ref 06491
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kechpitsi:nia
\lxoa_c kikechpitsi:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to choke, squeeze, or wring the neck of (but not necessarily to strangle and kill)
\sense_s apretar el cuello de (pero no necesariamente estrangular y matar)
\sense_d Oa
\root kech
\root pitsi:
\nse Check for other acceptations of this word.
\semref kechpa:tska
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06492
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ix:té:mé:ts
\lxoa_c ix:té:mé:ts
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound [N-N]-N
\der N-ap
\pitch yes
\sense_e (insult) person have large eyes that emerge slightly from their sockets
\sense_s (insulto) persona con ojos grandes que salen un poco de sus cuencas
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root te
\root me:ts
\nse This is very similar in meaning to i:xki:ki:sa
\semref i:xte:mpoponi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xté:me:tsíwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06493
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xté:ki:sáltia
\lxoa_pr i:xté:ki:saltia
\lxoa_c ki:xté:ki:sáltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp [N-N]-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e (fig.) to startle
\sense_s (fig.) asustar; espantar
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n O:ne:chi:xté:ki:sáltikéh kítowa náwáo:nki:tskih tomi:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e They startled me by saying that I had taken some money.
\phrase_s Me asustaron al decir que yo había agarrado dinero.
\root i:x
\root te
\root ki:sa
\vl First female token should not be tagged. Tag 2nd female token and 2nd male token.
\grm Causative: Note the causative construction /i:xté:ki:sáltia/ and cf. to /ki:xtia/. Discuss.
\ref 06494
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mómoló:nia
\lxoa_pr momolo:nia
\lxoa_c kí:moló:nia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): kí:moló:nia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to fluff up or become fluffed up (cotton, maguey fiber, etc., before it is carded
\sense_s esponjarse (algodón o fibra de maguey al agitar y doblarla rápido)
\sense_d Oa
\root molo:
\semref momolo:naltia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref pochi:na
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06495
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa sé:piyá:ka:tl
\lxoa_c sé:piyá:ka:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e Vallesia glabra(Cav.) Link, bush of the Apocynaceae family
\sense_s Vallesia glabra(Cav.) Link, arbusto de la familia Apocynaceae
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root saka
\root hya
\nae The etymology of Oapan Nahuatl sé:piyá:ka:tl is unclear, atlhough it is probable that the surface form has undergone some transformation. One clue is found in the San
Juan Tetelcingo equivalent, sakapihya:k, which suggests perhaps sakaand hyain the roots. For now these two elements have been
included in the etymology, though further research might well clarify the composition of this word.
\notes_nature This plant is used in offerings to the yéye:kámeh.
\ref 06496
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa chipa:wi:lo
\lxoa_c chipa:wi:lo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-pas
\infv class-4a(pass)
\sense_e to become clean of sin
\sense_s llegar a ser limpio de pecado
\sense_d Oa
\root chipa:
\nse This can refer to individuals who are clear of sin, who pass through the Infierno but then go to the side of Tota:tah. Note also that one may become
chipa:wi:lo even if one has killed. For example, if someone kills a murderer, he then"seizes"the sin away from the murderer (kitlátlakolkwí:lia)"with the
result that the original murderer is cleansed (chipa:wi:lo:s) and the one who killed him takes on the burden of the original sin.
\ref 06497
\lxam tlamamana
\lxam_c tlamamana
\lxoa tlá:maná
\lxoa_pr tlá:mana
\lxoa_c tlá:maná
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to use a string or cord to set a snare trap (for birds, e.g., in a field where sesame has been cut and birds alight to feed)
\sense_s utilizar un mecate para tender una trampa (para atrapar pajaritos, p. ej., en un campo donde se ha cortado anjolin y donde los pájaros van a comer)
\sense_d Oa
\root mana
\ency_note hunting
\mod Illustrate. Give a description of the various types of traps and hunting/fishing that occurs. Add illustration of how these traps are set.
\vl The first female token is /tlamana/ and should be tagged as #7781
\ilus_note illustrate.
\semref tlamemekawia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06498
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlá:manké:tl
\lxoa_c tlá:manké:tl
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\incorp [tla-V2]-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who sets snare traps for birds
\sense_s persona que pone trampas de hilitos para atrapar a los pajaritos
\sense_d Oa
\root mana
\vl The first two female tokens (of 6) are /tlá:maké:tl/. The meaning of this word has not been definitively determined, so it should be temporarily tagged with 9999_06498.
\ref 06499
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlante:poyotik
\lxoa_c tlante:poyotik
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-te)
\sense_e to have yellowed teeth
\sense_s tener los dientes amarillientos
\sense_d Oa
\root tlan
\root poyo
\qry_fon Vowel length here as with all words having the /poyo[:]/ element in their etymology need to be carefully studied.
\semref tlanpopo:yomeh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06500
\lxam akotlapextli
\lxam_c makotlapech
\lxoa ákotlapéxtli
\lxoa_c ákotlapéxtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Mod-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e raised platform of corn stalks or cactus rods on which chile is laid out to dry
\sense_s plataforma alzada hecha de los tallos de maíz o de varas de cactus y que se utiliza para secar chile
\sense_d Oa
\semfld material
\root ahko
\root pech
\nse The Ameyaltepec synonym is a:kawtlapextli , named for the kind of material of which it is made. The Oapan form, ákotlapéxtli apparently refers to the
fact that it is a raised platform, hence ahko, the stem for this meaning.
\semref a:kawtlapextli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06501
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlapo:htla:líliké:tl
\lxoa_c tlapo:htla:líliké:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\incorp [N-N]-V3-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\pitch yes
\sense_e person who is responsible for releasing smoke to keep mosquitos or bugs away (particularly around a guamúchil tree so that they bear fruit and do not
become infested with bugs)
\sense_s persona que se encarga de echar humo a algo para ahuyentar a los mosquitos o insectos (particularmente a los guamúchiles para que rindan y no se llenen de insectos)
\sense_d Oa
\root po:k
\root tla:l
\semref tlapopotske:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06502
\lxam tlapopo:hke:tl
\lxam_c tlapopo:hke:tl
\lxoa tlá:pó:hke:tl
\lxoa_c tlá:pó:hke:tl
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\incorp [tla-V2]-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e person who clears fields; person who cleans windows
\sense_s persona que limpia el campo antes de sembrar; limpiaventanas
\sense_d Oa
\root po:wa
\vl The first female token is /tlapo:hke:tl/. The entry for this word has not yet been determined and it should be tagged as 99999_06502, etc.
\ref 06503
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlapó:hwiké:tl
\lxoa_c tlapó:hwiké:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\incorp [N-V2]-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who uses an incense burner to release incense (e.g., during processions, a curing ceremony, etc.)
\sense_s persona que utiliza un sahumario para echar inciensio (p. ej., durante una procesión, una ceremonia de curación, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root po:k
\ref 06504
\lxam isolowilia
\lxam_c kisolowilia
\lxoa 'isolówilia
\lxoa_pr isolowilia
\lxoa_c kísolówilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to wear out on (e.g., the clothes of another by wearing them, or other objects that get worn, thin, tattered, etc.)
\sense_s desgastar (p. ej., algo como ropa o tela, en general objetos materiales que se usan mucho se dan evidencia del uso al ponerse más delgados) a
\sense_d Pending
\root hsol
\xref isolowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref ísolówa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 06505
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlapopo:tske:tl
\lxoa_c tlapopo:tske:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\incorp [tla-V2]-N
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who is responsible for releasing smoke to keep mosquitos or bugs away (particularly around a guamúchil tree so that they bear fruit and do not
become infested with bugs)
\sense_s persona que se encarga de echar humo a algo para ahuyentar a los mosquitos o insectos (particularmente a los guamúchiles para que rindan y no se llenen de insectos)
\sense_d Oa
\root po:tsa
\semref tlapo:htla:líliké:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06506
\lxam popo:tsa
\lxam_c tlapopo:tsa
\lxoa popo:tsa
\lxoa_c kipopo:tsa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ki/tsa
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to burn (e.g., dried leaves and brush, e.g., the fallen and dried leaves of the guamúchil) so that smoke is released
\sense_s quemar (p. ej., hojas secas de los guamúchiles) para que salga mucho humo
\sense_d Oa
\root po:k
\xref tlapopo:chilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 06507
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa 'chikóhlo
\lxoa_pr chikohlo
\lxoa_c í:chikóhlo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e small crosspiece tied onto a rod [possessor], used to hook and pull things (such as fruit plucked from a tree)
\sense_s pequeño travesaño atado a una caña o vara [poseedor] que se utiliza para enganchar y jalar cosas (como la fruta jalada de unárbol)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Mówitláw, xtla:lilií:chikóhlo!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Put the little crosspiece on your (long stick of) otate!
\phrase_s ¡Ponle un travesañito a su (vara larga de) otate!
\semfld tool-cultivate
\root chihkol
\qry If there is an underlying /h/, check and correct for other entries. For this and all words with /chihkol/ as part of the stem or root, check length of final /o/ as FK has a long vowel
here.
\qry_h í:chikóhlo check.
\grmx Oapan orthography: Note the difficulty of writing pitch accent on words that have a headword entry form with p-a but where the p-a is always on the syllable preceding the
stem. In this case the pitch-accent mark is written as a preceding apostrophe. This needs to be generalized. Note that many bird names are pitch accented.
\semref tlanchikohlo
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06508
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa toli:nia
\lxoa_c notoli:nia; nó:tolí:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl., often with short vowel reduplication) to cause oneself suffering for lack of food induced by fasting
\sense_s (refl., a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacerse sufrir por falta de comer a causa de estar en ayunas
\sense_d Pending
\root toli:
\nae In Oapan both the unreduplicated and reduplicated forms are used, with apparent little change in meaning.
\qry Check for nonreflexive use.
\vl The first female and first male tokens are /notoli:nia/; then there are two tokens of /nó:tolí:nia/. The two initial tokens of /notoli:nia/ should both be linked as the initial
pronunciation in the lxoc field. Then two tokens from the following pronunciation /nó:tolí:nia/ should be chosen for the links to the second pronunciation.
\semref toli:nwia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06509
\lxam arro:tewia
\lxam_c mitsarro:tewia
\lxoa karro:tewia
\lxoa_f [ka rro: te 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kikarro:tewia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan (Nah) garrote
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to beat with a stick
\sense_s pegar con un palo
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Chichi xkaman tlakaki deke tihkowia.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e A dog never understands if you beat it with a stick.
\phrase_s Un perro nunca entiende si la pegas con un palo.
\semref kowia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06510
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwi:katla:lia
\lxoa_c kikwi:katla:lia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to play or sing a song for or to
\sense_s tocar o cantar una canción para o a
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Nihkwi:katla:lia nokone:w para ma kochi.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I sing to my child so that he falls asleep.
\phrase_s Le canto a mi niño para que se duerma.
\root kwi:ka
\root tla:l
\vl Link 2nd female token. There are 4 additional tokens for this word at 6721; they should be tagged with this reference number, 6510.
\grm Applicative: Note that of course the basic sense of many word might be applicative. In the present case of /kwi:katla:lia/
\semref kwi:katilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06511
\lxam techikaktik
\lxam_c techikaktik
\lxoa techikahtik
\lxoa_c techikahtik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\sense_e fruit (only watermelon) that has remained small and not formed its meat
\sense_s fruta (como sandía) que estámal formada sin mucha fruta adento
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Se: sá:ntiah techikahtik, xkipiaí:tikwítl, san nochi tepi:stik tláitík.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e A watermelon that is techikahtik, it doesn't have any fruit, it's just all hard inside.
\phrase_s Una sandía que es techikahtik, no tiene su carne, adentro todo estámuy duro.
\root chika:
\ref 06512
\lxam kechmalakache:wi
\lxam_c *kechmalakache:wi
\lxoa kechmalakache:wi
\lxoa_c kechmalakache:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e see kechmalakachiwi
\sense_s véase kechmalakachiwi
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld motion
\root kech
\root malakach
\vl The first token is /kechmalakachiwi/ and should be tagged as 05457
\semref kechmalakachiwi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06513
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was previously for /tlipili:naltia/, which is a repeated entry. Hence it was deleted.
\vl Tag 3 female and 2 male tokens here as 6281.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 06514
\lxam koxtesotla:wi
\lxam_c koxtesotla:wi
\lxoa koxtsotla:wi
\lxoa_c koxtsotla:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to be frightened in ones sleep and be unable to move or shout
\sense_s estar asustado entre sueño y no poder moverse ni gritar)
\sense_d Am
\root koch
\root sotla:
\mod Get text on /koxtsotla:wi/.
\grm Oapan phonology: Note s>ts /koxtsola:wi/.
\semref tla:lmiki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06515
\lxam kwe:tekoyaktik
\lxam_c kwe:tekoyaktik
\lxoa kwe:tekoyahtik
\lxoa_c kwe:tekoyahtik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\sense_e to have a baggy or loose skirt
\sense_s tener una falda holgada y grande
\sense_d Oa
\root kwe:
\root koya:
\vl There is an additional female token from 6516 that should be tagged 6515.
\semref kwe:kokoxoktik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06516
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwe:tekoyak
\lxoa_c kwe:tekoyak
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to have (a woman) a baggy or loose skirt
\sense_s tener (una mujer) una falda holgada y grande
\sense_d Oa
\root kwe:
\root koya:
\vl The first female token is erroneous and is the previous entry /kwe:tekoyahtik/; it should be tagged as 6515.
\semref kwe:kokoxoktik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06517
\lxam koto:ntekoyaktik
\lxam_c koto:ntekoyaktik
\lxoa koto:ntekoyahtik
\lxoa_c koto:ntekoyahtik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\sense_e to have a baggy or loose shirt
\sense_s tener la camisa holgada y grande
\sense_d Oa
\root koya:
\qry Check to determine whether /koto:nkokoxoktik/ is an Am word
\ref 06518
\lxam koto:ntekoyak
\lxam_c koto:ntekoyak
\lxoa koto:ntekoyak
\lxoa_c koto:ntekoyak
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to have a baggy or loose shirt
\sense_s tener la camisa holgada y grande
\sense_d Oa
\root kwe:
\root koya:
\ref 06519
\lxam so:ya:yo:tia
\lxam_c kiso:ya:yo:tia
\lxoa so:ya:yo:tia
\lxoa_c kiso:ya:yo:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-yo:tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to weave palm into (e.g., in making the seat of a chair, the roof of a house, etc.)
\sense_s entretejerle palma a (p. ej., el asiento de una silla, el techo de una casa, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root so:ya:
\vl There are an extra 4 female and 2 male tokens at 6581.
\ref 06520
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ísitími
\lxoa_pr isitimi
\lxoa_c ísitími
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp V1-Asp
\der V1-Asp
\infv class-3a(m)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be going along in a hurry
\sense_s andar con prisa
\sense_d Oa
\root hsi
\nae The inflectional paradigm for -timi uses the supplective stem -mi for all but the perfective, in which -tinemi is used, yielding the perfective
-tinen.
\qry_fon Check for any aspiration or other sound between /isi/ and /timi/.
\grm Verbal inflection Oapan: The inflectional paradigm for -timi uses the supplective stem -mi for all but the perfective, in which -tinemi is
used, yielding the perfective -tinen.
\ref 06521
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa texoloxtik
\lxoa_c texoloxtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be wrinkled; to be crumpled (clothes and cloth, paper)
\sense_s estar arrugado (ropa, papel, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root xoloch
\nse Note that in Oapan whereas xoloxtik refers to something that is pleated or evenly bunched together, texoloxtik refers to things that are wrinkled,
crumpled, etc. For example, if the thread is pulled but doesn't come out, the clothes might become wrinkled and pulled together: texoloxtik.
\grm /te-/ and unnatural state. Note that in Oapan whereas xoloxtik refers to something that is pleated or evenly bunched together, texoloxtik refers
to things that are wrinkled, crumpled, etc. For example, if the thread is pulled but doesn't come out, the clothes might become wrinkled and pulled together:
texoloxtik.
\semref xaxakwaxtik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06522
\lxam texolochiwi
\lxam_c texolochiwi
\lxoa texolochiwi
\lxoa_c texolochiwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e see xolochiwi
\sense_s véase xolochiwi
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root xoloch
\ref 06523
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlásohló:tia
\lxoa_pr tlasohlo:tia
\lxoa_c kitlásohló:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-yo:tia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to add brush to (e.g., mud that is used for a wattle and daub wall)
\sense_s agregarle zacate a (p. ej., lodo que se usa para hacer una pared de chinamitl)
\sense_d Oa
\root hsol
\vl Link 1st male token.
\ref 06524
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlikonextipan
\lxoa_c tlikonextipan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-1-tipan
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e on the ashes
\sense_s sobre la ceniza
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Tlikonextipan kochi motskwin, kwelmati ya: toto:nki.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Your dog sleeps in the ashes, it likes the feel of the heat.
\phrase_s Tu perro duerme sobra las cenizas, le gusta el sentir del calor.
\root tli
\root nex
\root_rel -ko; -tipan
\ref 06525
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlayema:nka:nkochi
\lxoa_alt tlayema:nka:kochi
\lxoa_c tlayema:nka:nkochi, tlayema:nka:nkochi
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp Loc-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(ch)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to sleep on a soft bed or mattress
\sense_s dormir sobre una cama o colchón muy suave
\sense_d Oa
\root yema:n
\root kochi
\root_rel -ka:n
\nae Florencia Marcelino kept the /n/ of the locative while Inocencio Jiménez, her husband, did not. Although this might represent the impact of the fairly common deletion of /n/ in a
variety of phonological contexts, it might also represent a reinterpretation of the initial element of this word as the participial form of yema:nki. It appears, given the
sense of the compound and the presence of the prefix tla- that the basic form is with the locative ending -ka:n.
\vl Note that female has /n/, /tlayema:nka:nkochi/ while make speaker does not: /tlayema:nka:kochi/.
\grm Oapan phonology: /tlayema:nka:(n)kochi/ Note that in the pronunciation for this word Florencia Marcelino kept the /n/ of the locative while Inocencio Jiménez, her
husband, did not.
\ref 06526
\lxam metlakuwtli
\lxam_c metlakuwtli
\lxoa metlakohtli
\lxoa_c metlakohtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e the forked stick that is placed at the top of a metate to hold it up and in place
\sense_s el horconcito que se coloca al lado superior de un metate para sostener en su lugar
\sense_d Oa
\semfld material
\root metla
\root kow
\ref 06527
\lxam moli:nokuwtli
\lxam_c moli:nokuwtli
\lxoa molí:nokóhtli
\lxoa_c molí:nokóhtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) molino
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\pitch yes
\sense_e dog-legged stick that is placed in the ground and to which a metal hand mill is attached
\sense_s palo chueco a noventa grados que sostiene un molino de mano
\sense_d Oa
\semfld material
\root kow
\nae The pitch accent of molí:nokóhtli derives from the final {h} of the Spanish loan moli:noh.
\ilus_note Make illustration
\ref 06528
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ma:ponchá:doyó
\lxoa_c i:ma:ponchá:doyó
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) ponchado
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\infn N2
\pitch yes
\sense_e large biceps
\sense_s bíceps grandes;"conejos"
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\nae The form i:ma:ponchá:doyó could perhaps be interpreted as the possessed form of an abstract ? ma:poncha:doyo:tl or as the intrinsically possessed form
of the compound ma:poncha:doh. It would seen that the pitch accent pattern of i:ma:ponchá:doyó is most easily explained as the result of the latter (even
though it is not markedly a nominal construction) in which underlying {h} has a reflex in the pitch accent of the possessed form.
\grm /-yo/: Note the use of /-yo/ in /i:ma:ponchá:doyó/.
\semref ma:xi:lo:w
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06529
\lxam a:xkan
\lxam_alt a:xkia:n
\lxam_c a:xka:n ke:mah
\lxoa a:xká
\lxoa_c a:xká
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\der Mod
\pitch yes
\sense_e interjection with modal implications used to express surprise
\sense_s interjección modal para expresar sorpresa
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n á:xká! Simi ta ya: hkîon patioh?
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Damn! Is it still as expensive as that?
\phrase_s ¡Híjole!¿Todavía es asíde caro?
\semfld Gender: male
\root ach
\root ka
\nae The etymology of this term is uncertain, but provisionally it has been analyzed as the particles ach and ka. In Classical Nahuatl (see Launey 1992:332) it had
the meaning of"es muy cierto que..."(it is very certain that...). It is now seldom used, mostly be a few elder men and thus the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez and Florencia
Marcelino might differ from that of elder men of Oapan. Given the pitch accent or stress on the final syllable, perhaps this word would be best written as separated: a:x
ka as it was in Classical although for orthographic simplicity for now it has been written as one word.
\vl Given that this might be a word only used by men, please link only one male token. There were three recorded tokens and I think the best for linking is the last one. Tag, but
do not link, the female tokens.
\ref 06530
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa te:maltla:lia
\lxoa_c note:maltla:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (refl-anticaus) to get infected with pus
\sense_s (refl-anticaus) infectarse con pus
\sense_d Oa
\root te:mal
\root tla:l
\mod Perhaps a coding for anticausative should be determined. The best way might be to simply write (refl-anticaus) instead of just (refl.). Indeed, it might be best to simply code all uses
of the reflexive morpheme according to function: refl-recipr; refl-anticaus, refl-pas
\vl Link 1st male file.
\semref te:malkwepa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref te:maliwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref te:malkopa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06531
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tepostla:hlo:ki:sa
\lxoa_c tepostla:hlo:ki:sa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to become or get rusty
\sense_s oxidarse
\sense_d Oa
\root tepos
\root tla:l
\root ki:sa
\grm Noun incorporation; /-yo:/. In general when the relationship of a noun stem to the subject of a verbal compound (N-V) or a verbalization is one of part-to-whole then the
/-yo:/ suffix is used (which, given that it is not in word-final position is manifested with a long vowel). This is good evidence that the underlying vowel length of the intrinsic
possessive suffix is /o:/. Examples of this type of construction include verbs such as /ixiyo:tia/ 'to place legs on' and the present /tepostla:hlo:ki:sa/, where the subject of the
verb (the metal upon which rust forms) is in a whole-to-part relation with the incorporated noun.
\semref tepostlalki:sa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tepostla:hlowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06532
\lxam kexi:hli
\lxam_c i:kexi:l
\lxoa kéxí:hli
\lxoa_c nókexí:l;í:kexí:l
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e groin
\sense_s ingle
\sense_d Am
\sense_e part in ones hair (usually in reference to a woman; Ameyaltepec equivalent: kwa:xe:hli)
\sense_s raya que parte el cabello (generalmente hablando de una mujer; equivalente de Ameyaltepec kwa:xe:hli)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\root kehxi:l
\nse In Ameyaltepec kexi:l refers to the part of the body located from where the pubic hair is to where the legs join the lower abdomen. People have described it, or
referred to its location, as the a:tlawtli , the 'gorge,' i.e., the crease that forms where the legs meet the lower torso. The signification as 'part in ones hair' in Oapan
Nahuatl is perhaps related to the 'crease' interpretation in Ameyaltepequeños description of kexi:l meaning 'groin.' Nevertheless, it should be further checked.
\nae The pitch-accent in Oapan Nahuatl suggests underlying {h}, which perhaps is the coda for the first syllable (i.e., {kehxi:l}). Nevertheless, the cognate form in Tetelcingo, Morelos,
has no coda in this syllable
\vl There are 4 additional tokens from 1246 that should be tagged with 06532. However, given the better quality of the later tokens, use these as links. Make sure to
concatenate
\qry_h nokexi:l, etc. Check for /h/ given that Oa has p-a but /h/ is not reported in other dialects.
\ref 06533
\lxam yo:litlakowa
\lxam_c kiyo:litlakowa
\lxoa yó:litlakówa
\lxoa_pr yo:litlakowa
\lxoa_c kiyó:litlakówa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to discourage; to make (sb) lose heart (from doing what they had their heart set on doing); to change the mind or desires of
\sense_s desanimar; quitar el deseo a (algn, de llevar a cabo lo que pensaba hacer); cambiar de parecer o idea a; cambiar la voluntad de
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (refl.) to change ones mind
\sense_s (refl.) cambiarse de parecer o idea
\sense_d Pending
\root yo:l
\root htlako
\vl There are four additional tokens of this word at 6651 which should be tagged here at 6533.
\semref yo:lxiti:nia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref yo:lkwepa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06534
\lxam yelki:sa
\lxam_c yelki:sa
\lxoa yelki:sa
\lxoa_c yelki:sa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to let out a fart
\sense_s dejar salir un pedo
\sense_d Oa
\root yel
\root ki:sa
\ref 06535
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsonté:wilá:na
\lxoa_pr tsonté:wila:na
\lxoa_c kitsonté:wilá:na
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical te-
\lexical_d Oa
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Oa
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-reduced-rdp-s
\sense_e to grab and pull the hair of
\sense_s agarrarle y jalarle el cabello a
\sense_d Oa
\root tson
\root tewila:
\nae The headword for this entry represents the reduplicated form (with the reduplicant reduced onto the"dummy morpheme" te-), used when the hair is grabbed and pulled
repeatedly. The unredupicated form would be tsontewila:na.
\qry_fon This is a good minimal pair showing reduplication that is reduced onto a"dummy"intensifying morpheme.
\semref kwa:momotsowa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06536
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlatemó:motsówa
\lxoa_pr tlatemó:motsowa
\lxoa_c tlatemó:motsówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\pitch yes-rdp
\lexical Lex. prefix te- ; Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to pull up grass (a donkey, goat, sheep, horse, etc., or even pig, with its mouth) while grazing
\sense_s arrancar zacate (un burro, chivo, borrego, caballo, etc., o hasta marrano, con la boca) al estar apacentando
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Nika:n mantsa:lo noburroh, nika:n ma tlatemómótsotó!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Let me tie up my donkey here, let it be grazing here!
\phrase_s ¡Déjame atar mi burro aquí, quéestéapacentando aquí.
\root mots
\nse The verb tlatemó:motsówa is used in reference to animals that graze by pulling out clumps of grass with their mouths.
\nae The motives for the pitch accent pattern in tlatemó:motsówa seems to be that of secondary reduplication on a reduplicated stem, much as occurs with
pepetlakaand pé:petláka. In the present case the underlying verb form is temomotsowa in which the reduplicative pattern is not with a
coda {h} (as often occurs when the consonant has a labial component). If there were no further reduplication (as in the present case) reduction occurs to te:motsowa.
However, the meaning of the present entry seems to be that of an animal plucking up grass here and there, in parts and only sporadically, hence the long, pitch-accented reduplicant,
shifting momotsowa to mó:motsówa.
\grmx The motives for the pitch accent pattern in tlatemó:motsówa seems to be that of secondary reduplication on a reduplicated stem, much as occurs with
pepetlakaand pé:petláka. In the present case the underlying verb form is temomotsowa in which the reduplicative pattern is not
with a coda {h} (as often occurs when the consonant has a labial component). If there were no further reduplication (as in the present case) reduction could occur to
te:motsowa. However, the meaning of the present entry seems to be that of an animal plucking up grass here and there, in parts and only sporadically,
hence the reduplication on the reduplicant.
\ref 06537
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlá:mekatla:lília
\lxoa_pr tlá:mekatla:lilia
\lxoa_c kitlá:mekatla:lília
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to lasso (by hiding in a tree and tossing the lasso down on an animal as it passes)
\sense_s lazar; echarle le laso a (un animal, al esconderse una persona en unárbol y aventarle el laso desde arriba al animal cuando pase)
\sense_d Oa
\root meka
\root tla:l
\fla tsonwaswia
\semref tsonwa:swia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06538
\lxam tetsotso:yo
\lxam_alt tetsotso:yo:tsi:n
\lxam_c tetsotso:yo
\lxoa té:tsó:yo
\lxoa_alt tétsotsó:yo
\lxoa_c té:tsó:yo; tétsotsó:yo
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. prefix te-
\pitch yes
\sense_e short or small (in stature)
\sense_s bajo o pequeño (en estatura)
\sense_d Oa
\root te-
\root tso:yo:
\disamb tetsoko; tetsapa; te:tso:yo
\vl There are two pronunciations of this word, one with reduced reduplication and the other with the full form. Tag all with 06538 and link two (F and M) of each.
\semref tetsoko
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref techi:pa:lo
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06539
\lxam tetsotso:yo:tik
\lxam_c tetsotso:yo:tik
\lxoa té:tso:yó:tik
\lxoa_c té:tso:yó:tik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denon-tik
\lexical Lex. prefix te- ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be short (in stature)
\sense_s estar bajo (en estatura)
\sense_d Oa
\root tso:yo:
\disamb tetsoko; tetsapa; tetso:yo
\nde For Classical Nahuatl RS reports tsocoton as a diminutive adjective meaning 'pequeño, muy pequeño,' and undoubtedly formed of tsoko and the diminutive
-ton. This strongly implies that the te in té:tso:yótik and tetsoko is the"intensifier."Balsas area consultants stated that these two
terms were the equivalent of tetsapa.
\qry Check whether simply /tsoko/ exists. This should be given a separate entry in Oapan.
\vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 6693; they should be tagged as 6539.
\semref tetsoko
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref techi:pa:lo
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06540
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was Oapan /tlá:kí:ltia/, a transitive verb (kitlá:kí:ltia). The record has been deleted as a duplicate of 3820.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Tag all recordings here as 3820, c, d, etc.
\ref 06541
\lxam kechnekwilkochi
\lxam_c kechnekwilkochi
\lxoa kechnekwilkochi
\lxoa_cpend kechnekwilkochi
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\incorp N-[S-V1]
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(ch)
\sense_e to sleep with ones neck crooked (usually causing one to wake up with a sore neck)
\sense_s dormir con el cuello chueco (generalmente dejando a uno con el cuelo adolorido)
\sense_d Oa
\root kech
\root nekwil
\root kochi
\vl Check whether there is a recording for this. For some reason I have teh /lxoc blank in this record.
\semref nekwilkochi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06542
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa toto:katiw
\lxoa_c toto:katiw
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-Asp
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv Irregular; see -tiw
\sense_e (usually used in the imperative) to go along walking quickly
\sense_s (generalmente utilizado en el imperativo) ir caminado rápido
\sense_d Oa
\root to:ka
\nae This is derived from to:kawith a reduplication that does not include the 'saltillo' (hence the absence of pitch-accent in Oapan as well as in other dialects, see FK). It
seems to be always used with the aspectual ending -tiw or one of its tense/aspect inflections.
\ref 06543
\lxam te:ikne:lika:yoh
\lxam_c xte:ikne:lika:yoh
\lxoa te:ihné:liká:yoh
\lxoa_c xte:ihné:liká:yoh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg
\pitch yes
\sense_e (x ~) to be pitiless; to be without feeling or compassion
\sense_s (x ~) ser sin piedad; no sentir compasión
\sense_d Oa
\root kne:l
\nse This term can be used not only in relation to lack of compassion for people, but for animals as well. Thus of someone who slaughters animals it may be said
xte:ihné:liká:yoh.
\grm /te:-/ xte:ihné:liká:yoh can be used not only in relation to lack of compassion for people, but for animals as well. Thus someone who slaughters animals may
be said to be xte:ihné:liká:yoh.
\ref 06544
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xa:nki:xtia
\lxoa_c xa:nki:xtia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make adobe (said because the adobe is made in molds and then pulled out)
\sense_s hacer adobe (asídicho porque el adobe se forma en moldes y después se quita)
\sense_d Oa
\ency_note adobe making
\root xa:m
\root ki:sa
\semref xa:nkopi:na
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06545
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xa:nkopi:na
\lxoa_c xa:nkopi:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make adobe (said because the adobe is made in molds and then pulled out)
\sense_s hacer adobe (asídicho porque el adobe se forma en moldes y después se quita) }
\sense_d Oa
\ency_note adobe making
\root xa:m
\root kopi:
\semref xa:nki:xtia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06546
\lxam kwa:pipi:liwi
\lxam_c kwa:pipi:liwi
\lxoa kwá:pipi:lîwi
\lxoa_c kwá:pipi:lîwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to have ones hair be hanging down in strands (e.g., after washing it or getting it wet)
\sense_s tener el pelo colgado como en hebras (p. ej., después de lavarlo o mojarlo)
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\root pi:l
\nse Although the equivalent verb form in Ameyaltepec is given as kwa:koko:pi:liwi Florencia Marcelino stated that kwá:pipi:líwi is correct. Note that the
adjectival in both villages is derived from pipi:liwi. The Ameyaltepec form should be rechecked.
\semref kwa:kokopi:liwi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06547
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlá:kiá
\lxoa_c notlá:kiá
\lxoa_pr notlá:kia
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e (refl.) to put on ones clothes; to get dressed
\sense_s (refl.) ponerse la ropa; vestirse
\sense_d Oa
\root a:k
\nae The pitch accent of Oapan Nahuatl tlá:kiyá derives from the reduplication of the verbal stem on its long initial vowel manifested by pitch accent. This reduplication is
used in notlá:kiá in sense of 'to get dressed.' However, the verb itself, a:kiais not reduplicated when referring to the putting on of one item of
clothing.
\xref tlá:ki:ltiá
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\xref a:kiya
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\semref tlake:ntia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06548
\lxam toponyoh
\lxam_c toponyoh
\lxoa tóponyóh
\lxoa_c tóponyóh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have a swelling (of the type called tópontlí)
\sense_s tener un hinchazón (del tipo llamado tópontlí)
\sense_d Oa
\root tohpon
\nse The etymology of topontli is still not entirely clear; although it would seem to be related to the root topo:and the verb topo:ni I seem
to remember having checked in the dialect of San Juan Tetelcingo and heard an /h/ closing the first syllable. However, my notes do not indicate this and it should be checked in the
future. Consultants mentioned that twins can cause a topontli to develop on a person that they hate or envy, particularly when the victim is eating something that they
(the twins or one of them) desire.
\qry_h Check for /h/, /tohpontli/.
\ref 06549
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ma:tepi:tskwaltia
\lxoa_c noma:tepi:tskwaltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-Mod-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (often used reflexively) to catch or crush the hand of (sb, in a place that closes in on it, like a door or drawer that closes)
\sense_s (generalmente en el reflexivo) apachurar la mano de (en un lugar que se cierra sobre ella, como un cajón, puerta, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root tepi:ts
\root kwa
\semref tekwa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06550
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ma:pixtli
\lxoa_c ma:pixtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\incorp [N-V2]-N
\der N-dvb-wi
\sense_e whistle (i.e., the sound of whistling by placing ones fingers in ones mouth)
\sense_s silbido (esto es, el sonido de chiflar al colocar los dedos en la boca)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root pich
\semref ma:pipichowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06551
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ma:pi:chowa
\lxoa_c kima:pi:chowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to grab (e.g., a grain, beans, etc.) in a handfull
\sense_s agarrar (p. ej., maíz, frijoles) en una puñada
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root pi:ch
\nse Note that whereas pixtok, the progressive of pia, has a short vowel, ma:pi:xtlihas a long vowel. This is because the latter is
derived from the verb ma:pi:chowa)
\ref 06552
\lxam xi:tlatsiwi
\lxam_c xi:tlatsiwi
\lxoa xi:tlatsiwi
\lxoa_c xi:tlatsiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to shine or glean (e.g., sth polished or worn out such as ceramics, a metate, a stone for polishing, etc.)
\sense_s brillar (p. ej., algo pulido o gastado como cerámica, un metate, una piedra para pulir, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root xi:tlats
\ref 06553
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa simi
\lxoa_c simi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\der Mod
\sense_e certainly; indeed (indicating surprise); it is surprising that
\sense_s ciertamente (indicando sorpresa); es sorprendente que
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Simi i tlayowa ka ni: xnitlami.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Indeed, it's already evening and I haven't even finished.
\phrase_s Ciertamente ya es noche y ni he terminado.
\phrase_n Símío:nikilka:w!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Indeed, I forgot!
\phrase_s Es cierto, se me olvidó.
\phrase_n Simi a:man ti'ita, xnikaxilia!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Is is indeed today that you have selected, I don't have time!
\phrase_s Tenía que ser hoy, no tengo tiempo.
\phrase_n Simi a:mani:n! Xnikaxi:lia.
\root simi
\nae The motivation for the pitch accent is unclear, as no evidence of an underlying {h} is present in the comparative material. It may be that the final syllable stress is simply a result of the
modal nature of this word and that in phrases the accent would be lost. The length appears to be that of two short vowels, perhaps somewhat lengthened because of stress (high
pitch). It certainly seems that the final /i/ is longer than would be expected.
\nde The Oapan form is cognate to classical semi which Carochi (Lockhart, p. 464) gives as 'de una vez.' Tetelcingo, Morelos, gives simply seme 'siempre.'
\qry_fon /símí/: The motivation for the pitch accent is unclear, as no evidence of an underlying {h} is present in the comparative material. It may be that the final syllable stress is
simply a result of the modal nature of this word and that in phrases the accent would be lost. The length appears to be that of two short vowels, perhaps somewhat
lengthened because of stress (high pitch). It certainly seems that the final /i/ is longer than would be expected.
\ref 06554
\lxam xa:yakakwa:kwa
\lxam_c kixa:yakakwa:kwa
\lxoa xa:ya:kwa:kwa
\lxoa_alt xa:ya:kwa:kwa
\lxoa_c kixa:ya:kwa:kwa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-1
\sense_e to leave pockmarks on the face of (e.g., sores or large pimples)
\sense_s dejar la cara picada (p. ej., llagitas oúlceras)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xa:ya:ta:takaltik ya: o:kixa:ya:kwa:kwah tso:tso:tl.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e His face is pockmarked because sores marked up his face.
\phrase_s Su cara estámarcada como con viruelas porque unasúlceras le comieron la cara.
\root xa:yaka
\root kwa
\grm Reduplication: long vowel: Note the use of long vowel in the following reduplicant: /Xa:ya:ta:takaltik ya o:kixa:ya:kwa:kwah tso:tso:tl/ 'His face is pockmarked because
sores marked up his face.'
\ref 06555
\lxam xa:yakata:takaltik
\lxam_c xa:yakata:takaltik
\lxoa xa:ya:ta:takaltik
\lxoa_c xa:ya:ta:takaltik
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e to have a pockmarked face
\sense_s tener la cara picada de viruelas
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:yaka
\root takal
\vl The first token is /ra:yata:takaliwi/. It should be tagged 99999_06555_ OF1a.
\ref 06556
\lxam xa:yakata:takaliwi
\lxam_c xa:yakata:takaliwi
\lxoa xa:ya:ta:takaliwi
\lxoa_c xa:ya:ta:takaliwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to have ones face become pockmarked
\sense_s quedarsele la cara como picada de viruelas
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:yaka
\root takal
\ref 06557
\lxam mahkitik
\lxam_c mahkitik
\lxoa mahkitik
\lxoa_c mahkitik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-tik
\sense_e to be wild
\sense_s ser serrero
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to be easily frightened (an animal); to be skittish
\sense_s ser asustadizo
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:wi
\semref simaro:ntik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06558
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa si:ma:ro:ntik
\lxoa_c si:ma:ro:ntik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (Nah) simarrón
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e to be wild (an animal)
\sense_s ser serrero (un animal)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to be easily frightened (an animal); to be skittish
\sense_s ser asustadizo
\sense_d Oa
\nae The vowel length pattern manifested in si:ma:ro:ntik is unusual, and clear the result of the word being a loan form. In all four speech tokens analyzed the three initial
vowels all seemed equally long, with no one single vowel more pronounced than another.
\semref mahki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref mahki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref mahkitik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06559
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa temantok
\lxoa_c temantok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\incorp *V1-Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be lined up in rows (stones that have been placed between the maize plants to avoid being flung against them by the plow)
\sense_s estar alineados (piedras que han sido colocadas entre las matas de maíz para evitar que el arado las aviente)
\sense_d Oa
\root te
\root mana
\nse The form temantok can refer to a resultative, i.e. the stones that have been placed in rows between the corn plants, and to a progressive, the action of placing stones in
rows temantok nokone:w 'My child is placing stones in rows (between the maize plants). In Ameyaltepec temantok is apparently used only as a
progressive form of temana.
\ref 06560
\lxam tsi:ntewe:i
\lxam_c tsi:ntewe:i
\lxoa tsi:ntewe:i
\lxoa_c tsi:ntewe:i
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\sense_e to have a big butt
\sense_s tener nalgas grandes o gruesas
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:n
\root we:i
\grm /te-/: Note the use of /te-/ between nouns and adjectival modifiers: /tla:katéwakápan/, /tsi:ntewe:i/, etc.
\semref tsi:ntebo:lah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06561
\lxam tenextesokoyá:k
\lxam_c tenextesokoyá:k
\lxoa tenextésokwíya:k
\lxoa_c tenextésokwíya:k
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\lexical te-
\lexical_d Am, Oa
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be smelling of lime (e.g., tortillas made from nextamahlithat had too much lime in it)
\sense_s tener el olor de cal (p. ej., tortillas hechas de nixtamal que tiene demasiado cal)
\sense_d Oa
\root nex
\root sohkwi
\root hya:
\qry Check whether use of /te-/ is here necessary or not (i.e., lexicalized). If not one would expect /tenexsókwiyá:k/, which should become the headword and the aff field changed to Op.
te-.
\nae The
\semref a:xi:xtésokwiyá:ya
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref tesokoyá:k
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06562
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa nexkostik
\lxoa_c nexkostik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be yellow-looking (e.g., tortillas, tixtli, etc.) from having had too much lime in the nextamahli
\sense_s estar amarillento (p. ej., tortillas, masa, etc.) por tener demasiado cal en el nixtamal
\sense_d Oa
\root nex
\root kos
\qry Check here and in /nexkostia/ for possibility of infixation of /te-/.
\vl Link first male token.
\ref 06563
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa nexkostia
\lxoa_c nexkostia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to turn yellow (e.g., tortillas, tixtli, etc.) from having had too much lime in the nextamahli
\sense_s ponerse amarillento (p. ej., tortillas, masa, etc.) por tener demasiado cal en el nixtamal
\sense_d Oa
\root nex
\root kos
\ref 06564
\lxam ma:chichi:wa
\lxam_c kima:chichi:wa
\lxoa má:chichí:wa
\lxoa_pr ma:chichi:wa
\lxoa_c kimá:chichí:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to do, to make (sth) completely with ones hands (e.g., wooden masks that are not molded, or in combing a childs hair with ones hand, not a comb)
\sense_s hacer o fabricar completamente con las manos (p. ej., máscaras de madera, o al peinar el cabello de un niño con la mano y no con cepillo)
\sense_d Oa
\nae Although occasionally reduplication of verb stems is reduced onto preceding heavy (long-voweled) syllables, such as ma:, this does not occur in the present case
(i.e., one does not find Oapan Nahuatl ? má:chí:wa). The reason for the variation on when such reduction occurs is still not well understood, but it may have something
to do with the semantic role of the Note also that although the verbal má:chichí:wa occurs in Oapan, the nominalization is not found. On the other hand, Ameyaltepec
has a documented nominal, tlama:chichi:wtli but not a verbal.
\root ma:
\root chi:wa
\grm Oapan reduplication: Note that in this case the reduplication does not reduce on the long vowel of /ma:/. It is not clear when this occurs and when it doesn't (cf. other
entries and discussion). It might be that this is a completely lexical process, or even that in the other examples the underlying root is {mah}, with a short vowel, and not
{ma:}. The only evidence either way will be comparative from neighboring dialects, or perhaps Oapan speaker production of alternative forms.
\ref 06565
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixipeya:stik
\lxoa_c ixipeya:stik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\sense_e to have a stiff leg (i.e., one that that can't be bent)
\sense_s tener una pierna tiesa (que no se puede doblar)
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root peya:s
\semref ikxito:pi:ltik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06566
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixipeya:stia
\lxoa_c ixipeya:stia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e for ones leg to stiffen so that it can't be bent
\sense_s quedarsele la pierna tiesa y sin poder doblar
\sense_d Pending
\root kxi
\root peya:s
\ref 06567
\lxam tekpa:na
\lxam_c notekpa:nan
\lxoa tekpa:na
\lxoa_c notekpa:nah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (recipr.) to line oneself up (dancers getting ready to dance, children in a school who line up for class)
\sense_s (recipr.) colocarse en línea (danzantes al principio de una danza, niños en la escuela que se forman en línea)
\sense_d Pending
\root tekpa:n
\disamb tekpa:na; tekpa:ntla:lia; wi:pa:na
\qry Determine the difference between /tekpa:na/ and /tekpa:ntla:lia/; the only filecard I have of the latter discusses the reflexive use in which individuals line themselves up at the start of
working in furrows in the /iswatekilistli/. There is no mention in the original card of lining up at the start of a race, although this would seem to fit the characteristics of the documented
definition. However, uses should be determined and and difference with /tekpa:na/ clearly stated. Also determine nature of /cat field for this entry. Should it be N-V2; if so,
determine whether /tekpa:ntli/ exists as a noun.
\semref tekpa:ntla:lia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06568
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ma:peto:ni
\lxoa_c ma:peto:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to dislocate a bone in ones arm or hand (i.e., ones wrist or even shoulder; cf. Ameyaltepec ma:kelo:ni)
\sense_s luxar un hueso en el brazo o mano (esto es, la muñeca o hasta el hombro; cf. Ameyaltepec ma:kelo:ni)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e for ones hand to slip off (a surface); for one to lose grasp of (sth such as a tree limb that one is holding onto; cf. Ameyaltepec tlapeto:nilia)
\sense_s resbalarsele la mano (sobre una superficie); desaferrarse de algo asido (p. ej., la rama de unárbol que uno estaba trepando; cf. Ameyaltepec tlapeto:nilia)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root peto:
\qry Recheck if both meanings are correct.
\ref 06569
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixipeto:ni
\lxoa_c ixipeto:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to dislocate a bone in ones leg or foot (cf. Ameyaltepec: ikxikelo:ni)
\sense_s luxar un hueso en la pierna o pie (cf. Ameyaltepec: ikxikelo:ni)
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root peto:
\qry Check to see if the intensifier /te-/ can be use, ?ikxitekelo:ni, etc.
\ref 06570
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsi:yapa:pa:lo:tl
\lxoa_c tsi:yapa:pa:lo:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e ant of the type called tsi:katl that has gotten wings (and often die soon after)
\sense_s hormiga del tipo llamado tsi:katl a que se le han salido alas (y que mueren en poco tiempo)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root tsi:ka
\root pa:lo:
\grm Oapan phonology: Note k>y intervocallically: /tsi:yapa:pa:lo:tl/.
\ref 06571
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mátlapáleh
\lxoa_c mátlapáleh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-posr-eh
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e animal (particularly insects) that has straight wings coming out of its body
\sense_s animal (particularmente insectos) que tiene alas que salen derechas del cuerpo
\sense_d Oa
\root mah
\root tlapal
\ref 06572
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixikasó:ntlakó:ltia
\lxoa_c noxikasó:ntlakó:ltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan (part) calzon
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp [N-N]-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to push ones pants legs up
\sense_s (refl.) subirse los pantalones
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root tlehko:
\semref ixipantaló:ntlakó:ltia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06573
\lxam patia
\lxam_c kipatia
\lxoa 'patiá
\lxoa_pr patia
\lxoa_c kípatiá
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to cure (sb, an animal, etc.)
\sense_s curar (a algn, un animal, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root pah
\ref 06574
\lxam matlapalki:sa
\lxam_c matlapalki:sa
\lxoa mátlapalkí:sa
\lxoa_pr matlapalki:sa
\lxoa_c mátlapalkí:sa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to get wings (e.g., the ants known as tsi:katlthat soon after a rain will acquire wings that drop off the following day)
\sense_s salirsele alas (p. ej., a las hormigas conocidas como tsi:katla que se les salen alitas después de una lluvia para caerse el día siguiente)
\sense_d Oa
\root mah
\root tlapal
\root ki:sa
\nse Tsi:kameh are the only insects that have wings that emerge during their lifecycle (i.e., they are not born with wings)
\semref mátlapáhlo:tia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06575
\lxam so:ya:patla:wak
\lxam_c so:ya:patla:wak
\lxoa so:ya:patla:wak
\lxoa_c so:ya:patla:wak
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-k
\infn N1
\sense_e wide fan-like palm, like this because it has been pressed and dried under rocks, used for thatched house roofs or, ripped into strips, for tying palm to roof frames, for
bundling maize leaves, etc.
\sense_s palma ancha como abanico, asíporque se colocóy se secóabajo de piedras, que se usa para los techos o, hecho tiras, para atar manojos de iswatl
\sense_d Oa
\root so:ya:
\root patla:
\qry Check for possessed form?! Check whether this refers to the palm itself or to the leaves after they have been pressed under rock.
\ref 06576
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlaso:ya:sohli
\lxoa_c tlaso:ya:sohli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn N1
\sense_e shingle of palm that comprises 2 or 3 (if thin) fans of palm (so:ya:patla:wak) along with the o:me nepahli so:ya:xoxo:hki that are used to tie
the palm to the kwihlo:tl(i.e., the rods of cactus that run parallel to the ground)
\sense_s algo como un gijarro de palma que consiste en 2 o 3 (si delgados) abanicos de palma ancha (so:ya:patla:wak) con los o:me nepahli
so:ya:xoxo:hki que se usan para atar la palma al kwihlo:tl(esto es, las varas de cactus que van paralelo al suelo)
\sense_d Oa
\root so:ya:
\root so
\ref 06577
\lxam nepahli
\lxam_c nepahli
\lxoa nepahli
\lxoa_c nepahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e part of a palm that refers to a unit of face-to-face strips of palm
\sense_s parte de la palma que se refiere a una unidad de dos tiras de palma que se encuentran como parte de un abanico
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n óó:me nepahli nokwi para ya: nosa:lowa so:ya:patla:wak.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Two double-stranded strips of palm are used to tie flat palm (i.e., to kwihlo:tlin thatching a roof)
\phrase_s Dos tiras dobles de palma se emplean para atar la palma ancha (p. ej., al kwihlo:tlpara hacer el techo de una casa de palma)
\root nepal
\ilus_note Create illustration or photo.
\ref 06578
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /tlaso:ya:sohli/, which repeats an entry at 6576.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl There were no speech tokens for this.
\ref 06579
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yó:lesó:ya:tl
\lxoa_c yó:lesó:ya:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e green palm that has not yet fanned out into the typical pattern (see so:ya:patla:wak)
\sense_s palma verde que todavía no se ha abierto en forma de abanico (véase so:ya:patla:wak)
\sense_d Oa
\ency_note create study of palm
\root yo:l
\root so:ya:
\nse Literally this term derives from yo:leh 'it that has a heart' and so:ya:tl 'palm' and it refers to the green palm that has still not opened up. The pitch accent
derives from the underlying {h} in yo:leh, which is lost word internally and has its reflex as pitch accent.
\semref so:ya:xoxo:hki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06580
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixipantaló:ntlakó:ltia
\lxoa_c noxipantaló:ntlakó:ltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan (part) pantalón
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to push ones pants legs up
\sense_s (refl.) subirse los pantalones
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root tlehko:
\semref ixikasó:ntlakó:ltia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06581
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry for Oapan /so:ya:yo:tia/ has been removed as a duplicate of 6519.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl The 4 female and 2 male tokens are duplicates of 6519 and should be tagged with this latter number.
\ref 06582
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa so:ya:so
\lxoa_c kiso:ya:so
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to pierce palm with a short wooden stick with attached strands of palm that are used to tie wide palm (so:ya:patla:wak) to a roof frame
\sense_s penetrar y atravesar palma ancha (so:ya:patla:wak) con un garrote con tiras de palma (nepahli) que se emplean para atar la palma ancha
al kwihlo:tl
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Kipe:walti:skeh kiso:ya:yo:ti:skeh i:kal, kitowa, kiso:ya:sososkeh para ma:s kixi:ko:s.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e They're going to start putting palm on his house, they say they will tie the palm down (lit., 'to penetrate with palm') so that it (the roof) lasts a long time.
\phrase_s Van a empezar a ponerle palma a su casa, dicen que van a atarse la palma (lit., 'penetrar con palma') para que aguante (el techo) mucho tiempo
\nse Some people don't tie the palm like this, rather they just tie strands of palm around the so:ya:patla:wak, which is said to be less lasting; see
so:ya:matilowa
\root so:ya:
\root so
\qry Check inflectional pattern.
\ref 06583
\lxam so:ya:matilowa
\lxam_c kiso:ya:matilowa
\lxoa so:ya:matilowa
\lxoa_c kiso:ya:matilowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V
\der V2-b
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to tie wide palm (so:ya:patla:wak) to a roof frame by simply taking palm twisted together and tied into long strands and tieing one set of
(so:ya:patla:wak) after another
\sense_s atar la palma ancha (so:ya:patla:wak) al kwihlo:tlde un techo con tiras largas de palma que se hacen de yó:leso:yá:tly se
van juntando, amarrando un cabo a otro
\sense_d Oa
\flo so:ya:so
\root so:ya:
\root matil
\ref 06584
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlakwa:sa:lo:hli
\lxoa_c tlakwa:sa:lo:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn N1
\sense_e strands made of palm, with one end tied to another
\sense_s tiras de palma hechas con un cabo de palma atada a otro
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\root sa:l
\ilus_note Make illustration.
\ref 06585
\lxam ma:tsihtok
\lxam_c ma:tsihtok
\lxoa ma:tsihtok
\lxoa_c ma:tsihtok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\incorp V1-Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be folded over (as a tortilla made into a taco)
\sense_s estar doblado (como una tortilla hecha un taco)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:ts
\nse Also possible is the derived tema:tsihtok
\ref 06586
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlapani
\lxoa_c tlapani
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm Loc
\der Loc
\infn N(loc)
\sense_e place on the very top; topmost place (e.g., of a building, or the highest shelf of shelving, etc.)
\sense_s lugar mero arriba; el lugar más arriba (p. ej., sobre un techo, o elúltimo estante de un librero)
\sense_d Oa
\root pan
\qry Determine best way to represent this grammatically and in various fields here. Definitely determine the best translation and characterization. It appears that /tlapani/ is used when no
reference is involved in the discourse.
\qry_fon NOTE: determine whether the verb /tlapani/ and this locative /tlapani/ are different. They are most likely equivalent.
\grm Locatives: Note the difference between /pani/ and /tlapani/. The latter refers to the final, or topmost place, e.g., the top shelve, the highest floor in a building, etc.
\ref 06587
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlá:ltemolóhtli
\lxoa_pr tla:ltemolohtli
\lxoa_c tlá:ltemolóhtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(k)
\pitch yes
\sense_e dust (on a floor, furniture, etc.)
\sense_s polvo (sobre un piso, muebles, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:l
\root temolok
\disamb tla:ltehtli; tla:ltemolohtli
\nse In Oapan the difference between tla:ltehtli and tla:ltemolohtliis that the former refers to dust that is stirred up outside by the wind and the latter to dust
that is within a space, such as a house.
\qry Check possession with /-yo/: ?i:tla:ltemolohyo. Check.
\qry_h Check in SJ
\ref 06588
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlá:ltemolóhyoh
\lxoa_c tlá:ltemolóhyoh
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to be dusty
\sense_s ser polvoroso; estar cubierto de polvo
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:l
\root tehmolok
\qry Check pronunciation and orthography. My original filecard had /tla:ltekwioh/, which would have /kw/ as onset. Check for /-yowa/ and if this verb exists (or even a transitive), then
perhaps change category in der field.
\semref tla:ltekwyoh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06589
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mí:ska:xí:xtli
\lxoa_c mí:ska:xí:xtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(x)
\sense_e balls of partially dried up resin or sap of the mesquite tree
\sense_s bolitas de resina o savia parcialmente secas del misquite
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\ency_note barro; kuhtli
\root mi:ski
\root a:
\root xi:x
\nae The motivation for pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl mí:ska:xí:xtli is unclear. There appears to be no underlying coda {h} in any of the roots that make up this word, nor
is there any obvious reduplicant. Perhaps the only possible analysis is that the initial /a:/ of a:xi:xtli reduplicates in a type of plural marking and that this pitch accent is
then shifted to the left. But there is no reason, besides trying to explain pitch accent, to posit a reduplicant and, moreover, such reduplicants (pitch accent on the initial vowel of a
vowel-initial stem) never seem to manifest readjustment or shift (cf. nokalté:sól and not * nokálté:sol or * nokálte:sól.
\mod Add onomasiological discussion under barro on how ceramics are made, and under /kuhtli/ on the parts of a tree.
\mod Add -w/yo inf under kopal and made sure -yo definition is given.
\qry_h Check SJ or sim. dialects for motivation of p-a
\grmx Pitch accent; Oapan phonology: The motivation for pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl mí:ska:xí:xtli is unclear. There appears to be no underlying coda {h} in
any of the roots that make up this word, nor is there any obvious reduplicant. Perhaps the only possible analysis is that the initial /a:/ of a:xi:xtli reduplicates
in a type of plural marking and that this pitch accent is then shifted to the left. But there is no reason, besides trying to explain pitch accent, to posit a reduplicant and,
moreover, such reduplicants (pitch accent on the initial vowel of a vowel-initial stem) never seem to manifest readjustment or shift (cf. nokalté:sól and not *
nokálté:sol).
\semref a:xi:xmi:skitl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06590
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kopalpo:tsahli
\lxoa_c kopalpo:tsahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn N1/2; Aln
\sense_e store-bought copal that is used for incense during religious ceremonies (i.e., íkwá:k tlapo:hwi:lo)
\sense_s copal comprado en las tiendas que se usa para echar incienso durante ceremonias religiosas (esto es, íkwá:k tlapo:hwi:lo)
\sense_d Oa
\root kopal
\root po:ts
\ref 06591
\lxam tili:nka:sa:lowa
\lxam_c kitili:nka:sa:lowa
\lxoa tili:nka:sa:lowa
\lxoa_c kitili:nka:sa:lowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Part-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to tie tightly (e.g, a cord around ones arm so that the venom of a scorpion bite doesn't get into the bloodstream, or a sack so that nothing can fall out)
\sense_s amarrar apretadamente (p. ej., un cordón por el brazo para que no se extienda el veneno del piquete de alacrán, o un costal para que nada se le caiga)
\sense_d Oa
\root tili:n
\root sa:l
\vl There are 4 good female tokens and 3 male ones (one is uttered hoarse and should not be tagged).
\ref 06592
\lxam te:ntili:nka:sa:lowa
\lxam_c kite:ntili:nka:sa:lowa
\lxoa te:ntili:nka:sa:lowa
\lxoa_c kite:ntili:nka:sa:lowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-[Part-V2]
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to tightly tie the mouth of (e.g., a sack so that nothing can fall out, or a donkey so that one has control over it with reins of rope)
\sense_s amarrar apretadamente la boca de (p. ej., un costal para que nada se le caiga, o el hocico de un burro con un lazo para poderlo controlar)
\sense_d Oa
\root te:n
\root tili:n
\root sa:l
\qry_fon The 1st female token is a good example of the effective loss of the 3rd-person singular object, there might be a small amount of preglottalization. At any rate, this is not a
generalized phonological process, but does occasionally occur as a sort of rapid speech/careless speech phenomenon.
\vl There are 3 female tokens and 2 male ones; tag all. However, link the second female token.
\grm Oapan phonology; object deletion: The 1st female token is a good example of the effective loss of the 3rd-person singular object, there might be a small amount of
preglottalization. At any rate, this is not a generalized phonological process, but does occasionally occur as a sort of rapid speech/careless speech phenomenon.
\ref 06593
\lxam mache:teh pia:stli
\lxam_c mache:teh pia:stli
\lxoa machí:te peyá:stli
\lxoa_pr machi:teh peyas:stli
\lxoa_c machí:te peyá:stli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) machete
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e straight machete
\sense_s machete derecho
\sense_d Oa
\semfld tool
\disamb machete
\grm Oapan orthography: With words such as /machi:te peyá:stli/ determine whether to write the /h/, the PA, or both.
\root peya:s
\semref mache:teh la:rgoh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref machí:teh lá:rgoh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06594
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:apanka:xowa
\lxoa_alt tla:kapanka:xowa
\lxoa_c notla:apanka:xowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) for the middle of the back to give in (e.g., a donkey loaded with a heavy carga, or a mule with a bad sore in the middle of its back)
\sense_s (refl.) pandearsele el lomo (p. ej., a un burro a que se le ha subido una carga pesada, una mula con el lomo lastimado conúlceras)
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:ka
\root ka:x
\root_rel -pan
\ref 06595
\lxam tlatsatsako:ni
\lxam_c tlatsatsako:ni
\lxoa tlá:tsekó:ni
\lxoa_alt tlá:tsekó:ne
\lxoa_c tlá:tsekó:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-instr-ni
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn N1
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e ceramic bowl with a handle protruding from the middle of the bottom, and used upside-down for covering pots in which foods such as elotes and tamales are
cooked with steam; in Ameyaltepec the tlatsatsakwalo:ni often has three ring-like legs, rather than one handle in the middle
\sense_s plato hondo de cerámica con una manga que sale de por medio de la parte inferior; se pone boca abajo sobre una olla donde se estácocinando con vapor cosas como
elotes y tamales; en Ameyaltepec los tlatsatsako:ni a menudo tienen tres pies, como astas pequeñas, en lugar de una en medio
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld tool-cook
\fla tlatsatsakwalo:ni
\root tsakwa
\root ko:n
\semref tlatsatsakwalo:ni
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06596
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mimihlo:tl
\lxoa_cpend mimihlo:tl
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e buds (of certain flowers)
\sense_s botones (de ciertas flores)
\sense_d Oa
\root mil
\disamb xo:chitemimihlo; totopoyo
\semref totopoyo
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref xo:chitemimihli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06597
\lxam a:wia:hka:inekwi
\lxam_c ka:wia:hka:inekwi
\lxoa áwia:ká:inékwi
\lxoa_pr awia:ka:inekwi
\lxoa_c káwia:ká:inékwi; o:káwia:ká:inék, o:káwia:ká:inékw
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Part-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(kw)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to find fragrant; to like the smell of
\sense_s gustarle el olor a; hallar fragrante el olor de
\sense_d Oa
\root ahwi
\root hya:
\root hnekwi
\nae The pitch accent pattern of this verb is motivated by two syllables that have {h} as underlying coda: {ahwia:ka:ihnekwi}. Note that in the perfective there is no leftward shift of the
pitch accent on the first syllable of the verbal compound. Another interesting aspect of this word is that in the perfective Florencia Marcelino has final [k] whereas Inocencio Jiménez
maintains the labialized consonant [kw]. There seems to be some variation among Oapan Nahuatl speakers in the realization of final {kw}.
\qry_fon Note re: /káwia:ká:inékwi/; /o:káwia:ká:inék/, and /o:káwia:ká:inékw/: The pitch accent pattern of this verb is motivated by three syllables that have {h} as underlying
coda: {ahwia:hka:ihnekwi}. One might have expected, therefore, an additional pitch accented syllable ? káwiá:ká:inékwi, with the pitch accents motivated by
underlying {h} and one from phrasal intonation. Another interesting aspect of this word is that in the perfective Florencia Marcelino has final [k] whereas Inocencio
Jiménez maintains the labialized consonant [kw]. There seems to be some variation among Oapan Nahuatl speakers in the realization of final {kw}.
\grmx Oapan phonology: On the lexical DAT tape it is clear that Inocencio Jiménez had difficulty with this word, particularly with the perfective form. More importantly during
one pronunciation he gava a final /kw/ rather than /k/. This does not seem to be usual with Florencia Marcelino, but perhaps it is among certain speakers. In the future care
should be taken to determine the pronunciation of final /kw/, or underlying {kw} in both perfective verbs and possessed nouns. The pitch accent pattern of this verb is
motivated by two syllables that have {h} as underlying coda: {ahwia:ka:ihnekwi}. Note that in the perfective there is no leftward shift of the pitch accent on the first syllable
of the verbal compound. Another interesting aspect of this word is that in the perfective Florencia Marcelino has final [k] whereas Inocencio Jiménez maintains the
labialized consonant [kw]. There seems to be some variation among Oapan Nahuatl speakers in the realization of final {kw}.
\vl There are 3 good female tokens of /káwia:ka:ínekwí/ and then 2 good male tokens. Don't tag the stuttered male token; of the next two, tag both and link the second. Then
there follows an attempt to pronounce /o:nikáwia:ká:inék/. Virtually all, if not all the 8 female tokens are good and should be tagged. I think the penultimate might be the
best. One should be linked as the second pronunciation. Then there are the male tokens! There are I think 5 (this is apart from the two previous tokens that are the present
tense ending in /-kwi/). The first and fourth, I think, are bad. The 2nd and 3rd are somewhat slowly pronounced, tag them but make sure they are not the links. As I heard it,
the best for linking is the penultimate; the important thing is the final labialized /k/: /---inekw/. Florencia has a final /k/. Thus final sound file should have two words: present
/káwia:ka:ínekwí/ and past, with two pronunciatoins: /onikáwia:ka:ínek/ and /onikáwia:ka:ínekw/. Please ask me if you have any q uestions.
\semref a:wiá:k
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref áwiá:k
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06598
\lxam i:xtakakone:watia
\lxam_c ki:xtakakone:watia
\lxoa i:xtakakoné:watiá
\lxoa_pr i:xtakakone:watia
\lxoa_c ki:xtakakoné:watiáh
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e to make pregnant out of wedlock
\sense_s dejar a (una mujer) embarazada fuera del matrimonio
\sense_d Oa
\root i:xtaka
\root kone:
\ref 06599
\lxam tla:ke:wahli
\lxam_c tla:ke:wahli
\lxoa tla:ke:wahli
\lxoa_c tla:ke:wahli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e hired hand
\sense_s peón
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:k
\root e:wa
\nse This word is commonly used in Oapan, must less common in Ameyaltepec.
\ref 06600
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:kó:kotolopóxtik
\lxoa_c a:kó:kotolopóxtik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have a big Adam's apple
\sense_s tener una nuez de la garganta grande
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root ko:koh
\root tolopoch
\ref 06601
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kechtolopochyo
\lxoa_c i:kechtolopochyo
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn N2
\sense_e Adam's apple
\sense_s nuez de la garganta
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\root kech
\root tolopoch
\semref ko:kobande:rah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref buchih
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ko:kobuchih
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ko:koh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref a:ko:kotolopochyo
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06602
\lxam tlaxi:ntli
\lxam_c tlaxi:ntli
\lxoa tlaxi:ntli
\lxoa_c tlaxi:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e quaried stone with smooth cut sides
\sense_s cantera
\sense_d Oa
\root xi:ma
\ref 06603
\lxam tsi:ntla:hlo
\lxam_c i:tsi:ntla:hlo
\lxoa tsi:ntla:hlo
\lxoa_c i:tsi:ntla:hlo
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e clumps of moist, muddy earth stuck to the roots of uprooted plants
\sense_s terrones de tierra huméda y lodosa que queda pegado a las raíces de plantas desarraigadas
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xtsí:ntsetsélo para ma xi:ni i:tsi:ntla:hlo!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Shake its roots (lit., 'bottom') so that the earth that clings to its roots falls off!
\phrase_s ¡Sacúdele las raíces (lit., 'base') para que se le caiga la tierra que le estápegada.
\root tsi:n
\root tla:l
\semref tsi:ntla:ltesokitl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06604
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa chikotia
\lxoa_c chikotia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to get crooked (e.g., a drawer that used to close flush but that now has one side sticking slightly out, or, reduplicated as chíchikótia in reference to a bed of
cactus rods the edge of which is no longer even, with some rods protruding more than others)
\sense_s ponerse chueco (p. ej., un cajón que antes entraba bien pero que ahora tiene un lado chueco, que sobresale un poco, o, reduplicado como chíchikótia, en
reference a una cada de varas que tiene la orilla chueca, con unas varas saliendo más que otras)
\sense_d Oa
\root chiko
\ref 06605
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixipantaló:ntlakó:tok
\lxoa_pr ixipantalo:ntlako:tok
\lxoa_c ixipantaló:ntlakó:tok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) pantalón
\psm Stat
\compound [N-N]-V1-Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have ones pant legs pushed up
\sense_s estar con los pantalones subidos
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root tlehko:
\semref ixikasó:ntlakó:tok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06606
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixikasó:ntlakó:tok
\lxoa_pr ixikaso:ntlako:tok
\lxoa_c ixikasó:ntlakó:tok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) calzón
\psm Stat
\compound [N-N]-V1-Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have ones pant legs pushed up
\sense_s estar con los pantalones subidos
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root tlehko:
\semref ixipantaló:ntlakó:tok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06607
\lxam matlapahlo:tia
\lxam_c nomatlapahlo:tia
\lxoa mátlapahló:tia
\lxoa_pr matlapahlo:tia
\lxoa_c nomátlapahló:tia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-yo:tia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl.) to get wings (e.g., the ants known as tsi:katlthat soon after a rain will acquire wings that drop off the following day)
\sense_s (refl.) salirsele alas (p. ej., a las hormigas conocidas como tsi:katla que se les salen alitas después de una lluvia para caerse el día siguiente)
\sense_d Oa
\root mah
\root tlapal
\nse Tsi:kameh are the only insects that have wings that emerge during their lifecycle (i.e., they are not born with wings)
\qry Check whether one can also say /kimátlapáhlo:tia/.
\semref mátlapalkí:sa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06608
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa so:ya:xoxo:hki
\lxoa_c so:ya:xoxo:hki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\infn N1
\sense_e green palm that has not yet fanned out into the typical pattern (see so:ya:patla:wak)
\sense_s palma verde que todavía no se ha abierto en forma de abanico (véase so:ya:patla:wak)
\sense_d Oa
\root so:ya:
\root xo:
\semref yó:lesó:ya:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06609
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa na:natsi:ntia
\lxoa_c kinona:natsi:ntia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-tia
\trans +Refl
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl. with [SO]) to treat and call an elder woman as ones aunt (e.g., a child that plays with another and treats this second child's aunt as his or her own, addressing or
referring to her as such)
\sense_s (refl. con [OS]) llamar y tratar como tía (p. ej., un niño que juega con otro y le dice y refiere a la tía de este otro como si fuera su propia tía)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld kin
\root na:na
\nae The phonological length of the first /a:/ in the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino is very clear, with her husband Inocencio Jiménez it is less so, but a comparison of the duration of
the first and second /a/s strongly suggests a long first vowel.
\semref ikni:wtia; suwa:wtia; tatia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ihni:htia; siwa:tia; 'tatiá
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06610
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixipantaló:ntepailowa
\lxoa_c noxipantaló:ntepailowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan (part) pantalón
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) to roll ones pants legs up
\sense_s (refl.) arremangarse los pantalones
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root te
\root payol
\semref ixikasó:ntepai:lowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06611
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixikasó:ntepailowa
\lxoa_c noxikasó:ntepailowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) calzon
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp [N-N]-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) to roll ones pants legs up
\sense_s (refl.) arremangarse los pantalones
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root te
\root payol
\qry_fon The question as to whether there has been compensatory lengthening of the /i/ in Oapan Nahuatl /tepai:lowa/ is very uncertain. For now, all documented cases of this root
(i.e., /tepai:l/) have been written with a long vowel. However, it is very difficult to determine the length of /a/ and /i/ in this sequence. It might be that both should be
considered phonemically short, or even long. What is necessary is a complete study of length in words that have this sequence and morphology.
\semref ixipantaló:ntepai:lowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06612
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod There is a duplicate entry for this verb at 5486. Thus this present entry has been eliminated.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl This entry has been eliminated as a duplicate of 5486; tag the 4 speech tokens here as 5486 and pick the best there for linking.
\ref 06613
\lxam kuwmi:na
\lxam_c kuwmi:na
\lxoa kohmi:niki
\lxoa_c kikohmi:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to prop up with a stick
\sense_s apuntalar con un palo
\sense_d Oa
\root kow
\root mi:na
\disamb kuhmi:naltia; telkechilia
\qry Check vowel quality: /koh/ or /kuh/. Determine a standardized expression/orthography.
\semref kuwmi:naltia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06614
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlákoma:xá:hli
\lxoa_c tlákoma:xá:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound Mod-[N-N]
\der N-b
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e sandbar that appears in the middle of a river that recedes during the dry season
\sense_s barra de arena que aparece al bajarse el rio durante la temporada de secas
\sense_d Oa
\root tlahko
\root ma:
\root xa:l
\ref 06615
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlákoma:xa:ltipan
\lxoa_c tlákoma:xá:ltipan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Loc
\compound Mod-N-Loc
\der Loc
\infn N1(loc)
\pitch yes-lex-lex
\sense_e on a sandbar that appears in the middle of a river as the water recedes during the dry season
\sense_s sobre una barra de arena que aparece al bajarse el rio durante la temporada de secas
\sense_d Oa
\root tlahko
\root ma:
\root xa:l
\root_rel -tipan
\ref 06616
\lxam tlapepenia
\lxam_c kitlapepenia
\lxoa tlá:peniá
\lxoa_pr tlá:penia
\lxoa_c kitlá:peniá
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to pick through (sth such as beans to take out stones or chaff, or maize seed to take out that which is bug eaten)
\sense_s revisar (algo como frijoles para sacar piedras y basura, o semilla de maiz para sacar lo carcomido) para sacar lo malo
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Kitlá:peniátlayo:hli, kiki:xtia yón tsi:nkopi:nki, yón tsi:npostehki.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He picks through the maize (seed), he takes out that which has its end missing, which has its end broken off (i.e., in reference to the little part that sticks out of a kernel).
\phrase_s Revisa y sacar lo malo de su maíz, a los que les faltan la punta, a los que tienen la punta rota (en referencia a la parte puntiagudo de la semilla).
\root pe:na
\ref 06617
\lxam tsi:nkopi:nki
\lxam_c tsi:nkopi:nki
\lxoa tsi:nkopi:nki
\lxoa_c tsi:nkopi:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to have its point missing (e.g. a maize kernel); to be missing the bottm of its stem (e.g., a chile missing the part where the stem joins the fruit)
\sense_s no tener su punta (p. ej., una semilla de maíz); faltando su tallito (un chile donde la fruta se junta tener el tallito)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:n
\root kopi:
\ref 06618
\lxam tsi:npostehki
\lxam_c tsi:npostehki
\lxoa tsi:npostehki
\lxoa_c tsi:npostehki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to have a broken bottom
\sense_s tener la parte posterior o inferior roto
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to have a broken stem (e.g., chile, a flower, etc.)
\sense_s tener el tallo roto (p. ej., chile, una flor, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:n
\root posteki
\ref 06619
\lxam ikxitesasa:wa
\lxam_c ikxitesasa:wa
\lxoa ixité:sá:wa
\lxoa_c ixité:sá:wa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-N(ap)
\lexical Lex. infix te- ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te)
\sense_e person with legs covered by a rash, pox, or similar types of skin conditions (often due to lack of cleanliness)
\sense_s persona con la pierna cubierta de sarpullido, roña u otras enfermedades de la piel (que generalmente se manifiestan por falta de higiene en granitos, comezón, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld disease
\root kxi
\root sa:wa
\qry Check whether this is best considered a verb or noun.
\semref sasa:wa; ma:té:sá:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06620
\lxam ma:tesasa:wa
\lxam_c ma:tesasa:wa
\lxoa ma:té:sá:wa
\lxoa_cpend @ma:té:sá:wa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-N(ap)
\lexical Lex. infix te- ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te)
\sense_e person with arms covered by a rash, pox, or similar types of skin conditions (often due to lack of cleanliness)
\sense_s persona con el brazo cubierto de sarpullido, roña u otras enfermedades de la piel (que generalmente se manifiestan por falta de higiene en granitos, comezón, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld disease
\root ma:
\root sa:wa
\qry Check whether this is best considered a verb or noun. Perhaps this was wrongly elicited.
\vl This word in the lxoc field was mistakenly given as /ixité:sá:wa/ in the original recording and not recorded. Thus there is no sound file to correspond with /ma:té:sá:wa/.
\semref sasa:wa; ixité:sá:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06621
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixipil komich
\lxoa_alt ixipil komixtsi:n
\lxoa_c i:xipil komixtsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N2
\sense_e little toe
\sense_s dedo pequeño o meñique del pie
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root xki
\root pil
\root xo:koyo:
\nse This term is almost always used in the diminutive.
\vl There are 5 male tokens, but only the last two are correctly pronounced and should be tagged (and one of these chosen for a link); apparently all five female tokens are
correct and should be tagged. I think the 1st token is best for the link. There are 4 additional tokens from 435. These should be tagged as 6621 but given the poor quality of
the early recordings these should not be linked.
\semref ikxipil xo:koyo:tsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06622
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa komitechi:la:tl
\lxoa_c komitechi:la:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-[N-N]
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e broth with chile and one or various soup bones
\sense_s caldo de chile con uno o más huesos
\sense_d Oa
\root omi
\root te
\root chi:l
\root a:
\semref ka:ldoh de omitetl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06623
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsi:ntlaké:sohlí
\lxoa_c tsi:ntlaké:sohlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-adj
\infn N1/2; Aln
\pitch yes
\sense_e diapers
\sense_s panales
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:n
\root tlake:n
\nae Tsi:ntlaké:sohlí manifests the loss of /n/ before /s/ and, more interestingly, the reduction of the reduplicant of sósohlí onto the long vowel, /e:/, of the
preceding nominal stem. The conditions under which long vowels can accept a reduced reduplicant are not well known. This is one of the few cases that has been documented in
which the long vowel is part of a stem that does not refer to a body part.
\qry_fon Tsi:ntlaké:sohlí manifests the loss of /n/ before /s/ and, more interestingly, the reduction of the reduplicant of sósohlí onto the long vowel, /e:/,
of the preceding nominal stem. The conditions under which long vowels can accept a reduced reduplicant are not well known. This is one of the few cases that has been
documented in which the long vowel is part of a stem that does not refer to a body part.
\grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: Tsi:ntlaké:sohlí manifests the loss of /n/ before /s/ and, more interestingly, the reduction of the reduplicant of
sósohlí onto the long vowel, /e:/, of the preceding nominal stem. The conditions under which long vowels can accept a reduced reduplicant are not well
known. This is one of the few cases that has been documented in which the long vowel is part of a stem that does not refer to a body part.
\semref tsi:nkwe:tli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref a:ma:xtlatl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06624
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwítlayá:k
\lxoa_alt kwítlayá:kih
\lxoa_c kwítlayá:keh, kwítlayá:kih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\pss N
\der N-Adj
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e ant of the type known as a:skatl
\sense_s hormiga del tipo conocido como a:skatl
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\ency_note a:skatl
\root kwitla
\root hya:
\nse These ants, which don't bite (xte:kwa:nimeh), are very, very small and are so-called because if they get into ones tortillas (left hanging, for example, in the woods) and
when the tortillas are heated up, they smell.
\nae The name of these ants is, in effect, a plural predicate adjective, hence the part of speech categorization as 'adjective'; however, syntactically the word apparently functions as a
noun. There is an alternative plural form kwítlayá:hmeh
\semref a:skatl de momolo:nkeh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06625
\lxam i:xkwa:techakwa:nia
\lxam_c ki:xkwa:techakwa:nia
\lxoa i:xkwa:techakwa:nia
\lxoa_c ki:xkwa:techakwa:nia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to bang or knock (an object [S]) against the forehead of
\sense_s golpear (un objeto [S]) contra la frente de (algn [O])
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\root chakwa:
\qry Check meaning whether it refers to banging something against the forehead of [O] or 'to bang [O] with ones forehead.'
\semref i:xkwa:tewia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwá:tsatsí:tia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06626
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xkwá:tsatsí:tia
\lxoa_pr i:xkwa:tsatsi:tia
\lxoa_c ki:xkwá:tsatsí:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp [N-N]-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to bang or knock (an object [S]) against the forehead of
\sense_s golpear (un objeto [S]) contra la frente de (algn [O])
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Ay! o:ne:chi:xkwá:tsatsítih tso:tso:kohli, tlía xma:s tlahpak o:tpiloh?
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Ay! the water jug smashed me on the forehead! Why didn't you hang it higher up?
\phrase_s ¡Ay, el cántaro me dióen la frente!¿Por quéno lo colgaste más arriba?
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\root tsahtsi
\grmx Pitch accent: Note the pattern of pitch accent in /ki:xkwá:tsatsí:tia/. If we assume that {h} produces high pitch in the preceding syllable, then the surface form manifests
readjustment and leftward shift.
\semref i:xkwa:tewia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:techakwa:nia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06627
\lxam xa:xa:yakatl
\lxam_c xaxa:yakatl
\lxoa xa:xa:yakatl
\lxoa_c xa:xa:yakatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e horsefly
\sense_s tábano
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root xa:yaka
\nae The penultimate /a/ is apparently fronted and raised in the pronunciation of both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. Nevertheless, pending further study it has been
recorded as /a/ in the orthography. Note that according to Cristino Flores there is no difference in pronunciation between xaxa:yakatl meaning 'mask' and
xa:xa:yakatl meaning 'horsefly.' However, the Nahuatl word for 'horsefly' is seldom used in Ameyaltepec and it is likely that Cristino Flores heard it elsewhere and
may have equivocated in the vowel length.
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1988:228) says of the tábano:"(Fam: Tabanidae, e.g., Tabanus atratus) 'horse fly' Medium to large in size. Females are bloodsucking but males
feed on flowers. Also called mosca caballo, moscardón."Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give xaxa:ya:katsin for the tábano.
\vl The first token, female, is mistaken. It is xáxa:yákatl, with pitch accent and a short initial vowel, and should be tagged at 5927. The following 4 tokens are
correct and should be tagged as 6627. There is also an additional female token for /xa:xa:yakatl/ at 5927, and this should be tagged as 6627.
\ref 06628
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlákosa:lówa
\lxoa_pr tlakosa:lowa
\lxoa_c kitlákosa:lówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to tie (a strap, cloth, etc. [Obl]) around the waist of
\sense_s atar (una tela, tirante, etc. [Obl]) por la cintura de
\sense_d Pending
\root tlahko
\root sa:l
\grm Reflexivity; valency; transitivity; middle voice; possessor raising; noun incorporation: There are several verbs that indicate an activity or action that takes place involving a
material object that is part of ones clothes or similarly attached to the body. Note the case of /nokoto:na/. I believe there is another word involving tying. What is interesting
about these forms is that the reflexive is not a patient but rather a middle voice form. Thus, for example, /koto:na/ can be an active verb, and as such the marked object is
the patient. An example would be /kikoto:na/ 'he snaps it (e.g., a rope).' But with /nokoto:na noburroh/ the agentivity is reduced since there is no overt patient. The case of
/te:nsa:lowa/ and /tlakotia:nsa:lowa/ is slightly different, since these in all cases take an object that is in a sense a benefactive. Thus /nikte:nsa:lowa/ 'I will tie [X] around
his mouth' the construction is really like possessor raising with a transitive verb, since the object is the poss essor of the incorporated noun. Cf. to /nikma:tlatia/ 'I burn him
on the arm' (i.e., 'I arm-burn him') to /nikte:nsa:lowa/ 'I tied him on the mouth' (i.e., 'I mouth-tie him'). When used reflexively, what simply occurs is that the possessor is
coreferent with the subject/agent (e.g., /nimote:nsa:lowa/, 'I tie (sth, expressed obliquely, around) my mouth.' Here there is no difference between the reflexive and the
transitive /kite:nsa:lowa/ since both have the same thematic role for the object (possessor of IN). With /koto:na/, however, the situation is different. Note also that the
incorporated noun in this case is an obligatorily possessed noun ending in /-ya:n/. The fact that the incorporated noun must be possessed is interesting. Finally, note the
oblique theme: /Sowa:tl no: kipia ilpikaw ika notlakotia:nsa:lowa/ 'Women also have their cloth band that they tie around their waist.' It is interesting that the reflexive is in
essence a benefactive and /tlakotia:n/ is the place/locative w h ere the event takes place.
\semref tlakotia:nsa:lowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tlákotia:nsa:lówa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06629
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa íská:pan
\lxoa_alt íská:pah
\lxoa_c íská:pah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N(rel)
\pss Adv
\compound Part-Rel
\der N(rel)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e right away; in a jiffy
\sense_s luego luego; rápidamente; pronto
\sense_d Oa
\root hsi
\root_rel -pan
\vl Link 2nd male token.
\semref isika:pan
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref ísihká:pan
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06630
\mod Entry for /kohtexina:xtli/ has here been removed.
\vl Tag the male tokens of /i:kohtexina:ch/ here as 6630, but do not link. The word is a vulgar reference to 'semen' and has been removed from the dictionary.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\ref 06631
\lxam kaxti:la:n yetl
\lxam_c kaxti:la:n yetl
\lxoa kaxti:la:yetl
\lxoa_c kaxti:la:yetl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) Castilla
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e dried bean of the type that grows on maize planted in a milpa, in Spanish known as ejote seco or 'dried string bean
\sense_s frijol seco del tipo que crece sobre los tallos del maíz sembrado en una milpa, conocido en español como el ejote seco
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\ency_note yetl
\root ye
\nse When still green the kaxti:la:yetl (bean and pod) is called yexo:tl , in Spanish ejote. The word kaxti:la:yetl , however, refers
to the dried bean which comes from the yexo:tl. The term for this type of bean (called frijol chino) in Ameyaltepec is more commonly
kaxti:ltsi:n. This is also used in Oapan, but less often.
\qry Ramírez (1991) identifies this as frijol chino.
\vl Link first male token.
\qry Note that under /yepa:paya:n/ I don't mention this as being used. Thus it should be clarified whether /kaxtiltsi:n/ is indeed used in /yepa:paya:n/.Under /kaxtiltsi:n/ I mention, taken
from notes, that this bean is used for atole; however, it is not clear from the entry under atole what type might use this bean. Check. Finally, all the foods listed in the /nte field have
their own entry except /anjolín ika mo:hli/. This should be checked.
\semref kaxti:ltsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06632
\lxam ko:tsmatiltik
\lxam_c ko:tsmatiltik
\lxoa ko:tsmatiltik
\lxoa_c ko:tsmatiltik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to have a bad leg that is dragged behind the other in walking (more commonly used in reference to animals than humans)
\sense_s tener una pierna mala que se arrastra atrás de la otra (utilizado más comunmente en referencia a animales que a humanos)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be always tripping over ones own leg
\sense_s estar constantemente tropezando con la propia pierna
\sense_d Pending
\root ko:ts
\root matil
\qry Check vowel length of /a/. Recheck the correctness of the second gloss, of someone who constantly trips over his leg. This might be in error.
\ref 06633
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa nexkwi
\lxoa_cpend @nexkwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to put ash or soot on the forehead of (sb) for Ash Wednesday
\sense_s poner ceniza o hollín en la frente de (algn) para Miércoles de Ceniza
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\root tepos
\nse Note the use of teposwia here in the extended sense of 'to mark or place a mark on.'
\semref nexkurustsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref i:xkwa:teposwia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06634
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlase:wia:ntilia
\lxoa_c kitlase:wia:ntilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tilia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cast a shadow on; to create shade around (e.g., a person, material object, clouds, etc.)
\sense_s echar una sombra a (p. ej., una persona, objeto material, nubes, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root se:
\ref 06635
\lxam xokonono:tsa
\lxam_c kixokonono:tsa
\lxoa xokó:nó:tsa
\lxoa_c kixokó:nó:tsa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to brag or boast to (particularly about doing sth that one cannot do, or about having sth that one does not have); to talk big to; to make promises to and not deliver; to
mislead (sb) with ones words
\sense_s alardear (a algn) jactándose que va a hacer algo que no puede, o de tener algo que no tiene; fantochear, jactarse, prometiendo cosas que no puede cumplir; engañar con
palabras
\sense_d Oa
\root xoko
\root no:tsa
\qry This word I have only heard with the reduplicated verbal root in the sense of"to talk with". Check. Check wether /kopaxokononootsa/ remains dict.
\semref kopaxokonono:tsa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06636
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tli:ltsi:n
\lxoa_c tli:ltsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-tsi:n
\sense_e blackish
\sense_s algo negro
\sense_d Oa
\root tli:l
\nse This is a diminutive of tli:ltik.
\mod This was originally mistakenly considered a bird and given an entry; it is a diminutive of /tli:ltik/ and should be removed.
\grm Diminutives: Note how
\ref 06637
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa omi:lkohtli
\lxoa_c omi:lkohtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e dried corn stalk
\sense_s tallo de maíz; huasol
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\ency_note mi:hli
\root owa
\root mi:l
\root kow
\nse According to several consultants in Oapan mi:hlirefers to the corn plant in its entirety, before it dries. Omi:lkohtli refers to the dried stalk that is left in
the field after harvest and which can be used in fencing for china:ntli. Finally, omi:hlirefers to the stalk (tallo) itself, particularly when the
plant is still green. Thus one might say of a maize plant: ye kipiya i:omi:hlo 'it already has its stalk' in the sense that the plant has grown high enough to manifest a stalk.
In Ameyaltepec mi:lowatl , as well as to:kowatl were said to refer the part of the maize plant from the elotes below, with no distinction by time,
dryness, etc. Another definition gives this to be the part of the maize plant after harvest, or during the growth of the mi:hli , located below the i:tiyo:l.
The source of the initial /o/ in the Oapan word is not clear, but it is probably related to owatl.
\qry Determine exactly the part of the stalk referred to. Also important is a determination in the phrase /ompa noka:wa imi:lowayo/ what the possessive prefix references. It would be
strange if it referenced the /mi:hli/ since this is part of the noun itself, i.e., as a process of possessor raising, it has already been 'raised.' In the previous example, the possessor seems
to refer to the mazorca, i.e., /sintli wan imi:lowayo/. Check to determine if unpossessed form exists.
\mod See the illustrative diagram with /mi:hli/.
\semref mi:lowatl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref to:powatl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06638
\lxam tlaxtekio:tl
\lxam_c tlaxtekio:tl
\lxoa tlaxtekihlo:tl
\lxoa_c tlaxtekihlo:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e something robbed
\sense_s algo robado
\sense_d Oa
\root xteki
\vl Link 1st male token.
\semref tlaxtektli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06639
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa te:í:také:tl
\lxoa_c te:í:také:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e visitor (from the same village, i.e., cha:neh)
\sense_s visita (del mismo pueblo, cha:neh)
\sense_d Oa
\root ta
\semref yekoke:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref yékoká:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06640
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mápil kómich
\lxoa_alt mápil komíxtsi:n
\lxoa_c í:mapil kómich
\lxoa_cpend i:mápil komíxtsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N2
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e pinky
\sense_s dedo meñique
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root mah
\root pil
\root xo:koyo:
\nse Mápil kómich is almost always used in the diminutive: mápil komíxtsi:n.
\nae The pitch accent in this complex noun is due to the coda {h} at the end of the first syllable of the nominal head: {mahpil}. Note, however, the leftward shift of the pitch accent on the
syllable má occurs with the non-diminutive form í:mapil kómich whereas with the diminutive i:mápil komíxtsi:n has the pitch accent on the
same syllable with coda {h}. The reason for the shift is not clear, but apparently it is also correct to maintain the pitch accent on the initial stem syllable: ? i:mápil
kómich.
\qry_fon Note: The pitch accent in this complex noun is due to the coda {h} at the end of the first syllable of the nominal head: {mahpil}. Note, however, the leftward shift of the pitch
accent on the syllable má occurs with the non-diminutive form í:mapil kómich whereas with the diminutive i:mápil komíxtsi:n has
the pitch accent on the same syllable with coda {h}. The reason for the shift is not clear, but apparently it is also correct to maintain the pitch accent on the initial stem
syllable: ? i:mápil kómich.
\grmx Oapan pitch accent; reassignment: The pitch accent in this complex noun is due to the coda {h} at the end of the first syllable of the nominal head: {mahpil}. Note, however,
the leftward shift of the pitch accent on the syllable má occurs with the non-diminutive form í:mapil kómich whereas with the diminutive
i:mápil komíxtsi:n has the pitch accent on the same syllable with coda {h}. The reason for the shift is not clear, but apparently it is also correct to maintain the
pitch accent on the initial stem syllable: ? i:mápil kómich.
\semref mapil xo:koyo:tsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref ixipil komich
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06641
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xte:mpitika:tsi:ntih
\lxoa_alt i:xte:mpitika:tsitsi:ntih
\lxoa_c i:xte:mpitika:tsi:ntih; i:xte:mpitika:tsitsi:ntih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-tsi:n
\sense_e to have small eyes
\sense_s tener los ojos pequeños
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root pi
\nse Virtual equivalent of i:xte:ntsotsoyo:tik.
\nae Although the most common form is i:xte:mpitika:tsi:ntih, with the reduplication of the diminutive ending, the reduplicated form (with no coda {h}) is also at times,
though less often, used: i:xte:mpitika:tsitsi:ntih. Florencia Marcelino stated that she never used the reduplicated diminutive; her husband used both forms.
\qry Check the length of the first /i:/ in /pi:pitik/. If the reduplication with long vowel is correct, make a note for the grammar.
\vl Note that the 1st male token is /i:xte:mpitika:tsitsi:ntih/. Florencia Marcelino only utters /i:xte:mpitika:tsi:ntih/. The final sound file should run F and M /i:xte:mpitika:tsi:ntih/
and then simply male /i:xte:mpitika:tsitsi:ntih/. Thus there should be 3 tokens in all.
\semref i:xte:npi:pitik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xte:ntsotsoyo:tik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xté:ntsoyó:tik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06642
\lxam pioko:hke:tl
\lxam_c pioko:hke:tl
\lxoa pioko:hke:tl
\lxoa_c pioko:hke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) pio
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e chicken-buyer
\sense_s comprador de pollos
\sense_d Oa
\root kowa
\qry Determine whether the form in /-ki/ is possible. Also, recheck final sequence /ko:hke:tl/ since I originally had /-ko:wke:tl/.
\ref 06643
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa palo:maxko:hke:tl
\lxoa_c palo:maxko:hke:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) paloma
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e pidgeon-buyer
\sense_s comprador de palomas
\sense_d Oa
\root kowa
\nae Vowel duration in the borrwed term palo:max varies somewhat, but the most consistent pattern seems to be with a long /o:/, as indicated in the headword.
\qry Determine whether the form in /-ki/ is possible. Also, recheck final sequence /ko:hke:tl/ since I originally had /-ko:wke:tl/.
\ref 06644
\lxam chi:boko:hke:tl
\lxam_cpend chi:boko:hke:tl
\lxoa chí:boko:hke:tl
\lxoa_c chí:boko:hke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) chivo
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e goat-buyer
\sense_s comprador de chivos
\sense_d Oa
\root kowa
\nae The /b/ in intervocalic context achieves the same voiced fricative status it does in Spanish; by convention the Spanish orthography is here used.
\qry Determine whether the form in /-ki/ is possible. Also, recheck final sequence /ko:hke:tl/ since I originally had /-ko:wke:tl/.
\qry_fon Check nature of bilabial fricative. With Inocencio it seems at times to have a /w/ quality. Check.
\ref 06645
\lxam yewalkorra:ltia
\lxam_c kiyewalkorra:ltia
\lxoa yewalkorra:ltia
\lxoa_c kiyewalkorra:ltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan (part) corral
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to enclose (an area with a fence, e.g., so that animals don't enter)
\sense_s cercar; encerrar (unaárea con una cerca, p. ej., para que los animales no se metan)
\sense_d Oa
\root yewal
\vl The first male token is stuttered and should not be tagged.
\semref yewaltsakwa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06646
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlapalo:te:ka
\lxoa_c kitlapalo:te:ka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to lay (sth such as a cross-rod in wooden fencing) across horizontally
\sense_s colocar (algo como un travesano de una cerca) horizontalmente
\sense_d Oa
\root tlapalo:
\root te:ka
\qry Check meaning as this word was entered and recorded, but there was no meaning associated.
\ref 06647
\lxam tlapalo:westok
\lxam_c tlapalo:westok
\lxoa tlapalo:westok
\lxoa_c tlapalo:westok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\incorp Mod-V1-Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be lying across horizontally (but apparently off the ground)
\sense_s estar tirado horizontalmente (pero no sobre el suelo)
\sense_d Oa
\root tlapalo:
\root wetsi
\vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens.
\ref 06648
\lxam ye:ltsakwa
\lxam_c noye:ltsakwa
\lxoa ye:ltsakwa
\lxoa_c kiye:ltsakwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(kw)
\sense_e to close off (e.g., the opening that allows people to pass between one house and another)
\sense_s cerrarle el paso (p. ej., de un pasillo que permite que la gente pase entre una casa y otra)
\sense_d Oa
\root ye:l
\root tsakwa
\qry Check meaning as I have added this from my recollection only.
\ref 06649
\lxam tla:lna:miki
\lxam_c i:wa:n notla:lna:miki
\lxoa tla:lna:miki
\lxoa_c i:wa:n notla:lna:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e (refl. + -wa:n [noun]) to have land bordering on that of (another person [noun] expressed as [Obl])
\sense_s (refl. + -wa:n [sustantivo]) tener tierra que linda con (la de otra persona [sustantivo] expresado como [Obl])
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:l
\root na:miki
\qry Check to see if this verb can be used in non-reflexive form, and meaning. Check transitive and causative possibilities.
\root_notes Recheck root analysis for /na:miki/, and other words with /na:-/ beginning.
\semref ma:na:miki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06650
\lxam to:mokuwtli
\lxam_c to:mokuwtli
\lxoa tó:mokóhtli
\lxoa_c tó:mokóhtli
\lxoa_pr to:mokohtli
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e generic name for cactus, with prickly pear fruit
\sense_s nombre genérico para cactaceae, con tuna como fruta
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root to:moh
\root kow
\nse It is still not completely clear if this is a generic term for large cactii or whether it refers to a specific species.
\qry Check exact meaning; it is not clear.
\ref 06651
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was a duplicate entry of 6533, /yó:litlakówa/, and has therefore been eliminated.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl This record is a duplicate of 6533, therefore tag the speech tokens here as 6533.
\ref 06652
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry has been removed; it was blank in the original database except for /pi/. Thus it might have been the entry for the vulgar term used by women, /pih/, which is 6304.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\ref 06653
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tótlí
\lxoa_c tótlí
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex-lex
\sense_e type of falcon, apparently the peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus tundrius
\sense_s tipo de halcón, aparentemente el Falco peregrinus tundriuso algo muy cercano
\sense_d Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 13, p. 218
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root toh
\ref 06654
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa chiá:chiá:tl
\lxoa_c chiá:chiá:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Lex. rdp-l
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of Orange Oriole, probably the Streak-backed Oriole, Icterus pustulatusor a closely related species; it makes a hanging nest
\sense_s tipo de"Orange Oriole,"proablemente el"Streak-backed Oriole," Icterus pustulatuso una especie cercana; construye un nido colgante
\sense_d Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 67, 69, pp. 748, 750
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root chia:
\vl Do not tag 1st male token, which is stuttered. There are thus 3 female and 2 male tokens total.
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1988:391) gives several birds with the word cheje , all of which seem to refer to types of woodpeckers. She also give chej-chej ,
Cyanocitta stelleri or Steller's jay, cross-referenced with the azulejo ocotero, another name for Steller's jay:"Common, 5-13,000 in the pines of the
mountains. Usually solitary. A rich blue in color. Has a high blacksih crest and a very loud call. Also called arrendajo, azulejo, copetón, cuauhgallito, cháchara, cháchara
copetona, chara ocotera, chej-chej, cheje, gallito [in Michoacán], querre-querre"(p. 366). Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'sinsontli.'
\semref che:che:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref ichkakukwintsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06655
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tebie:joh
\lxoa_c tebie:joh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) viejo
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e large, round boulder
\sense_s roca grande y redonda
\sense_d Pending
\root te
\qry Recheck vowel length. I did not have this in my original notes from Am, but given my understanding of the use of /bie:joh/ this might be correct. Check.
\semref teololtetl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tewe:weh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06656
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tewe:weh
\lxoa_c tewe:weh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\sense_e large, round boulder
\sense_s roca grande y redonda
\sense_d Oa
\root te
\root we:weh
\semref tebie:joh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref teololtetl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tebie:joh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06657
\lxam papayoti
\lxam_c papayoti
\lxoa pápayótí
\lxoa_pr papayoti
\lxoa_c pápayótí; tí:páyotís
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): tí:páyotís
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex; yes-deriv
\sense_e to become crazy, having lost ones senses
\sense_s quedar loco; habiendo perdido los estribos
\sense_d Oa
\root pahpa
\nae The etymology of kwa:papayoh is not apparent, and it is classified as a denominal adjective even though the nominal base is not immediately apparent. The
kwa:- element, the compositional form for 'head' and the adjectival -yoh are transparent. This leaves papa, which, like papayoh
and related forms, is not attested in any of the sources examined. If it is a reduplicated root, then the unreduplicated form would be pa, which is also unattested. Nor is
there a nominal form * papatl or * patl. It is conceivable that papayoh derives from a reinterpretation of pa:ya:tl , which has a
similar meaning in combination (e.g., kwa:pa:ya:tl), but this interpretation also presents several problems of analysis. In sum, then, the main element of
kwa:papayoh and papayoh , as well as all related derivations, needs to be examined.
\mod Note that there are two forms: /payoh/ indicates craziness. In Oapan this is generally used as a verb ending in /-ti/ and perhaps other forms should be removed from the next version
of the dictionary. This word should be compared to /papa:ya:tik/ which indicates foolishness. Correct all entries.
\qry Check particularly for vowel length of /papayoh/, etc.
\qry_fon For a long time I have assumed that words such as Oapan /pápayótí/ were underlyingly {pahpayohti}. However, they might be {pahpahyoti}. If this is the case, then all the
root xrefs for these words should be changed from /pahpa/ to /pahpah/. Check in San Juan. Indeed, if the root is /pahpah/ this might explain the meaning as 'drugged' i.e.,
having been affected by /pahtli/.
\grmx Oapan phonoloyg; reduplication; pitch accent: The word /pápayótí/ is interesting in that it manifests 3 pitch accented syllables in one word (predicate). Two of the pitch
accents derive from underlying {h} and one from phrasal intonation. Unfortunately, it is not clear where the underlying {h} is. Certainly one is in the reduplicant: {pah}.
However, the other may either be part of the verbal stem {pahyoti} from {pah} the root for medicine/poison, or it might be from the adjectival ending {yoh}. Only
comparative evidence from San Juan or other villages will determine whether the underlying form is {pahpahyoti} or {pahpayohti}. The former seems, in fact, more likely. If
so all root analyses for this word should be changed to {pah}.
\qry_h pahpahyoti or pahpayohti. Check.
\semref kwa:papayotia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06658
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlaxkalpoye:k
\lxoa_alt tlaxkalpoye:htsi:n
\lxoa_c tlaxkalpoye:k
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e type of gordita or memela made of tixtliand salt, and occasionally some lard, often taken as food on long trips given that it does
not spoil
\sense_s tipo de gordita o memela de masa y sal, y a veces un poquito de manteca, que a menudo se llevan en los viajes dado que no se echa a perder
\sense_d Oa
\semfld food
\root xka
\root poye:
\semref popoye:ktsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06659
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xa:mayoh
\lxoa_c xa:mayoh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to have a thin skin covering at birth (e.g., babies and just born mammals)
\sense_s tener una delgada capa de piel (los niños y otras mamalias recién nacidas)
\sense_d Oa
\nse Although this has not been documented unpossessed, it seems to derive from i:xand a:ma, literally 'face paper/covering.'
\qry In my original notes I have recorded that there is no initial /i/ in this word, as witnessed by the fact that the form I finally elicited was /xa:mayo:tl/, not /i:xa:mayo:tl/. Nevertheless, this
form was only elicited with great difficulty and is obviously not used in conversation. Moreover, the nominal form here seems to be closely related to /i:xa:mia/, the verb. Check.
\vl The first two tokens are /i:xa:mayo/ with a final glottal stop. These should be tagged as #6090. The next 4 tokens are correctly pronounced with final aspiration, which is the
entry here. They should be tagged as 6659.
\mod Note that this was apparently mistakenly recorded as /i:xa:mayoh/. This should be rerecorded.
\ref 06660
\lxam kone:tlatowa
\lxam_c kone:tlatowa
\lxoa koné:tlatówa
\lxoa_pr kone:tlatowa
\lxoa_c koné:tlatówa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-[tla-V2]
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to speak like a child (said of adults or young adolescents)
\sense_s hablar como un niño (dicho de adultos o jovenes adolescentes)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld sound-human
\root kone:
\root hto
\qry Check for causative.
\semref kone:tsatsi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06661
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry has been eliminated as a repeat.
\dt 24/Apr/2002
\ref 06662
\lxam peya:wa
\lxam_alt nopeya:wa
\lxoa peya:wa
\lxoa_alt nopeya:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to let slide
\sense_s dejar deslizarse
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xikpeya:wa pan moma!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let it slide down your arm (e.g., a heavy sack)!
\phrase_s ¡Déjalo caer (deslizarse) por tu brazo (p. ej., un costal pesado)!
\sense_e (refl.) to slip, to slide (e.g., off a slippery surface); to let oneself slide off (e.g., a slippery surface)
\sense_s (refl.) deslizarse, resbalarse, dejarse resbalar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (refl.) to flow or fall off an inclined surface (e.g., water off of a sloped roof, a cloak, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) correrse o deslizarse hacia abajo sobre la superficie de una inclinación (p. ej., agua que corre por un techo inclinado, o por un capote)
\sense_d Oa
\mod This was an entry for Oapan /peya:wa/, but no examples, definitions, etc. were given. It was stated taht this was an obligatorily reflexive verb. This should be checked
\ref 06663
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tepéchikó:tik
\lxoa_c tepéchikó:tik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound Mod-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be extremely thin; to be wasted (a man, having lost a lot of weight)
\sense_s estar demacrado; estar muy delgado (por falta de alimentación)
\sense_d Oa
\root tepeh
\root chiko:
\nae The etymology of Oapan tepéchikó:tik is not entirely clear. A preliminary analysis of {tepeh + chiko: + tik} is suggested, pending further analysis.
\qry_h Check for /h/: /tepehchiko:tik/ or /tepechihko:tik/?
\ref 06664
\lxam kopa:ktsakwa
\lxam_c nokopa:ktsakwa
\lxoa kopa:htsakwa
\lxoa_c nokopa:htsakwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a(kw)
\sense_e (refl.) to become hoarse
\sense_s (refl.) quedarse o ponerse ronco; cerrarsele a la gargante a
\sense_d Oa
\root kopa:
\root tsakwa
\root_rel -ko
\qry Check to see if possibly used in non-reflexive form. Also check for transitive/causative forms. Finally, since I had once recorded this as /kechtsakwa/, the use of /ch/ or /x/ should be
checked.
\semref kextsakwa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06665
\lxam aija:doh
\lxam_c aija:doh
\lxoa aija:doh
\lxoa_cpend @aija:doh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan ahijado(a)
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn Gender; N0/2; Aln(0=2)
\sense_e godchild
\sense_s ahijado, ahijada
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nse This can be a vocative for godchild (male/female). It also may be used in the possessed form, with all possessive prefixes: noaija:doh 'my godson.' In Oapan this is a
loan that is fully recognized as such. The Nahuatl term kompa:lkone:tl is used in fully Nahuatl discourse.
\qry Make sure this can be used as a vocative.
\semref kompa:lkone:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06666
\lxam ikxike:ketsi:hli
\lxam_cpend ikxike:ketsi:l
\lxoa ixike:ketsí:hli
\lxoa_c i:xi:ké:ketsí:l
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e narrow part of the leg above the heel and below the calf
\sense_s la parte angosta de la pierna, arriba del talón y abajo de la pantorilla
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\root kehtsi
\nse This word refers to the narrow part of the leg immediately above the heel, where the strap of a sandle passes.
\qry RS glosses /quequetsolli/ as referring to the heel itself. In one entry I have noted that the vowel length is definite as recorded (three long vowels). However, if derived from /-ketsa/
as probable at least the second vowel should be short. Recheck vowel length. In Oapan ithe middle vowel is definitely short.
\semref ke:ketsi:l
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ké:ketsí:l
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06667
\lxam te:to:kake:h
\lxam_c te:to:kake:h
\lxoa te:to:kake:tl
\lxoa_c te:to:kake:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\incorp [ te: -V2]-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e undertaker; person who is in charge of burying people
\sense_s director de funeraria; persona encargada de enterrar a la gente
\sense_d Oa
\root to:ka
\ref 06668
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kochpe:wia
\lxoa_f [koch pe: 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kikochpe:wia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi(a)
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (+ ika (Am) / ya (Oa) [verbal predicate]) to do ([verbal predicate]) to keep (sb) from falling asleep
\sense_s (+ ika (Am) / ya (Oa) [predicado verbal]) hacer ([predicado verbal]) para ahuyentar el sueño a (algn)
\sense_d Oa
\root pe:wa
\nse Kochpe:wiya can also be used reflexively with an oblique having the sense of doing something to keep oneself from sleeping.
\ref 06669
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tláxitília
\lxoa_pr tlaxitilia
\lxoa_c kitláxitília
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e to wake up the child of
\sense_s despertar el niño de
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Ma: xnawatika:n, nine:xtláxitilí:skeh!
\phrase_d Oa
\snd_oa 06669_01_oa
\phrase_e Don't make noise, you're going to wake my child up!
\phrase_s ¡No hagan ruido, me van a despertar a mi niño!
\root ísá
\xref tlaxitia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref tláxitiá
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 06670
\lxam pitsonamakake:tl
\lxam_alt pitsonemakake:tl
\lxam_c pitsonamakake:tl
\lxoa pitsonema:ke:tl
\lxoa_alt pitsonama:ke:tl
\lxoa_c pitsonema:ke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\incorp [N-V2]-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who sells pigs
\sense_s persona que vende marranos
\sense_d Oa
\root pitso
\root namaka
\ref 06671
\lxam kwa:xnamakake:tl
\lxam_alt kwa:xnemakake:tl
\lxam_c kwa:xnamakake:tl
\lxoa kwa:xnema:ke:tl
\lxoa_alt kwa:xnama:ke:tl
\lxoa_c kwa:xnema:ke:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\incorp [N-V2]-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who sells saddle pads
\sense_s persona que vende colchas de palma para burros y mulas
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:x
\root namaka
\qry_fon Previous and comparative evidence suggests that the first /a:/ is long phonologically. However, the duration of this vowel is not that long; this adds to the problem of
measuring the length of vowels after a labialized velar, /kw/. The length here of /kwa:x/ should be rechecked, and the root should be examined in a variety of contexts.
\ref 06672
\lxam wa:xnamakake:tl
\lxam_alt wa:xnemakake:tl
\lxam_c wa:xnamakake:tl
\lxoa wa:xnemake:tl
\lxoa_alt wa:xnamake:tl
\lxoa_c wa:xnemake:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) vaca
\psm N
\incorp [N-V2]-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who sells guajes
\sense_s persona que vende guajes
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e person who sells cattle (Oapan equivalent: wa:kaxnemake:tl)
\sense_s persona que vende ganado (equivalente en Oapan: wa:kaxnemake:tl)
\sense_d Oa
\root wa:kax
\root namaka
\nse Given that many Oapan Nahuatl speakers abbreviate wa:kax to wa:x, which is homophonous with the root of wa:xin, the nominalized
compound wa:xnema:ke:tl acquires two significations: a seller of guajes and a seller of cattle.
\ref 06673
\lxam ye:lo:namakake:tl
\lxam_alt ye:lo:nemakake:tl
\lxam_c ye:lo:namakake:tl
\lxoa ye:lo:nema:ke:tl
\lxoa_alt ye:lo:nama:ke:tl
\lxoa_c ye:lo:nema:ke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\incorp [N-V2]-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who sells elotes
\sense_s vendedor de elotes
\sense_d Oa
\root ye:lo:
\root namaka
\ref 06674
\lxam xo:chinamakake:tl
\lxam_alt xo:chinemakake:tl
\lxam_c xo:chinamakake:tl
\lxoa xo:chinema:ke:tl
\lxoa_alt xo:chinama:ke:tl
\lxoa_c xo:chinema:ke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\incorp [N-V2]-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who sells flowers
\sense_s vendedor de flores
\sense_d Oa
\root ye:lo:
\root namaka
\ref 06675
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:pitsahko
\lxoa_c a:pitsahko
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Loc
\compound N-Loc
\der N-loc-?
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e small stream of water that is left between a sandbar and the bank during the dry season
\sense_s arroyito de agua que se corre en una vara de arena y la ribera del río durante la temporada de secas
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root pitsa:
\root_rel -ko
\qry Check for /tla:lpitsahko/.
\qry_fon The problem of duration of initial vowels is here illustrated. Florencia Marcelino has lengths of 78 and 84 ms; Inocencio Jiménez of 86 and 104 ms. Clearly with Florencia
it would be hard to inequivocably state that the initial vowel is phonologically long. Probably a study should be conducted of the morpheme /a:/, one of the most common in
Nahuatl, in different contexts.
\vl Link 2nd male token.
\semref a:pitsahtli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06676
\lxam sentekone:tl
\lxam_c i:sentekone:w
\lxoa sentekone:tl
\lxoa_c sentekone:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound Mod-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e (usually poss.) beloved child; dear child
\sense_s (generalmente pos.) querido hijo
\sense_d Oa
\root sen
\root te
\root kone:
\ref 06677
\lxam tsi:npitsaktik
\lxam_c tsi:npitsaktik
\lxoa tsi:npitsahtik
\lxoa_c tsi:npitsahtik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\sense_e to have a small or tapered base
\sense_s tener la base o parte inferior delgada
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:n
\root pitsa:
\ref 06678
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This is a duplicate entry for Oapan Nahuatl /kóhtamó:ltsi:n/, 6345. It has been removed.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Tag the 4 words here as 6345 since this present entry duplicates taht of 6345.
\ref 06679
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa weli:pan
\lxoa_alt weli:pah
\lxoa_pr weli:pan
\lxoa_c we:li:pan, weli:pah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(rel)
\pss N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e at a good hour (e.g., in the morning, early, or in the afternoon, when there is still a lot of daylight)
\sense_s en buena hora (p. ej., en la mañana, temprano, o en la tarde cuando todavía hay mucha luz)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e late afternoon when there is still a lot of light left
\sense_s en la tarde (como de las tres a las cuatro, más o menos) cuando todavía hay mucha luz
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Tontla:lkwitiwetsiskeh, a:mantsi:n oh weli:pantsi:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e We're going to go get some earth (for ceramics), it's still light out.
\phrase_s Vamos a ir a conseguir tierra (para la cerámica), todavía queda bastante luz.
\root wel
\root_rel -pan
\nae The word weli:pan is of unusual construction. It is considered a single word, though it is apparently made up of an adverbial marker (wel) and a
possessed relational noun (i:pan). The entire phrase seems to function nominally to indicate a time in the late afternoon; it has been documented only preceded by the
adverbial ok 'still.' Although the final /n/ often reduces to final aspiration, it appears clearly in the diminutive, weli:pantsi:n.
\vl Link 1st female and 2nd male token.
\ref 06680
\lxam_notes zzz
\lxoa te:nkokaxpale:wia
\lxoa_f [te:n ko kax pa le: 'wi a]
\lxoa_c note:nkokaxpale:wia
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\compound N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi[e]
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to rest ones chin in ones hand
\sense_s (refl.) descansar o sostener la barba en la mano (p. ej., para apoyarse)
\sense_d Oa
\root te:n
\root kax
\root pale:
\root_rel -ko
\ref 06681
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:lchi:koyahko
\lxoa_c tla:lchi:koyahko
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-ko
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e place where the land has a hole in it (e.g., because an animal has dug a hole that has collapsed)
\sense_s lugar donde hay un pocito o agujero (p. ej., porque un animal ha excavado abajo de la tierra y se hundió, tal vez porque algo o algn pisóarriba)
\sense_d Pending
\root tla:l
\root chi:-
\root koya:
\root_rel -ko
\semref tla:lchi:koyahka:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06682
\lxam i:xtlamaxtia
\lxam_c ki:xtlamaxtia
\lxoa í:xtlamáxtia
\lxoa_pr í:xtlamaxtia
\lxoa_c kí:xtlamáxtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to teach the lay of the land to; to take around and show places on the land's surface to (i.e., where the paths go, who owns particular lands, etc.)
\sense_s enseñar bien el terreno a; recorrer la tierra con para enseñar (en su aspecto geográfico, p. ej., donde van los caminos, de quien son las propiedades, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root mati
\nse The Oapan form is apparently based on the reduplication of a vowel-initial verbal stem: i:xtlamati. Note that whereas the Ameyaltepec equivalent shows reduplication
on the verbal stem maxtia , the Oapan form reduplicates the incorporated nominal stem i:x.
\vl The first female token is mispronounced and should not be tagged.
\grm Oapan reduplication: The Oapan form is apparently based on the reduplication of a vowel-initial verbal stem: i:xtlamati. Note that whereas the Ameyaltepec
equivalent shows reduplication on the verbal stem maxtia , the Oapan form reduplicates the incorporated nominal stem i:x.
\semref tla:lmamaxtia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06683
\lxam ye:rbah
\lxam_c ye:rbah
\lxoa ye:rbah
\lxoa_c ye:rbah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan yerba
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e fungus or infection that affects animals on the mouth, hooves, etc.
\sense_s hongos o una infección que afecta a los animales en la boca, pata, etc.
\sense_d Pending
\qry Check with Spanish speakers the actual name of the disease and also find out whether it is only found on certain animals, such as equines.
\ref 06684
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixiyé:rbayóh
\lxoa_c ixiyé:rbayóh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) yerba
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\pitch yes
\sense_e to have a fungus or infection on the leg or hoof (an animal such as a horse, mule, burro, etc.)
\sense_s tener hongos o una infección en la pata (un animal como caballo, mula, burro, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\qry Check with Spanish speakers the actual name of the disease and also find out whether it is only found on certain animals, such as equines.
\qry_fon The length of the vowels in this word are not clear. Check with phonetician.
\semref ye:rbah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06685
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tá:tamalówa
\lxoa_pr tá:tamalowa
\lxoa_c kitá:tamalowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi(a)[e]
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to cause red, weal-like bumps (like those of an allergy) to appear on the skin of
\sense_s hacer salir ronchas rojas (como las producidas por una alergia) en la piel de
\sense_d Oa
\root tahmal
\nse The cause may be insects such as a:saktl, which can get on ones skin without one noticing and whose bites causes ones skin to get covered all over by pimples.
\disamb ta:tapachiwi; ta:tamale:wi; ta:tapale:wi
\mod Although /ta:tapale:wi/ is recorded here, the sound should be linked to another entry for this word.
\qry_h Check location of /h/.
\root_notes Clearly tapal is related to tlapal , the stem that appears in the word for 'color' and words with related meanings.
\semref tatapale:wia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06686
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tá:tamale:wi
\lxoa_pr ta:tamale:wi
\lxoa_c tá:tamale:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V2-alt-wi(a)
\trans Compl
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have red bumps (like those of an allergy) appear on ones skin
\sense_s salirsele ronchas rojas (como las producidas por una alergia) a
\sense_d Oa
\root tahmal
\nse This occurs as the result of bites from a:saktl, which can get on ones skin without one noticing. Ones skin gets pimples on it all over.
\disamb ta:tapachiwi; ta:tamale:wi; ta:tapale:wi
\mod Although /ta:tapale:wi/ is recorded here, the sound should be linked to another entry for this word.
\qry_h Check /h/.
\root_notes Clearly tapal is related to tlapal , the stem that appears in the word for 'color' and words with related meanings.
\semref tatapale:wi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06687
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tá:tapachíwi
\lxoa_pr ta:tapachiwi
\lxoa_c tá:tapachíwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have red bumps (like those of an allergy) appear on ones skin (not from a bite of any animal, but just by themselves as when one has míhka:síwi)
\sense_s salirsele ronchas rojas (como las producidas por una alergia) a (no por una mordida de cualquier animal o insecto, pero solo, como cuando uno míhka:síwi)
\sense_d Oa
\root tahpach
\vl There are 4 tokens (2 female and 2 male) of /tá:tapachíwi/. These should be tagged as 6687. Then there are 4 female and 3 male tokens of /tá:tapaché:wi/. These should be
tagged as 7774.
\qry_h Check location of /h/.
\semref tá:tapaché:wi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06688
\lxam kwitlakochyoh
\lxam_c kwitlakochyoh
\lxoa kwitlakochyoh
\lxoa_c kwitlakochyoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to have (green or dried corn [S]) a certain type of black fungus
\sense_s tener huitlacoche (elote o mazorca)
\sense_d Oa
\root kwitla
\root koch
\ref 06689
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlá:tla:ília
\lxoa_pr tlá:tla:ilia
\lxoa_c kitlá:tla:ília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e to give bewitched food or drink to (e.g., a drink that causes little animals, or an illness, to materialize inside the person's intestines, stomach, or body); to cause harm to
through witchcraft
\sense_s darle una bebida o comida hechizada a (una bebida que hace crecer animalitos, o una enfermedad, dentro de los intestinos, estómago, o cuerpo de algn) hacer daño a por
la brujería
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:pan tra:goh o:mistla:tla:ílikéh.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He bewitched you (in this case with a type of poisoning) through drink.
\phrase_s Te embrujócon trago.
\root tla:l
\nae It appears that tlá:tla:ília is derived from the reduplicated applicative of tla:lia, i.e., tla:lilia. The secondary object is tla- which
accepts the reduction of the reduplicant (i.e., {tla + rdp-s + tla:lia + applicative}). This is quite in accord with general patterns of reduplication reduction in Oapan Nahuatl and the
use of tla- to signify a culturally determined object. However, the loss of /l/, from tlá:tla:lília to tlá:tla:ília is irregular and not explained by
general rule.
\qry Check for difference in meaning in Oapan Nahuatl between /kimi:ni/ and /kitla:tla:ilia/. Make sure that the derivation is indeed form /tla:lilia/ by asking speakers to interpret this form.
\qry_h kitla:tla:lilia
\semref mi:na
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref mi:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref tla:lia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 06690
\lxam kipapayexowa
\lxam_c kipapayexowa
\lxoa papaixowa
\lxoa_c ki:paixowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Reduced rdp-s*(pref): ki:paixowa
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to grind up coarsely in ones mouth (e.g., a pig that is tomayoh, eating only a little with the greater part falling out)
\sense_s moler burdamente en la boca (p. ej., un marrano tomayoha maíz, comiendo solamente un poquito con lo demás cayendo al lado)
\sense_d Oa
\root payex
\nae There is no documented evidence of the reduplicant given that this word has only been found with the 3rd-person object. However, the length of the /i/ of the object prefix suggests
a reduced reduplicant; the absence of pitch accent suggests that the reduplicant does not have {h} as a coda. More word needs to be done on this word, its etymology and
phonological representation.
\qry Check etymology. Check to make sure there is a reduplicant.
\qry_fon The vowel length pattern here is not clear, nor is the etymology. Obviously the word is somewhat related to forms such as /paya:na/, /papaitsa/ (Oa) or /papayetsa/ (Am), but
the relation is not clear. At times the /i/ of /papaixowa/ seems long, but this is not clear.
\vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens.
\ref 06691
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:latetl
\lxoa_c a:latetl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who is naked or in the buff
\sense_s persona desnuda
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e bird without feathers (e.g., a newly born bird); animal without hair (a newly born animal)
\sense_s ave o pájaro sin plumas (p. ej., un pájaro recién nacido); animal sin pelos (un animal recién nacido)
\sense_d Oa
\flao -tetl
\root a:la
\root te
\qry Check to make sure the meaning 'without hair' is correct; I added it on my own based on the meaning 'without feathers' but do not have documentation of this use in my notes.
\vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens.
\semref nakatetl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06692
\lxam tomiyo:tia
\lxam_c notomiyo:tia
\lxoa tómiyó:tia
\lxoa_pr tomiyo:tia
\lxoa_c notómiyó:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-yo:tia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl.) to acquire fur or body hair (e.g., an animal as it grows)
\sense_s (refl.) adquirir pelo del cuerpo (p. ej., un animal al crecer)
\sense_d Oa
\root tohmi
\ref 06693
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was for Oapan Nahuatl /té:tso:yótik/. It has been eliminated as a duplicate.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 06694
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was a duplicate entry for Oapan /kwe:pi:stik/.
\dt 02/Apr/2003
\vl The tokens for this word should be tagged with #6390.
\ref 06695
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be the entry for /xi:teyo:lxakwaliwi/; it was removed as vulgar.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 06696
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ko:lo:tl i:kwitlapi:l
\lxoa_c ko:lo:tl i:kwitlapi:l
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e constellation of stars (lit. 'scorpion's tail') located between Orion and the Milky Way when Orion is close to the southern horizon
\sense_s constelación de estrellas (lit. 'cola de alacrán') ubicada entre orion y la Vía Láctea cuando orion estácerca del horizonte del sur
\sense_d Oa
\semfld heavens
\ency_note stars
\root ko:lo:
\root kwitla
\root pi:l
\vl The first female token is /ko:lo:kwitlapi:hli/ and should be tagged as 6727. For this entry, 6696, link the 1st male token. There are 4 additonal tokens of /ko:lo:tl i:kwitlapi:l/
at 6726, which should be tagged here with #06696.
\semref okichko:lo:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref i:ko:lah ko:lo:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref ko:lo:kwitlapi:hli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06697
\lxam kamaye:rbayo:h
\lxam_c kamaye:rbayo:h
\lxoa kamayé:rbayóh
\lxoa_c kamayé:rbayóh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) yerba
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\pitch yes
\sense_e to have a fungus or infection in the mouth (an animal such as a horse, mule, burro, etc.)
\sense_s tener hongos o una infección en la boca (un animal como caballo, mula, burro, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root kama
\nae The pitch accent of Oapan Nahuatl kamayé:rbayóh is a reflex of the underlying {h} in the Spanish loan ye:rbah.
\qry Check with Spanish speakers the actual name of the disease and also find out whether it is only found on certain animals, such as equines.
\semref ye:rbah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06698
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry for /tsi:npi:stik/ was removed as not appropriate, even though it was given in citation/elicitaiton by Florencia and Inocencio. She stated it was equivalent to /kwe:pi:stik/.
However, check whether this should be reentered.
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\vl Tag the speech tokens here as 6698, but given that this term was not confirmed as existing. Do not link the tokens to the lexicon.
\ref 06699
\lxam ma:tepostli
\lxam_c ma:tepostli
\lxoa ma:tepostli
\lxoa_c ma:tepostli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e ring (of metal for the finger)
\sense_s anillo (de metal para el dedo)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e horseshoe
\sense_s herradura
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root tepos
\vl There are 4 extra tokens from 331; however, these are of poor quality and it is the later ones, from this entry of 6699, that should be linked to the lexicon.
\ref 06700
\lxam tlawe:lmiki
\lxam_c tlawe:lmiki
\lxoa tlawe:lmiki
\lxoa_c tlawe:lmiki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to get boiling mad, really mad; to be in a foul mood
\sense_s ponerse furioso, muy enojado; estar o ponerse de mal humor
\sense_d Oa
\root tlawe:l
\root miki
\semref kwala:nka:miki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06701
\lxam puntá:l
\lxam_c puntá:l
\lxoa punta:l
\lxoa_c punta:l
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e gable, part of a house with a ceramic tile roof, the beam that is located between the tra:ntehand the tsopilote:rah
\sense_s mojinete, parte de una casa con techo de teja, la viga que se encuentra entre el tra:ntehy la tsopi:lo:te:rah
\sense_d Oa
\semfld construct-part
\ency_note kahli
\qry Check precisely the location of this, also that it is a beam since the file card indicates only that it is"parte de una casa de teja."
\mod Illustrate
\ref 06702
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:la:tekomatl
\lxoa_c tla:la:tekomatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of pitcher with one handle or ear
\sense_s tipo de jarro con un solo agarradero
\sense_d Oa
\semfld tool-house
\root tla:l
\root a:
\root tekoma
\qry Make sure that Oa /tla:la:tekomatl/ is the equivalent of Am /tla:ltekomatl/. At least the former seems to refer to a one-handled water jug.
\ilus_note Illustrate
\semref tla:ltekomatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06703
\lxam kwa:tetepoltik
\lxam_c kwa:tetepoltik
\lxoa kwá:tepóltik
\lxoa_c kwá:tepóltik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\pitch yes
\sense_e to be without branches on top (a plant or tree)
\sense_s estar sin ramas en lo alto (una planta oárbol)
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\root tepol
\qry Check for other uses of /tepol/.
\semref kwa:tetepon
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06704
\lxam te:ntlapo:wtok
\lxam_c te:ntlapo:wtok
\lxoa te:ntlapo:htok
\lxoa_c te:ntlapo:htok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\compound N-Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be with its top open (e.g., a jar, sack, or similar item with a 'mouth' and 'lips')
\sense_s estar con la tapadera o boca abierta (p. ej., un frasco, costal etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root te:n
\root tlapo:
\mod Check how etymology of /tlapowi/ should be analyzed.
\qry_fon Recheck vowel length. Here the /o/ seems definitely short.
\ref 06705
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry for /tlapo:wtok/ (Am) and /tlapohtok/ (Oa) has been eliminated as it duplicates 5244.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl The 4 tokens here should be tagged as 5244 as this present entry is a duplicate of a previous one.
\ref 06706
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa to:nalmihka:tsi:n
\lxoa_c to:nalmihka:tsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\sense_e person who is easily overcome by the heat
\sense_s persona que luego luego se afecta por el calor
\sense_d Oa
\root to:na
\root miki
\qry_fon The grammar predicts that there would be an /h/ before the participial /ka:/. However, the aspiration seems very light (perhaps some 25 ms) and should be checked. I seem
to perceive in the spetrogram some slight aspiration.
\vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token.
\grm Nominalization: Note the following nominalization from /to:nalmiki/: /to:nalmihka:tsi:n/.
\ref 06707
\lxam tlaxkalmanilia
\lxam_c kitlaxkalmanilia
\lxoa tlaxkalmanilia
\lxoa_c kitlaxkalmanilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make tortillas for
\sense_s echar tortillas para
\sense_d Oa
\root xka
\root man
\qry Check for non applicative ?/tlaxkalmana/?
\ref 06708
\lxam kwe:tlapo:wi
\lxam_c kwe:tlapo:wi
\lxoa kwe:tlapo:wi
\lxoa_c kwe:tlapo:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to have (a female, such as one who is wearing a wrap-around skirt) the front or side of one's dress open up
\sense_s abrirsele la falda o vestido por enfrente o de lado a (una mujer, p.ej., una tiene una falda con que se envuelve)
\sense_d Oa
\root kwe:
\root tlapo:
\qry_fon Check /owi/ sequence in all intransitives with final /owi/. At times it seems that the /o/ is long on the surface: ?/kwe:tlapo:wi/. Determien how to represnet the final /owi/
sequence: /o:wi/ or /owi/.
\grm Orthography: note the problem of representing (and analyzing) final /owi/ as in /te:ntlapowi/ (and all other verbs ending in /tlapowi/). At times, particularly in the
pronunciation of C. Flores, the /o/ seems long.
\semref ke:tspantlapo:wi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06709
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa sié:rratlapó:wi
\lxoa_pr sie:rratlapo:wi
\lxoa_c sié:rratlapó:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) sierra
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes
\sense_e to have ones fly to open up on one (of a male)
\sense_s abrirsele la bragueta a (un hombre)
\sense_d Oa
\root tlapo:
\nae The unusual pitch accent pattern derives from the final /h/ on the Spanish loan sie:rrah.
\qry Check stress pattern.
\semref ke:tspantlapowi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06710
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa to:to:tlámaké:tl
\lxoa_c to:to:tlámaké:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e person who hunts or traps birds
\sense_s cazador de pájaros
\sense_d Oa
\root to:to:
\root ma
\ency_note hunting
\semref wi:lo:tlamake:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06711
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa koxte:kwalaka
\lxoa_c koxte:kwalaka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Reduced rdp-s*(prev-te)
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to snore
\sense_s roncar
\sense_d Pending
\root kochi
\root kwala:
\nae In the case of koxte:kwalaka the reduplicant of the frequentative kwakwalakais reduced onto the"dummy morpheme" te-. In general
reduplication in frequentatives tends not to reduce onto a preceding short vowel although most of the cases that have been documented involve the frequentative
kwakwalaka. Koxte:kwalaka is even more unusual in that the non-reduced forms ? koxkwakwalaka and ?
koxtekwakwalaka were not accepted by either Florencia Marcelino nor Inocencio Jiménez.
\grm Oapan reduplication; phonology: Note the use of the dummy morpheme /te-/ here plus the reduction of the reduplicated syllable. Other expected forms were not accepted,
e.g., /koxkwakwalaka/ and /koxtekwakwalaka/.
\semref kechkukwalaka
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06712
\lxam_notes zzz
\qry Originally I had /te:nyo:li:k/ here but on a second pass through the dictionary FM and IJ stated that this word is not used, but rather /te:ntsoltlakwa/. See this.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\ref 06713
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa me:tspan
\lxoa_c i:me:tspan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-poss-pan
\infn N2(rel)
\sense_e lap
\sense_s rezago
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root me:ts
\root_rel -pan
\ref 06714
\lxam pantalo:ntekoyak
\lxam_c pantalo:ntekoyak
\lxoa pantalo:ntekoyak
\lxoa_c pantalo:ntekoyak
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) pantalón
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-dvb-ni-k[ap]
\sense_e to have baggy pants
\sense_s tener los pantalones holgados
\sense_d Oa
\root koya:
\semref ikxikokoxok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06715
\lxam ikxitipan
\lxam_c se: ikxitipan
\lxoa ixitipan
\lxoa_alt ixitipah
\lxoa_c ixitipan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-1
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e step
\sense_s paso
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n ka:da se: ixitipan.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e every step
\phrase_s cada paso
\root kxi
\root_rel -tipan
\ref 06716
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlásohlo:kí:xtia
\lxoa_pr tlasohlo:ki:xtia
\lxoa_c kitlásohlo:kí:xtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to remove the chaff or brush from (e.g., beans that have been placed in water to boil)
\sense_s quitarle la basura a (p. ej., frijoles que han sido puestos en una olla para hervir)
\sense_d Oa
\root tlahsol
\root ki:sa
\nae The aspiration of the /hlo:/ sequence here is practically inaudible, but is expected given Nahuatl grammar. Likewise for the long /o:/, which is fairly pronounced in the speech tokens
of Florencia Marcelino (Oa) but quite mitigated in duration in the pronunciation of her husband, Inocencio Jiménez. However, neither a sequence ? tlásolokí:xtia nor ?
tlásolo:kí:xtia is concordant with Nahuatl grammar. Undoubtedly then, tlásohlo:kí:xtia simply manifests a very reduced aspiration marked by slight
devoicing of the vowel before the liquid.
\qry_fon Check for aspiration: The aspiration of the /hlo:/ sequence here is practically inaudible, but is expected given Nahuatl grammar. Likewise for the long /o:/, which is fairly
pronounced in the speech tokens of Florencia Marcelino (Oa) but quite mitigated in duration in the pronunciation of her husband, Inocencio Jiménez. However, neither a
sequence ? tlásolokí:xtia nor ? tlásolo:kí:xtia is concordant with Nahuatl grammar. Undoubtedly then, tlásohlo:kí:xtia simply
manifests a very reduced aspiration marked by slight devoicing of the vowel before the liquid.
\ref 06717
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:katéwakapántik
\lxoa_alt tla:katéwekapántik
\lxoa_c tla:katéwakapántik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound NAdj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\pitch yes-lex-lex
\sense_e man who is unusually tall
\sense_s hombre que es insólitamente alto
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:ka
\root wehka
\root_rel -pan
\grm Modification: Note that it is difficult to determine the precise way in which modification (attribution) takes place. In this construction we see a noun /tla:katl/ with a
subsequent attributive adjective: /wákapántik/. Note that this seems to be the way in which adjectivals ending in /-tik/ are joined to the nouns they modify: they are placed
after the noun with an intermediate /te-/. This should be confirmed.
\vl There are four additional token of this word at 07041. These later tokens should also be tagged as 06717.
\ref 06718
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kohtetepontli
\lxoa_c kohtetepontli
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e tree stump
\sense_s tocón
\sense_d Oa
\root kow
\root tepon
\semref kuwtsontetl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06719
\lxam kamapipi:na:wi
\lxam_c kamapipi:na:wi
\lxoa kamá:pi:ná:wi
\lxoa_pr kamá:pi:na:wi
\lxoa_c kamá:pi:ná:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be timid or embarrassed in carrying out an activity that involves the mouth or lips (such as eating or speaking)
\sense_s ser tímido o tener vergüenza en llevar a cabo una actividad que involucra la boca (como el comer o hablar)
\sense_d Oa
\root kama
\root pi:na:
\vl Link 1st female token.
\ref 06720
\lxam a:pan
\lxam_c a:pan
\lxoa a:pan
\lxoa_alt a:pah
\lxoa_c a:pah, a:pan
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-pan
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e village well
\sense_s pozo del pueblo
\sense_d Am
\sense_e river
\sense_s río
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root_rel -pan
\nse In Oapan a:pan is used in reference to the river and a:te:nko to the river's edge. On the other hand, in Ameyaltepec the village well is referred to as
a:pan whereas the river is called a:te:nko.
\vl Link 1st female token /a:pah/ and 1st male token.
\ref 06721
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for Oapan /kwi:katla:lia/ but has been removed as a duplicate of 6510.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 06722
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlamachiliseh
\lxoa_c tlamachiliseh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-posr-eh
\infn N1
\sense_e person who is intelligent or wise
\sense_s alguien que es inteligente o un sabio
\sense_d Oa
\root mati
\nae The vowels have been measured and their duration indicates a phonologically short /i/ in the third syllable.
\qry Note that the file card on which this was recorded did not have vowel length specified. But given that /machi:lia/ has a long vowel (as do the cognates reported in FK), it is likely that
/tlamachi:listli/ and /tlamachi:lisioh/ both have the long /i:/ as marked. Nevertheless, for now this has been kept short in the data entries.
\qry NOTE: cf to 6330; correct as needed.
\mod Take extra pronunciation for /tlamachiliseh/ and add to previous entry where this term was mistakenly not recorded.
\vl The first 4 tokens here are /tlamachiliswah/ and should be tagged as 6330. The following are /tlamachiliseh/ which are to be tagged 6722.
\semref tlamachilisioh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tlamachiliswah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06723
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsi:ntlaké:sohló:tia
\lxoa_c kitsi:ntlaké:sohló:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-yo:tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to place or tie diapers on
\sense_s poner pañales a
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:n
\root tlake:n
\semref tsi:nkwe:tia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref a:ma:xtlatia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06724
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa chi:lmo:hla
\lxoa_c chi:lmo:hla
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to make chi:lmo:hliby grinding in a bowl with mortar and pestle
\sense_s hacer salsa de chile en un molcajete
\sense_d Oa
\root mo:l
\root a
\semref mo:hla
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06725
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mo:hla
\lxoa_c mo:hla
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to make chi:lmo:hliby grinding in a bowl with mortar and pestle
\sense_s hacer salsa de chile en un molcajete
\sense_d Oa
\root mo:l
\root a
\nde Tetelcingo, Morelos, has the transitive verb mo:la 'to grind (chile, tomato, etc.).' Classical Nahuatl (RS) has moloa. nitla 'desleír [una salsa],' which seems
clearly related.
\qry Make sure that /chi:lmo:hla/ and /mo:hla/ are equivalent in meaning.
\semref chi:lmo:hla
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06726
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This record for Oapan /ko:lo:tl i:kwitlapi:l/ has been deleted as it duplicates 6696.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Tag the speech tokens here with #6696.
\ref 06727
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ko:lo:kwitlapi:hli
\lxoa_c ko:lo:kwitlapi:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\sense_e constellation of stars (lit. 'scorpion's tail') located between Orion and the Milky Way when Orion is close to the southern horizon
\sense_s constelación de estrellas (lit. 'cola de alacrán') ubicada entre orion y la Vía Láctea cuando orion estácerca del horizonte del sur
\sense_d Oa
\semfld heavens
\ency_note ci:tlalin
\semref i:ko:lah ko:lo:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref ko:lo:tl i:kwitlapi:l
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref okichko:lo:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06728
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsi:ntexi:kopi:ni
\lxoa_c tsi:ntexi:kopi:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to have ones rear end exposed because ones pants slip down
\sense_s tener las nalgas expuestas por haberse caído los pantalones
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:n
\root kopi:
\grm /te-/: Note that because of the fact that this is not a 'normal state' the intensifier /te-/ is obligatory.
\ref 06729
\lxam ke:chkitsi:n
\lxam_c ke:chkitsi:n?
\lxoa ke:chkitsi:n
\lxoa_c ke:chkitsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Quant
\der Adj-num
\sense_e a few
\sense_s unos cuantos o pocos
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n San ke:chkitsi:n xkowa para xmopanítlakáwis.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Just buy a few so that they don't go bad on you.
\phrase_s Solamente compra unos pocos para que no se te echen a perder.
\root ke:ch
\nse The etymology of this word is not clear.
\qry Ask Michel about etymology. Also, question speakers whether a plural form (e.g. /ke:skimeh/) exists and is used. The first female token is /kikechki:tsia/ which should be tagged as
4504. The next 4 tokens are correct and should be tagged as 6729.
\semref ke:ski
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06730
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa á:tsono:kía
\lxoa_pr á:tsono:kia
\lxoa_c ná:tsono:kía
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e (refl.) to pour water over oneself (e.g., in bathing, instead of soaping oneself up and washing)
\sense_s (refl.) verter agua sobre si mismo (p. ej., al bañarse, en lugar de usar jabón y bañarse bien)
\sense_d Oa
\nae In Ameyaltepec the cognate a:tsotsono:kia is an intransitive verb meaning 'to vomit.' It has been given a different entry.
\root a:
\root tson
\root no:ki
\ref 06731
\lxam xaxa:yakatia
\lxam_c noxaxaya:katia
\lxoa xáxa:yakátia
\lxoa_pr xaxa:yakatia
\lxoa_c nó:xa:yakátia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e (refl.) to put a mask on
\sense_s (refl.) ponerse una máscara
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:yaka
\ref 06732
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwa:kwitlaxtli
\lxoa_c i:kwa:kwitlaxyo
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(x)
\sense_e scalp
\sense_s pericráneo
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\ency_note body
\root kwa:
\root kwetlax
\semref kwa:tekakawayo
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06733
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwa:tepetlatl
\lxoa_c i:kwa:tepetlayo
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-[N-N]
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e cranium
\sense_s cráneo
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\root kwa:
\root te
\root petla
\disamb body
\semref kwa:tekakawayo
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kwa:kwitlaxtli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06734
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwitlaxtli
\lxoa_c kwitlaxtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(x)
\sense_e leather
\sense_s cuero
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (intrinsic posession) skin (of an animal or, occasionally, a person)
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) pellejo (de un animal o, ocasionalmente, un animal)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) thin bark (of trees, sometimes this is the only covering, at other times it is a layer located beneath the exterior rough bark)
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) cáscara delgada de ciertosárboles (a veces loúnico que tienen, a veces lo que queda abajo de la cáscara gruesa)
\sense_d Oa
\root kwetlax
\nse Like other
\ref 06735
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa té:mí:ntia
\lxoa_pr té:mi:ntia
\lxoa_c té:mí:ntia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-te)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to become leafless; to lose its leaves (a tree or plant)
\sense_s quedar sin hojas (unárbol o planta)
\sense_d Oa
\root te-
\root mi:n
\qry Check other cognate forms to develop a clear understanding of the etymology.
\semref tsotsomi:ntia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tsótsomí:ntia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06736
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kohtixtli
\lxoa_c kohtixtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\sense_e powder that falls out of wood eaten by insects (like the xíkotlí)
\sense_s polvo de madera que sale de losárboles carcomidos por insectos (como el xíkotlí)
\sense_d Oa
\root kow
\root tisi
\vl There are 3 tokens of each speaker. Tag all; do not link 1st male token.
\semref pino:hli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06737
\lxam wa:tsaltik
\lxam_c wa:tsaltik
\lxoa wa:tsaltik
\lxoa_c wa:tsaltik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e dry and brittle (e.g., an ítakátl(Oa))
\sense_s seco y quebradizo (p. ej., un ítakátl(Oa))
\sense_d Pending
\semref wa:hki
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref_t synonym
\root wa:k
\qry_fon The speech tokens here might be good as files that document a long /wa:-/ in initial position.
\ref 06738
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwá:tsatsí:tia
\lxoa_pr kwa:tsatsi:tia
\lxoa_c kikwá:tsatsí:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to bang or knock against the head of
\sense_s golpear contra la cabeza de
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\root tsahtsi
\semref kwa:tewia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kwa:techakwa:nia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06739
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlápixká:tsi:n
\lxoa_c tlápixká:tsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\incorp [tla-V2]-N
\der N-dvb-ag-tsi:n
\infn N1
\pitch yes
\sense_e small elote-type fruit that grows directly out of the top of a maize plant, where the mia:watlnormally grows; it is not edible
\sense_s pequeña fruta como elote que sale de la parte superior de la milpa donde debe salir el mia:watl ; no se come
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\root piya
\disamb mi:hli
\nse The tlápixká:tsi:n is undoubtedly named for the place at which it grows, at the top of the plant like a sentinnel.
\ref 06740
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry for /kohtexina:xtli/ has been removed after recording; the term was given.
\vl This term is vulgar and only Inocencio Jiménez uttered it. Tag the male tokens but do not link (this record has been deleted anyway).
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 06741
\lxam kwa:xi:ma
\lxam_c kikwa:xi:ma
\lxoa kwa:xi:ma
\lxoa_c kikwa:xi:ma
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to prune (the points of a tree or shrub)
\sense_s podar (un arbusto oárbol pequeño)
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\root xi:ma
\qry Check whether other meanings are possible.
\ref 06742
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:ltli:lihki
\lxoa_c tla:ltli:lihki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e black soil (fertil for planting)
\sense_s tierra negra (fertil para la siembra)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld soil
\root tla:l
\root tli:l
\qry Check definition as this was done from memory.
\ref 06743
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:lxoxohtli
\lxoa_c tla:lxoxohtli
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e clayish soil of a greenish color
\sense_s tierra con mucha arcilla
\sense_d Oa
\semfld soil
\root tla:l
\root xo:
\qry Check definition as this was done from memory. Recheck vowel length of final /o/.
\vl Note that the first 4 tokens are /tla:lxoxo:hki/. This is apparently not a word from Oapan; nevertheless tag it as 99999_06743_OF1a, etc. Then there follow 4 tokens of the
correct word. These should be tagged 06743_OF1a, F1b, M1a, M1b. Link 2nd female token.
\semref tla:lamo:hli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06744
\lxam tla:lnextli
\lxam_c tla:lnextik
\lxoa tla:lnextli
\lxoa_c tla:lnextli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e greyish, dusty soil
\sense_s tierra polvorosa
\sense_d Oa
\semfld soil
\root tla:l
\root nex
\qry Check definition as this was done from memory.
\ref 06745
\lxam tla:katlachia
\lxam_c tla:katlachia
\lxoa tla:katlachia
\lxoa_c tla:katlachia
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-V1
\der V1-tla
\sense_e to be a masculine-looking (a woman)
\sense_s ser (una mujer) con apariencia masculina
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:ka
\root chia
\qry Check further meanings.
\semref suwa:tla:katl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06746
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tepostla:lilia
\lxoa_c kitepostla:lilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to brand (an animal)
\sense_s herrar; marcar con hierro candente (a un animal)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to put ones fingerprint on (e.g., in lieu of signature)
\sense_s poner la huella digital sobre (p. ej., como firma)
\sense_d Oa
\root tepos
\root tla:l
\semref teposwia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06747
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ítiko:pa:xíwi
\lxoa_pr itiko:pa:xiwi
\lxoa_c ítiko:pa:xíwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have ones stomach or midsection sunken in
\sense_s sumirsele a uno el estómago o barriga
\sense_d Oa
\root hti
\root ko:pa:x
\semref itipa:xiwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref itika:xiwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06748
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yeschipi:ni
\lxoa_c yeschipi:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for blood to drip out of (a wound or of a person or animal with a wound)
\sense_s salirsele o gotearsele sangre a (una herida o una persona o animal con una herida)
\sense_d Oa
\root yes
\root chipi:
\ref 06749
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xkwa:pets
\lxoa_c i:xkwa:pets
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to have a balding forehead resulting from a high or receding hairline
\sense_s tener la frente calvo a causa de tener las entradas pronunciadas
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\root pets
\semref i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:tsotsoltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:tetsolak
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref i:xkwa:tetsolahtik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06750
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xkwa:tetsolahtik
\lxoa_c i:xkwa:tetsolahtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ni-?
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\sense_e with a balding forehead resulting from a high or receding hairline
\sense_s tener la frente calvo a causa de tener las entradas pronunciadas
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\root tsola:
\grm /te-/; intensifier: Note that /i:xkwa:tetsolak/ has the intensifier /te-/, as expected in Oapan in many adjectives or other parts of speech that indicate a state that is somewhat
out of the ordinary (cf. /tsontewe:weyak/ referring to men with long hair).
\semref i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon; i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik; i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl; i:xkwa:tsotsoltik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:tsotsoltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:pestik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06751
\lxam i:xkwa:teki
\lxam_c ki:xkwa:teteki
\lxoa i:xkwa:teki
\lxoa_c ki:xkwa:teki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e (often with sort vowel reduplication) to cut the hair of, leaving the forehead bare; to cut the bangs off of
\sense_s (generalmente con reduplicación de vocal corta) cortarle el pelo a, dejando la frente expuesta; cortarle los flecos a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\root teki
\ref 06752
\lxam i:xkwa:pestik
\lxam_c i:xkwa:pestik
\lxoa i:xkwa:pestik
\lxoa_c i:xkwa:pestik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to have a balding forehead resulting from a high or receding hairline
\sense_s tener la frente calvo a causa de tener las entradas pronunciadas
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\root pets
\semref i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:tsotsoltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:tetsolak
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref i:xkwa:tetsolahtik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06753
\lxam chikino:lkochi
\lxam_c chikino:lkochi
\lxoa chikino:lkochi
\lxoa_cpend chikino:lkochi
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\incorp Mod-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(ch)
\sense_e to sleep crookedly (i.e., with ones body laying crooked)
\sense_s dormir chueco (con el cuerpo chueco)
\sense_d Oa
\root chiki
\root no:l
\root kochi
\qry Check vowel length of /chiki/ here against other forms of this word.
\ref 06754
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xkwa:tetsolak
\lxoa_c i:xkwa:tetsolak
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e person with a balding forehead resulting from a high or receding hairline
\sense_s persona tener la frente calvo a causa de tener las entradas pronunciadas
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\root tsola:
\grm /te-/; intensifier: Note that /i:xkwa:tetsolak/ has the intensifier /te-/, as expected in Oapan in many adjectives or other parts of speech that indicate a state that is somewhat
out of the ordinary (cf. /tsontewe:weyak/ referring to men with long hair).
\semref i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon; i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik; i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl; i:xkwa:tsotsoltik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:tsotsoltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xkwa:pets
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06755
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlapalo:te:ka
\lxoa_c kitlapalo:te:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to lay down crosswise (e.g., a rod that supports the middle of an upright stick fence)
\sense_s poner como travesaño (p. ej., una vara que se pone de apoyo a la mitad de una cerca de palos verticales)
\sense_d Oa
\root tlapalo:
\root te:ka
\nae The duration of the vowels of Florencia Marcelino and her husband Inocencio Jiménez differ significantly and there certainly exists the possibility that each individual has a lexicon
with different vowel length for the /o(:)/ of this word. However, given that comparative evidence suggests a long vowel, it has so been notated.
\mod Check for /ki-/ as I originally didn't have it.
\ref 06756
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa neno:ltia
\lxoa_c kineno:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to mix in (an ingredient into a food)
\sense_s mezclar; agregar (un ingrediente a una comida)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Para nó:chí:wa mo:hli, prime:roh nokwe:chowaá:yowaxtíxtli, tla: ye kwahli nokwe:chowa chi:lwa:hki. Noneno:ltia para nó:chí:wa mo:hli. Kineno:ltiah chi:hli
i:wa:ná:yowaxtíxtli.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e To make mole sauce first squash seeds are gound up and then dried chile. They are mixed together to make mole. Chile is mixed in the paste made of squash seeds.
\phrase_s Para hacer mole, primero se muele semilla de calabaza, entonces se muele chile seco. Se mezclan para hacer mole. Ponen el chile con la pasta de semilla de calabaza
molida.
\root nel
\semref nelo:ltia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\xref nelowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 06757
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa áyowaxtíxtli
\lxoa_c áyowaxtíxtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e ground squash seeds (e.g., for making mole)
\sense_s semilla de calabaza molida (p. ej., para hacer mole)
\sense_d Oa
\root ayoh
\root wach
\root tisi
\ref 06758
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kosawiya
\lxoa_c kosawiya
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to turn yellow (e.g., green chile in water that is not boiling)
\sense_s amarillarse (p. ej., chile verde cuando se echa en agua caliente que no estáhirviendo)
\sense_d Oa
\root kos
\nse According to Florencia Marcelino kose:wiis used when things just start to turn yellow whereas kosawiya is used for processes in which things turn
completely yellow.
\ref 06759
\lxam iksika:miki
\lxam_c iksika:miki
\lxoa ísika:míki
\lxoa_pr isika:miki
\lxoa_c ísika:míki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp Part-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\pitch yes
\sense_e to get overdone in boiling water or sauce
\sense_s pasarse de cocido en agua o un líquido herviendo
\sense_d Oa
\root ksi
\root miki
\nse This word is only used for things that are overcooked in boiling liquids, and that start to fall apart (e.g., chicken being boiled). If things are overdone while being roasted a word such
as tliwa:kimight be used, or tepi:tsiwi.
\ref 06760
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlayó:yotlí
\lxoa_c tlayó:yotlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn N1/2; Aln
\der N-b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of bean tamal that is cut off from the sides of a ma:htliand not encased in a final thick outside covering of tixtli(i.e., xnokahlo:tia
san nowi:pa:na)
\sense_s tipo de tamal de frijol cortado de los lados de un ma:htliy que no se envuelve en una capa gruesa de tixtli(esto es, xnokahlo:tia san
nowi:pa:na)
\sense_d Oa
\root yo:yoh
\nae The etymology of this word is uncertain.
\ref 06761
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ma:htli
\lxoa_c ma:htli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\sense_e layered beans and tixtli (4 of each) used in preparing bean tamals
\sense_s preparación de frijoles y masa (4 niveles de cada uno) que se usa en preparar tamales de frijol
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:h
\semfld food
\semfld maize
\nse A eight-layered ma:htli is then cut in half and one half folded on top of the other yielding a formation of 16 levels. This is then cut on the sides with two tamales resulting
from each side (four in total). These four thin tamales are called tlayó:yotlí.
\ref 06762
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kahlo:tia
\lxoa_c kikahlo:tia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-yo:tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to encase (e.g., a yetamahlior yetlaxkahli) in a layer of tixtli
\sense_s envolver (p. ej., un yetamahlio yetlaxkahli) en una capa de tixtli
\sense_d Oa
\root kal
\nse This involves making, for example, a yetamahli and then making a separate tortilla which is then folded around the tamal.
\ref 06763
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:skitamahli
\lxoa_c i:skitamahli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e tamal made with corn that is toasted with salt on a griddle and then ground and mixed together with whole cooked black beans
\sense_s tamal que se hace con maíz tostado sobre comal con sal y después molido y mezclado con frijoles negros (no molidos)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld food
\semfld tamal
\root i:ski
\root tamal
\vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token.
\qry Check for simple /i:skitl/, which is not in the dictionary.
\ref 06764
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa nexkwitlatl
\lxoa_c nexkwitlatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e dirty water from making nextamahlicontaining tenextliand tlayo:hli i:kawayotsi:n
\sense_s agua sucia de la cubeta para hacer nextamahlique contiene tenextliy tlayo:hli i:kawayotsi:n
\sense_d Oa
\root nex
\root kwitla
\semref nexa:yo:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06765
\lxam i:xkwitlatl
\lxam_c i:xkwitlatl
\lxoa i:xkwitlatl
\lxoa_c i:xkwitlatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e inedible portion of the inside of squash that is blackish and attached to the seeds
\sense_s parte no comestible de lo que estáadentro de la cabaza, de color negro y junto con las semillas
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e foam and chaff that floats to the top of liquid (such as boiling beans)
\sense_s espuma y basura que sale a flote en algunos líquidos (como frijoles hirviendo)
\sense_d Am
\root i:x
\root kwitla
\nse With intrinsic possession i:xkwitlayo has the squash fruit itself as possessor.
\qry_fon This word, unpossessed, seems to provide a good example of initial vowel length.
\ref 06766
\lxam brenya:keh
\lxam_c brenya:keh
\lxoa berinya:keh
\lxoa_c berinya:keh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan ?
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e very thin cotton cloth used as a filter to strain atole
\sense_s tela delgada de manta para colar atole
\sense_d Oa
\ref 06767
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlalka:wa
\lxoa_c tlalka:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to forget ones origins, from where one came
\sense_s olvidarse
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Yon te:lpo:xtli, yo:tlalka:w i:cha:n, xoh kaman wa:hlaw.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e That young man has forgotten his origins, he no longer comes (to visit).
\phrase_s Ese jovencito se olvidóde sus orígenes, ya no viene (a visitar).
\root el
\root ka:wa
\ref 06768
\lxam ma:kukwalo
\lxam_c ma:kukwalo
\lxoa má:kwaló
\lxoa_pr má:kwalo
\lxoa_c má:kwaló
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-pass
\lexical Lex. rdp-s(prev-l)
\infv class-4a(pass)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have ones arms stiffen or get sore (particularly from being in one position for an extended length of time, but also from excessive work; see ixí:kwaló
\sense_s agarrotarsele o entumecersele a uno los brazos o manos, o que se quedan adoloridos (particularmente por haber estado en la misma posición por mucho tiempo, pero
también por haber trabajado mucho; véase ixí:kwaló
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root kwa
\vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at the record 6997, which should be tagged as 6768.
\xref má:kwaló:tla
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\semref ma:kuwtia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref má:kokóhtia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06769
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa no:chki
\lxoa_c no:chki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adv
\compound Adj-Adv
\der Adv-man
\sense_e all in the same way
\sense_s todos iguales o de la misma manera
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n San no:chki tlachiah.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e They all look the same.
\phrase_s Todos se ven iguales.
\root nochi
\root hki
\ref 06770
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa akó:xatomá:wak
\lxoa_c akó:xatomá:wak
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) aguja
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-k
\pitch yes
\sense_e large needle (used in Oapan for stringing garlands of flower)
\sense_s aguja grande (utilizada en Oapan para ensartar flores)
\sense_d Oa
\root toma:
\nae The pitch accent
\ref 06771
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsi:nkoyo:nki
\lxoa_c tsi:nkoyo:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to have a hole in the bottom (e.g., a bucket)
\sense_s tener un agujero en su fondo (p. ej., una cubeta)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to have (a needle) an eye in its thickest part
\sense_s tener una abertura (ojo) en su parte gruesa (una aguja)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:n
\root koyo:
\ref 06772
\lxam mapilkwe:chowa
\lxam_c nomapilkwe:chowa
\lxoa 'mapiltekwe:chówa
\lxoa_pr mapiltekwe:chowa
\lxoa_c nómapiltekwe:chówa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp [N-N]-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to smash the finger of (e.g, while pounding sth with a rock, using a hammer, etc.)
\sense_s machucar el dedo de (p. ej., al estar golpeando algo con una piedra, martillo, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root mah
\root pil
\root kwe:ch
\qry_fon Check pitch accent and whether high pitched syllable is in fact the initial one.
\grm /te-/: Note the obligatory use of /te-/ in this word, a clear reflection of the fact that it indicates a damage done to a body part. The /te-/ is obligatory!
\ref 06773
\lxam mapilkwe:chiwi
\lxam_c mapilkwe:chiwi
\lxoa mápiltekwe:chíwi
\lxoa_pr mapiltekwe:chiwi
\lxoa_c mápiltekwe:chíwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp [N-N]-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to smash ones finger (e.g, while pounding sth with a rock, using a hammer, etc.)
\sense_s machucarse el dedo (p. ej., al estar golpeando algo con una piedra, martillo, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root mah
\root pil
\root kwe:ch
\ref 06774
\lxam tatsi:n
\lxam_c notatsi:n Dió:s
\lxoa tahtsi:n
\lxoa_c notahtsi:n Dió:s
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N2
\sense_e (only with 1st-person possessor) Father
\sense_s (solamente con 1a persona poseedor) Padre
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Notahtsi:n Dió:s téwáxtlatiochi:wa, mápatínokone:w!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e My Father God, you are the one who blesses, let my child be cured!
\phrase_s ¡Mi Padre Diós, eres túquien bendice las cosas, que se alivie mi hijo!
\root tat
\nae The word tahtsi:n is only used when possessed in the first person and only when praying to God. The presence of surface /h/ is probably a reflex of underlying {t}.
\grm Oapan phonology: The word tahtsi:n is only used when possessed in the first person and only when praying to God. The presence of /h/ is probably a reflex
of underlying {t}.
\mod Although in the discussion C. Flores pronounced /notahtsi:n/, he was simply pronouncing the form of San Juan. The Am form is /notatsi:n/. Make sure not to use /notahtsi:n/ from the
discussion if it is there.
\ref 06775
\lxam a:tili:ni
\lxam_c a:tili:ni
\lxoa a:tili:ni
\lxoa_c a:tili:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to be satiated from drinking water (or similar liquids)
\sense_s quedar satisfecho y lleno de haber bebido agua (u otro líquido)
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root tili:
\ref 06776
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa á:chi:poláki
\lxoa_pr á:chi:polaki
\lxoa_c á:chi:poláki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-Mod-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s(vowel-l)
\infv class-3a(k)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to sink to the bottom of a body of water (a person who is drowning)
\sense_s hundirse hasta en fondo en el agua (una persona ahogándose)
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root chi:-
\root polak
\nse The use of chi:- with the verb compound a:polaki indicates that the person is drowning. On the other hand a:polakisimply indicates that a
person already in the water goes underneath the surface, voluntarily as in swimming or bathing. In Oapan á:chi:poláki is always used in the (reduced) reduplicated
form.
\grm /chi:-/: Re: /á:chi:poláki/. The use of chi:- with the verb compound a:polaki indicates that the person is drowning. On the other hand
a:polakisimply indicates that a person already in the water goes underneath the surface, voluntarily as in swimming or bathing. In Oapan
á:chi:poláki is always used in the (reduced) reduplicated form.
\xref á:chi:poláhtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 06777
\lxam burromo:choh
\lxam_c burromo:choh
\lxoa bú:rromó:nchoh
\lxoa_c bú:rromó:nchoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) burro; mocho
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-loan
\sense_e donkey that has an ear or both ears cut short
\sense_s burro que tiene una o dos orejas mochas, cortadas
\sense_d Oa
\semref b-rronakastetépon
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref b-rronakaskarábo:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06778
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlaí:lakastéhtli
\lxoa_c tlaí:lakastéhtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\lexical Lex. rdp-s(vowel-s)
\infn Stem 1(h)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e type of apron (dela:ntar) that has its lowest part (i:jola:nyo) made up of strips of cloth that are sewn together one to the other
\sense_s tipo de delantal que tiene su parte inferior (i:jola:nyo) hecho de tiras de tela cosidas una tras otra
\sense_d Oa
\semfld clothing
\ency_note delantal
\root i:lakas
\root teki
\semref kwe:tli de tlachichikotektli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06779
\lxam ola:n
\lxam_c i:ola:n
\lxoa jola:nyo
\lxoa_c i:jola:nyo
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan ?
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N2; Intrin(yo)
\sense_e part of an apron, the lowest part just below i:kwe:yo and that cover from the upper thighs to the knees
\sense_s parte de un delantal, la parte más abajo que se cose a i:kwe:yo y cubre desde la muslo superior a las rodillas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\disamb tlake:ntli
\semref te:nola:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06780
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa trá:nteyó
\lxoa_c i:trá:nteyó
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan tirante
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N2
\pitch yes
\sense_e part of an apron, the strip of cloth that goes horizontally across the upper back, between i:ma:wa:n
\sense_s parte de un delantal, la tira de tela que va horizontalmente por la espalda superior, entre i:ma:wa:n
\sense_d Oa
\ency_note clothing; tlake:ntli
\vl Check for pitch accent in this entry; I would have imagined there would be; if there is, search in all fields for /tra:nte/ and change to p-a marked.
\semref pwe:nteyo
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06781
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa pwé:nteyó
\lxoa_c i:pwé:nteyó
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan puente
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N2
\pitch yes
\sense_e part of an apron, the strip of cloth that goes horizontally across the upper back, between i:ma:wa:n (its arms)
\sense_s parte de un delantal, la tira de tela que va horizontalmente por la espalda superior, entre i:ma:wa:n (sus brazos)
\sense_d Oa
\ency_note tlake:ntli; clothing
\vl Check for p-a; if there is, recheck all entries all fields for /pwe:nteyo/ and make sure p-a is written in.
\semref tra:nteyo
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06782
\lxam te:kalpo:hke:tl
\lxam_c te:kalpo:hke:tl
\lxoa te:kalpo:hke:tl
\lxoa_c te:kalpo:hke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\incorp [N-N-V2]-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\sense_e lazy person who just goes around from house to house
\sense_s holgazán que nada más anda de casa a casa
\sense_d Am
\sense_e census taker
\sense_s persona que toma el censo
\sense_d Oa
\root kal
\root po:wa
\ref 06783
\lxam peya:wilia
\lxam_c kipeya:wilia
\lxoa peya:wilia
\lxoa_c kipeya:wilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to tilt horizontally (a machete or similar cutting instrument when cutting weeds or grass)
\sense_s inclinar horizontalmente (un machete u otro instrumento parecido cuando se corta hierba o pasto)
\sense_d Oa
\root peya:
\nse The transitive verb tsonakate:kamay also be used to refer to this action, particularly when applied to a machete.
\nae The verb peya:wilia appears to be a ditransitive applicative. Further research needs to be conducted, however, to determine the primary and secondary objects of this
verb. One analysis would have something such as a machete as the primary object, with the unexpressed secondary object being something like the blade. Another analysis would
have the earth or ground as the primary ("indirect") object and the machete or similar object as secondary. The meaning and morphosyntactical behavior of this verb needs further
research.
\vl Link 1st male token.
\ref 06784
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa pitsonakaskarrabon
\lxoa_c pitsonakaskarrabon
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) rabo
\psm N
\compound N-[N-Adj]
\der Adj-loan
\sense_e pig that has an ear or both ears cut short
\sense_s marrano que tiene una o dos orejas mochas, cortadas
\sense_d Oa
\root pitso
\root nakas
\semref pitsomo:nchoh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref pitsonakastetepon
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06785
\lxam burronakastetepon
\lxam_c burronakastetepon
\lxoa bú:rronakastetépon
\lxoa_c bú:rronakastetépon
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan (part) burro
\psm N
\compound N-[N-Adj]
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e donkey that has an ear or both ears cut short
\sense_s burro que tiene una o dos orejas mochas, cortadas
\sense_d Oa
\root nakas
\root tepon
\qry_fon Recheck pitch accent.
\vl Link 2nd female token.
\semref b-rromó:nchoh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref b-rronakaskarrábon
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06786
\lxam pitsonakastetepon
\lxam_c pitsonakastetepon
\lxoa pitsonakastetepon
\lxoa_c pitsonakastetepon
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan (part) mocho
\psm N
\compound N-[N-Adj]
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e pig that has an ear or both ears cut short
\sense_s marrano que tiene una o dos orejas mochas, cortadas
\sense_d Oa
\root pitso
\root nakas
\root tepon
\semref pitsomo:nchoh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref pitsonakaskarabo:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06787
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlaka:wilia
\lxoa_c tlaka:wilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to leave an offering in the church for (e.g., a child so that he becomes strong and healthy, sells his wares well, etc.)
\sense_s dejar una ofrenda en la iglesia para (p. ej., un hijo para que no se enferme, para que no le pase nada, para que venda bien, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root ka:wa
\nse This should be kept distinct from tlá:ka:wíliaor tlakaka:wilia , which refer (in Oapan and Ameyaltepec respectively) to leaving offerings for the 'aires'
(yeyekameh).
\xref ka:wilia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Oa
\ref 06788
\lxam pitsomo:choh
\lxam_c pitsomo:choh
\lxoa pitsomo:nchoh
\lxoa_c pitsomo:nchoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) mocho
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-loan
\sense_e pig that has an ear or both ears cut short
\sense_s marrano que tiene una o dos orejas mochas, cortadas
\sense_d Oa
\root pitso
\semref pitsonakastetepon
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref pitsonakaskarabo:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06789
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ko:lo:xa:yakatl
\lxoa_c ko:lo:xa:yakatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e constellation of stars (lit. 'scorpion's tail') located between Orion and the Milky Way when Orion is close to the southern horizon
\sense_s constelación de estrellas (lit. 'cola de alacrán') ubicada entre orion y la Vía Láctea cuando orion estácerca del horizonte del sur
\sense_d Oa
\semfld heavens
\ency_note ci:tlalin
\nae The penultimate vowel of both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez is raised and fronted, clearly influenced by the point of articulation of the following /y/.
\ref 06790
\lxam suwa:ka:wani
\lxam_c suwa:ka:wani
\lxoa siwa:ka:wani
\lxoa_alt siwa:ka:wane
\lxoa_c siwa:ka:wane, siwa:ka:wani
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e man who leaves his wife repeatedly
\sense_s hombre que seguido deja a su esposa
\sense_d Oa
\root sowa:
\root ka:wa
\ref 06791
\lxam xi:pe:hki
\lxam_c xi:pe:hki
\lxoa xi:pe:hki
\lxoa_c xi:pe:hki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e to be skinless, having lost its outer shell (e.g., grain such as maize that has been made into nextamahli)
\sense_s estar o haberse quedado sin cáscara (p. ej., maíz que se ha pelado al convertirse en nixtamal)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xchi:pe:hki nextamahli, xtlateki tenextli.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e The maize of the nextamahli hasn't lost its outer shell, the lime is not strong.
\phrase_s El maíz del nixtamal no estápelado, el cal no estáfuerte.
\root xi:
\root pe:wa
\grm Oapan phonology: Note the shift x>ch after the /x/ of the negative: x + xi:pe:hki>xchi:pe:hki.
\semref xio:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06792
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kexno:lkochi
\lxoa_c kexno:lkochi
\dt 03/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers -lo
\incorp N-Mod-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(ch)
\sense_e to sleep with ones neck in a crooked position
\sense_s dormir con el cuello chueco
\sense_d Oa
\root kech
\root no:l
\root kochi
\vl Link 1st female and 2nd male tokens.
\ref 06793
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kohtsontebie:joh
\lxoa_c kohtsontebie:joh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) viejo
\psm N
\compound [N-N-N]-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e large felled tree trunk
\sense_s tronco grande
\sense_d Oa
\root kow
\root tson
\root te
\semref kohtsontewe:weh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06794
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kohtsontewe:weh
\lxoa_c kohtsontewe:weh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound [N-N-N]-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e large felled tree trunk
\sense_s tronco grande
\sense_d Oa
\root kow
\root tson
\root te
\root we:weh
\vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens.
\semref kohtsontebie:joh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06795
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa michwe:weh
\lxoa_c michwe:weh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Op. infix te- ; michtewe:weh
\sense_e large fish
\sense_s pez o pescado grande
\sense_d Oa
\root mich
\root we:weh
\vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens.
\semref michbie:joh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06796
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa michbie:joh
\lxoa_c michbie:joh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) viejo
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Op. infix te- ; michtebie:joh
\sense_e large fish
\sense_s pez o pescado grande
\sense_d Oa
\root mich
\semref michwe:weh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06797
\lxam kalte:ntla:lia
\lxam_c nokalte:ntla:lia
\lxoa kalte:ntla:lia
\lxoa_c nokalte:ntla:lia
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\compound [N-N]-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\trans +Refl/-trans
\sense_e (refl.) to form a canopy (clouds)
\sense_s (refl.) juntarse en una capa sobre la tierra (las nubes)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Kiawis. Yo:nokalte:ntla:lih moxtli, san na:kopas.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e It's going to rain. The clouds have formed a canopy, they are just going to turn dark grey.
\phrase_s Va a llover. Las nubes han formado una capa sobre la tierra, falta solamente para que se vuelvan negras.
\phrase_n Ye wa:hlatikah a:tl, ta wa:lnokalte:ntlá:litíw moxtli.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e The rains are coming, the clouds qre even coming along forming a low cover.
\phrase_s Va viniendo el agua, hasta las nubes se vienen formando una capa sobre la tierra.
\root kal
\root te:n
\root tla:l
\ref 06798
\lxam kwe:pachó:n
\lxam_c kwe:pachó:n
\lxoa kwe:pacho:n
\lxoa_cpend kwe:pacho:n
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e to have or be dressed in a dress of fabric that is fuzzy (typically said of velvet)
\sense_s tener o estar vestida en una falda la tela del cual es vellosa (típicamente por ser terciopelo)
\sense_d Pending
\root kwe:
\root pach
\qry Check whether this can be used with a subject-as-possessor: /nikwe:pachon/ 'I am fuzzy-dressed'.
\semref kwe:momoloka
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06799
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwe:pacho:ntik
\lxoa_cpend kwe:pacho:ntik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to have or be dressed in a dress of fabric that is fuzzy (typically said of velvet)
\sense_s tener o estar vestida en una falda la tela del cual es vellosa (típicamente por ser terciopelo)
\sense_d Oa
\root kwe:
\root pach
\semref kwe:pachó:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kwe:momoloka
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06800
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsi:tsikihloh
\lxoa_c tsi:tsikihloh
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-?-yoh
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e to have a zig-zag edge (e.g. women's clothes)
\sense_s tener una orilla en zig-zag (p. ej. ropa de mujer)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsikil
\grm Adjectivals; /-yoh/: the derivational process leading to /tsi:tsikihloh/ is not clear. It should be checked in the literature. Perhaps there is a noun ?/tsi:tsikihli/??
\ref 06801
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kalte:ntitlan
\lxoa_alt kalte:ntitlah
\lxoa_c kalte:ntitlan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-?
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e at the edge of a house (e.g., nokalte:ntitlan 'at the edge of my house,' 'next to my house')
\sense_s a la orilla de la casa; junto a la casa (p. ej., nokalte:ntitlan 'al lado de mi casa', 'junto a mi casa')
\sense_d Oa
\root kal
\root te:n
\root_rel -titlan
\nse Apparently kalte:ntitlan is obligatorily possessed and only indicates an area adjacent to a specific possessed house. For a discussion of kalte:nko and
related terms that indicate a location at the edge of a group of houses (town or village), see kalte:nko.
\ref 06802
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlate:mpah
\lxoa_pr tlate:mpan
\lxoa_c tlate:mpah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-tla-pan
\infn N1(N2-tla)
\sense_e at the edge of the village (next to the river; cf. kalte:mpan)
\sense_s a la orilla del pueblo (junto al río; cfa. kalte:mpan)
\sense_d Oa
\root kal
\root_rel -te:mpan
\vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens.
\ref 06803
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixipiltechakwa:nia
\lxoa_c noxipiltechakwa:nia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp [N-N]-V2
\der V2-d-wia[refl]
\trans +Refl/-trans
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to stub ones toe or foot
\sense_s (refl.) darse en el dedo de pie o en el pie
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root pil
\root chakwa:
\semref ikxipiltewia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06804
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlá:pechyó:tia
\lxoa_pr tlá:pechyo:tia
\lxoa_c kitlá:pechyó:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-yo:tia
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to place a grating made of grass placed on the bottom of (pots to separate the food being steamed from the boiling water; particularly used in cooking tamals)
\sense_s poner una rejilla de zacate colocada al fondo a (una olla para separar lo que se estácociendo al vapor del agua hirviendo; empleada particularmente en cocinar tamales)
\sense_d Oa
\root pech
\ref 06805
\lxam tla:li:ntsi:n
\lxam_c tla:li:ntsi:n nokone:w
\lxoa tla:li:ntsi:n
\lxoa_c tla:li:ntsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Baby
\der N-tsi:n
\sense_e sit down!
\sense_s siéntate
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Tla:lintsi:n ne:neh!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Sit down baby!
\phrase_s ¡Siéntate bebé!
\semfld baby
\root tla:l
\semref che:ncheh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06806
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ítipotohkí:sa
\lxoa_pr itipotohki:sa
\lxoa_c ítipotohkí:sa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to emit vapor or steam (from inside, e.g., a container such as a pot used for cooking tamales)
\sense_s echar vapor (desde adentro, p. ej., una olla para hervir tamales)
\sense_d Oa
\root hti
\root potok
\root ki:sa
\semref potohki:sa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06807
\lxam i:xmonpepeya:stik
\lxam_c i:xmonpepeya:stik
\lxoa í:xmopépeyá:stik
\lxoa_pr i:xmopepeya:stik
\lxoa_c í:xmopépeyá:stik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have long straight eyelashes
\sense_s tener las pestañas largas y derechas
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root mon
\root peya:s
\grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication; pitch accent: Note the word /í:xmopépeyá:stik/. The first pitch accent is from the reanalyzed {h} in /í:xmotlí/. The second is from the coda
{h} in the reduplicant, and the final is intonational. It is not clear what precisely blocks the reduction of the reduplicant on the final /o/ of the incorporated noun. It might be
the fact that underlyingly (because of the reanalysis) closed syllable with coda {h} does not accept a reduced reduplicant (remembering that vowels before the 'saltillo' are
never long). It might also be related to some clash of the sequence that would result with a lengthened and pitch-accented /ó:/. However, this does not appear to coincide
with pitch-accent patterns in other words. The same situation occurs with /a:kókotétekí/.
\semref i:xmonmemelaktik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06808
\lxam na:chka:w
\lxam_c na:chka:w
\lxoa na:chka:w
\lxoa_c na:chka:w
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1(Poss)
\sense_e term of address or greeting for a village elder
\sense_s término para dirigirse a un hombre de edad avanzada y respetado dentro del pueblo
\sense_d Oa
\nse The plural form is na:chka:wa:n.
\root a:chka:
\semref ta:chka:w
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06809
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa bú:rronakaskarrábo:n
\lxoa_c bú:rronakaskarrábo:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) rabo
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-loan
\pitch yes
\sense_e donkey that has an ear or both ears cut short
\sense_s burro que tiene una o dos orejas mochas, cortadas
\sense_d Oa
\root nakas
\semref bú:rromó:nchoh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref bú:rronakastetépon
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06810
\lxam te:nteteketsa
\lxam_c note:nteteketsa
\lxoa té:ntetekétsa
\lxoa_pr te:nteteketsa
\lxoa_c noté:ntetekétsa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex rpd-s
\infv class-3a(ts)
\pitch yes
\sense_e (refl.) for the edge of to turn upwards (e.g., a hat that has gotten wet and then dries)
\sense_s (refl.) pararsele la orilla de (p. ej., las alas de un sombrero que se mojó)
\sense_d Oa
\root te:n
\root te-
\root ketsa
\ref 06811
\lxam a:ko:koteteki
\lxam_c ka:ko:koteteki
\lxoa a:kó:kotétekí
\lxoa_pr a:ko:koteteki
\lxoa_c ka:kó:kotétekí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex rdp-s
\infv class-3a(k)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to cause a sharp pain in the throat of (e.g., strong drink, sth very salty, etc.)
\sense_s causar un dolor en la garganta a (p. ej., una bebida fuerte, algo muy salado, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root ko:koh
\root teki
\grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication; pitch accent: Note the word /a:kó:kotétekí/. The first pitch accent is from the {h} of /a:ko:koh/. The second is from the coda {h} in the
reduplicant, and the final is intonational. For an analysis of the possible reasons, cf /í:xmopépeyá:stik/. Note that Florencia and Inocencio specifically denied the
acceptability of */a:kó:kó:tekí/ or similar forms.
\ref 06812
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa chi:patla:naltia
\lxoa_c kichi:patla:naltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to forcefully blow or carry away (e.g., the wind [S] of an object)
\sense_s hacer volar con fuerza (p. ej., el viento [S] a un objeto)
\sense_d Oa
\root chi:
\root patla:
\qry Determine whether there is a noncausative, e.g., ?/chipatla:ni/.
\vl The first female token is /kí:chipatla:náltia/, with a high pitched initial syllable. This should be tagged with 06812, but should not be linked. The linked files should be the
non pitch-accented /kichipatla:naltia/.
\qry_fon Check lenght of /i/ in /chipa.../.
\semref patla:naltia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06813
\lxam kochyamana
\lxam_c kikochyamana
\lxoa kochyámaná
\lxoa_pr kochyamana
\lxoa_c kikochyámaná; kikóchyamána
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to disturb the sleep of
\sense_s interrumpir el sueño de; molestar para que no pueda dormir a
\sense_d Oa
\root koch
\root ahmana
\vl Note the two different forms. Tag all 8 tokens and select one F and one M from each of the two pronunciations; /kikochyámaná/ and /kikóchyamána/.
\grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent Note that both /kikochyámaná/ and /kikóchyamána/ are equally acceptable according to FM and IJ although I have the impression that the
former is more common.
\ref 06814
\lxam tlanwe:wekatik
\lxam_c tlanwe:wekatik
\lxoa tlanwá:wakátik
\lxoa_c tlanwá:wakátik
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-tik-adv
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have gaps between ones teeth (as a result of several having fallen out)
\sense_s tener espacio entre los dientes (por haberse caido algunos)
\sense_d Oa
\root tlan
\root wehka
\vl Link 2nd female token, 1st male token.
\ref 06815
\lxam tsokwe:lowa
\lxam_c kitsokwe:lowa
\lxoa tsokwe:lowa
\lxoa_c kitsokwe:lowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl (Oa)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make slightly curved (e.g., furrows as one is plowing so that they retain water)
\sense_s hacer ligeramente encorvados (p. ej., los surcos para que retengan el agua)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsokwe:l
\ref 06816
\lxam chi:ltla:lia
\lxam_c chi:ltla:lia
\lxoa chi:ltla:lia
\lxoa_c chi:ltla:lia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to transplant chile
\sense_s transplantar chile
\sense_d Oa
\root chi:l
\root tla:l
\semref chi:ltla:lahtia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref chi:lmamana
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06817
\lxam tlayo:lchika:hke:tl
\lxam_c tlayo:lchika:hke:tl
\lxoa tlayo:lchika:hke:tl
\lxoa_c tlayo:lchika:hke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\incorp [tla-N-V2]-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who serves as a go-between in courting between a young boy and young girl
\sense_s persona que sirve para ayudar un joven a cortejar una joven
\sense_d Oa
\root yo:l
\root chika:
\ref 06818
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kohkahli
\lxoa_c kohkahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N1/2; Aln
\sense_e type of small cage of wood used during traditional marriages and in which a wetskistlicarries chickens to the house of the bridgegroom
\sense_s tipo de pequeño caja hecha de varas que se usa durante una boda tradicional que dentro del cual un wetskistlilleva gallinas a la casa del novio
\sense_d Oa
\root kow
\root kal
\ilus_note Pending illustration
\semref ka:ka:xtli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06819
\lxam a:bentado:r
\lxam_c a:bentado:r
\lxoa á:pinté:do:r
\lxoa_c á:pinté:do:r
\lxoa_pr á:pinte:do:r
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan aventador
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Oa
\pitch yes
\sense_e fan of woven palm used to fan the flames under a koma:hli
\sense_s abanico de palma tejida para abanicar la leña abajo de un comal
\sense_d Oa
\semfld tool
\semfld kitchen
\grmx Oapan pitch accent: the reason for the pitch accent in Oapan /á:pinté:do:r/ unless it was simply applied on the basis of analogy with other Spanish loans or perhaps the
result of reduplication on a long initial stem vowel.
\ref 06820
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa piotia
\lxoa_c nopiotia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan (part) pio
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to acquire many chickens (e.g., from the offspring of a chicken one has)
\sense_s (refl.) adquirir muchas gallinas (p. ej., por las crías de una gallina que uno tiene)
\sense_d Oa
\ref 06821
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa pitsotia
\lxoa_c nopitsotia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to acquire many pigs (e.g., from the offspring of a sow one has)
\sense_s (refl.) adquirir muchos marranos (p. ej., por las crías de una cerda que uno tiene)
\sense_d Oa
\root pitso
\ref 06822
\lxam te:tlatlatake:tl
\lxam_c te:tlatlatake:tl
\lxoa té:tlatlatáke:tl
\lxoa_alt té:tlatáke:tl
\lxoa_c té:tlatáke:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\incorp [te:-V2]-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-l)
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e person who observes, or stares at, people (e.g., dancers)
\sense_s persona que observa, o clava la vista, en la gente (p. ej., danzantes)
\sense_d Oa
\root ta
\nae The pitch accent on the long vowel of the nonspecific human object prefix te:- is highly unusual; I don't think it has been documented in other cases.
\grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication: /té:tlatáke:tl/ The pitch accent on the long vowel of the nonspecific human object prefix te:- is highly unusual; I don't think it
has been documented in other cases. Check whether /té:tlatlatake:tl/ is acceptable.
\semref té:tlatláta
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06823
\lxam i:xte:nilpi:tsa
\lxam_c ki:xte:nilpi:tsa
\lxoa i:xteilpi:tsa
\lxoa_c ki:xteilpi:tsa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to blow on the eyes of (e.g., to clear sth out of sb's eye)
\sense_s soplar sobre el ojo de (p. ej., para quitarle algo que tiene adentro)
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root il
\root pi:tsa
\qry Check whether the /te/ is mandatory.
\ref 06824
\lxam kopa:kpachowa
\lxam_c kikopa:kpachowa
\lxoa kopa:hpachowa
\lxoa_c kikopa:hpachowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to place sth on the inside of the throat of (e.g., an ointment or oil)
\sense_s poner algo dentro de la garganta de (p. ej., un aciete o ungüento)
\sense_d Oa
\root kopa:
\root pach
\root_rel -ko
\ref 06825
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa siwa:tlámaké:tl
\lxoa_c siwa:tlámaké:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\incorp [N-V2)]-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e young man who courts a woman by cutting into her path as she takes back water drawn from the river
\sense_s joven que corteja a una muchacha al cortarle el paso cuando regresa al pueblo con agua del río
\sense_d Oa
\root sowa:
\root ma
\nae The pitch accent in Oapan siwa:tlámaké:tl is created by the final {h} in the shorten stem (perfective) of the verb tlama.
\ref 06826
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa á:chi:poláhtia
\lxoa_pr á:chi:polahtia
\lxoa_c ká:chi:poláhtia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-Mod-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to pull under water (as in drowning or trying to drown sb)
\sense_s hundir en el agua (p. ej., en intentar ahogar o ahogar a algn)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (refl.) to splash around in the water (e.g., a pig in a puddle)
\sense_s (refl.) revolcarse en el agua (p. ej., un marrano en un charco)
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root chi:
\root polak
\qry Check whether this is always reduplicated with reduction on initial vowel.
\xref á:chi:poláki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 06827
\lxam a:mi:miki
\lxam_c a:mi:miki
\lxoa a:mi:miki
\lxoa_cpend a:mi:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical rdp.l
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to drown (a person in water); to drown or to suffer from an abundance of water (a plant from too much water that comes from either rain or artificial watering)
\sense_s ahogarse (una persona en agua); ahogarse o sufrir por una abundancia de agua (una planta por demasiada agua que viene de la lluvia o de medios artificiales)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Na:mi:mikis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will drown.
\phrase_s Me voy a ahogar.
\phrase_n O:a:mi:mik nomi:l, xo:tla:k.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My cornfield got too much water (i.e., got root rot from too much water), it didn't yield.
\phrase_s Mi milpa se echóa perder por demasiada agua (esto es, se pudrieron las raices por tanta agua), no rindió.
\phrase_n Xkwahli tla:hli, a:mi:mikis, kose:wis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The land is no good (in this case because it retains too much water), it (e.g., maize, sesame, etc.) will die from too much water, it will turn yellow.
\phrase_s La tierra no es buena (en este caso porque retiene demasiado agua), se va a morir (el maíz, ajonjolí, etc.) por tanta agua, se va a amarillar.
\sense_e to be unable to breathe (see íyo:mi:miki)
\sense_s no poder respirar (véase íyo:mi:miki)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:tech yo:ki:s ko:lo:tl, a:mi:mikis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He has been affected by the bite of a scorpion, he will be unable to breathe.
\phrase_s Ya se le trabóel piquete de un alacrán, no va a poder respirar.
\root a:
\root miki
\xref a:mi:miktia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 06828
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa chi:patla:ni
\lxoa_c chi:patla:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp PM-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to be carried away by the wind
\sense_s llevarse por el viento
\sense_d Oa
\root chi:
\root patla:
\qry Check for transitive/causative form.
\ref 06829
\lxam suwa:tlatowa
\lxam_c suwa:tlatowa
\lxoa siwá:tlatówa
\lxoa_pr siwa:tlatowa
\lxoa_c siwá:tlatówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-(tla-V2)
\der V2-b
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to speak in a woman's voice (i.e., a man who so speaks)
\sense_s hablar con la voz de mujer (esto es, un hombre que asíhabla)
\sense_d Oa
\root siwa:
\root hto
\mod Determine the best way to represent the
\grm Metaphor and cultural coding: Note the following three words: /siwá:tlatówa/: 'to speak in a woman's voice (referring to a man who speaks so)'; /siwá:tlátlatówa/ 'to
gossip'; and /tla:kátlatówa/ 'to speak in a man's voice (referring to a woman who speaks so)'. Note, however, that Florencia Marcelino did not accept */tla:kátlátlatówa/.
The reason seems to be the following. The unreduplicated form means 'to speak like' with the incorporated noun indicating the manner in which the speech occurs. However,
the reduplicated form indicates a metaphoric extension in regard to speaking. That is, the meaning is that one speaks in a manner connotated by the speech of the
incorporated noun. It seems that only women are culturally stigmatized for speaking in a certain way. Women are considered"gossips"hence the acceptability of the term.
Men are not considered to speak in any particular way (other than that of their sex).
\semref siwá:tlátlatówa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref tla:kátlatówa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06830
\lxam suwa:tlatlatowa
\lxam_c suwa:tlatlatowa
\lxoa siwá:tlátlatówa
\lxoa_pr siwa:tlatlatowa
\lxoa_c siwá:tlátlatówa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-(tla-V2)
\der Vb-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to gossip (referring to a man who so acts)
\sense_s chismear (en referencia a un hombre que actua así)
\sense_d Oa
\root siwa:
\root hto
\nae The pitch accent pattern of Oapan siwá:tlatlatówa apparently manifests only a single pitch accent from underlying {h}, the rising pitch on wá:-. The pitch
accent from the underlying {h} of {tla + htowa} is not realized on the surface, for reasons not immediately apparent.
\qry_fon Check for pitch accent pattern in siwá:tlatlatówa.
\grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note apparent loss of one pitch accent in /siwá:tlatlatówa/. The pitch accent pattern of Oapan siwá:tlatlatówa apparently
manifests only a single pitch accent from underlying {h}, the rising pitch on wá:-. The pitch accent from the underlying {h} of {tla + htowa} is not realized on the
surface, for reasons not immediately apparent.
\semref siwá:tlatówa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06831
\lxam tla:katlatowa
\lxam_c tla:katlatowa
\lxoa tla:katlátowá
\lxoa_pr tla:katlatowa
\lxoa_c tla:katlátowá
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-(tla-V2)
\der V2-b
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to speak in a man's voice (e.g., a woman who so speaks)
\sense_s hablar con la voz de hombre (esto es, una mujer que asíhabla)
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:ka
\root hto
\grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent: Note in /tla:katlátowá/
\semref siwá:tlatówa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06832
\lxam i:xte:nkwalo:listli
\lxam_c i:xte:nkwalo:listli
\lxoa i:xté:lakwalo:lístli
\lxoa_alt i:xté:tlakwalo:lístli
\lxoa_c i:xté:lakwalo:lístli, i:xté:tlakwalo:lístli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound (N-N)-N
\der N-dvb-lis
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-l)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e conjuntivitis, eye disease that is marked by reddening and the excretion of mucous from ones eyes
\sense_s conjuntivitis, enfermedad de los ojos que se caracteriza por el enrojecimiento de los ojos y muchas lagañas
\sense_d Oa
\semfld disease
\root i:x
\root te
\root kwa
\nse Occasionally this disease may cause one eyes to become shut closed. The disease is said to be worsened by eating meat and chile. It affects children more than adults and occurs (or
used to occur) in August; it is now rare. Florencia Marcelino also said that when ones eyes are so affected the small insect called i:xpi:limeh swarm around them:
mistepailo:seh.
\nae The pitch accent pattern on i:xté:tlakwalo:lístli is apparently the result of a reduplicant (the underlying form would be {i:xtetlahtlakwalo:listli}) that is reduced onto a
preceding vowel, probably the short vowel of i:xtetl. However, the noun stem might also be i:xte:n, with loss of final /n/ and reduction of a reduplicant
onto a preceding long vowel. Note also that the duration of the initial /i:/ is very short for a long vowel. Despite this, i:xté:lakwalo:lístli has been written with a long initial
vowel given the transparent etymology. In the verbal form i:xté:lakwálo the speech tokens of Florencia Marcelino also manifest extremely short duration of the initial
vowel. However, the speech of her husband, Inocencio Jiménez, shows a clear long initial vowel.
\grmx Oapan phonology: Note in /i:xté:lakwalo:lístli/ the pitch accent that is probably the result of reduplication on a nasal-final syllable
\ref 06833
\lxam i:xte:nkwalo
\lxam_c i:xte:nkwalo
\lxoa i:xté:lakwálo
\lxoa_alt i:xté:tlakwálo
\lxoa_pr i:xté:tlakwalo
\lxoa_c i:xté:lakwálo, i:xté:tlakwálo
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\pitch yes-rdp
\infv class-4a(pass)
\sense_e to be affected by the eye disease called i:xté:lakwalo:lístli, or conjuntivitis
\sense_s afectarse por la enfermedad de los ojos llamada i:xté:lakwalo:lístli, o conjuntivitis
\sense_d Oa
\semfld disease
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root kwa
\nae For a discussion of initial vowel length, see i:xté:lakwalo:lístli
\vl Link 2nd female and 1st male token
\ref 06834
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xa:ya:komiteyoh
\lxoa_c xa:ya:komiteyoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to have the cheeks so sunken in that the facial bones protrude
\sense_s estar con las mejillas sumidas con tal de que sobresalgan los huesos de la cara
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:yaka
\root omi
\root te
\semref xa:yakateoomi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06835
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:nakas komichin
\lxoa_c i:nakas komichin
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e Desmodium procumbens(Mill.) Hitchc. var. exiguum(A. Gray) B. G. Schub., herbaceous plant of the Fabaceae (Leguminoseae) family
\sense_s Desmodium procumbens(Mill.) Hitchc. var. exiguum(A. Gray) B. G. Schub., planta herbácea de la familia Fabaceae (Leguminoseae)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root nakas
\root komich
\semref meme:lioh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06836
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:yo:tlami
\lxoa_c a:yo:tlami
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-mi(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e for the water of to boil away (e.g., beans being boiled, tamales, corn, squash, etc., being steamed)
\sense_s terminarsele el agua con que se cuece (p. ej., a frijoles cocidos, o elotes, tamales, calabaza, etc. cocidos al vapor)
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root tlami
\grm Noun incorporation; intrinsic possession: Note here, and in other processes such as verbalizations in /-yo:tia/, how the intrinsic possession marker /yo:/ is part of the
incorporated noun (or nominal stem with the verbalization). In the present case it is because the water that boils away is part of something (e.g., broth, fruits and vegetables,
etc.).
\semref a:yo:tetso:liwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06837
\lxam a:yo:tetso:liwi
\lxam_c a:yo:tetso:liwi
\lxoa a:yo:tetso:liwi
\lxoa_c a:yo:tetso:liwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for the water of to boil away (e.g., beans being boiled, tamales, corn, squash, etc., being steamed)
\sense_s terminarsele el agua con que se cuece (p. ej., a frijoles cocidos, o elotes, tamales, calabaza, etc. cocidos al vapor)
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root tso:l
\semref a:yo:tlami
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06838
\lxam tla:ltekwi:lo
\lxam_c tla:ltekwi:lo
\lxoa tla:ltehwi:lo
\lxoa_c tla:ltehwi:lo
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-pas
\infv class-4a(pass)
\sense_e to get covered with dust (e.g., ones household furniture, etc.)
\sense_s cubrirse de polvo (p. ej., los muebles de una casa)
\sense_d Oa
\root tlal
\root tekw
\vl Link 2nd male token.
\grm Passive: Note with the many other case of natural phenomena and passive construction: /tla:ltehwi:lo/.
\ref 06839
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa si:stli
\lxoa_c si:stli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e grandmother (of humans or animals)
\sense_s abuela (de personas o animales)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld kin
\root si:s
\semref lo:latli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06840
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ke:némitík
\lxoa_alt ke:némitsí:n
\lxoa_c ke:némitík
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adj-tik-adv
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e how?
\sense_s ¿cómo?
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Ke:némitík awiá:k?
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e How does it smell?
\phrase_s ¿Cómo es su olor?
\sense_e (ma:si san ~) in whatever way (i.e., without particular skill or care; see also san ke:n ihka:tsi:n)
\sense_s (ma:si san ~) comoquiera (esto es, sin ninguna habilidad o cuidado en particular; véase también san ke:n ihka:tsi:n)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n San náwánihtsa:lowa nodela:ntar ma:si san ke:némitík.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I just sewed my apron by myself in whatever way I could.
\phrase_s Yo solo cosémi delantal comoquiera que pude.
\sense_e (san ke:némitíkínekwísti) to smell bad
\sense_s (san ke:némitíkínekwísti) oler mal
\sense_d Oa
\root ke:nemih
\nse Oapan ke:némitík is often preceded by san when it has a disrespective meaning. However, it may also be used as an interrogative in question about the
appearance, color, or smell of a particular object.
\nae Oapan Nahuatl ke:némitík seems to clearly contain the element ke:n though this has not been parsed out in the root field for this present entry. FK notes
under que:namih that ' amih is separable to the point that mach can be inserted to form que:mmachamih.
\nde Molina has quenami? 'de que manera, o de que condición es? o que arte o condición tiene?' The irregular pitch accent of Oapan ke:némitík is the result of
the final {h}.
\semref ke:nemih
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06841
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlakwa:w
\lxoa_c sa: tlakwa:w
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-b
\sense_e (sa: ~) very much
\sense_s (sa: ~) mucho
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Sa: tlakwa:w yo:nisiaw, ya: mila:k wékáyo:tí:nenkéh.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I got dead tired because we walked really far.
\phrase_s Me cansémuchísimo porque caminamos muy lejos.
\root tlakwa:
\nse The element tlakwa:w is invariably preceded by sa:.
\qry Check Am forms.
\vl Link 1st female token.
\ref 06842
\lxam tla:lte:ntli
\lxam_c tla:lte:ntli
\lxoa tla:lte:ntli
\lxoa_c tla:lte:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e small raised ledge of ground
\sense_s pequeña parte subida de tierra
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:l
\root te:n
\vl Link 1st male token
\semref tla:losto:tsi:ntli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06843
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwe:tewela:xkoh
\lxoa_c kwe:tewela:xkoh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\sense_e to have on a long skirt, one that virtually drags on the ground
\sense_s tener una falda larga, una que casi llega hasta el suelo
\sense_d Oa
\root kwe:
\root wila:
\nae The plural is irregular, taking either the Spanish or the Nahuatl plural marker: kwe:tewela:xkos or kwe:tewela:xko:meh. The origin of the ending
-koh is unclear. The lack of a gendered ending -kah argues against a Spanish derivation.
\qry_fon Recheck vowel length and correct /a:/ if necessary.
\grm /te-/: Note the use of /te-/ in the following, which indicates a dress that is very long, usually long: /kwe:tewela:xkoh/
\semref kwe:uwelax
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kwe:uwelaxtik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kwe:teweya:k
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06844
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was duplicated /te:witlani/ and has been removed.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Tag all the tokens here with #2924. See notes there on how to link, etc.
\ref 06845
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa po:chkaxitl
\lxoa_alt po:xkaxitl
\lxoa_c po:chkaxitl, po:xkaxitl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e incense burner (a three-legged bowl with one extended as a handle)
\sense_s sahumerio (una ollita con tres patas una de las cuales se extiende como agarradera)
\sense_d Oa
\root po:ch
\root kax
\semfld tool
\qry Check
\mod Illustration
\grm Oapan phonology: Note the difference between the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino (Oa): /po:chkaxitl/ and of her husband /po:xkaxitl/.
\semref po:chko:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06846
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This record of /te:witlani/ has been deleted as a duplicate. There was no sound recorded.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 06847
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xmantla:lia
\lxoa_c ki:xmantla:lia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp [N-S]-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to smooth over of the surface with ones hand (e.g., maize being spread out in the sun, earth before one lays a floor, etc.)
\sense_s alisar la superficie de (p. ej., maíz que estásiendo puesto al sol, el suelo antes de colocar un piso, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld surface_alteration
\root ix:
\root man
\root tla:l
\grm Compounding; incorporation: Determine the best grammatical analysis of the combination/compounding in /i:xmantla:lia/.
\semref i:xmana
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06848
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:xi:xte:roh
\lxoa_c a:xi:xte:roh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (Sp) a:xi:xa
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e person who urinates a lot
\sense_s meón; alguien que orina mucho
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e bed-wetter
\sense_s niño que orina en la cama
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root xi:xa
\semref a:xi:xpal
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref a:xi:xaleh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref a:xi:xtewe:i
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06849
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mápilyesté:mi
\lxoa_pr mapilyeste:mi
\lxoa_c mápilyesté:mi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp (N-N)-(N-V1)
\der V1-alt-mi(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(m)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to get a blood blister on ones finger
\sense_s salirsele una ampolla con sangre en el dedo
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\semfld injury
\root mah
\root pil
\root yes
\root te:m
\nse This refers to a blister that forms, and has blood inside, but does not burst open, xyeski:sa.
\semref mapilyestia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06850
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yeste:mi
\lxoa_c yeste:mi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-mi(a)
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e for a blood blister to form (on a part of the body)
\sense_s formarse un ampolla con sangre adentro (en una parte del cuerpo)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\semfld injury
\root yes
\root te:m
\qry Check to make sure that the subject of this verb is the place that blisters, and not the human individual.
\semref mápilyesté:mi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref yestia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06851
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa o:ntétlakówa
\lxoa_pr o:ntetlakowa
\lxoa_c o:ntétlakówah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Num-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4c(pano)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to share a mount together (with one person mounted behind the sadddle on a beast of burden such as a horse or mule)
\sense_s montar una bestia (como una mula o caballo) juntos (con una persona montada atrás de la silla)
\sense_d Oa
\root o:m
\root tlehko:
\nae This verb is most often used with the aspectual ending -tiw or its inflected forms: o:ntétlako:tíwih. It is defective in that it is always used with a plural
(reciprocal) subject.
\semref tema:ma
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06852
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kamá:po:tsíwi
\lxoa_pr kamá:po:tsiwi
\lxoa_c kamá:po:tsíwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e for ones cheeks to bulge (particularly from having ones mouth stuffed with food)
\sense_s tener la boca llena y abultada (particularmente por tenerla atestada de comida)
\sense_d Oa
\root kama
\root po:ts
\semref kamapopo:xa:wi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06853
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kamá:pó:xatiá
\lxoa_pr kamá:po:xatia
\lxoa_c kamá:pó:xatiá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-tia
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-4d(tia)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e for ones cheeks to bulge (e.g., when playing a musical instrument)
\sense_s abultarsele las mejillas a (p. ej., un músico cuando estátocando un intrumento de viento)
\sense_d Oa
\root kama
\vl There are 5 female tokens of /kamá:pó:xatiá/. All should be tagged and 1 linked. Then there are 5 male tokens of the same word. However, only the 1st, 4th, and 5th are
correctly pronounced. Only these should be tagged. And it is the fourth, penultimate, that should be linked. There then follow 4 tokens of /kamá:pó:xaíhtok/. All should be
tagged as 6853. (see next entry)
\grm Progressive/durative: CC sequences: The progressive form of kamá:pó:xatiá is kamá:pó:xaíhtok which is the perfective
o:kamá:pó:xaít with the aspectual ending -tok, motivating the /h/ from the /tt/ sequence.
\ref 06854
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kamá:pó:xaíhtok
\lxoa_pr kamá:po:xaihtok
\lxoa_c kamá:pó:xaíhtok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) bolsa
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-*V1-Stat
\der *V1-tok
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv Durative
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e see kamá:pó:xatiá
\sense_s véase kamá:pó:xatiá
\sense_d Oa
\root kama
\nae The durative kamá:pó:xaíhtok is of unclear derivation. It would appear that the leftmost pitch accent results from a reduplicant reduced onto the short vowel of the
incorporated noun stem kama-and the following high pitch is from the final {h} of {po:xah}. What is problematical, however, is the origin of the /h/ before the
durative ending -tok ; there is no obvious verb form that has a shortened stem which would yield kamá:pó:xaíw- or other forms that would result in surface
/h/.
\vl There are 4 tokens (on the log file they were included, I think, with the previous ref. #). These should be tagged as 06854 and two linked.
\ref 06855
\lxam osto:cha:neh
\lxam_c osto:cha:neh
\lxoa osto:cha:neh
\lxoa_alt osto:cha:nih
\lxoa_alt osto:k cha:neh
\lxoa_c osto:cha:neh, osto:cha:nih
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-posr-eh
\infn N1
\sense_e the Devil
\sense_s el Diablo
\sense_d Oa
\semfld religion
\root osto:
\root cha:n
\nse One also hears totioh osto:cha:neh in reference to the fact that the Devil is considered to have been a brother of God.
\vl Link 2nd female and 1st male.
\semref totioh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06856
\lxam totioh
\lxam_c totioh
\lxoa totioh
\lxoa_c totioh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) tío
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e the Devil
\sense_s el Diablo
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (rare) elder of the village
\sense_s (raro) hombre mayor de edad del pueblo
\sense_d Am
\semfld religion
\nse One also hears totioh osto:cha:neh in reference to the fact that the Devil is considered to have been a brother of God.
\semref osto:cha:neh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06857
\lxam te:nwi:teki
\lxam_c kite:nwi:teki
\lxoa te:nwi:teki
\lxoa_c kite:nwi:teki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to hit (e.g., a donkey, pig, etc., with a hard stick) on the snout
\sense_s golpear (p. ej., un burro, marrano, etc., con un garrote) en hocico
\sense_d Oa
\root te:n
\root wi:teki
\qry_fon Check the difference in voicing between F and M /w/ in /kite:nwi:teki/.
\ref 06858
\lxam kamatelowa
\lxam_c kikamatelowa
\lxoa kamatelowa
\lxoa_c kikamatelowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to slap on the mouth (with an open hand, e.g., a child who is acting up)
\sense_s dar una palmada por la boca a (p. ej., un niño grosero o latoso)
\sense_d Oa
\root kama
\root tel
\ref 06859
\lxam tro:mpokuwtli
\lxam_c tro:mpokuwtli
\lxoa torompokohtli
\lxoa_c torompokohtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) trompo
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\semfld games
\sense_e stick with a short cord attached to its end that is wrapped around a top to thow it and make it spin
\sense_s palito con un corto lasito atado a un cabo que se enreda a un trompo para aventarlo y hacerlo bailar
\sense_d Oa
\root kow
\ilus_note Make illustration
\ref 06860
\lxam tro:mpo
\lxam_c tro:mpo
\lxoa torompo
\lxoa_c torompo
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) trompo
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e top
\sense_s trompo
\sense_d Oa
\semfld games
\ref 06861
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa blipiltsi:n
\lxoa_c blipiltsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) diablo
\sense_e see diablipiltsi:n
\sense_s véase diablipiltsi:n
\sense_d Oa
\root pil
\nae This is a shortened form of diablipi:ltsi:n.
\vl Given that this is a curse word, tag it but do not link.
\ref 06862
\lxam diabli:piltsi:n
\lxam_c diabli:piltsi:n
\lxoa diablipiltsi:n
\lxoa_c diablipiltsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) diablo
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\sense_e (curse) God-damm (you)
\sense_s (injuria) hijo del diablo
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Diablipiltsi:n,¿xtitlachia?
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e God damn you! Can't you see (e.g., said to sb who knocks one over)?
\phrase_s ¡Hijo del diablo!¿No puedes ver (p. ej., dicho a algn que te atropella)?
\semfld Gender: male
\nse This is used as a curse when someone or something causes one harm, e.g., in cursing at an animal, a person, etc. Apparently it literally means 'hijo del diablo' (child of the devil).
\qry_fon Check length of /i:/ in Am word as well as Oa form.
\vl Given that this is a curse word, tag it but do not link.
\ref 06863
\lxam ikxiyo:tia
\lxam_c kikxiyo:tia
\lxoa í:xiyó:tia
\lxoa_pr í:xiyo:tia
\lxoa_c kí:xiyó:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-para-h/wa/tia
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(vowel-s)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to place legs on (e.g., a water jug, animal figurines, etc.)
\sense_s ponerle las patas a (p. ej., un cántaro, figuras de animales, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n A:ko:ntli, kwa:h kámách kichi:wah, kí:xiyó:tiah.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Water jugs, when they are just making them, they put legs on them.
\phrase_s Tinajas cuando apenas las hacen, le ponen patas.
\root kxi
\vl The first female token and male token are not the word here. Rather, they are 7167, /kixihyo:tia/. However, given the low level this first female token, which is 07167, might
not be segmented. If this is the case there would be only 2 females and 3 males, with the first male as 7167.
\ref 06864
\lxam ma:so:wtok
\lxam_c ma:so:wtok
\lxoa ma:so:htok
\lxoa_c ma:so:htok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\incorp N-V2-Stat
\der V2-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be with ones hand spread out (flat on a surface; e.g., i:pan me:sah)
\sense_s estar con la mano extendida (y puesta sobre una superficie; p. ej., i:pan me:sah)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root so:wa
\vl Link 1st male token.
\qry_fon Check difference in /h/ and /w/ as written.
\ref 06865
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xá:hlotík
\lxoa_c xá:hlotík
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-yoh-tik
\pitch yes
\sense_e to be sandy (e.g., as in a beach)
\sense_s estar cubierto de arena (p. ej., una playa)
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:l
\semref xa:litik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06866
\lxam ma:chi:chi
\lxam_c noma:chi:chi
\lxoa ma:chi:chi
\lxoa_c noma:chi:chi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\trans +Refl/-trans
\compound N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e (refl.) to suck ones thumb or finger
\sense_s (refl.) chuparse el pulgar o los dedos
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root chi:chi
\disamb Disambiguate ma:chi:chi, ma:pipi:na, and ma:pa:chi:na, and mapilchi:chi, etc.
\semref ma:pipi:na
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref ma:pa:chi:na
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06867
\lxam ma:pipi:na
\lxam_c noma:pipi:na
\lxoa ma:pipi:na
\lxoa_c noma:pipi:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\compound N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (refl.) to suck ones thumb or finger
\sense_s (refl.) chuparse el pulgar o los dedos
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ma:
\root pi:na
\qry Check for these and synonyms in transitive form.
\disamb Disambiguate ma:chi:chi, ma:pipi:na, and ma:pa:chi:na, and mapilchi:chi, etc.
\semref ma:chi:chi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref ma:pa:chi:na
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06868
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ma:pa:chi:na
\lxoa_c noma:pa:chi:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\compound N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (refl.) to suck ones thumb or finger
\sense_s (refl.) chuparse el pulgar o los dedos
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root pa:
\root chi:na
\disamb Disambiguate ma:chi:chi, ma:pipi:na, and ma:pa:chi:na, and mapilchi:chi, etc.
\qry_fon This word, /ma:pa:chi:na/ provides an excellent example of long vowels in consecutive syllables.
\grm Phonology; vowel length: This word, /ma:pa:chi:na/ provides an excellent example of long vowels in consecutive syllables.
\semref ma:chi:chi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref ma:pipi:na
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06869
\lxam mapilchi:chi
\lxam_c nomapilchi:chi
\lxoa 'mapilchí:chi
\lxoa_pr mapilchi:chi
\lxoa_c nómapilchí:chi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\compound N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl.) to suck ones thumb or fingers
\sense_s (refl.) chuparse el pulgar o los dedos
\sense_d Oa
\root mah
\root pil
\root chi:chi
\nae See discussion of pitch accent under 'mapilpa:chí:na.
\disamb Disambiguate ma:chi:chi, ma:pipi:na, and ma:pa:chi:na, and mapilchi:chi, etc.
\semref mapilpipi:na
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref mápilpipí:na
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref mápilpa:chí:na
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06870
\lxam mapilpipi:na
\lxam_c nomapilpipi:na
\lxoa 'mapilpipí:na
\lxoa_c nómapilpipí:na
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\compound N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (refl.) to suck ones thumb or finger
\sense_s (refl.) chuparse el pulgar o los dedos
\sense_d Oa
\root mah
\root pil
\root pi:na
\nae See discussion of pitch accent under 'mapilpa:chí:na.
\semref mápilchí:chi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref mapilchi:chi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref mápilpa:chí:na
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06871
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa 'mapilpa:chí:na
\lxoa_c nómapilpa:chí:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\compound N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (refl.) to suck ones thumb or finger
\sense_s (refl.) chuparse el pulgar o los dedos
\sense_d Oa
\root mah
\root pil
\root pa:
\root chi:na
\nae In nómapilpa:chí:na as well as the synonymous forms nómapilchí:chi and nómapilpipí:na the pitch accent shifts leftwards over the stem
boundary and onto the reflexive prefix. Whether or not this is the case with all prefixes is not certain.
\semref mápilchí:chi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref mapilchi:chi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref mápilpipí:na
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref mapilpipi:na
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06872
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlalwayoh
\lxoa_c tlalwayoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to have a lot of tendons or veins (e.g., the meat of a thin animal)
\sense_s tener muchos tendones o venas (p. ej., la carne de un animal flaco)
\sense_d Oa
\root tlalwa
\ref 06873
\lxam popo:yoti
\lxam_c popo:yoti
\lxoa pó:yotí
\lxoa_pr po:yoti
\lxoa_c pó:yotí
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\loan (Nah) pollo
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\infv_d Am
\infv class-4a
\infv_d Oa
\pitch yes
\sense_e to go around with a lot of women (a man)
\sense_s andar con muchas mujeres (un hombre)
\sense_d Oa
\ref 06874
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mesté:tomák
\lxoa_pr mesté:tomak
\lxoa_c mesté:tomák
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik(ap)
\lexical Lex. infix te- ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te)
\infa pl. mesté:tomáhmeh
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be thick-thighed; to have thick thighs (e.g., as some athletes)
\sense_s tener los muslos fornidos o gruesos (p. ej., como algunos atletas); tener los muslos llenos.
\sense_d Oa
\root mets
\root toma
\ref 06875
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This record has been deleted as a duplicate of 06292
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\vl Tag these tokens with #6292, which is the same headword. The first female token is /mesté:tomáhtikeh/; it should be tagged as 6282, but not linked.
\ref 06876
\lxam kawa:ni
\lxam_c kawa:ni
\lxoa kawa:ni
\lxoa_c kawa:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni/altia
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to catch fire (e.g., brush placed on top of embers of coals, sth one which a cigarrette has fallen, etc.)
\sense_s prenderse (p. ej., pasto o pequeñas ramitas puestos sobre las brazas, hojas secas sobre que se cae un cigarro encendido)
\sense_d Oa
\root kawa:
\nse The word kawa:ni is used to refer to things such as dry brush at the moment it starts to catch fire, before it is fully ablaze; see tlikwi.
\xref kawa:naltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 06877
\lxam kawa:naltia
\lxam_c kikawa:naltia
\lxoa kawa:naltia
\lxoa_c kikawa:naltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni/altia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to set afire (e.g., brush placed on top of embers of coals, sth one which a cigarrette has fallen, etc.)
\sense_s prender (p. ej., pasto o pequeñas ramitas puestos sobre las brazas, hojas secas sobre que se cae un cigarro encendido)
\sense_d Oa
\root kawa:
\xref kawa:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 06878
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:tala
\lxoa_c a:tala
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ap
\sense_e person who drinks a lot of water; person who drinks a lot of water while eating (instead of after eating, as is the custom)
\sense_s algn quien toma mucha agua; algn que toma mucha agua al comer (en lugar de después de comer, como es de costumbre)
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root tala
\vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens.
\semref a:chi:kwa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref a:tlakwa:ni
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06879
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa koloxsa:lowa
\lxoa_c kikoloxsa:lowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to tie up in a bundle (certain plants that have dried such as kó:ihlí to hang them up for next year's seed)
\sense_s atar en manojos (ciertas plantas que se han secadas con sus semillas, como kó:ihlí, para guardar colgadas para semilla del otro año)
\sense_d Oa
\root kolox
\root sa:l
\root sa:l
\ref 06880
\lxam tlakwalititia
\lxam_c kitlakwalititia
\lxoa tlakwalititia
\lxoa_c kitlakwalititia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to infect with the desire to eat
\sense_s contagiar con el deseo de comer
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Yo:htlámikéh totlaxkal, kas ya: timiakeh totlakwalititiah.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e We've finished up our tortillas, perhaps because there are so many of us we've infected each other with the desire to eat.
\phrase_s Ya terminamos las tortillas, quizácon eso de que somos muchos, nos contagiamos con el deseo de comer.
\root kwa
\root ta
\nae Apparently Oapan Nahuatl tlakwalititia is derived from the causative of ita'to see', with valency-reducing incorporation of the nominal element
tlakwahli 'food.'
\ref 06881
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tó:rokórra:l
\lxoa_c tó:rokórra:l
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan toro; corral
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\pitch yes
\sense_e bull ring
\sense_s rueda de toros
\sense_d Oa
\ref 06882
\lxam ma:kukwalotla
\lxam_c kima:kukwalotla
\lxoa má:kwaló:tla
\lxoa_pr má:kwalo:tla
\lxoa_c kimá:kwaló:tla
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-l)
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to make (sb) get a stiff and sore arm (or hand; e.g., from actions such as continuous chopping of wood, digging for a long time, or other activities that leave ones muscles
aching and stiff)
\sense_s hacer que se le quede el brazo (o la mano) exhausto, adolorido y tieso (p. ej., por haber leñado por mucho tiempo o por haber mantenido una misma posición en que se
entumece el cuerpo)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root kwa
\xref má:kwaló
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 06883
\lxam tixwa:ki
\lxam_c tixwa:ki
\lxoa tixwa:ki
\lxoa_c tixwa:ki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ki/tsa
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e for the tixtli to dry up on (the type of food called tlaxkalte:tso:tsontsi:nwhen it is placed on the clay griddle)
\sense_s secarsele la masa a (el tipo de tortilla preparada que se llama tlaxkalte:tso:tsontsi:ncuando se pone sobre el comal)
\sense_d Oa
\root tisi
\root wa:k
\nse The tlaxkalte:tso:tsontsi:n dries up because it is not turned over like an ordinary tortilla, but rather left to dry up on the hot griddle as salt is sprinkled on its surface.
\ref 06884
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlaxilahka:n
\lxoa_alt tlatexilahka:n
\lxoa_c tlaxilahka:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-tla-ka:n
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e place on an incline that is slippery (from being wet, being covered with loose earth, having a smooth and hard surface, etc.)
\sense_s cuesta resbalosa (por estar mojada, tener una capa de tierra, suelta, tener una superficie lisa y dura, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root xola:
\semref tlaxola:wa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tlaxilahko
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06885
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsompilkatok
\lxoa_c tsompilkatok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\compound N-Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be with ones head hanging down, slumped over (e.g., a person sleeping, drunk, etc.)
\sense_s estar con la cabeza colgada (p. ej., una persona dormida, borracha, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsom
\root pil
\ref 06886
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa petlawia
\lxoa_f [pe tla 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kipetlawia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to beat real hard, particularly with a rope or similar object, such as to often making a loud sound upon striking the object
\sense_s golpear muy duro, particularmente con un lazo u otro objeto similar, a veces haciendo un sonido fuerte al conectar el golpe
\sense_d Oa
\semfld contact
\root petla
\semref petlasa:kawi:teki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref petlá:solwíya
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06887
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa petlá:solwía
\lxoa_pr petlá:solwia
\lxoa_c kipetlá:solwía
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to beat real hard, particularly with a rope or similar object, often to such a degree that a loud sound is made upon the object being struck
\sense_s golpear muy duro, particularmente con un lazo u otro objeto similar, a veces causando un sonido fuerte al conectar el golpe
\sense_d Oa
\semfld contact
\root petla
\root -sosol
\semref petlawiya
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref petlasa:kawi:teki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06888
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa weyaka:westok
\lxoa_c weyaka:westok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\compound Part-Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be lying down on the ground fully stretched out
\sense_s estar acostada por el suelo bien estirado
\sense_d Oa
\root weya
\root wetsi
\ref 06889
\lxam weyahka:te:ka
\lxam_c noweyahka:te:ka
\lxoa weyaka:te:ka
\lxoa_c noweyaka:te:ka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\compound Part-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e (refl.) to lay or fall down with ones body fully stretched out
\sense_s (refl.) acostarse o caerse con el cuerpo bien estirado
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n O:ninotexila:w, ta o:ninoweyaka:te:kak.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e My feet slipped out from under me, I even landed fully stretched out.
\phrase_s Se me fueron los pies, hasta caítodo estirado.
\root weya
\root te:ka
\qry_fon Check Oapan form. There is a def. /h/ here.
\ref 06890
\lxam wechyo
\lxam_c i:wechyo
\lxoa wechyo
\lxoa_c i:wechyo
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e dried heavily seeded portions of certain plants (e.g., kó:ihlí)
\sense_s las ramas secas y llenas de semillas de ciertas plantas (p. ej., kó:ihlí)
\sense_d Oa
\root wech
\nse According to Florencia Marcelino only huazontle is so described.
\ref 06891
\lxam tsompiliwi
\lxam_cpend tsompiliwi
\lxoa tsompiliwi
\lxoa_c tsompiliwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for ones head to droop down; to slump over (e.g., a large sunflower, a person very tired, etc.)
\sense_s tener la cabeza inclinada hacia abajo (p. ej., un girasol grande, una persona con mucho sueño, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsom
\root pil
\nse This word is rarely used in Ameyaltepec, much more common is the stative tsompilkatok.
\vl The first female token (of three) is /tsompi:liwi/ with a long /i:/ as indicated. Note that this first token might not have segmented, in which case there will be 2 F and 2 M
tokens.
\ref 06892
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ma:tsompilowa
\lxoa_c kima:tsompilowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-(N-V2)
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to bend the branches of a tree down (e.g., to pick its fruit)
\sense_s doblar las ramas de unárbol hacia abajo (p. ej., para piscarle la fruta)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root tsom
\root pil
\ref 06893
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa iximali:ntok
\lxoa_c iximali:ntok
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\compound N-V1
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be sitting with ones legs crossed near the ankles
\sense_s estar sentado con las piernas cruzadas por cerca de los tobillos
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root mali:
\qry Note that in the original cross-reference from /ikxinepaniwtok/ I had this Oa word written as /ixí:malí:ntok/. Check which form, the reduplicated one with reduction on /ixi-/ or the
headword here /iximali:ntok/.
\semref ikxinepaniwtok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ixinepanihtok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06894
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mesnepanihtok
\lxoa_c mesnepanihtok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\compound N-V1
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be sitting with ones legs crossed at the thighs
\sense_s estar sentado con las piernas cruzadas por los muslos
\sense_d Pending
\root mets
\root nepan
\grm Oapan phonology: ts>s /___ n. Check whether this occurs always.
\semref ikxinepaniwtok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ixinepanihtok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06895
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:xi:xtésokwiyá:ya
\lxoa_pr a:xi:xtesokwiya:ya
\lxoa_c a:xi:xtésokwiyá:ya
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp [N-N]-S-V1
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\lexical Lex. prefix te-
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to acquire or become covered with the smell of urine
\sense_s agarrar el olor a orina
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root xi:x
\root sohkwi
\root hya:
\nae The etymology of a:xi:xtésokwiyá:ya is not completely clear. The pitch accent derives at least from the final verbal root hya:, but this does not explain the
shift of rising pitch to the /te-/ syllable. Usually incorporated nouns on the verbal or participial forms involving hya: are pitch accented on their penultimate syllable. Thus
one has a:kwítlayá:ya, etc. It is possible that a form such as a:xi:xtésokwiyá:ya involves another underlying {h} in a position that cannot be determined
since no comparative data (historical or from neighboring villages) are available. If the {h} were to close the syllable {teh} it is unclear why the high pitch would not shift left to /xi:x/,
which has a long vowel and thus should attract stress, particularly to avoid clash. It might be, therefore, that the syllable {soh} has an underlying {h} and that there is some deletion
of pitch accent based on the clash that derives from underlying {-te sohkwihya:ya}. Though at this point the reconstruction is speculative, this is perhaps the most likely explanation.
There is evidence elsewhere that when there are two consecutive syllables with coda {h} that the consecutive pitch accents are reduced to one. Thus, it would be understandable,
given this, that {a:xi:xtesohkwihya:ya} would reduce to [a:xi:xtesòkwiy'a:ya] and that then there was a subsequen le
\grmx The etymology of a:xi:xtésokwiyá:ya is not completely clear. The pitch accent derives at least from the final verbal root hya:, but this does not
explain the shift of rising pitch to the /te-/ syllable. Usually incorporated nouns on the verbal or participial forms involving hya: are pitch accented on their
penultimate syllable. Thus one has a:kwítlayá:ya, etc. It is possible that a form such as a:xi:xtésokwiyá:ya involves another underlying {h} in
a position that cannot be determined since no comparative data (historical or from neighboring villages) are available. However, if the {h} were to close the syllable {teh} it
is unclear why the high pitch would not shift left to /xi:x/, which has a long vowel and thus should attract stress. It might be, therefore, that the syllable {soh} has an
underlying {h} and that there is some deletion of pitch accent based on the clash that derives from underlying {-tesohkwihya:ya}. This is perhaps the most li kely ex
planation, though at this point it is completely speculative.
\semref a:xi:xkokoya:ya
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06896
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:xi:xtésokwíya:k
\lxoa_c a:xi:xtésokwíya:k
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to smell of urine
\sense_s oler a orina
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root xi:xa
\root sohkwi
\root hya:
\qry Check vowel pitch pattern.
\semref a:xi:xtésokwiyá:ya
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref a:xi:xkokoyá:k
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06897
\lxam tsi:npaxia:ltik
\lxam_c tsi:npaxia:ltik
\lxoa tsi:npaxia:ltik
\lxoa_c tsi:npaxia:ltik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (Nah) pasear
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be a rover; to be a vagabond; to be a person who travels a lot, or who goes around the village a lot visiting many people
\sense_s ser vagabundo; ser un trotamundos; ser una persona que viaja mucho o que anda mucho en el pueblo de una casa a otra
\sense_d Pending
\root tsi:n
\root paxia:l
\qry Check Am /tsi:npaxia:ltik/. I have added it based on Oapan evidence, but it needs to be rechecked. If wrong, change xref links as needed.
\ref 06898
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixipilteki
\lxoa_c kixipilteki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to cut (sb) on the bottom of the toe (where the toe joins the bottom of the foot)
\sense_s cortar a (algn) por la parte inferior del dedo de pie (por donde se junta con la planta del pie)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n O:mitsixipiltek wa:htsi:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e A guaco bird cut the bottom of your toe.
\phrase_s Un guaco te cortóel dedo de pie.
\root kxi
\root pil
\root teki
\semref wa:ktsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06899
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlatsontewi:tekilo:ni
\lxoa_c tlatsontewi:tekilo:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-instr-ni
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infn N1
\sense_e lightning bolt
\sense_s rayo
\sense_d Oa
\root tson
\root wi:teki
\semfld weather
\nse This should be compared to lightning (relámpago) which is indicated by the term tlapetla:ni. The use of what is essentially an instrumental ending
-lo:ni is interesting, but coincides with the fact that the Nahuatl translation of 'to get hit by lightening' is with the victim as object of a transitive verb with unnamed plural
3rd-person agents.
\nae The acoustic evidence suggests a short first /i/ in the middle of tlatsontewi:tekilo:ni as the duration is quite short for a phonologically long vowel. However, given that
the etymology seems to clearly relate to wi:tekithe vowel has been orthographically represented as long, pending further study and analysis of a greater number of
speech tokens.
\ref 06900
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:kwitsa:wi
\lxoa_c tla:kwitsa:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp tla-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for there to be crooked bolts of lightning (accompanied by thunder)
\sense_s haber rayos que atraviesan el cielo (con truenos)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld weather
\root a: kwitsa:
\nde No cognate forms have yet been noted in other dialects.
\vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens.
\ref 06901
\lxam tlantsitsilka
\lxam_c tlantsitsilka
\lxoa tlantsitsilka
\lxoa_c tlantsitsilka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to feel small sharp tingling in ones teeth (from drinking sth very cold)
\sense_s sentir algo como los dientes hormigueando (por haber bebido algo muy frio)
\sense_d Oa
\root tlan
\root tsili:
\ref 06902
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:kó:koye:hchí:wa
\lxoa_pr a:ko:koye:hchi:wa
\lxoa_c na:kó:koye:hchí:wa
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\compound N-N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl.) to clear ones throat
\sense_s (refl.) despejarse la garganta
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root ko:koh
\root ye:k
\root chi:wa
\semref ko:koye:kchi:wa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06903
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:ma:xtlayoh
\lxoa_c a:ma:xtlayoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to have a diaper on
\sense_s tener un pañal puesto
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root ma:xtl
\ref 06904
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa na:natsi:n
\lxoa_c i:na:natsi:n
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e aunt
\sense_s tía
\sense_d Oa
\semfld kin
\root na:na
\qry Check whether this can be used as a term of address. I believe it can be.
\vl There are 4 extra tokens of this word at 6992; they should be tagged with #06904.
\ref 06905
\lxam ti:yoh
\lxam_c i:ti:yoh
\lxoa tiótlí
\lxoa_c i:tioh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan tío
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N0/2; Aln (Am); N1/2; Aln(1=2) (Oa)
\pitch yes
\sense_e uncle
\sense_s tío
\sense_d Oa
\semfld kin
\nse It seems that in Ameyaltepec the loan ti:yo is used in both possessed form and as a term of address.
\nae The final /h/ in Oapan i:tioh illustrates the manner in which Spanish loans are often adopted into the Nahuatl language with final /h/.
\qry In Oapan it is not clear what the address term is.
\ref 06906
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlá:welí
\lxoa_pr tlá:weli
\lxoa_c tlá:welí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Oa
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be an expert at a particular task (a nahual, a good painter, a professor, etc.); to be adept at various things (e.g., sewing, making pottery, etc.)
\sense_s ser experto en una cosa en particular (un nahual, un buen pintor, un profesor); ser adepto a varias cosas (p. ej., coser, hacer cerámica, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root hwel
\nae The perfective of Oapan tlá:welí is o:tlá:wél ; the pitch accent is not shifted left to the completive clitic.
\vl The first female token is /tlawe:leh/ and should be tagged as #5695. The second is /tlá:welí/ and should be the one chosen for the link. The first male token should also be
linked.
\grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent: The perfective of Oapan tlá:welí is o:tlá:wél ; the pitch accent is not shifted left to the completive clitic.
\ref 06907
\lxam komo:chiyo:hli
\lxam_c komo:chiyo:hli
\lxoa komo:chyo:hli
\lxoa_c komo:chyo:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e birthmark
\sense_s lunar
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e seeds of the komo:chitltree
\sense_s semillas delárbol llamado komo:chitl
\sense_d Am
\root komo:ch
\root yo:l
\nse Apparently birthmarks are so called because they often look like the seeds of the guamúchil.
\ref 06908
\lxam pa:ya:kwi
\lxam_c pa:ya:kwi
\lxoa pa:ya:kwi
\lxoa_c pa:ya:kwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to become woozy or dizzy; to become light-headed (for not eating, from a bad cold, from drink, etc.)
\sense_s ponerse mareado, aturdido o como embriagado (por no comer, por una gripa fuerte, de bebida)
\sense_d Oa
\root pa:ya:
\root kwi
\xref pa:ya:kwi:tia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\semref kwa:pa:ya:ti
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06909
\lxam pa:ya:kwi:tia
\lxam_c kipa:ya:kwi:tia
\lxoa pa:ya:kwi:tia
\lxoa_cpend kipa:ya:kwi:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make woozy or dizzy; to make light-headed (hunger, a cold, alcohol, etc.)
\sense_s marear o poner mareado, aturdir o dejar como embriagado (hambre, una gripa fuerte, la borrachera)
\sense_d Oa
\root pa:ya:
\root kwi
\vl For some reason this word wasn't taped although it was presented to the consultants.
\xref pa:ya:kwi:
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\semref kwa:pa:ya:tilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06910
\lxam ye:lpanakatl
\lxam_c ye:lpanakatl
\lxoa ye:lpanakatl
\lxoa_c ye:lpanakatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e breast meat (in reference to a chicken)
\sense_s pechuga (en referencia a la carne de un pollo)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\semfld animal
\semfld food
\root e:l
\root naka
\root_rel -pan
\qry_fon Note that with C. Flores (Am), even here with careful pronunciation there is no /nn/.
\ref 06911
\lxam mexkalteki
\lxam_c mexkalteki
\lxoa mexkalteki
\lxoa_c mexkalteki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to cut maguey (for fiber)
\sense_s cortar maguey (para la fibra)
\sense_d Oa
\root mexkal
\root teki
\semref ixteki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06912
\lxam mexkaltehke:tl
\lxam_c mexkaltehke:tl
\lxoa mexkaltehke:tl
\lxoa_c mexkaltehke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\incorp [N-V2]-N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\sense_e person who cuts maguey (for fiber)
\sense_s persona que corta maguey (para la fibra)
\sense_d Oa
\root mexkal
\root teki
\ref 06913
\lxam mexkalpa:ka
\lxam_c mexkalpa:ka
\lxoa mexkalpa:ka
\lxoa_cpend mexkalpa:ka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to place cut maguey leaves in a river to soften it and extract fiber
\sense_s poner las pencas cortadas de maguey en el río para hacerlas blandas y sacarles fibra
\sense_d Oa
\root mexkal
\root pa:ka
\vl No speech token for this word although the consultants were apparently asked.
\ref 06914
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:tlatsi:ni
\lxoa_c tla:tlatsi:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for ones skin to get a dried layer of dirty skin (during the winter months when it is dry and cold)
\sense_s quedarsele la piel resecada y sucia (durante los meses secos y fríos del invierno)
\sense_d Oa
\root tlatsi:
\nse This skin condition occurs only in the dry winter months and when one does not scrape ones skin (noté:chikí) with a rough stone while bathing in order to clear off the
dried, dead skin cells..
\ref 06915
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa áwia:ká:yo
\lxoa_c i:áwia:ká:yo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-yo
\infn N2
\sense_e fragrance or sweet smell (e.g., of a flower)
\sense_s fragrancia o buen olor (p. ej., de una flor)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e good flavor or taste (of a food)
\sense_s buen sabor (de una comida)
\sense_d Oa
\pitch yes-lex
\root ahwi
\root hya:
\qry Make sure absolutive doesn't exist. Make sure that no /h/, a reflex of /k/ from the adjectival, is present in the AM form.
\vl There are four extra tokens at 05979. Link the best tokens. Here two of the female tokens (if they all segment) are stuttered and should not be tagged.
\grm Note for grammatical discussion of -yo possessive: awia:hyo as in xohkipia iawia:hyo. Note that in elicitation FM gave both /i:áwiá:yo/ and /i:áwiá:hyo/ but in recording IJ
gave /i:áwia:ká:yo/ and FM agreed after having given //i:áwiá:hyo/. She did not give /i:áwiá:yo/
\semref awia:yo
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref áwiá:hyo
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06916
\lxam kextsonteki
\lxam_c kikextsonteki
\lxoa kextsonteki
\lxoa_c kikextsonteki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-(N-V2)
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to decapitate (an animal or person, with a machete, e.g., the action of cutting off the head of a slaughtered pig)
\sense_s decapitar (un animal o persona, con un machete; p. ej., decapitar un marrano que ha sido sacrificado); degollar
\sense_d Oa
\semfld cutting
\root kech
\root tson
\root teki
\vl Link 1st female token.
\semref kexteki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06917
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ma:tla:tlatsi:ni
\lxoa_c ma:tla:tlatsi:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for the skin on ones arm (or hand) to get a dried layer of dirty skin (during the winter months when it is dry and cold)
\sense_s quedarsele la piel del brazo (o la mano) resecada y sucia (durante los meses secos y fríos del invierno)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root tlatsi:
\nse This skin condition occurs only in the dry winter months and when one does not scrape ones skin (noté:chikí) with a rough stone while bathing to removed the dead
and dry skin cells.
\ref 06918
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ma:tsa:tsaya:ni
\lxoa_c ma:tsa:tsaya:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for the skin on ones arms to split open in places from drying and cold (particularly affecting those who work clay a lot)
\sense_s rajarsele la piel del brazo a, por lo seco y frío (particularmente a las mujeres que hacen cerámica)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root tsaya:
\nse This word is now rarely used in Oapan because more care is placed on ones skin, e.g., with skin creams.
\vl Link 2nd male token.
\ref 06919
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa chiachia:wa
\lxoa_c chiachia:wa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infn N1
\sense_e type of grasshopper, still not identified
\sense_s tipo de chapulín, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\ency_note chapolin
\root chiya:
\nse This grasshopper is called by this name because when cooked it is very fatty; cf. chiya:wak.
\qry_fon The length of the first vowel is uncertain; I have provisionally given it as short, with no pitch accent.
\vl Link 1st female token.
\semref chia:wak chapolin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06920
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlatekoyo:wia
\lxoa_f [tla te ko yo: 'wi a]
\lxoa_c tlatekoyo:wia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-d-wia
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cry loudly (particularly in reference to older children o adults)
\sense_s llorar fuertemente (particularmente en reference a adolescentes o adultos)
\sense_d Oa
\root koyo:
\nse This word is used in reference to crying by those who allegedly too old to cry but who do cry, and loudly because of their age. Note the use of the"intensifier" te- as an
infix, apparently in reference to the fact that this action results in a"non-normal"state.
\ref 06921
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for Oapan /tlawi:pa:ntli/, but it was a duplicate of 2647 and has therefore been eliminated.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\vl The four tokens here should be numbered #2647 since this entry (6921) is a duplicate. Note that the two linked sound files at 2647 should be the ones originally from 6921
as the sound is better.
\ref 06922
\lxam a:a:wiltia
\lxam_cpend ka:a:wiltia
\lxoa náná:wiltiá
\lxoa_pr naná:wiltia
\lxoa_c kí:ná:wiltiá; o:kí:ná:wíltikéh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): o:kí:ná:wíltikéh
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to rape (a woman by a man)
\sense_s violar (una mujer por un hombre)
\sense_d Oa
\root a:wil
\nae The origin of this unusual Oapan Nahuatl word seems to be a reduplicated (reduced with a vowel initial stem) form of a:wiltia (yielding á:wiltiá) which has
then had the reflexive object prefix ne- added, although the prefixal vowel /e/ has been lost. The result would be ná:wiltiá. This form then became
reduplicated and lexicalized, meaning 'to rape', yielding náná:wiltiá. The reduplicant is manifested when there is a preceding long vowel as in
o:né:chnaná:wíltikéh 'they raped me' (although the reduplicant is very reduced, almost to a geminated nasal). However, when there is a preceding short vowel in the
object prefix of this transitive verb the reduplicant is reduced: kí:ná:wiltiá. In the plural past another pitch accented syllable is introduced from the underlying {h} of the
perfective stem. Thus one finds o:kí:ná:wíltikéh, which has four pitch-accented syllables in a six syllable word. To date náná:wiltiá i s the only c ase of
reduplication on an already reduplicated verb. In Ameyaltepec, according to Inocencio Díaz the reduplicant is with a long vowel.
\qry_fon With a vowel initial stem form of a:wiltia (yielding á:wiltiá) which has then had the reflexive object prefix ne- added, although the
prefixal vowel /e/ has been lost. The result would be ná:wiltiá. This form then became lexicalized and reduplicated, yielding náná:wiltiá. The
reduplicant is manifested when there is a preceding long vowel as in o:né:chnaná:wíltikéh 'they raped me' (although the reduplicant is very reduced, almost
to a geminated nasal). However, when there is a preceding short vowel in the object prefix of this transitive verb the reduplicant is reduced: kí:ná:wiltiá. In
the plural past another pitch accented syllable is introduced from the underlying {h} of the perfective stem. Thus one finds o:kí:ná:wíltikéh, which has four
pitch-accented syllables in a six syllable word. To date náná:wiltiá is the only case of reduplication on an already reduplicated verb.
\grmx Oapan phonology: Note the following /kí:ná:wiltiá/ and /o:kí:ná:wíltikéh/: The origin of this unusual Oapan Nahuatl word seems to be a reduplicated (reduced with a vowel
initial stem) form of a:wiltia (yielding á:wiltiá) which has then had the reflexive object prefix ne- added, although the prefixal vowel
/e/ has been lost. The result would be ná:wiltiá. This form then became lexicalized and reduplicated, yielding náná:wiltiá. The reduplicant is
manifested when there is a preceding long vowel as in o:né:chnaná:wíltikéh 'they raped me' (although the reduplicant is very reduced, almost to a geminated
nasal). However, when there is a preceding short vowel in the object prefix of this transitive verb the reduplicant is reduced: kí:ná:wiltiá. In the plural past
another pitch accented syllable is introduced from the underlying {h} of the pe rfective stem. Thus one finds o:kí:ná:wíltikéh, which has four pitch-accented
syllable s in a si x syllable word. To date náná:wiltiá is the only case of reduplication on an already reduplicated verb. Note that it appears this verb
appears to derive from /a:wiltia/, reduplicated and with the reflexive or reflexive impersonal prefix /no-/ or /ne-/ added. The resulting verb is thus /ná:wiltiá/. All the
examples I have of this verb are further reduplicated as /né:xnaná:wiltiáh/ or, when the prefix has a short vowel, /mí:sná:wiltiáh/. However, all the examples I have on tape,
at least the minimal pairs tape, have a plural subject. Thus it remains to be seen whether this non-lexicalized reduplication only occurs with a plural subject and, therefore,
whether or not one finds the unreduplicated /misná:wiltiá/ with a single subject. Check!
\vl There are 3 forms of this verb : /kí:ná:wiltiá/ /o:né:chnaná:wíltikéh/ and /o:kí:ná:wíltikéh/. Tag all three forms with 6922 but only link the first and last.
\semref a:wiltia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06923
\lxam a:mi:miktia
\lxam_c ka:mi:miktia
\lxoa a:mi:mihtia
\lxoa_c ka:mi:mihtia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to drown (sb, e.g, by forcing them underwater and holding them there)
\sense_s ahogar a (algn, p. ej., al sumergirlo en el agua a fuerza)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root a:
\root miki
\ref 06924
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa íyo:mi:míki
\lxoa_pr iyo:mi:miki
\lxoa_c íyo:mi:míki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-3a(k)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to be unable to breathe (e.g., por el piquete de un alacrán); to feel suffocated
\sense_s no poder respirar (p. ej., por un piquete de alacrán); sentir suffocado
\sense_d Oa
\root hyo:
\root miki
\vl The first female token is simply /íyo:míki/. It should be tagged here at 6925, but not linked. For the links use the reduplicated /íyo:mi:míki/.
\xref íyo:mi:miíhtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\semref a:mimi:ka
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06925
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa í:yo:mi:míhtia
\lxoa_pr í:yo:mi:mihtia
\lxoa_c kí:yo:mi:míhtia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to suffocate; to make it difficult for (sb) to breathe
\sense_s suffocar; hacerle la respiración difícil a (algn)
\sense_d Oa
\root hyo:
\root miki
\xref iyo:mi:miki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref íyo:mi:míki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 06926
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:tlatla
\lxoa_c a:tlatla
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to get burned from too much water (e.g., a maize plant in depressed land after heavy rains)
\sense_s quemarse por una abundancia de agua (p. ej., la milpa en un terreno sumido después de mucha lluvia)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld agriculture
\semfld blight
\root a:
\root tla
\semref a:chichinawi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06927
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa sokipachiwi
\lxoa_c sokipachiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get covered with mud (e.g., maize plants when small, chile, etc., by mud that slides across it after a heavy rain)
\sense_s taparse por lodo (p. ej., plantas como la milpa pequeña, chile, etc., por lodo que se arrastra por una fuerte lluvia)
\sense_d Oa
\root soki
\root pach
\ref 06928
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa sawatik
\lxoa_c sawatik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf-tik
\lexical Op. prefix te- : té:sawatik
\sense_e hoarse
\sense_s ronco
\sense_d Oa
\semfld disease
\root sawa
\nse The definition of this word, 'hoarse' needs to be checked with consultants.
\qry_fon Check this definition for Oapan. It might simply mean mangy???
\qry_fon Note that I originally had written /sawahtik/. However, this does not seem to conform to the acoustic analysis and has been changed. But note what appears to be a really
long stop from the /t/. Check!
\ref 06929
\lxam kexsawa:ni
\lxam_c kexsawa:ni
\lxoa kexsawa:ni
\lxoa_alt kextsawa:ni
\lxoa_c kexsawa:ni,kextsawa:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to be or become hoarse
\sense_s estar o ponerse ronco
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kech
\root sawa:
\nde Classical Nahuatl has no cognate form yet noted. However, Tetelcingo, Morelos has two intransitive verbs, sahuani and sahuana (note that all vowels are
short) both glossed as 'estáronco.' The former forms the impersonal with -lo whereas the latter uses -hua. Vowel length in the Oapan form should be
rechecked.
\vl Link 2nd male token and 1st female.
\qry Check whether /sawa:ni/ is an acceptable entry. Check vowel length. Check for stative, etc.
\semref kexsasawati
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06930
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tepi:tilia
\lxoa_c kitepi:tilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tilia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make hard (in general the the earth by pounding, a bag or stack of sth by pushing and crushing together)
\sense_s macizar; endurecer (en general la tierra al golpearla fuerte, o un conjunto de algo al empujar y apretujar)
\sense_d Pending
\root tepi:
\root_notes The relationship between /tepi:/ and /tepi:ts/ should be explored. Cf. /tepi:tka:tla:katl/.
\semref tepi:xte:ma
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref tepi:tsowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06931
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tepi:xte:ma
\lxoa_c kitepi:xte:ma
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-alt-mi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to stuff tightly (e.g., sth such as corn cobs (mazorca) in a sack by pushing and crushing together, or even the earth by pounding it)
\sense_s macizar; endurecer (p. ej., algo como mazorcas en un costal al empujar y apretujarlas, o hasta la tierra y suelo al golpearla)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (refl.) to settle down and harden (e.g., loose earth after water has been poured on it, cut weeds after being rained on, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) asentarse y endurecerse (p. ej., tierra suelta después de que agua le había sido vertido, hierba y maleza cortada después de una lluvia, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root tepi:
\semref tepi:tilia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref tepi:tilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref tepi:tsowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06932
\lxam ma:tsitsilka
\lxam_c ma:tsitsilka
\lxoa ma:tsitsilka
\lxoa_c ma:tsitsilka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to feel a tingling in ones arm or hand (e.g., numbness such as that when ones arm falls asleep, from a scorpion bite, etc.)
\sense_s sentir un hormigueo en la mano o brazo (p. ej., por el frío, por un piquete como de alacrán, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root tsili:
\disamb tsitsilka; wiwiyoka; momoyoka; kwekwetlaka
\xref ma:tsitsika:ltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\ref 06933
\lxam ikxitsitsilka
\lxam_c ikxitsitsilka
\lxoa ixitsitsilka
\lxoa_c ixitsitsilka
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq]
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to feel a tingling in ones foot or leg (e.g., numbness such as that when ones arm falls asleep, from a scorpion bite, etc.)
\sense_s sentir un hormigueo en el pie o pierna (p. ej., por el frío, por un piquete como de alacrán, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root tsili:
\disamb tsitsilka; wiwiyoka; momoyoka; kwekwetlaka
\nae The reduced form * ixi:tsilka is not possible.
\grm Oapan reduplication: The reduced form * ixi:tsilka is not possible.
\ref 06934
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tekoxokotl
\lxoa_c tekoxokotl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\semfld -pl-ed(pend)
\sense_e type of wild plum tree; it is not found near Ameyaltepec nor Oapan but rather in the lands around San Francisco Ozomatlán; its fruit is purple and edible (occasionally its
fruit, and by extension the tree, is called moradi:toh)
\sense_s tipo de ciruelo silvestre; no se encuentra cerca de Ameyaltepec ni Oapan sino más bien en los alrededores de san Francisco Ozomatlán; su fruta es moradita y comestible (a
veces la fruta, y por extensión elárbol, se llama moradi:toh)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\semfld hypo xokotl
\root tekoma
\root xoko
\semref tekonxokotl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06935
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa bié:jotília
\lxoa_pr bie:jotilia
\lxoa_c mitsbié:jotília
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan (Nah) viejo
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tilia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e to make old (a person)
\sense_s envejecer a; hacer viejo a (algn)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Dilah titlai:ni, mitsbié:jotíli:s tra:goh.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e If you get drunk a lot, the drink will make you old.
\phrase_s Si te emborrachas mucho, la bebida te va a envejeder.
\ref 06936
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa di:lah
\lxoa_c di:lah titekitki; di:lah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) de
\psm Adv
\der Adv-man
\sense_e if really
\sense_s si de veras
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Dilah titekitki, san niman tibié:jotiás.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e If you work really hard, you'll get old quickly.
\phrase_s Si eres muy trabajador, luego luego te quedas viejo.
\nae Pronounced by itself one finds di:lah with final /h/. However, unlike other words that manifest pitch accent when in non-phrase final position, the sequence di:lah
titekiti does not seem to show marked pitch on the first syllable ? dí:lah titekiti. The reason for this is not clear. Likely, in isolation the length seems clearly to be
di:lah, however, in combination the length of the first and second syllables of di:lah is not so easy to distinguish.
\ref 06937
\lxam bie:jotia
\lxam_c bie:jotia
\lxoa bié:jotiá
\lxoa_pr bie:jotia
\lxoa_c bié:jotiá
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan (part) de
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-loan
\sense_e if really
\sense_s si de veras
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Dilah titekitki, san niman tibié:jotiás.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e If you work really hard, you'll get old quickly.
\phrase_s Si eres muy trabajador, luego luego te quedas viejo.
\qry_fon Check vowel length in the Ameyaltepec form. I might have gotten this wrong.
\grmx Oapan phonology: Note how the pitch-accent system affects length in borrowed words, here the /e/, not the /o/, is long.
\ref 06938
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa pitsako:tsi:n
\lxoa_c pitsako:tsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-tsi:n
\sense_e to be very, very narrow (e.g., a needle, a brush, thread, etc.)
\sense_s ser muy, muy delgado (p. ej., un aguja, un pincel, hilo, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root pitsa:
\nse Semantically, pitsako:tsi:n represents an intensification of pitsa:wak.
\ref 06939
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yekapitsako:tsi:n
\lxoa_c yekapitsako:tsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-tsi:n
\sense_e to have a very, very narrow tip (e.g., a fine brush for painting, a rapidograph, etc.)
\sense_s tener la punta muy, muy delgada (p. ej., un pincel, una pluma de arquitecto, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root yeka
\root pitsa:
\ref 06940
\lxam tla:lpachowa
\lxam_c kitla:lpachowa
\lxoa tla:lpachowa
\lxoa_c kitla:lpachowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to place or bury in the ground; to cover with earth
\sense_s enterrar; meter abajo de la tierra; tapar o cubrir con tierra
\sense_d Pending
\root tla:l
\root pach
\semref tla:lto:ka
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06941
\lxam tesa:liwi
\lxam_c tesa:liwi
\lxoa tesa:liwi
\lxoa_c tesa:liwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Lex. prefix te-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become tightly tied (a knot in a rope, cord, etc., that cannot be easily untied); to get tangled
\sense_s quedar atado apretadamente (un nudo en una laso, cordón, etc., que no se puede desatar fácilmente); quedarse con muchos nudos bien apretados (p. ej., una cuerda,
mecate, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root te-
\root sa:l
\nae Note that in reduplication it is the te- element that is reduplicated, as in Oapan te:tesaliwi or tétesalíwi.
\semref sa:liwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06942
\lxam tesa:lowa
\lxam_c kitesa:lowa
\lxoa tesa:lowa
\lxoa_c kitesa:lowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Lex. prefix te-
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to tightly tie (a knot in a rope, cord, etc., that cannot be easily untied)
\sense_s atar apretadamente (un nudo en una laso, cordón, etc., que no se puede desatar fácilmente)
\sense_d Oa
\root sa:l
\nse In tying up an animal the form sa:lowa is used since one will want to untie it; tesa:lowa is used for things that are not going to untied or that should not
untie easily. Thus in hanging a hammock one may use either form.
\semref sa:lowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06943
\lxam kwe:teweyak
\lxam_alt kwe:teweyak
\lxam_c kwe:teweyak
\lxoa kwe:teweyak
\lxoa_alt kwe:tewiyak
\lxoa_c kwe:teweyak, kwe:tewiyak
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\sense_e to have on a long skirt, one that virtually drags on the ground
\sense_s tener una falda larga, una que casi llega hasta el suelo
\sense_d Oa
\root kwe:
\root wila:
\vl Link 1st female token.
\semref kwe:uwelax
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kwe:uwelaxtik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kwe:tewela:xkoh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06944
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ma:kotó:ntekwíya
\lxoa_pr ma:koto:ntekwiya
\lxoa_c noma:kotó:ntekwíya
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan (part) algodón
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl.) to fold up the sleeves of ones shirt
\sense_s (refl.) doblar las mangas de la camisa
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root te
\root hkwiya
\ref 06945
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was Oapan /chakailiwi/, but it has been deleted and included under Am /chakayoliwi/, 06947.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\mod Tag all tokens here with 06947.
\ref 06946
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry used to be for /chakailowa/ but has since been deleted as a copy of that in 4348.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Tag tokens here with ref. 4348.
\ref 06947
\lxam chakayoliwi
\lxam_c chakayoliwi
\lxoa chakailiwi
\lxoa_c chakailiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become pockmarked or acquire a rough surface (a hard surface such as clay or stone)
\sense_s cacarañarse o quedar muyápera (una superficie dura como de cerámica o piedra, un plato hondo de cerámica)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kitetso:tsona para ma chakailiwi.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He hits it repeatedly with a stone so that its surface gets pockmarked.
\phrase_s Le golpea repetidas veces con una piedra para que su superficie quede cacarañada.
\semfld texture
\root chakayol
\ref 06948
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlatlaka:miki
\lxoa_c tlatlaka:miki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Mod-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to feel ones body hot and radiating (when one is sick, but without a fever; or after being bitten by a scorpion or other poisonous animal, etc.)
\sense_s sentir el cuerpo caliente y radiante (cuando uno estáenfermo, o por el efecto de un piquete de alacrán o de otro animal venenoso)
\sense_d Oa
\root tla
\root miki
\ref 06949
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlachi:la:te:ki:hli
\lxoa_c tlachi:la:te:ki:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\incorp [tla-V2]-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn N1/2; Aln
\sense_e bean broth prepared with ista:yetlor ka:xtilayetl
\sense_s caldo de frijol preparado con ista:kyetlo ka:xtilayetl
\sense_d Oa
\semfld food
\root chi:l
\root a:
\root te:ka
\mod NOTE: for the field com. This should be carefully checked and include only compounding, i.e., an element compounded onto another, and not simply a string of roots. All this should
be rechecked. I.e., it may be used for verbal compounds or nominal compounds, but not for nominalizations of various roots concatenated.
\semref yechi:la:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06950
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa te:ma:w
\lxoa_c te:ma:w
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e to be contagious; to be infectuous
\sense_s ser infectuoso; ser contagioso
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:wa
\grm Adjectivals: Note the use of /te:ma:w/ as a warning.
\ref 06951
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kaje:lkakawatl
\lxoa_c kaje:lkakawatl
\loan (part) caja(?)
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e orange peel
\sense_s cáscara de una naranja
\sense_d Oa
\root kawa
\ref 06952
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa pola:nkakawatl
\lxoa_c pola:nkakawatl
\loan (part) plátano
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e banana peel
\sense_s cáscara de un plátano
\sense_d Oa
\root kawa
\vl Link second female token.
\ref 06953
\lxam se:pama:wa
\lxam_c nose:pama:wan
\lxoa se:pama:wa
\lxoa_c nose:pama:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (recipr.) to get joined together into one single unit (sth negative, e.g., several candles that are set up next to each other, one falls and the wax starts spreading until a single
fire is produced; or separate balls of dough one of which goes bad and this spreads to the others)
\sense_s (recipr.) juntarse en una sola unidad (algo mal, p. ej., varias velas paradas una junto a otra, una vela se cae y la cera se extiende hasta producir una sola llama; o bolas
de masa una de las cuales se echa a perder, después las demás bolas se contagian)
\sense_d Oa
\root se:
\root ma:wa
\root_rel -pan
\vl Link 1st female and 2nd male tokens.
\mod Check whether Oapan token is plural, as it perhaps should be.
\ref 06954
\lxam yekaseselik
\lxam_c yekaseselik
\lxoa yeká:selík
\lxoa_c yeká:selík
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-para-k/ya/lia
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have tender points or offshoots (e.g., the yepakihlitree after early rains)
\sense_s tener los retoños o las puntas tiernos (p. ej., elárbol yepakihlidespués de las lluvias tempranas)
\sense_d Oa
\root yeka
\root sel
\nae The pitch accented second syllable in Oapan yeká:selík reflects a stem reduplicant reduced onto the short vowel of the preceding nominal stem, indicative of the fact
that this adjectival refers to the many shoots of a plant, which is the subject of the predication.
\semref yekapuntaseselik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06955
\lxam xa:yakakomoliwi
\lxam_c xa:yakakomoliwi
\lxoa xa:yá:komolíwi
\lxoa_pr xa:yá:komoliwi
\lxoa_c xa:yá:komolíwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s(prev-l)
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to get dimples
\sense_s dibujarsele hoyuelos en las mejillas a
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:yaka
\root komol
\nae Other more extended forms, e.g., * xa:yaká:kokomolíwi, * xa:yá:kokomolíwi, etc., were not accepted in Oapan Nahuatl. Although I have tentatively
analyzed this as pitch accent on a preceding long vowel, the situation is more complicated. One could posit that first the reduplicant is reduced onto /xa:yaká:komolíwi/ and then the
/k/ is lost intervocalically. Of course the k-loss might occur first, in which case the reduction would be on the lengthened vowel that results: /xa:ya: + rdp-s komoliwi/. There doesn't
seem to be a reason to favor one analysis over the other.
\grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note that in /xa:yá:komolíwi/ the long /a/ results from the reduction of a /aka/ sequence to /a:/. At the same time, this syllable accepts
reduplication reduction, which is in effect marked by pitch only since the lengthening is a reflex of the lost /k/.
\ref 06956
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xayá:komóltik
\lxoa_c xayá:komóltik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Redyced rdp-s(prev-s)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have dimples
\sense_s tener hoyuelos en las mejillas
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:yaka
\root komol
\nae See xayá:komolíwi.
\ref 06957
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xkotia:mpa
\lxoa_c i:xkotia:mpa
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-?
\sense_e by oneself; alone
\sense_s estar solo
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root_rel -i:xko
\nde In Oapan this refers to the action of isolating oneself in doing something.
\grm Note the use of /-wia/ with the nominalized /i:xkotiya:n/. Cf. RS who has /ixcoyan/ and /ixcoyantia/.
\ref 06958
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:tsi:nkwe:tli
\lxoa_c a:tsi:nkwe:tli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-(N-N)
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e dress that is put on especially for crossing the river
\sense_s falda que se utiliza especialmente para cruzar el río
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root tsi:n
\root kwe:
\nse This is a word mostly used in Analco, across the river from Oapan. It refers to a dress that is put on specifically to cross the river. Upon reaching the other side, Oapan, the
a:tsi:nkwe:tli is left on the bank and a dry skirt is put on. Since women from Oapan seldom go to Analco, they have no need for an a:tsi:nkwe:tli.
\ref 06959
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:chi:patlatsa
\lxoa_c na:chi:patlatsa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-PM-V2
\der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\trans +Refl/-trans
\lexical Reduced rdp-s*(prev-s)
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e (refl.) to flap around (a fish on a wooden tray or on the earth) making a splashing sound; to flop around in water (e.g., a pig in a puddle)
\sense_s (refl.) dar coletazos (un pez en una batea de madera, o sobre la tierra; un marrano en un charco) haciendo un ruido en el agua
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root chi:
\root patla:
\nae The verb a:chi:patlatsa is perhaps a frequentative that has its reduplicant reduced onto the short vowel of the preceding modifying element chi-. Such
reduction of the reduplicants of frequentatives is not common, but it is not undocumented. Nevertheless, although the /i:/ of chi:- appears to be of long duration, the
acoustic evidence is not inequivocal. However, considering all possibilities, the most likely etymology and underlying form would be {a: + chi + rdp-s + patlatsa}. The absence of
pitch accent is also in accord with a frequentative since these forms do not have coda {h} in the reduplicants.
\vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token.
\ref 06960
\lxam a:komo:nia
\lxam_c na:komo:nia
\lxoa a:komo:nia
\lxoa_c na:komo:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\compound N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to make water splash loudly by hitting it hard with one hand (e.g., young people playing in the river)
\sense_s (refl.) chapotear el agua para que hace un ruido fuerte al golpearla con la mano (p. ej., jovenes jugando en el río)
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root komo:
\ref 06961
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:lwah
\lxoa_c tla:lwah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-posr-wah
\infn N1
\sense_e landowner
\sense_s dueño de tierra
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:l
\semref tla:leh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref tla:le:roh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06962
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:leh
\lxoa_alt tla:lih
\lxoa_c tla:leh, tla:lih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-posr-eh
\infn N1
\sense_e landowner
\sense_s dueño de tierra
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:l
\nae The varying height of final front vowels in Oapan Nahuatl is well illustrated in this example where the final vowel of Inocencio Jiménez is much higher than that of his wife Florencia
Marcelino. The variation is final /h/ is also exemplified by this speech token.
\qry_fon The varying height of final front vowels in Oapan Nahuatl is well illustrated in this example where the final vowel of Inocencio Jiménez is much higher than that of his wife
Florencia Marcelino. The variation is final /h/ is also exemplified by this speech token.
\grm Oapan phonology: The varying height of final front vowels in Oapan Nahuatl is well illustrated in this example where the final vowel of Inocencio Jiménez is much higher
than that of his wife Florencia Marcelino. The variation is final /h/ is also exemplified by this speech token.
\vl Link 2nd male token, /tla:lih/.
\semref tla:lwah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref tla:le:roh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06963
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlá:wi:kaltí:hli
\lxoa_c tlá:wi:kaltí:hli
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn N1
\sense_e curse; insult
\sense_s injuria; insulto
\sense_d Oa
\root wi:kal
\ref 06964
\lxam uwi:kaltia
\lxam_c kuwi:kaltia
\lxoa wíwi:káltia
\lxoa_pr wiwi:kaltia
\lxoa_c kí:wi:káltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s.h(pref): mí:tswi:káltia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to insult; to curse at
\sense_s insultar; injuriar; maldecir
\sense_d Oa
\root wi:kal
\nae Morphologically it is quite possible that uwi:kaltia (Am) / wíwi:káltia (Oa) is derived from a reduplicated form of the verb
wi:kathat has been causativized. However, the semantics of such a derivation (i.e., how a reduplicated and causative form of wi:ka would
acquire the meaning of 'to insult' or 'to curse at.' For this reason the etymology of this headword has provisionally been kept at the clearest surface form: wi:kal.
\ref 06965
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa chi:patlaka
\lxoa_c chi:patlaka
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp PM-V1
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.]
\lexical Reduced rdp-s*(prev-s)
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to flap in the wind making a slapping noise (e.g., a nylon hanging to dry)
\sense_s alatear en el viento haciendo mucho ruido (p. ej., un nylon colgado para secar)
\sense_d Oa
\root chi:
\root patla:
\nae For a fuller explanation, see a:chi:patlatsa.
\vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens.
\ref 06966
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa toromposo:lin
\lxoa_c toromposo:lin
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) trompo
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e type of top used in Oapan that is pointed at both ends
\sense_s tipo de trompo utilizado en Oapan con los dos lados puntiagudos
\sense_d Oa
\semfld game
\root so:l
\ilus_note Make illustration.
\ref 06967
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwa:yo:leh
\lxoa_alt kwa:yo:lih
\lxoa_c kwa:yo:leh, kwa:yo:lih
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-posr-eh
\infn N1
\sense_e see torompo kwa:yo:leh
\sense_s véase torompo kwa:yo:leh
\sense_d Oa
\semfld game
\root kwa:; yo:l
\vl Link 1st male token.
\ilus_note Make illustration
\ref 06968
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa torompokwa:yo:leh
\lxoa_alt torompokwa:yo:lih
\lxoa_c torompokwa:yo:lih, torompokwa:yo:leh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) trompo
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-posr-eh
\infn N1
\sense_e type of top with a short stem-like piece of wood on top; this top has a flat top except for the stem and is made to spin with a torompokohtli
\sense_s tipo de trompo con un pedazo redondo de madera por la cabeza que es plano, se hace girar por un palo, torompokohtli
\sense_d Oa
\semfld game
\root kwa:
\root yo:l
\qry Check for possessed form. ?/i:torompokwa:yó:leká:w/.
\ilus_note Make illustration
\vl Link 1st female token,
\ref 06969
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa torompokwa:mantik
\lxoa_c torompokwa:mantik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-complex
\der Adj-dvb-tik
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e top that is flat-topped
\sense_s trompo con la cabeza o la parte superior plana
\sense_d Oa
\semfld game
\root kwa:
\root man
\nse This is not kwa:yo:leh, san kwa:mantik.
\ilus_note Make illustration
\ref 06970
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tolompa:x
\lxoa_c tolompa:x
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) trompo
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\sense_e type of store-bought top that is thrown by wrapping a string around its body
\sense_s tipo de trompo comprado en las tiendas que se avienta por un hilo envuelto sobre su cuerpo
\sense_d Oa
\semfld game
\root pa:x
\vl Link 1st female token.
\ilus_note Make illustration
\ref 06971
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa torompo bie:joh
\lxoa_c torompo bie:joh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) trompo; viejo
\psm N
\compound N-complex
\der Adj-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e large handmade top that is spun by wrapping a cord attached to a stick around it and throwing it, then whipping the spinning top with the cord
\sense_s trompo grande, hecho a mano que se avienta por un lasito atado a un palo y después se azota por el mismo lasito
\sense_d Oa
\semfld game
\ilus_note Make illustration
\ref 06972
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa teko:ko
\lxoa_c teko:ko
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-bb
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn N1
\sense_e owl
\sense_s tecolote
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xkoxtiwetsi tla:man wa:hla:s teko:ko!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Got to sleep right away, otherwise an owl will come!
\phrase_s ¡Duerméte de una vez, si no el tecolote va a venir!
\semfld baby
\root tekolo:tl
\nae It is not clear what the best orthography for this word is. The final vowel seems to have an extremely long duration, but in the orthography that has been used up till now no
distinction has been made between word-ending long and short vowels. For now this convention has been maintained although further analysis might suggest an orthography of
teko:ko:, an ending perhaps limited to certain classes of words. The other question about teko:ko is its derivation. It clearly comes from Nahuatl
tekolo:tl. Many childrens words manifest long vowel reduplication on a nominal stem or verbal stem and the loss of a final syllable (eg.., wi:wih , cf.
wiyo:ni). If in this case the reduplication occured on the root kolo:, thereby considering the te-a separate element, and the
final syllable -lo: dropped, then one would have teko:ko. This is perhaps the best analysis, but one that strongly suggests that t
ekolo:tlco mprises two roots.
\ref 06973
\lxam cha:mol
\lxam_c i:cha:mol
\lxoa cha:mol
\lxoa_cpend i:cha:mol
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e gills (of a fish)
\sense_s agalla; branquia (de los peces)
\sense_d Oa
\root cha:mol
\nde Neither the word cha:mohli nor the root cha:molhas been documented in other dialects.
\vl There is no recording for this entry.
\semref te:ncha:mol
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 06974
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ítakachí:boh
\lxoa_c ítakachí:boh
\loan (part) chivo
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of ítakátl
\sense_s tipo de ítakátl
\sense_d Oa
\semfld food
\semfld maize
\root htaka
\nse Florencia Marcelino stated that she has heard this word in reference to a type of itacate but does not know how it is made nor what it contains.
\semref itakatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ítakátl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06975
\lxam xa:yakawi:teki
\lxam_c kixa:yakawi:teki
\lxoa xa:ya:wi:teki
\lxoa_c kixa:ya:wi:teki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to whip on the face (e.g., a stubborn donkey, with a rope or switch)
\sense_s azotar por la cara (p. ej., a un burro terco, con un laso o varita)
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:ya
\root wi:teki
\vl Link 2nd female token; 1st male token.
\ref 06976
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:kacho:kwi:tl
\lxoa_c tla:kacho:kwi:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-0
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e cheapskate (man)
\sense_s hombre codo
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:ka
\root cho:ka
\qry_fon Recheck the vowel length here, as in all other similar words. I am still uncertain.
\semref cho:kwi:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 06977
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlayó:ltechíki
\lxoa_pr tlayó:ltechiki
\lxoa_c tlayó:ltechíki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. infix te- ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-l)
\infv class-3a(k)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to clean maize by rubbing it over a wiremesh screen
\sense_s arnear maíz
\sense_d Oa
\root o:ya
\root hchiki
\nae Analysis of Oapan Nahuatl tlayó:ltechíki is problematical. It seems almost certain that the pitch accent is the reflex of reduplication on the verbal stem
techiki 'to scrape', given that the action involved is one that repeats itself as the maize is rubbed against the mesh (cf. o:ya). However, note that the
reduplicant is reduced to pitch accent on the final long vowel of the incorporated noun. While reduction to pitch accent does occur on long vowels, these are usually body parts.
Finally, in other contexts (cf. tlanté:chikí) Oapan Nahuatl manifests reduction of reduction of the verbal root chiki on the intensifier te-,
yielding té:chikí. In the future a more elaborate study and analysis needs to be conducted on how the verbal techiki reduplicates in Oapan Nahuatl.
\semref 'techíki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06978
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa to:nalma:mohtia
\lxoa_c kito:nalma:mohtia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\lexical Lex. rdp-l-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to scare the wits out of or to greatly frighten (sb, so as to cause susto and the loss of ones to:nahli)
\sense_s espantar muchísimo hasta causar susto a (algn, y la pérdida de su to:nahli)
\sense_d Oa
\root to:na
\root mawi
\vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens.
\semref to:nalka:waltia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref to:nalki:xtia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06979
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlayo:lmanilia
\lxoa_c kitlayo:lmanilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to put maize out for (e.g., in a basket, for an animal such as a donkey to eat)
\sense_s ponerle maíz para (p. ej., un animal como un burro, en una canasta para que se lo pueda comer)
\sense_d Oa
\root o:ya
\root man
\vl The 2nd female token should not be tagged as it is stuttered.
\ref 06980
\lxam tepotsma:ma
\lxam_c notepotsma:man
\lxoa teposma:ma
\lxoa_alt tepostlama:ma
\lxoa_c noteposma:mah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\compound N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-1
\sense_e (recipr., often in the progressive: noteposmá:matókeh) to be leaning against one another, back to back
\sense_s (recipr., a menudo en el progresivo: noteposmá:matókeh) estar descansando una persona contra otra, espalda a espalda
\sense_d Oa
\root tepots
\root ma:ma
\nae The alternation between teposma:ma and tepostlama:ma seems to indicate the use of tla- as a verbal prefix with semi-nominal significance as
referring to the entire human body. Note also the surface /s/ for the underlying {ts} of tepots, which is realized as /s/ before the nasal /m/.
\grm Oapan phonology; /tla-/; Noun incorporation: Note the use of /tla-/: notepostlamá:matókeh) to be leaning against each other, back to back. This is an
alternate form of /teposma:ma/. The alternation between teposma:ma and tepostlama:ma seems to indicate the use of tla- as a
verbal prefix with semi-nominal significance as referring to the entire human body. Note also the surface /s/ for the underlying {ts} of tepots, which is
realized as /s/ before the nasal /m/.
\ref 06981
\lxam ma:petsiwi
\lxam_c ma:petsiwi
\lxoa ma:petsiwi
\lxoa_c ma:petsiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for ones hands to become smooth from lack of work with ones hands
\sense_s quedarsele lisas las manos por falta de trabajar con ellas
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root pets
\qry_fon Get minimal pairs: /ma:petsiwi/, /ma petsiwi/ and /ma: petsiwi/.
\ref 06982
\lxam nepantik
\lxam_c nepantik
\lxoa nepantik
\lxoa_c nepantik; ne:nepantik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be folded over on itself
\sense_s estar doblado sobre si mismo
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to have two storeys (a building)
\sense_s tener dos pisos (una casa)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to be layered
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) tener capas, una sobre otra (p. ej., el pastel llamado 'mil hojas')
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to have more than two storeys (a building)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) tener más de dos pisos (un edificio)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication) to be pleated
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga) estar plegado; tener pliegues
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (kwe:xtsi:n ne:nepantik) to have small narrow pleats
\sense_s (kwe:xtsi:n ne:nepantik) tener muchos pliegues muy angostos
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (wéwé:i ne:nepantik) to have large wide pleats
\sense_s (wéwé:i ne:nepantik) tener varios pliegues anchos
\sense_d Oa
\root nepan
\nse The nonreduplicated form nepantik is used in reference to a single pleat or place in which a material is folded over on itself. The reduplicated ne:nepantik
is use for multiple occurrences, such as a pleated dress, a building with more than two storeys, etc.
\vl The tokens for /nepantik/ are here at 06982. Originally I then had 06983, /ne:nepantik/ as a separate entry, but I have combined them. Thus there is no entry 06983
anymore and the tokens for /ne:nepantik/ which are there should be retagged as 06982. Note that there are 4 extra tokens at 7116.
\ref 06983
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be the entry for /ne:nepantik/, but it has been eliminated and combined with 06982.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\vl This entry, 06983, was originally /ne:nepantik/. However, it has been eliminated and the tokens here should be retagged as 06982. Then two should be linked as the second
set of tokens in 06982. Remember that lxoc fields that have word1; word2 will have 4 tokens when complete, two each F-M for each word.
\ref 06984
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlane:nepano:hli
\lxoa_c tlane:nepano:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\sense_e sth pleated; sth folded over once and again on itself
\sense_s algo con tablitas o pliegues; algo doblado una y otra vez sobre si mismo
\sense_d Oa
\semfld clothing
\disamb nepan
\vl There are 4 female and 4 male tokens of this word.
\semref ta:blas
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 06985
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa nepantilia
\lxoa_c kinepantilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tilia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to add a storey to
\sense_s agregar un piso a
\sense_d Oa
\root nepan
\ref 06986
\lxam e:wateketsaltia
\lxam_c ke:wateketsaltia
\lxoa a:wateketsaltia
\lxoa_c ká:wateketsáltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (often with short vowel reduplication: ká:wateketsáltia (Oa)) to make (a horse, donkey, etc.) rear up on its hind legs
\sense_s (a menduo con reduplicación de vocal corta: ká:wateketsáltia (Oa)) hacer (un caballo, burro, etc.) pararse sobre las patas posteriores
\sense_d Oa
\root e:wa
\root te
\root ketsa
\nae Both a:wateketsa and a:wateketsaltia are transitives. However the latter is used for making animals rear up on their hind legs; the former is used
reflexively to indicate a animal doing this on its own, or it can be used to refer to the action of setting some material object upright.
\grm Causatives: cf. /a:wateketsa/ and /a:wateketsaltia/: Both a:wateketsa and a:wateketsaltia are transitives. However the latter is used for making
animals rear up on their hind legs; the former is used reflexively to indicate a animal doing this on its own, or it can be used to refer to the action of setting some material
object upright.
\ref 06987
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tekopo:ni
\lxoa_c tekopo:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex: prefix te-
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to burst (a boil filled with pus)
\sense_s reventarse (un furúnculo lleno de pus)
\sense_d Oa
\root kwepo:
\ref 06988
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa rrosaka:doh
\lxoa_c rrosaka:doh
\loan (?)
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e ethyl alcohol
\sense_s alcohol
\sense_d Oa
\nae The noun rrosaka:doh is obviously a loan, but the original word is still not clear.
\ref 06989
\lxam ikxikukwalo:tla
\lxam_c kikxikukwalo:tla
\lxoa ixí:kwaló:tla
\lxoa_pr ixí:kwalo:tla
\lxoa_c kixí:kwaló:tla
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-l)
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to make the legs of (sb) stiffen or get sore (particularly from being in one position for an extended length of time, but also from a long walk or run, etc.)
\sense_s hacer agarrotar o entumecer las piernas a (algn), para que se queden adoloridos (particularmente por haber estado en la misma posición por mucho tiempo, pero también
por haber caminado una gran distancia, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root kwa
\xref ixí:kwaló
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 06990
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlásolkweskómatl
\lxoa_c tlásolkweskómatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\pitch yes-lex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e round granary made of mud and brush
\sense_s troje redondo hecho de lodo y pasto
\sense_d Oa
\root hsol
\root kweskoma
\semfld agriculture
\qry Check whether this is also called /kweskomatl de sokiyewahli/.
\semref kweskomatl de munye:koh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06991
\lxam ma:tlayehli
\lxam_c ma:tlayehli
\lxoa má:tlayéhli
\lxoa_c má:tlayéhli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e kleptomaniac
\sense_s cleptómano
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Mila:k mátlayéhli, san kontila:na tla: tli:no:n, ma:si xi:tlatki.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He's a real kleptomaniac, he just reaches and grabs anything, even if it's not his.
\phrase_s Es un verdadero cleptómano, jala cualquier cosa aunque no sea suya.
\root ma:
\root tlahyel
\nae The pitch accent pattern is the result of the underlying {h} of tláyehlí. The incorporated noun root is the suppletive ma:, not mah.
\ref 06992
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be the entry for Oapan /na:natsi:n/, but it was deleted as it duplicated 06904.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl This record is a duplicate of 6904 and has been eliminated. Thus tag the sound files with #6904.
\ref 06993
\lxam ke:nemeh
\lxam_c ke:nemeh
\lxoa ke:nemih
\lxoa_c ke:nemih
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adv
\der Adv-int
\sense_e how? in what way?
\sense_s ¿cómo?¿en quémanera?
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (arch.) how much?
\sense_s (arc.)¿cuánto?
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ke:nemih ipatil
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How much is its price?
\phrase_s ¿Cuánto es su precio?
\phrase_n Xnihmati ke:nemih tlachia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I don't know what it looks like.
\phrase_s No sécomo es su apariencia.
\phrase_n Ke:nemih tlachia ma:si te:mohtih to:na!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It looks just the same even though it is scorching hot!
\phrase_s ¡Se ve como siempre aunque hace demasiado calor!
\root ke:nemih
\vl Link the 3rd female and 3rd male tokens.
\qry_fon Check quality of final vowel.
\semref ke:némitik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 06994
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ilakasteki
\lxoa_c kilakasteki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp PM-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to cut at an angle (cloth, paper, etc.)
\sense_s cortar a unángulo no perpendicular (tela, papel, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root i:lakas
\root teki
\nae The duration of the initial /i/ in the Oapan speech tokens suggests the possibility of a phonologically lengthy vowel. The duration of the initial vowel in the speech of Florencia
Marcelino is 76 and 104 ms; for her husband Inocencio Jiménez it is 86 and 95 ms. Likewise, for i:lakastikthe duration of the initial /i/ in the speech of Florencia
Marcelino (approximately 76 and 82 ms) and Inocencio Jiménez (approximately 105 ms in both utterances) appears long, particularly in the speech of the latter. It might be that this
simply reflects some undocumented lengthening of initial vowels; in FK all dialects reported seem to have a short vowel (as occurs in Carochi). For now the vowel has been written
short, but further analysis is warranted.
\ref 06995
\lxam totopochpilowa
\lxam_c totopochpilowa
\lxoa totopochpilowa
\lxoa_c totopochpilowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to make the type of sweet toasted tortilla called totopoxtli
\sense_s hacer el tipo de tortilla dulce y tostada llamada totopoxtli
\sense_d Oa
\semfld cooking
\root topo:
\root pil
\ref 06996
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlá:kopí:nia
\lxoa_c kitlá:kopí:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to undress; to take clothes off of; to remove the clothes from
\sense_s desvestir; quitarle la ropa a
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Ma ninotlá:kopí:ni, mla:h nito:nalmiki!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Let me take my clothes off, I'm really hot!
\phrase_s ¡Deja que me quite la ropa, de veras tengo mucho calor!
\root kopi:
\nae The valency of kopi:nia is not clear, as it is not clear whether the tla- prefix is"saturating"(i.e., reducing the verbal valency) or modifying (modifying the
verbal predicate). There is evidence of tla- prefixation functioning as an incorporated (modifying) noun: Ameyaltepec tlatlata or Oapan
tlátlatá; tlawi:teki. Under this analysis kopi:nia would be an alternate transitive form to kopi:na with a
restrictive meaning. However, more likely is the case that kopi:nia is an applicative of the transitive kopi:na. To this effect Launey
(1992:188) notes:"La segunda formación del aplicativo, menos frecuente, consiste en reemplazar una -a final por -ia. Esto sucede sobre todo con los verbos
terminados en -ca or -hua."The examples he gives are ixca and ixquia, caua and cauia, and
tlaxtla:ua and tlaxtla:uia. Under this analy sis tlá:kopí:nia would be a (reduplicated) ditransitive verb with tla- as the secondary
object and the"benefactive"human as the primary object (i.e., able to be marked by a specific pronoun prefix). This second analysis has been used in the part-of-speech coding for
this entry.
\grm Causative: Note that kopi:nia would seem to be a causative of kopi:na and the tla- serving to reduce the valency again to two
arguments. Cf. Oapan /tlá:kopí:nia/.
\semref tsotsolowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tlake:nki:xtia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tlake:nkokopi:na
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 06997
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was a record for Oapan /má:kwaló/; it duplicates record 6768 and has been deleted.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\vl This record, 6997, has been deleted since it duplicates a previous record. The 4 speech tokens here should therefore be tagged as 6768.
\ref 06998
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was the record for Oapan /ixí:kwaló/ which has been deleted as it duplicates a previous record at 6438.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Tag the tokens here (6998) as 6438 since this present record duplicates the previous one at 6438.
\ref 06999
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlakiahlo:tl
\lxoa_c tlakiahlo:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pass
\sense_e [pending definition]
\sense_s [significado pendiente]
\sense_d Oa
\ref 07000
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xokochi:lmo:hli
\lxoa_c xokochi:lmo:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-/N-N/
\der N-b
\sense_e type of chile sauce made with wild plums
\sense_s tipo de salsa de chile hecho con ciruelas silvestres
\sense_d Oa
\semfld food
\semfld mole
\root xoko
\root chi:l
\root mo:l
\nse The sauce is prepared by toasting the chile on a griddle and then grinding it up. Wild plums that have been cooked in boiling water are then added to the chile sauce. Any type of
chile will do.
\semref xokochi:hli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07001
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:katetli:hli
\lxoa_c tla:katetli:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\sense_e (insult) dark-skinned man
\sense_s (insult) hombre moreno
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:ka
\root tli:l
\vl There are 3 female tokens.
\grm /te-/ intensifier: Note use of /te-/ in /tla:katetli:hli/ and other words referring to physical attributes, apparently with the implication that these attributes are beyond what
would"normally"be expected.
\grm Attributive noun: Note in /tla:katetli:hli/ that the nominal /tli:hli/ functions attributively, meaning 'an unusually dark man.'
\ref 07002
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:katéwakápan
\lxoa_c tla:katéwakápan
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\infn N1
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e man who is unusually tall
\sense_s hombre que es muy alto
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:ka
\root wehka
\root_rel -pan
\ref 07003
\lxam we:i tla:katl
\lxam_c tiuwe:imeh tla:kameh
\lxoa we:i tla:katl
\lxoa_c we:i tla:katl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Adj-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e tall man
\sense_s hombre alto
\sense_d Oa
\root we:i
\root tla:ka
\nae Although Cristino Flores (Am) pluralized this lexical entry was tiuwe:imeh tla:kameh 'we are tall (big) men,' Florencia Marcelino (Oa) gave the plural as
tiwe:itla:kameh is a clear indication that the headword entry we:itla:katl should be considered a single word. The same applies to the Ameyaltepec form
tiuwe:imeh tla:kameh.
\grm Predication: The plural form tiwe:itla:kameh is a clear indication that the headword entry we:itla:katl should be considered a single word. The
same applies to the Ameyaltepec form tiuwe:imeh tla:kameh.
\ref 07004
\lxam toma:hka:tla:katl
\lxam_c toma:hka:tla:katl
\lxoa toma:hka:tla:katl
\lxoa_c toma:hka:tla:katl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Part-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e fat man
\sense_s hombre gordo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kwahli tlakwatok, yewa kihlian toma:ka:tla:katl pa:mpa se:, de se: tla:katl toma:wak.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 07004_01_am
\src_p CF Dict Disc 07001-07050/02:47
\phrase_e (Of one who) eats well, they say of him that he is a toma:hka:tla:katl because he is a heavy-set man.
\phrase_s (De uno que) come bien, le dicen que es un toma:hka:tla:katl porque es un hombre gordo.
\root toma:
\root tla:ka
\ref 07005
\lxam toma:hka:suwa:tl
\lxam_c toma:hka:suwa:tl
\lxoa toma:hka:siwa:tl
\lxoa_c toma:hka:siwa:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Part-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e fat woman
\sense_s mujer gorda
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root toma:
\root sowa:
\nae The plural form of this compound, at least in Ameyaltepec, has been documented both as toma:hka:suwa:meh or totoma:hkeh suwa:meh. The former
represents the pluralization of the compound form toma:hka:suwa:tl whereas the latter form apparently represents a plural predicate adjective
(totoma:hkeh with a plural subject (suwa:meh).
\grm Pluralization; reduplication: The plural form of this compound, at least in Ameyaltepec, has been documented both as toma:hka:suwa:meh or
totoma:hkeh suwa:meh. The former represents the pluralization of the compound form toma:hka:suwa:tl whereas the latter form apparently
represents a plural predicate adjective (totoma:hkeh with a plural subject (suwa:meh).
\ref 07006
\lxam tetsa:hki
\lxam_c tetsa:hki
\lxoa tetsa:hki
\lxoa_c tetsa:hki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to be thick (a liquid such as honey)
\sense_s ser espeso (un líquido como la miel)
\sense_d Pending
\root tetsa:
\nse One potential subject of this adjectival is 'cream', another is 'honey.'
\qry Check to determine whether this can refer to both liquids that are naturally thick, such as honey, and that which have been or become thickened, such as atole.
\semref tetsa:wtok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tsakwa:nki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07007
\lxam ye:lo:kakamatl
\lxam_c ye:lo:kakamatl
\lxoa ye:lo:kakamatl
\lxoa_c ye:lo:kakamatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical rdp-s
\lexical_d Am, Oa
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e (intrinsic possession) small ear of not fully formed maize that occasionally forms just below the main ear
\sense_s (posesión intrínseca) jilote pequeño que no se forma plenamente y que ocasionalmente sale justamente abajo del jilote principal
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld mi:hli
\root ye:lo:
\root kama
\nse Whereas ye:lo:kakamatl has been documented both in Ameyaltepec and Oapan, the parallel form xi:lo:kakamatl has only been documented in
Ameyaltepec. The two lexemes appear to be virtually identical in meaning, although perhaps the former refers to the underdeveloped ear of maize when the fruit is at the
elote stage whereas the latter refers to the same underdeveloped fruit when the maize is just at the earlier jilote stage. The general term
kakamatlcan refer to the small underdeveloped ear at any stage.
\qry Note that here I have stated taht the possessed form of /xi:lo:kakamatl/ is /ixi:lo:kakamayo/. However, note that for /xi:lo:tl/ and /ye:lo:tl/, the possessed is with /-w/: /ixi:lo:w/ and
/iye:lo:w/. All this needs to be checked.
\semref kakamatl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref xi:lo:kakamatl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07008
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ko:pi:lyaw
\lxoa_cpend ko:pi:lyaw
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp PM-V1
\der V1-b
\infv Irregular; see yaw
\sense_e to go along slowly, taking very small steps (e.g., sb sick and unable to walk quickly)
\sense_s ir caminando despacio, con pasos muy pequeños (p. ej., algn enfermo)
\sense_d Oa
\root ko:pi:l
\root yaw
\vl This word was mistakenly not recorded during the Yale sessions.
\semref ko:pi:liwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref ikxiko:pi:liwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07009
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlátó:lwah
\lxoa_c tlátó:lwah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-posr-wah
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e person who is talkative
\sense_s persona que es placticador
\sense_d Oa
\root hto
\ref 07010
\lxam kwa:tetetsmiro:ntilia
\lxam_c kikwa:tetetsmiro:ntilia
\lxoa kwa:tesmero:ntilia
\lxoa_c kikwa:tesmero:ntilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-tilia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give a crewcut or very short haircut to
\sense_s cortar el pelo muy corto, casi al ras, a
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\root tesmero:n
\nse The etymology of this word is unclear.
\semref kwa:tetesontilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kwa:tesi:gritilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07011
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This is a duplicate entry for 6271 and has been deleted.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl This is a duplicate entry for 6271 and the speech tokens here at 07011 should be tagged as 6271.
\ref 07012
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwa:tesi:gri
\lxoa_c kwa:tesi:gri
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to have a crewcut or very short haircut
\sense_s tener el pelo cortado muy corto, casi al ras
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\root tesi:gri
\nse The etymology of this word is unclear.
\semref kwa:teteson
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kwa:tesmero:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07013
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwa:tesi:gritik
\lxoa_c kwa:tesi:gritik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-tik
\sense_e to have a crewcut or very short haircut
\sense_s tener el pelo cortado muy corto, casi al ras
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\root tesi:gri
\nse The etymology of this word is unclear.
\semref kwa:teteson
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kwa:tesmero:ntik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07014
\lxam kwa:tetestmiro:ntik
\lxam_c kwa:tetetsmiro:ntik
\lxoa kwa:tesmero:ntik
\lxoa_c kwa:tesmero:ntik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-?-tik
\sense_e to have a crewcut or very short haircut
\sense_s tener el pelo cortado muy corto, casi al ras
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\root tesmero:n
\nse The etymology of this word is unclear.
\semref kwa:tetesontik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kwa:tesi:gritik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07015
\lxam kwa:tetetsmiro:n
\lxam_c kwa:tetetsmiro:n
\lxoa kwa:tesmero:n
\lxoa_c kwa:tesmero:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to have a crewcut or very short haircut
\sense_s tener el pelo cortado muy corto, casi al ras
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\root tesmero:n
\nse The etymology of this word is unclear.
\semref kwa:teteson
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref kwa:tesi:gri
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07016
\lxam itipala:ni
\lxam_c itipala:ni
\lxoa ítipalá:ni
\lxoa_pr ítipala:ni
\lxoa_c ítipalá:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have the its inside rot (e.g., a fruit such as watermelon, cantaloupe, apple, red tomato, etc.)
\sense_s pudrirsele la parte interior a (una fruta como sandía, melón, manzana, jitomate, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root hti
\root pala:
\mod Note that during the Yale session I recorded both /ítipalá:ni/ and /ítipalá:nki/. The second should be separated and given its own entry.
\vl There are two different words recorded here. /ítipalá:ni/ should be tagged as 07016. However, the adjectival /ítipalá:nki/ should be given a new, later number as 7793.
\ref 07017
\lxam kwa:tetepoltik
\lxam_c kwa:tetepoltik
\lxoa kwá:tepóltik
\lxoa_c kwá:tepóltik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-l)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be without branches on the top part (e.g., a tree, bush, or even plant that has had its top part pulled off to eat)
\sense_s estar sin las ramas o ramitas de la parte superior (p. ej., unárbol, arbusto, o hasta planta de que le han arrancada la parte superior, como huazontle para comer)
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\root tepol
\nae The pitch accent on the first syllable kwá:-
\grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note how /kwá:-/ with a pitch accent seems to indicate reduplication. Cf. the verbal form /kwá:tepolówa/ and Am /kwa:tepopolowa/.
\ref 07018
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry has been deleted; it duplicates /té:nó:ntik/
\dt 20/Jan/2005
\ref 07019
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ma:peto:ni
\lxoa_c ma:peto:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to dislocate a bone in ones wrist
\sense_s luxar un hueso en la muñeca
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root peto:
\semref ma:kelo:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07020
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This record has been eliminated as a duplicative of /te:i:xna:mikini/
\dt 19/Jul/2002
\ref 07021
\lxam te:ntlakotsi:n
\lxam_c te:ntlakotsi:n
\lxoa té:ntlakótsi:n
\lxoa_c té:ntlakótsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e sth with its edge broken off, with a piece missing from the edge (e.g., frying pan, molcajete, tla:lchikiwtli , tepalkatl , etc.)
\sense_s algo con la borde o orilla rota con un pedazo faltando de la orilla (p. ej., sarten, molcajete, tla:lchikiwtli , tepalkatl , etc.,)
\sense_d Oa
\root te:n
\root tlahko
\semref te:nkwah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07022
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa sósombrerí:toh
\lxoa_c sósombrerí:toh
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan sombrero
\psm N
\der N-loan
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e type of small mushroom that grows on the ground
\sense_s tipo de hongo pequeño que crece sobre la tierra
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld mush
\nse This word is used by children, not adults.
\qry Determine all types of mushrooms.
\semref i:a:xi:x burroh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07023
\lxam tlatetekwitsa
\lxam_c tlatetekwistiw
\lxoa tla:tekwitsa
\lxoa_c tla:tekwitsa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq]
\lexical Reduced rdp-s*(prev-s)
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e (usually with aspectual -tiw) to walk rapidly with heavy sounding steps
\sense_s (a menudo con el aspectual -tiw) caminar rápido con los pasos resoñanando fuerte
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Yon tla:katl mila:k chika:wak nénemí, ta tla:tekwistiw.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e That man is really walking fast, so fast that his footsteps are resounding as he goes along.
\phrase_s Ese hombre estácaminando muy recio, tan asíque se pasos se van resoñando.
\root tekwi:
\nae The Oapan form tla:tekwitsa is a reduced frequentative, with the reduplicant manifested as vowel lengthening on the /a/ of the nonspecific object prefix tla-.
There is no pitch accent on the prefix given that the reduplicant of frequentatives does not have a coda {h}.
\semref ixitsátsitíw
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07024
\lxam tetsotsolowa
\lxam_c kitetsotsolowa
\lxoa te:tsolowa
\lxoa_c kite:tsolowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. te- ; Reduced rdp-s*(prev-s)
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to take the clothes off of (a person)
\sense_s quitarle la ropa a (una persona)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsol
\qry Check that /tlate:tsolow/ remains a word in the dictionary (it is now 4277 with an uncertain meaning). If not, remove this xref.
\semref tsotsoltelowa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\xref tlate:tsolowa
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Oa
\ref 07025
\lxam kextoponyoh
\lxam_c kextoponyoh
\lxoa kextópoyóh
\lxoa_c kextópoyóh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have a swelling (of the type called tópontlí) on ones neck
\sense_s tener un hinchazón (del tipo llamado tópontlí) por el cuello
\sense_d Oa
\root kech
\root tohpon
\grmx Oapan phonology: Note that in /kextópoyóh/ the underlying /n/ is lost. The precise conditions for the loss of /n/ are not clear, but it is not infrequent. Cf. the very interesting
case of /í:xmotlí/ with the reinterpretation leading to pitch accent. Also note cases of /cha:n/ to the same effect; the /n/ of /-ka:n/ often loses the final /n/ as well. Carefully
review all such cases.
\ref 07026
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry /kámach kíika i:kone:w/ has been deleted. The phrase /kámach kíika i:kone:w/ should be used as an example sentence under 7027.
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\qry_fon Check the pitch accent pattern over this phrase!
\vl Please tag the phrase here /kamach ki ika i:kone:w/ as 07026. But it should not be linked as this entry has been removed.
\ref 07027
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kámach kií:ka
\lxoa_alt kámach ki yá:
\lxoa_c kámach ki i:kániaw
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\der Adv-complex
\pitch yes
\sense_e for the first time (e.g., that an event has taken place, such as going somewhere)
\sense_s por la primera vez (p. ej., que una acción o evento occura)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (~ kone:tl) first born; eldest sibling (synonym: yenkwiyo:tl)
\sense_s (~ kone:tl) primogénito (sinónimo yenkwiyo:tl)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Kámach kiíka i:kon:ew.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e It is his first-born child.
\phrase_s Es su primer niño.
\root kámách
\ref 07028
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:kwe:roh
\lxoa_c a:kwe:roh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) cuero
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of water worm still not positively identified
\sense_s tipo de gusano de agua todavía no identificado definitivamente
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\root a:
\nse This is not classified as a michin.
\semref a:kwilin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref a:kwetlaxtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07029
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:kwetlaxtli
\lxoa_alt a:kwitlaxtli
\lxoa_c a:kwitlaxtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(x)
\sense_e type of water worm still not positively identified
\sense_s tipo de gusano de agua todavía no identificado definitivamente
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\root a:
\root kwetlax
\nse According to Paulina Pantaleón and others of her family, the a:kwetlaxtli turns into a dragonfly, which they called a:kweyachin. But other consultants did
not confirm this. They said they did not know of the animal called a:kweyachin and added that the dragonfly is called, in Oapan, áa:bióntsi:n. The
a:kwetlaxtli is used as fishing bait.
\notes_nature This is not classified as a michin.
\qry_fon Check quality of second vowel; also check recording. I had originally had this entry as /a:kwitlaxtli/ but recently in the field have heard it pronounced as /a:kwetlaxtli/.
\semref a:kwilin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref a:kwe:roh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07030
\lxam nextamalpa:ka
\lxam_c nextamalpa:ka
\lxoa nextamalpa:ka
\lxoa_c nextamalpa:ka
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to clean nextamahliin a tla:lchikihtli
\sense_s limpiar nixtamal en un tla:lchikihtli
\sense_d Oa
\root nex
\root tamal
\root pa:ka
\ref 07031
\lxam ma:kokoxka:tilia
\lxam_c kima:kokoxka:tilia
\lxoa ma:kokoxka:tilia
\lxoa_c kima:kokoxka:tilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-tilia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make ill (e.g. a pet such as a puppy) by holding and cuddling to much
\sense_s hacer enfermar (p. ej., una mascota como un perrito) por apapachar demasiado
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root kowa
\ref 07032
\lxam ikxitemonextik
\lxam_c ikxitemonextik
\lxoa ixitémonéxtik
\lxoa_c ixitémonéxtik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (insulting) to have dusty and dirty feet and calves
\sense_s (insultante) tener los pies y parte inferior de la pierna cubiertos de polvo
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root mohnex
\ref 07033
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa nakatliwa:hki
\lxoa_c nakatliwa:hki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-(N-Adj)
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e fried meat (cooked in oil in a pan)
\sense_s carne frita (cocinada en manteca o aciete en un sarten)
\sense_d Oa
\root naka
\root tli
\root wa:
\nse In Oapan nakatliwa:hki refers to meat that is fried in a pan; in Ameyaltepec nakatlatliwa:tsahli apparently refers to meat (beef, venison, chicken, etc.)
that is cooked directly on coals or in a coal pit.
\qry The comments in /nse should be checked and made to agree with the same comments under /lxa nakatlatliwa:tsahli.
\semref nakatlatliwa:tsahli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07034
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa korra:lkohtila:wa
\lxoa_c kikorra:lkohtila:wa
\loan (part) corral
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to repair (a fence of upright posts) by placing new ones where some have deteriorated
\sense_s reparar (una cerca de palos verticales) al remplazar los que se han deteriorados con palos nuevos
\sense_d Oa
\root kow
\root tila:
\semref korra:ltila:wa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07035
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kólaté:mí:ntik
\lxoa_alt kólatémimí:ntik
\lxoa_c kólaté:mí:ntik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) cola
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf-tik
\lexical Lex. infix te- ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have a hairless tail (a donkey, horse, etc.)
\sense_s tener la cola sin pelo (un burro, caballo, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root mi:ni
\semref kolatsotsomi:ntik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07036
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yewa:hki
\lxoa_c yewa:hki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e dried bean pods
\sense_s vainas secas de frijol
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root wa:k
\ref 07037
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xté:xo:pi:líwi
\lxoa_pr i:xté:xo:pi:liwi
\lxoa_c i:xté:xo:pi:líwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e for ones eyelids to droop; to have bags under ones eyes
\sense_s tener ojeras
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root te
\root xo:pi:l
\nae The etymology of the Oapan form i:xté:xo:pi:líwi is not entirely clear. One obvious derivation would be from i:xtetl'eye.' The length and pitch-accent
would be easily explainable as reducation of the reduplicated stem xóxo:pi:líwi. Another possibility is that the nominal stem is i:xte:n-. The loss of /n/ is
common in Oapan, at least in certain phonological environments, and occasionally long vowels acquire pitch-accent to compensate for the reducation of the reduplicant. This might
be such a case. Nevertheless, for the moment the etymology of Oapan i:xté:xo:pi:líwi has been analyzed as deriving from i:xtetl as the incorporated noun
stem.
\qry Check to see if there is a transitive form and its possible use. Also, in original notecard /e/ was recorded short: this should be checked. Finally, check etymology, particularly whether
/ko:/ should be a separate root.
\grm /Sa: ni:xte:nkoko:pi:liwtiw ika nikochisneki/ 'my eyelids are drooping because I am sleepy' Note the use of /ika/ with adverbial phrase.
\ref 07038
\lxam koma:ltepa:ntli
\lxam_c koma:ltepa:ntli
\lxoa koma:ltepa:ntli
\lxoa_c koma:ltepa:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e short round wall of adobe on which the clay griddle is placed
\sense_s pequeña pared redondo de lodo sobre la cual descansa el comal
\sense_d Oa
\root koma:l
\root tepa:n
\ilus_note Create illustration
\ref 07039
\lxam xopetlatl
\lxam_c ixopetl kweskomatl
\lxoa xopetlatl
\lxoa_c i:xopetl kweskomatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound Mod-N
\der N-b
\sense_e base upon which clay granaries are built
\sense_s base sobre la cual se erige la troje
\sense_d Oa
\root xo
\root petla
\ref 07040
\lxam i:xpapa:ya:tik
\lxam_c i:xpapa:ya:tik
\lxoa í:xpapa:yá:tik
\lxoa_c í:xpapa:yá:tik
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to have blurry or fuzzy vision (from illness, old age, drunkenness, or simply plain poor eyesight)
\sense_s tener la vista nublada o borrosa (por enfermedad, vejez, ebriedad, o simplemente por tener la vista mala)
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root pa:ya:
\qry Reconfirm vowel length in all /papaya:ti/ forms, i.e., in reference to the second /a/.
\semref i:xpapa:ya:ti
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 07041
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This record is a duplicate of record 6717, /tla:katéwakapántik/ and has thus been eliminated.
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\vl The tokens here should be tagged as 6717 given that this present entry is a duplicate of this previous one at 6717. The first female token here is mispronounced as
/tla:katéwakapántli/ and should not be tagged.
\ref 07042
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa Si:tlálotlí
\lxoa_c Si:tlálotlí
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e the Milky Way
\sense_s la Vía Láctea
\sense_d Oa
\semfld heavens
\root si:tlal
\root oh
\disamb si:tlalkwe:yoh; si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl
\semref Si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref Si:tlalkwe:yoh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07043
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa séhotlí
\lxoa_c séhotlí
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e rays of the sun that filter through the clouds
\sense_s rayos del sol que penetran las nubes
\sense_d Oa
\semfld heavens
\root sek
\root oh
\disamb si:tlalin
\disamb si:tlalkwe:yoh; si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl
\grm Oapan phonology: Note that in many cases final /k/ goes to /h/; such as the case with /ok/, which is often /oh/ before another word, even vowel initial.
\ref 07044
\lxam Si:tlalkwe:yoh
\lxam_c Si:tlalkwe:yoh
\lxoa Si:tlalkwe:yoh
\lxoa_c Si:tlalkwe:yoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\infn N1
\sense_e the Milky Way
\sense_s la Vía Láctea
\sense_d Oa
\semfld heavens
\root si:tlal
\root kwe:
\disamb si:tlalin
\disamb si:tlalkwe:yoh; si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl
\semref Si:tlálotlí
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref Séhotlí
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07045
\lxam tlapechba:nkoh
\lxam_c tlapechba:nkoh
\lxoa tlapechba:nkoh
\lxoa_c tlapechba:nkoh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) banco
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e sawhorse used to in pairs to sustain a bed of tekono:xtliabove the ground
\sense_s burrito de madera que en pares se emplean para sostener una cama de tekono:xtli
\sense_d Oa
\root pech
\ref 07046
\lxam witso:hkuwtli
\lxam_c witso:hkuwtli
\lxoa witso:kohtli
\lxoa_c witso:kohtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e wooden digging stick
\sense_s coa
\sense_d Oa
\root witso:
\root kow
\ref 07047
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ye:kahyo:tl
\lxoa_alt ya:kahyo:tl
\lxoa_c ye:kahyo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-yo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e simple roof of brush sustained on posts that is used to provide shade in a house patio
\root ye:kaw
\nae The etymology of ye:kahyo:tl is uncertain although it seems quite closely related to Classical ecauhyo, which Molina defines as 'cosa que haze sombra.' FK
gives the equivalent as ehcauhyo:tl, with the coda 'saltillo' in the first syllable. The possessed form of this word does utilize the -w of alienable possession:
noye:kahyo:w.
\qry_fon Check vowel sequence /kah/, perhaps /kaih/. Or, there might be a difference manifested here between /kah/ from {kaw}, which has more of an /i/ and /kah/ from {kak}
which does not.
\semref rrama:dah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07048
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixikwelpachiwi
\lxoa_c ixikwelpachiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to twist ones foot (e.g., as one is walking and turns ones ankle to the outside so that the outside of the foot turns in and goes against the ground)
\sense_s torcérsele a uno el pie (p. ej., mientras uno camine y se le voltea el tobillo para que la parte hacia afuera del tobillo da vuelta y queda contra el suelo)
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root kwel
\root pach
\qry Check to see if there is a transitive form.
\grm Transitivity alternation: As with many verbs that indicate accidental harm to parts of the body, ikxikwepaliwi does not have a transitive form. Undoubtedly,
given the proper circumstances (including aggressive elicitation) one could be formed or uttered. However, none was found in the corpus.
\semref ikxikwepaliwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07049
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:tepe:ya:wia
\lxoa_f [a: te pe: ya: 'wi a]
\lxoa_c na:tepe:ya:wia
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\der V2-d-wia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to be swept away by flood waters (a person, animal, or material object); to be crushed or flattened by passing flood waters (e.g., fields or plants)
\sense_s (refl.) llevarse por un torrente de agua (una persona, animal, u objeto material); apachurrarse o doblarse por un torrente de agua (p. ej., campos, sembradíos o plantas)
\sense_d Oa
\grm Passive: Note how whereas in Am a"passive"verb is used, in Oapan the passive meaning is achieved through reflexive. Cf. this word, /so:ya:wia/, etc.
\semref a:tepe:ya:wi:lo
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07050
\lxam tsi:nkana:wi
\lxam_c tsi:nkana:wi
\lxoa tsi:nkana:wi
\lxoa_c tsi:nkana:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for the seat of (pants) to get worn out
\sense_s luirsele el asiento de (pantalones)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:n
\root kana:
\qry Apparently the subject of this is the pants themselves, not the person owning/wearing them.
\ref 07051
\lxam tla:kanenepoch
\lxam_c tla:kanenepoch
\lxoa tla:kanenepoch
\lxoa_c tla:kanenepoch
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e man who mumbles and doesn't speak clearly
\sense_s hombre que habla mal, no pronunciando bien sus palabras, murmullando y balbaceando
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:ka
\root nepoch
\semref popoloxtla:katl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07052
\lxam tlato:lnenepoch
\lxam_c tlato:lnenepoch
\lxoa tláto:lnenépoch
\lxoa_c tláto:lnenépoch
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ni-x-tik
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have a lisp
\sense_s tener el defecto de cicear al hablar
\sense_d Oa
\root hto
\root nene
\root poch
\root_notes Relate /poch/ as a root to /pochi:/, and the meaning of 'spongy'.
\semref kamanenepoxtik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kamanenepoch
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref nenepoch
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref nenepoxtik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07053
\lxam tlatekimaka
\lxam_c kitlatekimakan
\lxoa tlatekimaka
\lxoa_c kitlatekimaka
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-tla-V3
\der V3-b
\infv Irregular; see maka
\sense_e to give an added task to (sb already busy)
\sense_s dar más trabajo o tareas a (algn que ya tiene mucho que hacer)
\sense_d Oa
\root teki
\root maka
\grm /tla-/ prefix: There are two words that should be compared: /tekimaka/ and /tlatekimaka/. The basis for the sematnic difference reported is unclear. Both words should be
checked.
\ref 07054
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa te:nchi:chi:hlo:tia
\lxoa_c kite:nchi:chi:hlo:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-para-h/wa/tia
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to paint red the rim of; to redden the rim of
\sense_s pintar rojo la orilla de
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (refl.) to put lipstick on
\sense_s (refl.) pintarse los labios con lápiz labial
\sense_d Oa
\root te:n
\root chi:l
\semref te:nchi:chi:lowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07055
\lxam tlachi:koyahko
\lxam_c tlachi:koyahko
\lxoa tlachi:koyahko
\lxoa_c tlachi:koyahko
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Loc
\compound tla-PM-Loc
\der N-loc-tla-k(o)
\lexical Op. infix te- : tlatechi:koyahka:n
\sense_e place where the land has a large hole in it (e.g., from an animal burrowing underneath land that then collapses)
\sense_s lugar donde estáformado un gran agujero (p. ej., donde un animal ha excavado abajo de la tierra que se hundió)
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:l
\root chi:-
\root koya:
\root_rel -ko
\ref 07056
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlachi:patlahko
\lxoa_c tlachi:patlahko
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Loc
\compound tla-PM-Loc
\der N-loc-tla-k(o)
\sense_e hole or large opening in sth long (such as fencing of china:ntli)
\sense_s agujero o apertura grande en algo extendido (como una cerca de chinamil)
\sense_d Oa
\root chi:-
\root patla:
\root_rel -ko
\ref 07057
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be Oapan /i:xté:mpá:ya/. The entry has been deleted and /i:xté:mpá:ya/ is considered an alternate pronunciation of /i:xté:mpapá:ya/.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\vl This entry was for /i:xté:mpá:ya/. It has been deleted and considered an alternate pronunciation of 3920. The speech tokens for this present entry, 7057, should be given the
ref. number 3920, letters c and d.
\ref 07058
\lxam kexteweyaktik
\lxam_c kexteweyaktik
\lxoa kextewiyahtik
\lxoa_c kextewiyahtik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-tik-k
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\sense_e to have a long and thin, gourd-like, neck (e.g. a squash)
\sense_s tener un cuello largo y delgado, como bule (p. ej., una calabaza)
\sense_d Oa
\root kech
\root weya
\semref kecha:tekontsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07059
\lxam itiwe:ia
\lxam_c itiwe:ia
\lxoa ítiwe:ía
\lxoa_pr itiwe:ia
\lxoa_c ítiwe:ía
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e for ones belly to swell (e.g,. from illness, pregnancy, etc.)
\sense_s hincharsele la barriga a (algn que estáenfermo, estar embarazada, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root hti
\root we:i
\ref 07060
\lxam Da:nsah de Koro:nah
\lxam_c Da:nsah de koro:nah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan Danza de Corona
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e religious line dance performed by young women, now only in Oapan during Carnival and Holy Week
\sense_s religiosa danza de línea bailada por jovenes doncellas, ahora sólo se presenta en solamente en Oapan durante Carnaval y semana santa
\sense_d Pending
\semfld dance
\ency_note da:nsah
\qry For this and Da:nsah de Bo:lah check the circumstances when it is performed. They are definitely performed during Carnaval and, I think, during Holy Week. Check
whether performed at other times.
\semref koró:nawákeh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07061
\lxam ma:peya:sowa
\lxam_alt ma:pia:sowa
\lxam_c kima:peya:sowa
\lxoa ma:peya:sowa
\lxoa_c kima:peya:sowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to straighten out by running ones hand over (e.g., sth like a twisted rope)
\sense_s enderezar (p. ej., algo como un laso torcido) al correr la mano sobre (ello)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root peya:
\semref ma:tlalowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07062
\lxam tlawe:ika:tilia
\lxam_c kitlawe:ika:tilia
\lxoa tlawe:ika:tilia
\lxoa_c kitlawe:ika:tilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tilia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to open up a space around or for; to create a large space (e.g., to do sth, to store sth, etc.)
\sense_s abrir campo; crear espacio (p. ej., para hacer algo, poner algo, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root we:i
\root_rel -ka:n
\grm Denominal verbs; Oapan phonology; n-loss: Note the form /kitlawe:ika:tilia/ 'to open up a space around or for; to create a large space (e.g., to do sth, to store sth, etc.).'
Note how in Oapan the /n/ is lost; this word is not a participial ?tlawe:ika:, but rather Cf. to Ameyaltepec, etc.
\ref 07063
\lxam tsi:nkekelowa
\lxam_c kitsi:nkekelowa
\lxoa tsi:nkekelowa
\lxoa_c kitsi:nkekelowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to tickle the rear end of (e.g., a donkey to make it walk faster)
\sense_s darle cosquillas en la parte trasera a (p. ej., un burro para que corra más a prisa)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:n
\root kel
\nse In regard to a burro, the action refers to that of tickling it by moving ones fingers back and forth rapidly while cupping ones hand.
\ref 07064
\lxam te:nxo:pi:ltik
\lxam_c te:nxo:pi:ltik
\lxoa te:nxo:pi:ltik
\lxoa_c te:nxo:pi:ltik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to have a spout (a pitcher, ladle, etc.)
\sense_s tener un pico (un jarra, cucharón, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root te:n
\root xo:pi:l
\semref te:nxo:pi:l
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 07065
\lxam ko:xotik
\lxam_c ko:xotik
\lxoa ko:xotik
\lxoa_c ko:xotik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) cojo
\psm Adj
\der Adj-loan
\sense_e lame or with bad legs (particularly as the result of to have them slightly twisted or crooked)
\sense_s cojo o tener las piernas malas (particularmente por estar algo chuecos o torcidos)
\sense_d Oa
\nae The absence of pitch accent Oapan Nahuatl ko:xotik indicates that there is not final {h} closing the syllable of the Spanish loan ko:xo.
\mod Remove Oapan entry for /ixiko:xo/.
\semref ikxikoko:xoh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07066
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlásohlo:kí:xtia
\lxoa_pr tlasohlo:ki:xtia
\lxoa_c kitlásohlo:kí:xtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to remove the chaff from beans after they have been threshed (removing the broken pods by hand, gathering them together with ones hand from the surface, after the beans
have filtered down to the petate)
\sense_s quitarle las vainas rotas de los frijoles después de que han sido trillado (quitando la basura de la superficie con las manos, con los frijoles quedando abajo sobre el petate)
\sense_d Oa
\nae With tlásohlo:kí:xtia the suffix of intrinsic possession -yo is used given that the chaff that is removed is part of a larger whole, in a sense"belonging to"the
grain or beans with which it is mixed.
\grm Noun incorporation; re: /tlásohlo:kí:xtia/: With tlásohlo:kí:xtia the suffix of intrinsic possession -yo is used given that the chaff that is removed is
part of a larger whole, in a sense"belonging to"the grain or beans with which it is mixed.
\root hsol
\root ki:sa
\semref tlasolki:xtia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07067
\lxam i:xkwi
\lxam_c ki:xkwi
\lxoa i:xkwi
\lxoa_c ki:xkwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to remove (e.g., brush, dirt, etc.) from the surface of (e.g., a pile of beans after threshing, frijoles cocinándose en agua, etc.)
\sense_s quitar (p. ej., basura, palitos, etc.) de la superficie de (p. ej., un montón de frijoles trillados, frijoles herviendo en agua, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root kwi
\ref 07068
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlalwipano:ltia
\lxoa_c tlalwipano:ltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to spend the time of a fiesta (e.g., at a given location)
\sense_s pasar una fiesta (p. ej., en un lugar dado)
\sense_d Oa
\root lwi
\root pano:
\ref 07069
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kóhyotík
\lxoa_pr kohyotik
\lxoa_c kóhyotík
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-yoh-tik
\pitch yes
\sense_e woods; area characterized by many trees
\sense_s bosque;área caracterizada por muchosárboles
\sense_d Oa
\root kow
\ref 07070
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa koxtlapia:sowa
\lxoa_c koxtlapia:sowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp S-(tla-V2)
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to urinate while sleeping; to wet ones bed while sleeping
\sense_s orinar (en la cama) al estar dormido
\sense_d Oa
\root kochi
\root peya:
\nse Urinating in ones sleep is considered a te:tsa:htli, bad omen; see te:tsa:htli.
\semref kocha:xi:xa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07071
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixitekwe:chowa
\lxoa_c noxitekwe:chowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\allomorph i-epen
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) to smash ones foot (e.g., by dropping sth heavy on it)
\sense_s (refl.) apachurarse el pie (p. ej., al dejar caer algo pesado sobre ello)
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root kwe:ch
\nae Apparently the te- element is not the nominal stem for 'rock' but the intensifier element, indicating that an"abnormal"action occurred, in this case the crushing of the feet.
\semref ikxitexama:ni
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07072
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ma:tekwe:chowa
\lxoa_c kima:tekwe:chowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) to smash ones hand (e.g., by dropping sth heavy on it)
\sense_s (refl.) apachurarse la mano (p. ej., al dejar caer algo pesado sobre ello)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root kwe:ch
\nae Apparently the te- element is not the nominal stem for 'rock' but the intensifier element, indicating that an"abnormal"action occurred, in this case the crushing of the hands.
\semref ma:texama:ni
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07073
\lxam te:tlapalowa:ni
\lxam_c te:tlapalowa:ni
\lxoa té:tlapalowá:ni
\lxoa_alt té:tlapalowá:ne
\lxoa_c té:tlapalowá:ni
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\infn N1
\sense_e person who is friendly, always greeting people when he passes them in the street
\sense_s persona que es muy amigable, siempre saludando a la gente al encontrarse en la calle
\sense_d Oa
\root tlahpal
\semref te:no:tsalo:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07074
\lxam ma:stla:kapaltetekestik
\lxam_c ma:stla:kapaltetekestik
\lxoa ma:stla:kapaltétekéstik
\lxoa_c ma:stla:kapaltétekéstik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have wings that rise up or that are raised (e.g., like angels with their wings up high, or certain fowl whose wings don't lay down at their sides)
\sense_s tener las alas subidas (p. ej., como losángeles con sus alas erguidas, o como ciertas aves que no las tienen pegadas a su lado)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:stla:kapal
\root te-
\root ketsa
\nae The reduplicant of tétekéstik does not reduce to a lengthened pitch-accented vowel on the final light (short-voweled) syllable of the incorporated noun
ma:stla:kapahli. The reason that this fails to occur is not clear; cf. chichinaká:stekéts.
\mod Determine in what cases to consider /te-/ as an intensifier and in what cases part of the stem. Note that the /te-/ 'rock' is completely different.
\grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note in /ma:stla:kapaltétekéstik/ that the pitch accent does not shift over the N-N boundary! This would seem to indicate an effort to
preserve IO maximization. It appears less likely, and this should be carefully reviewed, that PA will cross a noun boundary rather than a prefix boundary.
\ref 07075
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa chichinaká:stekéts
\lxoa_c chichinaká:stekéts
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\pitch yes
\sense_e dog with its ears pointing up in the air
\sense_s perro con las orejas apuntando hacia arriba
\sense_d Oa
\root chichi
\root nakas
\root te-
\root ketsa
\nae The long pitch-accented /á:/ of the incorporated nominal root nakas is a reflex of the reduced reduplicant of tétekétsa. Note that in another similar word,
this reduction does not seem to occur: ma:stla:kapaltétekéstik.
\ref 07076
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsí:ntlaxkál
\lxoa_pr tsi:ntlaxkal
\lxoa_c tsí:ntlaxkál
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(ap)
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas(ap)
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Oa
\pitch yes
\sense_e bird about the side of a chiá:chiá:tl, apparently a type of Mockingbird, perhpas the Northern Mockingbird, Mimus polyglottusor a closely related
species
\sense_s pájaro como el tamaño de un chiá:chiá:tl, aparentemente un tipo de"Mockingbird,"quizáel"Northern Mockingbird," Mimus polyglottuso una especie
cercana
\sense_d Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 52, p. 598
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root tsi:n
\root xka
\nae Although there is no external evidence of reduplicatioin, ? tsi:ntlahtlaxkal, the pitch accent on the first syllable of tsí:ntlaxkál suggests an underlying
reduplicant. If so, this would be another case in which a long vowel in a syllable preceding a reduplicant receives pitch accent in lieu of the overt, surface manifestation of
reduplication. Note that there is no obvious way in which {h} would be present in an underlying form without violating the phonotactic constraint on CC-initial or -final syllables. Cf.
the discussion under té:ntetl.
\qry_h Check for reduplicant.
\grmx Although there is no external evidence of reduplicatioin, ? tsi:ntlahtlaxkal, the pitch accent on the first syllable of tsí:ntlaxkál suggests an
underlying reduplicant. If so, this would be another case in which a long vowel in a syllable preceding a reduplicant receives pitch accent in lieu of the overt, surface
manifestation of reduplication. Note that there is no obvious way in which {h} would be present in an underlying form without violating the phonotactic constraint on
CC-initial or -final syllables. Cf. the discussion under té:ntetl.
\ref 07077
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xtemech
\lxoa_c i:xtemech
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound (N-N)-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to be blind (with a blindness caused by sth internal, e.g, at the retina or nerve, and not by any specific problem with the eyeball itself)
\sense_s ser ciego (con una cegadura causada por algo interno, p. ej., en la retina o nervio, y no por un problema específico del ojo mismo)
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root te
\root mech
\vl The first female token, /i:xtemeh/ should be tagged as
\semref i:xte:mpa:chaka:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xte:mpecha:koh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07078
\lxam tlayo:hlowa
\lxam_c tlayo:hlowa
\lxoa tlayo:hlowa
\lxoa_c tlayo:hlowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to form kernels (a cob, when it starts to mature)
\sense_s formarse granos (el elote)
\sense_d Oa
\root o:ya
\ref 07079
\lxam yo:hlowa
\lxam_c yo:hlowa
\lxoa yo:hlowa
\lxoa_c yo:hlowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to form seeds inside (a pod such as the fruit of the guaje)
\sense_s formarse semillas dentro (una vaina, p. ej., la fruta del guaje)
\sense_d Oa
\root yo:l
\ref 07080
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlayeka:nka:siwa:tl
\lxoa_c tlayeka:nka:siwa:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e wife of a tlayeka:nke:tl
\sense_s esposa de un tlayeka:nke:tl
\sense_d Oa
\root yek
\root a:na
\root siwa:
\ref 07081
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa chá:nen pí:o
\lxoa_pr cha:neh pi:o
\lxoa_c chá:nen pí:o, chá:nim pí:o
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) pio
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-N
\pitch yes
\sense_e range chicken (i.e., that roams freely)
\sense_s gallina de rancho
\sense_d Oa
\root cha:n
\nae The derivational process is from cha:neh with the phonological change, insertion of /n/ or /h/>/n/, noted in the head entry. The presence of underlying {h} in non-final
position accounts for the pitch accent in the first word of this complex noun.
\grmx The derivational process is from cha:neh with the phonological change, insertion of /n/ or /h/>/n/, noted in the head entry. The presence of underlying {h} in
non-final position accounts for the pitch accent in the first word of this complex noun.
\ref 07082
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kante:lah
\lxoa_c kante:lah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan candela
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e candle
\sense_s vela
\sense_d Oa
\ref 07083
\lxam cha:nikni:wtli
\lxam_c i:cha:nikni:w
\lxoa cha:ihni:htli
\lxoa_c cha:ihni:htih; nocha:ihni:w
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e (poss.) fellow-citizen (from the same place, or reference point, as the possessor)
\sense_s (pos.) paisano (del mismo lugar, o punto de referencia, que el poseedor)
\sense_d Oa
\root cha:n
\root kni:w
\nse When possessed, this indicates the fellow-citizen of the possessor: nocha:ihni:w 'he is my fellow citizen (villager).' It may occur unpossessed but only in the plural as a
reciprocal: cha:ihni:htih 'they are fellow citizens (i.e., from the same village).
\grm Oapan phonology: Note the loss of /n/ intervocalically. This may be compared to cases of h>n, as in /chá:nenpíyo/.
\grm Reciprocals (of noun): it seems that there are certain nouns involving terms of social relationships that are used in the plural to mean 'of each other.' One case is /ihni:htih/
and another is the present entry /cha:ihni:htih/.
\vl There are 3 female tokens of /cha:ihni:htih/; the first is slightly stuttered: tag but don't link.
\semref cha:ntla:kah; cha:nsuwa:h
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 07084
\lxam a:maxo:chitetehke:tl
\lxam_c a:maxo:chitetehke:tl
\lxoa a:maxo:chí:tehké:tl
\lxoa_alt a:maxo:chi:tétehké:tl
\lxoa_c a:maxo:chí:tehké:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\incorp [(N-N)-V1]-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e person who cuts out figures from crepe paper for adornment
\sense_s persona que corta figuras de papel china para adorno
\sense_d Oa
\root a:ma
\root xo:chi
\root teki
\nae The pitch accent in a:maxo:chí:tehké:tl is the result of a reduplicated verb, tétekí that reduces onto the short final vowel of the nominal stem
a:maxo:chitl, lengthening and"pitch-accenting"this vowel.
\vl The first female token is /a:maxo:chitétehké:tl/, with the reduplicated verb stem /tétehké:tl/. It should be tagged but not linked. Link only the"reduced"forms
/a:maxo:chí:tehké:tl/.
\ref 07085
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:tsi:nkwe:tia
\lxoa_c na:tsi:nkwe:tia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\compound N-(N-V2)
\der V2-d-tia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to put on ones a:tsi:nkwe:tli, a dress used for crossing the river
\sense_s (refl.) ponerse una a:tsi:nkwe:tli, una falda que se utiliza especialmente para cruzar el río
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root tsi:n
\root kwe:
\ref 07086
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa te:nxeliwi
\lxoa_c te:nxeliwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to go down below the rim or top (e.g., water in a water jug, maize in a granary, grains in a sack, etc.)
\sense_s disminuirse, cayendo el tope abajo de la orilla superior (p. ej., agua en un cántaro, maíz en una troje, granos en un costal, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root te:n
\root xel
\vl The first female token is /té:xelíwi/. It should be tagged as 01485 (but not linked there since it has the /te-/ prefix).
\ref 07087
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa te:nxelowa
\lxoa_c kite:nxelowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to take out of a container, causing what is inside to go down below the rim or top (e.g., water in a water jug, maize in a granary, grains in a sack, etc.)
\sense_s disminuir, sacándo de una recipiente haciendo que el tope de lo que estáadentro ya quede abajo de la orilla superior (p. ej., agua en un cántaro, maíz en una troje, granos
en un costal, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root te:n
\root xel
\vl The first female and first male tokens are /té:xelówa/, not the headword at this entry. They should be tagged as 7794 and linked.
\ref 07088
\lxam chi:notilia
\lxam_c nochi:notilia
\lxoa chí:notília
\lxoa_pr chi:notilia
\lxoa_c nochí:notília
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (Nah) chino
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tilia
\infn +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e (refl.) to curl ones hair
\sense_s (refl.) enchinarse el pelo
\sense_d Oa
\nae The pitch accented pattern of chí:notília quite clearly derives from the underlying {h} of the Spanish loan chino.
\ref 07089
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xkwá:chichí:natík
\lxoa_c i:xkwá:chichí:natík
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) china
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infa Gender
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have the front of ones hair lightly curled (in reference to the hair of certain adolescent girls)
\sense_s tener el cabello por enfrente ligeramente enchinado (en referencia al estilo de ciertas muchachas)
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\nae The pitch accent pattern of i:xkwá:chichí:natík, in which two of the pitch accents are reflexes of underlying {h} and the other is intonational, derives from the {h} of the
reduplicant and the final {h} of the Spanish loan chi:nah. Note that the loan is borrowed in the feminine form, with final /ah/ given that this adjectival refers to a type of
female hair, apparently curly bangs.
\semref i:xkwa:chi:nah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kwa:chichí:notík
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07090
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwá:chichí:notkí
\lxoa_c kwá:chichí:notkí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to have lightly curled hair
\sense_s tener el cabello ligeramente chino
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\mod Add entry for /kwá:chichí:notki/. The recording of this form is here.
\grm Adjectivals: A form that I have noted several times in Oapan but not in Ameyaltepec is that of the perfective of inchoative verbs that end in Vti to which the adjectival ending
/-ki/ is added. Such is the case here of /kwá:chichí:notki/, which is equivalent to /kwá:chichí:notík/
\vl There are four tokens of /kwá:chichí:notki/. These should be tagged as 7090 and 2 linked; the next four tokens are /kwá:chichí:notik/. These should be tagged as 7795 and
two linked there.
\semref i:xkwá:chichí:natík
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref kwá:chichí:notik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07091
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was removed given it seemed to duplicate a:chikwa (1409). Check and cf. notes there.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\vl Note that there was a change in the dictionary. The tokens here are /ni:xkwi:tia/. This is the headword at 04819. The tokens here, at 7091, therefore, should be tagged as
4819.
\ref 07092
\lxam ma:kwelpachiwi
\lxam_c ma:kwelpachiwi
\lxoa ma:kwelpachiwi
\lxoa_c ma:kwelpachiwi; má:kwelpachíwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-(S-V2)
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for the forelegs to double forward, often causing a fall (e.g., to an animal such as a donkey)
\sense_s quedarsele las patas delanteras dobladas hacia adelante, a menudo haciendo que se caiga (p. ej., un animal como un burro)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root kwel
\root pach
\nae The reduced reduplication má:kwelpachíwi indicates that both legs of an animal so doubled.
\grm Oapan phonology; reduplication. Note that the singular and plural form are separated by PA alone: /ma:kwelpachiwi/ for the singular; and /má:kwelpachíwi/ for the plural.
Again, this is body part incorporation and it seems that such incorporation acts like the vowel-initial forms such as /a:polaki/ except that with body-part incorporation it is
the verb stem that reduplicates. In such cases it appears that the reduction of reduplication occurs only when the preceding vowel is short. However, there are exceptions to
this, as the present case attests. A review of many occurrences (e.g., with /kwa:/, /i:xte:m/, /ma:/, etc.) suggests that body part incorporated nouns act different than other
incorporated nouns in that only the former accept PA alone to indicate reduplication. This seems to be very, very common and should be explored fully. There are a few
exceptions, such as /tlaké:sohlí/, where a long vowel of a preceding IN accepts stress to indicate reduplication. Co mpare the vowel leng th of the sing. and pl.:
/ma:kwelpachiwi/ and /má:kwelpachíwi/.
\vl Be careful. There are 6 female tokens. The first is /má:kwelpachíwi/. The 2nd and 3rd is /ma:kwelpachiwi/ (without pitch accent) and the 4th, 5th and 6th are again
/má:kwelpachíwi/, with pitch accent. Tag all and link as indicated above. The male tokens: the first two are without pitch accent as /ma:kwelpachiwi/ and the last 3 are with
pitch accent /má:kwelpachíwi/. The final concatenated sound file should have two tokens (F-M) with no pitch accent and two tokens (F-M) with pitch accent.
\semref ma:tetlanwia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 07093
\lxam ma:temonexe:wi
\lxam_c ma:temonexe:wi
\lxoa ma:témonexé:wi
\lxoa_pr ma:temonexe:wi
\lxoa_c ma:témonexé:wi, ma:témonexíwi,
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e for ones arms to become dusty and dirty
\sense_s quedarsele los brazos cubiertos de polvo
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root te-
\root mohnex
\vl The first two tokens are /ma:témonexíwi/ and should be tagged as 7796. The next four are /ma:témonexé:wi/ and should be tagged here at 7093, with two linked.
\semref ma:témonexíwi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07094
\lxam tlapoya:wi
\lxam_c tlapoya:wi
\lxoa tlapoya:wi
\lxoa_c tlapoya:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp tla-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become dark from nightfall
\sense_s oscurecer por entrada la noche
\sense_d Oa
\root poya:
\qry Check to determine if non-impersonal form exists, i.e., /poya:wi/. If so, enter and here create /xtbo field.
\semref i:xtlapoya:wi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07095
\lxam itiko:tsi:liwistli
\lxam_c itiko:tsi:liwistli
\lxoa ítiko:tsi:liwístli
\lxoa_c ítiko:tsi:liwístli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-is
\infn Stem 1(l)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e stomach cramps
\sense_s torceduras en el estómago
\sense_d Oa
\root hti
\root ko:tsi:l
\vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens.
\semref ko:tsi:liwistli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 07096
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xo:pantlah sa:po
\lxoa_pr xo:pántla sá:po
\lxoa_c xo:pántla sá:po
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) sapo
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\sense_e type of toad (lit., 'summer toad')
\sense_s tipo de sapo (lit., 'sapo de verano')
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld lizard
\root xo:
\root_rel -pantla
\qry Under /sa:po/ I have noted that the absence of final /h/ is definite and that there is a glottal stop here. Check for other types of toads and frogs.
\semref tepe:sa:po
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07097
\lxam kechpantebo:lah
\lxam_c i:kechpantebo:lah
\lxoa kechpantebo:lah
\lxoa_c i:kechpantebo:lah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) bola
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\infn N2
\sense_e flesh around the neck of a bull or steer
\sense_s carne sobre el cuello de un toro o una res
\sense_d Oa
\root kech
\root_rel -pan
\ref 07098
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsilko
\lxoa_alt tsilkotsi:n
\lxoa_c tsilko
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e type of sparrow of the genus Aimophila, perhaps the Botteri's Sparrow, A. botterii; Rufous-crowned Sparrow, A. ruficeps; Rusty Sparrow, A.
rufescens, or a closely related species.
\sense_s type of gorrión ("sparrow") del género Aimophila, quizáel"Botteri's Sparrow," A. botterii; el"Rufous-crowned Sparrow," A. ruficeps; el"Rusty
Sparrow," A. rufescens, o una especie cercana
\sense_d Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 64, various
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root tsilko
\ref 07099
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa 'tlatlá:k
\lxoa_c í:tlatlá:k
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N2
\sense_e tree or bush that has an inedible fruit similar in appearance to the edible fruit of another (tree or bush, marked as [possessor])
\sense_s árbol o arbusto que tiene una fruta no comestible que aparece a la fruta comestible de otro (árbol o arbusto, marcado como [poseedor])
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:ki
\nae Given that the possessor of 'tlatlá:k is always 3rd-person, which has an underlyingly long vowel, the reduplicant never reduces onto a preceding syllable. Note the use
of short vowel reduplication to indicate a metaphoric extension of a basic meaning.
\grm Oapan reduplication; metaphor: Given that the possessor of 'tlatlá:k is always 3rd-person, which has an underlyingly long vowel, the reduplicant never
reduces onto a preceding syllable. Note the use of short vowel reduplication to indicate a metaphoric extension of a basic meaning.
\ref 07100
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa wa:xnema:ke:tl
\lxoa_c wa:xnema:ke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) vaca
\psm N
\incorp [N-V2]-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\sense_e person who sells cattle
\sense_s persona que vende ganado
\sense_d Oa
\root wa:x
\root namaka
\grm Oapan phonology: note that /wa:xnema:ke:tl/ can refer to either sellers of guajes or cattle.
\ref 07101
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was the same as the following and has been eliminated.
\dt 03/Dec/2001
\ref 07102
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwe:tlaí:lakastéhtli
\lxoa_c kwe:tlaí:lakastéhtli
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(vowel-s)
\infn Stem 1(h)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e type of dress made up of strips of cloth that are sewn together one to the other
\sense_s tipo de falda hecho de tiras de tela cosidas una tras otra
\sense_d Oa
\semfld clothing
\root kwe:
\root ilakas
\root teki
\ref 07103
\lxam tlitliktsi:n*
\lxam_c tlitliktsi:n
\lxoa tlítlihtsí:n*
\lxoa_alt tlítliltsí:n
\lxoa_c tlítlihltsí:n, tlítliltsí:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e small black bird, still not identified, somewhat like a wi:lo:tl , but classified as a different bird (apparently not illustrated in Howell and Webb, 1995)
\sense_s pequeño pájaro negro, todavía no identificado, es algo como un wi:lo:tl , pero classificado como diferente (aparentemente no ilustrado en Howell y Webb,
1995)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root tli
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'tlitliche.'
\nae Oapan Nahuatl manifests two divergent forms: tlítlihltsí:n and tlítliltsí:n. Although the"insertion"of /l/ in the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez suggests a
relationship to the root tli:l'black', the second syllable has a short vowel.
\qry This word is very uncertain; it was recorded early in fieldwork and might be in error for, e.g., /tli:ltiktsi:n/. It should be checked and corrected.
\ref 07104
\lxam kwa:pa:ya
\lxam_c kwa:pa:ya
\lxoa kwa:pa:ya
\lxoa_c kwa:pa:ya
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to be a fool, idiot, or imbecil, i.e., someon who is missing some marbles or fuzzy-brained
\sense_s ser idiota, tonto o imbécil, esto es, una persona que estámal de la cabeza
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\root pa:ya:
\fl kwa:pa:ya:tsi:n
\qry Check whether Am does have the apocopated form /kwa:pa:ya/ since my original notes only had /kwa:pa:ya:tik/ and /kwa:pa:ya:tsi:n/.
\ref 07105
\lxam xmilá:k
\lxam_c xmilá:k
\lxoa xmila:k
\lxoa_c xmila:k
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Modal
\der Modal-evid
\sense_e it is not true
\sense_s no es verdad
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xmila:k tine:chmakas on tomi:ntsi:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e It's not true that you will give me that money.
\phrase_s No es verdad que me vas a dar ese dinero.
\root mela:
\qry Check p-a in Oapan non-negative /xmélá:k/.
\semref xila:k
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07106
\lxam tlakwelpacho:ltia
\lxam_c kitlakwelpacho:ltia
\lxoa tlakwelpacho:ltia
\lxoa_c kitlakwelpacho:ltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make (sth such as a car) turn
\sense_s hacer (algo como un coche) dar una vuelta
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Mila:k chika:wak kitlakwepacho:ltia i:ka:rroh ma:si xkwahliótlí.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He makes his car turn sharply even though the road is in poor condition.
\phrase_s Hace girar fuerte a su coche aunque el camino estámal.
\root kwelpach
\grm Causative: Note that although /tlakwelpacho:ltia/ is a causative at one level of /kwelpachowa/, a transitive verb, it is perhaps best analyzed as a causative of the lexicalized
intransitive /tlakwelpachowa/.
\xref tlakwelpachowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 07107
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlamalakacho:ltia
\lxoa_c kitlamalakacho:ltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make (sth such as a car) go in circles (around a fixed point)
\sense_s hacer (algo como un coche) girar o dar vueltas (alrededor de un punto fijo)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to make (sb) go around to many places (e.g., by sending him on a wild goose chase)
\sense_s hacer a (algn) dar muchas vueltas (p. ej., al mandarlo a muchos lugares)
\sense_d Oa
\root malakach
\qry Check /tlamalakacho:ltia/ and if possible without /tla-/ then add entry for /malakacho:ltia/ and correct the xref under /malakachowa-
\ref 07108
\lxam chi:lma:tsowa
\lxam_c kichi:lma:tsowa
\lxoa chi:lma:tsowa
\lxoa_c kichi:lma:tsowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to fold over with chile (i.e., a tortilla)
\sense_s doblar con chile adentro (esto es, a una tortilla)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Kas nihchi:lmatso:s i:tlaxkal mokone:w? ---- Ka, yéwáxwel chi:lkwa, san xcha:xa:wili i:tlaxkal!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Should I make a taco with chile in it for your child? ---- No, he can't eat chile, just spread a little on the surface for him!
\phrase_s ¿Le hago un taco con chile para tu hijo? ----¡No, no come chile, solamente pónle un poquito de chile sobre la superficie!
\root chi:l
\root ma:ts
\vl First female token has a slight hoarseness in the throat: tag but don't link.
\ref 07109
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa íxa:mía
\lxoa_pr ixa:mia
\lxoa_c kíxa:mía
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to reshine the surface of (e.g., in polishing shoes, in repainting a rattle the paint of which has started to peel, etc.)
\sense_s hacer relucir o renovar la superficie de (p. ej., en bolear zapatos, o en renovar la pintura de una sonaja que ha empezado a perder su lustro o pintura)
\sense_d Oa
\root hxa:m
\nae Note that the initial /i/ is apparently epenthetic, inserted to break up the initial CC sequence that is the reason for the pitch accent of Oapan Nahuatl íxa:miya. The
presence of an epenthetic /i/ is also evident in the applicative construction: né:chixa:mília. The /i/ is definitely short although from the semantics the verb seems related to
i:x-'face' or 'surface.' The existence and position of the underlying {h} is hypothesized from the pitch accent pattern.
\vl Link 2nd male token.
\qry_h Check for existence of /h/ ? /kihxa:mia/.
\xref ixa:milia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 07110
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa íxa:mília
\lxoa_pr ixa:milia
\lxoa_c kíxa:mília; ne:chíxa:mília
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to reshine or renovate the surface of (sth such as shoes, a rattle, or other painted items) for
\sense_s hacer relucir o renovar la superficie de (algo como zapatos, una sonaja o algo pintado, etc.) para
\sense_d Oa
\root hxa:m
\qry Recheck applicative with non-3rd person object: /ne:chixa:milia/.... This is what my notes have, but it should be checked.
\qry_h Check for {h} ?/ihxa:milia/?
\xref íxa:míya
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 07111
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xa:wilia
\lxoa_c kixa:wilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to spread a little (sth) on (e.g., salsa on a tortilla)
\sense_s untar un poquito (de algo) sobre (p. ej., salsa sobre una tortilla)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n A: Kas nihchi:lmatso:s i:tlaxkal mokone:w? B: Ka, yéwáxwel chi:lkwa, san xcha:xa:wili i:tlaxkal!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e A: Should I make a taco with chile in it for your child? B: No, he can't eat chile, just spread a little on the surface for him!
\phrase_s A:¿Le hago un taco con chile para tu hijo? B:¡No, no come chile, solamente pónle un poquito de chile sobre la superficie!
\root xa:wa
\grm Oapan phonology: note x to ch after the imperative but the reappearance of /x/ later: /Kas nihchi:lmatso:s i:tlaxkal mokone:w? ---- Ka, yéwáxwel chi:lkwa, san xcha:xa:wili
i:tlaxkal!/.
\qry_fon Recheck absence of pitch accent and cf. to 7109.
\ref 07112
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa wa:lmikitsi:n.
\lxoa_c sa ma wa:mikitsi:n, sa ma wa:lmikitsi:n,
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\sense_e see miki
\sense_s véase miki
\sense_d Oa
\nae Although very hard to hear, there is an /l/ ending the directional.
\vl Link 2nd male token.
\qry_fon Check: Directional prefix /wa:l-/: note that it seems that in the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino the /l/ is lost; in the sppech of Inocencio Jiménez it is slightly
pronounced. Hence the two different orthographies here for /wa:(l)mikitsi:n/.
\grm Directional prefix /wa:l-/: note that it seems that in the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino the /l/ is lost; in the sppech of Inocencio Jiménez it is slightly pronounced.
Hence the two different orthographies here. Cf. headword /wa:mikitsi:n/.
\ref 07113
\lxam ikxitoma:hka:n
\lxam_c i:kxitoma:hka:n
\lxoa ixitoma:hka:n
\lxoa_c i:xitoma:hka:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N(loc)
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e calf
\sense_s pantorilla
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\root kxi
\root toma:
\semref ko:stamal
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref ixia:po:tetl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07114
\lxam yo:ltok
\lxam_c ka:n yo:ltok
\lxoa yo:ltokeh
\lxoa_c ka:mpa yo:ltokeh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-compound
\sense_e (ka:mpa ~) genital area (of men)
\sense_s (ka:mpa ~)área genital (de los hombres)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld Gender: male
\root yo:l
\qry Check whether only the plural /yo:ltokeh/ is used here, or whether one can say: /ka:mpa yo:ltok/.
\vl Note that both female and male tokens should be tagged, but only one male token should be linked given the gender specitivity of this term.
\semref kompanye:roh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07115
\lxam i:xkwa:tepetl
\lxam_c i:xkwatepetl
\lxoa i:xkwa:tepetlayo
\lxoa_c i:xkwa:tepetlayo
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound (N-N)-(N-N)
\der N2
\sense_e forehead bone
\sense_s hueso de la frente
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\root te
\root petla
\disamb body
\ref 07116
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod Entry 7116 used to be for /nepantik/. It has been eliminated/deleted as a duplicate of 6982.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl The tokens here, all of them, should be tagged as 6982.
\ref 07117
\lxam ikxiasi
\lxam_c kikxiasi
\lxoa ixíasí
\lxoa_pr ixiasi
\lxoa_c kixíasí
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to catch up to while walking
\sense_s alcanzar caminando
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root ahsi
\semref iyo:asi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07118
\lxam_notes yzzz*
\lxoa chikóyotlí*
\lxoa_c chikóyotlí
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of largish bird with a yellow chest, still not identified (apparently not illustrated in Howell and Webb, 1995)
\sense_s tipo de pájaro algo grande con el pecho amarillo, todavía no identificado (aparentemente no ilustrado en Howell y Webb, 1995)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root chikoyoh
\nse This bird is known for eating guamúchil(komo:chí:kwá(Oa)).
\ref 07119
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlapalkó:kotsí:n
\lxoa_c tlapalkó:kotsí:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\sense_e type of small bird about the size of a dove, apparently a ground-dove such as the Ruddy Ground-Dove, Columbina talpacoti, or a related species
\sense_s tipo de pájaro pequeño como el tamaño de la tortolita, aparentemente Columbina talpacotio una especie cercana
\sense_d Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 19, p. 327
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root tlapal
\root ko:koh
\semref ma:stla:kapalko:kotsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07120
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlásoltípan
\lxoa_c tlásoltípan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N(loc)
\compound N-N(loc)
\der N-loc-1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e place covered with garbage, particularly organic material such as pieces of dried plants (a patio or house floor, etc.)
\sense_s lugar cubierto de desechos y basura, particularmente materia orgánica como pedazos rotos de plantas secas (el suelo de un patio o interior de una casa)
\sense_d Oa
\root hsol
\root_rel -tipan
\semref tlasolitik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07121
\lxam kokolisma:wa
\lxam_c kikokolisma:wa
\lxoa kokolisma:wa
\lxoa_c kikokolisma:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to spread a disease to (said of chickens)
\sense_s contagiar con una enfermedad (dicho de las gallinas)
\sense_d Oa
\root kowa
\root ma:wa
\ref 07122
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xkawia
\lxoa_f [i:x ka 'wi a]
\lxoa_c kini:xkawia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3(refl)
\der V3-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to request in its entirety (e.g., a complete team of oxen rather than one half; see i:xna:mihtia)
\sense_s (refl.) pedir algo por completo (p. eg., una yunta completa en lugar de solamente la mitad; véase i:xna:mihtia)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Kini:xkawiya yuntah. Ma:si patioh wa:kax, kitlane:wi.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He rents a complete team of oxen. Even though oxen are expensive (to rent) he borrows them.
\phrase_s Alquila una yunta completa. Aunque son caros (los bueyes para alquilar), los pide prestados.
\root i:x
\nae To date i:xkawiya has been documented only in the reflexive form with a specific object, as is the case with the citation word kini:xkawiya.
\mod Check for the best way to code words such as the present headword.
\ref 07123
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa komo:chyo:hloh
\lxoa_c komo:chyo:hloh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to have birthmarks
\sense_s tener lunares
\sense_d Oa
\root komo:ch
\root yo:l
\ref 07124
\lxam komo:chitewistli
\lxam_c komo:chitewistli
\lxoa komo:chitewistli
\lxoa_c komo:chitewistli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e type of tree still unidentified
\sense_s tipo deárbol todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root komo:ch
\root te
\root wits
\notes_nature The name of this plant derives from the fact that it looks like the komo:chikohtli.
\ref 07125
\lxam tlayo:lkwilin
\lxam_c tlayo:lkwilin
\lxoa tlayo:lkwilin
\lxoa_alt tlayo:lkwilih
\lxoa_c tlayo:lkwilih
\dt 23/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\sense_e type of small brown bird that appears when the huamúchil tree is in fruit
\sense_s tipo de pájaro color cafépequeño que aparece cuando el huamúchil estádando fruta
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root o:ya
\root okwil
\qry_fon Check
\ref 07126
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kextlanpanyi:toh
\lxoa_c kextlanpanyi:toh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) paño
\psm Adj
\compound N-N
\der Adj-loan
\sense_e to have a black ring around the neck (said of certain birds)
\sense_s tener un anillo negro por el cuello (dicho de ciertos pájaros)
\sense_d Oa
\root kech
\root_rel -tlan
\semref kextli:lihka:tsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07127
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kextli:lihka:tsi:n
\lxoa_c kextli:lihka:tsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to have a black ring around the neck (said of certain birds)
\sense_s tener un anillo negro por el cuello (dicho de ciertos pájaros)
\sense_d Oa
\root kech
\root tli:l
\root_rel -tlan
\semref kextlanpanyi:toh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07128
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwitlaxkola:yo:tl
\lxoa_alt witlaxkola:yo:tl
\lxoa_c kwitlaxkola:yo:tl, witlaxkola:yo:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-d-yo:tl
\semfld food
\sense_e type of food made of chicken intestines that are sliced open and cleaned and then boiled in chi:la:tl
\sense_s tipo de comida que se hace de los intestinos de pollos abiertos a lo largo, limpiados y hervidos en chi:la:tl
\sense_d Oa
\root kwitlaxkol
\root a:
\qry_fon Check for absence of initial /k/ in Inocencio Jimenez's pronunciation of this bird.
\ref 07129
\lxam i:xteki
\lxam_c ki:xteki
\lxoa i:xteki
\lxoa_cpend ki:xteki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to level of the surface of (e.g., a measure of grain such as a cuartillo)
\sense_s nivelar la superficie de algo amontonado (p. ej., grano en una medida de madera)
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root teki
\vl There was a mistake here and the word elicited is /kixteki/, with a short initial vowel. Thus the four tokens at 7129 should be tagged with #3035.
\ref 07130
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsowa:stla:lia
\lxoa_c kitsowa:stla:lia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to tie or place a lasso on (a rope)
\sense_s hacer o atar un laso a (un riata)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsonwa:s
\root tla:l
\semref tsonwa:swia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07131
\lxam tsonwa:stli
\lxam_c tsonwa:stli
\lxoa tsowa:stli
\lxoa_cpend tsowa:stli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\sense_e lasso (i.e., the loop in a rope used for roping animals)
\sense_s laso (esto es, el círculo en una riata para lazar a animales)
\sense_d Oa
\root tson
\nae It seems highly probably that tsonwa:stli (in Oapan tsowa:stli) is derived from tson'hair'.
\semref tsowa:stla:lia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07132
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwikwistik
\lxoa_c kwikwistik
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e to be jagged; to have a zig-zagged edge or form
\sense_s estar en o tener zig-zag
\sense_d Oa
\root kwits
\ref 07133
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsi:tsikiltsi:nyoh
\lxoa_c tsi:tsikiltsi:nyoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-?-yoh
\sense_e to have a zig-zag pattern (e.g., the hem of a dress)
\sense_s tener una borde en zig-zag (p. ej., la orilla de una falda)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsikil
\ref 07134
\lxam tlaxkalkukwepke:tl
\lxam_c tlaxkalkukwepke:tl
\lxoa tlaxká:lkopké:tl
\lxoa_c tlaxká:lkopké:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e woman who responsibility it is to flip over tortillas in the kitchen during a fiesta
\sense_s mujer cuya responsabilidad es voltear las tortillas en la cocina de una fiesta
\sense_d Oa
\root xka
\root kwepa
\vl The first several male tokens are stuttered and should not be tagged. Note taht during the recording session I inserted the word /tlaxká:lkopá/ which should be given a
separate number: 7798.
\ref 07135
\lxam tema:ka:wa
\lxam_c notetema:ka:wan
\lxoa tema:ka:wa
\lxoa_c nó:tema:ká:wah
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): nó:tema:ká:wa
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to through down on the ground or other horizontal place (e.g., a bed)
\sense_s aventar al suelo o abajo por un lugar plano (como una cama)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (reduplication with short vowel and recipr.) to wrestle
\sense_s (reduplicación con vocal corta y recipr.) jugar al porraso
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root ka:wa
\qry Check reduction of reduplicant on the reflexive prefix in Oa Nahuatl.
\ref 07136
\lxam pi:kia
\lxam_cpend pi:kia
\lxoa pi:kia
\lxoa_c kipi:kia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to grasp or hold tightly between ones legs (e.g, a bull being mounted, a horse, etc.)
\sense_s asir fuertemente entre las piernas (p. ej., un toro montado, un caballo, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (refl.) to pull ones legs tightly together (the opposite would be tlachikipe:lowa)
\sense_s (refl.) apretar las piernas para que estén muy cerradas (lo contrario sería tlachikipe:lowa)
\sense_d Oa
\root pi:k
\ref 07137
\lxam kamapi:kia
\lxam_c kikamapi:kia
\lxoa kamapi:kia
\lxoa_c kikamapi:kia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to grasp or hold tightly in ones mouth (e.g., a squirrel running away with a nut)
\sense_s asir fuertemente en la boca (p. ej., una ardilla corriendo con un nuez)
\sense_d Oa
\root kama
\root pi:k
\ref 07138
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry has been eliminated as a duplicate of 7174
\dt 01/Jun/2002
\vl Tag the 4 tokens here as 7174.
\ref 07139
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa te:ntetl
\lxoa_alt té:ntétl
\lxoa_pr te:tetl
\lxoa_c te:ntetl, té:ntétl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e type of dove-sized purple-feathered with a beak like a parrot; perhaps the Blue Bunting, Cyanocompsa parellina, or a closely related species
\sense_s tipo de pájaro, tamaño de un tortolita, con plumaje morado y un pico como perico, quizáel"Blue Bunting," Cyanocompsa parellina, o una especie cercana
\sense_d Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 60, p. 685
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root te:n
\root te
\nae The headword for this entry is interesting in that Florencia Marcelino (te:ntetl) and Inocencio Jiménez (té:ntétl) had different pronunciations, the first
without any pitch accent and the second with. Since the pitch accent could not derive from historical *h in the first syllable, if correct it would derived from historical or underlying /h/
in the second. Note that the numerals ending in -tetsi:n all have pitch accent (e.g., ó:ntetsí:n). Future study will reveal which of the two pronunciations is
shared the most by other speakers. Apparently the pitch-accented pronunciation is more common.
\grmx Oapan phonology: The headword for this entry is interesting in that Florencia Marcelino (te:ntetl) and Inocencio Jiménez (té:ntétl) had
different pronunciations, the first without any pitch accent and the second with. Since the pitch accent could not derive from historical *h in the first syllable, if correct it
would derived from historical or underlying /h/ in the second. Note that the numerals ending in -tetsi:n all have pitch accent (e.g., ó:ntetsí:n).
Future study will reveal which of the two pronunciations is shared the most by other speakers.
\ref 07140
\lxam tekiya:na
\lxam_c tekiya:na
\lxoa tekiya:na
\lxoa_c tekiya:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to be fulfilling a cargo, or annual community service obligation; to have a cargo; to contribute as a"tax-paying"citizen
\sense_s estar llevando un cargo, o puesto de servicio anual, de la comunidad; pagar cooperación del pueblo
\sense_d Oa
\root teki
\root wi:ka
\semref tekiwi:ka
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07141
\lxam pa:to
\lxam_cpend pa:to
\lxoa a:pato
\lxoa_c a:pato
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) pato
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of duck, which looks like the Sungrebe, Heliornis fuliaca, but is probably a member of the Anasgenus.
\sense_s tipo de pato, pájaro pequeño que se clava abajo del agua; parece al"Sungrebe," Heliornis fuliaca, aunque probablemente es del género Anas.
\sense_d Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl.
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root a:
\ref 07142
\lxam_notes yzzz*
\lxoa kabá:yotó:to:tl*
\lxoa_c kabá:yotó:to:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) caballo
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\pitch yes
\sense_e type of black bird still not identified (apparently not illustrated in Howell and Webb, 1995)
\sense_s tipo de pájaro negro todavía no identificado (aparentemente no ilustrado en Howell y Webb, 1995)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root to:to:
\nae The pitch accent patter is a reflex of final /h/ in the Spanish term caballo.
\ref 07143
\lxam kokoxka:to:to:tl
\lxam_c kokoxka:to:to:tl
\lxoa koxka:to:to:tl
\lxoa_c koxka:to:to:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Part-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of roadrunner, so called because it does not run away from humans like is was sick, apparently the Lesser Roadrunner, Geococcyx veloxor a closely related
species
\sense_s tipo de correcaminos, asíllamado porque no corre al ver un humano, como si estuviera enfermo, aparentemente el Geococcyx veloxo una especie cercana
\sense_d Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 24, p. 350
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root kowa
\root to:to:
\ref 07144
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ma:ilpikatl
\lxoa_c ma:ilpikatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e cloth cord used to tie a diaper around a child (made from the same material as the diaper)
\sense_s cordón de tela que se emplea para amarrarle el pañal a un niño (y que se hace del mismo material que el pañal)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:n
\root lpi
\semref tsi:nilpikatl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07145
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa pátsí:ntli
\lxoa_c pátsí:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn Stem 1(h)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of Vireo, apparently the Golden Vireo, Vireo hypochryseus, or a closely related species
\sense_s tipo de Vireo, aparentemente el"Golden Vireo," Vireo hypochryseus, o una especie cercana
\sense_d Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 53, p. 620
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root pah
\ref 07146
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa pi:pi:xtsi:n
\lxoa_c pi:pi:xtsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn N1
\sense_e type of very small grey bird, apparently a Gnatcatcher or Titmouse, named for the type of sound it makes. There apparently are two types of this bird. One lives in the hills
and is probably the Mexican Chickadee, Parus sclateri, or a related species; the other lives in the plains and is apparently the Blue-grey Gnatcathcer, Polioptila
caerulea, or a closely related species
\sense_s tipo de pajarito pequeño y gris, aparentemente un"Gnatcatcher"o"Titmouse,"llamado por el sonido que hace. Hay dos tipos de este pájaro. Uno vive en los cerros y
probablemente es el"Mexican Chickadee," Parus sclateri, o una especie cercana; el otro vive en los llanos y es aparentemente el"Blue-grey Gnatcathcer,"
Polioptila caerulea, o una especie cercana
\sense_d Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 47, pp. 548, 577
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root pi:x
\qry_fon Check coda of 2nd syllable in female pronunciation. Check first vowel: I had it recorded long from the recording session but Roberto Mauricio apparently has a short first
vowel. However, in his transcription of Silvestre Pantaleón's text RM consistently wrote the first vowel as long.
\ref 07147
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa te:kwa:nto:to:tl
\lxoa_c te:kwa:nto:to:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of Jay, a brightly colored bird with a crest, apparently either the Black-throated Magpie-Jay, Calocitta colliei, or the White-throated Jay, Calocitta
formosa, or a closely related species
\sense_s tipo de"Jay,"de pájaro muy colorado con una cresta, aparentemente o el"Black-throated Magpie-Jay," Calocitta colliei, o el"White-throated Jay," Calocitta
formosa, o una especie cercana
\sense_d Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 45, p. 538
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root kwa
\root to:to:
\qry Apparently these two birds are the same, AM and OA, but this needs to be carefully checked.
\semref pitorreál
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07148
\lxam te:ntso:tsomo:ni
\lxam_c te:ntso:tsomo:ni
\lxoa te:ntso:tsomo:ni
\lxoa_c te:ntso:tsomo:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to have ones lips crack (e.g., from the cold)
\sense_s agrietarsele los labios (p. ej., del frío)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to have light cracks on thesurface of an edge (e.g., a ceramic bowl)
\sense_s agrietarse ligeramente por la orilla (p. ej., un plato de cerámica)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root tsomo:
\nse As with most verbs containing the element motsi:ni the usual manifestation in discourse is with some form of reduplication (with short or long vowel) depending on the
circumstances.
\qry_fon Recheck vowel length of reduplicant.
\ref 07149
\lxam i:xkwa:tepostli
\lxam_c i:xkwa:tepostli
\lxoa i:xkwa:tepostli
\lxoa_c i:xkwa:tepostli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e hairpin
\sense_s pasador (para cabello)
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\root tepos
\ref 07150
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa sawa:nki
\lxoa_c sawa:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e (often with short vowel reduplication) hoarse
\sense_s (a menudo tener reduplicación de vocal corta) ronco
\sense_d Oa
\root sawa:
\ref 07151
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwa:kohweh
\lxoa_alt kwa:koweh
\lxoa_c kwa:kohweh
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-posr-wah
\infn N1
\sense_e animal that has horns (e.g., cattle, goats, etc.)
\sense_s animal que tiene cuernos (p. ej., ganado, chivos, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\root kow
\qry Check to determine that sound files are correct for 7151, it might be fore kwa:kohwah. Check.
\semref kwa:kuwyoh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kwa:kohwah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07152
\lxam isanaka
\lxam_c isanaka
\lxoa tésanáka
\lxoa_pr tesanaka
\lxoa_c tésanáka
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. prefix te-
\pitch yes-lex
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to make a certain sound like nylon being rubbed
\sense_s hacer un ruido particular como la de nylon frotado
\sense_d Oa
\root hsanaka
\nse The verb tésanáka is used to refer to the sound of a nylon sheet, a snake, clothes, a tarp, etc.)
\nae The etymology of this word is not clear.
\qry Recheck the pronunciation from the tape since I had a note to check this but mistakenly did not write down the difference noted during recording.
\ref 07153
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yó:í:n
\lxoa_f [yó: yí:n]
\lxoa_c yó:í:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Dem-adj
\der Demons
\sense_e this
\sense_s este
\sense_d Oa
\root yehwa
\root i:n
\qry Check for equivalent Am form.
\qry_fon Check phonetics of this form. There seems to be a double /i/.
\semref yáwaí:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07154
\lxam i:sah
\lxam_c ma:ka i:sah
\lxoa i:sah
\lxoa_c ma: i:sah
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e not right away
\sense_s no luego luego
\sense_d Oa
\root i:sah
\qry Check etymology
\qry_fon Check vowel length.
\ref 07155
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlapelkaya:n
\lxoa_c tlapelkaya:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N(loc)
\der N-loc-1
\sense_e place with a steep incline
\sense_s lugar con una cuesta muy inclinada
\sense_d Oa
\root pil
\semref temowa:ya:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07156
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xo:chí:mó:tla
\lxoa_pr xo:chí:mo:tla
\lxoa_c kixo:chí:mó:tla
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\compound N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes
\sense_e [meaning to be documented]
\sense_s [falta precisar significado]
\sense_d Oa
\root xo:chi
\root mo:tla
\ref 07157
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xo:chitepe:wa
\lxoa_c kixo:chitepe:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to toss flowers at (e.g., a saint in a procession)
\sense_s regar o aventar flores sobre (p. ej., un santo en una procesión)
\sense_d Oa
\root xo:chi
\root tepe:
\qry Check meaning as the original entry had none and I have surmised meaning simply from etymology.
\semref xo:chite:ma
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07158
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsa:tsa:stia
\lxoa_c tsa:tsa:stia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to become worn out (cloth) so as to become translucent
\sense_s luirse (tela) hasta quedar casi tranlucente
\sense_d Oa
\root tsa:ts
\qry Check verbal inflection)
\ref 07159
\lxam piotetsotsol
\lxam_c piotetsotsol
\lxoa piyo:te:tsol
\lxoa_c piyo:te:tsol
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan pio
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. infix te- ; Reduced rdp-s* (prev-te)
\infn pl. pio:te:tsolmeh
\sense_e chicken that is lacking most of its feathers
\sense_s pollo a que le falta la mayoría de sus plumas
\sense_d Oa
\root te-
\root tsol
\ref 07160
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa sása:migé:ltsi:n
\lxoa_c sása:migé:ltsi:n
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan San Miguel
\psm N
\der N-loan
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e name of a group of flowers from the Asteraceae family, apparently with two members
\sense_s nombre de un grupo de plantas herbáceas de la familia Asteraceae, que incluye dos miembros
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e Zinnia violaceaCav., plant of the Asteraceae family noted for its flowers
\sense_s Zinnia violaceaCav., planta de la familia Asteraceae conocida por su flor
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semref ka:ka:waltsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07161
\lxam tlatsotsolka:n
\lxam_c tlatsotsolka:n
\lxoa tlatsotsolka:n
\lxoa_c tlatsotsolka:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Loc
\der N-loc-1
\sense_e area of land with no grass
\sense_s área de terreno sin pasto
\sense_d Oa
\root tsol
\root_rel -ka:n
\grm Oapan reduplication: Note that /tlatsotsolka:n/ is correct but the reduced form is not */tlatsotsolka:n/.
\ref 07162
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa te:ntso:ltlakwa
\lxoa_c te:ntso:ltlakwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp (N-S)-(tla-V1)
\der V1-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to eat slowly
\sense_s comer lentamente
\sense_d Oa
\root te:n
\root tso:l
\root kwa
\grm /tla-/ Note that in the case of /te:ntsoltlakwa/ the most heuristic analysis would seem to be that /tlakwa/ is an intransitive verb and the /te:ntsol/ is modifying incorporation.
\ref 07163
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ó:ntetília
\lxoa_pr ó:ntetilia
\lxoa_c kó:ntetília
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V2-d-tilia
\pitch yes
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to go over land for the second time with a plow before planting
\sense_s arar la tierra la segunda vez con un arado antes de sembrar
\sense_d Oa
\root o:me
\nse For a full discussion of terms used with sowing, see entry under teki.
\vl Note that there are 3 good tokens of this word to be tagged.
\semref o:melia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07164
\lxam te:ma:kana:w
\lxam_c te:ma:kana:w
\lxoa te:ma:kana:w
\lxoa_c te:ma:kana:w
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e to be a cause (e.g., a certain task or material object) of the hands (of a person) becoming rubbed down and smooth (and often sore)
\sense_s ser la causa (p. ej., un cierto trabajo u objeto material) de que las manos (de una persona) queden lisas (y a menudo adoloridas)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root kana:
\ref 07165
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:ltechioh
\lxoa_c tla:ltechioh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-?-yoh
\sense_e to be steeply inclined (e.g., a hill)
\sense_s ser (una cuesta) muy inclinada (p. ej., un cerrito)
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:l
\root_rel -tech
\grm Adjectivalization: The word /tla:ltechioh/ is interesting in that it apparently derives from a"locative"used adjectivally, which is then"adjectivalized"with -yoh.
\semref tlakaltechioh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07166
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlá:ltemolohyó:tia
\lxoa_pr tla:ltemolohyo:tia
\lxoa_c kitlá:ltemolohyó:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-yo:tia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e to cover with dust (e.g., in dusting sth off near clothing that is still wet from washing)
\sense_s cubrir de polvo (p. ej., en sacudir algo cerca de ropa todavía mojada por haber sido lavada)
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:l
\root tehmolok
\qry_h Check for present of /h/.
\semref tla:ltekwyo:tia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07167
\lxam xiwyo:tia
\lxam_c kixiwyo:tia
\lxoa xihyo:tia
\lxoa_c kixihyo:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-yo:tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to draw leaves on (e.g., a painted tree or plant)
\sense_s dibujar las hojas sobre (p. ej., unárbol o arbusto pintado)
\sense_d Oa
\root xiw
\ref 07168
\lxam yeyo:tia
\lxam_c kiyeyo:tia
\lxoa yeyo:tia
\lxoa_c kiyeyo:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-yo:tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to plant beans in (a field)
\sense_s sembrar frijoles en (un campo)
\sense_d Pending
\root ye
\ref 07169
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa Silyé:tetsí:n
\lxoa_c Silyé:tetsí:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) silla sillete
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e constellation of stars not yet identified
\sense_s constelación de estrellas todavía no identificada
\sense_d Oa
\ref 07170
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa omitlako:tl
\lxoa_c omitlako:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e apparently this is the Boerhavia erectaL., a herbaceous plant of the Nyctaginaceae family; it is also called omitlako:tl de ista:k i:xo:chio
\sense_s aparentemente es la Boerhavia erectaL., una planta herbácea de la familia Nyctaginaceae; también se conoce en Oapan como omitlako:tl de ista:k
i:xo:chio tipo de planta herbácea todavía no identificada
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root omi
\root tlako:
\mod Apparently this plant is eaten by pigs; check.
\ref 07171
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ye:ltepo:tsiwi
\lxoa_c ye:ltepo:tsiwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\compound N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to feel stuffed and satisfied with food
\sense_s sentirse lleno después de comer mucho
\sense_d Oa
\root ye:l; po:ts
\ref 07172
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa na:wahlo:tl
\lxoa_c na:wahlo:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-denom-yo:tl
\sense_e witchcraft
\sense_s brujería
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xtlah kitla:kamati, nónokáyo:kí:yékokéh, kas san kwalotikah, kas na:wahlo:tl kipiya.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Nothing serves him (i.e., in this case no medicine), he has attempted it everywhere. Perhaps he is just sick, perhaps he is bewitched.
\phrase_s Nada le hace caso (en este caso, ningún remedio), ha intentado por todos lados. Quizáestásolamente enfermo, quizáestáembrujado.
\root na:wa
\ref 07173
\lxam yewa i:n
\lxam_c yewa i:n na:nkah nihkwis
\lxoa yáwaí:n
\lxoa_c yáwaí:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Dem-adj
\der Adj-compound
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e this
\sense_s that
\sense_d Oa
\root yehwa
\root i:n
\semref yó:í:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07174
\lxam kea:manin
\lxam_alt kya:manin
\lxam_c mo:stla kea:manin
\lxoa kea:maní:
\lxoa_alt kya:mani:n
\lxoa_c kea:mani:n
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan (part) que
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-complex
\pitch yes
\sense_e at this very same time of day (as we are right now)
\sense_s a estas mismas horas (como estamos ahora)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Kea:mani:n, tikchi:was.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e At this same time of day (tomorrow) you will do it.
\phrase_s Aéstas mismas horas (mañana) lo vas a hacer.
\phrase_n Mo:stla kea:mani:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Tomorrow at about this same time.
\phrase_s Mañana como a estas horas.
\root a:man
\root i:n
\vl There are 4 additional tokens from 7138.
\mod Check speech tokens, in the workshop the pronunciation of this word was always with a final glottal stop. Check.
\qry_fon Check vowel length. The etymology of this form is unclear. Check the pronunciation in the elicitation form.
\semref a:mani:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref a:maní:
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07175
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa -hpahtlan
\lxoa_c tohpahtlan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Loc
\der N(loc)
\sense_e (with possessor prefix to-) arriba (de nosotros)
\sense_s (con prefijo de poseedor above to- (us)
\sense_d Oa
\root -kpa
\root_rel -ko
\nse This form has only been documented with the 1st-person possessor prefix to-. The final /n/ is always realized as [h], a common phonological process in Oapan, but has
been written with /n/ on the basis of an analysis of its relation to the relational noun -tlan.
\qry_fon Recheck with phonologist the presence of /h/.
\ref 07176
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This is a repeat of 1196 and has been deleted.
\dt 01/Jun/2002
\vl Tag the tokens here with #1196.
\ref 07177
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This is a repeat of 1930 and has been deleted.
\dt 12/Jun/2002
\vl Tag the tokens here with #1930.
\ref 07178
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry has been deleted as a repeat of 2354.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Tag the tokens here as #2354, of which the present entry /ni:lpo:tsa/ is a duplicate.
\ref 07179
\lxam tlaso:wtok
\lxam_c tlaso:wtok
\lxoa tlá:só:htok
\lxoa_pr tlá:so:htok
\lxoa_c tlá:só:htok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\lexical Reduced rpd-s(prev-s)
\infv Durative
\pitch yes
\sense_e for many things (e.g., clothes drying) to be hung or spread out (on a thorn bush, rock, clothesline, etc.)
\sense_s haber muchas cosas (p. ej., ropa secándose) colgada o extendida (sobre un arbusto, una piedra grande, un lazo, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root so:wa
\grm Reduplication; use of /tla-/: Note the reduplication and use of tla in the following: tlá:só:htok 'for many things (e.g., clothes drying) to be hung or spread out (on a thorn
bush, rock, clothesline, etc.)'
\ref 07180
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an Am entry for /ye un/ as a Demonstrative adjective meaning 'that.' It has been removed as possibly incorrect and not clear.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 07181
\lxam yewa un
\lxam_c yewa un
\lxoa yáwaó:n
\lxoa_c yáwaó:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Dem-adj
\der Demons
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e that
\sense_s ese
\sense_d Oa
\root yehwa
\root on
\semref yó:ó:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07182
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was for /kwe:liwi/ and has been deleted as aduplicate of 00077.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\vl Link the 4 tokens here to 00077 (see data there). Note that the first token is /weliwi/ and should not be tagged or used.
\ref 07183
\lxam ye:lo:kwa
\lxam_c ye:lo:kwa
\lxoa ye:lo:kwa
\lxoa_cpend ye:lo:kwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to eat fresh corn on the cob
\sense_s comer elote
\sense_d Oa
\root ye:lo:
\root kwa
\ref 07184
\lxam ye:lo:ikxitia
\lxam_c ye:lo:ikxitia
\lxoa ye:lo:ixitia
\lxoa_cpend ye:lo:ixitia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cook green corn on the cob
\sense_s cocer elotes
\sense_d Oa
\root ye:lo:
\root isi
\ref 07185
\lxam tomakwe:chowa
\lxam_c tomakwe:chowa
\lxoa tomakwe:chowa
\lxoa_cpend tomakwe:chowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-iwi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to grind up tomatoes (of any type, particularly with a mortar and pestle)
\sense_s moler tomates (de cualquier tipo, particularmente en un molcajete)
\sense_d Oa
\root toma
\root kwe:ch
\ref 07186
\lxam tomapapa:ka
\lxam_alt tomapupa:ka
\lxam_c tomapupa:ka
\lxoa tomá:pa:ká
\lxoa_pr tomá:pa:ka
\lxoa_cpend tomá:pa:ká
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical -rdp-s-
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to wash tomatoes (of any type) in water
\sense_s lavar tomates (de cualquier tipo) en agua
\sense_d Oa
\root toma
\root pa:ka
\qry_fon Check the vowel quality of the Ameyaltepec form /tomapupa:ka/ or /tomapapa:ka/, i.e, check the vowel quality of the first syllable /pV/.
\ref 07187
\lxam tomaxiwtli
\lxam_c tomaxiwtli
\lxoa tomaxihtli
\lxoa_cpend tomaxihtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e leaves of the tomato plant (of any type)
\sense_s hojas del tomate (de cualquier tipo)
\sense_d Oa
\root toma
\root xiw
\ref 07188
\lxam tomakuwtli
\lxam_c tomakuwtli
\lxoa tomakohtli
\lxoa_cpend tomakohtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e main stem of the tomato plant (of any type)
\sense_s tallo de la planta de tomate (de cualquier tipo)
\sense_d Oa
\root toma
\root kow
\ref 07189
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa to:to:tlami:ni
\lxoa_cpend to:to:tlami:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-tla
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to shoot birds (with a rifle, slingshot, etc.)
\sense_s tirar pájaros (con un rifle, resortera, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root to:to:
\root mi:ni
\nse Like the verb ma, in this case the transitive verb mi:niis apparently first detransitivized and then modified by an incorporated noun, in this case the animal
that is shot at.
\grm Incorporation; transitivity: Like the verb ma, in this case the transitive verb mi:niis apparently first detransitivized and then modified by an
incorporated noun, in this case the animal that is shot at.
\ref 07190
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa moxkayahtlan
\lxoa_cpend moxkayahtlan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Loc
\der N-loc
\sense_e sky covered by cirus or high, wispy clouds
\sense_s cielo lleno de nubes cirros o de nubes altas y delgadas
\sense_d Oa
\root mox
\root kaya:
\qry The final /a/ might be long and this should be checked.
\flo moxkayahtli
\ref 07191
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:mabo:lsah
\lxoa_cpend a:mabo:lsah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) bolsa
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\sense_e paper bag
\sense_s bolsa de papel
\sense_d Oa
\root a:ma
\ref 07192
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:makarto:n
\lxoa_cpend a:makarto:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) cartón
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\sense_e paper box
\sense_s caja de cartón
\sense_d Oa
\root a:ma
\qry Check whether this refers to a cardboard or paper box.
\ref 07193
\lxam kwitlapepena
\lxam_c kwitlapepena
\lxoa kwitlá:pená
\lxoa_cpend kwitlá:pená
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical -rdp-s-
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to gather up dried 'cow pies' (for use in firing ceramics)
\sense_s pepenar estiercol de ganado (para cocer cerámica)
\sense_d Oa
\root kwitla
\root pena
\ref 07194
\lxam tlapepena
\lxam_c tlapepena
\lxoa tlá:pená
\lxoa_pr tlá:pena
\lxoa_cpend tlá:pená
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-tla
\lexical -rdp-s-
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to gleam (picking things up off the ground, such as corn cobs, fish, and other things that others have harvested or caught)
\sense_s recoger; pepenar (esto es, recoger cosas como olotes, pescados, u otras cosas que han quedado sobre el suelo, dejado atrás por otros durante la cosecha, la pesca, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root pena
\ref 07195
\lxam kuwpepena
\lxam_c kuwpepena
\lxoa kohpépená
\lxoa_pr kohpepena
\lxoa_cpend kohpépená
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical -rdp-s-
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to gather up firewood scattered on the ground
\sense_s pepenar leña que estáregada sobre la tierra
\sense_d Oa
\root kow
\root pena
\nse This word is rarely used, although it has been recorded. In Oapan, much more common is tlikohpépenáor á:tokohpépená.
\qry As this word was not recorded, recheck stress pattern as it might be /kóhpepéna/.
\ref 07196
\lxam iswapepena
\lxam_c iswapepena
\lxoa iswá:pená
\lxoa_pr iswá:pena
\lxoa_cpend iswá:pená
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V1
\der V2-b
\lexical -rdp-s-
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to gather up corn leaves scattered on the ground
\sense_s pepenar hojas de maíz regadas por la tierra
\sense_d Oa
\root swa
\root pena
\ref 07197
\lxam tepepena
\lxam_c tepepena
\lxoa té:pená
\lxoa_pr té:pena
\lxoa_cpend té:pená
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V2-b
\lexical -rdp-s-
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to gather up stones scattered along the river (particularly to make lime)
\sense_s pepenar piedras del río regadas por la ribera (en particular para hacer cal)
\sense_d Oa
\root te
\root pena
\ref 07198
\lxam yepepena
\lxam_c yepepena
\lxoa yé:pená
\lxoa_pr yé:pena
\lxoa_cpend yé:pená
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V2-b
\lexical -rdp-s-
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to gathers up beans (scattered on the ground in the area where they have been shelled)
\sense_s pepenar frijoles (regados por la tierra en el lugar donde se desvainaron)
\sense_d Oa
\root e
\root pena
\ref 07199
\lxam ayupepena
\lxam_c ayupepena
\lxoa ayó:pená
\lxoa_pr ayó:pena
\lxoa_cpend ayó:pená
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V2-b
\lexical -rdp-s-
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to gather up squash during the harvest
\sense_s cosechar la calabaza
\sense_d Oa
\root ayoh
\root pena
\qry Check vowel length of /ayutli/. Check stress pattern.
\ref 07200
\lxam sinpepena
\lxam_c sinpepena
\lxoa sé:mpená
\lxoa_pr sé:mpena
\lxoa_cpend sé:mpená
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V2-b
\lexical -rdp-s-
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to gather up dried ears of corn as they are harvested
\sense_s pepenar mazorcas durante la cosecha
\sense_d Oa
\root sin
\root pena
\nse The processes of harvesting dried corn is different in Ameyaltepec and Oapan. In Ameyaltepec harvesters walk between two rows of maize each carrying a net
bag(a:ya:tl). The mazorcas are placed in the bag until it is full. The harvester then takes the bag to the side of the field where they are stuffed into a sack
to be taken back to the village. In Oapan each harvester pulls the mazorca off the plant and tosses into a nearby pile. Another person then gathers them up and stuffs them into a
sack. This second person is a sé:mpenké:tl.
\ref 07201
\lxam tomapepena
\lxam_c tomapepena
\lxoa tomá:pená
\lxoa_pr tomá:pena
\lxoa_cpend tomá:pená
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V2-b
\lexical -rdp-s-
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to gather tepe:tomatlin the hills
\sense_s pepenar tepe:tomatlen los cerros
\sense_d Oa
\root toma
\root pena
\ref 07202
\lxam xokopepena
\lxam_c xokopepena
\lxoa xokó:pená
\lxoa_pr xokó:pena
\lxoa_cpend xokó:pená
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to gather up wild plums scattered on the ground
\sense_s pepenar o recoger ciruelas regadas por la tierra
\sense_d Oa
\root xoko
\root pena
\ref 07203
\lxam komo:chipepena
\lxam_c komo:chipepena
\lxoa komo:chí:pená
\lxoa_pr komo:chí:pena
\lxoa_cpend komo:chí:pená
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V2-b
\lexical -rdp-s-
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to gather guamúchil that has scattered on the ground
\sense_s pepenar guamúchil que estáregado por la tierra
\sense_d Oa
\root komo:chi
\root pena
\ref 07204
\lxam tlako:pepena
\lxam_c tlako:pepena
\lxoa tlakó:pená
\lxoa_pr tlakó:pena
\lxoa_c tlakó:pená
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-l)
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to gather small twigs and branches (e.g., for firewood)
\sense_s juntar y recoger pequeñas ramas (p. ej., para leña)
\sense_d Pending
\root tlako:
\root pena
\nse This is often an activity performed by older single women and by children, who are either too poor to have a donkey that could carry real firewood or are too weak to chop wood
with a machete or ax.
\nae My data to date shows that in Oapan the final vowel of tlako:tlis long (this should be rechecked acoustically). Thus the reduction of the reduplicated
pépená is unexpected although not without precedent. It may be that given the great number of words that have an incorporated noun and the verbal stem
pépená in which reduplication reduction does occur, this process has become in a sense grammaticalized. This might be further motivated by haplology, i.e., that a
basic ? tlakó:pepéna reduces to tlakó:pená. However, for now this word has been analyzed as showing reduction on a long vowel of an incorporated
noun.
\vl Check vl of /tlako:tl/ from Oapan. And in all compounds.
\ref 07205
\lxam sa:ndiapepena
\lxam_c sa:ndiapepena
\lxoa sa:nchiá:pená
\lxoa_pr sa:nchiá:pena
\lxoa_cpend sa:nchiá:pená
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V2-b
\lexical -rdp-s-
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to pick watermelon in harvesting
\sense_s cortar sándia para cosecharla
\sense_d Oa
\root pena
\ref 07206
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:má:pená
\lxoa_pr a:má:pena
\lxoa_cpend a:má:pená
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to pick up paper or pieces of paper scattered on the ground
\sense_s recoger o pepenar papel o pedazos de papel tirados por el suelo
\sense_d Oa
\root a:ma
\root pena
\ref 07207
\lxam kakawapepena
\lxam_c kakawapepena
\lxoa kakawá:pená
\lxoa_pr kakawá:pena
\lxoa_cpend kakawá:pená
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V2-b
\lexical -rdp-s-
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to glean peanuts from the field
\sense_s recoger o pepenar cacahuates que han quedado en el campo
\sense_d Oa
\root kawa
\root pena
\ref 07208
\lxam a:mateteki
\lxam_c a:mateteki
\lxoa a:má:tekí
\lxoa_pr a:má:teki
\lxoa_cpend a:má:tekí
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\lexical -rdp-s-
\infv class-3a(k)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to cut paper (e.g., with scissors)
\sense_s cortar papel (p. ej., con tijeras)
\sense_d Oa
\root a:ma
\root teki
\ref 07209
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:mapapeltsi:n
\lxoa_cpend a:mapapeltsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) papel
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\sense_e carbon paper
\sense_s papel carbón
\sense_d Oa
\root a:ma
\qry Check length and vowels of borrowed portion of this word.
\ref 07210
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tepe:we:weh
\lxoa_cpend tepe:we:weh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e large hill or mountain
\sense_s cerro o montaña grande
\sense_d Oa
\root tepe:
\root we:weh
\ref 07211
\lxam tepe:yoh
\lxam_c tepe:yoh
\lxoa tepe:yoh
\lxoa_cpend tepe:yoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e area with many hills or mountains
\sense_s área con muchos cerritos o montañas
\sense_d Oa
\root tepe:
\ref 07212
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tepe:ma:tih
\lxoa_cpend tepe:ma:tih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e neighboring villages (from the perspective of Oapan)
\sense_s pueblos circunvecinos (desde la perspectiva de Oapan)
\sense_d Oa
\root tepe:
\root ma:
\nse Tepe:ma:tih has been documented only in the plural in reference to the villages that surround Oapan, from the perspective of the villagers of this pueblo. Etymologically
it is derived from tepe:tl and ma:tli, literally 'hill-hand/branch'. According to Florencia Marcelino it was used to refer to those surrounding villages that were
part of the old parish of Oapan, before the seat was moved to Xalitla. Tepe:ma:tih seems, therefore, to be related to the Classical a:ltepe:tl and indeed
Florencia Marcelino and her husband Inocencio Jiménez mentioned that they thought, but were not sure, that Inocencio's mother did use the form a:ltepe:matih.
\qry I asked Florencia Marcelino the meaning of this word and she related it to the root /ma:tli/, stating that it was used to refer to the outlying villages of the parish when the parish seat
was in Oapan. This word might well be related to the classical /a:ltepe:tl/. I asked Florencia if she had heard /a:ltepe:ma:tih/ and she said that this was also used. Nevertheless, it
should be checked.
\ref 07213
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa áyoixítia
\lxoa_pr ayoixitia
\lxoa_cpend áyoixítia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to cook squash
\sense_s cocer calabaza
\sense_d Oa
\root ayoh
\root ksi
\ref 07214
\lxam ayukakawatl
\lxam_c ayukakawatl
\lxoa ayó:kawátl
\lxoa_alt áyokakáwatl
\lxoa_cpend ayó:kawátl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e squash rind
\sense_s cáscara de la calabaza
\sense_d Oa
\root ayoh
\root kawa
\grm Pitch accent; reduplication reduction: Note that at least from my preliminary investigation or determination the pitch accent pattern of /ayó:kawátl/ is as indicated. That is,
the pitch accent is on the long vowel, not on the /a/, which is usually the case of derivatives with /áyutlí/.
\ref 07215
\lxam ayukwa
\lxam_c ayukwa
\lxoa áyokwá
\lxoa_pr ayokwa
\lxoa_cpend áyokwá
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to eat squash
\sense_s comer calabaza
\sense_d Oa
\root ayoh
\root kwa
\ref 07216
\lxam ayukwa:ni
\lxam_c ayukwa:ni
\lxoa áyokwá:ni
\lxoa_cpend áyokwá:ni
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ni
\pitch yes-lex
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\sense_e type of falcon, apparently the Crested Caracara, Caracara plancus, or a close relative; it eats snakes
\sense_s tipo de halcón, aparentemente el"Crested Caracara," Caracara plancus, o una especie cercana; come víboras
\sense_d Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 7, p. 213
\root ayoh
\root kwa
\semref tlakotatatsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07217
\lxam ayusentla:lia
\lxam_c ayusentla:lia
\lxoa áyosentlá:lia
\lxoa_pr ayosentla:lia
\lxoa_cpend áyosentlá:lia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to gather squash together (e.g., during the harvest, bringing all the squash that has been picked to one spot)
\sense_s reunir calabaza (p. ej., durante la cosecha llevándola a un solo lugar)
\sense_d Oa
\root ayoh
\root sen
\root tla:l
\ref 07218
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ayó:tekí
\lxoa_pr ayó:teki
\lxoa_cpend ayó:tekí
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical -rdp-s-
\infv class-3a(k)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to pick squash
\sense_s cortar calabaza (para cosecharla)
\sense_d Oa
\root ayoh
\root teki
\qry Check stress pattern and, as with all words contained /ayoh/ or /a:yoh/, the length of the first vowel. This may indicate reduction of pitch accent.
\ref 07219
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa áyotetsó:hli
\lxoa_cpend áyotetsó:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e squash that has dried up in field
\sense_s calabaza que se ha secado en el campo
\sense_d Oa
\root ayoh
\root te
\root tso:l
\ref 07220
\lxam ayutlapa:na
\lxam_c ayutlapa:na
\lxoa áyotlapá:na
\lxoa_pr ayotlapa:na
\lxoa_cpend áyotlapá:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to chop squash in half (to clean it for cooking, remove the seeds, etc.)
\sense_s partir calabaza en la mitad (para limpiarla para cocer, quitarle la semilla, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root ayoh
\root tlapa:
\ref 07221
\lxam xo:chiwekahli
\lxam_c xo:chiwekahli
\lxoa xo:chíwakáhli
\lxoa_alt xo:chíwá:hli
\lxoa_cpend xo:chíwakáhli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N
\der N-b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e decorated round gourd (jícara) with a red background and painted flowers inside
\sense_s jícara decorada, con un fondo de pintura roja y flores adentro
\sense_d Oa
\root xo:chi
\root wehkal
\qry Check stress pattern of main entry and shortened form.
\ref 07222
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwetláxwakáhli
\lxoa_alt kwetláxwá:hli
\lxoa_cpend kwetláxwakáhli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e gourd bowl (jícara) made of plastic
\sense_s jícara de plástico
\sense_d Oa
\root kwetlax
\root wehkal
\ref 07223
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa wákalxo:pí:hli
\lxoa_alt wá:lxo:pí:hli
\lxoa_cpend wákalxo:pí:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-?
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e deformed round gourd used as a bowl, i.e., one that has its side pushed in or indented in an oval form
\sense_s jícara deformada, que tiene los lados como empujados hacia adentro
\sense_d Oa
\root wahkal
\root xo:pi:l
\qry Make sure that this is /wákalxo:pi:hli/ and not /wákalxo:pi:ltik/. Also check stress pattern of long and short forms.
\ref 07224
\lxam wekalsosohli
\lxam_c wekalsosohli
\lxoa wákalté:sohlí
\lxoa_pr wakalté:sohli
\lxoa_alt wá:lté:sohlí
\lxoa_cpend wákalté:sohlí
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-Mod
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e gourd bowl that is old and cracked
\sense_s jícara vieja y rota
\sense_d Oa
\root wehkal
\root hsol
\grm /sosohli/: Note use of /te/ in Oapan but not in Ameyaltepec: wákalté:sohlívs. wekalsosohli
\ref 07225
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa wákaltlapá:nki
\lxoa_alt wá:ltlapá:nki
\lxoa_cpend wákaltlapá:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e gourd bowl (jícara) that has part broken off
\sense_s jícara con una parte despostillada
\sense_d Oa
\root wahkal
\root tlapa:
\ref 07226
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa wákaltsayá:nki
\lxoa_alt wá:ltsayá:nki
\lxoa_cpend wákaltsaya:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e gourd bowl (jícara) that has a crack in it
\sense_s jícara rota (con una fisura)
\sense_d Oa
\root wahkal
\root tsaya:
\ref 07227
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa wákalwe:weh
\lxoa_cpend wákalwe:weh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e large round gourd bowl (jícara)
\sense_s jícara grande
\sense_d Oa
\root wahkal
\root we:weh
\ref 07228
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa wákalté:tsó:yo
\lxoa_cpend wákalté:tsó:yo
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e small round gourd (jícara)
\sense_s jícara pequeña
\sense_d Oa
\root wahkal
\root tso:yo:
\qry Check vowel length, stress pattern and etymology.
\ref 07229
\lxam xa:lsaka
\lxam_c xa:lsaka
\lxoa xa:lsaka
\lxoa_cpend xa:lsaka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e (often with long vowel reduplication) to transport sand
\sense_s (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal larga) transportar arena
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:l
\root saka
\ref 07230
\lxam xa:lsentla:lia
\lxam_c xa:lsentla:lia
\lxoa xa:lsentla:lia
\lxoa_cpend xa:lsentla:lia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-Mod-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to place sand together (e.g., for later transport)
\sense_s juntar arena (p. ej., para acarrear después)
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:l
\root sen
\root tla:l
\ref 07231
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xa:ltemowa
\lxoa_cpend xa:ltemowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4c(pano)
\sense_e for sand to slide down (e.g., the slope of a hole one has been digging)
\sense_s deslizarse la arena (p. ej., por los lados interiores de un pozo excavado)
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:l
\root temo:
\grm Subject incorporation: Note that in /xa:ltemowa/ it is apparently the subject that is incorporated, since it is the sand (IN) that goes down the inside slope or side of a hole
dug in the ground
\ref 07232
\lxam xa:hlowa
\lxam_c xa:hlowa
\lxoa xa:hlowa
\lxoa_cpend xa:hlowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/yo/tia
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to become covered with sand
\sense_s cubrirse de arena
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:l
\ref 07233
\lxam xa:lki:xtia
\lxam_c xa:lki:xtia
\lxoa xa:lki:xtia
\lxoa_cpend xa:lki:xtia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to take sand out of a given place (e.g., to take sand out from an enclosed place, such as the dirt floor of a house)
\sense_s sacar arena (p. ej., de un lugar encerrado como el piso interior de una casa)
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:l
\root ki:sa
\qry Check definition as well as whether both reduplicated and unreduplicated forms exist. NOTE: C. Flores mentions that reduplicatoin is only if one sells.
\grm Reduplication: NOte that if the verb stem is reduplicated it means that one sells sand: /xa:lkiki:xtia/. This is according to C. Flores.
\ref 07234
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xa:lte:ma
\lxoa_cpend xa:lte:ma
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-mi
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to fill up with sand (e.g., a sack for transport)
\sense_s llenar con arena (p. ej., un costal para el transporte)
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:l
\root te:ma
\ref 07235
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xa:lkwi
\lxoa_cpend xa:lkwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e (usually with a directional) to (go) get sand
\sense_s (a menudo con un direccional) (ir a) traer arena
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:l
\root kwi
\nse The verb xa:lkwi is most often used with a directional prefix or suffix, depending on the tense/aspect. Thus, for example, o:xa:lkwito 'he went to get sand
(and bring it back)'.
\ref 07236
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa sakapotohtli
\lxoa_cpend sakapotohtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-wi
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e type of grass
\sense_s tipo de zacate
\sense_d Oa
\disamb hypo sakatl
\root saka
\root potok
\notes_nature The name of this plant was mentioned by Roberto Mauricio in a workshop (Aug. 2001) during an excercise to give words containing the root saka. Silvestre
Pantaleón mentioned that he knew of this plant, that it is found near A:molo:nka:n.
\ref 07237
\lxam sakama:tlatl
\lxam_c sakama:tlatl
\lxoa sakama:tlatl
\lxoa_cpend sakama:tlatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e type of grass
\sense_s tipo de zacate
\sense_d Oa
\disamb hypo sakatl
\root saka
\root ma:tla
\notes_nature The name of this plant was mentioned by Roberto Mauricio in a workshop (Aug. 2001) during an excercise to give words containing the root saka.
\ref 07237
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa sakachi:chi:hli
\lxoa_cpend sakachi:chi:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e type of grass
\sense_s tipo de zacate
\sense_d Oa
\disamb hypo sakatl
\root saka
\root chi:l
\notes_nature The name of this plant was mentioned by Roberto Mauricio in a workshop (Aug. 2001) during an excercise to give words containing the root saka.
\ref 07239
\lxam texa:hloh
\lxam_c texa:hloh
\lxoa texa:hloh
\lxoa_cpend texa:hloh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-yoh
\sense_e area covered with a lot of pebbly sand
\sense_s área tener muchos guijarros o arena tener piedrecitas
\sense_d Pending
\root te
\root xa:l
\ref 07240
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kochma:tlako
\lxoa_cpend kochma:tlako
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Loc
\compound N-N-Loc
\der Loc
\sense_e in a or the hammock
\sense_s en hamaca
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xtikochis kochma:tlako?
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Are you going to sleep in the hammock?
\phrase_s ¿Vas a dormir en la hamaca?
\root kochi
\root ma:tla
\root_rel -ko
\ref 07241
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xa:ltoma:wak
\lxoa_cpend xa:ltoma:wak
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\sense_e large-grained sand
\sense_s arena no fina
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:l
\root toma:
\semref xa:lpitsa:wak; xa:lkwe:xtik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07242
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xa:lpitsa:wak
\lxoa_cpend xa:lpitsa:wak
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\sense_e fine-grained sand
\sense_s arena fina
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:l
\root pitsa:
\semref xa:ltoma:wak
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref xa:lkwe:xtli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref xa:lkwe:xtik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07243
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xa:lkwe:xtik
\lxoa_cpend xa:lkwe:xtik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\sense_e fine-grained sand
\sense_s arena fina
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:l
\root kwe:ch
\semref xa:ltoma:wak
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref xa:lpitsa:wak
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref xa:lkwe:xtli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07244
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xa:lchi:chi:hli
\lxoa_cpend xa:lchi:chi:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e red sand
\sense_s arena roja
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:l
\root chi:l
\nse Although this word was accepted by some people, it seems to be quite uncommon; more usual is the compound tla:lchi:chi:hli, referring to red, clayish earth used in
making ceramics.
\grm Nominalization; compounding: Note that although /chi:chi:hli/ by itself is not found as an independent word (one finds instead the adjectival /chi:chi:ltik/) it is found in
combination, as the present word /xa:lchi:chi:hli/ demonstrates. However, this should be compared to /xa:ltli:lihki/ in which the deverbal adjectival /tli:lihki/ is found.
\ref 07245
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xá:hlotík
\lxoa_cpend xá:hlotík
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-?
\pitch yes
\sense_e covered with or full of sand
\sense_s cubierto o lleno de arena
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:l
\semref xa:litik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07246
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlasakamo:hli
\lxoa_cpend tlasakamo:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\sense_e turned up earth with broken grass, the result of the action of sakamowa
\sense_s tierra arada con zacate quebrantado, el resultado de la acción de sakamowa
\sense_d Oa
\root sakam
\ref 07247
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa sakatsonteki
\lxoa_cpend sakatsonteki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to cut grass with a machete
\sense_s cortar pasto o zacate con machete
\sense_d Oa
\root saka
\root tson
\root teki
\semref sakateki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07248
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa saká:pená
\lxoa_pr saká:pena
\lxoa_cpend saká:pená
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical -rdp-s-
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to pick up grass that is scattered on the ground
\sense_s recoger o pepenar zacate que estáregado por el suelo
\sense_d Oa
\root saka
\root pena
\ref 07249
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa notláloké:tl
\lxoa_cpend notláloké:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\pitch yes
\sense_e runner
\sense_s corredor
\sense_d Oa
\root tlal
\ref 07250
\lxam lapise:roh
\lxam_c lapise:roh
\lxoa lapise:roh
\lxoa_cpend lapise:roh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan lápiz
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e pen
\sense_s pluma
\sense_d Am, Oa
\ref 07251
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa lapiskohtli
\lxoa_cpend lapiskohtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) lápiz
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e lead pencil
\sense_s lápiz
\sense_d Oa
\root kow
\ref 07252
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kohkahli
\lxoa_cpend kohkahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e small shelter under which traditional marriage ceremonies called tlatlikechilia are performed
\sense_s pequeña construcción de madera abajo de la cual se lleva a cabo la ceremonia llamado tlatlikechilia
\sense_d Oa
\root kow
\root kal
\qry Recheck meaning.
\ref 07253
\lxam petlaka:hli
\lxam_c petlaka:hli
\lxoa petlá:kahlí
\lxoa_cpend petlá:kahlí
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical -rdp-s-
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e shelter of rods covered with petates that serves as the prison of Jesus during the Passion Play
\sense_s albergue de varas tapadas con petates que sirve como carcel para Jesús durante la Pasión de Cristo
\sense_d Oa
\root petla
\root kal
\ref 07254
\lxam kochke:tl
\lxam_c kochke:tl
\lxoa kochke:tl
\lxoa_cpend kochke:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\sense_e person who is sleeping
\sense_s persona que estádormida
\sense_d Oa
\root kochi
\nse Cristino Flores (Am) mentioned that this refers not simply to someone who is sleeping, but to someone who is sleeping te:cha:n , i.e., in another's house. This would
appear to be the meaning of the agentive -ke:tl in many cases, such as tlakwake:tl.
\ref 07255
\lxam tlakwake:tl
\lxam_c notlakwaka:w
\lxoa tlákwaké:tl
\lxoa_cpend tlákwaké:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\pitch yes
\sense_e person who is eating
\sense_s persona que estácomiendo
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa
\ref 07256
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlákwíloké:tl
\lxoa_cpend tlákwíloké:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e scribe
\sense_s escribano
\sense_d Oa
\root hkwil
\nae The pitch acccent pattern written above might be in error. It is possible that the most common pronunciation is instead tlákwilóké:tl
\qry Check stress pattern; perhaps this should be /tlákwilóké:tl/, as it is for
\ref 07257
\lxam tekipanoke:tl
\lxam_c tekipanoke:tl
\lxoa tekipánoké:tl
\lxoa_cpend tekipánoké:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\pitch yes
\sense_e person who works a team of oxen or other plow animals
\sense_s persona que trabaja una yunta de bueyes u otros animales
\sense_d Oa
\root teki
\root pan
\ref 07258
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlama:te:kake:tl
\lxoa_cpend tlama:te:kake:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\sense_e person who weeds (by hand or with a digging stick)
\sense_s persona que deshierba (con las manos o con coa)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root te:ka
\ref 07259
\lxam to:kake:tl
\lxam_c to:kake:tl
\lxoa to:kake:tl
\lxoa_cpend to:kake:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\sense_e person who plants seeds
\sense_s persona que siembra
\sense_d Oa
\root to:ka
\ref 07260
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlatsontehke:tl
\lxoa_cpend tlatsontehke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\sense_e person who cuts down trees or thorn bushes in clearing a field
\sense_s persona que tumbaárboles o arbustos espinosos en limpiar un terreno
\sense_d Oa
\root tson
\root teki
\ref 07261
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:tsonke:tl
\lxoa_cpend tla:tsonke:tl
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\lexical -rdp-s-
\sense_e musician (playing any of a variety of instruments, particularly string instruments: violin, guitar, etc.)
\sense_s músico (que toca cualquier de varios instrumentos, particularmente los de cuerda: violín, guitarra, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsona
\ref 07262
\lxam kalchi:wa
\lxam_c kalchi:wa
\lxoa kalchi:wa
\lxoa_cpend kalchi:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to build a house
\sense_s construir casa
\sense_d Oa
\root kal
\root chi:wa
\ref 07263
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kalchi:hke:tl
\lxoa_cpend kalchi:hke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\sense_e person who builds houses; bricklayer
\sense_s persona que construye casas; albañil
\sense_d Oa
\root kal
\root chi:wa
\ref 07264
\lxam te:tsonchichi:hke:tl
\lxam_c te:tsonchichi:hke:tl
\lxoa te:tsó:nchí:hke:tl
\lxoa_cpend te:tsó:nchí:hke:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\lexical -rdp-s-
\sense_e person who braids anothers hair
\sense_s persona que le hace trenzas al cabello de otro
\sense_d Oa
\root tson
\root chi:wa
\grmx Oapan phonology: Note that pitch-accent here does not shift rightward off a long vowel (of the syllable /chi:h/) to an adjoining long vowel in a three-syllable word. If there
were an additional syllable to the right I believe the shift would occur (as in /kí:no:tsah/ and /kí:no:tsáskeh/). Check.
\ref 07265
\lxam tlapa:hke:tl
\lxam_c tlapa:hkeh
\lxoa tlapa:hke:tl
\lxoa_cpend tlapa:hke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\sense_e person who washes clothes; washerwoman or washerman
\sense_s persona que lava ropa
\sense_d Oa
\root pa:ka
\semref tlá:pá:hke:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07266
\lxam tlapapa:hke:tl
\lxam_alt tlapupa:hke:tl
\lxam_c tlapupa:hkeh
\lxoa tlá:pá:hke:tl
\lxoa_cpend tlá:pá:hke:tl
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e person who washes dishes; dishwasher
\sense_s persona que lava platos; lavaplatos
\sense_d Oa
\root pa:ka
\semref tlapa:hke:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07267
\lxam tlanamakake:tl
\lxam_alt tlanemakake:tl
\lxam_c tlanamakake:tl
\lxoa tlanemakake:tl
\lxoa_cpend tlanemakake:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\sense_e merchant; person who sells things
\sense_s comerciante; persona que vende cosas
\sense_d Oa
\root nemaka
\ref 07268
\lxam tlamiktike:tl
\lxam_c tlamiktike:tl
\lxoa tlamíhtiké:tl
\lxoa_cpend tlamíhtiké:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\pitch yes
\sense_e butcher; person who slaughters animals, particularly pigs and cattle
\sense_s carnicero; persona que sacrifica animales, particularmente marranos y ganado
\sense_d Oa
\root miki
\ref 07269
\lxam a:tlahke:tl
\lxam_c a:tlahke:tl
\lxoa á:tlahké:tl
\lxoa_cpend á:tlahké:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\sense_e person who brings water from a well, tank, river, etc.
\sense_s persona que acarrea agua de un pozo, depósito, río, etc.
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root kwi
\ref 07270
\lxam tepa:nchi:wa
\lxam_c tepa:nchi:wa
\lxoa tepa:nchi:wa
\lxoa_cpend tepa:nchi:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to build a wall
\sense_s contruir una pared
\sense_d Oa
\root tepa:n
\root chi:wa
\ref 07271
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tepa:nchi:hke:tl
\lxoa_cpend tepa:nchi:hke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\sense_e person who builds walls; bricklayer; mason
\sense_s persona que contruye paredes; albañil
\sense_d Oa
\root tepa:n
\root chi:wa
\ref 07272
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yeísekí
\lxoa_cpend yesekí
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to toast beans on a griddle (comal)
\sense_s tostar frijoles sobre un comal
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root hseki
\qry Obtain applicative; check stress pattern.
\grm Incorporation: cf. discussion here of C. Flores that in Am one says /kiseki yetl/. NB how Oapan has greater degree of incorporation.
\ref 07273
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yea:yo:tl
\lxoa_cpend yea:yo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-denon-yo:tl
\sense_e bean broth
\sense_s caldo de frijoles hervidos
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root a:
\grm Incorporation: Note here again that in Ameyaltepec (cf. previous entry) the form used is /i:a:yo yetl/. This illustrates a general tendency for less incorporation in Am forms.
Cf. the discussion with C. Flores for this word.
\ref 07274
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yechi:hloh
\lxoa_cpend yechi:hloh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\semfld food
\sense_e beans that have been cooked in a chile broth, with no lard
\sense_s frijoles que han sido cocidos en un caldo de chile, sin manteca
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root chi:l
\ref 07275
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yetetso:hli
\lxoa_cpend yetetso:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\sense_e dried up beans (particularly those still in their pods)
\sense_s frijoles secos (particularmente los que todavía están en sus vainas)
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root te-
\root tso:l
\ref 07276
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kaltlama:stli
\lxoa_alt kaltema:stli; kaltama:stli
\lxoa_cpend kaltlama:stli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-?
\sense_e principal rafter: beams of wood, usually in groups of four, that pass above and behind the sole:ras and kontrasole:ras and go to the part of
a house of palm or grass called kaltsonko , where they are riveted together with a wooden rivet called a neko:xtli that passes through and
joins all four kabe:sas
\sense_s vigas de madera, generalmente en grupos de cuatro, que pasan arriba y atrás de las sole:ras y kontrasole:ras hacia la parte de una casa de
palma o zacate que se llama kaltsonko , donde se fijan todos por un remache de madera, llamado nekoxtli , que atraviesa las cuatro
kabe:sas
\sense_d Oa
\semfld construct-part
\root kal
\root tema:ts
\ency_note kahli
\nae Although kaltlama:stli is the most common pronunciation, I have also heard kaltema:stli and (the pronunciation of Moises Domínguez)
kaltama:stli. For etymology, see kaltlama:tsioh.
\mod Cf. illustration and description in Fld-1984-04-29.1 and words there listed. Cf. illustration under entry for /kahli/.
\semref kabe:sah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07277
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yetlatla
\lxoa_cpend yetlatla
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to have ones beans burn on one while cooking
\sense_s quemarsele los frijoles a (uno que estácocinándolos)
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root tla
\ref 07278
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yekapostli
\lxoa_cpend yekapostli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\sense_e type of black bean
\sense_s tipo de frijol negro
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root kapos
\ref 07279
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yewa:tsa
\lxoa_cpend yewa:tsa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ki/tsa
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to lay out beans to dry in the sun (while still in their pods)
\sense_s extender frijoles a secar en el sol (cuando todavía están en sus vainas)
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root wa:
\grm Incorporation: Note again that here there is a difference in that Oapan has an incorporated form and Am simply says /kiwa:tsa yetl/.
\ref 07280
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yepitsa:wak
\lxoa_cpend yepitsa:wak
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-k
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\sense_e type of small, thin bean still not identified
\sense_s tipo de frijol pequeño y delgado, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root pitsa:
\ref 07281
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yepatla:xtli
\lxoa_cpend yepatla:xtli
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-?
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\sense_e type of bean still not identified
\sense_s tipo de frijol todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root patla:
\grm Nominalization: Note that occassionally the nominalization process introduces an /x/ into a deverbal formation. In Classical Nahuatl one finds /kwala:xtli/. In modern
Ameyaltepec/Oapan there are a few similar formations. One of this is that of the present entry /yepatla:xtli/, which is clearly formed from the verbal stem /patla:/, found in
/patla:wi/ and /patla:wa/, among other forms.
\ref 07282
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yete:ma
\lxoa_cpend yete:ma
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-mi
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to fill (e.g., sacks) with beans
\sense_s llenar (p. ej., costales) con frijoles
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root te:m
\ref 07283
\lxam yetlama:te:ka
\lxam_c yetlama:te:ka
\lxoa yetlama:te:ka
\lxoa_cpend yetlama:te:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-tla
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to weed beans with ones hands or a digging stick (witso:ktli)
\sense_s desherbar frijoles con las manos o con coa (witso:ktli)
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root ma:
\root te:ka
\grm Incorporation; modification: /yetlama:te:ka/ is interesting in that the base for the incorporation is a verbal form detransitivized with /tla-/. In general I should note that the
verb /ma:te:ka/ is almost always found with the /tla-/ prefix, and only rarely with a specific object.
\ref 07284
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yexihtli
\lxoa_cpend yexihtli
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\sense_e leaves of bean plants (of any type)
\sense_s hojas de una planta de frijol (de cualquier tipo)
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root xiw
\grm Incorporation: Note that with this as with many of the previous words there is no incorporation in Am whereas there is in Oapan. This is a major difference between the two
dialects.
\ref 07285
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yekwe:xtli
\lxoa_cpend yekwe:xtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\sense_e bean meal, i.e., dried beans that have been ground up
\sense_s frijol molido
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root kwe:ch
\ref 07286
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yé:kó:ntsi:n
\lxoa_cpend yé:kó:ntsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical -rdp-s-
\sense_e type of boiled dumpling made of a shell of corn dough (tixtli) and cooked beans
\sense_s tipo de comida hervida hecha de una cubertura de masa llena de frijoles cocidos
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root ko:n
\nse A yé:kó:ntsi:n is made by taking a small ball of corn dough and making a deep indentation in one side. This hole is then filled with cooked beans that are then covered
up as the dough is remade into a ball. The dumpling is then cooked in boiling water, often that of bean broth.
\ref 07287
\lxam koo:lo:tl
\lxam_c koo:lo:tl
\lxoa koo:lo:tl tesontik
\lxoa_cpend koo:lo:tl tesontik
\lxgen kwao:lo:tl
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound S-N-Adj
\der Adj-?
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\sense_e tree still not definitively identified, one of the two types of koo:lo:tl
\sense_s árbol todavía no identificada definitivamente, uno de los dos tipos de koo:lo:tl
\sense_d Pending
\root ko
\root o:lo:
\root teson
\fla koo:lo:tl
\notes_nature In Ameyaltepec only one type of koo:lo:tl is known, that with rough-skinned fruit. It is simply called koo:lo:tl although some have called it
koo:lo:tl tesontik. Inocencio Díaz that he knew of two types of koo:lo:tl one male and the other female. The male variety has rough bark and
the female variety smooth bark. Apparently this gender difference corresponds to the two varieties known in Oapan, the female having smooth bark (and a smooth-skinned,
edible fruit). Nevertheless, Inocencio Díaz does not remember the appearance of the fruit of the female tree.
\semref koo:la:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 07288
\lxam sakakwa
\lxam_c sakakwa
\lxoa sakakwa
\lxoa_cpend sakakwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to eat grass (e.g., an animal that is grazing or that is not given maize to eat)
\sense_s comer zacate (p. ej., un animal que estáapacentando o a que no se le da maíz para comer)
\sense_d Oa
\root saka
\root kwa
\ref 07289
\lxam yekwa
\lxam_c yekwa
\lxoa yekwa
\lxoa_cpend yekwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to eat beans
\sense_s comer frijoles
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root kwa
\ref 07290
\lxam yetlapepenia
\lxam_c yetlapepenia
\lxoa yetlá:peniá
\lxoa_pr yetlá:penia
\lxoa_cpend yetlá:peniá
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical rdp-s-
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to pick through beans (i.e., to take out stones or chaff, or that which is bug-eaten)
\sense_s revisar para sacar lo malo de los frijoles (e.g., para sacar piedras y basura, o lo carcomido)
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root pe:na
\ref 07291
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yekwe:chowa
\lxoa_cpend yekwe:chowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to grind beans (on a metate or with a mortar and pestle)
\sense_s moler frijoles (sobre un metate o en un molcajete)
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root kwe:ch
\ref 07292
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yeixitia
\lxoa_cpend yexitia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cook beans
\sense_s cocinar frijoles
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root ksi
\ref 07293
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yemo:hli
\lxoa_cpend yemo:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\semfld food
\sense_e beans cooked in water, without lard
\sense_s frijoles cocidos en su caldo, sin manteca
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root mo:l
\nse Apparently this dish is the same as yechi:la:tland is distinguished from yemante:ka, which contains lard.
\ref 07294
\lxam yechi:chi:hli
\lxam_c yechi:chi:hli
\lxoa yechi:chi:hli
\lxoa_cpend yechi:chi:hli
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-N
\lexical -rdp-s-
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\sense_e type of red bean grown in the high lands of San Miguel Tecuiciapan
\sense_s tipo de frijol rojo que se siembra en los terrenos altos de San Miguel Tecuiciapan al norte
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root chi:l
\ref 07295
\lxam yetlama:tsowahli
\lxam_c yetlama:tsowahli
\lxoa yetlama:tsowahli
\lxoa_cpend yetlama:tsowahli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\sense_e folded tortilla with beans inside
\sense_s tortilla doblada con frijol adentro
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root ma:ts
\ref 07296
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yeto:roh
\lxoa_cpend yeto:roh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) toro
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\sense_e tortilla folded over with beans and chile inside
\sense_s tortilla doblada con frijoles y chile adentro
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\ref 07297
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yeáká:nia
\lxoa_pr yeaka:nia
\lxoa_cpend yeáká:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-2a
\lexical -rdp-s-
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to sift beans, particularly to remove the chaff
\sense_s cribar o cerner frijo, particularmente para quitar el hollejo
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root aka:
\qry Determine etymology. No similar forms have been found in Karttunen or Molina. I have included the first syllable as part of the root, and not as a lexicalized reduplication, but this
might well be in error. Also, recheck the precise meaning of the metaphorical usage (i.e., 'to speak bad of', 'to give a bad reputation to', etc. and try to determine the semantic basis
for this metaphoric meaning. In the future recheck Oapan /káká:nia/ to make sure that the pitch accent is not the result of reduplication.
\ref 07298
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yéisíwi
\lxoa_cpend yéisíwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-V1
\der V1-b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e beans that come to fruition early in the planting season
\sense_s frijoles que llegan a formarse muy temprano en la temporada
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root hsi
\nae Note that although basically a verb form yéisíwi functions much like a noun. Its antonym is yetlatski and its inflectional pattern is apparently defective in
that it does not take the usual tense/aspect pattern. In this sense it is much like the defective verb tlaksa or tlasa.
\qry Check pitch-accent pattern for Oapan form. Check inflectional pattern to make sure it functions nominally.
\grm Verb-noun; noun incorporation: Note the Oapan form /yéisíwi/. Although basically a verb form yéisíwi functions much like a noun. Its antonym is
yetlatski and its inflectional pattern is apparently defective in that it does not take the usual tense/aspect pattern. In this sense it is much like the defective verb
tlaksa or tlasa.
\ref 07299
\lxam yeposo:nki
\lxam_c yeposo:nki
\lxoa yeposo:nki
\lxoa_cpend yeposo:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e beans boiled in water
\sense_s frijoles hervidos en agua
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root poso:
\ref 07300
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yepaya:na
\lxoa_cpend yepaya:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to grind up uncooked beans
\sense_s moler frijoles crudos
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root paya:
\qry Make sure this refers to raw beans and check the difference with /yekwe:chowa/.
\ref 07301
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yemoya:wa
\lxoa_cpend yemoya:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to spread out beans in the sun in order to kill any bugs that might have infected it
\sense_s extender frijoles en el sol para matar los bichos que hayan entrado
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root moya:
\ref 07302
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yetoto:nia
\lxoa_cpend yetoto:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)[x]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to heat up beans by spreading them out in the sun so that any bugs that might have infected the beans die
\sense_s calentar frijoles al extenderlos en el sol para matar los bichos que hayan entrado
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root to:n
\ref 07303
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:xonakatl
\lxoa_cpend a:xonakatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e Cyperus odoratusL., a type of sedge (Cyperaceae family) noted for its bulbous root that smells like garlic
\sense_s Cyperus odoratusL., un tipo de Cyperaceae (familia) conocido por su raíz bulbosa que huele como de ajos
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root a:
\root xonak
\semref sakaa:jos
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref i:xonak a:ketspalin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref xóxonakátsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07304
\lxam sakapahli
\lxam_c sakapahli
\lxoa sakapahli
\lxoa_cpend sakapahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e type of very small vine still not identified; in Spanish it is called sakatlaskal
\sense_s tipo de enredadera muy pequeña todavía no identificado; en español se llama sakatlaskal
\sense_d Oa
\root saka
\root pal
\nse The Spanish name was given by Tomás Muñoz García, a man originally from Teloloapan who now lives in Iguala. Bartolo Mondragón (Oa) mentioned that there is another plant of
the same name, much larger and that grows on trees. This plant still needs to be collected.
\notes_nature According to Geoff Hall this is a parasitic vine that destroys other plants. The example I saw was very thin, without leaves, and growing around a flowering plant.
\ref 07305
\lxam ilakatsowa
\lxam_c kilakatsowa
\lxoa ilakatsowa
\lxoa_cpend kilakatsowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to sprain or twist (sb along his back)
\sense_s torcer o causar una torcedura (algn por la espalda)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to make crooked (e.g., a cloth not cut evenly)
\sense_s hacer que quede chueco (p. ej., una tela no cortada parejo)
\sense_d Oa
\root ilakats
\qry Check meaning of transitive form and the precise objects that can be so affected.
\ref 07306
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kohxíamó:hli
\lxoa_cpend kohxíamó:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e tree of the Bursera family, with red flowers that bloom in the dry season
\sense_s árbol de la familia Bursera, con flores rojas que salen en temporada de secas
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root kow
\root xi
\root ah
\root mo:l
\nse The etymology of kohxíamó:hli is still not clear. Apparently it is equivalent to /kuhxio:tlámohlí/.
\semref si:marrón
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07307
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa chalálakóhtli
\lxoa_cpend chalálakóhtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(h)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e Amphipterygium adstringens(Schltdl.) Standl., tree of the Anacardiaceae family, apparently the cuachalalate in Spanish
\sense_s Amphipterygium adstringens(Schltdl.) Standl.,árbol de la familia Anacardiaceae, aparentemente llamado cuachalalate en español
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Bwe:noh para yugoh. No: deke mitskukwa kanah, tikonxi:mas ikakawayo, tiktepa:paxo:s wa:n tika:pacho:s. Ika mitspapa:kili:skeh ka:n mitskukwa, de ikxitso:tso:tl,
noso deke o:timotsontek. Ma ki:sa un xkwahli.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Luis Lucena
\phrase_e It is good for yoke. Also, if you hurt somewhere, you will strip off its bark, you will crush it and soak it in water. With this (liquid) they will clean you where it hurts, be it a
sore on the leg or where you have cut yourself, so that what is bad goes away.
\phrase_s Es bueno para un yugo. también, si te duele por alguna parte, vas a quitar su cáscara, la vas a machucar y después remojar en agua. Con esto te van a limpiar donde te
duele, sea unaúlcera sobre la pierna o donde te habías cortado, para que salga lo que no estábien.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root chalalah
\mod Add x=reference under /paxowa/, /pa:kilia/ and /ikxitso:tso:tl/ for the preceding text.
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the cuachachalate. Ramírez (1991) gives this as the cuachalalate with no further identification. Schoenhals
(1988:37) notes:"Cuachalalá, cuachalalate (Juliania adstingens) Low, deciduous, seasons forest tree of the Isthmus. Bark used medicinally as an astringent. Also called
palo de rosa."Guizar and Sánchez (1991:81) give as the Spanish cuachalalate a tree of the family Julianiaceaeand the genus/species
Amphipterygium adstringens.
\semref chalalatli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref chalálatlí
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07308
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tó:mowéwé:i
\lxoa_cpend tó:mowéwé:i
\lxgen to:mohtle
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\pitch yes
\sense_e prickly pair of the large cactus called ó:rganoh de un we:i
\sense_s tuna delórgano grande llamado ó:rganoh de we:i
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semref to:mochi:kwepok
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref to:motli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 07309
\lxam sakatema:tlatl
\lxam_c sakatema:tlatl
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e type of grass still not identified, apparently one that grows along the river
\sense_s tipo de zacate todavía no identificado, aparentemente que crece por las riberas de los ríos
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root saka
\root te
\root ma:tla
\notes_nature Neither Asención Marcelo nor Inocencio Díaz recognized the name of this plant. Silvestre Pantaleón stated that he knew of this plant, which is found at Tlatsa:lan and
A:molo:nka:n.
\semref sakama:tlatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07310
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tepa:nchina:ntli
\lxoa_cpend tepa:nchina:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e stone wall the encircles a housesite or building (such as the church in Oapan)
\sense_s cerca de pared que va por el perímetro de un solar o edificio (como la iglesia de Oapan)
\sense_d Oa
\root te
\root pa:n
\root china:m
\ref 07311
\lxam tlakahka:yoh
\lxam_c xtlakahka:yoh
\lxoa tlakahka:yoh
\lxoa_cpend xtlakahka:yoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\der Adj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg
\sense_e disobedient
\sense_s desobediente
\sense_d Oa
\root kaki
\ref 07312
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kohpa:pa:lakaxtli
\lxoa_alt kohpa:lakaxtli
\lxoa_cpend kohpa:pa:lakaxtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-?
\sense_e helicopter (syn. Am abió:n tarabi:yah ; syn. Oa abion tarabi:yah)
\sense_s helicóptero (sin. Am abió:n tarabi:yah ; sin. Oa abion tarabi:yah)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e type of tool used for making rope (cf. trabi:yah)
\sense_s tipo de herramienta utilizada para hacer laso (cf. trabi:yah)
\sense_d Oa
\root kow
\root pa:lakach
\nse Although kohpa:pa:lakaxtli includes the root kuh'wood,' consultants in Oapan were clear that this was a word used (though now rare) for helicopter.
\ref 07313
\lxam chi:polo:nia
\lxam_cpend tlachi:polo:nia
\lxoa chi:polo:nia
\lxoa_cpend tlachi:polo:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp PM-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make bubble up (air from under water)
\sense_s hacer subir burbujas (de aire desde el fondo del agua)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to make spurt out (a liquid such as blood for a severe wound such as that which cuts an artery or vein)
\sense_s hacer salir a chorros (un líquido como la sangre de una grave herida, como una que corta una vena o arteria)
\sense_d Am
\root chi:-
\root polo:
\nse This verb is usually uses with the nonspecific object prefix /tla-/ with the sense of 'to release bubbles from under water (e.g., fish, sb swimming underwater, etc.). The use of the
intraverse directional prefix wa:l- is not uncommon. Thus one may hear wa:ltlachi:polo:nia (Am), 'he is making bubbles rise to the surface of the water'
(e.g., by breathing underwater).' The form tlachi:polo:nia can also be used, for example, to refer to the action of fish below the surface of the water.
\qry Check other possible uses of /chi:polo:ni/ and, if it exists, /polo:ni/. Check for trans. ?chi:polo:nia or ?chi:polo:naltia, etc.
\root_notes The occurrence of /polo:/ as a root in /chi:polo:ni/ is unclear. Perhaps it is related to the /pol/ in /polaki/. However, at the same time there is a /polo:ni/ meaning 'to stammer.'
\ref 07314
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mali:ni
\lxoa_cpend mali:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to twist and fold up on itself (e.g., the wide leaves of a corn plant when it is very hot)
\sense_s torcerse y doblarse (p. ej., las hojas del maíz cuando hace mucho calor)
\sense_d Oa
\root mali:
\root_notes X-ref or comment the relationship between /malaka/ and /mali:/.
\ref 07315
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ka:siakohtli
\lxoa_cpend ka:siakohtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) casia
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\sense_e see ka:siah
\sense_s véase ka:siah
\sense_d Oa
\root kow
\ref 07316
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was a duplicate entry for Oa /kohxíamó:hli/ and has been removed.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 07317
\lxam yebo:lah
\lxam_c yebo:lah
\lxoa yebo:lah
\lxoa_cpend yebo:lah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part)
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\sense_e type of bean still not identified
\sense_s tipo de frijol todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\ref 07318
\lxam mihka:kuwtli
\lxam_c mihka:kuwtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound ?-N
\der N-b
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\sense_e type of tree still not identified
\sense_s tipo deárbol todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\root mehka
\root kow
\ref 07319
\lxam itetsmiw sa:po
\lxam_c itetsmiw sa:po
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) sapo
\psm N
\der N-b
\semfld plant
\semfld edible
\sense_e type of inedible herbaceous plant, one of two types of testmitl
\sense_s tipo de planta silvestre no comestible, uno de dos tipos de testmitl
\sense_d Am
\root tetsmi
\ref 07320
\lxam mansa:nah
\lxam_c mansa:nah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan manzana
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e type of small tree still unidentified
\sense_s tipo de arbusto todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\qry Check to determine whether this is the same as the /i:mansa:nah kowatl/.
\ref 07321
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was /i:skaxo:chitl/ but is apparently not a tree.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\qry The name of this small tree was given to me by Marcelino Venancio; it should be checked.
\ref 07322
\lxam cha:molin
\lxam_c cha:molin
\lxoa cha:molin
\lxoa_cpend cha:molin
\lxgen cha:molin
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e generic name for a type of small tree that includes two types: cha:molin de chi:chi:ltik and cha:molin de kokostik
\sense_s nombre genérico para un tipo de arbusto que incluye dos tipos: cha:molin de chi:chi:ltik y cha:molin de kokostik
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e tree or bush with small red flowers that grow in bunches
\sense_s arbusto que tiene florecitas rojas que crecen en ramicitas
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root cha:mol
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this as chamol in Spanish, of the family Leguminosaeand genus/species Caesalpina pulcherrima. Guizar and
Sánchez (1991:111) have a tree named in Spanish chamol, camaroncillo, pericón,or surungana. They identify this as of the family and subfamily
Leguminosae; caesalpinioideaeand the genus/species Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as chamol.
\semfld flower
\qry Check to see if considered a /kuhtli/ or /kuhtsi:ntli/.
\semref cha:molinkuwtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref cha:molkohtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07323
\lxam tsapokuwtli
\lxam_c tsapokuwtli
\lxoa tsapokohtli
\lxoa_cpend tsapokohtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\sense_e generic name for the zapote tree
\sense_s nombre genérico para elárbol llamado zapote
\sense_d Pending
\root tsapo
\disamb super tsapotl
\notes_nature According to Luis Lucena there are three types of tsapotl : xo:chi:tsapotl , tli:ltsapotl , and ila:mah. Other
consultants gave two other types: tsatsapotsi:n and a:no:nah.
\ref 07324
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xtemechowa
\lxoa_cpend ki:xtemechowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to cause (sb) to become blind (a blindness caused by sth internal, e.g, at the retina or nerve, and not by any specific problem with the eyeball itself)
\sense_s hacer que (algn) quede ciego (una cegadura causada por algo interno, p. ej., en la retina o nervio, y no por un problema específico del ojo mismo)
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root te
\root mech
\flo i:xtemechiwi
\semref siego:ti; i:xte:mpa:chaka:ti
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 07325
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa chala:nia
\lxoa_cpend kichala:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\infv class-2a
\semfld sound
\sense_e to make (sth) emit a hollow sound (a piece of pottery that is fissured or cracked)
\sense_s hacer que (algo) produzca un sonido hueco (una cerámica que estárota o resquebrajada)
\sense_d Oa
\root chala:
\qry Check diference in singificance between /chachalka/ and /chachalaka/ on the one hand, and /chala:ni/ on the other; also /chaktlatowa/. Reconfirm this transitive form and document
its use.
\ref 07326
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kala:ni
\lxoa_cpend kala:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-3a
\semfld sound
\sense_e to emit a certain type of ringing sound (e.g., a ceramic water jug that is accidentally banged, a molcajete when one makes chile)
\sense_s hacer un cierto tipo de sonido como de timbrar (p. ej., un cántaro para agua que se va golpeando contra la sila de un burro al llevarse; un molcajete al hacer chile)
\sense_d Oa
\root kala:
\ref 07326
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kala:ni
\lxoa_cpend kala:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-3a
\semfld sound
\sense_e to emit a certain type of ringing sound (e.g., a ceramic water jug that is accidentally banged, a molcajete when one makes chile)
\sense_s emitir un cierto tipo de sonido como de timbrar (p. ej., un cántaro para agua que se va golpeando contra la silla de un burro al llevarse; un molcajete al hacer chile)
\sense_d Oa
\root kala:
\nse Consultants were not entirely sure of the type of objects or materials that emit this sound. However, the two examples given (a mortar and a water jug) suggest a non-metalic ringing.
\ref 07327
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kala:nia
\lxoa_cpend kikala:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-2a
\semfld sound
\sense_e to cause to emit a certain type of ringing sound (e.g., a ceramic water jug that is accidentally banged, a molcajete when one makes chile)
\sense_s hacer emitir un cierto tipo de sonido como de timbrar (p. ej., a un cántaro para agua que se va golpeando contra la silla de un burro al llevarse; a un molcajete al hacer
chile)
\sense_d Oa
\root kala:
\nse Consultants were not entirely sure of the type of objects or materials that emit this sound. However, the two examples given (a mortar and a water jug) suggest a non-metalic ringing.
\ref 07327
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:ispaltomatl
\lxoa_cpend a:ispaltomatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e type of herbaceous plant with edible fruit, still not identified
\sense_s tipo de planta herbácea con fruta comestible, todavía no identificada
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root ketspal
\root toma
\qry Recheck and confirm that this is /a:ispaltomatl/ and not /a:ispalintomatl/.
\semref ketspaltomatl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07330
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tekoliwi
\lxoa_cpend tekoliwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[x]
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to turn into charcoal (firewood that is burnt)
\sense_s convertirse en carbón (leña al quemarse)
\sense_d Oa
\root tekol
\nae Speakers of Oapan Nahuatl in the first workshop denied that a transitive form of this verb exists.
\semref tekole:wi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07331
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ti:ya
\lxoa_cpend ti:ya
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\sense_e see i:ya
\sense_s véase i:ya
\sense_d Oa
\qry Recheck this as there is no x-reference
\ref 07332
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ni:ya
\lxoa_cpend ni:ya
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\sense_e see i:ya
\sense_s véase i:ya
\sense_d Oa
\mod Check and add /i:ya/ which does not now exist.
\ref 07333
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa sakasa:saka
\lxoa_cpend sakasa:saka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical -rdp-l-
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to repeatedly transport cut grass (e.g., from the hills to ones home)
\sense_s acarrear repetidas veces zacate (p. ej., de los cerros hasta la casa)
\sense_d Oa
\root saka
\root saka
\ref 07334
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tepailiwi
\lxoa_cpend tepailiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get rolled up; to form into a ball
\sense_s quedarse enrollado; quedarse en forma como de pelota
\sense_d Oa
\root te
\root payol
\disamb olo:chowa; sentla:lia; xoto:ntetla:lia, ma:olo:chowa; tepayolowa
\disamb tetepayolowa; tetekwia
\qry Check potential subjects
\ref 07335
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ní:
\lxoa_cpend kiní:
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to want
\sense_s querer
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Nihní: nitlakwa:s.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I want to eat.
\phrase_s Quiero comer.
\root neki
\nae The verb ní is a shortened form of neki, apparently used before another verb with the same subject.
\qry Check for other tenses/aspects and for the difference in meaning with /neki/. The length of the final vowel should be checked for all tenses/aspects. At times it appears long. In a visit
to Oapan by Thom Smith-Stark, he transcribed the form /kiní:/ with a final long vowel. This seems to be correct and note that it follows the same pattern of a verb such as /kimá:/.
This seems to indicate the possibility of a long final vowel in certain circumstances, even in phrase-final position.
\grm Oapan phonology: In a visit to Oapan by Thom Smith-Stark, he transcribed the form /kiní:/ with a final long vowel. This seems to be correct and note that it follows the same
pattern of a verb such as /kimá:/. This seems to indicate the possibility of a long final vowel in certain circumstances, even in phrase-final position.
\semref na:mí:
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07336
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tétekomátsi:n
\lxoa_cpend tétekomátsi:n
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\pitch yes-rdp
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e type of herbaceous plant so named for the shape of its flower
\sense_s tipo de planta herbácea, asíllamado por la forma de sus flores
\sense_d Oa
\root tekoma
\qry Check pitch-accent pattern.
\ref 07337
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwa:
\lxoa_cpend kwa:
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Modal
\sense_e isn't it the case; really?
\sense_s no es cierto que; a poco; qué; de veras
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Kwa: t'mati tiwelis.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Isn't it the case that you think you'll be able?
\phrase_s ¿Es quésabes que vas a poder?
\phrase_n Kwa: t'mati t'xiko:s
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Do you really think you are going to be able to bear it?
\phrase_s ¿A poco sabes que te lo vas a aguantar?
\phrase_n Kwa: xtite:xtete:mowa?
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e You really don't miss us?
\phrase_s ¿Quéno nos extrañas?
\phrase_n ¿Kwa: o:tikitak?
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Did you really see it?
\phrase_s ¿De veras lo viste?
\root kwa:
\nse The sense of this modal term is elusive. It appears to be used to express wonder on the part of speaker that a certain situation is the case.
\qry Etymology uncertain: check. Consultants gave this as synonomous with /kas/: check if this is the case.
\ref 07338
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa nompa
\lxoa_cpend nompa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\compound Abrev
\der Adv-pl
\sense_e see impa
\sense_s véase impa
\sense_d Oa
\root on
\root pa
\ref 07339
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tompa
\lxoa_cpend tompa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\compound Abrev
\der Adv-pl
\sense_e see impa
\sense_s véase impa
\sense_d Oa
\root on
\root pa
\ref 07340
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa wel a:xka:n
\lxoa_alt wel a:xka:w
\lxoa_cpend wel a:xka:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-?
\sense_e with difficulty
\sense_s con dificultad
\sense_d Oa
\root wila:
\qry Check etymology, meaning, and vowel length.
\ref 07341
\lxam uwitla
\lxam_c kuwitla
\lxoa wiwitla
\lxoa_cpend kiwiwitla
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\lexical rdp-s-
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to uproot (plants)
\sense_s desarraigar (plantas)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to pull out or pluck (e.g., white hairs, feathers, etc.)
\sense_s sacar; arrancar (p. ej., las canas, plumas, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root witla
\nae Note that in Oapan there are two forms: tlawiwitla and tlawí:witlá. The first refers to uprooting something (e.g., plants) over an extended area; it is the
unmarked form. The second form shows reduplication on a reduplicated stem, phonologically and semantically analogous to pairs such as pepetlaka and
pé:petláka. Phonologically, the reduplicated syllable of the stem is lengthened and stressed. Semantically the meaning is to the effect of 'in parts or places' and it is often
used to refer (with the nonspecific object tla-) to the uprooting of large weeds in a planted maize field (the small leaves being left for the plow). Thus
tlawí:witlá indicates that plants were uprooted only here and there (e.g., a the largest weeds in a milpa before the earth is turned over). The form wí:witlá
in fact seems to be most common, if not exclusive, with the nonspecific object: tlawí:witlá and in r eference to the above indicated actio n of uproot ing large weeds in
a milpa. Note also that the incorporated noun root chi:l, most consultants accepted only the basic form chi:lwiwitlaand not * chi:lwí:witlá.
This is because the form chi:lwiwitla refers to transplanting a chile seed garden and this is done completely, with all the chile plants at once. Thus it would seem that *
chi:lwí:witla is not grammatically incorrect but rather represents an activity or action that speakers could not readily imagine. See also comments under
tlawí:witlá.
\qry Check all /wiwitla/ forms in Oapan and record.
\grm Note that in Oapan there are two forms: tlawiwitla and tlawí:witlá. The first refers to uprooting something (e.g., plants) over an extended area;
it is the unmarked form. The second form shows reduplication on a reduplicated stem, phonologically and semantically analogous to pairs such as pepetlaka
and pé:petláka. Phonologically, the reduplicated syllable of the stem is lengthened and stressed. Semantically the meaning is to the effect of 'in parts or
places.' Thus tlawí:witlá indicates that plants were uprooted only here and there (e.g., a few remaining weeds in a milpa). Consultants accepted both forms as
correct with the nonspecific object prefix tla- (note that this prefix is not lengthened, as is the case with all forms that manifest reduplication on a reduplicated
stem). However, with the incorporated noun root chi:l, most consultants accepted only the basic form chi:lwiwitlaand not * chi
:lwí:witla. This is beca use the form chi:lwiwitla refers to transplanting a chile seed garden and this is done completely, with all the chile plants at
once. Thus * chi:lwí:witla is not grammatically incorrect but rather represents an activity or action that speakers could not readily imagine. Note also that this
analysis explains why one does not final /tlá:witlá/. It is because the reducation on a CVCV reduplicated stem overrides the reducation on a prefix such as /tla-/.
\qry_h tlawiwitla
\xref uwichilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\ref 07342
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yenkwika:siwa:tl
\lxoa_cpend yenkwika:siwa:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Mod-N
\der N-b
\sense_e (often possessed) first wife
\sense_s (a menudo poseído) primera esposa
\sense_d Oa
\root yenkwi
\root siwa:
\nse Although consultants in Oapan recognized that a male equivalent of this form should exist (i.e., for 'first husband') all were unable to produce the equivalent for the opposite gender
(e.g., ? yenkwika:we:we:ntsi:n). Apparently, then, men might have their first wife (in opposition to a woman later chosen as a partner) while women are not referred to as
having their"first husband."The Ameyaltepec equivalent seems to be yenkwika:n sowa:tl , although this should be checked.
\mod Check Oa possessed form.
\ref 07343
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yo:mpa
\lxoa_cpend yo:mpa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\compound Abrev
\der Adv-pl
\sense_e see ompa
\sense_s véase ompa
\sense_d Oa
\root on
\root pa
\ref 07344
\lxam chi:luwitla
\lxam_c chi:luwitla
\lxoa chi:lwiwitla
\lxoa_cpend chi:lwiwitla
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to uproot (and transplant) chile seedlings from a seed garden
\sense_s sacar (para transplantar) plantitas de chile de un pachol
\sense_d Oa
\root chi:l
\root witla
\flo wiwitla
\ref 07345
\lxam xi:lo:xo:chitl chi:chi:ltik
\lxam_c xi:lo:xo:chitl chi:chi:ltik
\lxoa xí:lexó:chitl chi:chi:ltik
\lxoa_alt xi:lo:xo:chitl chi:chi:ltik
\lxoa_cpend xí:lexó:chitl chi:chi:ltik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-comp
\der N-b
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\sense_e one of two varieties of the xi:lo:xo:chitl , the one having red flowers
\sense_s uno de las dos varientes del xi:lo:xo:chitl , la que tiene flores rojas
\sense_d Pending
\root xi:lo:
\root xo:chi
\root chi:l
\fla xi:lo:xo:chitl
\semfld flower; kohtli
\ref 07346
\lxam xi:lo:xo:chitl istá:k
\lxam_c xi:lo:xo:chitl istá:k
\lxoa xí:lexó:chitl ista:k
\lxoa_alt xi:lo:xo:chitl ista:k
\lxoa_cpend xí:lexó:chitl ista:k
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-comp
\der N-b
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\sense_e one of two varieties of the xi:lo:xo:chitl , the one having while flowers
\sense_s uno de las dos varientes del xi:lo:xo:chitl , la que tiene flores blancas
\sense_d Pending
\root xi:lo:
\root xo:chi
\root sta
\fla xi:lo:xo:chitl
\semfld flower; kohtli
\ref 07347
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsi:yatsontekomatl
\lxoa_cpend tsi:yatsontekomatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e type of herbaceous plant still not identified of which there are two varieties: ista:k and mora:doh
\sense_s tipo de planta herbácea todavía no identificado del cual hay dos variantes: ista:k y mora:doh
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:ka
\root tson
\root tekoma
\notes_nature The variety of this plant with purple flowers is used medicinally.
\notes_func Inocencio Díaz was not familiar with this plant. Asunción Marcelo and Silvestre Pantaleón suggested this might be the plant known as tsi:yatsontekomatlbut
where not sure of this.
\semref tsontekomawistli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07348
\lxam kuwxiwtli
\lxam_c kuwxiwtli
\lxoa kohxihtli
\lxoa_c kohxihtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e bush or shrub of the family Malpighiaceae and genus, species Callaeum coactum
\sense_s mata o arbusto de la familia Malpighiaceae y el genero y especie Callaeum coactum
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:pe:w kitetewia kuwxiwtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (in this case a young bull, playfully) has started to attack a kuhxiwtli with its horns.
\phrase_s Empezó(en este caso al jugar un joven toro) a atacar un kuhxiwtli con sus cuernos.
\root kow
\root xiw
\disamb kuhtli; kuhtsi:ntli; kuhxiwtli
\qry The distinction between /kuhtsi:ntli/ and /kuhsiwtli/ is not altogether clear. Perhaps the best way to determine the variation is to ask speakers to group plants by each. However, note
that I have only one instance of the use of /kuhxiwtli/, in the example phrase given above. In one note I recorded that /kuhxiwtli/ is said of certain trees that one has cut down and
then sprout up again where they had been. Check whether this is another definition, or whether it only refers to the specific tree/bush of the genus species Callaeum
coactumalready noted.
\ref 07349
\lxam yetlapa:na
\lxam_c yetlapa:na
\lxoa yé:tlapá:na
\lxoa_cpend yé:tlapá:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to break open dried bean pods with ones hands
\sense_s quebrar y abrir las vainas secas de frijol
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root tlapa:
\ref 07350
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlapa:htli
\lxoa_cpend tlapa:htli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\sense_e washed and clean (e.g., clothes)
\sense_s lavado y limpio (p. ej., ropa)
\sense_d Oa
\root pa:ka
\nse This nominal form is used for objects for which the non-reduplicated pa:kais appropriate.
\semref tlá:pá:htli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07351
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlá:pá:htli
\lxoa_cpend tlá:pá:htli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\sense_e washed and clean (e.g., dishes or utensils)
\sense_s lavado y limpio (p. ej., platos o cubiertos)
\sense_d Oa
\root pa:ka
\nse This nominal form is used for objects for which the reduplicated pápá:kais appropriate.
\semref tlapa:htli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07352
\lxam yeto:ka
\lxam_c yeto:ka
\lxoa yé:tó:ka
\lxoa_cpend yé:tó:ka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to plant beans
\sense_s sembrar frijol
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root to:ka
\ref 07353
\lxam no-
\lxam_c nokal
\lxoa no-
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Prefix
\sense_e my; possessive prefix for 1st person singular
\sense_s mí; prefijo posesivo de 1a persona singular
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nae The form no- is used before consonant-initial stems; n- is used before vowel-initial stems, although occasionally no- may also be used in such
contexts.
\ref 07354
\lxam n-
\lxam_c na:tekon
\lxoa n-
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Prefix
\sense_e my; possessive prefix for 1st person singular
\sense_s mí; prefijo posesivo de 1a persona singular
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nae The form no- is used before consonant-initial stems; n- is used before vowel-initial stems, although occasionally no- may also be used in such
contexts.
\ref 07355
\lxam mo-
\lxam_c mokal
\lxoa mo-
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Prefix
\sense_e your; possessive prefix for 2nd person singular
\sense_s tú; prefijo posesivo de 2a persona singular
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nae The form mo- is used before consonant-initial stems; m- is used before vowel-initial stems, although occasionally mo- may also be used in such
contexts.
\ref 07356
\lxam m-
\lxam_c ma:tekon
\lxoa m-
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Prefix
\sense_e your; possessive prefix for 2nd person singular
\sense_s tú; prefijo posesivo de 2a persona singular
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nae The form mo- is used before consonant-initial stems; m- is used before vowel-initial stems, although occasionally mo- may also be used in such
contexts.
\ref 07357
\lxam i-
\lxam_c ikal
\lxoa i:-
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Prefix
\sense_e his or her; possessive prefix for 3rd person singular
\sense_s deél o ella; prefijo posesivo de 3a persona singular
\sense_d Am, Oa
\ref 07358
\lxam t-
\lxam_c ta:tekon
\lxoa t-
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Prefix
\sense_e our; possessive prefix for 1st person plural
\sense_s nuestro; prefijo posesivo de 1a persona plural
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nae The form to- is used before consonant-initial stems; t- is used before vowel-initial stems, although occasionally to- may also be used in such
contexts.
\ref 07359
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa saká:tomáhtli
\lxoa_alt sakaté:tomáhtli
\lxoa_cpend saká:tomáhtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-wi
\pitch yes
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e type of grass
\sense_s tipo de zacate
\sense_d Oa
\disamb hypo sakatl
\root saka
\root potok
\notes_nature Silvestre Pantaleón pointed out this type of grass in the house yard of Luisa Alarcón. It is also found at A:molo:nka:n. Neither Inocencio Díaz nor Asención Marcelo had
heard of this plant.
\ref 07360
\lxam to-
\lxam_c tokal
\lxoa to-
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Prefix
\sense_e our; possessive prefix for 1st person plural
\sense_s nuestro; prefijo posesivo de 1a persona plural
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nae The form to- is used before consonant-initial stems; t- is used before vowel-initial stems, although occasionally to- may also be used in such
contexts.
\ref 07361
\lxam amo-
\lxam_c amokal
\lxoa nimo-
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Prefix
\sense_e your; possessive prefix for 2nd person plural
\sense_s de Uds.; vuestro; prefijo posesivo de 2a persona plural
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nae The form nimo- is used before consonant-initial stems; nim- is used before vowel-initial stems, although occasionally nimo- may also be used in
such contexts.
\ref 07362
\lxam am
\lxam_c ama:tekon
\lxoa nim-
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Prefix
\sense_e your; possessive prefix for 2nd person plural
\sense_s de Uds.; vuestro; prefijo posesivo de 2a persona plural
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nae The form nimo- is used before consonant-initial stems; nim- is used before vowel-initial stems, although occasionally nimo- may also be used in
such contexts.
\ref 07363
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for /am-/ and has been combined with Oapan's entry.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 07364
\lxam in-
\lxam_c ino:lo:w
\lxoa i:m-
\lxoa_cpend i:m-
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Prefix
\sense_e their; possessive prefix for 3rd person plural
\sense_s su (de ellos); prefijo posesivo de 3a persona plural
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nae The form i:m- is used before vowel-initial stems or those that begin with a non-nasal bilabial consonant. The form i:n- is used before non-bilabial consonants;
i:mi is used before the bilabial nasal /m/. Note that Oapan has the unusual form i:mo- before the relational noun wa:n. This is the only
documented context so far for i:mo-.
\qry Get possessive form for all dialects.
\qry_fon NOTE: check the syllable division on this word and note how /n/ is coda not onset: example of how morphological information affects pronunciation/phonology.
\ref 07365
\lxam in-
\lxam_c inkal
\lxoa i:n-
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Prefix
\sense_e their; possessive prefix for 3rd person plural
\sense_s su (de ellos); prefijo posesivo de 3a persona plural
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nae The form i:m- is used before vowel-initial stems or those that begin with a non-nasal bilabial consonant. The form i:n- is used before non-bilabial consonants;
i:mi is used before the bilabial nasal /m/. Note that Oapan has the unusual form i:mo- before the relational noun wa:n. This is the only
documented context so far for i:mo-.
\ref 07366
\lxam in-
\lxam_c inmimi:l
\lxoa i:mi-
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Prefix
\sense_e their; possessive prefix for 3rd person plural
\sense_s su (de ellos); prefijo posesivo de 3a persona plural
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nae In Oapan the form i:m- is used before vowel-initial stems or those that begin with a non-nasal bilabial consonant. The form i:n- is used before non-bilabial
consonants; i:mi is used before the bilabial nasal /m/. Note that Oapan has the unusual form i:mo- before the relational noun wa:n. This is the
only documented context so far for i:mo-. However, in Ameyaltepec the form, at least for Cristino Flores, is i:n-. This does not change before labials:
i:npilisa:l. However, other speakers seem to use i:m- before vowel-initial stems and i:mi- before nasals. This should be checked.
\qry In Oapan the form i:m- is used before vowel-initial stems or those that begin with a non-nasal bilabial consonant. The form i:n- is used before non-bilabial
consonants; i:mi is used before the bilabial nasal /m/. Note that Oapan has the unusual form i:mo- before the relational noun wa:n. This is the
only documented context so far for i:mo-. However, in Ameyaltepec the form, at least for Cristino Flores, is i:n-. This does not change before labials:
i:npilisa:l. However, other speakers seem to use i:m- before vowel-initial stems and i:mi- before nasals. This should be checked.
\grm Prefixes: In Oapan the form i:m- is used before vowel-initial stems or those that begin with a non-nasal bilabial consonant. The form i:n- is used
before non-bilabial consonants; i:mi is used before the bilabial nasal /m/. Note that Oapan has the unusual form i:mo- before the relational noun
wa:n. This is the only documented context so far for i:mo-. However, in Ameyaltepec the form, at least for Cristino Flores, is
i:n-. This does not change before labials: i:npilisa:l. However, other speakers seem to use i:m- before vowel-initial stems and
i:mi- before nasals. This should be checked.
\ref 07367
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:mo-
\lxoa_cpend i:mowa:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Prefix
\sense_e their; possessive prefix for 3rd person plural
\sense_s su (de ellos); prefijo posesivo de 3a persona plural
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nae The form i:m- is used before vowel-initial stems or those that begin with a non-nasal bilabial consonant. The form i:n- is used before non-bilabial consonants;
i:mi is used before the bilabial nasal /m/. Note that Oapan has the unusual form i:mo- before the relational noun wa:n. This is the only
documented context so far for i:mo-.
\ref 07368
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:itsmitl
\lxoa_cpend a:itsmitl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e one of two types of tetsmitl, still not identified
\sense_s uno de dos tipos de tetsmitl, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root tetsmi
\notes_nature This variety of testmitl grows along the river's edge and is not edible.
\ref 07369
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was a duplicate entry for Oa /kohkahli/ and has been eliminated.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 07370
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This is a duplicate of /kohburroh/ (Oa) and has ben eliminated.
\dt 18/Jul/2002
\ref 07371
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be a second entry for /wetskistli/ but has since been deleted.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 07372
\lxam yemante:ka
\lxam_c yemante:ka
\lxoa yemante:ka
\lxoa_cpend yemante:ka
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) manteca
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\semfld food
\sense_e beans cooked in broth containing lard
\sense_s frijoles cocidos en caldo con manteca
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\nse This dish contrasts with yemo:hliand yechi:la:tl, which don't contain lard.
\ref 07373
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yepi:pitik
\lxoa_cpend yepi:pitik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-b
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\sense_e a small, black bean that is planted between corn plants
\sense_s un frijól pequeño y negro que se siembra entre el maíz
\sense_d Oa
\root pi
\root ye
\ency_note yetl
\flo pi:pitiketl
\semref pi:pitiketl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref pi:pitik yetl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07374
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yekakawatl
\lxoa_cpend yekakawatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical -rdp-s-
\sense_e dried bean pod
\sense_s vaina seca de frijol
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root kawa
\nae Note that the reduction of the reduplicated form is not acceptable: * ye:kawatl.
\grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: Re yekakawatl, note that the reduction of the reduplicated form is not acceptable: * ye:kawatl. This is
apparently a result of the fact that /kakawatl/ is lexicalized and not the result of productive reduplication.
\semref yetlasohli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07375
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yepa
\lxoa_cpend yepa
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adv
\compound Adv-Adv
\der Adv-tm
\sense_e already at that time
\sense_s ya en ese tiempo
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Yepa xok a:k notah.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Already at that time my father was not around (in this case given that he had died).
\phrase_s Ya en ese tiempo no estaba mi papá(en este caso dado que se había muerto).
\root ye
\root pa
\qry Check precise meaning and obtain more examples of this form.
\ref 07376
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xa:ltoto:nia
\lxoa_cpend noxa:ltoto:nia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to warm up by placing on hot sand
\sense_s calentar al acostar sobre la arena caliente
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:l
\root to:na
\nse Xa:ltoto:nia is often used reflexively to refer to the action of laying down on hot sand after bathing in the river, in order to warm up from the cold water.
\ref 07377
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yea:pa:ka
\lxoa_cpend yea:pa:ka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to wash beans in water
\sense_s lavar frijoles en agua
\sense_d Oa
\root ye
\root a:
\root pa:ka
\ref 07378
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yetlatski
\lxoa_cpend yetlatski
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der N-dvb-wi-ki
\sense_e bean that develops late in the agricultural season
\sense_s frijol que se desarrolla tarde en la temporada agrícola
\sense_d Oa
\root e
\root tlats
\semref ísiwí
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07379
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:nas
\lxoa_cpend a:nas
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) ganas
\psm Adv
\der Adv-mod
\sense_e very much
\sense_s mucho; muy mucho
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n A:nas to:na.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e It is very hot.
\phrase_s Hace mucho calor.
\semref sa: tlakwa:w
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07380
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa in-
\lxoa_cpend ninkwa:s
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Prefix
\sense_e 3rd-person plural object prefix (see kim- (Am))
\sense_s prefijo de objeto de 3a persona (véase kim- (Am))
\sense_d Oa
\nae Note that in- is an allomorph of kim- and not simply the result of intervocalic loss of /k/ (as occurs in other instances. This conclusion is based on the
fact that there is no vowel lengthening in forms such as ninkwa:s 'I will eat them' and the only difference between the 1st-person singular subject and 3rd-person plural
object on the one hand, and the 2nd-person plural subject and 3rd-person singular object is the plural ending on the verb: ninkwa:s 'I will eat them' compared to
ninkwa:skeh 'You all will eat it.'
\grm Oapan phonology: Note that in- is an allomorph of kim- and not simply the result of intervocalic loss of /k/ (as occurs in other instances. This
conclusion is based on the fact that there is no vowel lengthening in forms such as ninkwa:s 'I will eat them' and the only difference between the 1st-person
singular subject and 3rd-person plural object on the one hand, and the 2nd-person plural subject and 3rd-person singular object is the plural ending on the verb:
ninkwa:s 'I will eat them' compared to ninkwa:skeh 'You all will eat it.'
\ref 07381
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yekwakwalo:k
\lxoa_cpend yekwakwalo:k
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e bug-eaten beans
\sense_s frijoles carcomidos
\sense_d Oa
\root e
\root kwa
\qry_h yekwakwalo
\nae The reduced form of the reduplicated verb stem is not acceptable: * ye:kwalo:k.
\grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: The reduced form of the reduplicated verb stem is not acceptable: * ye:kwalo:k. As in other cases, this is apparently the
result of the fact that the reduplicated form is lexicalized and not the result of a productive process.
\semref kwalo
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 07382
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa chi:la:te:kia
\lxoa_cpend kichi:la:te:kia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cook in chile broth (without lard)
\sense_s cocinar en caldo con chile (y no manteca)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n San kichi:la:te:kiyah.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e They just cook it in chile broth (i.e., without fat).
\phrase_s Solamente lo cuecen en caldo de chile (esto es, sin manteca).
\root chi:l
\root a:
\root te:ka
\ref 07383
\lxam kanatsi:n
\lxam_c kanatsi:n
\lxoa kánatsí:n
\lxoa_cpend kánatsí:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e various places
\sense_s varios lugares
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Tlawí:witlásan kánatsí:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He uproots (large weeds in a maize field) just here and there.
\phrase_s Arranca (maleza grande en una milpa) sólo en partes.
\root kanah
\nae Consultants in Oapan accepted Tlawí:witlásan kánatsí:n but were reluctant to accept Tlawí:witlásan kanah. It would seem that kanah is
used mostly in the negative (e.g., xkanah nikitah) whereas kánatsí:n is used affirmatively as an indefinite pronoun of place.
\grm /tsi:n/, nominalization: Consultants in Oapan accepted Tlawí:witlásan kánatsí:n but were reluctant to accept Tlawí:witlásan kanah. It would
seem that kanah is used mostly in the negative (e.g., xkanah nikitah) whereas kánatsí:n is used affirmatively as an indefinite
pronoun of place.
\ref 07384
\lxam cha:chaya:tsi:n de un tepe:cha:neh
\lxam_c *cha:chaya:tsi:n de un tepe:cha:neh
\lxoa cha:chaya:tsi:n tekwitlanextik
\lxoa_cpend cha:chaya:tsi:n tekwitlanextik
\lxgen chichi:k tlako:tl
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical rdp-l-
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e specific name for one of the two types of cha:chaya:tsi:n ; in Oapan this is considered siwa:tl and in Ameyaltepec tla:katl
\sense_s nombre específico de una tipo de cha:chaya:tsi:n ; en Oapan se le considera como siwa:tl, y en Ameyaltepec como tla:katl
\sense_d Pending
\root chaya:
\mod Add /xtlah para/ under /itlah/ as a phrase.
\notes_nature This plant is not used for anything: xtlah para 'it's not good for anything.' Ramírez gives its name as chachayate of the family
Leguminosae, with no further identification. She states that it is used for its medicinal properties. Schoenhals (1988) gives no plant by this name. Ramírez and Dakin
(1979) identify this as the chachayote. Cristino Flores mentioned that there are two types of this plant, although he said that both were called
cha:chaya:tsi:n , one male and one female. In Oapan the cha:chayatsi:n with rounded leaves in called cha:chaya:tsi:n
tekwitlanextik and tla:katl ; in Ameyaltepec the cha:chaya:tsi:n with rounded leaves is considered female: sowa:tl.
\ref 07385
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsi:yatsontekomatl ista:k
\lxoa_cpend tsi:yatsontekomatl ista:k
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-comp
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e one of two varieties of a herbaceous plant still not identified
\sense_s uno de dos variantes de una tipo de planta herbácea todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:ka
\root tson
\root tekoma
\root sta
\ref 07386
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsi:yatsontekomatl mora:doh
\lxoa_cpend tsi:yatsontekomatl mora:doh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-comp
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e one of two varieties of a herbaceous plant still not identified
\sense_s uno de dos variantes de una tipo de planta herbácea todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:ka
\root tson
\root tekoma
\root sta
\notes_nature The purple variety of the plant called tsi:yatsontekomatl is used medicinally.
\ref 07387
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xihlámatsí:n
\lxoa_cpend xihlámatsí:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\pitch yes
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e type of vine, with medicinal uses, still not identified
\sense_s tipo de enrredadera con usos medicinales, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\root xiw;
\ref 07388
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa koxtlami:tia
\lxoa_cpend kikoxtlami:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to allow or let (sb) sleep long enough to not be sleepy
\sense_s dejar (algn) dormir lo bastante para acabar con el sueño
\sense_d Oa
\root koch
\root tlam
\grm Causatives: Note that /koxtlami:tia/ is a causative formation based on the verbal stem /tlami/. There is also a transitive form /tlamia/, which does not seem to enter into
compound forms (though this should be checked). Likewise, /tlami:tia/ has not been documented in a non-incorporated or compound lexeme. In terms of semantics, note that
this causative form has the semantics of a 'let' causative.
\ref 07389
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ki:xtia
\lxoa_cpend kiki:xtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3(refl)
\der V2-d-caus
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl. with object prefix) to act in the same manner as; to turn out like (in reference to character or personal behavior)
\sense_s (refl. con prefijo de objeto) actuar en la misma manera que; resultar como (algn, en referencia al caracter o comportamiento personal)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n O:mitsnoki:xtih, tekitki ke:n táwá.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He turned out like you, he is a hard worker like you.
\phrase_s Resultócomo tí, es trabajador como tú.
\root ki:sa
\qry Check precise translation.
\grm Transitivity: One question re: Nahuatl transitivity alternations concerns the analysis of words that may take either only a specific object, or a specific object and a reflexive.
Some of these words concern kinship terms, such as kinona:ntia and similar forms. Michel Launey (personal communication) suggested that words such as
kinona:ntia are built upon the verbalization of a possessed noun: nona:n + tia (verbalizer). According to this analysis the variation
in transitivity between kina:ntia and kinona:ntia is based on the fact that the former is derived from an unpossessed noun and the latter from a
possessed noun. However, note that such an analysis will not hold up for the present verb, ki:xtia which is both transitive and, with a reflexive, ditransitive. I
think that the best way to anaysis such transitivity alternations is as a type of middle construction with a reflexive, similar to those that charactize verbs such as iso:tl
a.
\ref 07390
\lxam mikilia
\lxam_c o:nomikilih
\lxoa mikilia
\lxoa_cpend o:nomikilih
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to die (reverential)
\sense_s (refl.) morir (reverential)
\sense_d Oa
\root miki
\nse This is one of the few reverential constructions in Oapan Nahuatl (it is not clear whether the same form exists in Ameyaltepec). A semantically equivalent form is
tlamilia, also an applicative that with a reflexive object has a reverential sense. Both forms are used in the 3rd-person to refer to a person who has died. Apparently it
is most often used to refer to the death of close elder kin.
\grm Reverential: Note use of applicative /notlamilia/ 'to die' (reverential).
\ref 07391
\lxam a:skalika:tsi:n
\lxam_c a:skalika:tsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e type of herbaceous plant still not identified
\sense_s tipo de planta herbacea todavía no identificada
\sense_d Am
\root a:ska
\notes_nature The name of this plant was given to me by Cristino Flores. Its etymology is not certain.
\ref 07392
\lxam xo:wi:lika:tsi:n
\lxam_c xo:wi:lika:tsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e type of herbaceous plant still not identified
\sense_s tipo de planta herbacea todavía no identificada
\sense_d Am
\root xo:wi:l
\notes_nature The name of this plant was given to me by Cristino Flores. Its etymology is not certain.
\ref 07393
\lxam ye:rbah de bese:rroh
\lxam_c ye:rbah de bese:rroh
\lxoa ye:rbah de bese:rroh
\lxoa_cpend ye:rbah de bese:rroh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan yerba; becerro
\psm N
\compound N-comp
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e type of herbaceous plant still not identified
\sense_s tipo de planta herbácea todavía no identificada
\sense_d Am
\semref ye:rbah de o:lpeh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07394
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tema:tlá:kwí
\lxoa_pr tema:tlá:kwi
\lxoa_cpend tema:tlá:kwí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes
\sense_e (usually with tla-) to harvest maize with a tema:tlatlor a:yatl
\sense_s (generalmente con tla-) cosechar mazorca con un tema:tlatlo a:yatl
\sense_d Oa
\root te
\root ma:tla
\root kwi
\nse This word is used in Oapan where the usual form of harvesting is to have one person pick and toss the mazorcas onto the ground in a heap while another goes through the fields with
a sack, putting them in
\ref 07395
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlákonekwilówa
\lxoa_pr tlakonekwilowa
\lxoa_cpend kitlákonekwilówa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Mod-V1
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to sprain or the back or waist of
\sense_s torcer la espalda o cintura de
\sense_d Oa
\root tlahko
\root nekwil
\ref 07396
\lxam me:tskwalo
\lxam_c yo:pe:w me:tskwalo
\lxoa me:tsi:kwalo
\lxoa_cpend me:tsi:kwalo
\dt 23/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-pass
\infv class-4a(pass)
\sense_e to turn dark and fail to develop fully (guaje seeds)
\sense_s ennegrecerse y no desarrollarse bien (semillas de guaje)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n, te:h, ixiwyo. Xoxo:hki, sólo kamantika me:dioh, ke:itlah kas kwilinyowa, pe:wa un me:tskwalo i... ixiwyo, te:h.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 09290_01_am
\src_p 0030_Am_ID_md04_tr24
\phrase_e Its leaves are, you know, pretty. They are green, except that sometimes they sort of, like maybe they get worm infested, the leaves turn dark and fail to develop fully.
\phrase_s Sus hojas, pues, son bonitas. Son verdes, solamente a veces son algo, como quizás se agusanan, sus hojas se ennegrecen y no se desarrollan bien.
\root me:ts
\root kwa
\nse According to one consultant, Florencia Marcelino, this word is used only in reference to guaje seeds that fail to develop and remain small and dark. In general the
meaning of me:tsi:kwalo is quite similar to that of pa:chika:ti with the major difference being the types of seeds referred to: both indicate the poor
formation of some sort of seed-like object within a shell, pod, or similar item. Inocencio Jiménez said that me:tsi:kwalo could also be used in reference to the
huamúchil fruit, but Florencia Marcelino denied this, stating that me:tsi:kwalo is only used in reference to guaje seeds. The etymology of
me:tsi:kwalo is not clear, but it might refer to the moon and a lunar eclipse, given that the seeds, in failing to develop, turn dark. Finally, in a text about the
kupaxokotl (Cyrtocarpa procera Kunth), Inocencio Díaz (Am) used the verb me:tskwalo in reference to worm-infested leaves (see
illustrative sentence).
\disamb pa:chaka:tl; me:tsi:kwalo:k
\ref 07397
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kókola:ntí:toh
\lxoa_cpend kókola:ntí:toh
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan (part) silantro
\psm N
\der N-loan
\lexical rdp-s-
\pitch yes-rdp
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e type of herbaceous plant still unidentified, so-called for its resemblance to cilantro
\sense_s tipo de planta herbáceoa asíllamada por su similaridad al silantro
\sense_d Oa
\ref 07398
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for Am /tlamá:/ and Oapan /tlamaka/ and has been removed as offensive.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 07399
\lxam me:tskwalo:k
\lxam_c me:tskwalo:k
\lxoa me:tsi:kwalo:k
\lxoa_cpend me:tsi:kwalo:k
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e having dark and incompletely developed seeds (a guaje seed pod)
\sense_s con las semillas ennegrecidas y no desarrolladas (un guaje)
\sense_d Oa
\root me:ts
\root kwa
\disamb pa:chaka:tl; me:tsi:kwalo:k
\semref me:tsi:kwalo:
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07400
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa bú:rronakástli
\lxoa_cpend bú:rronakástli
\loan (part) burro
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\pitch yes
\sense_e ear of a donkey
\sense_s orjea de un burro
\sense_d Oa
\root nakas
\ref 07401
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa lá:mán
\lxoa_pr la:man
\lxoa_cpend l:á:mán
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\compound Mod-Adv
\der Adv-tm
\pitch yes
\sense_e now then
\sense_s ahora sí
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (~ la:) now really
\sense_s (~ la:) ahora síde veras
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n La:man la: niá:s.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Now I'm really going to go!
\phrase_s ¡Ahora sívoy a ir!
\root mela:
\root a:man
\nae Apparently this word derives from la:h a:man with the pitch accent the result of the word-internal {h}.
\qry I originally had this written down as /lá:mán/ but I have changed it to what appears to be the most common pronunciation.
\ref 07402
\lxam tepotskuwtli kwitlanextik
\lxam_c tepotskuwtli kwitlanextik
\lxoa teposkohtli tekwitlanextik
\lxoa_cpend teposkohtli tekwitlanextik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-comp
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\sense_e one of two types of teposkohtli
\sense_s uno de dos tipos de teposkohtli
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Teposkohtli | Tekwitlanextik. Deke peya:stik no: bwe:noh para itlah tli:n soleri:tah, mori:yoh.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Teposkuhtli : It is grey. If it (its branches) is straight it is good for something like a wooden support beam or house beam.
\phrase_s Teposkuhtli : Es gris. Si es (sus ramas) es derecho es bueno para algúna solera o morillo.
\root tepos
\root kow
\root te-
\root kwitla
\root nex
\notes_nature This tree grows on the lands of Oapan but it not known in the areas of Ameyaltepec and San Juan. Its flowers are white and small, they bloom in May. It has large leaves. It
has wide pods, short but wide like guaje. They are not edible. Its wood is used for fencing posts (korra:lkohtli, esta:ntes , this latter also a
term used in San Juan).
\ref 07403
\lxam tepotskuwtli
\lxam_c tepotskuwtli
\lxoa teposkohtli tli:ltik
\lxoa_cpend teposkohtli tli:ltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-comp
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\sense_e one of two types of teposkohtli
\sense_s uno de dos tipos de teposkohtli
\sense_d Oa
\root tepos
\root kow
\root tli:l
\notes_nature This tree grows on the lands of Oapan but it not known in the areas of Ameyaltepec and San Juan. Its flowers are purple and bloom in May. Its wood is dark, its leaves are
round. Its flowers are used to thrown on saints during May. Its wood is used for fencing posts (korra:lkohtli, esta:ntes , this latter also a term
used in San Juan). In Oapan this is known as teposkohtli tli:ltik but in Ameyaltepec simply as tepotskuwtli.
\ref 07404
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xóxonakátsi:n
\lxoa_cpend xóxonakátsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): nó:xonakátsi:n
\infn N1/2; Aln
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e Cyperus odoratusL., a type of sedge (Cyperaceae family) noted for its bulbous root that smells like garlic
\sense_s Cyperus odoratusL., un tipo de Cyperaceae (familia) conocido por su raíz bulbosa que huele como de ajos.
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root xonak
\qry Check correctness of reduced reduplication.
\semref sakaa:jos
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07405
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa so:ya:michin
\lxoa_cpend so:ya:michin
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\sense_e center and greenest part of a fan of palm leaves
\sense_s centro o corazón de las hojas de palma en forma de abanico
\sense_d Oa
\root so:ya:
\root mich
\nse In San Juan this is called so:ya:yo:hlohtli.
\ref 07406
\lxam tenexyetl
\lxam_c tenexyetl
\lxoa tenexyetl
\lxoa_cpend tenexyetl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e Nicotiana plumbaginifoliaViviani, plant of the Solanaceae family
\sense_s Nicotiana plumbaginifoliaViviani, planta de la familia Solanaceae
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tenexyetl | Tla:ki ke:n yetl. Deke tikpia kuwasiwistli ipan motetepon noso ipan moma, yewa kikwin ika mitspapacho:skeh. Kikwe:chowan itla:kihlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tenextli : It bears fruit like bean plants. If you have kuwasiwistli on your knees or on your hand, they use it to massage you. They finely
grind up its fruit.
\phrase_s Tenextli : Rinde fruta como las plantas de frijol. Si tienes kuwasiwistli por las rodillas o por la mano, lo usan para sobarte. Muelen su
fruta finamente.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semfld medicine
\root te
\root nex
\root ye
\nse According to Bartolo Mondragón, a curandero from Oapan, this plant is also known as Sa:n Pe:droh. It is thus like the chikomolin(Sa:n
Martí:n) and sese:htsi:n(Margari:tah), which also have alternate human or saints names.
\semref Sa:n Pe:droh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07407
\lxam itlatlaxkal kuwsa:watl
\lxam_c itlatlaxkal kuwsa:watl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-
\lexical rdp-s-
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e fungus that grows on trees
\sense_s hongo que crece sobreárboles
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ma:s san ipan tli:n kuwtli wel ki:sa itlatlaxkal.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A fungus can grow on any type of tree.
\phrase_s Un hongo puede crecer sobre cualquierárbol.
\root xka
\notes_nature The reduplicated noun tlatlaxkahli signifies a type of fungus that grows on trees, particularly parts that are rotted, such as the stump. It is distinct from the
kuhsa:wananakatl in that the latter is edible and is found mostly on the kuhsa:watl tree. Finally, note that when possessed
tlatlaxkahli does not manifest the -yo suffix of"inalienable"possession.
\ref 07408
\lxam cha:chaya:tsi:n de un a:te:ncha:neh
\lxam_c cha:chaya:tsi:n de un a:te:ncha:neh
\lxoa cha:chaya:tsi:n
\lxoa_cpend cha:chaya:tsi:n
\lxgen cha:chayatsi:n
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical rdp-l-
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e specific name for one of the two types of cha:chaya:tsi:n ; in Oapan this is considered tla:katl and in Ameyaltepec sowa:tl
\sense_s nombre específico de una tipo de cha:chaya:tsi:n ; en Oapan se le considera como tla:katl, y en Ameyaltepec como suwa:tl
\sense_d Pending
\root chaya:
\mod Add /xtlah para/ under /itlah/ as a phrase.
\notes_nature This plant is not used for anything: xtlah para 'it's not good for anything.' Ramírez gives its name as chachayate of the family
Leguminosae, with no further identification. She states that it is used for its medicinal properties. Schoenhals (1988) gives no plant by this name. Ramírez and Dakin
(1979) identify this as the chachayote. Cristino Flores mentioned that there are two types of this plant, although he said that both were called
cha:chaya:tsi:n , one male and one female. In Oapan the cha:chayatsi:n with pointed leaves is referred to as siwa:tl ; in
Ameyaltepec the cha:chaya:tsi:n with pointed leaves is considered female: tla:katl.
\semref cha:chaya:tsi:n de pipitsa:wak
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07409
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa chi:lpacho:hli
\lxoa_cpend chi:lpacho:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\semfld domesticatedivate
\sense_e chile seed garden (usually of chile, cilantro, or flowers) in which the seeds are scattered on the ground with a little earth sprinkled on top; the entire garden is then covered
with zacate to keep water from washing away the delicate seedlings that, when fully sprouted, are transplanted
\sense_s pachol o semillero de chile (generalmente de chile, cilantro o flores) en que primero las semillas se esparcen por el suelo y después se rocían con algo de tierra; entonces el
jardín se tapa con zacate para prevenir que se lleven por el agua las plantas de semillero, que serán transplantados una vez germinadas
\sense_d Oa
\root chi:l
\root pach
\fla tlapacho:hli
\qry Check for other incorporated nouns with /pacho:hli/.
\ref 07410
\lxam cha:molin de kokostik
\lxam_c cha:molin de kokostik
\lxgen cha:molin de un kostik
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-comp
\der N-b
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\sense_e type of cha:molin with yellow flowers that planted in villages such as San Juan Tetelcingo and Ameyaltepec (but not in Oapan)
\sense_s tipo de cha:molin con flores amarrilas que se encuentra en algunos pueblos como San Juan Tetelcingo y Ameyaltepec (pero no en Oapan)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root cha:mol
\root chi:l
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this as chamol in Spanish, of the family Leguminosaeand genus/species Caesalpina pulcherrima. Guizar and
Sánchez (1991:111) have a tree named in Spanish chamol, camaroncillo, pericón,or surungana. They identify this as of the family and subfamily
Leguminosae; caesalpinioideaeand the genus/species Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as chamol. The red
variety grows in the hills, but not in the area of Oapan. It is found in Ameyaltepec at the place known as tepe:k and in San Juan near the village at the edge
of the river.
\semfld flower
\ref 07411
\lxam cha:molin de chi:chi:ltik
\lxam_c cha:molin de chi:chi:ltik
\lxoa cha:molinkohtli yun chi:chi:ltik
\lxoa_alt cha:molinkohtli yun chi:chi:ltik
\lxoa_cpend cha:molkohtli yun chi:chi:ltik
\lxgen cha:molin de un chi:chi:ltik
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-comp
\der N-b
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\sense_e type of cha:molin with red flowers that grows wild
\sense_s tipo de cha:molin con flores rojas que crece en los cerros
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root cha:mol
\root chi:l
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this as chamol in Spanish, of the family Leguminosaeand genus/species Caesalpina pulcherrima. Guizar and
Sánchez (1991:111) have a tree named in Spanish chamol, camaroncillo, pericón,or surungana. They identify this as of the family and subfamily
Leguminosae; caesalpinioideaeand the genus/species Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as chamol. The red
variety grows in the hills, but not in the area of Oapan. It is found in Ameyaltepec at the place known as tepe:k and in San Juan near the village at the edge
of the river.
\semfld flower
\ref 07412
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa chichi:k kohxo:chitl
\lxoa_cpend chichi:k kohxo:chitl
\lxgen ko:pakchin
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dimin
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\mod Note that this entry should be divided into two.
\semref kopa:lchih
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07413
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa temotl
\lxoa_cpend temotl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\semfld animal
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e type of frog
\sense_s tipo de rana
\sense_d Oa
\root temo
\semref máriatsí:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\nde The same term is used in
\ref 07414
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry for /xo:chikopahli/ was deleted as a copy of a previous entry
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 07415
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xíxinó:lah komekatsi:n
\lxoa_cpend xíxinó:lah komekatsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) señora
\psm N
\compound N-comp
\pitch yes
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e type of vine still not identified
\sense_s tipo de enredadera todavía no identificada
\sense_d Oa
\root ko
\root meka
\ref 07416
\lxam ma:posteki
\lxam_c ma:posteki
\lxoa ma:posteki
\lxoa_cpend ma:posteki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to break ones arm or hand
\sense_s romperse el brazo o mano
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to have a branch or branches break off (e.g., of a tree, bush, etc.)
\sense_s rompersele una rama o ramas (p. ej., a unárbol, arbusto, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root posteki
\ref 07417
\lxam tlawi:tektasi
\lxam_c notlawi:tektasi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\compound (tla-V2)-Asp
\der Asp
\infv class-4a
\sense_e (refl) to fall hard hitting the ground with ones entire body
\sense_s (refl) caer duro al suelo con todo el cuerpo
\sense_d Am
\sense_e (with i:ka + [noun]) to hit [noun] hard against the ground or other hard surface
\sense_s (con i:ka + [sustantivo) caer duro y pegar [sustantivo] contra el suelo u otra superficie dura
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n I:ka o:nitlawi:tektasik noma.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I hit my hand hard (against the ground, a wall, etc., e.g., in falling).
\phrase_s Me golpeéduro la mano (contra el suelo, una pared, etc., p. ej., al caerse).
\root wi:teki
\grm Incorporation; antipassive: Cf. the antipassive use of /tlawi:teki/ in the above phrase to the modifying incorporation in /tlawi:teki/ as a V2.
\ref 07418
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mexkalpatla:wak
\lxoa_cpend mexkalpatla:wak
\lxgen bwe:noh mexkahli
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-?
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e type of maguey not identified that is used for making mescal
\sense_s tipo de maguey todavía no identificado que se emplea en fabricar mescal
\sense_d Oa
\root mexkal
\root patla:
\ref 07419
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kopalkomi:nos
\lxoa_cpend @kopalkomi:nos
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) cominos
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\sense_e type of copal tree still unidentified
\sense_s tipo deárbol de copal todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\root kopal
\notes_nature This tree is found near Amoloncan. It was known to Silvestre Pantaleón but not to Asención Marcelo nor Inocencio Díaz.
\ref 07420
\lxam a:skawi:lo
\lxam_c a:skawi:lo
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-pas
\lexical rdp-s-
\infv class-4a(pass)
\sense_e to get attacked by ants (e.g., a bed, a person, tortillas, etc.)
\sense_s ser atacado por las hormigas (p. ej., una cama, una persona, tortillas, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\root a:ska
\nae For a discussion of this form, see Oapan a:skawia.
\semref a:skawia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07421
\lxam kechkalaktok
\lxam_c kechkalaktok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\sense_e to have a short neck
\sense_s con el cuelo muy corto
\sense_d Am
\root kech
\root kalak
\semref kechtemotsoltsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07422
\lxam kextemotso:ltsi:n
\lxam_c kextemotso:ltsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\sense_e person having a short neck
\sense_s persona con el cuelo muy corto
\sense_d Am
\sense_e having a short front (certain cars, trucks, etc.)
\sense_s con el cofre muy reducido (ciertos coches, camionetas, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\root kech
\root temo
\root tso:l
\semref kechkalaktok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07423
\lxam tsompi:lkwalo
\lxam_c tsompi:lkwalo
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-pass
\infv class-4a(pass)
\sense_e to be sick from a common cold
\sense_s estar enfermo de la gripa o catarro
\sense_d Am
\root tsompi:l
\root kwa
\ref 07424
\lxam seli:ka:tsi:n
\lxam_alt sese:ktsi:n
\lxam_c seli:ka:tsi:n
\lxoa i:skilika:tsi:n
\lxoa_cpend i:sklika:tsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e type of plant, apparently a fern, not yet identified
\sense_s tipo de planta, aparentemente un helecho, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\root i:ski
\mod Change this entry to two.
\semref seli:ka:tsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07425
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kohxio:tlámó:li
\lxoa_cpend kohxio:tlámó:li
\lxgen kohxio:tl ahmo:hle
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\pitch yes-lex
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\sense_e type of cuajiote tree
\sense_s tipo de cuajiote
\sense_d Oa
\disamb hypo-pl kuhxio:tl
\root kow
\root xi
\root ahmol
\nse Although classified as a type of kohxio:tlin Oapan Nahuatl, this is not the member of the same family as the cuajiotes. According to Silvestre Pantaleón
(Oa) the tree is so named because when the fruit of the ámó:hlitree (used for shampoo) was scarce, the kohxio:tlámó:li was used (I did not ask at this
time what part of the plant was used, the fruit or bark).
\ref 07426
\lxam o:lo:xo:chitl istá:k
\lxam_c o:lo:xo:chitl istá:k
\lxoa o:lo:xo:chitl ista:k
\lxoa_cpend o:lo:xo:chitl ista:k
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e Gomphrena serrataL. one of two species of the folk generic category o:lo:xo:chitl, in the Amaranthaceae family; this one is wild, has white
flowers, and is eaten by donkeys and pigs
\sense_s Gomphrena serrataL., una de dos especies dentro del género folk o:lo:xo:chitl, en la familia Amaranthaceae; esta es silvestre, con flores
blancas y se come por los burros y los marranos
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root o:lo:
\root xo:chi
\root sta
\nse The wild white-flowered o:lo:xo:chitl is eaten by donkeys and pigs. At times it is called xiwtli de o:lo:xo:chitl (Am).
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the flor de olote.
\ref 07427
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /amo-/ but has been eliminated as a duplicate.
\dt 25/Jan/2005
\ref 07428
\lxam o:lo:xo:chitl mora:doh
\lxam_c o:lo:xo:chitl mora:doh
\lxoa o:lo:xo:chitl mora:doh
\lxoa_cpend o:lo:xo:chitl mora:doh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e one of two species of the folk generic category o:lo:xo:chitl, although not yet collected this species is also probably in the Amaranthaceae family; it has
purple instead of white flowers and grows only in villages (to date only seen in Oapan)
\sense_s una de dos especies de la categoría folk genérica o:lo:xo:chitl, aunque todavía no has sido colectada probablemente es de la familia Amaranthaceae;
tiene flores moraditas y crece solamente en los pueblos (hasta ahora ha sido documentado unicamente en Oapan)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root o:lo:
\root xo:chi
\root sta
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the flor de olote.
\ref 07429
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tó:moa:stílin
\lxoa_cpend tó:moa:stílin
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\pitch yes-lex
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e type of cactus with small fruit, still not identified
\sense_s tipo de cactus con pequeña fruta todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\root to:moh
\root a:stil
\ref 07430
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tó:mokóhtli pepeya:stik san para korra:l
\lxoa_cpend tó:mokóhtli pepeya:stik san para korra:l
\lxgen to:mokohtle para korra:l
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-comp
\pitch yes-lex
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e type of small cactus with one trunk used as fencing
\sense_s tipo de cactus pequeño con un tronco utilizado para cercas
\sense_d Oa
\root to:moh
\root peya:s
\semref organi:toh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07431
\lxam to:mokuwtli de xokó:k
\lxam_c *to:mokuwtli de xokó:k
\lxoa tó:mokóhtli xokó:k
\lxoa_cpend tó:mokóhtli xokó:k
\lxgen toto:mohtle
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-para-k/ya/lia
\pitch yes-lex
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e type of cactus with bitter fruit still not identified
\sense_s tipo de cactus con fruta agria, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\root to:moh
\root xoko
\notes_nature According to Silvestre Pantaleón there are two types of fruit, one white and the other red.
\semref chichi:k to:motli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07432
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mómolo:nká:tsi:n
\lxoa_cpend mómolo:nká:tsi:n
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-part
\lexical rdp-s-
\pitch yes-rdp
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e type of small creeping plant that grows close to the earth, still not identified
\sense_s tipo de pequeña planta que crece por sobre la tierra, todavía no identificada
\sense_d Oa
\root molo:
\notes_nature According to Florencia Marcelino there are two types of this plant, distinguished by the color of their flowers.
\ref 07433
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tó:mokóhtli de tlapextli
\lxoa_cpend tó:mokóhtli de tlapextli
\lxgen ó:rganoh de tlapechno:xtli
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of cactus with inner rods used in the roofing of thatched huts and to make beds: for beds the rods are extracted and stripped clean and dried, then placed parallel and
held together by intertwined cord to make a flexible plaform
\sense_s tipo de cactus con varas internas que se utilizan en los techos de casas de palma o pasto y para camas: para las camas se ponen paralelas y se atan con cuerda entrelazada
para hacer una plataforma flexible
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld cactus
\root to:moh
\root pech
\notes_nature Originally both Inocencio Díaz and Asención Marcelo did not classify this as a to:motli given that they did not know that it bore fruit (apparently the
defining feature for classifying plants as to:motli). However, Silvestre Pantaleón was familiar with the fruit of this cactus.
\semref tó:mokóhtli peyá:stik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref ó:rganoh de no:xtli para tlapextli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref ó:rganoh de tlapextli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07434
\lxam to:motlaxkahli de we:lik
\lxam_alt to:motlaxkahli de nokwa
\lxam_c to:motlaxkahli de we:lik
\lxoa no:chma:tlapahli de tsope:lik
\lxoa_cpend no:chma:tlapahli de tsope:lik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\semfld plant
\semfld cactus
\sense_e nopal cactus with edible leaves and fruit; not indigenous to the Balsas area but planted in some house gardens
\sense_s nopal cactus con las hojas y fruta comestible; no indígeno a la zona del Balsas pero sembrado en algunas huertas caseras
\sense_d Pending
\root to:moh
\root we:l
\disamb hypo to:motli
\notes_nature Edible nopal cactus not indigenous to the area.
\ref 07435
\lxam to:motli de xokó:k
\lxam_c *to:motli de xokó:k
\lxoa tó:moxokó:k
\lxoa_cpend tó:moxokó:k
\lxgen toto:mohtle
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-para-k/ya/lia
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e fruit of the type of cactus called to:mokuhtli de xokó:k
\sense_s fruta de un tipo de cactus todavía no identificado, llamado to:mokuhtli de xokó:k
\sense_d Oa
\root to:moh
\root xoko
\notes_nature Inocencio Díaz mentioned that he has heard the name to:motli de xokó:k or to:moxokó:k but was not familiar with this cactus.
\ref 07436
\lxam tlato:lpale:wia
\lxam_c kitlato:lpale:wia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to support with words or speech; to give moral support to
\sense_s apoyar con palabras o discurso; apoyar moralmente
\sense_d Am
\root hto
\root pale:
\ref 07437
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:waxo:tl
\lxoa_cpend a:waxo:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\sense_e type of tree that grows near the river, still unidentified
\sense_s tipo deárbol que crece cerca del río, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root waxo:
\qry Etymology still uncertain.
\ref 07437
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlantepos
\lxoa_cpend tlantepos
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\sense_e type of tree that is harmful to touch, still not identified
\sense_s tipo deárbol que quema el que lo toque, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\root tlan
\root tepos
\ref 07438
\lxam xohka:n
\lxam_c ixohka:n
\lxoa 'xohká:n
\lxoa_alt 'xahká:n
\lxoa_cpend í:xohká:n
\dt 27/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-
\sense_e point of articulation of the stem of herbaceous plants, often where leaves or fruits are attached
\sense_s punto de articulación del tallo de una planta herbácea, a menudo el punto de donde salen las hojas o frutas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e joint or point of articulation of a human (or animal) body (e.g., knuckles, wrists, ankle, elbow, etc.)
\sense_s coyuntura o punto de articulación de un cuerpo humano (o de otro animal, como los nudillos, muñeca, tobillo, codo, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root xo
\root_rel -ka:n
\ref 07440
\lxam tla:ltekpiolin
\lxam_c tla:ltekpiolin
\lxgen tla:lteksolin
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-in
\semfld plant
\semfld edible
\sense_e Dalembertia populifoliaBaill., a plant with edible root of the Euphorbiaceae family
\sense_s Dalembertia populifoliaBaill., una planta con raíz comestible de la familia Euphorbiaceae
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tla:ltekpiolin, se: xiwtli kipia ixonakayo. We:lik. Nokwa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tla:ltekpiolin , it is a plant that has an onion-like part. It is tasty. It is edible.
\phrase_s El tla:ltekpiolin , es una planta que tiene su"cebolla."Es sabroso. Se come.
\root tla:l
\root tekpiol
\nae The etymology of tla:ltekpiolin is uncertain.
\qry Check to determine whether this should be /tla:ltekwpiolin/. Check possibilities of the etymology. Luis Lucena mentioned that he had heard this name of this plant but could not
identify it. The vowel length, which needs to be checked.
\semref tla:ltepiso:lin
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07441
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod I had this as /ke:mech/ with the note '[word documented with meaning still not determined]' but I have been unable to confirm.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 07442
\lxam yexoxo:hka:tsi:n
\lxam_c yexoxo:hka:tsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\sense_e type of food made with pi:pitik yetl
\sense_s tipo de comida hecha con pi:pitik yetl
\sense_d Am
\semfld food-maize
\root e
\root xo:
\semref yexoxo:hki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07443
\lxam ichkato:motli
\lxam_c ichkato:motli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\semfld plant
\semfld cactus
\sense_e type of tuna cactus still not identified the fruit of which is not edible
\sense_s tipo de cactus todavía no identificado cuyo fruta no es comestible
\sense_d Pending
\root chka
\root to:moh
\qry My original notes stated that this was a type of /ó:rganoh/. I have changed the definition to indicate that this is a type of /to:motli/ with the understanding that the two words
(/ó:rganoh/ and /to:motli/) both refer to the same generic group. This should be checked. Florencia and Inocencio were not entirely sure of the name of this cactus. Apparently this is
the same as to:moichkatl; chichí:k to:motli
\mod Cf. entry under /ôrganoh/ for full list of types.
\ref 07444
\lxam tlapa:tska
\lxam_c tlapa:tska
\lxoa tlapa:tska
\lxoa_cpend tlapa:tska
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to milk (a cow or other mammal to get milk)
\sense_s ordeñar (una vaca u otra mamalia para sacar leche)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n I:pan San Lucas tlapa:tskalo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e On the festival of San Lucas cows are milked.
\phrase_s En la fiesta de San Lucas se ordeñan las vacas.
\root pa:tska
\xref pa:tska
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07445
\lxam tlake:ntekoch
\lxam_c tlake:ntekoch
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N(At)
\der N-ap
\sense_e (poss.) checkered or plaid cloth or clothing
\sense_s (pos.) tela o ropa de cuadros
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ke:m
\root tekoch
\fla tekoch
\semref tekoxtik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07446
\lxam tlase:wahlo:tl
\lxam_c tlase:wahlo:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-yo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e shade (i.e., in a place without sunlight, e.g., at the side of a tree)
\sense_s sombra (un lugar sin sol, p. ej., de unárbol)
\sense_d Am
\root se:wa
\qry Originally I had this as also meaning 'shadow' (e.g., of a person, cloud, etc.; however, Cristino Flores corrected this and stated that /tlase:wahlo:tl/ is used to refer to cool places in
the shade, whereas /tlase:ka:wihlo:tl/ is used to refer to shadows, but /tlase:wahlo:tl/ is used to refer to the cool shade under which someone may sit, e.g., of trees, a house, etc.
\semref tlase:wi:hlo:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref tlase:waya:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tlase:ka:wi:hlo:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 07447
\lxam ye
\lxam_c yes tlaxkahli
\lxoa ye
\lxoa_cpend ye
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv Irregular; see kah
\sense_e to be
\sense_s estar
\sense_d Pending
\mod Add /yeni/ in reference to plants.
\ref 07448
\lxam tlakwaltsi:n
\lxam_c tlakwaltsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-tla-tsi:n
\sense_e place that is well-arranged or manicured; place that is pretty
\sense_s lugar bien arreglado; lugar bien bonito
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n A:man melá:k ye tlakwaltsi:n. Xka:wa, xkukwalteh katkan kalteh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now it is well arranged throughout. You wouldn't have thought it, before the houses were not very good.
\phrase_s Ahora es todo bonito. No lo hubieras creido, antes las casas no eran nada bien.
\root kwal
\xref kwaltsi:n
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\semref tlakwaltsi:nko
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07449
\lxam tlayekwania
\lxam_c tlayekwania
\lxoa tláyekwánia
\lxoa_pr tlayekwania
\lxoa_cpend tláyekwánia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to move, from one grazing place to another, ones animals that have been tethered and let out to pasture
\sense_s cambiar de un lugar a otro a los animales que uno ha dejado a apacentar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root hkwani
\xref tlayekwanilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\xref tláyekwanília
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\xref ekwania
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\xref ékwaniá
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Oa
\ref 07450
\lxam kia:wak
\lxam_c kia:wak
\lxoa kia:wak
\lxoa_cpend kia:wak
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-1[poss]
\sense_e (poss) immediately outside of ones house (e.g., in the yard or patio)
\sense_s (poss) inmediatamente afuera de la casa de uno (esto es, en el patio o el solar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nokia:wak tikne:xti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You will find it in the yard of my house.
\phrase_s Lo vas a encontrar afuera de mi casa.
\root kia:wa
\root_rel -ko
\qry Check for /kia:watl/, as it exists in classical.
\ref 07451
\lxam tlama:ke:tl
\lxam_c *tlama:ke:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\sense_e hunter
\sense_s cazador
\sense_d Am
\root ma
\fla tlama
\qry Note that in my original notes /tlamake:tl/ had a short vowel. This has been changed here given my understanding of the derivation of this form. Nevertheless, it should be checked
and changed (back) as necessary.
\semref tlama:ne
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07452
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /te:ntsonkukwa:ch/ that has been removed as a duplicate.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 07453
\lxam flo:r de ka:siah
\lxam_c flo:r de ka:siah
\lxoa flo:r de ka:siah
\lxoa_alt flo:r de ka:nsiah
\lxoa_cpend flo:r de ka:siah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan flor de casia
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e see ka:siah
\sense_s véase ka:siah
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\notes_nature Apparently this is of the Leguminosaefamily, though further identification has not been possible. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:115) give for the paraca a tree
identified as in the family and subfamily Leguminosae; caesalpinioideae, which they state to be Senna (ex Cassia) skinneri. This suggests that
cassiawas a genus. The name might also be related to the genus Acacia. Schoenhals (1988) lists many plants of the Cassiagenus, many of which are
called senna. According to Florencia Marcelino in Spanish this is called 'flor de pascasia.'
\ref 07454
\lxam ko:saltsi:n
\lxam_alt koko:saltsi:n
\lxam_c ko:saltsi:n
\lxgen kwi:saltsi:n
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\sense_e type of marigold, with yellow and purplish or maroon petals
\sense_s tipo de cempoalxochitl con pétalos color amarillo y moradito
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld fl
\root ko:ska
\nse Ramírez and Dakin (1979) have cocosaltsi:n , which they identify as the flor de muerto roja. Apparently, unlike in Oapan, in Ameyaltepec the name of
this flower is not also the name of a grasshopper-type insect. In both villages, however, this flower (and the sempwalxo:chitl) are used to make garlands of flowers
such as those placed on the laso of the the bulls that are danced in San Lucas.
\nae The etymological derivation is uncertain, particularly the source of the -al element. However, given that the /o:/ is long while the root for 'yellow' is short (cf.,
kose:wi), it might be that the etymology includes ko:skaas in ko:skatl.
\semfld flower
\vl ko:saltsi:n
\root_notes Ask experts the derivation; it would appear to be related to /kos/ of 'yellow.'
\semref kó:skayá:ntsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07455
\lxam tamahli de kuwnextli
\lxam_c tamahli de kuwnextli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\sense_e type of tamal made from corn dough (i.e., tixtli made from nextamahli) that is mixed with tenextli and
tlikonextli as it is boiled
\sense_s tipo de tamal que se hace con masa hecho de nixtamal que se cocióen la olla con tenextli y tlikonextli
\sense_d Am
\semfld food
\root tamal
\root kow
\root nex
\ency_note tamahli
\nse Tamahli de kuwnextli is eaten in all villages of the Balsas region except, apparently, San Miguel Tecuiciapan and San Agustín Oapan. In this latter village tamales are
made of simple tixtli and for this reason the tamales harden much quicker. They are also wrapped in to:tomo:xtli and not corn leaves,
iswatamahli or tamaliswatl, as are other tamals such as tamahli de telolotsi:n. Nevertheless, Oapan does have a word,
tlikonextamahli, for what in Ameyaltepec is called tamahli de kuhnextli.
\semref tlikonextamahli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07456
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tó:motlíkwa:ichkatetsi:n
\lxoa_cpend tó:motlíkwa:ichkatetsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of cactus with edible fruit, as yet unidentified
\sense_s tipo de cactus con fruta comestible, hasta ahora no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld cactus
\root to:moh
\root kwa:
\root chka
\root te
\notes_nature For a preliminary list of the cactuses found in the area, see the entry under to:motli. Apparently the to:moichkatl is the same as
ichkato:motli although the former name is much more common.
\notes_func Neither Asención Marcelo of San Juan nor Inocencio Díaz of Ameyaltepec knew of this plant. Silvestre Pantaleón called this cactus tó:motli kwa:ichkatetsi:n
and stated that he was not familiar with the name tó:moichkatétsi:n.
\semref to:moichkatl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref chichí:k to:motli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tó:moichkatétsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref ichkató:motlí
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref to:
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07457
\lxam koltotsiwtok
\lxam_c koltotsiwtok
\lxoa koltotsiwtok
\lxoa_cpend koltotsiwtok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be curled (as, in particular, the result of heat or fire)
\sense_s estar enrizado (como, en particular, el resultado de fuego o flama)
\sense_d Am
\root koltots
\nde Oapan apparently lacks the /e/ form * koltotse:wtok.
\semref koltotse:wtok
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07458
\lxam xihpan
\lxam_c se: xihpan
\lxoa xihpan
\lxoa_cpend xihpan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-?
\sense_e year (in terms of temporal duration)
\sense_s año (en cuanto a duración temporal)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root xiw
\root_rel -pan
\disamb xihpan; xiwtli
\ref 07459
\lxam ikxitesasa:watik
\lxam_c ikxitesasa:watik
\dt 19/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 07460
\lxam xo:xoloxtik
\lxam_c xo:xoloxtik
\lxoa xo:xoloxtik
\lxoa_cpend xo:xoloxtik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e see xoloxtik
\sense_s véase xoloxtik
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root xoloch
\nae Given the fact that this adjectival rarely would take a 1st- or 2nd-person pronominal prefix, the reduplication, at least in the Ameyaltepec forms I have heard, is with a long vowel.
\ref 07461
\lxam -xiwtilia
\lxam_c kise:xiwtilia
\lxoa -xihtilia
\lxoa_cpend kise:xihtilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp [Num]-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (with incorporated numeral) to celebrate the [number] aniversary of
\sense_s (con numeral incorporado) celebrar el [número] aniversario de
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root xiw
\nae Apparently this is most often used as se:xiwtilia referring to the one-year anniversary of the death of a close family member. The use of other numerals (e.g.,
ye:ixiwtilia) is rare and, according to many consultants, not acceptable.
\ref 07462
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwi:tia
\lxoa_cpend kinokwi:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl. + obj.) to force the truth out of; to confess
\sense_s (refl. + obj.) confesar forzosamente a
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Kinokwi:tia i:kone:w.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e She forces the truth out of her son.
\phrase_s Fuerza confesar a su hijo.
\fla kwi:tia
\root kwi
\semref yo:lkwi:tia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07463
\lxam_notes zzz
\lxam_alt i:xtexoxok -remove-
\mod This used to be the entry for /i:xtexoxok/ which was how don Luis Lucena referred to the Devil. It has been removed.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 07464
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa -ihpahtlah
\lxoa_cpend tohpahtlah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(rel)
\compound N(rel)-N(rel)
\der N-loc-poss-tlan
\sense_e high above (a person [Poss])
\sense_s muy arriba de (una persona [Pos])
\sense_d Oa
\root kpa
\root_rel -ko; -tlan
\nae In Oapan the relational noun -ihpahtlah is used with possessive prefixes. The resulting form refers to a space high above the reference point, marked by the possessor.
In Ameyaltepec only the nonspecific possessed form tlakpak is found (and not forms such as * nokpak). Note, however, that when in Oapan
Nahuatl the nonspecific possessor tla- is used with -ihpahtlah the final -tlah is lost: tlahpak.
\semref -ikpak
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07465
\lxam xo:pan otli
\lxam_c xo:pan otli
\lxoa xo:pán otlí
\lxoa_cpend xo:pán otlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e path that is used during the rainy season that circumvents and goes around planted fields so that the plow animals and beasts of burden don't have to go through them and
thus won't eat the maize (during the winter months there was a shorter road right through the then unplanted fields)
\sense_s senda que se emplea durante la temporada de lluvias y que de vuelta alrededor de las milpas sembradas para que los animales no pasen por ellas (durante la temporada de
secas había una senda más directa que atrevasaba los terrenos que entonces estaban sin sembrar)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root xo:
\root oh
\root_rel -pan
\nae Provisionally this entry has been written as two words although a check with a recorded version should clarify whether this decision is correct. In Ameyaltepec one would expect a
velarized nasal before a word boundary and the absence of velarization with a single word; see sana:man (vs. san a:man). Note, however, that with
the lexicalized xo:pan po:cho:tl there is a definite /n/ in xo:pan and no shift to a bilabial nasal (/m/).
\qry_fon Note: listen for velarization of nasal in /xo:pan/ in Am pronunciation. If this is the case, then it indicates two words. Recheck and correct here and elsewhere as necessary.
\ref 07466
\lxam mapiltetepon
\lxam_c i:mapiltetepon
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e knuckle
\sense_s nudillo
\sense_d Am
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root mah
\root pil
\root tepon
\nse Florencia Marcelino (Oa) accepted mápiltetépon only as referring to someone (the grammatical subject) having a cut-off finger. For 'knuckle' she gave
nómapílí:xoká:ntsi:n.
\qry Check to determine if this can really have the meaning 'knckle' in Ameyaltepec.
\semref mápihlíí:xoká:ntsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07467
\lxam kextoponki:sa
\lxam_c kextoponki:sa
\lxoa kéxtoponkí:sa
\lxoa_pr kextoponki:sa
\lxoa_cpend kéxtoponkí:sa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni[x]
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e for one's neck to swell up
\sense_s hincharsele a uno el cuello
\sense_d Oa
\semfld disease
\root kech
\root tohpon
\qry Check for transitive form; cf. entry under /kextotopo:ni/, Am word, which has a causative /kechtotoponwia/.
\qry Check possibility that root is /topo:ni/, or perhaps /tohpo:ni/. If I remember correctly there is a form in Oapan /tópontlí/, which has its S. Juan equivalent in /tohpontli/, meaning to
swell up or burst (e.g. a blister). Check this in the present word, in which case perhaps it should be /kechtotoponi/ related to a possible Tetelcingo form /kechtohtohponi/. For a
discussion of this word cf. Flk 1984-12-29.1. Although in one entry I had /kechtotopo:ni/ I have a later entry which states that this is incorrect and should be corrected to
/kextotopo:ni/; recheck for /ch/ or /x/.
\ref 07468
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mápihli í:xoká:ntsi:n
\lxoa_pr mapihli í:xoka:ntsi:n
\lxoa_cpend í:mapílí:xoká:ntsi:n
\dt 27/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e knuckle
\sense_s nudillo
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root mah
\root pil
\root xoh
\root_rel -ka:n
\qry Check p-a pattern here; also determine etymology of /i:xoka:n/ since I'm not sure if the /o/ is long, stressed, etc.
\semref mapilxohka:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref mapiltetepon
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07469
\lxam ite:ntson chi:boh de xixiwtli
\lxam_cpend i:te:ntson chi:boh de xixiwtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part)
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e Plumbago scandensL., wild herbaceous plant of the Plumbaginaceae family
\sense_s Plumbago scandensL., planta herbácea silvestre de la familia Plumbaginaceae
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root tson
\root xiw
\ref 07470
\lxam pro:beh
\lxam_c pro:beh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan pobre
\psm Adj
\der Adj-loan
\sense_e poor
\sense_s pobre
\sense_d Am
\semref pro:weh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07471
\lxam selilia
\lxam_c kiselilia
\lxoa selilia
\lxoa_cpend kiselilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to receive from; to accept (a gift) from
\sense_s recibir (un regalo o algo parecido) de
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root seli
\xref selia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 07472
\lxam tsi:kate:nko
\lxam_c tsi:kate:nko
\lxoa tsi:yate:nko
\lxoa_cpend tsi:yate:nko
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Loc
\compound N-N-ko
\der N-loc-?
\sense_e hole in the ground through which the ants known as tsi:katl emerge
\sense_s agujero en la tierra de donde salen las hormigas conocidas como tsi:katl
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:ka
\root te:n
\qry Check whether /a:skate:ntli/ and /ma:kokote:ntli/ are also correct; cf. /te:ntli/. Get a list of all animal homes. Check for precise meaning of /tsi:yate:nko/ and /tsi:yate:ntli/ and determine
if there is a difference between the two (perhaps one referring to the hole itself and the other to the area around it. Check!
\semref te:ntli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref i:te:nko tsi:katl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref tsi:yate:ntli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref tsi:kate:ntli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref i:te:n tsi:katl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07473
\lxam ite:n tsi:katl
\lxam_c ite:n tsi:katl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\sense_e see te:ntli
\sense_s véase te:ntli
\sense_d Am
\semref i:te:nkon tsi:katl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref tsi:yate:nko
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07474
\lxam mante:ka
\lxam_c mante:ka
\lxoa mante:kah
\lxoa_cpend mante:kah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan manteca
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e lard
\sense_s manteca
\sense_d Am, Oa
\ref 07475
\lxam a:mi:ltomatl
\lxam_c a:mi:ltomatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e tomatillo or green tomato
\sense_s tomate (de cáscara verde)
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld edible
\root a:
\root mi:l
\root toma:
\ency_note tomatl
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) does not list the a:mi:ltomatl ; Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give it as 'tomatillo de cáscara verde.' Schoenhals (1988) lists tomate silvestre and
tomate verde, and refers both to tomate de cáscara, where she states:"1. (Physalisspp. e.g., P. pubescens) 'ground cherry,' 'wild tomato,' husk tomato,'
'strawberry tomate' Grows in temperate climates. The calyx covers the fruit like a husk. Used in salsa de tomate. Also called guajtomate, miltomate, tomate silvestre, tomate
verde, tomatillo, tomatillo del campo."
\mod Note that given that the Am and Oa forms have different etymologies/roots, they have been given two different entries.
\grm Discuss that perhaps /tomatl/ has a shortened final vowel (cf. /toma:wi/, etc.) as does /xokotl/ (cf. /xoko:ya/). This should be in a section on phonology/vowel shortening and
lengthening.
\semref mi:ltomatl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07476
\lxam to:to:xo:chikomekatl
\lxam_c to:to:xo:chikomekatl
\lxoa to:to:xo:chikomekatl
\lxoa_alt to:to:xo:chikomekatl
\lxoa_cpend to:to:xo:chikomekatl
\lxgen komekatl peinexo:chitl
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e type of vine as yet unidentified, also callled tsatsakawa:htsi:n in reference to the shape of its flower
\sense_s tipo de bejucco todavía no identificada, también se llama tsatsakawa:htsi:n en referencia a la forma de su flor
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n To:to:xo:chikomekatl | Noweyakilia, weyak ki:sa. Seki kikwin para ika kitili:nian korrá:l. Kitowan reme:dioh para i:xte:nkwalo:listli pa:mpa sesé:k. Tiktekis o:hka:n,
tikpi:tsas para ma ki:sa ia:yo. Mitsonchipi:nili:skeh itik mi:xtew.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e To:to:xo:chikomekatl : It stretches out, it grows long. Some people use it to tighten up a wooden fence (i.e., as twine). They say its a remedy for eye illness
because it is"cold."You cut it in two places, you blow through it so that its sap comes out. They put drops in your eyes.
\phrase_s To:to:xo:chikomekatl : Se extiende, sale largo. Alguna gente lo utilizan para amarrar y apretar una cerca de madera. Dicen que es un remedio para las
enfermedades del ojo porque es"frío". Lo cortas en dos lugares, le soplas (por el rabo) para que salga su savia. Te ponen las gotas en el ojo.
\root to:to:
\root xo:chi
\root ko
\root me:ka
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the bejuco flor de pájaro. No Latin identification is given. Schoenhals (1988) under flor de pájaro states:"1. (Brassica
juncea, B. nigra) 'mustard.' See mostaza. 2. (Strelitzia reginae) 'bird of paradise.' See ave del paraíso."Under mostaza:"Ramírez and Dakin (1979) gloss this as
pájaro flor de bejuco.
\mod Its flower is called /pepe:ni:tah/. In Ameyaltepec it is also called tsatsakawa:htsi:n.
\semref tsatsakawa:htsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref xo:chikohmekatl de tsatsakawa:stsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07477
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa pepe:ni:tah
\lxoa_cpend pepe:ni:tah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan peine
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e flower of the vine called to:to:xo:chikomekatl, so named because of its resemblance to a comb
\sense_s flor de la enredadera llamada to:to:xo:chikomekatl, asíllamada por ser parecida a un peine
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\nde In fact, the name of this plant in San Juan Tetelcingo, komekatl peinexo:chitl, makes direct reference to the comb-like shape of its flower.
\ref 07478
\lxam un
\lxam_c nihkwis un
\lxoa on
\lxoa_cpend nihkwis on
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Pr
\der Pr-demon
\sense_e that one
\sense_s ése
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xne:cha:lmaka on, li:broh!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Give me that, the book!
\phrase_s ¡Dámeloése, el libro!
\root on
\qry Check use of /un/ as demonstrative adjective and demonstrative pronoun, as well as relativizing function.
\vl There is a set of phrases of the pronominal use of /on/ from 6098. These should be tagged as 7478 and two linked (one female and one male).
\ref 07479
\lxam tlanketsohli
\lxam_c tlanketsohli
\lxoa tlanketso:hli
\lxoa_cpend tlanketso:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\sense_e bite mark
\sense_s mordedura
\sense_d Oa
\flao tlanketsowa
\root tlan
\root ketso
\qry Check plurality of this noun with /tlatlankechihli/ and cf. to possible /tlankechilteh/. (Note that my original file card had /tlatlankechihli/ simply stated to be 'plural.' Check for verbal
form as in
\qry_fon Check length of final /o/. In C. Flores (Am) pronunciation I heard it short. Check and cf. to Oapan data.
\mod In my original notes for this entry I had under /lxo for tlakechihli"see tlantetso:hli but have not found this entry in the dictionary. However, I have added it here given that I
did have the verbal form /tlanketsowa/ already documented. here might be an error in my annotation of the Oapan form, but I am not clear on this. However, I have added
/tlanketso:hli/ which I assume is the form I intended, mistyping /t/ for /k/.
\semref tlankechihli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07480
\lxam tomi:nyoh
\lxam_c tomi:nyoh
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e rich, to have a lot of money
\sense_s rico, tener mucho dinero
\sense_d Am
\root tomi:n
\nse The Oapan cognate is a nominal form.
\semref tomi:wah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07481
\lxam tsomakwi:xin
\lxam_c tsomakwi:xin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\sense_e type of large bird as yet unidentified, perhaps a type of hawk (see kwi:xin)
\sense_s tipo de ave grande todavía no identificado, quizáun tipo de gavilán (véase kwi:xin)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tsomakwi:xin, ke:n tsopi:lo:tl, no: kikwa kuwi:xin noso kuwatl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tsomakwi:xin is like a zopilote, it also eats lizards or snakes.
\phrase_s El tsomakwi:xin es como un zopilote, también come lagartijas o culebras
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root tsohma
\root kwi:x
\notes_nature This might be a type of buzzard (along with the tsopi:lo:tl itself and the ko:le:tl), or it might be a type of kwi:xin. Some
consultants translated tsomakwi:xin as 'gavilán negro.' If I remember correctly in villages such as San Juan Tetelcingo the simple word
tsohma is used to refer to a buzzard, although the precise arrangement of species is still quite uncertain. It might be the same as the
tsómakó:ltsi:n, which is red-headed, but it might well refer to a distinct animal.
\semref tsómakó:ltsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07482
\lxam ka:siakuwtli
\lxam_c ka:siakuwtli
\lxoa ká:siakóhtli
\lxoa_cpend @ká:siakóhtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan flor de casia
\psm N
\der N-loan
\pitch yes
\sense_e see ka:siah
\sense_s véase ka:siah
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\qry Check vowel p-a pattern in this word since one would expect from the fact that the borrowing is of /kasiah/ with final /h/ that this word with the /h/ now internal would reflect in p-a.
I have written p-a simply because I expect it. The word needs to be elicited.
\root kow
\ref 07483
\lxam ma
\lxam_c ma n'kwa
\lxoa ma
\lxoa_cpend ma n'kwa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\sense_e abbreviated form of the optative clitic mafollowed by the 1st-person singular subject and then a transitive verb with a zero-morpheme 3rd-person
object (man kaki = ma nihkaki)
\sense_s forma abreviada del clítico optativo c maseguido por la 1era-persona sujeto verbal antes de un verbo transitivo con el morfema-zero de la tercera
persona singular (man kaki = ma nihkaki)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ma
\root n-
\nae Orthographically this is represented as, for example, ma n'kwa. The entry for man is simply included as a reference.
\ref 07484
\lxam te:nkwi:tah
\lxam_c te:nkwi:tah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ap
\sense_e sth with its lip or edge broken off, leaving a tooth-like gap (e.g., the top edge of a bucket, a bowl, etc.)
\sense_s algo con la borde u orilla desportillada, dejando un espacio en forma de diente faltante (p. ej., la orilla de una cubeta, un frutero, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e person with a harelip
\sense_s persona con el labio leporino
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Te:nkwi:tah un tla:katl, o:kite:nkwah me:stli
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That man has a harelip, the moon took a bit out of his lip (in reference to the fact that it is the moon that causes such physical defects).
\phrase_s Ese hombre tiene un labio leporino, la luna le mordióla lengua (en referencia al hecho de que es la luna que causa este tipo de defectos físicos).
\semfld physical
\root te:n
\root kwi
\nae The derivational process for the /-tah/ ending is unclear, but it might be due to Spanish influence.
\mod See illustration on original filecard
\semref té:nkwatík
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07485
\lxam -itskwin
\lxam_c i:tskwin
\lxoa -itskwin
\lxoa_cpend itskwintli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e dog
\sense_s perro
\sense_d Pending
\root tskwin
\nse Itskwintli is most often found in possessed form; for reference to an"unpossessed"dog the term chichiis most often used.
\ref 07486
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be the entry for /chi:kwatsi:n/; it was deleted as a duplicate.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 07487
\lxam tlatsitsili:nya:ntsi:n*
\lxam_c tlatsitsili:nya:ntsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-dvb-ya:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N2
\sense_e type of small bird, probably a Towhee or Brushfinch; it is called this name because during the night every hour it sings (tsátsí). It might be the Orange-billed
Sparrow, Arremon aurantiirostris, the Rufous-sided Towhee, Pipilo erythrophthalmus, or a related species.
\sense_s tipo de pájaro pequeño, probablemente un Towhee o Brushfinch; asíllamado porque durante la noche cada hora grita (tsátsí). Quizáes el"Orange-billed
Sparrow," Arremon aurantiirostris, el"Rufous-sided Towhee," Pipilo erythrophthalmus, o una especie cercana.
\sense_d Am
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 61, pp. 693, 698
\phrase_n Tlatsitsili:nya:ntsi:n, kechtli:ltiktsitsi:nteh, pi:pitikeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tlatsitsili:nya:ntsi:n , they have black necks, they are very small.
\phrase_s Los tlatsitsili:nya:ntsi:n , tienen sus cuellitos negritos, son muy pequeños.
\phrase_n Kwa:k ye tlakwalispan nokwi:katia tlatsitsili:nya:ntsi:n para ma titlakwa:ka:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e When it is midday the tlatsitsili:nya:ntsi:n sings for us to eat.
\phrase_s Cuando es mediodía el tlatsitsili:nya:ntsi:n canta para que comamos.
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root tsili:
\root_rel -ya:n
\mod Note that the identification of this bird is based on the identification by Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, of a bird with a similar name in Oapan Nahuatl. I would guess that the two names,
/tlatsitsili:nya:ntsi:n/ and /tlatsilí:nká:tsi:n/ are equivalent.
\qry Recheck name. In one entry I had /tlatsitsili:nya:ntsi:n/ while in the other it was /tlatsitsili:nya:ntsi:n/. Apparently one is in error.
\qry Check out why /kechtli:ltiktsitsi:nteh/ has the diminutive. I would assume that the diminutive refers to the neck, i.e., being small birds they have small necks. But it might modify the
type of 'black', i.e., with just a small part black, or a black color that is not very strong.
\semref tlatsilí:nká:tsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07488
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kohyestli
\lxoa_cpend kohyestli
\lxgen kohyestle
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e type of tree (collected)
\sense_s tipo deárbol (colectado)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root kow
\root yes
\notes_nature There is no mention of this tree in either Ramírez and Dakin (1979) nor Ramírez (1991).
\qry Ceck the name that neighboring villages give to this tree and on this basis try to determine etymology.
\semref kuwextli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07489
\lxam tlachi:chi:hki
\lxam_alt tlachi:chi:hki
\lxam_c tlachi:chi:hki
\lxoa tlachi:chi:hki
\lxoa_cpend tlachi:chi:hki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ki
\sense_e person who is finicky, who doesn't like much of anything
\sense_s persona que es fastidiosa, a quien no le gusta mucho
\sense_d Oa
\root chi:wa
\ref 07490
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsómanéhtih
\lxoa_cpend tsómanéhtih
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of honey-producing flying insect that lives in the ground and are said to bite
\sense_s tipo de insecto que vuela pero que vive en la tierra; produce miel y se dice que muerde
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root tsohma
\root nekw
\ency_note nekwtli
\nse Apparently the Ameyaltepec cognate is tsi:kanekwteh , but until a definite identification is made, this concordance remains slightly uncertain.
\semref tsi:kanekwteh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07491
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa té:mí:ntik
\lxoa_alt témimí:ntik
\lxoa_cpend té:mí:ntik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*; Lex. te-
\sense_e leafless (plants, trees, etc.)
\sense_s sin hojas (plantas,árboles, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\fla tsotsomi:ntik
\root mi:ni
\qry Recheck this word, its pronunciation and meaning since my only note on this was that it is equivalent to Am /tsotsomi:ntik/. Check again whether /tsótsomí:ntik/ exists.
\semref tsotsomi:ntik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07492
\lxam tetepontsi:n
\lxam_alt tetepon
\lxam_c tetepontsi:n
\lxoa tetepontsi:n
\lxoa_cpend tetepontsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e short; cut short or shortened; cut off
\sense_s corto; cortado; truncado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tetepontsi:n ikwe.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Her dress is quite short.
\phrase_s Estácortita su falda.
\sense_e (in composition with [noun]) to have [noun] short or cut off (e.g., kechtetepon 'headless'; tsi:ntetepon 'con una falda o pantalones cortos')
\sense_s (en composición tener [sustantivo]) tener [sustantivo] cortado o corto (p. ej., kextetepon 'sin cabeza'; tsi:ntetepon 'having a short dress or
pants')
\sense_d Pending
\root tepon
\nse The element tetepon is found as the final element of many N + Adj compounds, indicating that the noun is (or has been) cut off and as a result is short. In general, this
reduplicated stem seems to refer to objects that have been or are artificially shortened, either through accident or design, a pole that has been cut short, a dress that has been cut
short, an arm that has been amputated, etc. In Ameyaltepec tetepon and tetepontik are both used in freestanding form, with the former indicating a
slightly greater shortness. The adjectival form tetepontik has only been documented to date in Oapan, unbound but not in compounded forms.
\qry Check for meaning of 'knee' with this.
\mod Add list of words that have this element.
\semref tetepontik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07493
\lxam tlawe:lno:tsa
\lxam_c kitlawe:lno:tsa
\lxoa tlawe:lno:tsa
\lxoa_cpend kitlawe:lno:tsa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to speak in an angry voice to
\sense_s hablar o llamar con una voz de enojado
\sense_d Oa
\root tlawe:l
\root no:tsa
\semref kwala:nka:no:tsa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07494
\lxam tlapatla:wtok
\lxam_c tlapatla:wtok
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be with ones arms hanging out and lose to ones side
\sense_s con los brazos colgados y no pegados al cuerpo
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xmoko:pi:loka:n para wel tipano:skeh! Ma:ka xtlapatla:wtokan!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Hug your arms close to your side so that we can fit through that space! Don't be all loose with your arms hanging out!
\phrase_s ¡Pégense con los brazos al cuerpo para que podamos caber por ese espacio!¡No estén con los brazos todos desplegados!
\root patla:
\nae The stative patla:wtok indicates a position of the subject, one in which there is a certain"wideness"involved (e.g., as with a person who has his arms hanging down
losely at his side). Note that this is not, at least not without some contextualization, a progressive. Often the verb patla:wi with the aspectual
-tiw is used to signal a type of progressive or durative event: i patla:wtiw otli 'to road getting wider as it goes along.'
\ref 07495
\lxam ma:tesasa:wati
\lxam_c ma:tesasa:wati
\dt 19/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 07496
\lxam ka:dah
\lxam_c ka:dah ikxitl
\lxoa ka:da
\lxoa_cpend @ka:da
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan cada
\psm Adj
\der Adj-quant
\sense_e each
\sense_s cada
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nae Most pronunciations show final vowel with phonetic glottal stop in phrase-final position.
\ref 07497
\lxam kamotli de un istá:k
\lxam_c kamotli de un istá:k
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e type of sweet potato
\sense_s tipo de camote
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld tuber
\semfld domesticated
\root kamoh
\root sta
\ency_note kamotli
\qry My notes do not clearly indicate whether this is cultivate or not; check for this and other swet potatoes.
\semref kámoxé:poh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07498
\lxam ikxitlake:nsosohloh
\lxam_c ikxitlake:nsosohloh
\lxoa ixitlaké:sohlóh
\lxoa_cpend @ixitlaké:sohlóh
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-N-Suf(adj)
\der Suf-adj
\pitch yes
\sense_e to have old cloth as a bandage around ones leg
\sense_s tener tela vieja como vendaje por la pierna
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root ke:m
\qry In the entry for /lxa ikxitlake:nsosohli I simply had a reference to see Oa /ixitlaké:sohlóh/. But there was no entry for this. Therefore, I have created an entry and given a provisional,
minimal definition based on my recollection. However, this should be rechecked!
\semref ikxitlake:ntli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 07499
\lxam tlate:mowilia
\lxam_c kontlate:mowilia
\lxoa tlate:mowilia
\lxoa_cpend @kitlate:mowilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-tla
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (at time with short vowel reduplication and usually an extraverse directional) to look (for a lost or grazing animal) for
\sense_s (a veces con reduplicación de vocal corta y generalmente con una direccional extraversa) sabanear para buscar para (un animal, en las montañas o llanos)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Timitsontlate:mowili:s, tewa nika:n xmoka:wa, mopan nekos.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will go look for (your) animals for you, you stay here, I'll come back here to where you are.
\phrase_s Voy a ir a sabanear para tí, tu te quedas aquí, yo voy a regresar aquídonde estás.
\root te:m-2-
\nae The applicative te:mowilia can have the sense of 'divine' with or without the nonspecific object prefix tla-. Without this prefix the applicative takes two
specific objects, both of which must be present in the discourse (e.g., ne:xtete:mowilia noburroh 'he divines for me (to locate) my burro'). However, tla-
may also function as an indefinite null complement, and in this sense the verb means simply 'to divine for' (e.g., Xne:xtlate:mowili 'Divine for me') and the
tla- signifies 'that which is lost (usually an animal, but perhaps, in regards to an illness, the diviner is to search for the source of cause of this illness). Since
tlate:mowilia cannot take a theme as a complement, if any information is to be communicated about what is being"searched for"then this must be done through a
separate predication. In the example phrase Xne:xtlatete:mowili, o:mpoloh noburroh 'Divine for me, I've lost my donkey!' each clause it in dependent. The f irst,
Xne:xtlatete:mowili simply states 'Divine for me,' i.e., the subject is asked to engage in the act of divinition for a beneficiary, the object of the applicative
tete:mowilia. Then the background to the request is mentioned: o:mpoloh noburroh 'I lost my donkey.' Note that without tla- the object of
the search would be directly mentioned: Xne:xtete:mowili noburroh. Here tete:mowilia is a ditransitive with two specific objects: the benefactive and
the theme. Finally, note how a directional changes the meaning from 'to divine (for)' to 'to search for.' Thus Ne:xtete:mowili:s implies that the action or event indicated
by the verb takes place at the location of the speaker/addressee interchange. Therefore the search must be essentially"by proxy,"i.e., through divination. However, with
Ne:xontete:mowili:s the directional indicates subject movement. Understanding that divination usually takes place i n the presence of the benefa c t i ve, the
significance of the verb should be interpreted as indicating subject movement, and the"searching"involving an action that takes place at a distance from the benefactive, i.e., on the
plains where the animal is located.
\grm Applicative; directional: The applicative te:mowilia can have the sense of 'divine' with or without the nonspecific object prefix tla-. Without this
prefix the applicative takes two specific objects, both of which must be present in the discourse (e.g., ne:xtete:mowilia noburroh 'he divines for me (to locate)
my burro'). However, tla- may also function as an indefinite null complement, and in this sense the verb means simply 'to divine for' (e.g.,
Xne:xtlate:mowili 'Divine for me') and the tla- signifies 'that which is lost (usually an animal, but perhaps, in regards to an illness, the diviner is to
search for the source of cause of this illness). Since tlate:mowilia cannot take a theme as a complement, if any information is to be communicated about what
is being"searched for"then this must be done through a separate predication. In the example phrase Xne:xtlatete:mowili, o:mpoloh noburroh 'Divine for me,
I've lost my donkey!' each cl ause it independent. The first, Xne:xtlatete:mowili simply states 'Divine for me,' i.e., the subject is asked to engage in the act of
divinition for a beneficiary, the object of the applicative tete:mowilia. Then the background to the request is mentioned: o:mpoloh noburroh 'I
lost my donkey.' Note that without tla- the object of the search would be directly mentioned: Xne:xtete:mowili noburroh. Here
tete:mowilia is a ditransitive with two specific objects: the benefactive and the theme. Finally, note how a directional changes the meaning from 'to divine
(for)' to 'to search for.' Thus Ne:xtete:mowili:s implies that the action or event indicated by the verb takes place at the location of the speaker/addressee
interchange. Therefore the search must be essentially"by proxy,"i.e., through divination. However, with Ne:xontete:mowili:s the directional indicates subject
movement. Understanding that divina tion usually takes place in t h e presence of the benefactive, the significance of the verb should be interpreted as indicating subject
movement, and the"searching"involving an action that takes place at a distance from the benefactive, i.e., on the plains where the animal is located.
\xref tete:mowilia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 07500
\lxam ikximela:wa
\lxam_c nokximela:wa
\lxoa iximela:wa
\lxoa_cpend noximela:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans No documented intransitive
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (refl.) to straighten or stretch out ones leg
\sense_s (refl.) enderezar o estirar la pierna
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kxi
\root mela:
\semref ikxiweyakilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07501
\lxam tlasolitik
\lxam_c tlasolitik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-tik
\sense_e to be covered with garbage (e.g., a patio, inside of a house, kitchen, street, etc.)
\sense_s estar cubierto de desechos y basura (p. ej., un patio, el interior de una casa, una cocina, una calle, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\root hsol
\nae The basis for Ameyaltepec adjectivals endings in -itik is unclear. One possibility is that tlasolitik represents the adjectivalization of an intransitive verb,
which would be ? tlasoliti (cf. tlasolitia). Another possibility is that Ameyaltepec tlasolitik is a reanalysis (with a new pronunciation) of
tlásóhlotík, which seems to be derived from a denominal adjective ending in -yoh (i.e., tlásohlóh), which has been"re-adjectivized"(much like
á:yotíkfrom a:yoh). The Oapan form tlásóhlotík is also unusual in that it manifests three high pitches in a four-syllable, four-morae word.
In other instances such a sequence seems to be avoided through the reduction of high pitched syllables (e.g., tlakwátasí). The precise reason for reduction of pitch
accented syllables in one case and not in the other is not clear.
\semref tlásóhlotík
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07502
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yéye:tetília
\lxoa_cpend tlá:ye:tetília
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tilia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to do (sth) a third time (particularly passing over a field with a plow a third time before planting)
\sense_s hacer (algo) por una tercera vez (particularmente pasar con el arado sobre un terreno por la tercera vez antes de sembrar)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\fla ye:ilia
\root ye:i
\ency_note tla:hli
\nse For a fuller discussion of the verbs used with plowing, see entry under teki.
\qry Make sure that Am has the possibility of both /ye:itilia/ and /ye:ilia/.
\mod Originally entry 1010 had for /lxa /ye:ilia/ and for /lxo /ye:tetilia/, with the observation that Am had a synonymous form /ye:itilia/. Later, a new entry was created with Am /ye:itilia/
and Oa /ye:tetilia/, while /ye:ilia/ was left with its own entry. Thus the Oapan sound file for this entry is probably ordered at 1010.
\semref ye:ilia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07503
\lxam i:xkochi
\lxam_c i:xkochi
\lxoa i:xkochi
\lxoa_cpend i:xkochi
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(ch)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e see i:xko:kochi
\sense_s véase i:xko:kochi
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root i:x
\root kochi
\ref 07504
\lxam ko:letl
\lxam_c ko:letl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\sense_e type of red-headed vulture, apparently the Turkey Vulture, Cathartes aura
\sense_s tipo de buitre con cabeza roja, aparentemente el"Turkey Vulture," Cathartes aura
\sense_d Am
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 7, p. 174
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root ko:l
\ency_note tsopi:lo:tl
\nse This word is not common in Ameyaltepec, though it is documented. The identification is based on the description of the bird as a type of buzzard with a red head.
\nae The etymology of ko:letl is unclear, though probably the main element here is coincident with the ko:l in Oapan tsómakó:ltsi:n; perhaps this
is related to the root for 'grandfather,' or perhaps it refers to something twisted, like the long neck of this bird.
\mod Cf. entry under /tsopi:lo:tl/ for list of types of buzzards.
\semref ko:leh bie:joh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tsómakó:ltsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07505
\lxam i:xpan
\lxam_c i:xpan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-poss-pan
\sense_e lower abdomen (from the waist or belly to the genitals)
\sense_s abdomen inferior (desde la cintura o ombligo hasta las genitales)
\sense_d Am
\semfld body
\root i:x
\root_rel -pan
\nse When referring to a body part i:xpan seems to refer to the area of the body covered by pubic hair. Some people state that this area includes the lower belly while
others state that the lower belly is referred to as tlai:xkwa:w and that the two, tlai:xkwa:w and i:xpan , both obligatorily possessed, are
distinct.
\qry Recheck to see of the forms meaning"genitals"and"in front of"are homophonous. Recheck meaning of 'genitals' since this is not used in Oapan.
\ref 07506
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa torabié:n
\lxoa_cpend @torabié:n
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan todavía
\psm Adv-time
\der Adv-loan
\ref 07507
\lxam ikxipilwe:weyak
\lxam_c ikxipilwe:weyak
\lxoa ixipilwe:weyak
\lxoa_cpend ixipilwe:weyak
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\sense_e to have long toes
\sense_s con los dedos de pie largos
\sense_d Am, Oa
\fla ikxipil weyak
\root kxi
\root pil
\root weya
\qry Check use in Ameyaltepec, i.e., can it be used as a predicate adjective/possessor raised construction.
\ref 07508
\lxam tekoltia
\lxam_c tekoltia
\lxoa tekoltia
\lxoa_cpend tekoltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\trans No transitive form documented
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to become red-hot (particularly metals such as iron)
\sense_s calentarse hasta estar al rojo vivo (particularmente metales como el fierro)
\sense_d Oa
\fla tekole:wi
\root tekol
\ref 07509
\lxam meská:l
\lxam_c meská:l
\lxoa me:skal
\lxoa_cpend @me:skal
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan mezcal
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e mezcal
\sense_s mezcal
\sense_d Am, Oa
\ref 07510
\lxam tsonaka
\lxam_c tsonaka u:nkah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-manner
\der Adv-man
\sense_e leaning; not upright; on or to the side
\sense_s chueco; no parado derecho; al lado o por el lado
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tsonaka u:nkah mome:sah. Xkwahli ikatok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your table is leaning over, it is not properly upright.
\phrase_s Tu mesa va hacia un lado, no estábien parada.
\root tsonaka
\nae It seems that the difference between Ameyaltepec tsonaka and Oapan tsonakatik is that the former is a predicate modifier while the latter modifies
nominal terms. Thus whereas tsonaka probably does not occur without a predicate, tsonakatik can itself be a predicate. The use of Ameyaltepec
tsonaka is apparent in the above expression Tsonaka unkah mome:sah in the presence of the verb ka , which here is not the simple
copula (which would be expressed by zero in the present). Finally, note that in most other cases (e.g., tsonakayawor tsonakate:ka) the
verbal predicate is clear and the tsonaka element seems clearly to be an incorporated modifier.
\qry Check with subject pronouns to make a final determination of word division: /tsonaka nunkah/ or /nitsonaka unkah/. I would imagine the former, but this should be checked.
\mod NOTE that at one point there was no entry of this number and I took a new entry and gave it #2328. This is this entry. However, check on the Oapan recording to find out what this
entry was, i.e., what followed
\semref tsonakatik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07511
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tamale:wi
\lxoa_cpend @tamale:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e see ta:tamale:wi
\sense_s véase ta:tamale:wi
\sense_d Oa
\root tamal
\ref 07512
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa sá:nkatlákalí
\lxoa_pr sa:nkatlakali
\lxoa_cpend kisá:nkatlákalí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) zanja
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to construct irrigation ditches for (a crop)
\sense_s poner zanjas para regar (un cultivo)
\sense_d Oa
\root tlahkali
\qry Check the correctness of thsi form. During elicitation Florencia Marcelino mentioned this as cognate (equivalent) in meaning to Am a:pantlakalilia. This should be
rechecked and elicited in a sound file.
\semref a:pantlakalilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07513
\lxam tatapale:wi
\lxam_c tatapale:wi
\lxoa ta:tapale:wi
\lxoa_cpend @ta:tapale:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi(a)
\lexical Lex. rdp-l (Oa)
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get red, weal-like bumps on ones skin;
\sense_s salirsele ronchas rojas a la piel como de verdugones
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tatapale:wi, mihkasiwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Red bumps have formed on skin, he has (a type of skin rash called) mihkasiwi.
\phrase_s Se le salen ronchas rojas por la piel, tiene (un tipo de sarpullido llamado) mihkasiwi.
\root tapal
\nse The condition referenced by tatapale:wi can be caused by a severe allergy, or by stings such as those of tsi:kameh , a:skameh ,
tetekomasolmeh , tokatl and other similar insects, or even by an injection. According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa), the cognate Oapan form
ta:tapale:wi is only used when one is bitten by a scorpion. The skin swells up slightly and gets moist as if one is sweating (the same type of sweat that one may get on
ones nose). However, more common in Oapan to refer to such a type of swelling and redness is ta:tamale:wi and the transitive ta:tamalowa.
\nde Classical Nahuatl does not have tamaliui, but Molina does show tapaliui. ni. 'tener ronchas.'
\qry Make sure the unreduplicated form does not exist. The /lxo field here has been changed to /ta:tapale:wi/ for Oapan and another entry set for /ta:tamale:wi/. Adjust recording
indexing.
\vl Check vowel length of Ameyaltepec form. For Oapan vowel length, cf. 1160 entry for /ta:tamale:wi/. Probably the vowel length in the Am form is also long. CHECK Correct
all references in dictionary /nse field when final determination is made..
\grm Reduplication: Note the difference in rdp in Oapan and Am. In the discussion of this word C. Flores used a short vowel reduplication with the headword (tatapale:wi) but a
long vowel reduplication in /chi:chi:chi:le:wi/. Check and discuss.
\root_notes The root tapal seems clearly related to tlapal , which has to do with dye, paint, or ink and the color red.
\ref 07514
\lxam x=
\lxam_c xkwahli ne:si
\lxoa x=
\lxoa_cpend xne:si
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Clit
\der Clit-b
\sense_e negative clitic
\sense_s clítico negativo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\qry As negative, check syllabification. A good way to do this is with vowel initial intransitives. Thus check if there is a difference in pronunciation between /xa:tli/ (perhaps x a:tli) 'he
doesn't drink water' and /xa:tli/ (imperative) 'drink water.' IF there is a difference and the first is syllabified, then all negatives should be rewritten as two words: x a:tli, etc., or at least
with vowel initial stems. With consonant initial stems there seems to be no problem.
\ref 07515
\lxam tsi:nposteki
\lxam_c kitsi:nposteki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a(k)
\ref 07516
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa í:yatómatl
\lxoa_alt yéye:katómatl
\lxoa_cpend @í:yatómatl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\pitch yes
\sense_e see yéye:katómatl
\sense_s véase yéye:katómatl
\sense_d Oa
\root ye:ka
\root toma
\ref 07517
\lxam tlane:xtilih
\lxam_c tlane:xtilih
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\der Interj
\sense_e Good morning (from waking to midmorning, about 7:30 to 8:00 a.m.)!
\sense_s ¡Buenos días (desde la hora de despertar hasta como las 7:30 o 8:00 a.m. de la mañana)!
\sense_d Am
\root ne:si
\nse The plural form is tlane:xtilikeh.
\semref tlapoya:wilih
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ne:xtilih
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07518
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry was removed as a duplicate of /kwa:teteson/ (Am) or /kwa:teson/ (Oa).
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 07519
\lxam tlatokilia
\lxam_c kitlatokilia
\lxoa tlatokilia
\lxoa_cpend kitlatokilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e see tokilia
\sense_s véase tokilia
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root toki
\ref 07520
\lxam koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi
\lxam_c koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Adj(ap)-V1-asp
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to go out and around with ones shirt open at (or to) the chest
\sense_s salir con la camisa abierta por (o hasta) el pecho
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi. Xkaman kitsakwa itlake:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He goes around in public with his shirt open to the chest. He never buttons up his clothes.
\phrase_s Anda en público con su camisa desabrochada hasta el pecho. Nunca cierra su ropa.
\phrase_n Milá:k xole:nkah un suwa:tl. Xkita ke:n nochipa koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi.¿Tle:ka xkisasa:lowa?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That woman is a real dimwit! Look how she goes around with her blouse torn open in front! Why doesn't she sew it up?
\phrase_s ¡Quémensa esa mujer!¡Mira cómo anda con su blusa abierta por el pecho!¿Por quéno se la cose?
\root chiki
\root pe:l
\root ki:sa
\semref koto:nchikipe:lihtimi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07521
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa te:tla:wi:lo:ni
\lxoa_cpend te:tla:wi:lo:ni
\lxgen tsohmakohtle
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e type of large tree as yet still unidentified
\sense_s tipo deárbol grande todavía no identificada
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root tsohma
\root kow
\mod Remove /tsomakuhtli/ from the Oapan entry here since this tree is not known by this name.
\semref tsomakohtli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07522
\lxam kwa:-
\lxoa kwa:-
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\sense_e semantic element meaning 'head' that is found only in compounds; it can be compounded with nouns (e.g., kwa:xikipi:hli), with adjectives (e.g.,
kwa:pestik), or verbs (kwa:temotla). With nouns it is usually a term modifier, with adjectives it is a noun phrase head, and with
verbs it is a predicate modifier or locative
\sense_s elemento semántico que significa 'head' que se encuentra solamente en palabras compuestas; puede encontrarse con sustantivos (p. ej., kwa:xikipi:hli), con
adjectivos (p. ej., kwa:pestik), o verbos (kwa:temotla). Con sustantivos generalmente es un modificador del término, con
adjectivos encabeza una frase nominal, y con verbos funciona para modificar el predicado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwa:
\ref 07523
\lxam te:ntoto:nka:wi:hli
\lxam_c te:ntoto:nka:wi:hli
\lxgen te:ntoto:nka:wi:hle
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e type of small tree (or bush) used as a remedy to cure pimples on the inside of the mouth
\sense_s tipo de arbolito (o arbusto) que sirve como remedio para curar granitos en la boca
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Te:ntoto:nka:wi:hli | Ke:n tlako:tl, san machó:n. Deke tikyekapostekis, ika se: ichkatsi:ntli tiksentla:li:s ia:yo. Deke kamatso:tso:ti kone:tl noso se: ye we:i,
kikamatechikin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Te:ntoto:nka:wi:hli : It is like a rod, just machó:n. If you break its point, with a little piece of cotton you gather up its sap. If a child or an
adult has sores in his mouth, they rub the inside of his mouth (with it).
\phrase_s Te:ntoto:nka:wi:hli : Es como una vara, solamente machó:n. Si le rompes la punta, con un poquito de algodón juntas su savia. Si un
niño o un adulto tiene granos en la boca le frontan el interior de la boca (con ello).
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\semfld -pl-med
\root te:n
\root to:n
\nse The etymology of te:ntoto:nka:wihli is not entirely clear, though obviously it contains the roots te:nand to:n, from the lexicalized
stem toto:nki. The long /a:/ of /ka:/ is the participial form for compounds and is probably not related to the verb ka:wa , though the termination
wihli is not easily accounted for.
\notes_nature For a description of this remedy, see DT7:257ff.
\qry Check length of /i/ in /-wihli/ ending. On one file note I had a long /i:/. Determine meaning of /machó:n/ and add to dictionary entries.
\semref kamatoto:nka:wí:lpatlí
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07524
\lxam tlapupwa
\lxam_c tlapupwa
\lxoa tlá:powá
\lxoa_pr tlá:powa
\lxoa_cpend tlá:powá
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\pitch yes
\infv Irregular; see kukwa (Am) pupwa (Am) / popowa(Oa)
\sense_e to clear a field (of brush, tlasohli , wistli , etc.) before plowing
\sense_s limpiar un campo (de arbustos, tlasohli , wistli , etc.) antes de arar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root po:wa
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\xref pupwa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 07525
\lxam a:to:po:lin
\lxam_c a:to:po:lin
\lxgen a:to:po:lin
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\sense_e type of tree that grows at the river's edge
\sense_s tipo deárbol que crece a la orilla del río
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n A:to:po:lin | Ite:nko a:te:ntli unkah. Xtlah para.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A:to:po:lin : It is found at the river's edge. It's not used for anything.
\phrase_s A:to:po:lin : Se encuentra por la ribera del río. No se usa para nada.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root a:
\root to:po:l
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) gives the Spanish name for this tree as peloncillo, stating that it is of the family Rubiaceae. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:182) give a tree
with the Spanish name atopol or atepule of the family Rubiaceaeand genus/species Cephalanthus occidentalis. The illustration
matches that of Ramírez. They also give two other trees of this family: Hintonia standleyanaand Randia echinocarpa. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify
this as the rosal de agua.
\qry Final root uncertain. Check vowel length, particularly first /o/.
\semref tesontsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07526
\lxam metlatl de misto:n
\lxam_c metlatl de misto:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn stem-final vowel loss; N1/2; Aln (tometl de misto:n)
\sense_e specific type of metate, or flat grinding stone for corn (term used in Oapan)
\sense_s tipo especícifo de metate (término utilizado en Oapan)
\sense_d Am
\semfld tool
\root metla
\root mis
\root -to:n
\nse Although Ameyaltepec speakers recognize and state that this word is from Oapan, where it is occasionally still used, Ameyaltepequeños do understand and even occasionally use
this term.
\qry Determine what type of metate this refers to and its appearance. Also check for how the plural is formed, i.e., are both terms pluralized or only /metlameh/.
\ency_note metlatl
\ilus_note Illustrate this and all other metates.
\semref misto:metlatl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07527
\lxam ikxia:pio:tsi:n
\lxam_c ikxia:pio:tsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\pss P1; TM
\compound N-(N-N)
\der N-tsi:n
\sense_e to have skinny, bird-like legs
\sense_s tener las piernas delgadas como las de un pájaro
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tikwelita wa:n cho ikxia:pio:tsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You like her and she has skinny legs (like those of an a:pio:tsi:n).
\phrase_s Te gusta aunque tiene las piernas muy delgadas (como las de un a:pio:tsi:n).
\root kxi
\root a:
\root pio
\nae Although this compound form is derived from two nominal stems the second stem, a:pio:tsi:n , is used in a modifying function to indicate a characteristic of the
possessor-raised noun. The modifying use of the nominal stem is typical in that a particular aspect of the referent, in this case skinny legs, is taken as the defining characteristic of a
modified noun (much like 'lion' for 'brave' in 'John is a lion.').
\grm Adjectivals; attributive nouns: Re: /ikxia:pio:tsi:n/ Although this compound form is derived from two nominal stems the second stem, a:pio:tsi:n , is used in a
modifying function to indicate a characteristic of the possessor-raised noun. The modifying use of the nominal stem is typical in that a particular aspect of the referent, in
this case skinny legs, is taken as the defining characteristic of a modified noun (much like 'lion' for 'brave' in 'John is a lion.').
\ref 07528
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be /kikakalakachilia/ but it was a duplicated of 1491 and has been eliminated. However, note that when I did 1491 there was no Am token there. Thus the recording
here should be numbered 1491.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 07529
\lxam kechomio
\lxam_c i:kechomio
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-yo
\sense_e collar bone
\sense_s clavícula
\sense_d Am
\semfld body
\root kech
\root omi
\nse The kechomio apparently includes the collar bone around to the back or nape of the neck.
\semref kechkomiteyo
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07530
\lxam kwa:pa:patia
\lxam_c kwa:pa:patia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to get hair that gets into clumped strands
\sense_s quedarsele el cabello algo greñudo
\sense_d Am
\root kwa:
\root pa:pah
\qry Check carefully this entry as it is derived from a nickname given to a German linguist who visited Oapan. Check correct spelling, pronunciation. This entry here is mostly to help
remind me to ask by the term, or the related??? /kwa:papayoh/. CHECK.
\ref 07531
\lxam papayoh
\lxam_c papayoh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e crazy; to have lost ones senses
\sense_s loquito; que ha perdido los estribos
\sense_d Am
\root pahpa
\nae The etymology of kwa:papayoh is not apparent, and it is classified as a denominal adjective even though the nominal base has not been determined.
\qry Check for /payoh/ and /payo:tl/. Cf. my query under /wetsa/ regarding these words. Check for presence or absence of stress on first /pa-/.
\semref kwa:papayoh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref pápayótsí:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07532
\lxam tlateteketse:wi
\lxam_c tlateteketse:wi
\lxoa tlateketse:wi
\lxoa_cpend tlateketse:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V1
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to be many bean pods born on a single plant
\sense_s haber muchas vainas de frijoles en cada planta
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Mlá:h yo:miakiak yexo:tl, ta tlateketse:wi.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e There are really a lot of green beans, they are shooting out from all over the plants.
\phrase_s De veras hay muchos ejotes, hasta están saliendo por todas partes.
\xref teketse:wi
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07533
\lxam kamotli de un kakamotsi:n
\lxam_c kamotli de un kakamotsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e type of purplish sweet potato of the Convolvulaceae family, still not definitively identified
\sense_s tipo de camote morado de la familia Convolvulaceae, todavía no identificada definitivamente
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld tuber
\semfld domesticated
\root kamoh
\nse As is often the case, complex names with the relativizer may be uttered without the intervening on , i.e., kamotli de kakamotsi:n.
\qry Check vowel length in /kakamotsi:n/, i.e. of first /a/. This is apparently the same as /kamotli de un momoradi:toh/, but this should be checked. For this and other similar cases, in
certain entries I have a form without the /un/. Check to see if this is necessary or whether the name can occur without /un/.
\semref kamotli de un momora:doh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kámomorá:doh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07534
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:nakas komichin
\lxoa_cpend i:nakas komichin
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e Desmodium procumbens(Mill.) Hitchc. var. exiguum (A. Gray) B. G. Schub., weed of the Leguminoseae family that is food for donkeys
\sense_s Desmodium procumbens(Mill.) Hitchc. var. exiguum (A. Gray) B. G. Schub., maleza de la familia Leguminoseae que se come por los burros
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\nse It is not clear at present, but it seems that this term might cover what in Latin nomenclature would be various species.
\qry Check everything, length, final /h/, correctness of form, etc.
\semref meme:lioh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07535
\lxam mia:watl
\lxam_c mia:watl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\sense_e spike and flower (of a corn plant)
\sense_s la espiga y flor (de una planta de maíz)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e spike that emerges from the center (of certain grasses or zacates)
\sense_s la espiga (o retorño) que sale del centro de la planta (de ciertos zacates)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Sakatl no: kipia imia:wayo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A zacate plant also has its spike (that emerges from the center of the plant).
\phrase_s El zacate también tiene su espiga (o retoño que sale del centro de la planta)
\semfld plant
\semfld part
\root mia:wa
\nse Like other plant parts, mia:watl is always possessed with the marker -yo. Both mi:hli and sakatl have
i:mia:wayo.
\mod See illustration diagram with /mi:hli/. This is the"espiga"of the maize plant, its tassle; see diagram with /mi:hli/.
\semref mi:mia:watl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07536
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ta
\lxoa_cpend @ta
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan hasta
\psm Adv
\der Adv-loan
\sense_e see a:sta
\sense_s véase a:sta
\sense_d Oa
\ref 07537
\lxam kwa:tsotsomi:n
\lxam_c kwa:tsotsomi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e leafless (a tree or bush at its crown)
\sense_s sin hojas (unárbol o arbusto por su copa)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Yo:noka:w kwa:tsotsomi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It wound up leafless.
\phrase_s Terminósin hojas.
\root kwa:
\root tsomi:n
\nae The etymology of the final elements of kwa:tsotsomi:n is uncertain, though it may well represent {tson + mi:n} after the degemination of an underlying {mm} after
assimilation. The Oapan cognate kwa:té:mí:ntik also manifests reduplication (of mi:n) that is reduced on the preceding dummy morpheme te-.
\qry Check the use and plural formation; also check possibility of /tsotsomi:n-/ occuring by itself. Finally, check for verbal inchoate form.
\semref kwa:té:mí:ntik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07538
\lxam deporsí:h
\lxam_alt deporsí:n
\lxam_c deporsí:h
\lxoa deporsi:n
\lxoa_pr deporsin
\lxoa_alt deportsi:n
\lxoa_alt deporsí:n
\lxoa_cpend deporsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan de por sí
\psm Modal
\der Modal-loan
\sense_e certainly
\sense_s de por sí
\sense_d Oa
\nae In Oapan this is sometimes pronounced with word-final stress and sometimes without. It has been entered without an accent for the practical and standardized orthography.
\qry_fon Note that accoustic measurements show that the final vowel of this word is long in Oapan. Check Am which also seems to be the same, except for the final /h/.
\ref 07539
\lxam ma:tlakechia
\lxam_c noma:tlakechia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ap
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl. with -pan) to rest ones hand on and lean on
\sense_s (refl. con -pan) recargarse sobre, cargándose por la mano
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Nopan xmoma:tlakechi!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Support yourself on me with your arm!
\phrase_s ¡Recárgate sobre me con tu brazo!
\phrase_n Noma:tlakechia ipan me:sah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is leaning on his hand placed on the table.
\phrase_s Estárecargado sobre la mano en la mesa.
\root ma:
\root kechi
\nae The fact that ma:tlakechia and ma:tlakechilia have at this time both been glossed as meaning (with the reflexive and -pan) 'to rest ones hand
on and lean on' suggests that they might be alternative applicative forms, one with -ia replacing final /a/ and the other with -lia following /a/, leading to vowel
raising and palatalization. The identity of meaning would be acccounted for by this allomorphemic variation. However, the form ? ma:tlakechilia might be in error.
\qry Etymology uncertain. Check length of final /a/ and determine full inflectional paradigm. The difference between the monotransitive and the applicative should be checked, i.e.
between /ipan noma:tlakechia/ and /ipan noma:tlakechilia/, given that from my examples the difference is not entirely clear. Also, although the field /fl has /tlakechia/ I still have no
entry for this word. This should be checked and added if it occurs.
\xref ma:tlakechilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am
\semref ma:tlaki:tsia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07540
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xáxa:yakachí:hke:tl
\lxoa_cpend xáxa:yakachí:hke:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): ní:xa:yakachí:hke:tl
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e mask-maker
\sense_s masquero
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:yaka
\root chi:wa
\qry Check to make sure that reduced reduplication occurs. I have only surmised this, without having specific evidence.
\semref xaxa:yakate:roh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07541
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:hlo:tik
\lxoa_cpend @tla:hlo:tik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-tik-yoh
\sense_e covered with a layer of loose earth
\sense_s cubierto o tapado tener una capa de tierra suelta
\sense_d Oa
\qry Recheck that this form is correct. FM gave it as cognate to Am /tla:litik/. But this and the definition should be rechecked. I did not have it in my dictionary at the end of Summer
2000.
\root tla:l
\semref tla:litik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07542
\lxam kostik tlayo:hli
\lxam_c kostik tlayo:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\sense_e yellow maize
\sense_s maíz amarillo
\sense_d Am
\root kos
\root o:ya
\ency_note tlayo:hli
\nse This refers to maize of a specific color. For a full list, see tlayo:hli.
\semref tlayo:lkostik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07544
\lxam a:manahli
\lxam_c *a:manahli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\sense_e standing water
\sense_s agua estancada
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xkoni tewa un a:manahli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You be the one to drink that sitting water!
\phrase_s ¡Tómate tuésa agua estancada!
\root a:
\root man
\semref a:mantli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07544
\lxam tetekolo:tsi:n
\lxam_c tetekolo:tsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\sense_e Randia thurberiS. Watson, small tree of the Rubiaceae family
\sense_s Randia thurberiS. Watson, arbusto de la familia Rubiaceae
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tetekolo:tsi:n | Ko:koneh wel kikwan itla:kihlo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tetekolo:tsi:n : Children can eat its fruit.
\phrase_s Tetekolo:tsi:n : Los niños pueden comerse su fruta.
\phrase_n Tetekolo:tsi:n | Kipia itla:kihlo boboli:tah. San tekoch wel kikwa. Kikoyo:nia. Deke yo:kikoyo:nih wan yo:wa:k, yo:xiniko ipan tla:hli noso xe wa:lxi:ni, wel tikpipi:tsas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tetekolo:tsi:n : Its fruit is round. Only the woodpecker can eat it. It hollows it out. And once it has hollowed it out and it has dried, it falls down to the
ground or (even if) it hasn't yet fallen, you can blow into it.
\phrase_s Tetekolo:tsi:n : Su fruta es como bolita. Solamente el pájaro carpintero lo puede comer. Lo agujerea. Y si ya lo agugereóy ya se secó, ya se cae al suelo
o (aun si) todavía no se caye, puedes soplarle.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root tekolo:
\notes_nature According to Emigdio Rosendo, this is good for china:ntli , apparently of the type known as tlawi:kpantli. One consultant also mentioned
that ko:koneh wel kikwan itla:kihlo 'children can eat its fruit.' Ramírez (1991) gives the Spanish for this tree as tetecolochi chico, and states
that it is of the family Fouqueriaceaeand the genus/species Fouquieriasp."Guizar and Sánchez (1991:175) have one tree of the
Fouquieriaceaefamily: Fouquieria ochoterenae, known in Spanish as rabo de iguana. Schoenhals (1991) gives several of this genus under
palo santo:"1. (Fouquieria formosa, F. splendens, F. fasciculata) 'candlewood,' 'ocotillo.' Red-flowering desert shrub with long, unbranched stems. Wood is used
for fences. The seeds are used as a poultice for aching gums. Also called colorín cimarrón, ocotillo, palo de Adán, rosalillo, tecotillo, torote."Neither the description of
Schoenhals nor that of Guizar a nd Sánchez are similar to that of the tetekolo:tsi:n in Ramírez.
\qry Check etymology: reduplication or /te-/ intensifier; the former is more likely. Check whether children can eat its fruit, since in another phrase it is mentioned that /san tekoch wel
kikwa/. Also check translation of second illustrative page.
\semref osto:tsi:n xokotl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07545
\lxam buh
\lxam_c pu:n wa:hlaw buh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan buey
\psm Baby
\der N-loan
\sense_e ox, he-goat, or sheep (male animals with horns)
\sense_s buey, carnero o chivo (animales con cuernos)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:yah buh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The ox went away.
\phrase_s Se fue el buey.
\semfld baby
\nse Buh us used by very young children before they can talk well, and used by adults to talk to children, imitating their speech.
\qry Check entire range of animals covered by this term.
\semref po:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07546
\lxam a:to:ltepalkatl
\lxam_cpend a:to:ltepalkatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e ceramic bowl used for drinking atole
\sense_s plato hondo de cerámica empleado para beber atole
\sense_d Am
\root a:to:l
\root tepalka
\qry Check for the occurrence of a transitive form. Make sure /okwihlowa/ and /okwilxi:ni/ are synonyms. If not, change definition and xrefs.
\ref 07547
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwikwilxi:ni
\lxoa_cpend @kwikwilxi:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e for worms to fall off of (e.g., an injured and wound-infested animal [S])
\sense_s caersele gusanos a (p. ej., un animal [S] con una herida infestada)
\sense_d Oa
\root okwil
\root xi:
\disamb kwikwihlowa; kwikwilxi:ni
\qry Determine the difference between /okwilxi:ni/ and /okwihlowa/. My documentation at this point only has a stative form /okwilxi:ntok/. Check to make sure that /okwilxi:ni/ exists as
an intransitive verb; check also to see if a transitive form exists ?okwilxi:nia.
\semref okwilxi:ni
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref kwikwihlowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07548
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlatska:te:ne:wa
\lxoa_cpend @kitlatska:te:ne:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Part-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to accuse of being lazy; to make out to be lazy
\sense_s acusar de ser flojo
\sense_d Oa
\root tlats
\root te:n
\root e:w
\semref tlatska:kwepa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07549
\lxam abi:yah
\lxam_alt gabi:yah
\lxam_c abi:yah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan avío
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e a bundle of dried corn leaves stripped off the stalk during the zacateo(iswate:kilistli) and that is later tied together with palm to be stored for
fodder.
\sense_s manojo de hojas secas de maíz que se quitan durante el zacateo y que se guardan para forraje
\sense_d Am
\nse After being stripped from the stem, the bundle of leaves are placed between two bare stems, later to be tied into a manojo, or bundle. Usually one
abi:yah is tied into a single bundle, although occasionally a bundle is made of what were originally two abi:yas.
\nss Después de quitarse del tallo del maíz, las hojas se ponen entre dos tallos desnudos, para después ser atado en un manojo. por lo común una abi:yah se ata
en un solo manojo, aunque ocasionalmente dos abi:yas se juntan en un manojo.
\mod Illustrate
\semref iswaabi:yah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07550
\lxam pa:pa:lo:tl de tlayo:hli
\lxam_c pa:pa:lo:tl de tlayo:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\sense_e generic term for the small bugs that develop in stored maize
\sense_s nombre genérico para los pequeños insectos que salen del maíz almacenado
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Pa:pa:lo:tl de tlayo:hli, kwa:k tiktlapowa nokweskon, ki:san.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The insects known as pa:pa:lo:tl de tlayo:hli , when you open your granary, they come out.
\phrase_s Los insectos conocidos como pa:pa:lo:tl de tlayo:hli , cuando abres tu troje, salen.
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root pa:lo:
\root o:ya
\semref tlayo:lpa:pa:lo:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07551
\lxam umpakah
\lxam_alt ompakah
\lxam_c umpakah
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Adv(loc)=V1
\der V1-b
\infv Irregular; see kah
\sense_e to be right there
\sense_s estar allímismo
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Umpakah moba:kah, o:mi:xiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your cow is right over there (e.g., where you last saw or left it), it gave birth.
\phrase_s Tu vaca estáallímismo (p. ej., donde lo viste o dejaste porúltima vez), parió.
\root on
\root ka
\root_rel -pa
\ency_note adverbs
\semref po:nkah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07552
\lxam o:lo:tetl
\lxam_c o:lo:tetl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e instrument used to shell maize consisting of upright corncobs bound together in a tight circle with a metal band (cincho) or rope
\sense_s instrumento para desgranar maíz que consiste en un círculo de olotes puestos verticales que amarrados apretadamente con un cincho de metal o una soga
\sense_d Am
\semfld tool
\root o:lo:
\root te
\ilus_note See illustration on original filecard.
\grm There is a fascinating discussion relevant to reduplication here by C. Flores.
\semref teo:lo:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07553
\lxam tla:ltechiwi
\lxam_c tla:ltechiwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become close to the ground (e.g., sth heavy that is hanging and slowly stretches, getting closer to the ground, a car that is overloaded, etc.)
\sense_s acercarse a la tierra o suelo (p. ej., algo pesado que estácolgado y poco a poco se estira, acercándose a la tierra, un coche con un sobrecargo de gente, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\root tla:l
\root_rel -tech
\grm Verbalization /-iwi/: the verbal ending /-iwi/ is not productive (at least not as far as I can determine). However, there are many words that are clearly nominal roots that end
in /iwi/. This is not the case with /-ni/, /-ka/, and other verbs. Thus note /tli:liwi/, /chi:maliwi/, etc. Cf. this to the more productive /-ya/ as in /wekapania/, etc.
\semref tla:ltextia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07554
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa noxi:kwa:ntlatki
\lxoa_cpend @noxi:kwa:ntlatki
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\sense_e see noxi:kwan-
\sense_s véase noxi:kwan-
\sense_d Oa
\root xi:kwa:
\ref 07555
\lxam_notes zz
\mod This has been removed as a duplicated entry of /tekomo:nia/
\dt 17/Jun/2003
\ref 07556
\lxam o:tlatl
\lxam_c o:tlatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e otate, a type of reed-like plant not yet collected nor definitively identified
\sense_s otate, tipo de planta como carrizo, todavía no identificado plenamente
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root ohtla
\nae San Juan Tetelcingo has ohtlatl, hence the pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl.
\root ohtla
\qry_fon Recheck the length of the initial /o/ in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl.
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1988) states under otate:"1. (Arthrostylidium racemiflorum, Arundinaria longifolia, Bambusa spp., e.g., B. arundinacea) 'wild
cane' Any of the small bamboos with solid stalks which are used for beds. In some areas, otate is applied to the types of cane or bamboo with solid stalks and
carrizo to those that are hollow. Also called caña brava, cuilote. 2. (Genera Lasiacis, Panicum, Bromus) See carricillo."
\semref wítlátl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07557
\lxam i:xte:ntla:tla:katsi:n
\lxam_c i:xte:ntla:tla:katsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e pupil of the eyes
\sense_s pupila del ojo
\sense_d Am
\semfld body
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root tla:ka
\nse In my notes for Ameyaltepec I have noted that this refers to the pupil, the black center of the eye. However, Florencia Marcelino (Oapan) mentioned that Oapan
i:xtetla:katsi:nrefers to the entire colored part of the eyes. However, Roberto Mauricio stated that this term refers only to the pupil.
\qry I have noted that the reduplicated vowel is definitely long, although in one entry I had originally recorded it short. Nevertheless, note that in Oapan the /te/ is short and there is no
reduplication. Recheck Ameyaltepec. I originally had this as pupil, but FM stated that it refers to the entire colored part of the eyes.
\vl Check when recorded
\semref i:xtetla:katsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07558
\lxam tekanaktik
\lxam_c tekanaktik
\lxoa tekanahtik
\lxoa_cpend tekanahtik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\lexical Lex. te-
\sense_e very thin (e.g., a cloth, flat things whose"thickness"can be measured or judged)
\sense_s muy delgado (p. ej., una tela, cosas planas que tienen grosor)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xnikwi:kas, ti:roh tekanaktik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'm not going to take it (i.e., buy it), it's really very thin.
\phrase_s No me lo voy a llevar (esto es, comprarlo), es muy delgado.
\root te-
\root kana:
\semref chi:kanahtik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref chi:kanahtik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07559
\lxam momolo:naltia
\lxam_c kimomolo:naltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to fluff up (e.g., cotton, hitting it with a light stick to make it spongy or fluffy)
\sense_s esponjar (p. ej., algodón, batiendo y golpeándolo para que se haga más esponjoso; véase mómolo:nia)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kimomolo:naltia ichkatl para ma nakokwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She beats and stirs up the cotton so that it puffs up.
\phrase_s Bate y agita el algodón para que se esponje.
\root molo:
\qry Originally I had /kimo:molo:naltia ichkatl para ma nakukwi/. However, based on the evidence from Oapan and elsewhere I have temporarily assumed that the vowel here is short.
This should be checked carefully in elicitation.
\semref mómoló:nia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07560
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlantra:nkah
\lxoa_cpend tlantra:nkah
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan tranca
\loan_t Part
\psm Adj
\der N-loan
\sense_e person missing his front teeth, particularly his upper front teeth
\sense_s persona a quien le hace falta sus dientes frontales, particularmente los de arriba
\sense_d Oa
\root tlan
\semref tlankole:toh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tlankoyak
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07561
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlantrá:nkatík
\lxoa_cpend tlantrá:nkatík
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan tranca
\loan_t Part
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\pitch yes
\sense_e person missing his front teeth, particularly his upper front teeth
\sense_s persona a quien le hace falta sus dientes frontales, particularmente los de arriba
\sense_d Oa
\ncol tlantra:nka
\root tlan
\ref 07562
\lxam xye:ktli
\lxam_c xye:ktli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Neg-N
\der N-b
\sense_e Devil (Oapan synonym: xkwahli)
\sense_s diablo (sinónimo en Oapan: xkwahli)
\sense_d Am
\src_s DT #8: 127
\phrase_n I:kone:w xye:ktli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is the child of the Devil.
\phrase_s Es el hijo del Diablo.
\root ye:k
\ref 07563
\lxam uweliwi
\lxam_c uweliwi
\lxoa té:welíwi
\lxoa_pr té:weliwi
\lxoa_cpend té:welíwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am); Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) (Oa)
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to come or fall apart; to break (e.g., a machine or similar object)
\sense_s estropearse; descomponerse (p. ej., una máquina)
\sense_d Pending
\root wel
\nse Uweliwi (Am) / té:welíwi (Oa) is used only with material objects, particularly ones that function or are in some way put together.
\nae Ameyaltepec reduplication of initial /w/ followed by a vowel is simply /u/, hence {weh + welowa} is realized as uwelowa. In Oapan the form of this verb in the
transitive and intransitive has the"dummy morpheme" te- which acquires the pitch accent and length of the reduplicant.
\ref 07564
\lxam kabai:tos
\lxam_c kabai:tos
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan caballito
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e merry-go-round
\sense_s tiovivo;
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Nopa:lakachotok kabai:tos, ipan titleko:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The merry-go-round is spinning around, you'll get on it.
\phrase_s Estádando vueltas el tiovivo, vas a subir.
\qry Check whether Oapan form exists.
\ref 07565
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlipili:naltilia
\lxoa_cpend kitlipili:naltilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ap[ca]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to slightly cook for (usually things such as meat that are place on a koma:hli , though occasionally on embers, in order to prevent spoilage from the sun)
\sense_s cocer ligeramente sobre el fuego para (algn, p. ej., carne con el fin de evitar que se eche a perder con el calor)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld cook
\root tli
\root pili:
\xref tlipili:ni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\semref tlimiktilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07566
\lxam tlimiki
\lxam_c tlimiki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\trans +Caus
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to become slightly cooked (usually things such as meat that are place on a koma:hli or cooked in a pan; e.g., birds are made to tlipili:ni on the
clay griddle so that they don't go bad overnight, meat is partially cooked in a pan or pot, maybe 15 minutes or so when it is late at night so that it doesn't spoil)
\sense_s cocerse ligeramente (algo como un pájaro sobre el comal ligeramente, o carne en agua hervida en un sarten o olla; no se cocina bien, se hace para evitar que se eche a
perder con el calor, p. ej., carne)
\sense_d Am
\semfld cook
\root tli
\root mik
\qry Note that /tlimiki/ was not in my original database, but the causative and applicative of the causative were, as were the cognate Oa forms /tlipili:ni/, /tlipili:naltia/ and /tlipili:naltilia. The
existence of /tlimiki/ needs, therefore, to be checked.
\xref tlimiktia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\semref tlipili:ni
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07567
\lxam sesé:k
\lxam_c sesé:k
\lxoa sese:k
\lxoa_cpend @sese:k
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans Compl
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e cold
\sense_s frío
\sense_d Pending
\root se
\qry_h Check for presence of /h/
\ref 07568
\lxam to:toloktsi:n
\lxam_c to:toloktsi:n
\lxgen to:toloktsi:n
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e wild fruit resembling grapes in appearance
\sense_s fruta silvestre parecida a uvas
\sense_d Am
\sense_e vine (by extension) on which the former fruit grows
\sense_s bejucco (por extensión) que produce la susodicha fruta
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n To:toloktsi:n | Tla:ki, itla:kihlo miák ki:sa, miák itla:kihlo. Seki wel kikwa deke yo:iksik pero me:dioh mitskamaxoxopo:nalti:s, mitskamatso:tso:tili:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e To:toloktsi:n : It bears fruit, much fruit is born, it has a lot of fruit. Some people can eat it if it's ripe, but it will cause some pimples in your mouth, it will
cause some sores in your mouth.
\phrase_s To:toloktsi:n : Tiene fruta, mucha fruta sale, tiene mucha fruta. Alguno lo pueden comer si ya se puso a sazón, pero te hace salir algunos granitos en la
boca, te da algo deúlceras en la boca.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root tol
\nae The etymology of this word is problematical. Both Ameylatepec and San Juan Tetelcingo have what appears to be a short stem vowel preceded by long vowel reduplication.
Whereas the variation between /owa/ and /iwa/ in the various Oapan Nahuatl forms is not entirely unexpected, more problematical is the distinction between the stem-initial vowel in
Ameyaltepec and San Juan Tetelcingo forms on the one hand, and the Oapan forms on the other. Although it would seem that there is a common etymology among the dialect
variations, it is not clear what this might be. For now all variants of this plants name have been considered to have as a root tol, with a short vowel. More
comparative evidence is needed from other dialects. Cf. to:tolopochiwi.
\qry_h Get this word not only from SJ, but from various other surrounding villages.
\vl The vowel lenght of the Oapan form needs to be checked. It is unclear why the first syllable here is long but in the cognate forms from other dialects the stem-initial syllable
is apparently short. These should be rechecked. However, note that Oapan Nahuatl frequently deleted intervocalic stops between two identical vowel. Make sure to include
two different pronunciations of the Oapan speakers on linked file. The clearest pronunciation of a long vowel in this word is that of Hoyo de la Rosa on MD
0013_07_000_99 at 19 secs.
\ref 07569
\lxam tlanxixi:nia
\lxam_c kitlanxixi:nia
\lxoa tlá:nxí:nia
\lxoa_cpend kitlá:nxí:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cause (sbs) teeth to fall out
\sense_s hacer caer los dientes a (algn)
\sense_d Pending
\fla tlanxixi:ni
\root tlan
\root xi:
\qry I have added this entry. In revising the dictionary I noted that the entry to /tlanxi:nia/ had a xref to /tlanxixi:nia/, but this latter was not in the dictionary. I have created it on the basis of
what I was probably told by Florencia Marcelino, that only the reduplicated form exists. This is definitely the case with the intransitive. But the transitive needs to be confirmed.
\nse According to one consultant the nonreduplicated form * tlanxi:ni does not exist. Although no explanation was given, a speaker's reluctance to accept the nonreduplicated,
singular form might be related to the semantics of xi:ni, which seems to indicate the action of multiple objects (of a mass or uncountable noun) falling out of something
onto the ground (e.g., corn from a sack, money from a bag, etc.). If this is the meaning of the basic verb, then the fact that * tlanxi:ni is unacceptable or rare is
undertandable; the verb tlanwetsi is used to indicate the falling out of one tooth. Nevertheless, perhaps other speakers would accept the unreduplicated form. This is
suggested by the fact that one documented use of the verb xi:ni with the subject tlantli is the following, O:tlan tlankopi:ni, ye bie:joh, o:tlan xi:ni
itlanwa:n , in which singular xi:ni is used with a plural noun, itlanwa:n.
\vl If this is the wrong number, cf. /tlanxixi:ni/
\ref 07570
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa papatla:ntsi:n
\lxoa_cpend papatla:ntsi:n
\lxgen kwitlakohtle
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e tree identified as Gyrocarpus jatrophifoliusDomin of the Hernandiaceae family
\sense_s árbol identificado como Gyrocarpus jatrophifoliusDomin de la familia Hernandiaceae
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root patla:
\semref kwitlakohtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07571
\lxam i:xtlamumuwi
\lxam_c i:xtlamumuwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-[tla-V1]
\der V1-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to be afraid of heights
\sense_s tener miedo a la altura
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Newa xok ma:s nitleko:s. Ni:xtlamomowi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I won't go up any higher (e.g., on a tree). I am fearful of heights.
\phrase_s Ya no subo más (p. ej., en unárbol). Me da miedo la altura.
\root i:x
\root mawi
\qry Make sure that Am /i:xtlamomowi/ and Oa /í:xmumúwi/ are the same in semantics, etc.
\grm See comment under /i:xtlamati/. Ask Michel about the etymology of both /i:xtlamomowi/ and /i:xtlamati/.
\root_notes Comment on root /mawi/, which in Ameyaltepec and other pueblos of the Balsas River basin, is realized as /mowi/.
\semref í:xmomówi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07572
\lxam ka:ka:waltsi:n
\lxam_c ka:ka:waltsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e name of a group of flowers, apparently with two members
\sense_s nombre de un grupo de plantas herbáceas incluye dos miembros
\sense_d Am
\sense_e type of plant known for its flowers within the group of the same name
\sense_s tipo de planta conocida por su flor dentro de un grupo del mismo nombre
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld fl
\root ka:wa
\notes_nature This flower grows wild, san ixwa. It is not planted. Apparently the name is related to the lexeme ka:wahli 'widow(er)' and may refer to the fact
that this plant grows solitarily, or that it only has a single brightly colored flower.
\vl Check vowel length of first /a:/ in that in one entry I had it long and the other short.
\semref sása:migé:ltsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref ne:nepantsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 07573
\lxam kostik xo:chitl uwe:i
\lxam_c kostik xo:chitl uwe:i
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\sense_e type of herbaceous plant with a large yellow flower that blooms in the summer; member of the Asteraceae family plants
\sense_s tipo de planta herbácea con una flor grande y amarilla, miembro de la familia Asteraceae
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld fl
\semfld plant
\semfld fl
\root kos
\root xo:chi
\root we:i
\semref kostik xo:chitl wekapania
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref ka:ka:walxihtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07574
\lxam tlayekwanilia
\lxam_c kitlayekwanilia
\lxoa tláyekwánilia
\lxoa_pr tlayekwanilia
\lxoa_cpend kitláyekwánilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to move animals that have been tethered and let out to pasture from one grazing place to another for (sb)
\sense_s cambiar animales dejado a apacentar de un lugar a otro para (algn)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xne:xtlayekwanili! Okse: la:doh xkinsa:lo noyo:lka:wa:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Move them for me! Tie up my animals in another place.
\phrase_s ¡Cámbialos de lugar para mí!¡Amarra mis animales en otro lado.
\root hkwani
\xref tlayekwania
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref tláyekwánía
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\xref ekwania
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\xref ékwaniá
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Oa
\ref 07575
\lxam to:nalowa
\lxam_c to:nalowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-owa
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to spend the whole day (doing sth)
\sense_s pasar todo el día (haciendo algo)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:nito:nalo:to icha:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I went and spent the whole day at his house.
\phrase_s Fui y pasaste todo el día en su casa.
\phrase_n Ke:no:n o:tito:naloh a:man?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How did you spend the (whole) day today?
\phrase_s ¿Cómo pasaste todo el día how?
\root to:na
\qry Check for transitive form
\semref se:to:nalowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07576
\lxam towe:weh
\lxam_c towe:weh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\sense_e see we:weh
\sense_s véase we:weh
\sense_d Am
\root we:weh
\semref ma:noh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07577
\lxam we:weh
\lxam_c we:weh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N0/2; Aln(0=2)
\sense_e term used in various forms to refer to adult men: we:weh and towe:weh
\sense_s término utilizado en varias formas para referirse a hombres adultos: we:weh and towe:weh
\sense_d Am
\sense_e (we:weh + [personal name]) don [personal name of an elder man]
\sense_s (we:weh + [nombre personal]) don [nombre personal de un hombre mayor de edad]
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ye wa:hlatok we:weh Bena:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We:weh Benan is already coming.
\phrase_s We:weh Benan ya viene.
\sense_e (we:weh) vocative for adult men of relatively advanced age
\sense_s (we:weh) vocativo para hombres adultos de una edad relativamente avanzada
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ka:n tiaw we:weh?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where are you going sir?
\phrase_s ¿Dónde vas don?
\sense_e (towe:weh) elder man of the village
\sense_s (towe:weh) hombre mayor de edad del pueblo
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Se: towe:weh ya:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e An elder man of our village will go.
\phrase_s Un hombre mayor de edad de nuestro pueblo irá.
\root we:weh
\nse We:weh is a common term of greeting in Ameyaltepec (much like ma:nohis in Oapan). It is also commonly used in the first person plural possessed
form to refer to an elder man from the home village. As a term placed immediately before a last name (as in We:weh Bena:n) it is not common and is given to only a
few men (not necessarily the most respected of the community).
\ref 07578
\lxam tenexkokoya:ya
\lxam_c tenexkokoya:ya
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp [N-N]-S-V1
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\trans ~Trans
\sense_e to get too much lime (particularly the water used to make nextamahli)
\sense_s pasarse de cal (particularmente el agua que se usa para hacer nixtamal)
\sense_d Am
\root te
\root nex
\root koko
\root hya
\semref tenextésokwiyá:ya
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07579
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tenextésokwiyá:ya
\lxoa_pr tenextesokwiya:ya
\lxoa_cpend tenextésokwiyá:ya
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp [N-N]-S-V1
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to get too much lime (particularly the water used to make nextamahli)
\sense_s pasarse de cal (particularmente el agua que se usa para hacer nixtamal)
\sense_d Oa
\root te
\root nex
\root te-
\root sohkwi
\root hya
\semref a:xi:xtésokwiyá:ya
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref tenexkokoya:ya
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07580
\lxam tlanpapatil
\lxam_c tlanpapatil
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to have crooked teeth
\sense_s tener los dientes chuecos
\sense_d Am
\root tlan
\root patil
\nse Given the semantics of this compound, that more than one tooth is crooked, it has only been documented with a reduplicated root.
\nae The documented Ameyaltepec form is perhaps an apocopated adjectival (? tlampapatiltik) whereas the Oapan form is fully nominal. Nevertheless, they are
considered as one entry pending further analysis (i.e., perhaps Ameyaltepec has both a nominal, or adjectival, and apocopated forms.
\qry Make sure that the nasal is actually an /m/ and not an /n/, since the sequence /np/ does seem to occur in other cases.
\ref 07581
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:skalxo:chitl
\lxoa_cpend a:skalxo:chitl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e type of flower
\sense_s tipo de flor
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld fl
\root a:ska
\root xo:chi
\nse At one point Florencia Marcelino thought that Oapan a:skalxo:chitl was the same as Ameyaltepec chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl , she was not sure. Fieldwork will
be necessary to sustain or negate this identification.
\semfld flower
\qry Check also the possibility that there is an Am word by this name.
\semref chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07582
\lxam a:wa:xin
\lxam_c a:wa:xin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e Leucaena leucocephala(Lam.) DeWit, guaje of the Fabaceae (ex Leguminosae) family with edible fruit
\sense_s Leucaena leucocephala(Lam.) DeWit, guaje de la familia Fabaceae (ex Leguminosae) con frutos comestibles
\sense_d Am
\sense_e fruit of the tree of this name
\sense_s fruta delárbol de este nombre
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n A:wa:xin | Nokwa, tla:ki ipan septie:mbreh, xtlah para.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Luis Lucena (personal communication)
\phrase_e It (the fruit of the a:waxkuhtli) is edible, the tree bears fruit in September, it (i.e., its wood) is not good for anything.
\phrase_s Es (la fruta del a:waxkuhtli) se come, elárbol rinde su fruta en septiembre, no es bueno (esto es, su madera) para nada.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\semfld edible
\root a:
\root wa:x
\nse The a:wa:xin fruit is eaten in September. In Ameyaltepec there are few of these trees, which are so named because they grow near the water or river. In Oapan, given
that people live along the river banks and this tree grows in housesites, it is called kalwa:xin.
\semref a:wa:xkohtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kalwa:xin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref kalwa:xkohtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07583
\lxam koko:l
\lxam_c koko:l
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N0/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e see koko:hli
\sense_s véase koko:hli
\sense_d Am
\root ko:l
\ref 07584
\lxam tsi:nteki
\lxam_c kitsi:nteki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a(k)
\ref 07585
\lxam a:yoh
\lxam_c a:yoh
\lxoa a:yoh
\lxoa_cpend a:yoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der V2-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Intrans
\sense_e juicy (a fruit, etc.)
\sense_s jugoso (una fruta, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with a human subject) to have the characteristic of bringing rain as one appears in a village
\sense_s (con un sujeto humano) tener el poder o el caracter de traer lluvia consigo
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\qry I have added this entry. It should be rechecked. Check for /a:yowa/.
\ref 07586
\lxam itipoti:xa
\lxam_c itipoti:xa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan botija (?)
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\sense_e to have a big, swollen or inflated belly; pot-bellied (a person or animal)
\sense_s ser panzón; tener con una gran y hinchada barriga; tener panza de músico (una persona o animal)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Cho titipoti:xatsi:n
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You have a pretty swollen (pot) belly.
\phrase_s Eres algo de un barrigón.
\sense_e to have a large bulbous middles (e.g., ceramic vases, water containers, large jugs)
\sense_s tener una parte en medio muy bulbosa (p. ej., cerámica, jarrones, tinajas o cualquier recipiente con esta forma)
\sense_d Pending
\root hti
\nse Can refer to a person or animal, a pregnant woman, or vases and other such items with a big round center, although in regard to people it usually refers to someone with a big belly,
usually because of illnes, particularly malnutrition. However, it may be extented to include other causes, e.g. pregnancy. This is used to refer to a person who is not necessarily fat,
but who has a big belly. That is, he may have thin arms, legs, neck, etc. but the belly is inflated. Often this is used to refer to children who because of malnutrition have swollen
bellies, or to people (e.g. beer drinkers) who have pot-bellies.
\qry The etymology of this should be checked, apparently the root /poti:xa/ does not exist in other dialects. It is also unclear whether this should be classified as noun or adjective. Check
length of /o/. Also, L. Lucena gave form with final /h/; check to see if there is a final /h/ or whether it is a glottal stop. Possibly both forms exist. The presence of /te-/ is not
documented directly from /itipoti:xah/ but for the intransitive verbal /iti(te)poti:xatia/. Check.
\semref ítipó:xatík
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07587
\lxam itipoti:xatia
\lxam_c itipoti:xatia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) botija (?)
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-d-tia
\lexical Op. infix te- ; ititepoti:xatia
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to get a swollen belly (from any of a variety of causes: eating, pregnancy, illness, etc.)
\sense_s quedar panzón; hincharsele la barriga a (por cualquier de una variedad de causas: comer demasiado, un embarazo, enfermedad, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:itipoti:xatiak. Saniman o:pi:tso:t.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He (in this case a child, although also applicable to an animal) got a swollen belly. He was affected (became sickly) by the birth of a younger sibling.
\phrase_s Aél (en este caso un niño, aunque también puede referirse a un animal) se le hinchóla barriga. Se enfermópor el nacimiento de un hermano menor (esto es, tuvo chípil).
\phrase_n Yo:itipoti:xatiak, o:stli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Her belly has swollen up, she's pregnant.
\phrase_s Se le hinchóla barriga, estáembarazada.
\root hti
\qry Investigate etymology. Determine whether this entry should be separated into two. If not, xreference.
\qry_fon Recheck vowel length for Am form here.
\semref ítipó:xatiá
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07588
\lxam a:nahlo
\lxam_c i:a:nahlo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-yo
\infn N2
\sense_e sth adjoining, adjacent or contiguous to, or joined with (sth else [Poss], e.g., to a plot of land, etc.)
\sense_s algo junto o aundado a (otra cosa [Pos], p. ej., en referencia a una parcela de tierra, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n I:a:nahlo itla:l Beltran.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is a parcel of land contiguous to Beltran's land.
\phrase_s Es un pedazo de tierra que estájunto a la tierra de Beltran.
\root a:na
\nse This word is apparently only used in reference to land, and refers to to a small parcel of land that is somewhat separte from the main portion of cleared land but that neverthless is
part of the same possession. This work is slightly distinct from iwa:n a:ntok , which seems to refer not only to two pieces of land that are adjoining but to a piece of
land that is physically somewhat separate but part of the same parcel as another piece of land.
\qry Determine difference between /ia:nahlo/ and /iwa:n a:ntok/.
\semref a:nka
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref a:ntok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07589
\lxam mi:naltilia
\lxam_c kimi:naltilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap[ca]
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to prop up with a stick or pole (e.g., a house or wall that is falling down, or a fruit-laden branch of a tree, etc.)
\sense_s apuntallar con un palo u horcón (p. ej., una casa o pared que estáa punto de caerse, o una rama de unárbol cargada de fruta)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Wa:lwestok un tira:nteh. Xmi:naltili!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That tirante is falling over. Prop it up with a pole (usually of wood).
\phrase_s Este tirante estápor caerse.¡Apuntállalo con un horcón!
\phrase_n Ye wa:lwestok mokal. Xmi:naltili se: komaxahli para ma:ka wetsis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your house is falling down. Prop it up with a forked stick so that it doesn't fall over!
\phrase_s Se estácayendo tu casa.¡Apuntállalo con un horcón para que no se caiga!
\sense_e to plow over (e.g., a weed in order to destroy it)
\sense_s pasar el arado sobre (p. ej., una hierba para destruirla)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xmi:naltili un xiwtli, ke:n tila:wtok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Run over that weed with a plow! How the weeds have gotten thick and overgrown.
\phrase_s ¡Pasa el arado sobre esa hierba!¡Quétanta hierba hay!
\sense_e to stick a long pointed object into
\sense_s meter un objeto largo y puntiagudo en
\sense_d Pending
\root mi:na
\nae Ameyaltepec mi:naltilia is unexpected in that the change in valency from mi:na to mi:naltilia is only one argument, but the morphology (a
causative and applicative) suggests that two arguments would be added. This should be explored as the Oapan equivalent, mi:niliais simply an applicative of the
transitive base verb mi:ni.
\qry For the second phrase in regard to the weed, check the precise meaning of /mi:naltilia/. Check also for simple causative /mi:naltia/.
\mod See drawing on original filecard.
\nse Note that although mi:na is a transitive verb, here the double derivation of causative plus applicative is used. Apparently the applicative is formed on a transitive
mi:naltia , which is not in my corpus. Moreover, if it were, it would seemingly be ditransitive, and thus the applicative would have an additional argument. However, it
appears that the verb mi:naltilia is ditransitive, thus the causativization and addition of an applicative marker on a basic transitive does not seem to add the number of
arguments that one would expect.
\semref mi:nilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07590
\lxam tlamia:wahli
\lxam_c tlamia:wahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of tree still not identified nor collected; in Spanish it is called both tlamiawal or palo morado
\sense_s tipo deárbol todavía no identificado no colectado; en español se llama tanto 'tlamiawal' como 'palo morado'
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlamia:wahli | Chika:wak. Bwe:noh para timó:n, para a:chakuwtli, ikuwyo pi:koh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tlamia:wahli : It is hard. It is good for the timón of a plow, for axe handles, for the handle on picks.
\phrase_s Tlamia:wahli : Es duro. Es bueno para el timón de los arados, para la manga de hachas, por las mangas de picos.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root tlamia:wal
\notes_nature The wood of this tree is also good for the main beams of houses (mori:yoh). It is extremely hard. The tree flowers in January and February with small,
purplish flowers. The Spanish name was given by Tomás Muñoz García, a man originally from Teloloapan who now lives in Iguala.
\qry Etymology uncertain, check.
\semref tlaye:wahli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref tlapeya:wahli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07591
\lxam cha:nku:kupi
\lxam_alt cha:nku:kupik
\lxam_c cha:nku:kupi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-0
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e Proboscidea fragans, a bush, member of the Pedaliaceae family, whose fruit is called toto:roh and which has a purplish flower that blooms in
September
\sense_s Proboscidea fragans, un arbusto, miembro de la familia Pedaliaceae, cuya fruta se llama toto:roh y que tiene una flor moradita que se pone en
septiembre
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root cha:n
\root kopi:
\nae The etymology of cha:nko:kopi is not clear, but it may come from kopi:ni in some sort of apocopated form, particularly given the alternate
pronunciation of cha:nko:kopik. Note that in general many verbs that end in -V:ni have a derived form ending in -ktik. This might be
the case here.
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give chanco:copi , which they identify as the cabeza de toro. Check the identification of this with the
okichyo:yotli , which also has a fruit called toto:roh.
\mod Connect /toto:roh/ to proper headword entry.
\grm Cf. the form /cha:nko:kopik/ and suggest possible derivation from /kopi:ni/. The reason for /cha:n/ is not clear. Note also that in another entry I had a short /a/ for Oapan:
/kwakwakohtsi:n/. Recheck.
\semref kwákwa:kohtsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07592
\lxam ikxitekwia
\lxam_c kikxitekwia
\lxoa íxitekwía
\lxoa_pr ixitekwia
\lxoa_f ['i xi te 'kwi a]
\lxoa_cpend kíxitekwía
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3c(pia)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to wrap cloth around a foot or leg
\sense_s vendar el pie o la pierna con una tela
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root te
\root hkwiya
\semref ikxitlake:nwia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07593
\lxam ika
\lxam_c ika noyo:hlo
\lxoa ya:
\lxoa_cpend ya: noyo:hlo
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Conj
\der Conj
\sense_e with
\sense_s con
\sense_d Pending
\root_rel -ka
\nae Apparently Ameyaltepec ika and Oapan ya (for iya or ika) are grammaticalized terms derived from the relational noun
-ka and the 3rd-person possessor prefix i:-. Nevertheless, it seems that in this grammaticalized form the initial /i/ has been shortened. More
acoustic analysis will be necessary, however,
\qry Determine length of /i/ in /ika/.
\ref 07594
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa á:yotík
\lxoa_cpend á:yotík
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-tik-yoh
\pitch yes
\sense_e to be watery
\sense_s ser aguado
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\ref 07595
\lxam kextesasa:wa
\lxam_c kextesasa:wa
\lxoa kexté:sá:wa
\lxoa_cpend kexté:sá:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\lexical rdp-s-; te-
\semfld disease
\sense_e person with his neck covered with a rash, pox, or similar types of skin conditions due to lack of cleanliness
\sense_s persona cuyo cuello estácubierto de sarpullido, roña u otras enfermedades de la piel que se manifiestan por falta de higiene en granitos, comezón, etc.
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root sa:wa
\fl sa:watl
\qry Check for final /h/: correct Am /sasa:wa/ if necessary. Check whether this is best considered a verb or noun. Check if /tsi:nté:sá:wa/ is also acceptable.
\semref sasa:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 07596
\lxam kaka:nilia
\lxam_c kikaka:nilia
\lxoa áka:nília
\lxoa_pr aka:nilia
\lxoa_cpend káka:nília
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to sift for, particularly in removing the chaff from a grain
\sense_s cribar o cerner para, particularmente para quitar el hollejo de granos
\sense_d Pending
\root aka:
\qry Make sure Oapan form is with initial vowel and Am with initial /k/, as with base verbs.
\xref kaka:nia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref áká:nia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 07597
\lxam kakapaxe:wi
\lxam_c tekakapaxe:wi
\lxoa te:kapaxe:wi
\lxoa_cpend te:kapaxe:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\infv class-3a(w)
\lexical Reduced rdp-s*(prev-te)
\sense_e see te:kapaxiwi
\sense_s véase te:kapaxiwi
\sense_d Oa
\root kapax
\root e:w
\qry Check whether Am also has alternate form /tekakapaxe:wi/ here, for /tekakapaxiwi/.
\ref 07598
\lxam kitetso:tsonilia
\lxam_c kitetso:tsonilia
\lxoa tetso:tsonilia
\lxoa_cpend kitetso:tsonilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to strike or pound repeatedly with a rock for (sb, e.g., in order to chip away at sth, to drive in a nail for them, etc.)
\sense_s golpear repetidas veces con una piedra para (algn, p. ej., para desportillar algo, meter un clavo paraél, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root te
\root tsona
\qry Check whether /tetsonilia/ or /tetsotsonilia/ exist
\xref tetso:tsona
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07599
\lxam -titlan
\lxam_c a:titlan
\lxoa -titlan
\lxoa_cpend a:titlan
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Suf(loc)
\der ti-N(rel)
\sense_e combinational form of the relational noun -tlanused after nominal stems to indicate 'on [noun]'
\sense_s forma combinatoria del sustantivo relacional -tlanpara usarse después de una raíz nominal
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root_rel -tlan
\ref 07600
\lxam sila:ntroh
\lxam_c sila:ntroh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan cilantro
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e corriander, a type of edible plant
\sense_s cilatro, un tipo de planta comestible
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\ency_note Cultivated plants: maize, beans, squash, sesame, flowers, herbs, trees
\semref kola:ntoh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07601
\lxam kwahkosahki
\lxam_c kwahkosahki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ki
\infn N1
\sense_e a type of tree of the Leguminosae family, as yet not identified
\sense_s tipo deárbol de la familia Leguminosae, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwahkosahki | Bwe:noh para tlikuwtli. Iyo:l me:dioh kokostik, yewa ika kihlian kwahkosahki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Kwahkosahki : It is good for firewood. Its heartwood is somewhat yellowish, for this reason it is called kwahkosahki.
\phrase_s Kwahkosahki : Es bueno para leña. Su corazón es algo amarillo y es por eso que le dicen kwahkosahki.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root kwaw
\root kos
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) have cuahcosactli and Ramírez (1991) has kwawkosaktli. Both identify this as palo sabino and the
latter gives the family as Leguminosae and the genus/species as Cassia spp. Schoenhals (1988:137) lists six trees of the genus
Cassia , but none known as palo sabino. Guizar N. and Sánchez V. give no tree known as palo sabino , nor do they have any
trees of the Cassia genus except the paraca(p. 115), which is of the family Leguminosae; caesalpinioideaeand whose genus species is
given as Senna (ex Cassia) skinneri. According to my consultants, the heartwood of this tree is yellow: kostiktsi:n iyo:l.
\semref kosahtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07602
\lxam kwa:texi:kaltik
\lxam_c kwa:texi:kaltik
\lxoa kwa:texi:kaltik
\lxoa_cpend kwa:texi:kaltik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Lex. inflix te-
\sense_e to have a loud voice or cry; to be always talking or shouting in a loud voice
\sense_s ser gritón (una person, o ciertos animales); ser algn que habla o grita fuerte
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\root te-
\root xi:kal
\qry During elicitation of /kwa:teki:kal/, FM mentioned that Oapan also has /kwa:texi:kaltik/.
\ref 07603
\lxam kuwcha:charah
\lxam_c *kuwcha:charah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan sonsorrón (?)
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e noisemaker used during Holy Week
\sense_s matraca, aparato para hacer ruido durante Semana Santa
\sense_d Am
\ilus_note Make illustration.
\semref so:sórron
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tlakakalatsahli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07604
\lxam pa:patla
\lxam_c pa:patla
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e type of edible plant of the Asteraceae family, still not identified
\sense_s tipo de planta comestible de la familia Asteraceae todavía no identificada
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld edible
\root patla:
\nse The etymology of pa:patla is uncertain, but it seems to be an apocapated and reduplicated form of the root patla:. One consultant identified the
Spanish name for this plant as pápalo.. Another consultant mentioned that it is called xoxolin in Ahuehuepan. This has not been confirmed. Florencia
Marcelino gave the name of this as pá:paloh, which she and her husband, Inocencio Jiménez, stated was Spanish. Silvestre Pantaleón identified it later, during botanical
fieldwork, as tsómakíhli de té:sokoyá:k
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1988) has an entry for pápaloquelite: (Porophyllum spp., e.g., P. coloratum) 'odora' Aromatic and edible herb which is also used
medicinally for rheumatism and other ailments. Also called hierba del venado."FK identifies this, based on Tetelcingo, Morelos, as quequesque. Schoenhals has
quequexte:"(Xanthosoma spp. e.g., X. robustom 'elephant ears', 'yautia' Gigantic leaves of up to two meters across which are used as
umbrellas. The milky sap can coagulate the latex of the rubber tree. Also called capote, hoja elegante, mafafa, tarabundí". However, from the fact that this is an edible
plant, probably the identification with Porophyllum is correct. Ramírez (1991) has for pa:patla the Spanish pápalo, with no
further identification.
\semref pá:paloh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref tsómakíhli de té:sokoyá:k
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07605
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsómakíhli de té:sokoyá:k
\lxoa_cpend tsómakíhli de té:sokoyá:k
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\pitch yes
\sense_e type of edible plant of the Asteraceae family, still not identified
\sense_s tipo de planta comestible de la familia Asteraceae todavía no identificada
\sense_d Oa
\semfld lifeform
\semfld plant
\semfld edible
\nae The term pá:paloh is a borrowing from Spanish, but a very common term for the plant in Nahuatl called pa:patla. During botanical fieldwork Silvestre
Pantaleón gave tsómakíhli de té:sokoyá:kas the name of the plant called pa:patla in Ameyaltepec.
\qry Check to determine whether /pá:paloh/ is also used in Ameyaltepec.
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1988) has an entry for pápaloquelite: (Porophyllum spp., e.g., P. coloratum) 'odora' Aromatic and edible herb which is also used
medicinally for rheumatism and other ailments. Also called hierba del venado."FK identifies this, based on Tetelcingo, Morelos, as quequesque. Schoenhals has
quequexte:"(Xanthosoma spp. e.g., X. robustom 'elephant ears', 'yautia' Gigantic leaves of up to two meters across which are used as
umbrellas. The milky sap can coagulate the latex of the rubber tree. Also called capote, hoja elegante, mafafa, tarabundí". However, from the fact that this is an edible
plant, probably the identification with Porophyllum is correct. Ramírez (1991) has for pa:patla the Spanish pápalo, with no
further identification.
\semref pa:patla
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref pá:paloh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07606
\lxam xokotlatlatowa
\lxam_c xokotlatlatowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-[tla-V2]
\der tla-V2
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to talk big and brag
\sense_s hablar mucho y en una manera jactante
\sense_d Am
\root xoko
\root hto
\ref 07607
\lxam okichyo:yotli de tlatla:katl
\lxam_c okichyo:yotli de tlatla:katl
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-complex
\der N-b
\sense_e Thevetia pinifolia(Standl. & Steyerm.) J.K. Williams, a tree of the Apocynaceae family with fruit called toto:roh
\sense_s Thevetia pinifolia(Standl. & Steyerm.) J.K. Williams,árbol de la familia Apocynaceae con fruta que se llama toto:roh
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root okich
\root yoh
\root tla:ka
\semfld flower
\qry Etymology uncertain, perhaps a lexicalized reduplication. Speakers should be asked if the name has anything to do with a characteristic of the tree. Check for the difference between
/yo:yotli/ and /okichyo:yotli/, if there is one. Again check difference between /kostik/ and /kokostik/, or is this just a pluralization.
\semref yó:yotlíyón tla:katl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07608
\lxam kwa:tekoyo:nia
\lxam_c kikwa:tekoyo:nia
\lxoa kwa:tekoyo:nia
\lxoa_cpend kwa:tekoyo:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to open up a piercing wound in the head of (sb, e.g,. with a rock por other sharp and pointed instrument)
\sense_s abrir un agujero en la cabeza de (algn, p. ej., con una piedra u otra cosa punzante)
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\root koyo:
\disamb kwa:chi:koya:wi
\qry Check difference between this word and /kwa:chi:koya:wi/. FM mistakenly uttered /kwa:tekomo:ni/ here, but I don't have this in the lexicon. It should be added. Note that in the
syna field I had here /kwa:chi:koyo:nia/ but couldn't find it. Check if it is a word.
\semref kwa:chi:koyo:nia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07609
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kowáyotlí
\lxoa_f [ko 'wa yo 'tli]
\lxoa_cpend kowáyotlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\pitch yes
\sense_e Jacaratia mexicana, tree of the Caricaceae family called bonete in Spanish
\sense_s Jacaratia mexicana, arból de la familia Caricaceae comúnmente llamado bonete
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\nse Although some Oapan consultants also call this tree bone:teh, it does have a Nahuatl name: Silvestre Pantaleón, during fieldwork in September and October 2001,
called this tree kowáyotlí, which has a separate entry.
\notes_nature According to Schoenhals (1988:22-23)"(Carica[formerly Pileus] mexicana) '[wild] papaya.' A large tree of hot country whose fruit is similar to a papaya.
The trunk has a conical form and whitish bark; the sap is white. Also called guaguagote, papaya orejona."Ramírez (1991) identifes the bonete as of the family
Caricaceaeand the genus/species Joacavatiaspp. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:167) mention a tree of the family Caricaceaeand genus/species
Jacaratia mexicanaas called in Spanish bonete or cuauayote. In Ameyaltepec I have heard the pronunciations bone:teh
and bune:teh.
\semref bone:teh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref bone:teh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07610
\lxam ina:n tsi:katl
\lxam_c ina:n tsi:katl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\sense_e type of snake, apparently the coralillo or false coralillo
\sense_s tipo de culebra, aparentemente el coralillo o falso coralillo
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld sn
\root na:n
\root tsi:ka
\ency_note kowatl
\notes_nature According to Luis Lucena this snake is not 'bravo'. He identified it as a 'falso corralillo', this should also be checked.
\grm Word order: Note that in response to a question C. Flores stated /xakah kikwa/ with the sense of 'it hasn't ever bitten anyone.' Note the order and discuss.
\semref tlasakana:ntli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07611
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /tlachi:koyaktik/ but apparently is not used or seldom used. Cf. /tlachi:koyahko/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 07612
\lxam isti misto:n
\lxam_c isti misto:n
\lxgen to:mohtle de sisigarri:toh
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-suf
\infn N1; pl. istimisto:meh
\sense_e type of small cactus, to:motli with short, fuzzy spines and that grows only a few inches above the ground
\sense_s tipo de cactus, to:motli , muy pequeño, con púas muy cortas y algo como vellosos y que crece unos centímetros nada más
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root sti
\root mis
\ency_note to:motli
\notes_nature Not mentioned in either Ramírez (1991) or Ramírez and Dakin (1979). From Bravo's (1932) article, it appears that this is the Neomammillaria guerreronis. For a full
list of cacti, see entry under to:motli. Note that it is not clear whether indigenous speakers classify this as a to:motli ; this should be
checked.
\qry Check vowel length with /miston/. Determine what"class"of plant this is, if any, i.e., is there an overarching overt category.
\semref tó:mokohtsí:ntli kási kómichin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref tó:mokohtsí:ntl kwahli kási kómichin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07613
\lxam a:chitsi:n
\lxam_c a:chitsi:n
\lxoa a:chitsi:n
\lxoa_cpend xpale:wi 'chitsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\compound Adv-Dim
\der Adv
\sense_e adverbial particle that indicates a lessening of a verbal predicate
\sense_s partícula adverbial que indicate que un predicado verbal se lleva a cabo con menos intensidad
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ma:ka ihkón yo:li:k xya! Xmokana:wa 'chitsi:n, xmotlalo!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't go along like that so slowly! Get a move on (fly along), run!
\phrase_s ¡No vayas yendo asíde despacio!¡Aliviánate, corre!
\nae It is apparently common for an abbreviated form, 'chitsi:n to be used following consonant-final verbal predicates.
\ref 07614
\lxam ka:ka:walteh
\lxam_c ka:ka:walteh
\lxoa ka:ka:waltih
\lxoa_cpend ka:ka:waltih
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\sense_e irregular plural of ka:wahli
\sense_s plural irregular de ka:wahli
\sense_d Pending
\root ka:wa
\ref 07615
\mod This has been removed as a duplicate of 03163
\dt 11/Jun/2005
\ref 07616
\lxam kextli:ltik
\lxam_c kextli:ltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be black-necked; to have a black neck (e.g., certain types of birds)
\sense_s tener un cuello negro (p. ej., ciertos tipos de pájaros)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlatlatsili:nya:ntsi:n, kextli:ltiktsitsi:nteh, pi:pitikeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The tlatlatsili:nya:ntsi:n , they have black necks, they are very small.
\phrase_s Los tlatlatsili:nya:ntsi:n , tienen sus cuellitos negritos, son muy pequeños.
\semfld body-description
\root kech
\root tli:l
\qry Check out why /kechtli:ltiktsitsi:nteh/ has the diminutive. I would assume that the diminutive refers to the neck, i.e., being small birds they have small necks. But it might modify the
type of 'black', i.e., with just a small part black, or a black color that is not very strong.
\semref kextli:lihki
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07617
\lxam i:xte:nyeyewal
\lxam_c i:xte:nyeyewal
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to have large round eyes (e.g., an owl)
\sense_s tener grandes ojos redondos (p. ej., un tecolote)
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root yewal
\nse In Oapan the base is i:xte ; there is no /n/.
\qry Check to see if this is only used in directly addressing a person.
\semref i:xté:yewál
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07618
\lxam i:xte:nuwe:i
\lxam_c i:xte:nuwe:i
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-tik-adj
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\sense_e to have large or big eyes
\sense_s tener los ojos grandes
\sense_d Pending
\flo i:xté:we:ítik
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root we:i
\qry /i:xte:nuwe:itik/ involves the adjectivalization of an adjective. Check whether /i:xte:nuwe:i/ exists, and the possible difference in meaning with /i:xte:nuwe:itik/.
\grm Adjectivalization: Re: /i:xte:nuwe:itik/ Note how in this case an adjectival affix /-tik/ is added to a form that is an adjective (N-Adj). This should be compared to other similar
constructions /á:yotík/ in Oapan and words like /xa:yakateoomitik/ in Ameyaltepec (cf. /a:yoh/ and /xa:yakateoomi/).
\grm Reduplication Oapan: note: i:xté:we:ítik
\semref i:xté:we:ítik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07619
\lxam a:yoyontsi:n
\lxam_c a:yoyontsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e type of flying insect, apparently a type of dragonfly, that skims the top of the water in a pool, river, stream, etc.
\sense_s tipo de insecto, aparentemente una libélula, que vuela y pasa ligeramente sobre la superficie del agua de un río, lago, charco, etc.
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root a:
\root yoma
\nse Apparently the name of this insect derives from the motion it makes while skimming the surface of water.
\notes_nature Ramírez and Dakin (1979) have teyoyontsin for 'libélula.'
\qry Recheck length in /tsi:n/.
\semref áa:bió:ntsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07620
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yo
\lxoa_alt yó:tsí:n
\lxoa_pr yo:tsi:n
\lxoa_cpend yo
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(ind)
\der Pr-ind
\sense_e shortened form of the 3rd-person emphatic pronoun: he, she, it
\sense_s forma abreviada del pronombre enfático de 3a persona:él, ella
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (~ ya:) for that reason; that's why (see Am yewa)
\sense_s (~ ya:) por esa razón (véase Am yewa)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Tla: tiá:s, yo (= yáwá) to:na titekitis.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e If you go, you will work in the sun.
\phrase_s Si vas, vas a trabajar en el sol.
\root yehwa
\nse The use of the emphatic pronoun in this phrase is unclear.
\semref yáwá
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07621
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa no
\lxoa_alt nó:tsí:n
\lxoa_pr no:tsi:n
\lxoa_cpend no
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Pr(ind)
\der Pr-ind
\sense_e shortened form of the 1st-person emphatic pronoun: I
\sense_s forma abreviada del pronombre enfático de 1a persona: yo
\sense_d Oa
\root nehwa
\semref náwá
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07622
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa to
\lxoa_alt tó:tsí:n
\lxoa_pr to:tsi:n
\lxoa_cpend to
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Pr(ind)
\der Pr-ind
\sense_e shortened form of the 2nd-person emphatic pronoun: you (sg)
\sense_s forma abreviada del pronombre enfático de 2a persona: tú
\sense_d Oa
\root tehwa
\semref táwá
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07623
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ma:á:xopó:nia
\lxoa_cpend kima:á:xopó:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cause a blister (of the type that has water inside and pops) on the hand of
\sense_s hacer salir una ampolla (de las que tienen agua adentro y se revientan) en la mano de
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root a:
\root xopo:
\qry For now I have categorized the trans field as from reflective, indicating that this comes from a nondirected alternation verb. Note that /xopo:ni/, /xopo:nia/ and /xopo:naltia/ exist
(either alone or in combination). This should be checked and the categorization changed accordingly.
\semref ma:xopo:naltia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07624
\lxam ye:xpawia
\lxam_c kiye:xpawia
\lxoa ye:xpawia
\lxoa_f [ye:x pa 'wi a]
\lxoa_cpend kiye:xpawia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e see -pawia (Am) / pawiya(Oa)
\sense_s véase -pawia (Am) / pawiya(Oa)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ye:i
\root_rel -pa
\ref 07625
\lxam tesomelo:n
\lxam_alt tesonmelo:n
\lxam_c tesonmelo:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) meló:n
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e cantaloupe
\sense_s melón
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root teson
\nse The name of this melon derives from its rough skin, see tesontik.
\semref melo:ntesoh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07626
\lxam kextesasa:watik
\lxam_c kextesasa:watik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\semfld disease
\sense_e to have ones neck covered with a rash, pox, or similar types of skin conditions due to lack of cleanliness
\sense_s tener el cuello estácubierto de sarpullido, roña u otras enfermedades de la piel que se manifiestan por falta de higiene en granitos, comezón, etc.
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root sa:wa
\fl sa:watl
\qry Check for final /h/: correct Am /sasa:wa/ if necessary. Check whether this is best considered a verb or noun. Check if /tsi:nté:sá:wa/ is also acceptable.
\semref sasa:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 07627
\lxam kwa:tlatla:hlowa
\lxam_c kwa:tlatla:hlowa
\lxoa kwá:tlatlá:hlowa
\lxoa_cpend kwá:tlatlá:hlowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex rdp-s
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to have ones head get full of dust and dirt
\sense_s llenarsele o cubrirsele la cabeza de polvo y tierra
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root tla:l
\qry I had this note under the adjectival:"The verbal cognates of kwa:tlatla:hloh probably exists and will need to be elicited. Also check if the nonreduplicated form exists."I
have assumed that at least the intrans. verb exists and have added it here.
\ref 07628
\lxam mama:yoh
\lxam_c mama:yoh
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e tree or shrub with a lot of branches
\sense_s árbol o arbusto con muchas ramas
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e wood with a lot of knots
\sense_s madera con muchos nudos
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkwahli pa:mpa mama:yoh. Kipias ye:skah, pala:nki yes itik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It's no good (a branch cut from a tree) because it has a lot of knots. Its bound to be rotten inside with powdery remains.
\phrase_s No estábien (una rama cortada de unárbol) porque tiene muchos nudos. Debe estar podrido por adentro con la madera hecha polvo.
\root ma:
\qry The vowel length in /mama:yoh/ is definite and should be corrected to such in all entries. Cf. note with /ye:skah/.
\semref mámá:wah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07629
\lxam me:sto:nahlo:tl
\lxam_c me:sto:nahlo:tl
\dt 19/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 07630
\lxam tlamanke:tl
\lxam_c tlamanke:tl
\lxoa tlamanke:tl
\lxoa_cpend tlamanke:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who lays out an offering (e.g., on an altar)
\sense_s persona que pone una ofrenda (p. ej., sobre un altar)
\sense_d Oa
\root man
\qry Florencia uttered (recorded) this word mistakenly for /tlamá:maké:tl/. Thus I have added it to the lexicon with my interpretation of what it might mean. This meaning should be
checked.
\ref 07631
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ma:po:te
\lxoa_cpend i:ma:po:te
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-(N-N)
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e large biceps
\sense_s bíceps grandes;"conejos"
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root ma:
\root a:
\root po:te
\nse In this metaphor, a persons biceps, when large, are likened to a xi:lo:tl. Occasionally this will be pronounced without a final /w/.
\qry Recheck if /ima:xi:lo/ is also correct. If both are, determine which, in either, is more common.
\semref ma:ponchá:doyó
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref ma:xi:lo:w
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07632
\lxam chikoltewila:na
\lxam_c kichikoltewila:na
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to hook or grab with a chikohli
\sense_s enganchar o agarrar con un chicol
\sense_d Am
\root chihkol
\root wila:
\semref chíkolá:na
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07633
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa se:senteyoka:n
\lxoa_cpend tose:senteyoka:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Pr?
\der N1-loc-ka:n
\infn N2(loc)
\sense_e [term still not defined]
\sense_s [término todavía no definido]
\sense_d Oa
\root sen
\root te
\nse This word is heard on tape (13.3; 27 min) out of context. Its meaning still has to be determined.
\ref 07634
\lxam alégriah
\lxam_c alégriah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan alegría
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2(1=2)
\sense_e type of sweet, called alegría in Spanish, made from sesame and panela that is toasted on a clay griddle
\sense_s alegría; tipo de dulce hecho de ajonjolíy panela que se dora sobre un comal
\sense_d Pending
\semref ajolnekri:yah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07635
\lxam maxaktexakwalowa
\lxam_c kimaxaktexakwalowa
\lxoa maxahtexakwalowa
\lxoa_cpend kimaxahtexakwalowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Intrans
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to smash or crush in the crotch
\sense_s machucar o aplastar las entrepiernas a (algn)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root maxa
\root xakwal
\nse Maxahtexakwalowa is considered a less vulgar term than xi:texakwalowa, at least in Oapan. Nevertheless, the reference to xi:te-is not
considered particularly untoward though it is sometimes avoided by female speakers. The same applies to xi:texakwaliwi and maxahtexakwaliwi
(Oa).
\qry Intensifier /te-/: There is an interesting parallel (or contrast) in two terms that ostensibly have the same meaning. Both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez gave
/xi:texakwalowa/ and, as an equivalent term, /maxahtexakwalowa/. Perhaps the second form can occur without the /te-/ intensifier, but the form uttered without any further questions
was /maxahtexakwalowa/. Note that in /xi:texakwalowa/ the /te-/ is part of the nominal stem /xi:te-tl/ meaning 'crotch'; however, in /maxahtexakwalowa/ the /te-/ is a different
element, it is the intensifier element /te-/. The point that is interesting is that although the two forms are synonymous (or seem to be), one has an intensifier the other doesn't. It
appears quite possible that the use of the intensifier, which might be expected with the semantics of /xakwalowa/ is in effect blocked, or partially blocked, by the fact that /xi:te-/ ends
in the /te-/ syllable. It remains to be checked whether one can say ?/xi:tetexakwalowa/ and ?/ maxa h xakwalowa/. These should be checked.
\grm Intensifier /te-/: There is an interesting parallel (or contrast) in two terms that ostensibly have the same meaning. Both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez gave
/xi:texakwalowa/ and, as an equivalent term, /maxahtexakwalowa/. Perhaps the second form can occur without the /te-/ intensifier, but the form uttered without any further
questions was /maxahtexakwalowa/. Note that in /xi:texakwalowa/ the /te-/ is part of the nominal stem /xi:te-tl/ meaning 'crotch'; however, in /maxahtexakwalowa/ the /te-/ is
a different element, it is the intensifier element /te-/. The point that is interesting is that although the two forms are synonymous (or seem to be), one has an intensifier the
other doesn't. It appears quite possible that the use of the intensifier, which might be expected with the semantics of /xakwalowa/ is in effect blocked, or partially blocked, by
the fact that /xi:te-/ ends in the /te-/ syllable. It remains to be checked whether one can say ?/xi:tetexakwalowa/ and ?/ maxa h xakwalowa/. These should be checked.
\ref 07636
\lxam koo:la:wa chi:chi:ltik
\lxam_c koo:la:wa chi:chi:ltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e one of the two types of koo:la:wa folk generic, a tree not yet identified
\sense_s uno de los dos tipos del género folk koo:la:wa , unárbol todavía no identificado
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root kow
\root a:la:
\root chi:l
\nse To date the only equivalent term in Oapan is simply koha:la:wa, where no distinction is made among these trees, only one of which is known (i.e., consultants to date
were not familiar with the other folk species, koo:la:wa istá:k.
\semref koha:la:wa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref koo:lo:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07637
\lxam koo:la:wa istá:k
\lxam_c koo:la:wa istá:k
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e Heliocarpus pallidusRose, a tree of the linden family, Tiliaceae; one of the two species of the koo:la:wa folk generic
\sense_s Heliocarpus pallidusRose,árbol de la familia Tiliaceae; uno de las dos especies one of the two types of koo:la:wa folk generic
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root kow
\root a:la:
\root sta
\nse Apparently this tree is not known in Oapan.
\ref 07638
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwa:xchi:hke:tl
\lxoa_cpend kwa:xchi:hke:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\sense_e person who makes palm saddle blankets (see kwa:xtli)
\sense_s fabricante de cuaxtles (véase kwa:xtli)
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:ch
\mod There is a recording of this word on 14_2 at 1 min. 6 secs, but it is low and a high SNR.
\semref kwa:xtle:roh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kwa:xte:roh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07639
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /tlatoya:wa/ that has been eliminated as offensive and vulgar.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 07640
\lxam oksehka:n
\lxam_c oksehka:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-ka:n-com
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e a different place
\sense_s una lugar diferente o distinto
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:man niaw oksehka:n, ka:n nito:kas no:.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Today I'm going to a different place, a place where I will also plant.
\phrase_s Hoy voy a otro lugar diferente, un lugar donde también voy a sembar.
\root o:k
\root sek
\root_rel -ka:n
\qry My original filecard had a short initial /o/. At one point I lengthened this but have since gone back to the short /o/. My decision at one time to lengthen was based information from
other words beginning with /o:k/. which I have lengthened based on my notes for other words beginning with /o:k/. Nevertheless, this and all words so beginning should be checked.
Finally, the reason for the /h/ is unclear. Obviously it comes from a double /k/, confirmed by Moliina's entry /occeccan/. In general there seems to be an alternation between /se:/ and
/se(:)C/, where the consonant is often a nasal but may apparently be a consonant such as /k/.
\semref sápa séhnek
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07641
\lxam tlakawilia
\lxam_c kitlakawilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to mimic or ape (the gestures or actions of); to imitate; to do an impression of (the voice of)
\sense_s remedar (los gestos o acciones de); imitar (la voz de)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka xne:chtlakawili, ne:chamana!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't mimic me, it gets me annoyed!
\phrase_s ¡No me remedes, me molesta!
\root kawa
\nse During a review of the dictionary, Florencia Marcelino gave Oapan Nahuatl tlá:ya:wília as the semantic equivalent of Ameyaltepec tlaka:wilia.
However, the etymologies of the two forms, Ameyaltepec tlaka:wilia and Oapan tlá:ya:wília might well be distinct; and further analysis of the semantics
of the terms might also reveal distinctive meanings. For this reason, the two have been given separate entries at present.
\qry Check whether /ne:chtlatlaka:wilia/ is acceptable as an indication of repeated action by a single subject. Check again vowel length in Oapan, perhpas with speech analyzer. Also
check if the two verbs (Am and Oa) are the same.
\grm Applicative; null complement; valency change: Note the verbal form /tlaka:wilia/ and its meaning of 'to mimic; to ape' or 'to imitate; to do an impression of.' The derivational
process here represents the coincidence of valency increase (the applicative) and valency decrease (the use of /tla-/ as an indefinite null complement). Note that whereas
with /ka:wa/ the object is a patient (e.g., /ne:chka:wa/ 'he leaves me') with /ka:wilia/ there is a benefactive/malefactive argument (the PO) and a secondary object (the SO)
that is a patient/theme (what is left behind). However, /tlaka:wilia/ has a completely different meaning in 'to imitate.' Thus it is given its own entry.
\semref tlá:ya:wília
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07642
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlá:ltsakwá
\lxoa_pr tla:ltsakwa
\lxoa_cpend tlá:ltsakwá
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\pitch yes
\infv class-3a(kw)
\sense_e [meaning not yet determined]
\sense_s [significado no determinado]
\sense_d Oa
\root tsakwa
\ref 07643
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa te:kó:kotítlah
\lxoa_cpend te:kó:kotítlah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der ?
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e [meaning undetermined]
\sense_s [significado no determinado]
\sense_d Oa
\root ko:koh ?
\vl This word was uttered in session 14_3 at 30 minutes, 2 seconds. It should be linked here, and the definition I will need to get.
\ref 07644
\lxam frasí:l
\lxam_c frasí:l
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan Brazil
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e tree of the Leguminoseae family, probably the one called palo de Brasil in Spanish (identified by Guizar and Sánchez as Haematoxylum
brasilettoKarst.)
\sense_s árbol de la familia Leguminoseae, probablemente el palo de Brasil (identificado por Guizar and Sánchez como el Haematoxylum brasilettoKarst.)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Frasí:l, bwe:noh para tlikuwtli, chi:chi:ltik iyo:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The palo de Brasil, it is good for firewood, it's heartwood is red.
\phrase_s El palo de Brasil, es bueno para leña, su corazón es rojo.
\phrase_n Deke xwel na:xi:xa se: wa:kax ma koni frasí:l, ka:tli:ti ia:yo frasí:l! Itik kipia ke:n chi:chi:ltik ia:yo, wan tiktla:lia itik se: kube:tah iwa:n a:tl. Ba! wel na:xi:xas.
\phrase_d Am
\src_p Felix Venancio
\phrase_e If a head of cattle cannot urinate, let it drink palo de Brasil, give it its juice to drink. Inside it has reddish sap; you put it into a bucket with water. With that
it'll be able to urinate!
\phrase_s Si un ganado no puede orinar, que beba el palo de Brasil, dale de beber su jugo. Adentro tiene como rojo su jugo, y lo pones en una cubeta con agua. Asípues, va a
poder orinar.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\semfld medicine
\notes_nature Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:113) identify a tree called in Spanish palo de Brasil, or simply Brasil as of the family Leguminosae;
caesalpinioideae and the genus/species Haematoxylum brasiletto Karst.
\qry Note that although Felix Venancio dictated the preceding text about the medicinal properties of the palo de Brasil, Luis Lucena denied any knowledge of this use.
\vl Link second female and second male tokens.
\semref barasi:l
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref bransi:l
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07645
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ákawtlítómiyóh
\lxoa_cpend ákawtlítómiyóh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\pitch yes
\sense_e type of high-growing weed of the Asteraceae family, with prickly hairs (hence its name)
\sense_s tipo de maleza alta de la familia Asteraceae, con vellos espinosos (por eso su nombre)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld herb
\root a:kaw
\root tomi
\notes_nature This is a type of a:kawtli. Ramírez (1991) refers to this as acahual. Under acahual, Schoenhals (1988) notes:"1. Applied to several plants of
the sunflower family (Compositae) with large yellow flowers. 2. (Heterotheca inuloides) 'blazing star.' Used as a poultice on bruises. Also called
árnica,árnica del país, cuauteteco, falsaárnica.3. (Bidensspp. e.g., B. aurea, B. pilosa) 'calendula-bur,' 'perennial beggar ticks.' See acetilla.
4. (Helianthus annuus) 'sunflower.' See flor de gigantón. 5. (Tithoniaspp. e.g., T. rotundifolia, T. tubaeformis) 'yellow tithonia,' 'bush sunflower.'
See girasol."Then, under acetilla or aceitilla."1. (Bidensspp., e.g., B. aurea, B. pilosa) 'calendula-bur,' 'perennial beggar ticks.'
A relative of the wild marigold. Seeds are like burs with hooks. Plant used as a preventive against eye infections in the newborn. Also called acahual, acahualillo,
mulito, téde milpa.2. (Galinsogaspp. e.g., G. parviflora'[family] aster.' See estrellita."Under girasol, there are three
entries. Girasol:"1. (Helianthus annus) 'sunflower. See flor de gigantón.2. (Tithoniaspp. e.g., T. rotundifolia, T.
tubaeformis'yellow tithonia,' 'bush sunflower.' Large sunflower-type plant with orange or yellow flowers. Also called acahual,árnica, gigantón, girasol mexicano,
mirasol."The entry for girasol amarillo has the following:"(Cosmos sulphureus) 'yellow cosmos.' Also called mirasol,
xochipali.."And, under girasol mexicano:"(Tithoniaspp., e.g., T. rotundifolia, T. tubaeformis) 'yellow tithonia,' 'bush sunflower.' See
girasol.Then, under girasol mexicano:"(Cosmos bipinnatus) 'purple cosmos.' Also called mirasol."Finally, under
estrellita:"1. (Milla biflora) 'milla,' 'Mexican st a r .' Star-shaped, white flowers. Especially common in volcanic areas. Also called azucena del
campo, estrella mexicana, flor de San Nicolás, lilia cimarrón.2. (Stellariaspp. e.g., S. nemorum) '[relative of] chickweed.' White flowers in the Fall.
Also called alahual, matanza.3. (Galinsogaspp., e.g., G. parviflora'[family] aster]. A weedy herb of the mid-elevations. White flowers with
yellow centers. Also called acetilla.
\semref a:kawtomitl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07646
\lxam xa:yakame:koki:sa
\lxam_c xa:yakame:koki:sa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) meco
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-Adj-V
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to have streaks of dust and dirt (from sweating and not bathing) appear on ones face
\sense_s quedarsele la cara sucia y rayada con polvo y tierra (por sudar y no bañarse)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xa:yakame:koki:stok.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His face is streaked with dust and dirt.
\phrase_s Tiene la cara rayada con polvo y tierra.
\root xa:yaka
\root ki:sa
\nse Includes among its elements the Spanish loan meco.
\semref xa:ya:mé:kotík; xa:yakamé:kotík
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07647
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlama:ka:hke:tl
\lxoa_cpend tlama:ka:hke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der V2-b
\sense_e person who takes animals and leaves them out to pasture (for an extended period, not just overnight)
\sense_s persona que deja animales a apacentar (por un periodo extendido, no simplemente por la noche)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root ka:wa
\qry Note that this word is heard on the elicitation tape for Oapan recorded at Yale. I am not sure of its meaning and it should be checked.
\vl There is only one speech token from this word, it was pronounced at 3778.
\ref 07648
\lxam kali
\lxam_c i:kali
\lxoa kali
\lxoa_cpend i:kali
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1
\infn N2
\sense_e interior (of a house or building)
\sense_s interior (de una casa o edificio)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nemi ikali, xkineki ki:sas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's inside of his house, he doesn't want to come out.
\phrase_s Anda adentro de su casa, no quiere salir.
\semfld space
\root kal
\root hti
\nse Directional movement and space: This is a virtual synonym of kalitik. The etymology of this word is not entirely clear; perhaps it is an an apocopated form of
kalitik. It can either be possessed nokali 'the inside of my house' or not, nemi kali 'he is inside the house.' Kali is often
used to indicate the direction of motion in relationship to the inside or outside of a recipient-like space. Thus, as in one example, one /Nokwepo:nian para kia:wak/ refers to a line
dance in which the dancers turn to the outside of the line. The opposite would be /tlaitik/ or /kalitik/ (and apparently, /kali/). Note therefore that the direction of subject movement
can be indicated, in Nahuatl, in 3 ways. First, it may be contained in the verb itself. Thus verbs of motion such as /yaw/ indicate extraverse movement, and are modified by /wa:l-/ to
indicate the oppositive (intraverse). They cannot use /on-/ to indicate extraverse. Other verbs indicate a direction o f movem ent, e.g., /kalaki/ 'to enter' and the nature of the space
is communicated obliquely: /kalakis mocha:n/; or the causative /kikalakti:s mocha:n/, etc. The second is the use of separate words to indicate a spatial orientation of the action. Thus
/nemi neyhka/ 'he is there.' Or /nokwepo:nian para kia:wak/. Finally, the third is the useofdirectionals, either prefixes or suffixes. Here there is wide variation, from complete
lexicalization (one:wa and wa:le:wa) to affixes (prefix or suffix depending on tense/aspect: /wa:lnemis/ and /o:nemiko/. All three should be explored.
\qry Make sure that the two entries, kali and kia:wak, have parallel structures.
\semref kia:wak
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref kalitik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 07649
\lxam tlamela:wa
\lxam_c tlamela:wa
\lxoa tlamela:wa
\lxoa_cpend tlamela:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to spend the night at a place where one arrives during travel, pilgrimage, etc. (e.g., during a fiesta; refers to the action of arriving and setting ones things down, tying up
ones animals, and eating and sleeping there)
\sense_s trasnochar; pasar la noche en un lugar donde llega viajando o visitando (p. ej., durante una fiesta; se refiere a llegar a un lugar, descargar las cosas y amarrar los
animales para después comer y dormir allá)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pa titlamela:waskeh -=pa tasiskeh-
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We will set our things down there to stay overnight.
\phrase_s Vamos a trasnochar allá.
\phrase_n Kemech nika:n o:niwa:ltlamela:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Just a short time ago I arrived here and set my things down (to spend the night)
\phrase_s Hace poco rato lleguéaquípara descargar mis cosas (para trasnochar)
\phrase_n Ka:no:n tontlamela:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where will you arrive to stay.
\phrase_s ¿Dónde te vas a llegar para quedar?
\sense_e (with a directional prefix) to arrive at a final destination (e.g., a letter or some other item sent)
\sense_s (con un prefijo direccional) llegar a un destino final (p. ej., una carta u otr
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nika:n wa:ltlamela:wtias.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It will come directly here (e.g. a letter sent here, or some other 'encargo').
\phrase_s Va a llegar directamente aquí(por ejemplo una carta mandada aquí, o cualquier otro encargo).
\root mela:
\xref mela:wa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07650
\lxam tla:ki:ltia
\lxam_c kitla:ki:ltia
\lxoa tla:ki:ltia
\lxoa_cpend kitla:ki:ltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make bear fruit (e.g., as a fertilizer might do)
\sense_s hacer rendir (p. ej., como un fertilizante podría hacer)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tla:ki
\vl This word was uttered twice in elicitation, at 3108 and at 3820. These two tokens should be given ref. # 07650. One of the two should be linked here.
\xref tla:ki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07651
\lxam kweskomatl de xa:ntli
\lxam_c kweskomatl de xa:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 1(m)
\sense_e type of grain storage bin made of adobe
\sense_s tipo de troje hecha de adobe
\sense_d Pending
\root kweskoma
\root xa:m
\ency_note kweskomatl
\semref xa:nkweskomatl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07652
\lxam tlaxola:wa
\lxam_c tlaxola:wa
\lxoa_notes This word has not been documented in Oapan.
\dt 20/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp ?tla-V1
\der V1-alt-wi[wa]?
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e place on an incline that is slippery (particularly from being covered with loose earth, having a smooth and hard surface, etc., although perhaps also from being wet)
\sense_s cuesta resbalosa (por tener una capa de tierra suelta, por tener una superficie lisa y dura, etc., aunque también se puede utlizar en referencia a una inclinación mojada)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n U:nkah kipia ka:n tipano:s, miák un tekwe:xtli. Pos yewa tikihlian tlaxola:wa. Dya: te:h, tikontla:li:s mokxi, timoxola:was, weka ka tiá:s, tlanakastlan ka temowa:ya:n.
Yewa tikihlian tlaxola:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 07652_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 7:04
\phrase_e There are places where you walk, there are a lot of small pebbles. That's what we refer to as tlaxola:wa. And then, you place down your foot, your feet slip
out from under you, and because of this you fall far, off to the side where there is a slope. That's what we refer to as tlaxola:wa.
\phrase_s Hay lugares donde caminas, hay muchas piedrecitas. Esto es lo que llamamos as tlaxola:wa. Y entonces, pones tu pie sobre la tierra y se te van, y por
eso caes lejos, al lado donde hay una cuesta abajo. Esto es lo que llamamos tlaxola:wa.
\phrase_n Tlaxola:wa, ma:ka timoxola:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The area is slippery, don't let your feet slip out from under you.
\phrase_s Es unaárea resbalosa, no te vayas a resbalar.
\root xola:
\disamb 00004_disambig-tlapeyawa-tlaxolawa-am_cf
\src_dis 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav at 6:42
\grm /tla-/ Note the words /tla:la:wa/, /tlapeya:wa/, /tlaxola:wa/.... words that seem to be derived from an archaic intransitive that has been impersonalized. Since Classical
Nahuatl had /-a:wa/ verbs as intransitives (Balsas area Nahuatl has /-a:wi/ in these cases), it is unclear whether /peya:wa/, /a:la:wa/, and /xola:wa/ might be frozen relics of
an intransitive. However, /tlaxola:wa/ might be a construction such as /tlachipa:wa/, i.e., a 3rd person agent and /tla-/ indicating that 'slipping' occurs. Thus /tlaxola:wa/
would be 0-tla-xola:wa 'it causes slipping' (i.e., a place with the characteristics given above).
\semref tlaxilahko
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref tlaxilahka:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07653
\lxam tlankwe
\lxam_c i:tlankwe
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e gum
\sense_s encía
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yewa:ltopo:ntiw itlantsi:n ipan itlankwe:tsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His tooth is breaking through his gum.
\phrase_s Su diente viene brotando a través de su encía.
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root tlan
\root kwe:
\qry_h tlakwetol and all words with /kwetol/, which has p-a in Oapan, for presence of {h}.
\semref tlánkwetól
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07654
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:yexo:w masa:tl
\lxoa_cpend i:yexo:w masa:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e Ramirezella strobilophora(B. L. Rob.) Rose, spectacularly flowering vine of the Leguminoseae family
\sense_s Ramirezella strobilophora(B. L. Rob.) Rose, enredadera de la family Leguminoseae con flores llamativas
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e purple flower of the i:yexo:w masa:tl
\sense_s flor morada del i:yexo:w masa:tl
\sense_d Oa
\semfld lifeform
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root exo:
\root masa:
\semfld flower
\semref si:matl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref xo:chitl de si:matl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07655
\lxam a:ko:nteya
\lxam_c *a:ko:nteya
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e type of insect still not identified
\sense_s tipo de insecto todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\ency_note insects
\root a:
\root ko:m
\root teya
\nse The etymology of a:ko:nteya (also pronounced a:ko:nteyak) is uncertain. Pánfilo Lorenzo said that this is an insect that one asks where one is going to
eat. Other consultants mentioned that they had heard of this insect but did not know of the custom. Others denied knowing the name at all. Florencia Marcelino stated that the animal
called chochoteya, the male not the female, may be asked Ka:nika Mé:jikoh and in response it raises its arm. The female, which is eaten, is not asked
this question.
\qry Note that my notes had only the name /a:ko:nteya/ in a list of small animals, yet with no description. Apparently this is another animal, but it should be confirmed. In my notes I had
/a:ko:nteyak/ as an alternative pronunciation.
\semref chochoteya
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07656
\lxam witspatlaxtli de tepe:k
\lxam_alt witspatlaxtli de ipan tepe:k
\lxam_c *witspatlaxtli de tepe:k
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\sense_e Acacia pennatula(Cham. & Schltdl.) Benth., small bush of the Leguminoseae family, called cubata blanca or cenizo in Spanish
\sense_s Acacia pennatula(Cham. & Schltdl.) Benth., arbusto de la familia Leguminoseae, llamado cubata blanca o cenizo
\sense_d Am
\root wits
\root patla:
\root tepe:
\ref 07657
\lxam tiaweh
\lxam_c tiaweh
\lxoa tiawih
\lxoa_cpend tiawih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\der V1-b
\sense_e let's go!
\sense_s ¡vámonos!
\sense_d Pending
\root yaw
\nae This entry is the 1st-person plural of the irregular verb yaw. It is used as either by itself or in a construction ye tiawih (Oa; ye
tiaweh (Am)) uttered when taking leave of others who stay behind.
\vl Link first female token and last male token. These word tokens were misrecorded (i.e., speakers gave the wrong word at the prompt) from 3918.
\semref yaw
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07658
\lxam a:poso:nia
\lxam_c ka:poso:nia
\lxoa a:poso:nia
\lxoa_cpend ka:poso:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca[ni]
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to boil in water
\sense_s hervir en agua
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root a:
\root poso:
\qry In the Ameyaltepec entry /a:poso:nia/, which itself needs to be checked, I had a xref to Oa /a:poso:nia/. However, this latter word was not in the dictionary. I have added it; likewise
note that Am /a:poso:naltia/ needs to be checked. Note that the classical dictionaries do not have cognate verbal forms. Check also for intrans. /a:poso:nia/.
\semref a:poso:naltia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07659
\lxam tetepon
\lxam_c tetepon
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to be cut off or short
\sense_s estar mochado o corto
\sense_d Pending
\root tepon
\qry Query whether this can occur by itself.
\ref 07660
\lxam i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:ntik
\lxam_c i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:ntik
\lxoa i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:ntik
\lxoa_cpend i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:ntik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-?
\sense_e to have a balding forehead resulting from a high or receding hairline
\sense_s tener la frente calvo a causa de tener las entradas pronunciadas
\sense_d Oa
\flao i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:n
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\root temets
\root a:yo:
\root ko:m
\qry Note that perhaps this is related to an adjectival in -tik (e.g., -ko:ntik) referring to the flattened, shiny curve of the forehead. Vowel length should be checked. Cf and try to elicit
other words with /temets-/ in them, (or, /temestik/, etc.).
\qry_fon Check length of first /o/ in syllable sequence /-a:yo:ko:n/.
\ref 07661
\lxam tlatska:ma:wa
\lxam_c kitlatska:ma:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Part-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to infect (sb) with laziness
\sense_s contagiar a (algn) con flojera
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitlatska:ma:wa iwa:n u:nkah a:kino:n tlatski. Tekitiskia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He infects him with his laziness. He is with someone who is lazy. He would have worked.
\phrase_s Lo contagia con flojera. Estácon alguien flojo. Hubiera trabajado.
\root tlats
\root ma:wa
\ref 07662
\lxam tlanamakantsi:n
\lxam_alt tlanemakantsi:n
\lxam_c tlanamakantsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\sense_e inverterate merchant; person who is always selling things (beans, animals, artesanry, etc.)
\sense_s vendedor empedernido; persona que siempre anda vendiendo cosas (granos, animales, artesanía, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ke:n titlanamakantsi:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Oh, what a little merchant you are!
\phrase_s Ay, que comerciante eres!
\root namaka
\ref 07663
\lxam yeskuwtli
\lxam_c yeskuwtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e tree with red-colored sap of the Euphorbiaceae family, still not identified
\sense_s árbol con savia de color rojo de la familia Euphorbiaceae, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yeskuwtli | Kipia ia:yo ke:n yestli, chi:chi:ltik. Xtlah para, san tlikuwtli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Yeskohtli : It has sap that is like blood, it is red. It's not used for anything, just firewood.
\phrase_s Yeskohtli : Tiene su savia como la sangre, es roja. No se utiliza para nada, solamente leña.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root es
\root kow
\semref kohyestli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07664
\lxam ma:chiko:tl
\lxam_c ma:chiko:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-d-adj
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e (a woman) charactized by the fact that when she grinds corn on a metate, she pushes one side of the metlapihli , or roller, harder and faster than the other,
causing it to move crookedly over the surface of the metate, one side faster than the other
\sense_s (una mujer) que se caracteriza por el hecho de que, al moler maíz sobre el metate, pone más presión sobre un lado de la mano de metate que al otro, causando que baje
chueco sobre la superficie del metate, un lado más rápido qu el otro
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Xkwahli ke:n titisi, tima:chiko:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You don't grind corn well, you make the metlapihli go crookedly over the metate by pushes harder on one side than the other.
\phrase_s No mueles maíz bien, haces que la mano de metate corre chueco sobre el metate, empujando un lado más que el otro
\root ma:
\root chiko
\nse The relationship to chiko is clear. The nominalization with the absolutive is interesting, particularly the long /o:/, which does not show up in other forms, such as
chikoki:sa. However, the length of this vowel should be checked. Note that to date Oapan has been found to have an adjectival ma:chiko where
Ameyaltepec has a fully nominal ma:chiko:tl. Further analysis might show that the two dialects fully share both the nominal and adjectival forms.
\qry Check vowel length and other words with /chiko/.
\semref ma:chiko
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref chiko
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 07665
\lxam oksepatipan
\lxam_c oksepatipan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\pss Adv(tm)
\der N-loc-1-tipan
\infn N1
\sense_e once (i.e., another time in the past)
\sense_s una vez (esto es, otra vez en el pasado)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e just once
\sense_s solamente una vez
\sense_d Oa
\root o:k
\root sek
\root_rel -pa
\semref sa sápatípan
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07666
\lxam tsi:nteyewahli
\lxam_c tsi:nteyewahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e shirt that has a type of cut on the bottom in which the edge goes straight around, with no inverted u-shaped section cut out at the side seams
\sense_s camisa con un tipo de corte por la orilla inferior en el cual la orilla va recta alrededor de la camisa, sin ninguna sección en forma de"u"invertida sacada de los lados por
la costura
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niktekis para tsi:nte:nkwah i:n koto:ntli, xok tsi:nteyewahli, yes tsi:ntlatektli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I will cut it (a man's shirt sewn by hand) so that it has an inverted u-shaped section cut out at the side, it won't go straight around from one side to other, it will have a
section of its lower part cut out.
\phrase_s Lo voy a cortar (una camisa para hombres) para que la parte inferior estérecortada en forma de"u", ya no va a tener la orilla inferior recta por toda la camisa,
tendráuna sección de abajo recortada.
\semfld clothing
\root tsi:n
\root yewal
\nse Apparently tsi:nteyewahli contrasts most directly with tsi:ntlatektli and tsi:nte:nkwah.
\mod See illustration with original 3x5 filecard.
\semref tsi:nyewahli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tsi:nteyewaltik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07667
\lxam tlape:lowa
\lxam_c tlape:lowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to place oneself in a position with ones legs wide open (particularly in reference to a person sitting
\sense_s colocarse en una posición con las piernas muy abiertas
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Asta tlape:lotok im tla:wa:nke:tl.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That drunk is even laid out with his legs wide open.
\phrase_s Ese borracho estáhasta tirada con sus piernas muy abiertas.
\phrase_n O:tlape:lo:ko.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He fell down with his legs wide open (e.g., in falling while trying to sit down).
\phrase_s Vine a caerse (p. ej., al tratar de sentarse) con sus piernas muy abiertas.
\root pe:l
\nse Tlape:lowa often has a sexual meaning, referring to the position a woman might assume during intercourse.
\qry Check ?tlape:lo:ltia?
\semref tlachikipe:lowa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07668
\lxam -tikah
\lxoa -tikah
\lxoa_cpend tlákwatíkah
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\psm Durative
\infv Irregular; -tikateh
\sense_e durative aspectual ending found in both progressives and statives/resultatives (in Ameyaltepec this is only found in a few ritual texts)
\sense_s terminación aspectual durativa encontrada tanto en los progresivos como estativos/resultativos (en Ameyaltepec esto se halla solamente en algunos textos rituales)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nae To date, the durative -tikah (which is found in Oapan but not in Ameyaltepec except in ritual discourse) has only been documented in the present. Most occurrences
are in the singular, -tikah, although the plural may also be used, -tikateh.
\semref -tok
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref -tok
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07669
\lxam tsi:nkwalkaxtli
\lxam_c tsi:nkwalkaxtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-S-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(x)
\sense_e section of the rear end below the small of the back
\sense_s parte de las nalgas abajo de la región baja de la espalda
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\root tsi:n
\root kwal
\root kax
\qry Check precise location. In another file card I note simply"trasero."
\semref tsi:nkokaxtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07670
\lxam tlaki:ska:tlan
\lxam_c tlaki:ska:tlan
\lxoa tlaki:ska:tlan
\lxoa_cpend tlaki:ska:tlan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-1
\sense_e time at the end of the rainy season (i.e., October)
\sense_s tiempo al final de la temporada de lluvias (esto es, octubre)
\sense_d Pending
\root ki:sa
\root_rel -tlan
\semref tlaki:stipan
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07671
\lxam tlawe:ltlakali
\lxam_c kitlawe:ltlakali
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp PM-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to throw away in anger (e.g., sth that is no longer good)
\sense_s tirar aventar con enojo (p. ej., algo que ya no sirve)
\sense_d Pending
\root tlahkali
\ref 07672
\lxam tlika:wa
\lxam_c notlika:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to be left over in a burnt field
\sense_s quedarse en un campo quemado
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n I:tlikuw san tli:n o:notlika:w.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e His firewood is just what was left over from when a field was burned.
\phrase_s Su leña es solamente lo que quedódespués de haberse quemado un campo.
\root tli
\root ka:wa
\nse The verb tlika:wa refers to the fact that when a field is burned to be cleared it does not burn completely. Some wood is left behind that can still be used for firewood,
and people will go to the field and select to take that wood which is still good.
\ref 07673
\lxam -ti
\lxam_c xtlakwa:ti
\lxoa -ti
\lxoa_cpend xtlakwa:ti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Suf
\der Dir
\sense_e extraverse directional used in the imperative and optative modes
\sense_s direccional extraverso utilizado en los modos imperativo y optativo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nae This suffix, which has a plural -tin in Ameyaltepec and -tih in Oapan, is in paradigmatic relation with -toand
-to:ya.
\ref 07674
\lxam -to
\lxam_c o:tlakwa:to
\lxoa -to
\lxoa_cpend o:tlakwa:to
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Suf
\der Dir
\sense_e extraverse directional suffix used in the perfective, indicating that the subject has come (and not yet left)
\sense_s direccional extraverso utilizado en el perfectivo, indicando que el sujeto ha llegado (y todavía no ha salido)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nae This suffix, which has a plural -to:n in Ameyaltepec and -to:h in Oapan, is in paradigmatic relation with -tiand
-to:ya.
\ref 07675
\lxam -to:ya
\lxam_c o:tekitito:ya
\lxoa -to:ya
\lxoa_cpend o:tekitito:ya
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Suf
\der Dir
\sense_e extraverse directional suffix used in the"pluperfect"; it indicates that the subject of the verbal predicate has come and gone
\sense_s sufijo direccional de acción extraversa utilizado en el"pluscuamperfecto"; indica que el sujeto del predicado verbal había venido y ya salido
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nae This suffix, which has a plural -to:yan in Ameyaltepec and -to:yah in Oapan, is in paradigmatic relation with -tiand
-to. The form -to:ya has a definite long vowel and is probably composed of the direccional (-to) compounded with the past
perfective marker -ya. The perfective ending -ya may have originally been part of the present-day pluperfect -ka. In addition there are a few
cases in which -ya is still the perfective as in o:to:kaya instead of the expected * o:to:kaka for 'he planted (and has since taken in the
harvest).' This contrasts with to:kaya 'he used to plant' (the imperfect) and o:to:kak 'he planted (and the plants are still unharvested in the
field).' Note that the -ya of o:to:kaya has a parallel meaning to the -ya of -to:ya in that the effects of the action (in the
first case 'planting' and in the second c ase 'coming') are no longer i n effect (i.e., the plants have been harvested and the person has left after having come).
\ref 07676
\lxam kalma:ma
\lxam_c nokalma:man
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e (recipr.) to live very close together (in separate houses that are virtually on top of each other)
\sense_s (recipr.) vivir pegados (en casas particulares que están encimadas)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Nokalma:matokeh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They live in houses that are right on top of each other.
\phrase_s Viven en casas pegadas.
\root kal
\root ma:ma
\ref 07677
\lxam we:ika:chi:wa
\lxam_c nowe:ika:chi:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Part-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-tran
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (refl.) to become conceited; to act like a bigshot
\sense_s (refl.) engreirse; sentirse mucho, gran cosa
\sense_d Am
\root we:i
\root chi:wa
\semref we:ika:te:ne:wa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07678
\lxam tlaso:sorronwia
\lxam_alt tlaso:sorronwia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan sonsorrón (?)
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to make noise with the type of noisemakers used during Holy Week
\sense_s hacer ruido con matraca, aparato para hacer ruido durante Semana Santa
\sense_d Am
\nse In Ameyaltepec, during Holy Week the clapper is taken off the church bell. While it is not on the bell children would run about on the top of the church making noise with their
noisemakers.
\ilus_note Make illustration.
\ref 07679
\lxam tlayeyekano:chilia
\lxam_c kitlayeyekano:chilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to invoke the yeyekameh against (or for, sb)
\sense_s invocar a los yeyekameh contra (o para, algn)
\sense_d Am
\root e:ka
\root no:tsa
\ency_note yeyekameh
\ref 07680
\lxam kwecha:wtok
\lxam_c kwecha:wtok
\lxoa kwecha:htok
\lxoa_cpend kwecha:htok
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be damp; to be moist; to be humid
\sense_s estar húmedo; estar ligeramente mojado
\sense_d Oa
\root kwecha:
\qry Check whether Oapan /kwecha:htok/ can also mean, as does Am /kwecha:wak/ 'to be rare (e.g., meat that is lightly cooked, chicharrón not fully fried)' / 'estar poco hecho o cocido
(p. ej., carne, chicharrón no bien frito).'
\semref kwecha:wak
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07681
\lxam tepotso
\lxam_c tepotso
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to be hunchbacked (a person or an animal)
\sense_s se jorobado (una persona); tener joroba (un animal)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be curved (as a curved stick)
\sense_s tener una curva (p. ej., una vara)
\sense_d Pending
\root tepotsoh
\qry Check for final /h/ in Am equivalent. If there is no /h/, change the equiva field here as well as the headword for Am, /tepotsoh/. In my notes I have"Note that this (i.e., /tepotso/) may
also be used to refer to the part of a curved stick, etc. in metaphoric extension."This is not clear. I.e., is the use with a possessive: /itepotso un tlakotl/, or is it /tepotso un tlakotl/ 'that
stick is curved.' Check. Also, these were notes from Am and it is unclear how this term may be used in Oapan. Check for /tepotsotik/ in Am.
\semref tepótsotík
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07682
\lxam weka:wa
\lxam_c kiweka:wa
\lxoa 'wiká:wa
\lxoa_cpend kíwiká:wa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to make (sb) take a long time (e.g., in doing a task)
\sense_s hacer dilatar o demorar mucho (a una persona, p. ej., a trabajo que estámuy tardado)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xiwtema:tlatl | Nokiki:tskia ke:n tema:tlatl. So:loh para tikma:te:kas momi:hlan. Mitsweka:was, nososowa, nokiki:tskia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Xiwtema:tlatl : It is woven together like a tema:tlatl. It just there for you to weed it in your corn field. It will keep you occupied for a long
time, it extends along the ground, it gets meshed together one with another.
\phrase_s Xiwtema:tlatl : Se agarra como un tema:tlatl. Solamente estápara que la arranques con la mano en tu milpa. Te va a hacer dilatar, se
extiende por el suelo, se agarra unos con otros.
\disamb Discuss forms such as nisiwi, weka:wi, etc.; dis. /weka:wa/ vs. /wekawi:tia/.
\root wehka:
\ref 07683
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlátó:leh
\lxoa_cpend tlátó:leh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-posr-eh
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e person who is wordy, who speaks a lot
\sense_s hablador, persona que habla mucho
\sense_d Oa
\root hto
\vl There are two tokens of this word at 4213. They should be numbered 7683 and linked.
\ref 07684
\lxam tsi:ntla:ltechiwi
\lxam_c tsi:ntla:ltechiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to have the bottom get close to the ground (e.g., a car that is heavily laden)
\sense_s acercarse a la tierra o suelo la parte baja o inferior de (p. ej., un coche con una carga pesada)
\sense_d Am
\root tsi:n
\root tla:l
\root_rel -tech
\semref tsi:ntla:ltextia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref tla:ltechiwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 07685
\lxam to:kistli
\lxam_c to:kistli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-is
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e planting (of a maize field)
\sense_s siembra (de una milpa)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n I yaw, o:pe:w to:kistli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He is on his way, the planting has begun.
\phrase_s Ya va, ya empezóla siembra.
\root to:ka
\ency_note mi:lpa
\nse According to my documentation on the subject, to:kistli refers to the actual planting of seed in a milpa and not to either the clearing of the field nor to the activities
connected with preparation of the land with a plow as the earth is loosened up.
\semref to:kilistli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07686
\lxam a:tia
\lxam_c a:tia
\lxoa a:tia
\lxoa_cpend a:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to get or become watery
\sense_s ponerse o hacerse aguado
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\ref 07687
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsatsatik
\lxoa_cpend tsatsatik
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\sense_e to be deaf
\sense_s ser sordo
\sense_d Oa
\root tsa
\ref 07688
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlate:tsolowa
\lxoa_cpend tlate:tsolowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\lexical Lex. prefix te- ; Reduced rdp-s*(prev-te)
\infv class-2b
\sense_e [meaning uncertain]
\sense_s [significado no determinado]
\sense_d Oa
\root te-
\root tso:l
\qry Note that in elicitation I asked Florencia to read /tlatetso:lowa/, which was the Am entry here (it is not entry 7688). Instead of /tlatetso:lowa/, with the meaning given in 7688, she
gave /tlate:tsolowa/, obviously the null complement form of the transitive /te:tsolowa/ (07024). Whether this is a word that has a culturally specific meaning and should be kept is
unclear. Nor, indeed, do I know precisely what /tlate:tsolowa/ means.
\xref tetso:lowa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Oa
\ref 07689
\lxam iswatamahli
\lxam_c iswatamahli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e green corn leaves used to wrap tamals
\sense_s verdes hojas de maíz utilizadas para envolver tamales
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tiktekiskeh iswatamahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We'll strip off green corn leaves (from the maize plant).
\phrase_s Vamos a cortar las hojas verdes de maíz (de la milpa).
\phrase_n Iswatamahli, ika kite:tekwian tamahli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is with the green leaves of the maize plant that they wrap up tamales.
\phrase_s Es con las hojas verdes de la planta de maíz que envuelven tamales.
\root swa
\root tamal
\semref tamaliswatl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07690
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tamaliswapi
\lxoa_cpend tamaliswapi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp [N-N]-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a(oni)
\sense_e to pick or pull off green corn leaves used to wrap tamals
\sense_s arrancar o cortar las hojas anchas y verdes de maíz que se utilizan para envolver tamales
\sense_d Oa
\root tamal
\root swa
\root pi
\nse In Ameyaltepec for tamaliswapi one would say simply kiteki iswatamahli. The perfective form in Oapan has a long final vowel:
o:tamaliswapi:k.
\ref 07691
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa pi
\lxoa_cpend kipi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to pick or pull off (fruit from a plant)
\sense_s arrancar o cortar (fruta de una planta)
\sense_d Oa
\root pi
\qry Check meaning and inflection.
\ref 07692
\lxam kuwxoxoktli
\lxam_c kuwxoxoktli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e Parkinsonia praecox(Ruiz et Pav.) Hawkins, tree of the Leguminoseae family, characterized by its green bark and apparently called paloverde in
Spanish
\sense_s Parkinsonia praecox(Ruiz et Pav.) Hawkins,árbol de la familia Leguminoseae caracterizado por su cáscara verde y aparentemente llamado 'palo verde' en español
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root kow
\root xo
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this trees as"palo verde"but gives no further identification. However, Schoenhals (1988) does discuss the palo verde:"(Cercidiumspp.,
e.g., C. praecox, C. microphyllum) 'paloverde,' 'foothill paloverde,' 'yellow paloverde' Low spiny, deciduous tree in central, arid areas. Has 4-10 pairs of
yellowish-grean leaflets per side of the branch. Pale green bark and yellow flowers. Also called palo brea. 2. (Cercidium floridum) 'blue paloverde' Similar
to the foothil paloverde but has a bluish bark and bluish-green leftlets. Has 1-4 pairs of leaflets per side of this branch. Blooms earlier than the foothill paloverde. Flowers
appear in masses covering the tree. 3. (Parkinsonia aculeata) 'yello paloverde,' Jerusalem thorn,' 'Mexican paloverde' Yellowish-green twigs and yellow flowers.
Also called bagota, espinillo, mezquite verde, retama."Guizar and Sánchez (1991) describe the retama, or Parkinsonia aculeata. It do es not see m to
correspond to the kuhxoxoktli.
\semref kwa:xohtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07693
\lxam kochi xiwtli
\lxam_alt kokochi xiwtli
\lxam_c kochi xiwtli
\lxoa kochi xihtli
\lxoa_cpend kochi xihtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e Mimosa pudicaL., small plant of the Leguminoseae family that closes up and droops when touched
\sense_s Mimosa pudicaL., pequeña planta de la familia Leguminoseae que se cierra al ser tocado
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root kochi
\root xiw
\nse The consultant who named this plant, Gabriel de la Cruz, mentioned that although he was not sure of its precise identification he was sure that it did exist: Another consultant, Luis
Lucena, stated that he did not know of any plant by this name. It is almost certain that this is the plant also known as kokochi xiwtlior xiwtli de
kochi in Ameyaltepec and kochi xihtliin Oapan.
\semref kokochi xiwtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref xiwtli de kochi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref miki xiwtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07694
\lxam tsi:nyewahli
\lxam_c tsi:nyewahli
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 07695
\lxam papa:ntalo:ntsi:n
\lxam_c papa:ntalo:ntsi:n
\lxoa pápantaló:ntsi:n
\lxoa_cpend pápantaló:ntsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan pantalón
\psm N
\der N-loan
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e Passiflora sp.L., spectacularly flowering vine of the Passifloraceae family so called because of the shape of its leaves (which are like small pairs of trousers)
\sense_s Passiflora sp.L., bejuco pequeño de la familia Passifloraceae con flores espectaculares, asíllamado por la forma de sus hojas (que son como pantalones de
hombre)
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semref mama:xtlatsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kakaltso:ntsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kákasó:ntsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07696
\lxam xoxo:hka:iksi
\lxam_c xoxo:hka:iksi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\pss Adj
\compound Adj-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to become ripe while still green, such as occurs with certain nanche trees
\sense_s madurarse todavía verde, como occure con ciertos árboles de nanches
\sense_d Pending
\root xo:
\root ksi
\ref 07697
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ne:ne:tsi:n
\lxoa_cpend ne:ne:tsi:n
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-?
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e [meaning uncertain: affectionate term for 'small child'?]
\sense_s [significado pendiente: término de afecto para 'niño chiquito']
\sense_d Oa
\root ne:ne:
\vl Token (only 1 female and 1 male) was originally recorded at 04396. Link both here.
\ref 07698
\lxam cho:kilistli
\lxam_c cho:kilistli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e crying; the act of crying
\sense_s llanto
\sense_d Pending
\root cho:ka
\mod Check: Chen Diaz stated that the form is /cho:kistli/. It should probably be changed from what C. Flores gave.
\ref 07699
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mocha:rowa
\lxoa_cpend kimocha:rowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan (Nah) mochar
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e [meaning uncertain] to place a notch in
\sense_s [significado pendiente] poner una muesca en
\sense_d Oa
\qry Check meaning. Originally I had a ref to this under Am /mo:xkah/, i.e., cf. Oapan /mocha:rowa/, but I had no such entry. I added this in the revision, but it needs to be checked.
\ref 07700
\lxam nakaskakaya:wa
\lxam_c nonakaskakaya:wa
\lxoa naká:skayá:wa
\lxoa_cpend nonaká:skayá:wa
\lxoa_pr naká:skaya:wa
\dt 13/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans +Refl/-Intrans
\lexical Reduced rpd-s(prev-s)
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes
\sense_e to be fooled by a sound; to think one hears something (that does not exist)
\sense_s engañarse por un sonido; creer escuchar algo (que no existe)
\sense_d Pending
\root nakas
\root kaya:
\qry Check to determine if transitive use exists. Check to determine difference between /nakaskakaya:wa/ and /nakaste:tsa:wia/.
\ref 07701
\lxam popo:yo:tik
\lxam_c popo:yo:tik
\lxoa popoyo:tik
\lxoa_alt po:poyo:tik
\lxoa_cpend po:poyo:tik
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-k-ti
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e to be covered with a rotten black decay (particularly that which forms on dried ears of corn that have gotten wet)
\sense_s estar cubierto con podredumbre, un tipo de moho negro (particularmente la que se forma sobre las mazorcas si se llegan a mojar)
\sense_d Oa
\root poyo:
\vl First female token is /popoyo:tik/ and should be tagged as /popoyo:tik/ #7701. There is no male token.
\ref 07702
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mesté:tomák
\lxoa_cpend mesté:tomák
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-te); Lex. infix te-
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to be thick-thighed; to have thick thighs (e.g., as some athletes)
\sense_s tener los muslos fornidos o gruesos (p. ej., como algunos atletas)
\sense_d Oa
\root mets
\root toma:
\nae For a discussion of this word, see mesté:tomáhtik.
\ref 07703
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:nyoweh
\lxoa_alt a:nyowih
\lxoa_cpend a:nyaweh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der Neg
\sense_e no; no indeed (in response)
\sense_s no; de veras que no (en respuesta)
\sense_d Oa
\root ka:
\nse Ka:yaweh is rarely used in Ameyaltepec although it is the standard form in Oapan (for Ameyaltepec ka:). However, I have documented it twice in
Ameyaltepec in unsolicited situations, once by Juan de la Rosa and once by Constantino Monterrey. Those of Oapan, in addition to ka:yaweh often say
a:nyaweh.
\qry It appears that the /a:/ of /kâyoweh/ is long although this should be checked, as should presence or absence of final /h/ vs. glottal stop although I have recorded specifically that there
is a final /h/. I have also recorded that there is stress on the first syllable; this should be rechecked. Perhaps it is stressed in Ameyaltepec and not so stressed in Oapan. Check the
best spelling for Oapan: /a:nyaweh/ or /a:nyoweh/.
\semref ka
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref ka:yaweh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07704
\lxam tlatilia
\lxam_c kitlatilia
\lxoa tlatilia
\lxoa_cpend kitlatilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to set afire for or on (i.e., negatively affecting sb); to burn for or on (e.g., paper, clothes, firewood, etc. [SO], negatively affecting sb)
\sense_s prender fuego para; quemar a; incendiar a (p. ej., papel, tela, leña, etc. [OS] algn [PO] afectando negativamente)
\sense_d Pending
\root tla
\qry There are several question pendings (including whether the tagged sound files are indeed for this entry (they were originally at 4685). The question is whether /kitlatilia/ is an
applicative of /tlatia/ or of /tlatla/. In the first case it would be a ditransitive, the object of /tlatia/ is the item/object that is burned, and the object of the applicative /tlatilia/ would be
the person affected (either positively or negatively) by the burning. In the second case the subject of /tlatla/ is that which is burned. Here /tlatilia/ would be {tlatla + lia} and the object
here would be the material item of which are part is burned. Here /tlatilia/ would be a simple transitive (the applicative of /tlatla/ an intransitive). All these possibilities should be
checked. Note, finally, that the sound linked here was originally at 4690. At 4690 there were 2 pronunciations: /kitla:tlatilia/ and /kitlatlatilia/. I am not sure of both. For now,
/kitla:tlatilia/ has been considered long vowel reduplicaiton of /tlatilia/. It hasbeen provisionally tagged as 7704. However, it might be different. It should be checked. At this same
point, 4690, there was another pronunciation, /kitlatlatilia/. This has been considered the applicative of /tlatlatia/
\vl There will be four tokens originally from 4690 tagged as 7704. These are /kitla:tlatilia/. For now none of these should be linked to the headword entry.
\xref tlatia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07705
\lxam kapolin
\lxam_c kapolin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e name for a species of tree not yet collected or identified
\sense_s nombre de una especie deárbol todavía no colectada ni identificada
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\notes_nature Of the capulín , Schoenhals (1988:28) says:"1. (Prunus capuli) 'Mexican chokecherry' See cereza. 2. (Muntingia calabura'[family] linden,'
'calabura.' A small tree with numerous white flowers. It grows especially well in hot country. Bats like the fruit which is small, round and full of seeds. Also called capulín de
mayo. 3. (Trema micrantha) 'Mexican hackberry' See capulín cimarrón."And then, under capulín cimarrón, Schoenhals states:"1. (Trema micrantha)
'Mexican hackberry' Resembles a hackbery, Celtisspp., and has been so named. Bark is used for binding. Also called capulín, majagua colorada, pellejo de viejo,
pie de paloma, yaco de cuero. 2. (Rhamnusspp., e.g., R. serrata) 'buckthorn' A bush or small tree. Fruit is berry-like with 2-4 seeds. Also called
capulincillo."Schoenhals (1988) gives under the third entry for cereza the following:"3. (Prunus capuli) 'Mexican chokecherry.' In t emperate climates. Fruit is
reddish or black and quite sweet. Also called capulín."Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the capulincillo of the family Rosaceaeand genus/species
Prunus capuli. For the Spanish capulincito Guizar and Sánchez (1991:159) have a tree identified as of the family Rhamnaceaeand
genus/species Ziziphus amole. Florencia Marcelino stated that the Nahuatl name for kapolin is kó:ó:lo:tl.
\semref kó:ó:lo:tl tsope:lik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07706
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kó:ó:lo:tl tesontik
\lxoa_cpend kó:ó:lo:tl tesontik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e folk species name for a type of kó:ó:lo:tl
\sense_s nombre foklórico de especie por un tipo de kó:ó:lo:tl
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\notes_nature Of the capulín , Schoenhals (1988:28) says:"1. (Prunus capuli) 'Mexican chokecherry' See cereza. 2. (Muntingia calabura'[family] linden,'
'calabura.' A small tree with numerous white flowers. It grows especially well in hot country. Bats like the fruit which is small, round and full of seeds. Also called capulín de
mayo. 3. (Trema micrantha) 'Mexican hackberry' See capulín cimarrón."And then, under capulín cimarrón, Schoenhals states:"1. (Trema micrantha)
'Mexican hackberry' Resembles a hackbery, Celtisspp., and has been so named. Bark is used for binding. Also called capulín, majagua colorada, pellejo de viejo,
pie de paloma, yaco de cuero. 2. (Rhamnusspp., e.g., R. serrata) 'buckthorn' A bush or small tree. Fruit is berry-like with 2-4 seeds. Also called
capulincillo."Schoenhals (1988) gives under the third entry for cereza the following:"3. (Prunus capuli) 'Mexican chokecherry.' In t emperate climates. Fruit is
reddish or black and quite sweet. Also called capulín."Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the capulincillo of the family Rosaceaeand genus/species
Prunus capuli. For the Spanish capulincito Guizar and Sánchez (1991:159) have a tree identified as of the family Rhamnaceaeand
genus/species Ziziphus amole. Florencia Marcelino stated that the Nahuatl name for kapolin is kó:ó:lo:tl.
\semref koo:lo:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07707
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kó:ó:lo:tl tsope:lik
\lxoa_cpend kó:ó:lo:tl tsope:lik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e folk species name for a type of kó:ó:lo:tl
\sense_s nombre foklórico de especie por un tipo de kó:ó:lo:tl
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\notes_nature Of the capulín , Schoenhals (1988:28) says:"1. (Prunus capuli) 'Mexican chokecherry' See cereza. 2. (Muntingia calabura'[family] linden,'
'calabura.' A small tree with numerous white flowers. It grows especially well in hot country. Bats like the fruit which is small, round and full of seeds. Also called capulín de
mayo. 3. (Trema micrantha) 'Mexican hackberry' See capulín cimarrón."And then, under capulín cimarrón, Schoenhals states:"1. (Trema micrantha)
'Mexican hackberry' Resembles a hackbery, Celtisspp., and has been so named. Bark is used for binding. Also called capulín, majagua colorada, pellejo de viejo,
pie de paloma, yaco de cuero. 2. (Rhamnusspp., e.g., R. serrata) 'buckthorn' A bush or small tree. Fruit is berry-like with 2-4 seeds. Also called
capulincillo."Schoenhals (1988) gives under the third entry for cereza the following:"3. (Prunus capuli) 'Mexican chokecherry.' In t emperate climates. Fruit is
reddish or black and quite sweet. Also called capulín."Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the capulincillo of the family Rosaceaeand genus/species
Prunus capuli. For the Spanish capulincito Guizar and Sánchez (1991:159) have a tree identified as of the family Rhamnaceaeand
genus/species Ziziphus amole. Florencia Marcelino stated that the Nahuatl name for kapolin is kó:ó:lo:tl.
\semref kapolin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07708
\lxam memexkaltsi:n de ipan kuwtli notla:lia
\lxam_c memexkaltsi:n de ipan kuwtli notla:lia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\lexical Lex. rdps-s
\infn N1
\sense_e Tillandsia erubescensSchltdl., plant of the Bromeliaceae family that grows on trees
\sense_s Tillandsia erubescensSchltdl., planta de la familia Bromeliaceae que crece sobreárboles
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld cactus
\root mexkal
\root kow
\root tla:l
\ref 07709
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mexkaltompistli de we:weyakí:matlápal
\lxoa_cpend mexkaltompistli de we:weyakí:matlápal
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e plant of the Agavaceae family still not identified
\sense_s planta de la familia Agavaceae todavía no identificada
\sense_d Oa
\root mexkal
\root tom
\root pits
\root weya
\root mah
\root tlapal
\ref 07710
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:pia:sowa
\lxoa_cpend tla:pia:sowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to urinate
\sense_s orinar; mear
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root piya:
\nse Tlapeya:sowa is rarely used in Ameyaltepec although because of contact with Oapan many speakers are familiar with its meaning and will jokingly use it. The principal
word for 'to urinate' is a:xi:xa used reflexively. Note that apparently Oapanecos differentiate between tlapeya:sowa and tlapia:sowa.
\semref a:xi:xa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07711
\lxam metskuwyototoma:wak
\lxam_c metskuwyototoma:wak
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\sense_e to be thick-thighed; to have thick thighs (e.g., as some athletes)
\sense_s tener los muslos fornidos o gruesos (p. ej., como algunos atletas)
\sense_d Oa
\root mets
\root toma:
\nae For a discussion of this word, see mesté:tomáhtik.
\ref 07712
\lxam simarro:n te:kwa:ni
\lxam_c simarro:n te:kwa:ni
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) cimarrón
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e type of dance in which wild tigres are presented
\sense_s tipo de danza en que se representan tigres silvestres
\sense_d Pending
\semfld dance
\ency_note danzas
\root kwa
\qry Determine the nature of this dance and get a description. Also determine where it is danced.
\mod Add encyc on dances.
\semref te:kwa:nimeh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07713
\lxam tesasa:watik
\lxam_c tesasa:watik
\lxoa té:sa:wátik
\lxoa_cpend té:sa:wátik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-k-ti
\lexical Lex. prefix te- ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have a blight of small, pimple-like formations on the skin (certain fruits such as watermelon)
\sense_s tener pequeños granitos sobre la superficie (ciertas frutas como la sandía)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld disease
\root sa:wa
\qry Perhpas put this under /sawa:ti/. Check to see if /tesasa:wati/ is so specific as to refer only to plants.
\vl There is a female token originally 04769; it is /té:sa:wátik/, which should be tagged here at 7713 and linked.
\semref sa:wati
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 07714
\lxam po:te:tl
\lxam_c po:te:tl
\lxoa a:po:te:tl
\lxoa_cpend a:po:te:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of water animal that turns into the frog called temotlin Oapan
\sense_s tipo de animal acuático que se vuelve rana llamado temotlen Oapan
\sense_d Pending
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\root po:te:
\nse I have heard both a:po:te:tl and michia:po:te:tlused in Oapan to refer to this fish.
\notes_nature The etymology of po:te:tl is uncertain; perhaps it is related to the big belly of this fish. Matías A. and Constantino L. (1996:73) identify this fish as the
charalito. Under charal, Schoenhals (1988:263)"1. (Fam. Atherinidae) 'sand smetl', 'silversides'. See pescado blanco. 2. (Chirostoma
bartoni) 'Patzcuaro white fish' Smaller than the pescado blanco, being only about 2"long. After being cured in the sun, they are commercially sold."
\qry Cf. vowel length of first vowel in /po:te:tl/ and /poti:xah/.
\grm Phonology: Note retention of /i/ in /michia:po:tetl/.
\semref michia:po:te:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07715
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:nakas to:chintsi:n
\lxoa_cpend i:nakas to:chintsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1(N2-NP)
\sense_e Asclepias glaucescensKunth, wild herbaceous plant of the Asclepiadaceae family
\sense_s Asclepias glaucescensKunth, planta herbácea silvestre de la familia Asclepiadaceae
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli; Nat-pl-med
\root nakas
\root to:ch
\nse Given the vulgar connotations of to:chin this plant name is rarely used. Much more common is the complex term with the Spanish borrowing: i:nakas
kone:joh.
\semref i:nakas kone:joh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07716
\lxam te:chi:chi
\lxam_c te:chi:chi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-0
\infn N1; pl. te:chi:chin
\sense_e type of small (5 inches long), whitish blood-sucking"snake"
\sense_s tipo de"culebra"pequeña (como 5 pulgadas de largo y algo blanquito) que le chupa la sangre a la gente
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Te:chi:chi, kuwatsi:ntli, ke:n kuwatl pero xweyak, xtoma:wak. Ke:n se: la:pis, kipia ima:tsitsi:wa:n. San kitowan deke mitsone:xti:s kanah tikoxtok, mitschi:chis,
mitski:xtili:s yestli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The te:chi:chi , it is a little snake, it is like a snake but it isn't long, it isn't fat. It's like a pencil, it has little legs. They say that if it comes upon you wherever
you might be sleeping, it will suck liquid from you, it will take blood out of you.
\phrase_s El te:chi:chi , es una culebrita, es como una culebra pero no es largo, no es gordo. Es como una lápiz, tiene sus manecitas. Nada más dicen que si te
encuenta en algún lugar donde estás durmiendo, te va a chupar, te va a sacar sangre.
\semfld animal
\semfld sn
\ency_note kowatl
\root chi:chi
\notes_nature The te:chi:chi is a small animal that sucks ones blood and appears in the ground during the summer. It has two small arms at the front of its body and is
classified by most people with whom I have talked as a"snake"(kowatl). It was described as about 5 inches long and colored greyish-white. According to
one person it might be the animal called semama in Spanish (though I am not familiar with this Spanish term). The plural according to one consultant is
te:chi:chin , indicating clearly that the name is taken as a descriptive verb form, with a plural verb ending. It is not clear whether all speakers form the plural
this way.
\qry Check for plural formation of /te:chichi/ as well as further descriptive data on the snake itself. I have not determined the length of the final vowel. Check with others for plural
formation.
\grm Pluralization nouns: Note that according to consultants the snake named /te:chi:chi/ pluralizes as /te:chi:chin/. This confirms the verbal basis for this term, since the plural is
completely not nominal.
\semref tla:lkowatl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07717
\lxam tlanchikoltila:na
\lxam_c tlanchikoltila:na
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-V2
\der N-dvb-0
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\sense_e generic name (derived from the hook-like thorns) for a group of trees that includes two species: misto:nwistli (Mimosa polyanthaBenth.) and
misto:nwistli kókostík i:yo:l (Mimosa mollisBenth.), both of the Leguminoseae family
\sense_s nombre genérico (derivado de la forma de sus púas) para un grupo deárboles que incluye dos especies: misto:nwistli (Mimosa polyanthaBenth.) y
misto:nwistli kókostík i:yo:l (Mimosa mollisBenth.), ambas de la familia Leguminoseae
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tlanchikoltila:na | Kipia iwitsio ke:n arabiti:yoh. Yewa ika kihlian tlachikoltila:na, san para ika titlayewaltsakwas.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tlachikoltila:na : It has its thorn that is hook shaped. That why they call it tlachikoltila:na , it's just good for making fencing in areas.
\phrase_s Tlachikoltila:na : Tiene una púa como garabato. Por eso le dicen tlachikoltila:na , solamente sirve para cercar unaárea.
\root tlan
\root chihkol
\root tila:na
\nse The names of these trees need to be determined with more precision. When asked the Oapan equivalent for Ameyaltepec tlanchikoltila:na , Florencia Marcelino and
Inocencio Jiménez both gave té:chikolá:na. However, when later conducting botanical fieldwork it became apparent that there were two trees that in Ameyaltepec are
called tlanchikoltila:na although Inocencio Díaz (Am) called these by the same name, simply specifying that they were different types. For Oapan Nahuatl, however,
Silvestre Pantaleón gave the names as misto:nwistli(Mimosa polyanthaBenth.) and misto:nwistli kókostík i:yo:l(Mimosa mollisBenth.). He did
not use the term té:chikolá:na.
\notes_nature This tree is not mentioned in either Ramírez (1991) nor Ramírez and Dakin (1979). It might be a thorn bush or acacia; my notes simply state that it is a small tree. There is no
obvious relation to any tree listed in Guizar and Sánchez (1991).
\grm Nominalization: Note the following name of a tree /tlachikoltila:na/. I have not yet determined whether /chikoltila:na/ exists as a verb (with an incorporated instrumental),
but it would appear that /tlachikoltila:na/ is derived from a compounded form of /tila:na/ 'to pull on' and the nonspecific object prefix /tla-/. This is one example of simple
verbs acquiring a nominal function.
\semref té:chikolá:na
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref misto:nwistli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07718
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa misto:nwistli kókostík i:yo:l
\lxoa_cpend misto:nwistli kókostík i:yo:l
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\pitch yes
\sense_e Mimosa mollisBenth., tree of the Leguminoseae family and one of two types of misto:nwistli
\sense_s Mimosa mollisBenth.,árbol de la familia Leguminoseae y uno de dos tipos de misto:nwistli
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root mis
\root wits
\root kos
\root yo:l
\nse The names of these trees need to be determined with more precision. When asked the Oapan equivalent for Ameyaltepec tlanchikoltila:na , Florencia Marcelino and
Inocencio Jiménez both gave té:chikolá:na. However, when later conducting botanical fieldwork it became apparent that there were two trees that in Ameyaltepec are
called tlanchikoltila:na although Inocencio Díaz (Am) called these by the same name, simply specifying that they were different types. For Oapan Nahuatl, however,
Silvestre Pantaleón gave the names as misto:nwistli(Mimosa polyanthaBenth.) and misto:nwistli kókostík i:yo:l(Mimosa mollisBenth.). He did
not use the term té:chikolá:na.
\notes_nature This tree is not mentioned in either Ramírez (1991) nor Ramírez and Dakin (1979). It might be a thorn bush or acacia; my notes simply state that it is a small tree. There is no
obvious relation to any tree listed in Guizar and Sánchez (1991).
\semref tlanchikoltila:na
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07719
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa misto:nwistli
\lxoa_cpend misto:nwistli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e generic name (derived from the hook-like thorns) for a group of trees that includes two species: misto:nwistli (Mimosa polyanthaBenth.) and
misto:nwistli kókostík i:yo:l (Mimosa mollisBenth.), both of the Leguminoseae family
\sense_s nombre genérico (derivado de la forma de sus púas) para un grupo deárboles que incluye dos especies: misto:nwistli (Mimosa polyanthaBenth.) y
misto:nwistli kókostík i:yo:l (Mimosa mollisBenth.), ambas de la familia Leguminoseae
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e Mimosa polyanthaBenth., tree of the Leguminoseae family and one of two types of misto:nwistli
\sense_s Mimosa polyanthaBenth.,árbol de la familia Leguminoseae y uno de dos tipos de misto:nwistli
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root mis
\root wits
\nse The names of these trees need to be determined with more precision. When asked the Oapan equivalent for Ameyaltepec tlanchikoltila:na , Florencia Marcelino and
Inocencio Jiménez both gave té:chikolá:na. However, when later conducting botanical fieldwork it became apparent that there were two trees that in Ameyaltepec are
called tlanchikoltila:na although Inocencio Díaz (Am) called these by the same name, simply specifying that they were different types. For Oapan Nahuatl, however,
Silvestre Pantaleón gave the names as misto:nwistli(Mimosa polyanthaBenth.) and misto:nwistli kókostík i:yo:l(Mimosa mollisBenth.). He did
not use the term té:chikolá:na.
\notes_nature This tree is not mentioned in either Ramírez (1991) nor Ramírez and Dakin (1979). It might be a thorn bush or acacia; my notes simply state that it is a small tree. There is no
obvious relation to any tree listed in Guizar and Sánchez (1991).
\semref tlanchikoltila:na
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07720
\lxam ikxitepipitsaktsi:n
\lxam_c ikxitepipitsaktsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. inflix te-
\sense_e to have very skinny legs
\sense_s tener las piernas muy delgadas
\sense_d Pending
\root kxi
\root pitsa:
\qry Check utilization of this term and possibility that the non-diminutive form /ikxitepipitsak/ also exists. Check also if the noninclusion of /te-/ also occurs: ?/ikxitepipitsaktsitsi:nteh/. Note
that when I asked Florencia Marcelino for the Oapan equivalent, she gave simply /ixí:pitsá:wak/ and /ixí:pitsakó:tsi:n/. The latter seems synonymous with the Am form.
\grm Oapan phonology: note /pitsako:tsi:n/ here and elsewhere.
\semref ixí:pitsakó:tsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref ixí:pitsáhtik; ixí:pitsá:wak
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07721
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixí:pitsakó:tsi:n
\lxoa_cpend ixí:pitsakó:tsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-tsi:n
\sense_e to have very skinny legs
\sense_s tener las piernas muy delgadas
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root pitsa:
\nse As is the case with the difference between pitsako:tsi:nand pitsa:wak, where the former represents an"intensification"of the latter,
ixí:pitsakó:tsi:n represents a skinnier condition of the legs than ixí:pitsá:wak.
\qry Check utilization of this term and possibility that the non-diminutive form /ikxitepipitsak/ also exists. Check also if the noninclusion of /te-/ also occurs: ?/ikxitepipitsaktsitsi:nteh/. Note
that when I asked Florencia Marcelino for the Oapan equivalent, she gave simply /ixí:pitsá:wak/ and /ixí:pitsakó:tsi:n/. The latter seems synonymous with the Am form.
\semref ikxitepipitsaktsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref ixí:pitsáhtik; ixí:pitsá:wak
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07722
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixí:pitsáhtik
\lxoa_cpend ixí:pitsáhtik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\lexical Op. infix te- : ixité:pitsáhtik ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have skinny legs
\sense_s tener las piernas delgadas
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root pitsa:
\semref ikxitepipitsaktsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ixí:pitsako:tsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref ixí:pitsa:wak
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07723
\lxam tlapoya:wilih
\lxam_c tlapoya:wilih
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\der Interj
\sense_e Good evening or good night (from vespers to the time of sleeping)
\sense_s Buenas tardes o noches (desde la hora de oraciones hasta la hora de dormir)
\sense_d Am
\ency_note Greetings and taking leave
\root poya:
\nse As with the other greetings (tlane:xtilih , pano:ltih , tio:tlakih , and tio:tlaki:ltih), tlapoya:wilih is used
mostly by individuals in motion (e.g., in entering a house) in greeting someone stationary. These are not used in taking leave, at which time an optative form is almost always
employed. Thus in leaving a house or a table of friends one might say mania or, if going to sleep, ma nikochiti. Or, a person in his or her house might
say to a visitor xmose:wiki or, if eating, xtlakwa:ki. In many villages an acopated from for the greetings is used: ne:xtilih ,
no:ltih , tlakih or tlaki:ltih , and poya:wilih. The plural form is tlapoya:wilikeh , i.e., the plural ending for
verbs or verbal derivations. Note that while the daughters of Silvestre Pantaleón said that they distinguished between tlapoya:wilih (used when it is dusk) and
ya:wilih, used whe n it is completely dark, other consultants (such as Roberto Mauricio of Oapan) do not employ tlapoya:wilih and stated that the
single greeting for evening or night is ya:wilih. It is probably the case that Silvestre Pantaleón, who worked many years in Ameyaltepec, was influenced by the speach
of this village. Finally, note that it appears that these greetings are no longer in use among the younger generation, which greets in other ways (e.g., ka:n tiaw?). For
example, Emiliana Domínguez, a woman of about 18 years of age, did not know the terms ne:xtilih, ya:wilih, etc. and said that they are used only
among elder men and women.
\semref ya:wilih
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07724
\mod This was removed as a duplicate entry of /uwi:kaltia/
\dt 29/Dec/2004
\ref 07725
\lxam tlauwa:na
\lxam_c tlauwa:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to scratch the earth (e.g., a chicken or similar fowl)
\sense_s escarbar la tierra (p. ej., una gallina u otra ave similar)
\sense_d Pending
\root wa:na
\xref uwa:na
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 07726
\mod this has been deleted as a duplicate of 4557
\dt 03/May/2005
\ref 07727
\lxam mikistli
\lxam_c mikistli
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm N
\root miki
\ref 07728
\lxam uwelowilia
\lxam_c kuwelowilia
\lxoa té:welowília
\lxoa_pr té:welowilia
\lxoa_cpend kité:welília
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s (Am); Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) (Oa)
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to take apart (sth built and put together, such as a house) for
\sense_s desarmar (algo construído, como una casa) para
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to break (a material object or machine that functions) on (i.e., negatively affecting sb [PO])
\sense_s descomponer (un objeto material que funciona) a (esto es, afectando a algn [OP] negativamente)
\sense_d Pending
\fla uweliwi
\root wel
\xref uwelowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref té:welówa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 07729
\lxam pepenilia
\lxam_c kipepenilia
\lxoa pépenília
\lxoa_pr pepenilia
\lxoa_cpend kí:penília
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to pick up (many small objects, such as seeds, that are scattered on the ground) for
\sense_s recoger o levantar (muchos objetos pequeños, como semillas, que están regados por el suelo) para
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to pick out (certain items from another others, as the best fruit from a market display, etc.) for
\sense_s escoger (ciertos objetos de entre otros, por ejemplo la mejor fruta de un puesto en el mercado, etc.) para
\sense_d Pending
\disamb akukwa; pepena; sentla:lia
\root pena
\xref pepena
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref pépená
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 07730
\lxam kukuh
\lxam_c kukuh nokone:w kukuh
\lxoa ko:ko
\lxoa_cpend i:ko:ko
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Baby
\der N-bb
\sense_e boo-boo (i.e., sth that hurts a child)
\sense_s dolorcito (esto es, algo que le duele a un niño)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld baby
\root kowa
\qry I am not altogether sure that the word /i:ko:ko/ (with no final glottal stop) actually refers to 'boo-boo'; cf. /ko:koh/, which I had previously given. The semantics of this and of 1643
should be checked.
\vl There are 4 tokens of this word at 4941.
\ref 07731
\lxam tlafie:roh
\lxam_c tlafie:roh
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 07732
\lxam oksekneka
\lxam_c oksekneka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(indef)
\der Pr-indef
\sense_e in a different way (an event or action that is carried out); distinct (an object, from another object)
\sense_s en una manera distinta (un evento o acción llevado a cabo); diferente; distinto (un objeto de otro)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Oksekneka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is distinct (e.g., an object than how one thought it might be).
\phrase_s Es distinto (p. ej., un objeto, de como se pensaba o se creía).
\phrase_n San no:hki ke:n tikchi:wa, ni:n a:chichi:n oksekneka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It is (to be done) just the same as you do it, not even a teeny bit different.
\phrase_s Es (de hacerse) iguala a como túlo haces, ni un poquitito de otra manera.
\phrase_n Oksekneka xiktla:li!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Do it (set it down) in a different way!
\phrase_s ¡Házlo (pónlo) de otra manera!
\root ok
\root sekneka
\nse The etymology of oksekneka is still unclear as is the precise meaning. Apparently it refers pronominally to events or actions that have occurred or been carried out in
a distinct manner, or to the state of an object or objects that is different from others.
\qry The length of the first /o/ was recorded as short; however, given the case with other similar words (that have a long initial /o:/), perhaps /oksekneka/ should again be checked.
\semref no: sehneka
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref sekneka
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 07733
\lxam maxakteliksa
\lxam_c kimaxakteliksa
\lxoa maxahtelesa
\lxoa_cpend kimaxahtelesa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to kick in the crotch or between the legs
\sense_s patear en la entrepierna
\sense_d Oa
\root maxa
\root teliksa
\root_rel -ko
\qry This word is found on recording 19-1 at 28:21.
\ref 07734
\lxam temonexka:kostiktsi:n
\lxam_c temonexka:kostiktsi:n
\dt 11/Apr/2003
\psm N
\root te
\root mohnex
\root kos
\ref 07735
\lxam ilteki:ltia
\lxam_c kilteki:ltia
\lxoa ilteki:ltia
\lxoa_cpend kitlalteki:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give (sb, sth) to sip; to force (sb) to sip (a solid food with a great amount of tasty broth, such as beans, while leaving on the plate the solid food, to be eaten later)
\sense_s dar a (algn, algo) para sober, beber o chupur (p. ej., el líquido de un guisado preparado con mucho caldo sabroso, como los frijoles, dejando la comida sólida en el plato,
para ser comido después)
\sense_d Oa
\root lteki
\qry Note that this token was simply a mis-elicitation at 5118. I made this new entry under the assumption that /tlalteki:ltia/, the definition of which I did not know, was the causative of
/ilteki/. This needs to be checked and changed if not correct. Also, change the xref at /ilteki/ to this as a causative.
\grm Antipassive: an excellent example of the antipassive is offered here by C. Flores /tikilteki:lti:s kaldi:toh mokone:w, san no: yewa tiktlalteki:lti:s ika kaldi:toh/. NOTE and
transcribe use as example sentence in sound file.
\ref 07736
\lxam kostia
\lxam_c kostia
\lxoa kostia
\lxoa_cpend kostia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to turn yellow
\sense_s amarillarse
\sense_d Oa
\root kos
\vl There are 4 tokens from 04371 that should be tagged as 7736 and two selected for the links.
\ref 07737
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ne:ika
\lxoa_alt ne:yá:
\lxoa_cpend ne:ika; ne:yá:
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adv
\der Adv-pl
\sense_e over there (in reference to a place that is distant and not visible)
\sense_s allí(en referencia a un lugar distante, no visible)
\sense_d Oa
\root ne:
\qry Check all adverbials.
\semref nepaika
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ne:yhka
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 07738
\lxam tlakokoto:na
\lxam_c kitlakokoto:na
\lxoa tlákokotó:na
\lxoa_pr tlakokoto:na
\lxoa_cpend kitlákokotó:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\trans ~Intrans
\pitch yes-lex
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to pull off half of
\sense_s arrancarle la mitad a
\sense_d Oa
\root tlahko
\root koto:
\vl There is one female token of this word at 5176. It should be linked (it might need to be cleaned up with.5 sec silence at the end since I quickly corrected Florencia.
\ref 07739
\lxam tesa:liwtok
\lxam_c tesa:liwtok
\lxoa tesa:lihtok
\lxoa_cpend tesa:lihtok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\lexical Lex. prefix te-
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be tangled and tightly knotted up (e.g., a cord, string, etc.)
\sense_s estar enmarranado con muchos nudos bien apretados (p. ej., una cuerda, mecate, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root te-
\root sal
\nde Note that in reduplication it is the te- element that is reduplicated, as in Oapan te:tesaliwi or tétesalíwi.
\semref sa:liwtok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref sa:lihtok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07740
\lxam itsontekon lamatsi:n
\lxam_c itsontekon lamatsi:n
\lxoa i:tsontekon lámatsí:n
\lxoa_cpend i:tsontekon lámatsí:n
\lxgen i:tsontekon lamahtsi:n
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(ap)
\der N-ap
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e cactus (family Cactaceae) with large round 'head' close to the ground, still not definitively identified but in local Spanish called rodilla de vieja.
\sense_s cactus biznaga (de la familia Cactaceae) con una cabeza grande pegada al suelo, llamado en el español regional rodilla de vieja(o)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root tson
\root tekom
\root lamah
\nae Florencia Marcelina gave the name of cactus as tio:koni but Silvestre Pantaleón mentioned that he knew this as i:tsontekon lámatsí:n. Nevertheless he
later stated that he had heard people talk of eating tio:koni during the Revolution.
\notes_nature In local Spanish of Iguala this is known as"rodilla de vieja."Bravo (1932), identifies this as Corphanta Bumamma with the following description:"Plantas
depreso globosas, de 15 cm. de diámetro, provistas de tubérculos grandes que llevan abundante lana en sus axilas; espinas de 6-8, subuladas, recurvadas, de color blanco
grisáceo y con el tiempo morenas; de 2-5 cm. de longitud; flores grandes de color amarillo. E. fruto es una baya de color fojizo que mide 4.5 cm. de longitud por 1 cm. de
diámetro, y provista de 2 pequeñas escamas; semillas de color caféclaro, de superficie lisa y brillante y de 3-4 mm. de longitud, estas plantas se conocen en esa región con
el nombre de 'rodilla de vieja'". It is still not clear in the native classificatory system whether itsontekon lamatsi:n is included among the
to:motli , the generic word for cacti.
\semref tioko:ni
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07741
\lxam omitetl
\lxam_c omitetl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e soup bone; bone (usually of a pig or cow) with meat on it used for soup
\sense_s un hueso con carne (generalmente de puerco o res) que se utiliza para hacer caldo
\sense_d Pending
\root omi
\root te
\nse In Oapan komitetl is used for 'bone' in general and for 'soup bone.'
\qry Check to see if this can be possessed and, if so, how possession is marked (/-w/ or /-yo/).
\semref komitetl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07742
\lxam tewistli
\lxam_c tewistli
\lxoa tewistli
\lxoa_cpend tewistli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e Havardia acatlensis(Benth.) Britton et Rose, a hardwood tree of the Leguminoseae family
\sense_s Havardia acatlensis(Benth.) Britton et Rose, unárbol con madera dura de la familia Leguminoseae
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tewistli | Yewa iyo:l melá:k tli:ltik, chika:wak, bwe:noh para klabi:jas. Xma:s we:weyakia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tewistli : Its heartwood is really black, it is hard, it is good for rivets. It doesn't get very long.
\phrase_s Tewistli : Su centro es muy negro, es duro, es bueno para clavijas. No se hace muy largo.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root te
\root wits
\root kow
\ref 07743
\lxam tla:tlako
\lxam_c tla:tlako
\lxoa tla:tlako
\lxoa_cpend tla:tlako
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\pss PM
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e half and half; by halves
\sense_s mitad y mitad; por mitades
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tia:skeh tla:tlako.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We'll go in by halves (or, We'll split it in half, e.g., the cost of a particular item, the amount of work necessary, etc.).
\phrase_s Vamos mitad y mitad (esto es, en pagar por algo, en cumplir con los requisitos de un trabajo, etc.)
\root tlahko
\nae In the present case the reduplication with long vowel of a nominal or nominal-like stem yields a word that functions adverbially as a predicate modifier. The degree to which this is a
standard grammatical process in Nahuatl is not clear.
\grm Parts of speech; grammaticalization: Re: /tla:tlako/: In the present case the reduplication with long vowel of a nominal or nominal-like stem yields a word that functions
adverbially as a predicate modifier. The degree to which this is a standard grammatical process in Nahuatl is not clear.
\ref 07744
\lxam tsi:ntetsokwe:ltik
\lxam_c tsi:ntetsokwe:ltik
\lxoa tsi:ntetsokwe:ltik
\lxoa_cpend tsi:ntetsokwe:ltik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound (N-N)
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to have a body that is twisted in the area of the lower back
\sense_s tener un cuerpo que estátorcido en laárea inferior de la espalda
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:n
\root te
\root tsokwe:l
\ref 07745
\lxam tsi:ntetsokwe:liwi
\lxam_c tsi:ntetsokwe:liwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to twist ones body in the area of the lower back
\sense_s torcersele el cuerpo en laárea inferior de la espalda
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:n
\root te
\root tsokwe:l
\ref 07746
\lxam i:xkwatol
\lxam_c i:xkwatol
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e eyebrows
\sense_s cejas
\sense_d Am
\semfld body
\root i:x
\root kwah
\root tol
\nae The etymology of this word is uncertain. I seem to have heard the middle vowel long at least with some speakers, although apparently it is underlyingly short followed by /h/, which is
lost in surface Ameyaltepec forms. The short vowel is occasionally a combinatory allomorph of kwa:'head.'
\qry The presence of /-tol/ is unusual and should be analyzed. Perhaps it is related to /tolli/, here used metaphorically. Note that in other dictionaries this is given to mean 'eyelids' (cf. RS).
Note also that originally I had this to mean 'eyebrows' but I have assumed at this point that this is an error and have changed it to 'eyelids.' This of course needs to be carefully
rechecked. I also had this originally as having a long vowel. Again, based on comparative evidence I have changed this to a short vowel (check SJ to determine the presence of /h/),
\qry_h i:xkwa:tol or i:xkwehtol, etc.
\semref i:xté:nkwetól
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07747
\lxam kwa:mantik
\lxam_c kwa:mantik
\lxoa kwa:mantik
\lxoa_cpend kwa:mantik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-tik
\sense_e flat-topped
\sense_s con la cabeza o la parte superior plana
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\root man
\semref torompokwa:mantik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07748
\lxam na:nkas
\lxam_c xya san na:nkas
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm Adv
\ref 07749
\lxam okichyo:yotli de susuwa:tl
\lxam_c okichyo:yotli de susuwa:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-complex
\der N-b
\sense_e Thevetia ovata(Cav.) A. DC., a tree of the Apocynaceae family with fruit called toto:roh
\sense_s Thevetia ovata(Cav.) A. DC.,árbol de la familia Apocynaceae con fruta que se llama toto:roh
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root okich
\root yoh
\root sowa:
\semfld flower
\qry Etymology uncertain, perhaps a lexicalized reduplication. Speakers should be asked if the name has anything to do with a characteristic of the tree. Check for the difference between
/yo:yotli/ and /okichyo:yotli/, if there is one. Again check difference between /kostik/ and /kokostik/, or is this just a pluralization.
\grm Relative clauses: Note that the relative marker in ON is /yún/. It always seems to receive stress, i.e., /yó:yotlíyún sísiwá:tl/.
\semref yó:yotlíyón sísiwá:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07750
\lxam tepochiktik
\lxam_c tepochiktik
\lxoa tepochihtik
\lxoa_cpend tepochihtik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denon-tik
\lexical Lex. prefix te-
\sense_e to be uneven, bumpy, or rough; to not be smooth (e.g., the surface of unpolished ceramics, the unfinished surface of an adobe or plastered wall, etc.)
\sense_s ser desigual o disparejo; no estar plano; seráspero (p. ej., la superficie de cerámica no pulida, la superficie no acabada de una pared de adobe o yeso, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld texture
\root pochi:
\semref tsatsapaltik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 07751
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa komoloh
\lxoa_cpend komoloh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\sense_e type of small insect, still unidentified, that burrows into the ground
\sense_s tipo de pequeño insecto, todavía no identificado, que escarba o cava en la tierra
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld ins
\root tla:l
\root komol
\notes_func This animal is used as a remedy to cure skin cuts.
\mod See cuaderno for notes on curing.
\semref tla:ltekomolotsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07752
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa koyolin
\lxoa_cpend koyolin
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\sense_e Trichilia hirtaL., tree of the Meliaceae family
\sense_s Trichilia hirtaL.,árbol de la familia Meliaceae
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\semfld -pl-md
\root koyolin
\qry Check etymology of /koyolin/. According to JoséSantos, the name of this tree is Spanish is 'cola de coyote.' However, I have not found this listed anywhere.
\semref kwahkoyolin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07753
\lxam yeyekatlanono:chilia
\lxam_c kiyeyekatlanono:chilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-tla-V3
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to invoke the yeyekameh against
\sense_s invocar los yeyekameh en contra de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:chyeyekatlanono:chilikeh, o:kite:ne:wkeh chikna:wtipan cha:nekeh para nikwalo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They invoked the yeyekameh against me, they named (in a prayer) the residents of chikna:wtipan so that I would get ill.
\phrase_s Invocaron los e yeyekameh en mi contra, nombraron (en una oración) los habitantes de chikna:wtipan para que me enfermara.
\fla te:yekanono:chilike:tl
\root e:ka
\root no:tsa
\qry Valency; /tla-/: Note /O:ne:chyekatlanono:chilikeh, o:kite:ne:wkeh chikna:wtipan cha:nekeh para nikwalo:s./ 'They invoked the yeyekameh against me, they named (in
a prayer) the residents of chikna:wtipan so that I would get ill.' Note here that this is syntactically a divalent verb: S and O/PO. However, the base verb is trivalent.
This suggests that perhaps /no:chilia/ is decreased in valency by /tla-/ and that /yeka/ is an oblique. But this is problematical since it is indeed the 'aires' who are invoked. This should
be checked. Check the Oapan form with a speech analyzer.
\grm Valency; /tla-/: Note /O:ne:chyekatlanono:chilikeh, o:kite:ne:wkeh chikna:wtipan cha:nekeh para nikwalo:s./ 'They invoked the yeyekameh against me, they
named (in a prayer) the residents of chikna:wtipan so that I would get ill.' Note here that this is syntactically a divalent verb: S and O/PO. However, the
base verb is trivalent. This suggests that perhaps /no:chilia/ is decreased in valency by /tla-/ and that /yeka/ is an oblique. But this is problematical since it is indeed the
'aires' who are invoked. This should be checked.
\semref yéye:kano:chília
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07754
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa te:tekestik
\lxoa_cpend te:tekestik
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\lexical Lex. rdp-l (Oa)
\sense_e to be always taking breaks, always stopping (e.g., a worker, particularly one who works while walking such as in the harvest, who every few steps stops to rest)
\sense_s siempre tomar descanos, parándose en seguida (p. ej., un trabajador, particularmente uno que trabaja caminando como en cosechar, que seguido se para)
\sense_d Oa
\root teketsa
\root te
\root ketsa
\qry_h Check for /h/.
\vl Note that the original sound files for this word are found at 5453.
\ref 07755
\lxam tla:tlata
\lxam_c kitla:tlata
\lxoa tla:tlata
\lxoa_cpend kitla:tlata
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-l
\infv Irregular; see ita
\sense_e see tlatlata (Am) / tlátlatá(Oa)
\sense_s véase tlatlata (Am) / tlátlatá(Oa)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ita
\nae The verbal form * tlata, which comprises the verb ita and the incorporated nonspecific object tla- only has been documented in
reduplicated form, with short and with long vowel reduplication of the nonspecific object prefix. Since short vowel reduplication seems much more common in this case, the principal
entry has been given as tlatlata (Am) / tlátlata.
\ref 07756
\lxam ma:tetso:ntsona
\lxam_c kima:tetso:tsona
\lxoa ma:tetso:tsona
\lxoa_cpend kima:tetso:tsona
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-[N-V2]
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to crush or hit the hand of (sb) with a stone
\sense_s machucar o golpear la mano de (algn) con una piedra
\sense_d Oa
\semfld contact
\root ma:
\root te
\root tsona
\semref ma:tepachowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07757
\lxam me:soh
\lxam_c me:soh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan ?
\psm Adj
\der Adj-loan
\sense_e see burroh me:soh
\sense_s véase burroh me:soh
\sense_d Am
\qry Check for final /h/; also if /me:so/ can be used in another other context other than to refer to a donkey. Note that in Oapan the term is /ma:ye:so/. Check for Spanish term. If no /h/
change here as elsewhere.
\semref maye:soh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07758
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kohcha:charah
\lxoa_cpend kohcha:charah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N(ap)
\compound N-N
\der N-irregular
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e noisemaker used during Holy Week
\sense_s matraca, aparato para hacer ruido durante Semana Santa
\sense_d Oa
\root chala:
\nae The etymology of kohcha:charah is unclear but it might well be related to Nahuatl chachalakawith an /l/>/r/ phonological shift.
\ilus_note Make illustration.
\semref so:sórron
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tlakakalatsahli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07759
\lxam chi:ltoto:roh
\lxam_c chi:ltoto:roh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan toro
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e food made of a soft tortilla folded in half on top of itself with chile sauce, silantro, onions, and other spices in the center, the taco is heated on the griddle with its edges
pressed together so it acquires a crescent shape with pointed ends like horns (hence its name)
\sense_s comida hecha de una tortilla blanda doblada sobre si misma y rellenada con salsa de chile con silantro, cebolla y otras especies en medio, el taco se calienta por el comal
con las orillas prensadas para que adquiera una forma de media luna con puntas como cuernos por las extremedades (asísu nombre)
\sense_d Am
\semfld food-tortilla
\root chi:l
\semref chi:ltlama:tsowahli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07760
\lxam to:nalchika:waltia
\lxam_c kito:nalchika:waltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to fortify or strengthen the"soul"(to:nahli) of
\sense_s fortalecer, hacer más fuerte el"alma"(to:nahli) de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Deke tikpia moto:nal ba:joh, misto:nalchika:walti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e If your to:nal is weak, he will strengthen it for you.
\phrase_s Si tienes el to:nal débil,él te lo va a fortalecer.
\root to:na
\root chika:
\qry Check to determine whether /chika:waltia/ exists and, if it does, whether there is a difference between transitive /chika:wa/ and /chika:waltia/. Also, for this entry, check for an
intransitive form and for ?/to:nalchika:wa/.
\mod Cf. Flk-1984-06-07.2
\semref to:nalchika:wa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref to:nahli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 07761
\lxam china china china chinah
\lxam_c china china china chinah
\lxoa china china chinah
\lxoa_cpend china china chinah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan cochino
\psm Interj
\der Interj-loan
\sense_e sound used by women in calling their pigs to eat
\sense_s sonido utilizado por las mujeres en llamar a sus marranos a comer
\sense_d Oa
\ref 07762
\lxam kukuwini
\lxam_c kukuwini
\lxoa kókowíni
\lxoa_alt kókówíne
\lxoa_cpend kókowíni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ag-ni
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref)
\infn N1
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e child or young man who chops and brings back firewood a lot, who is good at chopping and bringing back firewood
\sense_s niño que leña mucho, que es un buen leñador
\sense_d Oa
\root kow
\semref kokowintsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07763
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:i:skitl de kowatl
\lxoa_cpend a:i:skitl de kowatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) manzana
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e Lantana camaraL., small bush of the Verbenaceae family with brightly colored yellow and red flowers
\sense_s Lantana camaraL., pequeño arbusto de la familia Verbenaceae con llamativas flores de color amarilla y roja
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root a:
\root i:sk
\root kowa
\semref i:mansa:nah kuwatl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07764
\lxam onye:wi
\lxam_c onye:wi
\lxoa one:wi
\lxoa_cpend one:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e see ye:wi
\sense_s véase ye:wi
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root e:wi
\ref 07765
\lxam -tinemi
\lxam_c wetskatinemi
\lxoa -tinemi
\lxoa_cpend wetskatinemi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Associated motion ending
\infv class-3a(m)
\compound ti-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to go around [what is signified by the main verb]
\sense_s andar [lo que se significa por el verbo principal]
\sense_d Am
\root nemi
\semref -timi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07766
\lxam kulebri:tah
\lxam_c kulebri:tah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan culebra (?)
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e Apoplanesia paniculataC. Presl, hardwood tree of the Fabaceae (Leguminoseae) family
\sense_s Apoplanesia paniculataC. Presl, hardwood tree of the Fabaceae (Leguminoseae) family
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root ko
\root wah
\nse The identification of the kówatlí (Oa) and kowatli(Am) is perhaps somewhat confusing. Both Inocencio Díaz (Am) and Asención Marcelino (S. Juan
Tetelcingo) agreed that there are two types of kowatli (Am) / kowahtle(Tet), one with smooth bark and one with rough bark. The one with rough bark
is called Guettarda ellipticaSw. in Latin nomenclature and is of the Rubiaceae family. It is called kowatli in Ameyaltepec and kulebri:tahin San
Juan. It does not grow on the lands of Oapan and thus is not named. The other kowatli has smooth bark, it is the Apoplanesia paniculataC. Presl, a
hardwood tree of the Fabaceae (Leguminoseae) family. This tree is called kulebri:tah in Ameyaltepec and kowahtlein Tetelcingo. Thus the names are
reversed from those given to Guettarda elliptica. The the Apoplanesia paniculataC. Presl is found in Oapan and was known by the botanical consultant Silve stre
Pantaleón. Although the preceding seems to be the case, more consultants should be checked to determine if some mistake has been made. Apparently, if the identification is
correct, if the wood of this tree is hard and the branch straight and long, it can be used for cabesas in house construction. Common names include palo de
arco.
\vl The first token is female /kowatl/, which should be tagged with ref. 5093.
\semref kówatlí
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref kowiya:wtli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref kó:yá:htli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07767
\lxam kuwatli
\lxam_c kuwatli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(h)
\sense_e Guettarda ellipticaSw., tree of the Rubiaceae family
\sense_s Guettarda ellipticaSw.,árbol de la familia Rubiaceae
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root ko
\root wah
\nse The identification of the kówatlí (Oa) and kowatli(Am) is perhaps somewhat confusing. Both Inocencio Díaz (Am) and Asención Marcelino (S. Juan
Tetelcingo) agreed that there are two types of kowatli (Am) / kowahtle(Tet), one with smooth bark and one with rough bark. The one with rough bark
is called Guettarda ellipticaSw. in Latin nomenclature and is of the Rubiaceae family. It is called kowatli in Ameyaltepec and kulebri:tahin San
Juan. It does not grow on the lands of Oapan and thus is not named. The other kowatli has smooth bark, it is the Apoplanesia paniculataC. Presl, a
hardwood tree of the Fabaceae (Leguminoseae) family. This tree is called kulebri:tah in Ameyaltepec and kowahtlein Tetelcingo. Thus the names are
reversed from those given to Guettarda elliptica. The the Apoplanesia paniculataC. Presl is found in Oapan and was known by the botanical consultant Silve stre
Pantaleón. Although the preceding seems to be the case, more consultants should be checked to determine if some mistake has been made. But it appears that the tree known in
Ameyaltepec as kowatli does not grow on lands of Oapan and therefore does not have an established identifying name in this latter village.
\ref 07768
\lxam chapoltlatlama
\lxam_c chapoltlatlama
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-[tla-V2]
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-1
\sense_e to catch grasshoppers (grabbing them with ones hands off the maize leaves in September and October and then placing them in a container, often of palm, a
pi:tso:tl , as one goes through the cornfields)
\sense_s juntar chapulines (agarrándolos con las manos de las hojas de maíz en septiembre y octubre, y después metiéndolos en un recipiente, a menudo de palma,
pi:tso:tl)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n O:chapoltlatlama:to.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He went to catch grasshoppers.
\phrase_s Fue a juntar chapulines.
\ency_note hunting
\root chapol
\root ma
\nae For a fuller discussion of the morphology of Ameyaltepec chapoltlatlama , see cháchapólma.
\qry Determine whether /tlama/ is a transitive normally. Recheck verb class; it appears to inflect like /kwa/. Check to see if nonnreduplicated form can also be used; check for
/ma:satlama/.
\mod Add encyclopedic entry for tlama and types of hunting.
\grm Incorporation; /tla-/; valency; transitivity: The reduplicated form, which appears to be the only possible, is probably the result of the type of action (repetitive) involved. Cf.
entry under /tlama:/. Interestingly this verb seems to exist only with the detransitivizing /tla-/. What this means is that the incorporation of the objects hunted occurs as a
modifying (Type I) incorporation: one can have both /tlatlama/ and /michtlatlama/ etc. RS gives under /ma/ the following: nitla- cazar; frec. nitlatlama, pescar, cazar con
redes; tlatlama, el que pesca, pescador. Note, then, that the reduplication might reflect the way in which hunting is effected. Cf. /michtlatlamake:tl/ and elicit whether there is
a word for deerhunter.
\semref cháchapólma
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref tlama
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 07769
\lxam tlapopolwilia
\lxam_c kitlapopolwilia
\lxoa tlá:polwilia
\lxoa_cpend kitlá:polwília
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to forgive, exculpate, or excuse (sb [PO]) for (sth [SO] such as an error or sin)
\sense_s perdonar o exculpar a (algn [PO]) por (algo [SO])
\sense_d Pending
\root pol
\qry Recheck valency and nature of argument structure.
\xref tlapopolwia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref tlá:polwiya
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 07770
\lxam tekwaltia
\lxam_c ipan noma kitekwaltia
\lxoa tekwaltia
\lxoa_cpend kitekwaltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\lexical Lex. prefix te-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (-pan + refl.) to get crushed or pinched ([possessor of -pan]) between two sides of (reflexive subject, such as a door, two boards with a crack
between them, pliers, etc., that is, things that close and catch sth in the middle, pinching it as it closes)
\sense_s (-pan + refl.) prensarse o apretarse ([poseedor de -pan] entre dos lados de (sujeto del reflexivo, como una puerta, dos tablas con una hendedura
en medio, pinzas, etc., esto es, objetos que se cierran y agarran algo en medio, prensándolo al cerrar sobre ello)
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa
\semref tekwa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07771
\lxam testa:rowa
\lxam_c testa:rowa
\lxoa testa:rowa
\lxoa_cpend testa:rowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan (Nah) testar
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-loan
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to make or give a last will and testament; to distribute ones property and belongings when near death
\sense_s testar; distribuir los bienes al acercarse a la muerte
\sense_d Oa
\qry Check whether or not this takes a reflexive.
\semref tlaxelowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07772
\lxam kwalne:xtia
\lxam_c kikwalne:xtia
\lxoa kwalne:xtia
\lxoa_cpend kikwalne:xtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make pretty; to beautify
\sense_s embellecer; hacer bonito
\sense_d Oa
\root kwal
\qry Apparently the intransitive form *kwaltsi:nti(a) does not exist. This should be checked.
\grm Note word order: /Un sowa:tl ma:s kikwaltsi:ntilia itlake:n/ 'That woman is made better looking by her clothes.' Note how the order her, which seems to involve focalization,
is OVS.
\semref kwaltsi:ntilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07773
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa nexkurustsi:n
\lxoa_cpend @nexkurustsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) cruz
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e cross drawn on the forehead with ashes or soot for Ash Wednesday
\sense_s cruz de ceniza o hollín que se pone en la frente para Miércoles de Ceniza
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\root tepos
\nse Note the use of teposwia here in the extended sense of 'to mark or place a mark on.'
\semref i:xkwa:teposwia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref nexkwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07774
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tá:tapaché:wi
\lxoa_pr ta:tapache:wi
\lxoa_cpend tá:tapaché:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have red bumps (like those of an allergy) appear on ones skin (not from a bite of any animal, but just by themselves as when one has míhka:síwi)
\sense_s salirsele ronchas rojas (como las producidas por una alergia) a (no por una mordida de cualquier animal o insecto, pero solo, como cuando uno míhka:síwi)
\sense_d Oa
\root tahpach
\qry_h Check location of /h/.
\vl There are 4 female and 3 male tokens of this word, recorded originally at 6687. They should be tagged as 7774 and two should be linked.
\ref 07775
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yéye:páso:tl
\lxoa_cpend yéye:páso:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e type of herbaceous plant still not collected nor identified
\sense_s tipo de planta herbácea todavía no colectada ni identificada
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root e:paso:l
\root xiw
\nae The reduplication yielding yéye:páso:tl undoubtedly refects the fact that this plant resembles the edible plant ye:paso:tl.
\semref ye:paso:lxiwtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07776
\lxam kamatepo:tskalaktilia
\lxam_c kikamatepo:tskalaktilia
\lxoa kamatepo:tskalahtilia
\lxoa_cpend kikamatepo:tskalahtilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-N-V3
\der V3-d-ap[ca]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to stuff the mouth of
\sense_s atiborrarle la boca a (algn) con (algo [OS])
\sense_d Oa
\root kama
\root tepo:ts
\root kalak
\nse Although this term (along with kamatepo:tsakilia, which is not in the lexicon at present) was uttered in a recording sense (though at too low a level to be recorded) it
does not seem to be a term used in Oapan. Rather, it was given as a"possible"equivalent to Ameyaltepec kamapo:tsakilia. The Oapan term here should, therefore,
be checked.
\ref 07777
\lxam ó:rganoh de un we:i
\lxam_alt ó:rganoh de uwe:i ito:moyo
\lxam_c ó:rganoh de un we:i
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan órgano
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e type of large cactus
\sense_s órgano, tipo de cactus grande
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\ency_note ó:rganoh
\semref tó:mowéwé:i
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07778
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwahli mexkahli
\lxoa_cpend kwahli mexkahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e see ka:ka:lo:te:ntli
\sense_s véase ka:ka:lo:te:ntli
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwal
\root mexkal
\ref 07779
\lxam bwe:nora kayo:tl
\lxam_c bwe:nora kayo:tl
\lxoa bwe:nóra káyo:tl
\lxoa_pr bwe:norah kayo:tl
\lxoa_cpend bwe:nóra káyo:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) buen hora
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e something done early (e.g., a field planted early in the rainy season)
\sense_s algo hecho a buen hora (p. ej., una milpa sembrada al principio de la temporada de lluvias)
\sense_d Oa
\root kayo:
\semref saniman kayo:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07780
\lxam ma:posteki
\lxam_c kima:posteki
\lxoa ma:posteki
\lxoa_cpend kima:posteki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V3-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to break off the branch of (e.g., a tree, bush, etc.)
\sense_s romperle la rama a (p. ej., unárbol, arbusto, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to break the arm or hand of
\sense_s romperle el brazo o mano a (algn)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ma:
\root posteki
\ref 07781
\lxam tlamana
\lxam_c tlamana
\lxoa tlamana
\lxoa_cpend tlamana
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to lay out an offering (e.g., to a deceased relative during All Saints Day, on an altar or in a church, etc.)
\sense_s poner una ofrenda (p. ej., a un pariente muerte para Todos Santos, sobre un altar, en una iglesia, etc.
\sense_d Pending
\root mana
\vl There is one token for this word from 6497.
\xref mana
\xref_t plus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07782
\lxam kwa:teteson
\lxam_c kwa:teteson
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to have a crewcut or short hair
\sense_s tener el pelo muy corto como resultado de una corte de pela casi raso
\sense_d Am
\root kwa:
\root teson
\semref kwa:teson
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref kwa:tesonek
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07783
\lxam tekontetso:tsona
\lxam_c kitekontetso:tsona
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\lexical Lex. infix te- ; Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e to hold a gourd or gourd-like object over (a chick [O]) and tap on it lightly
\sense_s sostener una jícara o algo parecido sobre (un pollito [o]) darle golpecitos ligeros
\sense_d Oa
\root wehka
\root tsona
\nae The vowel length of the reduplicant is probably long despite ambigous evidence from the two speech tokens of Inocencio Jiménez. He was not familiar with the meaning of the term,
and this might account for some variation. Also, despite the fairly short duration of the reduplicant vowel, the ratio between this vowel and the initial vowel of the verbal stem
tsona is still within a range that would suggest a phonologically long vowel in the reduplicant.
\qry Check the vowel length of the first /o:/ of the final verbal element. Note that in genereal this verb is usually found with short vowel reduplication (e.g., /tlatsotsona/). In Florencia
Marcelino's speech I seemed to have heard a long vowel, and a short one with Inocencio. He did not seem familiar with the meaning of this term and this may have lead to the
difference.
\vl Link 1st male token.
\semref wákaltetso:tsóna
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07784
\lxam kwa:chi:koyo:nia
\lxam_c kikwa:chi:koyo:nia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. infix te- : kwa:techi:koyo:nia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to open up a wide hole in the top of (e.g., a hut of palm or zacate)
\sense_s abrir un gran agujero en lo alto de (p. ej., una casa de palma o zacate)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to make a piercing wound in the head of (synonym Oapan: kwa:tekoyo:nia)
\sense_s abrirle un gran agujero en la cabeza a (algn; sinónimo Oapan: kwa:tekoyo:nia)
\sense_d Am
\root kwa:
\root chi:
\root koyo:
\disamb kwa:chi:koya:wi
\nde In Oapan the form kwa:tekoyo:ni is used to refer to a hole on the head such as that opened up on a child hit with a rock while playing. The form
kwa:chi:koya:wiis used to refer to a thatched roof opening up.
\qry Check difference between this word and /kwa:chi:koya:wi/.
\ref 07785
\lxam we:weh
\lxam_c we:weh
\lxoa wé:wetlí
\lxoa_cpend wé:wetlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e person who gives a formal speech of advice to the bride and groom after the procession has arrived at the groom's house to leave off the presents from the bride and her
family; at times there are two wé:wetlí with the first presenting his discourse in the house of the bride when tlatlaquechi:lo
\sense_s persona que hace un discurso formal de consejo al novio y a la novia cuando llegaron a dejar los trastes en la casa del novio; a veces también hay otro
wé:wetlí con el primero en la casa de la novia cuando tlatlaquechi:lo
\sense_d Oa
\root we:we:
\grm Oapan phonology: /wé:we:tlátó:hli/: Note that stress pattern and measure for article.
\ref 07786
\lxam wa:kaxnamakake:tl
\lxam_alt wa:kaxnemakake:tl
\lxam_c wa:kaxnamakake:tl
\lxoa wa:kaxnemake:tl
\lxoa_alt wa:kaxnamake:tl
\lxoa_cpend wa:kaxnemake:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) vaca
\psm N
\incorp [N-V2]-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who sells cattle
\sense_s persona que vende ganado
\sense_d Oa
\root wa:kax
\root namaka
\nse Given that many Oapan Nahuatl speakers abbreviate wa:kax to wa:x, which is homophonous with the root of wa:xin, the nominalized
compound wa:xnema:ke:tl acquires two significations: a seller of guajes and a seller of cattle.
\semref wa:xnemake:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07787
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:lkwi
\lxoa_cpend kontla:kwis
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e (usually with a directional affix) to (go/come) get earth (e.g., for making ceramics, etc.)
\sense_s (generalmente con un afijo direccional) (ir/venir a) tomar tierra (p. ej., para hacer cerámica, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Tontla:lkwitiwetsiskeh, a:mantsi:n oh weli:pantsi:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e We're going to go get some earth (for ceramics), it's still light out.
\phrase_s Vamos a ir a conseguir tierra (para la cerámica), todavía queda bastante luz.
\root tla:l
\root kwi
\ref 07788
\lxam cha:molkuwtli
\lxam_alt cha:molinkuwtli
\lxam_c cha:molkuwtli
\lxoa cha:molkohtli
\lxoa_alt cha:molin kohtli
\lxoa_cpend cha:molkohtli
\lxgen cha:molin
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\sense_e generic name for a type of small tree that includes two types: cha:molin de chi:chi:ltik and cha:molin de kokostik
\sense_s nombre genérico para un tipo de arbusto que incluye dos tipos: cha:molin de chi:chi:ltik y cha:molin de kokostik
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e tree or bush with small red flowers that grow in bunches
\sense_s arbusto que tiene florecitas rojas que crecen en ramicitas
\sense_d Pending
\root cha:mol
\notes_nature Ramírez (1991) identifies this as chamol in Spanish, of the family Leguminosaeand genus/species Caesalpina pulcherrima. Guizar and
Sánchez (1991:111) have a tree named in Spanish chamol, camaroncillo, pericón,or surungana. They identify this as of the family and subfamily
Leguminosae; caesalpinioideaeand the genus/species Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as chamol.
\semfld flower
\qry Check to see if considered a /kuhtli/ or /kuhtsi:ntli/.
\semref cha:molin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07789
\lxam kwa:chi:koyo:ni
\lxam_c kwa:chi:koyo:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. infix te- : kwa:techi:koyo:ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to have wide hole open un in the top (e.g., of a hut of palm or zacate)
\sense_s abrirse un gran agujero en lo alto de (p. ej., una casa de palma o zacate)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to get a piercing wound in the head of (synonym Oapan: kwa:tekoyo:nia)
\sense_s abrirsele un gran agujero en la cabeza (algn; sinónimo Oapan: kwa:tekoyo:nia)
\sense_d Am
\root kwa:
\root chi:
\root koyo:
\disamb kwa:chi:koya:wi
\nde In Oapan the form kwa:tekoyo:ni is used to refer to a hole on the head such as that opened up on a child hit with a rock while playing. The form
kwa:chi:koya:wiis used to refer to a thatched roof opening up.
\qry Check difference between this word and /kwa:chi:koya:wi/.
\ref 07790
\lxam tepi:tska:tla:katl
\lxam_c tepi:tska:tla:katl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Part-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e healthy man; stout and sturdy man (of body and health, who does not easily become sick)
\sense_s hombre sano; hombre fuerte y duro (de cuerpo, de salud, quien no se enferma facilmente)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tepi:ts
\root tla:ka
\nse Tepi:tska:tla:katl is used, for example, in talking about an old man who is still strong, sturdy, and able to work hard, or who never gets ill despite his age.
\qry Check into Oapan and the use of /tepi:tka:/ instead of /tepi:tska:/. Apparently the latter is not acceptable in these contexts; cf. the Yale tape, which I believe might have a discussion
somewhere on this point. Check for possessed form.
\semref tepi:tka:tla:katl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref kaxa:nka:tla:katl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref poxa:hka:tla:katl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 07791
\lxam tepi:tska:suwa:tl
\lxam_c tepi:tska:suwa:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound Part-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e healthy woman; stout and sturdy woman (of body and health, who does not easily become sick)
\sense_s mujer sana; mujer fuerte y duro (de cuerpo, de salud, quien no se enferma facilmente)
\sense_d Am
\root tepi:ts
\root sowa:
\nse In general tepi:stik used in this sense refers to a person who is sturdy and not weak, who is healthy (sana) and doesn't get sick.
\nae In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan the base of the modifier is the verb tepi:tsiwi. As with most verbs ending in -iwi the participial form in the Balsas
region is the verbal root (i.e., the stem minus -iwi) plus the participial ending -ka:. In Oapan the surface form is the result of the reduction of the final /ts/
affricate to a simple stop, /t/. This is perhaps the only case I have documented so far in which an affricate loses the fricative component in a particular environment.
\grm Oapan phonology: ts>t: cf. /tepi:tka:siwa:tl/: In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan the base of the modifier is the verb tepi:tsiwi. As with most verbs ending in
-iwi the participial form in the Balsas region is the verbal root (i.e., the stem minus -iwi) plus the participial ending -ka:. In Oapan the
surface form is the result of the reduction of the final /ts/ affricate to a simple stop, /t/. This is perhaps the only case I have documented so far in which an affricate loses the
fricative component in a particular environment.
\semref tepi:tka:siwa:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref kaxa:nka:suwa:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref kaxa:nka:siwa:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref poxa:hka:suwa:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 07792
\lxam a:xo:chitl
\lxam_c a:xo:chitl
\lxoa_cpend ka:rrasal
\lxgen a:xo:chitl
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e Asthianthus viminalis(Kunth) Baill., tree of the Bignoniaceae family found principally at the river's edge, called asúchil or carrizal in
Spanish
\sense_s Asthianthus viminalis(Kunth) Baill.,árbol de la familia Bignoniaceae que crece en la galería del río, llamado asúchil o carrizal en español
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kuwtli, u:nkah ipan a:te:ntli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It (the a:xo:chitl) is a tree, it is found near the river.
\phrase_s (El a:xo:chitl) es unárbol, se halla cerca del río.
\phrase_n A:xo:chitl | Ipan pa:skwah kite:teketsan esta:kas ipan kisa:sa:lowan tio:pan ka:n nowiti:wa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A:xo:chitl : During Easter they set up stakes and on them they tie it, in the church where people pass through.
\phrase_s A:xo:chitl : Durante Pascua ponen estacas paradas y sobre ellas lo amarran, en la iglesia donde pasa la gente.
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root a:
\root xo:chi
\notes_nature Identified by Ramírez and Dakin (1979) as asúchil. Ramírez (1991) also identifies this as the asúchil. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:179) list this as
of the family Bignoniaceaeand the genus/species Asianthus viminalis.
\semfld flower
\grm Impersonal /-wa/. Note the following phrase from my data: /A:xo:chitl | Ipan pa:skwah kite:teketsan esta:kas ipan kisa:sa:lowan tio:pan ka:n nowiti:wa/ '
A:xo:chitl | During Easter they set up stakes and on them they tie it, in the church where people pass through.' Note here the use of /-wa/ whereas most
speakers now would use /-lo/. Cf. the data on /ka:n o:mikiwa:k/.
\semref a:xo:chikuwtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref ka:rrasal
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07793
\lxam itipala:nki
\lxam_c itipala:nki
\lxoa ítipalá:nki
\lxoa_c ítipalá:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\incorp N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to have a rotten inside (e.g., a fruit such as watermelon, cantaloupe, apple, red tomato, etc.)
\sense_s tener la parte interior pudrido (una fruta como sandía, melón, manzana, jitomate, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root hti
\root pala:
\vl This word was originally recorded at 07016, spontaneously during the recording session.
\ref 07794
\lxam xexelowa
\lxam_c kixexelowa
\lxoa xéxelówa
\lxoa_alt té:xelówa
\lxoa_pr xexelowa
\lxoa_pr té:xelowa
\lxoa_c kité:xelówa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\lexical Op. prefix te- : té:xelówa.
\infv class-2b
\pitch yes-rd
\sense_e to split up into pieces or portions
\sense_s dividir en pedazos o porciones
\sense_d Pending
\root xe:l
\vl There is a token of /té:xelówa/ at 7087. This should be tagged here at 7794 and linked (even though it is an alternate form with the /te-/ intensifier suffix.
\ref 07795
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwá:chichí:notík
\lxoa_c kwá:chichí:notík
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-tik-adj
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to have lightly curled hair
\sense_s tener el cabello ligeramente chino
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\mod Add entry for /kwá:chichí:notki/. The recording of this form is here.
\grm Adjectivals: A form that I have noted several times in Oapan but not in Ameyaltepec is that of the perfective of inchoative verbs that end in Vti to which the adjectival ending
/-ki/ is added. Such is the case here of /kwá:chichí:notki/, which is equivalent to /kwá:chichí:notík/
\semref i:xkwá:chichí:natík
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref kwá:chichí:notki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07796
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ma:témonexíwi
\lxoa_pr ma:temonexiwi
\lxoa_c ma:témonexíwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e for ones arms to become dusty and dirty
\sense_s quedarsele los brazos cubiertos de polvo
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root te-
\root mohnex
\semref ma:temonexe:wi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref ma:témonexé:wi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07797
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod this was an entry for papa:kiltia, which has been removed and added under /tlapa:kiltia/.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 07798
\lxam tlaxkalkukwepa
\lxam_c tlaxkalkukwepa
\lxoa tlaxká:lkopá
\lxoa_pr tlaxká:lkopa
\lxoa_cpend tlaxká:lkopá
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\compound N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(prev-s)
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to flip over tortillas in the kitchen (p. ej., during a fiesta)
\sense_s voltear tortillas en la cocina (p. ej., durante una fiesta)
\sense_d Oa
\root xka
\root kwepa
\vl The tokens for this word were recorded (inserted during the recording session) at 7134. They should be given #7798.
\ref 07799
\lxam tlapa:kiltia
\lxam_c kitlapa:kiltia
\lxoa tlapa:kiltia
\lxoa_cpend kitlapa:kiltia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\root pa:ka
\nae Roberto Maurico accepted both form tlapa:kiltia and tlapa:kaltia, although he seemed to favor the latter.
\semref tlapa:kaltia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07800
\lxam a:xo:tla
\lxam_c a:xo:tla
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to create a wake in the water (as a snake does when swimming with its head up)
\sense_s dejar una estella en el agua (p. ej., una culebra nadando con su cabeza erguida por afuera del agua)
\sense_d Pending
\root a:
\root xo:tla
\ref 07801
\lxam kechkopi:na
\lxam_c kikechkopi:na
\lxoa kechkopi:na
\lxoa_c kikechkopi:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to detached the head of (e.g., of an animal such as a chicken when killed, a person hit by a heavy blow to the back of the head)
\sense_s desprenderle la cabeza a (p. ej., a un animal como la gallina al matarse)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e for the (headlike) top of to become detached (e.g., the bud or flower of certain plants)
\sense_s deprenderle la punta (que estáen forma de cabeza, p. ej., como la flor o botón de ciertas plantas)
\sense_d Pending
\root kech
\root kopi:
\qry Check for use of /dyan yewan kechkopi:ni/ given that my original notes had /dyah iwa:n kechkopi:ni... /. Check for transitive form and other uses, significations of this word.
\ref 07802
\lxam a:te:ka
\lxam_c na:te:ka
\dt 23/Jul/2002
\ref 07803
\lxam tlase:ka:wihlo:tl
\lxam_c notlase:ka:wihlo
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-yo:tl
\sense_e shadow (of a person, cloud, etc.)
\sense_s sombra (de la gente, nubes, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\root se:
\root ka:wa
\qry_fon Check vowel length of final /i/. I had written it short but seemed to hear length in the recording.
\ref 07804
\lxam i:xte:nteme:tsowilia
\lxam_c ki:xte:nteme:tsowilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give a good, measured look at (e.g., sth to make sure that it is flat, correctly measured, etc.)
\sense_s ver detalladamente y cuidadosamente a (p. ej., una cantidad de algo para asegurar bien que estábien medido)
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root tehme:ts
\nse Although the original documentation for this Ameyaltepec word was i:xteme:tsowilia , Cristino Flores stated that the form i:xte:nteme:tsowilia is more
common.
\nae The etymology of i:xteme:tsowilia is uncertain: the only clearly identifiable element is i:xand, perhaps, te. No other dialects have
been found with any words resembling either teme:tsowa or me:tsowa. Certainly a precise identification of the location of the {h} element that probably
motivates the pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl i:xtéme:tsowilia would be helpful.
\qry As with other words, it is unclear whether the te- element is part of the incorporated noun (e.g., i:xtetl), whether it is an intensifier, or whether it is part of
the verb. However, no verb /teme:tsowa/ or /me:tsowa/ has been found, where /tsowilia/ means 'to lasso for'.
\qry_h i:xteme:tsowilia
\vl Check vowel length and location of /h/ in SJ dialect.
\root_notes Discuss difficulty in termining root and whether /teme:ts/ is correct.
\semref i:xtéme:tsowília
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07805
\lxam suwa:kwi:lia
\lxam_c kisuwa:kwi:lia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to take the girlfriend or wife away from (e.g., a lover)
\sense_s bajarle la novia o esposa a
\sense_d Am
\root sowa:
\root kwi
\ref 07806
\lxam koxsolo:ni
\lxam_c koxsolo:ni
\lxoa kochsolo:ni
\lxoa_cpend kochsolo:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp S-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to snore
\sense_s roncar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root koch
\root solo:
\grm Ameyaltepec phonology: Note the shift /tsh/ to /sh/ before /s/. Determine whether this is general.
\ref 07807
\lxam kwarti:yoh
\lxam_c kwarti:yoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan cuartillo
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e cuartilla (measure of grain)
\sense_s cuartilla (medido de grano)
\sense_d Am
\semfld measure
\ency_note measurements
\qry Get all sizes and weights. Recheck with Oapan.
\ref 07808
\lxam ma:se:wia
\lxam_c kima:se:wia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi(a)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to take over for (sb doing sth with his arms such as chopping a large tree down, so that he might rest)
\sense_s ayudar para que (algn) descanse los brazos
\sense_d Am
\root ma:; se:
\xref tlama:se:wia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\ref 07809
\lxam tlama:se:wia
\lxam_c tlama:se:wia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to leave an offering for ones ancestors during All Saints Day
\sense_s dejar una ofrenda para los antepasados durante Todos Santos
\sense_d Am
\root ma:
\root se:
\ref 07810
\lxam to:nalka:waltia
\lxam_c kito:nalka:waltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to scare the wits out of or to greatly frighten (sb, so as to cause susto and the loss of ones to:nahli)
\sense_s espantar muchísimo hasta causar susto a (algn, y la pérdida de su to:nahli)
\sense_d Am
\root to:na
\root ka:wa
\nse According to Cristino Flores the form to:nalka:waltia is much more common than to:nalki:xtia. The literal meaning of this term is to remove to spirit or
soul (i.e., to:nahli) from. It causes a case of susto that requires that the victim be cured in a ceremony to obtain the return or release of his or her
to:nahli.
\qry Check for intransitive form ?/to:nalki:sa/.
\semref to:nalki:xtia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref to:nalma:mohtia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07811
\lxam tsoma
\lxam_c kitsoma
\lxoa tsoma
\lxoa_cpend kitsoma
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to sew (particularly to patch up a hole in sth such as a sack, clothing, etc.)
\sense_s coser (particularmente para remendar algo como un costal, ropa, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to thatch (e.g., a house, usually with palm)
\sense_s poner techo de palma a (una casa)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsoma
\ref 07812
\lxam me:stekiti
\lxam_c me:stekiti
\lxoa me:stekiti
\lxoa_cpend me:stekiti
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-denom-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to work on a month contract
\sense_s trabajar por un contrato de un mes
\sense_d Pending
\root me:ts
\root teki
\nse The time unit of a month is the only one so used with tekiti, one cannot, for example, say * to:naltekiti.
\ref 07813
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was the entry for /kuwchal/ which has been removed as offensive.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 07814
\lxam yekapipi:tsiwi
\lxam_cpend yekapipi:tsiwi
\lxoa yeká:pi:tsíwi
\lxoa_pr yeká:pi:tsiwi
\lxoa_cpend yeká:pi:tsíwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Am, Oa
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes
\sense_e to have a stuffed-up nose
\sense_s tener la nariz tapada
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tiyekapipitsiwi, kas ke:n titsompi:liwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You have a stuffed-up nose, perhaps it's because you have a cold.
\phrase_s Tienes la nariz tapada, quizáes porque tienes catarro.
\root yeka
\root pi:ts
\ref 07815
\lxam i:xkwa:teki
\lxam_c ki:xkwa:teteki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp [N-N]-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\trans ~Compl
\infv class-3a(k)
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to cut the forehead of
\sense_s cortarle por la frente
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to cut the bangs off of
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) cortarle los flecos a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\root teki
\nse Cristino Flores (Am) stated that in Ameyaltepec i:xkwa:teteki is used whereas in Oapan one finds i:xkwa:tetepontilia. However, in my notes for
Ameyaltepec I did have i:xkwa:tetepontilia documented.
\semref i:xkwa:tetepontilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07816
\lxam tetsapatik
\lxam_c tetsapatik
\lxoa tetsapatik
\lxoa_c tetsapatik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\lexical Lex. te-
\sense_e to be short (of stature)
\sense_s ser bajo (de estatura)
\sense_d Pending
\root tsapa
\nse According to consultants from Ameyaltepec, tetsapa refers to shortness but not to a condition of dwarfism. However, for Classical Nahuatl Molina gives
tzapa and tsapatl as 'enano.' Consultants commented that tetsapa is the equivalent of tetsoko. Although at least at present the
form tsapa has not been documented, it seems clear that the root is tsapagiven that the adjectival form ending in -tik occurs without
te-.
\qry Check equivalence of /tetsapa/ and /tetsoko/, particularly given that both appear in Classical as withouth /te-/. According to Classical sources, /tsapa/ indicates shortness, whereas
/tsoko/ indicates general size (i.e., 'pequeño'). Check for possibility of saying simply /tsapa/.
\vl Link 2nd male token.
\semref tetsoko
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref té:tsó:yo
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07817
\lxam kuwxiwtlan
\lxam_c kuwxiwtlan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e to be filled with bushes or shrubs (an area)
\sense_s estar (unaárea) llena de matas y arbustos
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kow
\root xiw
\ref 07818
\lxam metlapiltetso:tsontsi:n
\lxam_c metlapiltetso:tsontsi:n
\lxoa metlapiltetso:tsontsi:n
\lxoa_cpend metlapiltetso:tsontsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\compound (N-N)-N
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infn N1
\sense_e type of Pygmy-Owl, perhaps the Mountain Pygmy-Owl, Glaucidium gnoma, G. griseiceps, or a closely related species
\sense_s tipo de buho pequeño, quizá Glaucidium gnoma, G. griseiceps, o una especie cercana
\sense_d Am
\src_s Inocencio Díaz, Ameyaltepec, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 25, p. 360
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root metla
\root pil
\root te
\root tsona
\nse Inocencio Díaz mentioned that this was the same as the kupa:ktekolo:tlalthough he seemed not to be completely sure of this.
\nde In Ameyaltepec this same word is said to be a small, biting insect.
\qry Recheck length of /a/.
\ref 07819
\lxam tsi:npetok
\lxam_c tsi:npetok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-?
\sense_e to have a bad back, one that has"slipped out"and gotten sprained as one was walking
\sense_s tener un dolor de la espalda inferior, resultado de haber caminado y resbalado, torciendo la espalda
\sense_d Am
\root tsi:n
\root peto:
\ref 07820
\lxam kexsasawak
\lxam_c kexsasawak
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to be hoarse
\sense_s estar ronco
\sense_d Am
\root kech
\root sawa
\qry Make sure that it is /kex-/ and not /kechsasawatik/.
\grm Whereas tense may be marked with a copula on this adjectival, i.e., nikexsasawatik yes , 'I will be hoarse,' it is more common to use the verbal form
nikexsasawatis or nikexsasawatias.
\semref kexsawa:nki
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07821
\lxam kwa:kuwyoh
\lxam_c kwa:kuwyoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\sense_e animal that has horns (e.g., cattle, goats, etc.)
\sense_s animal que tiene cuernos (p. ej., ganado, chivos, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\root kwa:
\root kow
\semref kwa:kohwah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07822
\lxam kwa:tetesontla:lia
\lxam_c kikwa:tetesontla:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans No intransitive
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give a crewcut or very short haircut to
\sense_s cortar el pelo muy corto, casi al ras, a
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to give a rough and uneven short haircut to
\sense_s cortarle el pelo corto y muy disparejo a
\sense_d Am
\root kwa:
\root teson
\nse The basic verbal stem of kwa:tetesontilia is denominal, derived from tesontli, which in Classical (Molina) is defined as 'piedra tosca, llena de agujericos y
liviana.' In Ameyaltepec and Oapan the adjectival tesontik refers to a particular type of roughness of surface. The verb kwa:tetesontilia refers to
cutting someones hair short, so that it sticks up, like a crewcut, leaving a surface rough to the touch.
\nae A nonreduplicated form (kwa:tesontilia) is correct though apparently less common. There is no clear difference in meaning the two.
\qry Note that I have at present only one code, *rdp-s for incorporated reduplication. Perhaps another code should be used for possible incorporated reduplication. As I now have it all
incorporated reduplication is possible, much like initial reduplication, although in many cases the incorporated reduplication is almost mandatory or is the more usual form. Check to
see if intransitive occurs, whether there is any other potential meaning, and whether simple /tesonowa/ exists.
\qry Note that in one entry I have /kwa:tetesonowa/ meaning 'to give a crewcut or very short haircut to' and in another entry Ihave 'to give a bad or ugly haircut to, with the hair cut very
unevenly.' Make sure that both significations are correct.
\semref kwa:tetesontilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kwa:tetesonowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kwa:tesmero:ntilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref kwa:tesi:gritilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07823
\lxam ko:leh bie:joh
\lxam_c ko:leh bie:joh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e type of red-headed vulture, apparently the Turkey Vulture, Cathartes aura
\sense_s tipo de buitre con cabeza roja, aparentemente el"Turkey Vulture," Cathartes aura
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root ko:l
\ency_note tsopi:lo:tl
\nse This word is not common in Ameyaltepec, though it is documented. The identification is based on the description of the bird as a type of buzzard with a red head.
\mod Cf. entry under /tsopi:lo:tl/ for list of types of buzzards. I seem to remember an entry /ko:leh bie:joh/, perhaps for Oapan, but it is not in the database. Check.
\semref ko:letl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tsómakó:ltsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07824
\mod Removed as duplicate of 01116
\dt 11/Jun/2005
\ref 07825
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was the entry for /kochtlayoyoma/; it has been removed as offensive.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 07826
\lxam tsi:kato:to:tl*
\lxam_c tsi:kato:to:tl
\lxoa tsi:kato:to:tl*
\lxoa_c tsi:kato:to:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\sense_e type of small bird, as yet unidentified
\sense_s tipo de pájaro pequeño, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root tsi:ka
\root to:to:
\notes_nature According to one consultant, Cristino Flores, the tsi:kaburrah and tsi:kato:to:tl refer to the same bird. Another consultant, Chen Díaz,
mentioned that tsi:kaburrah is, however, the word used by children to refer to this bird. Other individuals confirmed this assessment.
\semref tsi:kaburrah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07827
\lxam tlatowilia
\lxam_c kitlatowilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to say to
\sense_s decirle a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (a times with short vowel reduplication) to say disturbing things to
\sense_s (a veces con reduplicación de vocal corta) decirle cosas molestosas a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:xtlatlatowilikeh para ma nikwala:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They said a lot of things to me to get me mad.
\phrase_s Me dijeron muchas cosas para que me enojara.
\root hto
\nse With this verb, and with others (cf. tlatlakakilia) the reduplication of the indefinite direct object tla- with a verb of communication indicates that something
unpleasant was being said. This probably represents a metaphorical use of"things"as in both English (he said a lot of things to me) and Spanish (me dijo muchas cosas).
\nae It is not clear at this stage whether the form itowilia is found without the nonspecific object marker tla-. The only documented use of this applicative of
itowa is with this prefix (moreover, reduplicated). However, the fact that the verb ítowília with the 3rd-person specific object was elicited during a
recording session with Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez strongly suggests that this applicative use is grammatically acceptable, though the precise meaning remains to be
determined.
\qry It might be that the reduplication should be a long vowel in the above phrase. This should be checked as it is long in other examples with similar negative meaning. Also, the
difference between /itowilia/ and /ihlia/ is not clear and should definitely be clarified. Check whether the form without /tla-/ (with or without reduplication) is correct in both dialects. If
not, remove this entry and make the appropriate changes.
\grm /O:ne:chtlatlatowilikeh para ma nikwala:ni/ 'They said a lot of things to me to get me mad' Note the use of /para ma/ as a subordinator, 'so that + subjunctive'. Cf. types of
adverbial phrases: this seems to indicate the result of the action.
\xref itowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 07828
\lxam tsi:npasolwa:ki
\lxam_c tsi:npasolwa:ki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-N-V1
\der V1-alt-ki/tsa
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to have the roots dry up (certain plants such as maize)
\sense_s secarsele las raices (ciertas plantas como el maíz)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:cha:wi:lo:k mi:hli, pe:wa tsi:npasolwa:ki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The milpa got blighted, the bottom of the plant has begun to dry up.
\phrase_s La milpa agarróchahuistle, la raíz se empezóa secar.
\root tsi:n
\root pahsol
\root wa:
\nse Although I originally had tsi:ntlasolwa:ki for the Ameyaltepec term, Cristino Flores corrected this to tsi:npasolwa:ki. This entry has been used for now.
\qry Check the exact meaning.
\qry_h tsi:ntlasolwa:ki for location of /h/.
\grm Use of /tla-/ in non-initial position. There are several cases of N-V compounds in which the verb stem contains the /tla-/ prefix. Such an example would be /chichitlai:ni/,
which can be analyzed as N+V1, where the V1 is actually tla-V2. Other cases involve /tlatowa/ as in /chaktlatowa/. In all cases it can be argued that the verb is a
detransitivized lexeme of tla-V2. However, in the present case the meaning and reason for /tla-/ is not obvious. There might be an error in this word given that the only other
occurrence of the sequence /solwa:ki/ is in /kakasolwa:ki/, in which the parts are /kasol/ and /wa:ki/.
\semref tsi:ntlásolwá:ki
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07829
\lxam toma:hka:ki:xtia
\lxam_c kitoma:hka:ki:xtia
\lxoa toma:hka:ki:xtia
\lxoa_c kitoma:hka:ki:xtia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Part-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to emit (smoke) that rises thickly
\sense_s dejar salir (humo) en una gruesa columna
\sense_d Am
\root toma:
\root ki:sa
\nse The only documentation of this verbal compound for Ameyaltepec is with 'smoke' as subject. In Oapan it is also documented in reference to a stream of water whereas
mimilka:ki:sa is used with smoke as a subject.
\qry Check for other uses; check for /pitsa:hka:ki:sa/. Check to make sure Oapan token is the transitive.
\xref toma:hka:ki:sa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 07830
\lxam pitelo:ntsi:n
\lxam_c nopitelo:ntsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N2
\sense_e small child
\sense_s niño pequeño
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Niktlasotla nopitelo:ntsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I love my little baby.
\phrase_s Amo a mi chiquitito.
\root piten
\vl Check length of /o:/. Check to see if final syllable is often palatalized.
\grm If /pitelo:ntsi:n/ (check vowel length) is related to /pitentsi:n/, this reflects an interesting case of infixation of an element that is not elsewhere recorded.
\ref 07831
\lxam masa:te:moke:tl
\lxam_c masa:te:moke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\incorp NV2-to-N
\der N-dvb-ag
\sense_e deer-hunter; person who goes looking for deer (to hunt)
\sense_s cazador de venado
\sense_d Am
\root masa:
\root te:mo
\ref 07832
\lxam a:miliwi
\lxam_c a:miliwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp NV1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e [meaning not determined]
\sense_s [significado no determinado]
\sense_d Pending
\root a:
\root mil
\ref 07833
\lxam ma:pachiwtok
\lxam_c ma:pachiwtok
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\incorp N-Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be overladen with fruit (so that the branches bend down)
\sense_s estar sobrecargado de fruta (hasta que se doblan las ramas)
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root pach
\ref 07834
\lxam ma:kelo:nia
\lxam_c kima:kelo:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cause (sb) a severe sprain of a joint in the arm or hand
\sense_s torcer y lastimar un hueso en el brazo o mano (esto es, la muñeca o hombro; véase ma:peto:ni); torcersele dura o fuertemente el brazo a la mano (pero no
hasta luxarse)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ma:
\root kelo:
\nse Although Florencia Marcelino (Oa) did not accept the transitive form of kelo:ni given that according to her this action can only occur accidentally, Cristino Flores (Am)
did accept it. Whether or not it is common is not clear.
\ref 07835
\lxam tlamachilispoliwi:tia
\lxam_c kitlamachilispoliwi:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to take away the common sense of; to take away from the sense of good judgement, or ability to think clearly and reflect
\sense_s hacer perder el juicio a; hacer perder el sentido común o habilidad para pensar y reflexionar a
\sense_d Am
\root mati
\root pol
\nse Cristino Flores (Am) repeatedly used tlamachilispolowi:tia when employing a transitive verbal form with the meaning 'to make (sb) lose good sense or judgement.'
Apparently there are three transitive forms with little or no difference in meaning.
\qry Check to make sure that /tlamachilispolowa/ and /tlamachilispolo:ltia/ are equivalent. FM did not accept the latter. Cf. the discussion in the grammar notes for /tlapolo:ltia/. It would
seem, from /tlapolo:ltia/ that /tlamachilispolo:ltia/ is the causative of /tlamachilispolowa/. However, in my file cards I have the two with identical meaning and example sentences. This
needs to be checked, as one might be in error. Or, one might be the result of"possessor raising"(tlamachilispolowa) and the other the result of"saturating"incorporation
(tlamachilispolo:ltia). Check.
\vl Tag the 4 Oapan tokens here with #670.
\semref tlamachilispolowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref tlamachilispolo:ltia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07836
\lxam nelwayo:koto:na
\lxam_c kinelwayo:koto:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to cut the roots of (e.g., with a plow)
\sense_s cortarle las raices a (p. ej., con un arado)
\sense_d Pending
\root nelwa
\root koto:
\qry Check meaning. I originally had 'for ones lineage/line to end.' This shoudl be rechecked.
\ref 07837
\lxam to:na
\lxam_c to:na
\lxoa to:na
\lxoa_c to:na
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\der V0-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to become hot (from the sun starting to shine)
\sense_s brillar el sol y hacer calor (como resultado)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld weather
\root to:na
\xref to:nilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\nae See other entry for to:na.
\ref 07838
\lxam ikxikoko:n
\lxam_c ikxikoko:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to be pidgeon-footed
\sense_s tener los pies vueltos hacia afuera
\sense_d Am
\root kxi
\root ko:m
\qry Recheck meaning.
\ref 07839
\lxam xa:yakatsotsol
\lxam_c xa:yakatsotsol
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to be without facial hair
\sense_s ser lampiño
\sense_d Am
\root xa:yaka
\root tsol
\ref 07840
\lxam tliwah
\lxam_c tliwah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-possr-eh
\sense_e person who when on return home causes the hearth fire logs to crackle
\sense_s persona que al estar de regreso a casa hace chispear la leña
\sense_d Am
\root tli
\ref 07841
\lxam neneltsi:n
\lxam_c *neneltsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\der N-tsi:n
\sense_e (san ~) just in joke
\sense_s (san ~) solamente en broma
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:kitoh san neneltsi:n.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He said it just in joke.
\phrase_s Lo dijo solamente en broma.
\root nel
\ref 07842
\lxam pakyo:tl
\lxam_c pakyo:tl
\lxoa pakyo:tl
\lxoa_c pakyo:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-yo:tl
\sense_e type of fencing made with cross-bars onto which thorny branches are thrown
\sense_s tipo de cerca hecha con travesanos ("lata") sobre los cuales se avientan ramas espinosas
\sense_d Pending
\root pak
\nse RS has an entry for pacyotl 'trama.' He gives no etymological analysis.
\semref witspakyo:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07843
\lxam jí:kamah
\lxam_c jí:kamah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan jícama
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e jicama, type of edible plant still not fully identified
\sense_s jícama, tipo de planta comestible todavía no plenamente identificada
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semfld edible
\notes_nature Schoenhals (1988) states"(Pachyrrhizusspp.) 'jicama'. A vine with roots that look like large brown turnips and are good to eat. Pods and seeds are edible when
plant is young."Apparently this is not indigenous to nor cultivated in the Balsas area, but is readily available in local markets.
\vl Check for presence/absence of final /h/.
\semref xi:kama
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07844
\lxam kamaxikipi:hli
\lxam_c i:kamaxikipi:l
\lxoa kamaxikipi:hli
\lxoa_c i:kamaxikipi:l
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e inside of the cheek
\sense_s parte interior de la mejilla
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root kama
\root xikipi:l
\qry However, after talking to Florencia and Inocencio it seems clear that the new definition is that used in Oapan. I might have recorded the information wrong in Ameyaltepec, or
perhaps the person I asked did not know. At any rate, check. Cf. to /makachahli/ and /kamachalko/.
\ref 07845
\lxam nepane:wtok
\lxam_c nepane:wtok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e (often with long vowel reduplication) to be piled one on top of another
\sense_s (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal larga) estar apilado o amontonado, uno sobre el otro
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ne:nepane:wtok kosta:les.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The sacks are piled up one on top of the other.
\phrase_s Los costales están apilados uno sobre el otro.
\root nepan
\nse See notes under nepaniwi.
\vl One token of FM is mistaken: it is /nepaniwi/ and not /nepane:wi/, which is the entry here.
\ref 07846
\lxam tlamanililia
\lxam_c kitlamanililia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp tla-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to patch (sth such as clothes or similar material objects) for
\sense_s remendar (algo, como una prenda de vestir u otros materiales similares) para (algn)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to leave an offering for (e.g., a deceased relative for All Saint's Day) for (the living relative)
\sense_s dejar una ofrenda para (p. ej., un pariente fallecido para Todos Santos) para (el pariente vivo)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld clothing
\root man
\qry After discussing with C. Flores I have removed: /Ne:chtlatlamanili:skeh ika nokoto:n./ 'They will patch up clothes for me, my shirt.' and /Timistla:ke:was, tine:chtlatlamanili:s ika
notlake:n./ 'I'm going to hire you to patch my clothes up for me.'
\mod NOTE that according to C. Flores one usually says sth like /xtlamanili nokoto:n/, but it is also possible to use the double applicative /xne:xtlamanili nokoto:n/.
\xref tlamanilia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref mana
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07847
\lxam tekomatl
\lxam_c tekomatl
\lxoa tekomatl
\lxoa_cpend tekomatl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e udder or teats (of certain animals such as a cow; syn. Am/Oa chi:chiwaltekomatl)
\sense_s ubre (de ciertos animales como una vaca; sin. Am/Oa chi:chiwaltekomatl)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e tecomate gourd cut in half
\sense_s calabaza de tecomate cortada a la mitad
\sense_d Oa
\nse In Ameyaltepec and Oapan the gourd of this plant is called a:tekomatl. However, in Oapan if it is cut in half and used as a bowl, it is called a
tekomatl.
\root tekom
\ref 07848
\lxam plá:ntanoh
\lxam_c plá:ntanoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan plátano
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e generic name for banana
\sense_s nombre genérico del plátano
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\ency_note plá:ntanoh
\qry Check to determine whether this can be posessed.
\mod Note the following types of /plá:ntanoh/: /plá:ntanoh chi:chi:l/, /a:pola:n/, /mansa:noh/, and /patrio:tah/. Many of these are probably borrowed from Spanish. This should be checked.
\semref pola:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07849
\lxam kweskomatl de kuwnepano:hli
\lxam_c kweskomatl de kuwnepano:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e type of grain storage bin made from upright rods covered with mud
\sense_s tipo de troje hecha de varas colocadas verticalmente y cubiertas con lodo
\sense_d Am
\ency_note kweskomatl
\root kweskoma
\root kow
\root nepan
\ref 07850
\lxam nextamalkwa
\lxam_c kinextamalkwa
\lxoa nextamalkwa
\lxoa_cpend kinextamalkwa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to eat (e.g., a pig, cow, etc.) the nextamahliof
\sense_s comerle (p. ej., un marrano, vaca, etc. [S]) el nixtamal a
\sense_d Oa
\root nex
\root tamal
\root kwa
\ref 07851
\lxam witspakyo:tl
\lxam_c witspakyo:tl
\lxoa witspakyo:tl
\lxoa_c witspakyo:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-yo:tl
\sense_e type of fencing made with cross-bars onto which thorny branches are thrown
\sense_s tipo de cerca hecha con travesanos ("lata") sobre los cuales se avientan ramas espinosas
\sense_d Pending
\root wits
\root pak
\nse RS has an entry for pacyotl 'trama.' He gives no etymological analysis.
\semref pakyo:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07852
\lxam ikno:ti
\lxam_c ikno:ti
\lxoa ihno:ti
\lxoa_cpend ihno:ti
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\der V1-denom-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to become an orphan
\sense_s quedarse huerfáno
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to feel alone and melancholic
\sense_s sentirse solo y melancólico
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication con /h/) to be quite and sullen often sitting apart from others and not speaking
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta con /h/) sentirse solo y no hablar, quedándose un poquito apartado de los demás
\sense_d Oa
\root kno:
\qry Check pitch accent in Oapan. My original notes (taken hurridly) show /íhnó:ti/. This should be checked.
\xref ihno:tlamaxtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 07853
\lxam tla:la:tekomatl
\lxam_c tla:la:tekomatl
\lxoa tla:la:tekomatl
\lxoa_cpend tla:la:tekomatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-(N-N)
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e water jug or canteen made of earth and with two ring/handles on either side (now generally from Tulimán although formerly made in Ameyaltepec)
\sense_s camtimplora de barro con dos astas (generalmente de Tulimán aunque antiguamente hecha en Ameyaltepec)
\sense_d Am
\semfld tool-house
\root tla:l
\root tekoma
\mod Illustrate
\semref tla:ltekomatl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07854
\lxam popoxa xokotl
\lxam_c popoxa xokotl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of sweet plum tree as yet not fully identified
\sense_s tipo de circuelo dulce todavía no identificado plenamente
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root tsope:l
\root xoko
\ency_note xokotl
\notes_nature Several consultants mentioned this as one of the three types of xokotl tsope:lik. It is called de popo:xah because its fruit, which appears in
August and September, is very soft. See xokotl tsope:lik. Nevertheless, this is not a type of /xokotl/ that grows wild in the area around Ameyaltepec.
\semref tsope:lik xokotl de popoxa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07855
\lxam champoltsi:n
\lxam_c champoltsi:n
\lxoa champoltsi:n
\lxoa_alt champol
\lxoa_cpend champoltsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\infn N1
\sense_e bobcat, Lynx rufus
\sense_s gato montés; gato rabón, Lynx rufus
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld mammal
\nse In a visit to the New York Museum of Natural History, Cristino Flores identified a lynx as the tla:lakato:chin (or champoltsi:n , an identical term). The
identification as Lynx rufusis based on Leopold (1959).
\root tla:l
\root aka
\root to:ch
\semref tla:lakato:chin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref kuwmisto:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 07856
\lxam plo:weh
\lxam_c plo:weh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan pobre
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e poor guy!
\sense_s pobrecito!
\sense_d Am
\nse Unlike pro:beh , which is used in reference to someone who is poor in material possessions, plo:weh is used (according to Cristino Flores) when one
feels sorry for someone because of age, suffering, poverty, etc.
\ref 07857
\lxam nona:ntsi:n
\lxam_c nona:ntsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\sense_e address term used for the Virgen Mary
\sense_s término para dirigirse a la Virgen María
\sense_d Am
\root na:n
\ref 07858
\lxam ma:pipi:tsa
\lxam_c noma:pipi:tsa
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e to whistle by cupping ones hands
\sense_s silbar al juntarse las manos
\sense_d Pending
\qry Add note re: /noma:pi:tsa/.
\ref 07859
\lxam yema:nka:tlatowa
\lxam_c yema:nka:tlatowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Adj-(tla-V2)
\der V2-b
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to speak softly; to speak in a low voice
\sense_s hablar despacio
\sense_d Am
\root yema:n
\root hto
\ref 07860
\lxam chika:hka:tlatowa
\lxam_c chika:hka:tlatowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\dt 16/Jun/2002
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Adj-(tla-V2)
\der V2-b
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to speak in a loud voice
\sense_s hablar fuerte
\sense_d Am
\root chika:
\root hto
\ref 07861
\lxam chi:lpopo:chwia
\lxam_c kichi:lpopo:chwia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\infv class-2a
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\der V2-denom-wia
\sense_e to burn chile seeds so that the smoke curls around (sth)
\sense_s quemar semilla de chile para que el humo envuelve a (algo)
\sense_d Am
\root chi:l
\root po:ch
\ref 07862
\lxam mankwe:rnarowa
\lxam_c kimankwe:rnarowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan mancuernos
\loan_t Nah
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-loan
\infv class-2b
\sense_e [definition pending]
\sense_s [significado pendiente]
\sense_d Am
\ref 07863
\lxam chi:ltlama:tsowia
\lxam_c kichi:ltlama:tsowia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2(?)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e [meaning undetermined]
\sense_s [significado pendiente]
\sense_d Am
\root chi:l
\root ma:ts
\grm Applicative: Note what appears to be an applicative form in /kichi:ltlama:tsowia/.
\ref 07864
\lxam a:te:ncha:neh
\lxam_c a:te:ncha:neh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e river-dweller
\sense_s persona que vive por la orilla de un río
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n A:te:nko cha:nekeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They dwell at the river's edge.
\phrase_s Viven a la orilla del río.
\root a:
\root te:n
\root cha:n
\semref a:te:nko cha:neh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref cha:neh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07865
\lxam kechko:layoh
\lxam_c kechko:layoh
\dt 02/Feb/2005
\loan (part) cola)
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-loan
\root kech
\qry_fon Check vowel length of /o:/ and /a/.
\ref 07866
\lxam ka:walti
\lxam_c ka:walti
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to become a widow or widower
\sense_s quedarse viuda o viudo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ka:wa
\qry See also tlaka:waltia. Check meaning of this term in both villages.
\semref ka:waltia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07867
\lxam nexpachowa
\lxam_c kinexpachowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to cover with hot ash (from the hearth, in cooking sth)
\sense_s tapar o cubrir con ceniza caliente (del hogar, en cocinar algo)
\sense_d Am
\root nex
\root pach
\ref 07868
\lxam okwilkalaki
\lxam_c okwilkalaki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e [new word from June]
\root okwil
\root kalak
\ref 07869
\lxam ma:pale:wia
\lxam_c kima:pale:wia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to lend a helping hand to
\sense_s prestarle una ayuda a
\sense_d Am
\root ma:
\root pale:
\ref 07870
\lxam ma:se:ka:no:ltilia
\lxam_c kima:se:ka:no:ltilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp N-V3
\der V3
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to throw a lasso on (an animal) so that it catches half the body
\sense_s lanzarle una riata a (un animal) para que le alcanze nada más la mitad del cuerpo
\sense_d Am
\root ma:
\root se:;
\root_rel -ka:n
\nae The difference between ma:se:ka:no:ltia and ma:se:ka:no:ltilia does not seem to be one of valency, at least not directly, but rather of intent and
purpose. In a discussion of these words it seemed as if Cristino Flores was more prone to use the former when the material object was being deliberately placed on a persons body,
while the second was related to the"incomplete"lassoing of an animal so that the lasso only went over the side of the body, not completely around the head and neck. In a way the
difference seems to be similar to English 'bite' and 'bite at'. If this is the case then one"function"of the applicative is not to increase valency but to change the nature of the verbal
action in terms of purposiveness.
\qry Check above interpretation.
\grm Applicative: The difference between ma:se:ka:no:ltia and ma:se:ka:no:ltilia does not seem to be one of valency, at least not directly, but
rather of intent and purpose. In a discussion of these words it seemed as if Cristino Flores was more prone to use the former when the material object was being deliberately
placed on a persons body, while the second was related to the"incomplete"lassoing of an animal so that the lasso only went over the side of the body, not completely around
the head and neck. In a way the difference seems to be similar to English 'bite' and 'bite at'. If this is the case then one"function"of the applicative is not to increase valency
but to change the nature of the verbal action in terms of purposiveness.
\ref 07871
\lxam suwa:ne:si
\lxam_c suwa:ne:si
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e [meaning undetermined]
\root sowa:
\root ne:si
\ref 07872
\lxam tokatl de un tsi:ntotomioh
\lxam_c tokatl de un tsi:ntotomioh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e tarantula or similar type of spider still not definitively identified
\sense_s tarantula o tipo de araña parecida todavía no identificado definitivamente
\sense_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root toka
\root tohmi
\semref tokatl de un tsi:ntotomioh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref komo:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07873
\lxam totomatsi:n
\lxam_c totomatsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N1
\sense_e type of tomato-like herbaceous plant still not identified
\sense_s tipo de planta herbácea todavía no identificada
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root toma
\nse This plant is occasionally referred to without the diminutive: totomatl.
\ref 07874
\lxam kakapaxtik
\lxam_c kakapaxtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adv
\sense_e rough skin (particularly from the disease called pi:ntoh kakapaxtik)
\sense_s pieláspero (particularmente de la enfermedad llamada pi:ntoh kakapaxtik)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (pi:ntoh ~) type of pinto , a skin disease
\sense_s (pi:ntoh ~) tipo de pinto, una enfermedad de la piel
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ni:xpoliw ika pi:ntoh kakapaxtik.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e My appearance is a mess because of pinto , which has made my skin rough (and greyish.
\phrase_s Se echóa perder mi apariencia a causa de pinto, que me dejóla pieláspera (y gris).
\root kapax
\nse Although some Ameyaltepec consultants will accept kakapaxtik as applicable to a wide range of things, most speakers use tekakapaxtik for things
like the rough skin of certain animals, lizards, and fish, and will use kakapaxtik for a particular manifestiation of the skin disease known as pi:ntoh
kakapaxtik.
\ref 07875
\lxam a:cha:neh
\lxam_c a:cha:neh
\dt 23/Jul/2002
\ref 07876
\lxam tekukuh
\lxam_c tekukuh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-?
\sense_e to be cheap (sb with money who doesn't like to spend it)
\sense_s ser codo (algn con dinero que no lo quiere gastar)
\sense_d Am
\semref cho:kwi:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07877
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ihno:tlamaxtia
\lxoa_cpend kihno:tlamaxtia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-tlaV2
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to make (sb) feel melancholy
\sense_s hacerle sentir melancólico (a algn)
\sense_d Am
\root kno:
\root mati
\ref 07878
\lxam chichitilia
\lxam_c nochichitilia
\lxoa chichitilia
\lxoa_cpend nochichitilia
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\der V2-d-tilia
\infv class-2a
\trans +Refl/-trans
\sense_e (refl.) to act or be stubborn
\sense_s (refl.) ser terco
\sense_d Oa
\root chichi
\ref 07879
\lxam nakaskoyo:nia
\lxam_c kinakaskoyo:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-2a
\trans ~Intrans
\sense_e to pierce the ears of
\sense_s perforar las orejas de
\sense_d Am
\root nakas
\root koyo:
\ref 07880
\lxam nakayo:tia
\lxam_c nonakayo:tia
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\der V2-d-yo:tia
\infv class-2a
\trans +Refl/-trans
\sense_e (refl.) for ones flesh to heal (e.g., after a wound)
\sense_s (refl.) quedarsele la piel compuesta (p. ej., al recuperar de una herida)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (refl. + short vowel reduplication) (fig.) to lie down and rest after a heavy meal
\sense_s (refl. + reduplicación con vocal corta) (fig.) acostarse y descansar después de una comida
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ma nimonanakayo:titiwetsi.
\phrase_e Let me
\root naka
\ref 07881
\lxam tla:li:xkwa:w
\lxam_c i:tla:li:xkwa:w
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e lower abdomen, from the belly button to just above the genital area
\sense_s abdomen inferior, desde el ombligo hasta inmediatamente arriba de los genitales
\sense_d Am
\semfld body
\root tla:l
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\nse This refers to the area between the navel and genitals.
\qry_fon Check the vl of the 1st /a:/. It might be short.
\ref 07882
\lxam tlatixtla:li:hli
\lxam_c tlatixtla:li:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\incorp [tla-N-V2]~N
\der N-dvb-pas
\sense_e maize dough that has been ground the final time on the metate and is ready to be made into tortillas
\sense_s masa que ha sido molida la tercera vez sobre el metate y estápara hacerse tortilla
\sense_d Am
\root tis
\root tla:l
\qry Check meaning.
\ref 07883
\lxam mixtlatliwa:tsahli
\lxam_c mixtlatliwa:tsahli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\sense_e fish that has been roasted on coals
\sense_s pescado rostizado sobre las brasas
\sense_d Am
\root mich
\root tli
\root wa:
\qry Check meaning
\ref 07884
\lxam mixtsoyo:nki
\lxam_c mixtsoyo:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e fried fish
\sense_s pescado frito
\sense_d Am
\root mich
\root tsoyo:
\ref 07885
\lxam tlaxkalpatla:wak
\lxam_c tlaxkalpatla:wak
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-k
\sense_e flat and round tortilla (i.e., the general type eaten in these villages)
\sense_s tortilla redonda y plana (esto es, las tortillas normalmente comidas en estos pueblos)
\sense_d Am
\root xka
\root patla:
\ref 07886
\lxam mimilka:te:ka
\lxam_c kimimilka:te:ka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Part-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-4a
\sense_e [check meaning]
\root mil
\root te:ka
\ref 07887
\lxam pitentsi:n
\lxam_c pitentsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N2
\sense_e small baby (of sb)
\sense_s chiquitito (de algn)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Niktlasotla nopitentsi:n!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I love my little baby!
\phrase_s ¡Amo a mi chiquitito!
\root piten
\ref 07888
\lxam oomitetl
\lxam_c oomitetl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e flower of the yepakihlitree
\sense_s flor delárbol llamado yepakihli
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld flower
\root omi
\root te
\ref 07889
\lxam tlakukwaltike:tl
\lxam_c tlakukwaltike:tl
\dt 23/Jul/2002
\ref 07890
\lxam so:sota
\lxam_c so:sota
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e type of plant not yet identified
\sense_s tipo de planta todavía no identificada
\sense_d Am
\root sota
\ref 07891
\lxam kone:ki:xtia
\lxam_c kikone:ki:xtia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e [meaning pending]
\root kone:
\root ki:sa
\ref 07892
\lxam a:solo:nki
\lxam_c a:solo:nki
\dt 23/Jul/2002
\ref 07893
\lxam tixwa:ki
\lxam_c tixwa:ki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ki
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e [pending definition]
\root tisi
\qry Perhaps this should be /tixwa:hki/. Or perhaps both are correct. Check.
\ref 07894
\lxam tetlami
\lxam_c tetlami
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-mi(a)
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to become infertile (a man or woman, generally from old age)
\sense_s quedarse infertil (un hombre o mujer, generally a causa de ser de edad avanzada)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to hit menopause
\sense_s alcanzar la menopausia
\sense_d Am
\root te
\root tlami
\ref 07895
\lxam a:kawtlapi:stli
\lxam_c a:kawtlapi:stli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e see kweskomatl de a:kawtlapi:hli
\sense_s véase kweskomatl de a:kawtlapi:hli
\sense_d Am
\root a:kaw
\root tla:l
\root pi:ts
\ency_note kweskomatl
\mod Illustrate
\ref 07896
\lxam tlasolki:xtia
\lxam_c kitlasolki:xtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to remove the chaff from beans after they have been threshed (removing the broken pods by hand, gathering them together with ones hand from the surface, after the beans
have filtered down to the petate)
\sense_s quitarle las vainas rotas de los frijoles después de que han sido trillado (quitando la basura de la superficie con las manos, con los frijoles quedando abajo sobre el petate)
\sense_d Am
\nae With tlásohlo:kí:xtia the suffix of intrinsic possession -yo is used given that the chaff that is removed is part of a larger whole, in a sense"belonging to"the
grain or beans with which it is mixed.
\grm Noun incorporation; re: /tlásohlo:kí:xtia/: With tlásohlo:kí:xtia the suffix of intrinsic possession -yo is used given that the chaff that is removed is
part of a larger whole, in a sense"belonging to"the grain or beans with which it is mixed. Note the difference between the Am and Oapan forms.
\root hsol
\root ki:sa
\semref tlásohlo:kí:xtia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07897
\lxam xe:lowa
\lxam_c kixe:lowa
\lxoa xe:lowa
\lxoa_cpend kixe:lowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to part (e.g., hair that is combed, or water, with a snake the agent as it swims through the water, high grass as one makes ones way through it)
\sense_s partir (p. ej., cabello al peinarse, o agua, con una serpiente como el agente al nadar en un rio con la cabeza asomándose, zacate alto al abrirle paso)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (~ tsontli) to put a part in (ones hair)
\sense_s (~ tsontli) peinarse con una raya en medio
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kixe:lowa itson.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e She puts a part in her hair.
\phrase_s Se peina con una raya en medio.
\root xe:l
\ref 07898
\lxam suwa:wtia
\lxam_c kinosuwa:wtia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-tia
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to take or go around with (a woman) as if she were ones wife; to take as a girlfriend
\sense_s (refl.) tomar o andar con (una mujer) como si fuera su esposa; tomar como novia
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nosuwa:wtia, ye ia:xka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He takes her for his girlfriend, she's his.
\phrase_s Se la toma como novia, ya es suya.
\root sowa:
\disamb na:miktia; sowa:wtia; a:na
\nse The implication of sowa:wtia is that the woman is not taken as a real wife (i.e., a marriage does not take place), but rather is treated as if she were a wife, i.e., is part
of a permanent relationship, a long-term lover.
\nae For a discussion of object marking, see na:ntia.
\qry Make sure only the reflexive can be used. This appears to be the case as RS has /ciuauhtia/ ninote o nicno. Also, check to see whether the unexpressed object is nonspecific, i.e.,
/nosowa:wtia/ 'he takes a wife' or specific 'he takes her as a wife.' Probably the latter since in the example, /ye ia:xka/ suggests a specific person. However, it will be necessary to
determine how this specific object is expressed. Most likely it is obliquely, i.e., /nosowa:wtia ika Juana/. But this needs to be checked. Check for other terms with /-tia/ meaning 'to
take possession of' : /nowa:xka:tia/, ?/nona:ntia/, ?/nokniwtia/, ??? Recheck that Am has /sowa:wtia/ and Oapan /siwa:tia/.
\grm Possessive; Reflexive; -tia : Object deletion: Note that in general Ameyaltepec Nahuatl (as well as that of Oapan, though perhaps somewhat less so) reflexive use of trivalent
verbs do not mark the nonreflexive specific object on the verb. Thus one might have /nimokowili:s nakatl/ 'I will buy meat for myself' In Classical this would be expressed as
/niknokowilia nakatl/. Note that whereas in Ameyaltepec one has a phrase such as /Nosowa:wtia, ye ia:xka/ 'He takes her for his girlfriend, she's his.' However, perhaps the
translation is wrong and it should be 'he takes a woman as a 'wife', she is his.' Thus use of /ye ia:xka/ suggests that a specific subject is already introduced. Note, moreover,
that the meaning of this constructions suggests that the person being taken as a wife (or mother, etc.), is not really one. Thus /nosowa:wtia/ has the implicature that the
woman is not really a wife, but like one. In this sense it seems to indicate a permanent type of relationship. This should be c hecked. RS gives a meaning that seems
equivalent to 'to marry.'
\semref suwa:tia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07899
\lxam tlatla:lchipa:wi
\lxam_c tlatla:lchipa:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for the land to become illuminated with the dawn
\sense_s aclarecer o alumbrarse el paisaje con el amanecer
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w tlatla:lchipa:wi, yo:tlane:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e The countryside has started to become illuminated, it has dawned.
\phrase_s El paisaje ya empezóa aclarecer, ya amaneció.
\root tla:l
\root chipa:
\qry In the phrase /Yo:pe:w tlatla:lchipa:wi, yo:tlane:s/ 'The countryside has started to become illuminated, it has dawned.' check whether the first /tla/ is a reduplicated /tla-/, in which case
it would be underlyingly {tlah}, or whether it is the impersonal /tla-/, in which case it would be underlyingly {tla-}. The difference in analysis has a significant impact on grammatical
analysis. For if the /tla-/ is reduplication, then the question arises of why reduplication of the incorporated noun. If the /tla-/ is the /tla-/ of impersonal passives, then this means that the
incorporated /tla:l-/ does not create an impersonal. Rather, it is more like a semantic patient/syntactic subject incorporation (as in /a:molo:nia/ and other /a:/ incorporations). The
/tlal-/ would be similar to N-V1 incorporation leading to a V1 compound, except in these cases the incorporated noun is seldom a subject/thematic patient but rather has some other
role, such as an instrumental. Oapan Nahuatl should reveal what is happening; if notadialect with {h} on the surface. Check whether meaning of 'to become clean of earth (e.g.,
clothes that are washed)' is correct.
\ref 07900
\lxam kwetla:hki
\lxam_c kwetla:hki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e [definition pending]
\ref 07901
\lxam xo:chitl de tepa:patla
\lxam_c xo:chitl de tepa:patla
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N(ap)
\compound N-N
\der N-ap
\lexical Lex. infix te- ; Lex. rdp-l
\infn N1
\sense_e type of herbaceous plant still not identified
\sense_s tipo de planta herbácea todavía no identificada
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root xo:chi
\root patla
\ref 07902
\lxam oni:lia
\lxam_c koni:lia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to drink (a liquid, e.g., blood) of or from
\sense_s beber (un líquido, p. ej., sangre) de
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Mo:yo:tl mitsoni:li:s moyesio.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Mosquitos will drink your blood.
\phrase_s El zancudo te bebe la sangre.
\root i:
\xref oni
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 07903
\lxam te:tla:wa:ntih
\lxam_c te:tla:wa:ntih
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e to be something that causes drunkenness
\sense_s ser algo que emborracha
\sense_d Am
\root tla:wa:
\ref 07904
\lxam xoxo:hka:kostik
\lxam_c xoxo:hka:kostik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound Part-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be greenish yellow
\sense_s ser amarrillo algo verde
\sense_d Am
\root xo:
\root kos
\ref 07905
\lxam pi:xe:tl
\lxam_c pi:xe:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\sense_e small bird, apparently a chickadee or similar species of the Parusgenus
\sense_s pájaro pequeño, aparentemente una mascarita del género Parus
\sense_d Am
\root pixe:
\ref 07906
\lxam sintli de kukweskomatl
\lxam_c sintli de kukweskomatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e deformed mazorca that is split open at the top point, forming four separate peaks that are likened to the posts of a granary
\sense_s mazorca (o elote) deformada, que tiene la punta abierta y partida en cuatro secciones o puntos, como los postes o lados de una troje
\sense_d Am
\root sin
\root kweskoma
\ency_note sintli
\grm Reduplication: Note that this type of maize often has a reduplicated nominal: /kukweskomatl/, apparently because it is like a play item.
\semref sintli de kowatl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref sintli de ka:ka:lo:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref sentli yón kowatsi:ntli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07907
\lxam tlayo:hlo:tia
\lxam_c notlayo:hlo:tia
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\der V2-d-yo:tia
\infv class-2a
\trans +Refl/-trans
\sense_e to form kernels of corn (the fruit of a maize plant as it matures)
\sense_s formar granos de maíz (una planta de maíz al madurarse)
\sense_d Am
\root o:ya
\ref 07908
\lxam pepecho:ltilia
\lxam_c kipepecho:ltilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to bring close to (e.g., one animal to another, such as its offspring)
\sense_s acerca a (p. ej., un animal a otro, quizásu cria)
\sense_d Am
\root pech
\xref pepecho:ltia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 07909
\lxam kuwkechilia
\lxam_c kikuwkechilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to prop up with a wooden pole or heavy stick
\sense_s apuntalar con un poste o horcón
\sense_d Pending
\root kuw
\root kechi
\qry Check and compare valency of /kuwkechilia/ and /tlikechilia/.
\ref 07910
\lxam Tlako:lo:le:ros
\lxam_c Tlako:lo:le:ros
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (Sp) tlako:lo:hli
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e type of dance presented in religious festivities
\sense_s tipo de danza presentada en las fiestas religiosas
\sense_d Am
\root tlako:l
\ref 07911
\lxam te:nkwatia
\lxam_cpend te:nkwatia
\lxoa té:nkwatía
\lxoa_pr te:nkwatia
\lxoa_cpend té:nkwatía
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\pitch yes
\sense_e to lose a portion of an edge (e.g., a cliff part of whose edge has crumbled, a plate or other type of ceramic)
\sense_s perderse o derrumbarse una pequeña parte o sección de la orilla o borde (p. ej., un risco o peñasco a que se le derrumba la orilla, un plato con la borde quebrado, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root te:n
\root kwa
\grm Verbal derivation /-ti/: Note that the input to the verbal derivation in /-ti/ is a deverbal adjectival /te:nkwah/. This demonstrates the very productive use of /-ti/ (and /-tia/,
since /te:nkwatia/ also exists).
\semref te:nkwati
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref té:nkwatí
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\xref te:nkwatilia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref té:nkwatília
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 07912
\lxam te:nwetsi
\lxam_c te:nwetsi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e for the edge to split or fall off of (e.g., an axe, machete, etc.)
\sense_s caersele la orilla o filo (p. ej., a un machete, hacha, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\root te:n
\root wetsi
\ref 07913
\lxam sosokio:tia
\lxam_c kisosokio:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-para-h/wa/tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to splatter or dirty with mud
\sense_s ensuciar con lodo
\sense_d Am
\root soki
\ref 07914
\lxam kalxomihlowa
\lxam_c kalxomihlowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-h/wa/tia[k]
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to get full of bedbugs
\sense_s llenarse o cubrirse de chinches
\sense_d Am
\root kal
\root xomil
\ref 07915
\lxam temanasioh
\lxam_c temanasioh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e area full of the types of stones called temanastetl (Am), which are often used for hearthstones
\sense_s área llena del tipo de piedra llamada piedra ligera y algo suelta puesta en las tres equinas de un triángulo para soporte de las ollas y comal colocadas sobre el fuego; el
tipo de piedra empleada (tla:la:mo:hli endurecida en Ameyaltepec y tepoxahtetlen oapan) se escoge porque no explota con el calor
\sense_d Am
\semfld stone
\root temanas
\root te
\qry Make sure this is the adjectival form, and not /temanasteyoh/.
\semref temanasteyoh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 07916
\lxam tejo:ntsi:n
\lxam_c tejo:ntsi:n
\dt 24/Feb/2006
\loan tejón
\loan_t Nah
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\sense_e type of children's game played in Ameyaltepec, still not described, though apparently involving swinging from trees
\sense_s tipo de juego de niños en Ameyaltepec, todavía no descrito, aunque parece que consiste en colgarse de los árboles
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kwa:k tikihlian tima:wi:ltian se: tejo:ntsi:n, yo:wekaw kwa:k titlatlakwaltia:ya na:nika ipan mo:nteh, tipano:tinemi ipan (kupaxokotl) wa:n asta
tikma:pachowan, oksepa tima:asin, tima:asin ipan, wa:n xtlah kichi:wa te:h, ke:itlah pipixtik.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 07916_01_am
\src_p Inocencio Díaz: 0030_Am_ID_mod04_tr24.wav / 3:57
\phrase_e When we say that we would play tejo:ntsi:n, a long time ago when we used to graze cattle here in the hills, we would pass by the
(kupaxokotl) and we would even bend its branches down, and again we would reach out to it with our hands, we reach out to it, and nothing would
happen to it, like its really resistant (i.e., tough and sinewy).
\phrase_s Cuando decimos que jugamos al tejo:ntsi:n, ya hace mucho cuando ibamos al monte para apacentar las bestias, pasamos sobre el
(kupaxokotl) y hasta doblamos sus ramas, otra vez agarramos con las manos, lo agarramos, y no le hace nada, pues, como es resistente.
\qry Check several meaning. First, of the game tejo:ntsi:n. Then of the words kima:pachowa and ma:asi. It is unclear whether in ma:pachowa the ma: refers to the branches on the tree or
an action of bending with ones arms.
\ref 07917
\lxam pata:dah koyo:teh
\lxam_c pata:dah koyo:teh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan patada coyote
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e type of children's game played in Ameyaltepec, still not described
\sense_s tipo de juego de niños en Ameyaltepec, todavía no descrito
\sense_d Am
\ref 07918
\lxam kone:kwitok
\lxam_c kone:kwitok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\incorp N-Stat
\der V2-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be in the early stages of pregnancy
\sense_s estar en las primeras etapas de preñez
\sense_d Am
\root kone:
\root kwi
\nse According to Cristino Flores (Am), kone:kwitok refers to a woman in the early stages of pregnancy, when the belly is still not clearly swollen. It contrasts with
o:stli , which refers to the later stages of pregnancy.
\ref 07919
\lxam ikxikoko:ntik
\lxam_c ikxikoko:ntik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to be pidgeon-footed
\sense_s tener los pies vueltos hacia afuera
\sense_d Am
\root kxi
\root ko:m
\qry Recheck meaning.
\ref 07920
\lxam tlakaltechioh
\lxam_c tlakaltechioh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e area characterized by a steep slope
\sense_s área caracterizada por una cuesta muy inclinada
\sense_d Am
\root tlakal
\root_rel -tech
\semref tla:ltechioh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07921
\lxam o:stoma:wa
\lxam_c noo:stoma:wa
\dt 24/Jul/2002
\ref 07922
\lxam tlikwihli
\lxam_c tlikwihli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\incorp [N-V2]>N
\der N-dvb-pas
\sense_e hearth, the area between the three hearthstones into which wood is stoked
\sense_s hogar,área entre las tres piedras donde se mete la leña
\sense_d Am
\root tli
\root kwi
\ref 07923
\lxam temonexka:xoxo:hki
\lxam_cpend *temonexka:xoxo:hki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound Part-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e faded, light dusty green
\sense_s verde deslucido y algo gris
\sense_d Am
\semfld color
\root te-
\root mohnex
\root xo:
\ref 07924
\lxam tlitsaya:ni
\lxam_c tlitsaya:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to fissure as a result of fire (e.g., a ceramic being fired)
\sense_s rajarse ligeramente como resultado del fuego (p. ej., una cosa de barro al ser cocido)
\sense_d Am
\root tli
\root tsaya:
\ref 07925
\lxam tlantli nepantlah
\lxam_c i:tlan nepantlah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-Loc
\der Loc
\sense_e front teeth
\sense_s los dientes que están enfrente, por la mitad de la boca
\sense_d Am
\root tlan
\root nepantlah
\ref 07926
\lxam tepexik
\lxam_c tepexik
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\sense_e hillside that is steep and without any path or way down
\sense_s cuesta (de un cerro) que está muy inclinada y sin brecha
\sense_d Am
\ref 07927
\lxam tla:pi:si:liwi
\lxam_c tla:pi:si:liwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e [pending meaning]
\root a:
\root pi:si:l
\ref 07928
\lxam tekoxtla:lia
\lxam_c kitekoxtla:lia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to draw cross-hatching on
\sense_s dibujar líneas cruzadas sobre
\sense_d Am
\root tekoch
\root tla:l
\ref 07929
\lxam tlato:lwelkaki
\lxam_c kitlato:lwelkaki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-(PM-V2)
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to like or agree with the words or speech of (sb)
\sense_s estar de acuerdo o gustarle las palabras o discurso de (algn)
\sense_d Am
\root hto
\root wel
\root kaki
\ref 07930
\lxam ma:nekwahlo:tia
\lxam_c kima:nekwahlo:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to fold the hands of together with the fingers interlaced (e.g., in placing the hands of a deceased person on their chest)
\sense_s entrelazar las manos de (p. ej., al colocar las manos de una persona fallecida sobre su pecho) con los dedos entrelazados
\sense_d Am
\root ma:
\root kwa
\ref 07931
\lxam kwa:xe:lowa
\lxam_c nokwa:xe:lowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) to place a part in ones hair
\sense_s (refl.) poner una raya en el cabello
\sense_d Am
\root kwa:
\root xe:l
\ref 07932
\lxam tlipanowa
\lxam_c tlipanowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4c(pano)
\sense_e to be over fired to the point of blackening (e.g., ceramics)
\sense_s cocinarse demasiado hasta quemarse (p. ej., cerámica de barro)
\sense_d Pending
\root tli
\root pano:
\ref 07933
\lxam temonexka:chi:chi:ltik
\lxam_c temonexka:chi:chi:ltik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound Part-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e faded, dusty red (as the bark or wood of the tree called koo:la:wa chi:chi:ltik)
\sense_s rojo bajo y algo gris (como la cáscara o madera del koo:la:wa chi:chi:ltik)
\sense_d Pending
\root te-
\root mohnex
\root chi:l
\ref 07934
\lxam tlakpaktilia
\lxam_c kitlakpaktilia
\lxoa tlahpahtilia
\lxoa_c kitlahpahtilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tilia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to raise (sth hanging) higher off the ground
\sense_s alzar (algo colgado) a una posición más alta
\sense_d Pending
\root_rel -kpak
\ref 07935
\lxam ikxitila:na
\lxam_c kikxitila:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to pull on the leg of (e.g.,. to accommodate bones that have gotten out of place, soothe bad sprains, etc.)
\sense_s jalarle la pierna de (algn, p. ej., para acomodar a los huesos torcidos, calmar dolores fuertes, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\root kxi
\root tila:
\ref 07936
\lxam kuwsa:wananakatl de ia:xi:x bu:rroh
\lxam_c kuwsa:wananakatl de ia:xi:x bu:rroh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) burro
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1(N2-NP)
\sense_e type of small white mushroom the sprouts on the ground after a rain
\sense_s tipo de pequeño hongo blanco que brota sobre el suelo después de una lluvia
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\ency_note kuhsa:wananakatl and other mushrooms
\root kow
\root sa:wa
\root naka
\root a:
\root xi:xa
\nse This is, apparently, the more correct and complete term for what some Ameyaltepequeños refer to simply as i:a:xi:x burroh.
\ref 07937
\lxam pachakaliwi
\lxam_c pachakaliwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\trans ~Trans
\sense_e to acquire a rough surface (e.g., a tepalkatl that is not submerged in water and whose surface starts to flake)
\sense_s quedar con una superficieáspera (p. ej., un tepalkatl que no se mete en agua y empieza a descascararse)
\sense_d Am
\root pachakal
\semref tesontia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07938
\lxam tesontia
\lxam_c tesontia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to acquire a rough surface (e.g., a tepalkatl that is not submerged in water and whose surface starts to flake)
\sense_s quedar con una superficieáspera (p. ej., un tepalkatl que no se mete en agua y empieza a descascararse)
\sense_d Am
\root teson
\semref pachakaliwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07939
\lxam pachakaltik
\lxam_c pachakaltik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-tik
\sense_e to have a rough surface (e.g., a tepalkatl that is not submerged in water and whose surface starts to flake)
\sense_s tener una superficieáspera (p. ej., un tepalkatl que no se mete en agua y empieza a descascararse)
\sense_d Am
\root pachakal
\semref tesontik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07940
\lxam ma:wxo:chitl
\lxam_c ma:wxo:chitl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound S-N
\der N-b
\sense_e the leaves of any of various herbaceous plants used in offerings to the yeyekameh
\sense_s las hojas de cualquier planta herbácea que se utiliza en las ofrendas a los yeyekameh
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ma:wxo:chitl | Nokwi kwa:k tlakaka:walo.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Ma:wxo:chitl : It is used when offerings are left to the yeyekameh.
\phrase_s Ma:wxo:chitl : Se emplea cuando se dejan ofrendas a los yeyekameh.
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root ma:w
\root xo:chi
\qry Check to determine if this is indeed a plant; perhaps I miswrote the entry for /ya:wxo:chitl/. If the forms are correct as given then two entries should be created, one for Oapan and
one for Ameyaltepec.
\qry_fon Recheck vl of /a:/.
\ref 07941
\lxam mi:skikuwtli
\lxam_c mi:skikuwtli
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm N
\root mi:ski
\ref 07942
\lxam kwa:kuwtsotsompach
\lxam_c kwa:kuwtsotsompach
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\sense_e to have (an animal, usually cattle) horns that point forward and down to the ground
\sense_s tener (un animal, generalmente ganado) cuernos que apuntan hacia abajo y ligeramente hacia el frente
\sense_d Am
\ency_note kwa:kohtli
\root kwa:
\root kow
\root tson
\root pach
\ref 07943
\lxam te:a:pi:tsaltih
\lxam_c te:a:pi:tsaltih
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e to cause diarrhea
\sense_s causar diarea
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Le:cheh xkwahli, le:cheh te:a:pi:tsaltih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Milk is no good, milk causes diarrhea.
\phrase_s La leche no estábien, la leche causa diarea.
\root a:
\root pi:tsa
\ref 07944
\lxam xa:yakaoomitia
\lxam_c xa:yakaoomitia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\compound N-V1
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4a
\lexical Lex. rdp-s; Op. infix te- (Am): xa:yakateoomitia
\sense_e for ones cheeks to become so sunken in that ones facial bones protrude
\sense_s sumirsele las mejillas tanto hasta que sobresalgan los huesos de la cara
\sense_d Am
\root xa:yaka
\root omi
\nae The Ameyaltepec form shows the expected reduplication given the fact that the process affects both cheeks simultaneously; the lack of such reduplication in Oapan is not expected.
The meaning of the Oapan and Ameyaltepec entries are the same although the root elements in the two semantically equivalent forms xa:yakaoomitik and
xa:ya:komitetik are distinct. Nevertheless, the variation between Oapan komitetl 'bone' and Ameyaltepec omitl parallels the basic form
for 'bone' in both these dialects.
\ref 07945
\lxam tla:yo:tike:tl
\lxam_c tla:yo:tike:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-ag-ke:tl
\sense_e woman whose responsibility it is to refill or replenish plates with broth (during a public fiesta)
\sense_s mujer que tiene la resposabilidad para volver a llenar con caldo los platos de los fiesteros (p. ej., durante una fiesta del pueblo)
\sense_d Am
\root a:
\nse This agentive derives from the verb a:yo:tia literally 'to add water to,' but which can also refer to the adding of broth to a plate.
\ref 07946
\lxam tepo:tsakia
\lxam_c notepo:tsakia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e [meaning to be determined]
\root tepo:ts
\root aki
\ref 07947
\lxam yeswetsi
\lxam_c yeswetsi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to suffer from a hemorrhage
\sense_s sufrir una hemorragia
\sense_d Am
\root es
\root wetsi
\ref 07948
\lxam tla:katlake:ntli
\lxam_c tla:katlake:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(m)
\sense_e men's clothes
\sense_s ropa de hombres
\sense_d Am
\root tla:ka
\root ke:m
\ref 07949
\lxam kamato:ne:wi
\lxam_c kamato:ne:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to feel a burning sensation in ones mouth (from eating sth spicy)
\sense_s sentir un arder en la boca (por comer algo picante)
\sense_d Am
\root kama
\root to:n
\ref 07950
\lxam yekatla:ni
\lxam_c kiyekatla:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a
\ref 07951
\lxam uwichilia
\lxam_c kuwichilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to uproot (plants) for
\sense_s desarraigar (plantas) para
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to pull out or pluck (e.g., white hairs, feathers, etc.) from or on (sb)
\sense_s sacar o arrancar (p. ej., las canas, plumas, etc.) a o de
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root witla
\xref uwitla
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 07952
\lxam mexkaltompitsioh
\lxam_c mexkaltompitsioh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e area abounding in the type of agave plant (Pitcairnia flexuosa) known as mexkaltompistsi:n
\sense_s área donde abunda el tipo de agave (Pitcairnia flexuosa) conocido como mexkaltompistsi:n
\sense_d Am
\root mexkal
\root tom
\root pits
\ref 07953
\lxam xikipi:liwi
\lxam_c xikipi:liwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e [meaning pending]
\root xikipi:l
\ref 07954
\lxam xoxo:hka:istá:k
\lxam_c xoxo:hka:istá:k
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound Part-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-tik
\sense_e to be greenish white (like the color of the rock used as a temanastetl (Am))
\sense_s ser entre blanca y verde (como el color de la piedra empleada como temanastetl (Am))
\sense_d Am
\root xo:
\root sta
\ref 07955
\lxam ayuxkwitlatl
\lxam_c ayuxkwitlatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\incorp N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e stringy inside fleshy portion of certain squash plants
\sense_s parte interior hilosa de algunos tipos de calabaza
\sense_d Am
\root ayoh
\root kwitla
\nae The origin or motivation from the /x/ is not clear.
\qry Check meaning.
\ref 07956
\lxam tla:le:roh
\lxam_c tla:le:roh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (Sp) tla:l
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e landowner
\sense_s dueño de tierra
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:l
\semref tla:lwah
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref tla:leh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 07957
\lxam ayutlaxakwalo:hli
\lxam_c ayutlaxakwalo:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\sense_e type of food made from squash
\sense_s tipo de comida hecho de calabaza
\sense_d Am
\root ayoh
\root xakwal
\ref 07958
\lxam to:tomo:chkose:wi
\lxam_c to:tomo:chkose:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e for the corn husk (of a maize plant during the time just before harvest) to turn yellow
\sense_s amarrillarse el totomoxtle, hojas secas de la mazorca (justamente antes de la cosecha)
\sense_d Am
\root tomoch
\root kos
\ref 07959
\lxam nechikowilia
\lxam_c kinechikowilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to collect (e.g., money, grain, etc., in a cooperative community venture) for
\sense_s juntar, hacer una colección (p. ej., de dinero, maíz, etc., en un proyecto o empresa comunal) para
\sense_d Pending
\root nechik
\qry Check meaning and used.
\xref nechikowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 07960
\lxam no:ksehka:n
\lxam_c no:ksehka:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-1-ka:n-com
\infn N1(loc)
\sense_e another different place
\sense_s otro lugar diferente o distinto
\sense_d Pending
\root no:
\root o:k
\root sek
\root_rel -ka:n
\ref 07961
\lxam i:xiwintilistli
\lxam_c i:xiwintilistli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-d-lis
\sense_e dizziness
\sense_s mareo
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root iwin
\qry Check root whether /iwin/ or /win/. Check if there is any difference between /i:xiwinti/ and /kwa:i:xiwinti/.
\ref 07962
\lxam yema:nka:toto:nia
\lxam_c yema:nka:toto:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Part-V1
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to have a light fever
\sense_s tener algo de calentura (no muy fuerte)
\sense_d Pending
\root yema:n
\root to:n
\ref 07963
\lxam tsi:nxoxo:hki
\lxam_c tsi:nxoxo:hki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-ki
\sense_e to have a green posterior (e.g., the insect called xiwsa:yo:lin xoxo:hki)
\sense_s tener verde la parte posterior (p. ej., el insecto llamado xiwsa:yo:lin xoxo:hki)
\sense_d Am
\root tsi:n
\ref 07964
\lxam akestetlakali
\lxam_c kakestetlakali
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Adv-V-V
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to throw down (a person) so that he lands face up
\sense_s aventar al suelo para que caiga boca arriba
\sense_d Pending
\root ah
\root ketsa
\root tlahkali
\ref 07965
\lxam techikaktik
\lxam_c techikaktik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\pss Adv
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\sense_e to do in a hard or forceful way
\sense_s duramente
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n San techikaktik o:htla:lih.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Lo pusiste con mucha fuerza (e.g., al poner algo sobre el piso, una mesa, etc.)
\phrase_s You put it down real hard.
\root chika:
\ref 07966
\lxam tsi:ntechakwa:ntasi
\lxam_c tsi:ntechakwa:ntasi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infn +Compl
\infv class-4a
\lexical Op. infix te- ; tsi:ntechakwa:ni
\sense_e to strike ones rear hard
\sense_s golpearse fuertemente o duro la parte inferior o posterior
\sense_d Pending
\root tsi:n
\root chakwa:
\qry Check/recheck the difference between /tsi:ntechakwa:ntasi/ and /notsi:ntechakwa:nitasi/. Cf. Gram 1985-10-05.2.
\ref 07967
\lxam weliti
\lxam_c i:tech weliti
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-dvb-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e (-tech ~) to reproduce under the care of (e.g., domestic animals; same as -tech weli (Am))
\sense_s (-tech ~) reproducir bajo el cuidado de (p. ej., animales domésticos; lo mismo que -tech weli (Am))
\sense_d Am
\root wel
\ref 07968
\lxam tla:katilia
\lxam_c kitla:katilia
\lxoa tla:katilia
\lxoa_cpend kitla:katilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tilia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give birth to (an animal of its young; in Ameyaltepec considered vulgar when applied to people; syn. Oa tla:kati:ltia)
\sense_s hacer nacer; dar a luz (un animal a su cría; en Ameyaltepec considerado vulgar cuando se aplica a gente; sin. Oa tla:kati:ltia)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (refl.) to brag or talk big (a man)
\sense_s (refl.) fanfarronear (un hombre)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tla:ka
\ref 07969
\lxam yestemowa
\lxam_c yestemowa
\dt 20/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-2b
\sense_e for blood to flow into the body (used in reference to a chicken hung upside down and killed, so that the blood can be collected and prepared)
\sense_s bajarsele la sangre a la cabeza (una gallina colgada boca-abajo cuando se mata, para que la sangre se puede juntar y cocinar)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Kie:rah ma noma:ka:wa, dya: kipilowan pan china:ntli para ma yestemo.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 07969_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 10:19
\phrase_e Once [the neck of a chicken] is snapped, then they hang it [upside-down] on the woven wooden fence so that the blood rushes down [to the head].
\phrase_s Una vez reventado [el cuello de la gallina], se cuelga [boca abajo] sobre la cerca de varas entrelazadas para que se baje la sangre [a la cabeza].
\root es
\root temo:
\ref 07970
\lxam ista:yo:tl
\lxam_c ista:yo:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-d-yo:tl
\sense_e salt water (used to marinate squash seeds before toasting them)
\sense_s agua salada (se meten las semillas de calabaza en este agua antes de tostarlas sobre el comal)
\sense_d Am
\root sta
\root a:
\ref 07971
\lxam te:nkwi:kwi
\lxam_c kite:nkwi:kwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to talk back to; to angrily discuss with; to contest the words of
\sense_s responder a (algn); discutir o enfrentar las palabras de
\sense_d Am
\root te:n
\root kwi
\ref 07972
\lxam ya:h
\lxam_c ya:h de yewa tiá:s
\lxoa ya:
\lxoa_cpend ya:
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adv-time
\sense_e and then; afterward; and
\sense_s y entonces; y después; y
\sense_d Pending
\semref dya:
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07973
\lxam tlamoya:wtok
\lxam_c tlamoya:wtok
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e area that has things spread out all over (e.g., ceramics drying in the sun, merchandise to be sold, etc.)
\sense_s área con muchas cosas tendidas (p. ej., cerámica secándose en el sol, mercancía para vender, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root moya:
\ref 07974
\lxam yekatia
\lxam_c noyekatia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to enter into a place or situation where one should not be (e.g., to try to come between two people in a heated argument)
\sense_s (refl.) meterse en un lugar donde no debe estar (p. ej., al meterse entre dos personas que están discutiendo)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to place (firewood) into a burning hearth
\sense_s meter (leña) en un hogar con leña quemándose
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkonyekati totlikuw!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go push our firewood into the fire!
\phrase_s ¡Ve a meterle nuestra leña a la fogata!
\root yeka
\ref 07975
\lxam papa:ka
\lxam_alt pupa:ka
\lxam_c kipupa:ka
\lxoa pápá:ka
\lxoa_cpend kí:pá:ka
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e see pa:ka
\sense_s véase pa:ka
\sense_d Pending
\root pa:ka
\ref 07976
\lxam tlakwaltsi:ntia
\lxam_c tlakwaltsi:ntia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-denom-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to become a place (e.g., a village) that is well-arranged and cared for
\sense_s llegar a ser un lugar bien arreglado y cuidado; llegar a ser un lugar bien bonito
\sense_d Am
\root kwal
\ref 07977
\lxam pixkake:tl
\lxam_c pixkake:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who harvests corn in the field
\sense_s persona que pisca maíz
\sense_d Am
\sense_e person who husks maize that has been harvested
\sense_s persona que quita el totomoxtle a la mazorca cosechada
\sense_d Am
\root pixka
\ref 07978
\lxam tsi:npeto:nki
\lxam_c tsi:npeto:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\sense_e to have a bad back, one that has"slipped out"and gotten sprained as one was walking
\sense_s tener un dolor de la espalda inferior, resultado de haber caminado y resbalado, torciendo la espalda
\sense_d Am
\root tsi:n
\root peto:
\grm Note equivalence of /tsi:npetok/ and /tsi:npeto:nki/.
\ref 07979
\lxam tlapi:pilkatok
\lxam_c tlapi:pilkatok
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv Durative
\sense_e to have things hanging down all over (e.g., vines that are hanging down all over)
\sense_s haber cosas colgadas por todos lados (p. ej., bejucos que se cuelgan de losárboles)
\sense_d Am
\root pil
\semref tlapi:piliwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 07980
\lxam tlakuhke:tl
\lxam_c tlakuhkeh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\sense_e pallbearers
\root ahko
\root kwi
\qry_fon Check /h/ and cf. to /w/ in /tlikuwtli/, etc.
\ref 07981
\lxam te:a:miktih
\lxam_c te:a:miktih
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\incorp [te:-N-V2]~Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e to be something that causes thirst
\sense_s ser algo que da o causa sed
\sense_d Am
\root a:
\root miki
\ref 07982
\lxam to:nalchipa:wi
\lxam_c to:nalchipa:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get clean or bleached in the sun
\sense_s limpiarse o blanquearse en el sol
\sense_d Am
\root to:na
\root chipa:
\ref 07983
\lxam_notes yzzz
\mod This was a duplicate entry of /tlapi:stli/.
\dt 13/Jul/2004
\ref 07984
\lxam tlaxkalkwa
\lxam_c tlaxkalkwa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to (be able to) eat tortillas (e.g., a donkey)
\sense_s (poder) comer tortillas (e.g., un burro)
\sense_d Am
\root xka
\root kwa
\nse According to Cristino Flores this verb is only used in reference to animals, such as donkeys, that can eat tortillas along with their regular fare. It is not used with human agents, all of
whom can by nature eat tortillas.
\grm Incorporation; semantics: Note the case of /tlaxkalkwa/ vs. /kitlaxkalkwa/, i.e, two types of incorporation with one verb.
\ref 07985
\lxam kwa:pa:pah
\lxam_c i:kwa:pa:pah
\lxoa kwa:pa:pah
\lxoa_cpend i:kwa:pa:pah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj(ap)
\compound N-Adj(ap)
\der Adj(ap)
\sense_e to have hair formed into curled ringlets and small balls (a naturally occurring phenomenon of some people's hair)
\sense_s tener el cabello como enroscado en pequeñas bolitas (algo que ocurre naturalmente)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwa:
\root pa:pa
\ref 07986
\lxam kwa:pa:payoh
\lxam_c kwa:pa:payoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e to have hair formed into curled ringlets and small balls (a naturally occurring phenomenon of some people's hair)
\sense_s tener el cabello que estàenroscado en pequeñas bolitas (algo que ocurre naturalmente)
\sense_d Am
\root kwa:
\root pa:pa
\ref 07987
\lxam pa:patia
\lxam_c pa:patia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-denom-tia
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e for ones hair to form curled ringlets and small balls (a naturally occurring phenomenon of some people's hair)
\sense_s quedarsele el cabello enroscado en pequeñas bolitas (algo que ocurre naturalmente)
\sense_d Am
\root pa:pa
\ref 07988
\lxam karayo:ntik
\lxam_alt kakarayo:ntik
\lxam_c kakarayo:ntik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan carajo (?)
\loan_t Spn
\psm Adj
\der Adj-loan (?)
\sense_e to be a woman-chaser
\sense_s ser mujeriego
\sense_d Am
\nse This seems clearly to be a loan from Spanish, although the source word is still not identified. The borrowing po:yoh is also used in reference to men with a lot of women
lovers.
\ref 07989
\lxam pepechiwtok
\lxam_c pepechiwtok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\sense_e (with -pan or -tech) to get very close to (an animate and volitional being [S])
\sense_s (con -pan o -tech) acercarse mucho a (un ser animado y con volición propia [S])
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pepechiwtok itech ina:n, mumuwi.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He gets right up close to his mother, he is frightened.
\phrase_s Se pega a su mamá, tiene miedo.
\ref 07990
\lxam mancho:ntetla:lia
\lxam_c nomancho:ntetla:lia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\ref 07991
\lxam ixwi:tia
\lxam_c kixwi:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to be filling or satisfying to (e.g., a particular food, beverage, etc.)
\sense_s llenar hasta satisfacer a (algn)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tlaxkahli kwahli ne:chixwi:tia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Tortillas fill me up quite well.
\phrase_s Tortillas me llenan bien.
\sense_e (refl.) to get full (from eating)
\sense_s (refl.) llenarse (de comer)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pitso xkimati noxwi:tia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Pigs don't know what it means to be full (i.e., they never are satisfied and lacking a desire to eat).
\phrase_s Marranos no saben llenarse (esto es, nunca dejan de tener ganas de comer).
\disamb noxwitia; nitikukwa
\root xwi
\nae The vowel length of the /i/ before the causative ending -tia seems to be short. FK discusses vowel length in this form, noting (under ixhui:tia) that 'In
T[etelcingo, Morelos]... the second vowel, which should be long before -tia is short. In a single attestation in C the vowel is unmarked for length. Z[acapoaxtla] is
inconsistent. T[etelcingo] has an alternative causative ixhui:ltia where by general rule the corresponding vowel should be short but is given as long.' The Balsas region data
agree with Tetelcingo, Morelos, in having what appears to be a short /i/ before the causative marker -tia. Note that I have been unable to locate the reference to this
word in Carochi.
\qry_fon There seems to be a definite short /i/ before causative in Oapan. Check. Note that there is a difference between /ixwi:tia/ and /ixwitia/.
\vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token.
\grm Tlaxkahli kwahli ne:chixwitia 'Tortillas fill me up quite well' Note the way in which the subject preceding the verbal predicate (here with an adverb) is used for generic items
(cf. a:tl xkwahli vs. xkwahli a:tl). Cf. the same with Pitso xkimati noxwitia, 'pigs don't know what it means to be full.'
\grm Causative; phonology: In /ixwitia/ the evidence suggests a short /i/ before the causative /-tia/. This should, however, be rechecked.
\xref ixwi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 07992
\lxam i:xpanti
\lxam_c i:xpanti
\dt 24/Jul/2002
\der V1
\ref 07993
\lxam itika:kapa:ni
\lxam_c itika:kapa:ni
\dt 04/Jul/2002
\ref 07994
\lxam ma:pa:chaka:ti
\lxam_c ma:pa:chaka:ti
\dt 04/Jul/2002
\ref 07995
\lxam kochkana:wtok
\lxam_c kochkana:wtok
\lxoa kochkana:wtok
\lxoa_cpend kochkana:wtok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e to be sleeping lightly (as, for instance, when one is just about to awake from a long sleep and is therefore easily awoken)
\sense_s estar como semi dormido (como, por ejemplo, cuando uno está a punto de despertar de un largo sueño y, por eso, se despierta facilmente)
\sense_d Pending
\root koch
\root kana:
\ref 07996
\lxam mochi
\lxam_c mochi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\sense_e see notes under nochi
\sense_s véase notas con nochi
\sense_d Am
\ref 07997
\lxam to:tomo:chwa:ki
\lxam_c to:tomo:chwa:ki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-ki
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e for the corn husk (of a maize plant during the time just before harvest) to dry
\sense_s secarse el totomoxtle, hojas secas de la mazorca (justamente antes de la cosecha)
\sense_d Am
\root tomoch
\root wa:
\ref 07998
\lxam a:josmolo:nki
\lxam_c a:josmolo:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e to be reeking of garlic
\sense_s estar aspestoso o hediondo de ajos
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n A:josmolo:nki, o:pano:k de a:jos.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It reeks of garlic, it has too much garlic.
\phrase_s Apesta a ajos, pasóde ajos.
\root molo:
\ref 07999
\lxam wa:xmolo:nki
\lxam_c wa:xmolo:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e to be reeking of guaje
\sense_s estar aspestoso o hediondo de guaje
\sense_d Am
\root wa:x
\root molo:
\ref 08000
\lxam tlama:maltipan
\lxam_c se: tlama:maltipan
\dt 27/Jan/2005
\psm N
\root ma:ma
\root_rel -tipan
\ref 08001
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was the entry for /suwa:chi:wayo/ but it has been removed as offensive.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 08002
\lxam kamatechiki
\lxam_c kikamatechiki
\dt 14/Mar/2003
\root kama
\root hchiki
\ref 08003
\lxam tepe:cha:neh
\lxam_c tepe:cha:neh
\dt 05/Jul/2002
\ref 08004
\lxam koto:ntlapo:wtok
\lxam_c koto:ntlapo:wtok
\dt 05/Jul/2002
\ref 08005
\lxam tla:xi:xkokoya:ka:n
\lxam_c tla:xi:xkokoya:ka:n
\dt 05/Jul/2002
\ref 08006
\lxam itiyo:lkopi:na
\lxam_c kitiyo:lkopi:na
\dt 05/Jul/2002
\ref 08007
\lxam e:watekechilia
\lxam_c ke:watekechilia
\dt 05/Jul/2002
\ref 08008
\lxam tlasotka:n
\lxam_c tlasotka:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Loc
\der N-loc
\sense_e dear or scarce
\sense_s escaso; ser escaso
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Tlasotka:n u:nkah yewan kuwimati.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e There are few (people) who know the way (i.e., how to do sth in particular).
\phrase_s Hay pocos que saben el camino (esto es, como hacer alguna cosa).
\root tlasoh
\ref 08009
\lxam chi:kwepo:naltia
\lxam_c kichi:kwepo:naltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\ref 08010
\lxam teoomitsi:n
\lxam_c teoomitsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e person who is very thin, virtually skin and bones (from illness)
\sense_s persona demacrada, muy delgado hasta que se le ven los huesos (de una enfermedad)
\sense_d Am
\root omi
\ref 08011
\lxam tla:li:ltia
\lxam_c kitla:li:ltia
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e to place on (e.g., clothes on a person)
\sense_s poner o colocar sobre (p. ej., ropa a una persona)
\sense_d Am
\root tla:l
\ref 08012
\lxam tla:li:ltilia
\lxam_c kitla:li:ltilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (~ lasa:dah) to throw a lasso onto (e.g.,)
\sense_s (~ lasa:dah) echar una lasada sobre (p. ej., un animal)
\sense_d Am
\root tla:l
\ref 08013
\lxam a:yema:nilia
\lxam_c ka:yema:nilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to soften (e.g., clay earth or mud, tixtli) by adding water
\sense_s hacer blando al agregar agua a (p. ej., lodo o barro, masa de maíz, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\root a:
\root yema:n
\ref 08014
\lxam tekoltia
\lxam_c tekoltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to turn into carbon
\sense_s volverse carbón
\sense_d Am
\root tekol
\ref 08015
\lxam ma:tlao:ya
\lxam_c ma:tlao:ya
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(y)
\sense_e to shell maize with ones hands
\sense_s desgranar maíz con las manos
\sense_d Am
\root ma:
\root o:ya
\ref 08016
\lxam tlatila:wahloh
\lxam_c tlatila:wahloh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\sense_e place or area that is overgrown with weeds
\sense_s lugar oárea cubierto de maleza
\sense_d Am
\root tila:
\ref 08017
\lxam tlatsoyo:ni:hli
\lxam_c tlatsoyo:ni:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\sense_e fried (eggs)
\sense_s frito y revuelto (huevos)
\sense_d Am
\root tsoyo:
\ref 08018
\lxam xiwyotepe:wi
\lxam_c xiwyotepe:wi
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e to lose leaves (a tree during the dry season)
\sense_s perder las hojas (unárbol durante la temporada de secas)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Yo:pe:w tlaxiwyotepe:wi.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e The leaves have started to fall (e.g., during autumn)
\phrase_s Las hojas ya empezaron a caerse (de losárboles, p. ej., durante el otoño)
\root xiw
\root tepe:
\semref xiwyo:xi:ni
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref xihyo:xi:ni
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08019
\lxam a:we:we:tl
\lxam_c a:we:we:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e type of tree, called ahuehuete in Spanish
\sense_s ahuehuete, tipo deárbol
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld kuwtli
\root a:
\root we:we:
\semref a:we:we:kuwtli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 08020
\lxam a:we:we:kuwtli
\lxam_c a:we:we:kuwtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound (N-N)-N
\der N-b
\sense_e type of tree, called ahuehuete in Spanish
\sense_s ahuehuete, tipo deárbol
\sense_d Am
\semfld plant
\semfld kuwtli
\root a:
\root we:we:
\root kow
\semref a:we:we:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 08021
\lxam kwa:manilia
\lxam_c kikwa:manilia
\dt 24/Jul/2002
\ref 08022
\lxam wekatilia
\lxam_c kwekatilia
\dt 06/Jul/2002
\ref 08023
\lxam akotlekuwa
\lxam_c akotlekuwa
\dt 31/Jul/2003
\ref 08024
\lxam chochopilo:l
\lxam_c i:chochopilo:l
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infn N2
\sense_e skin that hangs down from the forehead of a turkey
\sense_s pedazo de piel que se cuelga de la frente de un huajolote
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\semfld animal
\root te:n
\root chopi:
\root pilo:l
\semref te:nchochopilo:l
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref te:nchochopio
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref te:nchopi:yah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08025
\lxam ye:ltson
\lxam_c i:ye:ltso:n
\dt 06/Jul/2002
\ref 08026
\lxam ma:tla:ltech
\lxam_c ma:tlatla:ltech
\dt 06/Jul/2002
\ref 08027
\lxam mahka:kwi
\lxam_c mahka:kwi
\dt 06/Jul/2002
\ref 08028
\lxam tlano:chilia
\lxam_c kitlano:chilia
\dt 06/Jul/2002
\ref 08029
\lxam xi:kale:roh
\lxam_c xi:kale:roh
\dt 06/Jul/2002
\ref 08030
\lxam kwe:tia
\lxam_c kikwe:tia
\dt 06/Jul/2002
\ref 08031
\lxam tla:lyenkwik
\lxam_c tla:lyenkwik
\dt 06/Jul/2002
\ref 08032
\lxam kuwki:xtia
\lxam_c kikuwki:xtia
\dt 06/Jul/2002
\ref 08033
\lxam okokuwyoh
\lxam_c okokuwyoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e pine forest
\sense_s bosque de pinos
\sense_d Am
\root oko
\root kow
\ref 08034
\lxam se:sentoka
\lxam_c kise:sentoka
\dt 06/Jul/2002
\ref 08035
\lxam nakapanwetsi
\lxam_c nakapanwetsi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(ts)
\root naka
\root pan
\root wetsi
\ref 08036
\lxam nakapanwetsi:tia
\lxam_c kinakapanwetsi:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-2a
\root naka
\root pan
\root wetsi
\ref 08037
\lxam ichpa:nilia
\lxam_c kichpa:nilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\root chpa:
\ref 08038
\lxam tlato:lchika:wa
\lxam_c notlato:lchika:wa
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e to speak loudly
\sense_e to contest (sb) with words
\root hto
\root chika:
\ref 08039
\lxam inekwi:lia
\lxam_c kinekwi:lia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\root hnekwi
\qry_fon Recheck vl for Am /inekwi:lia/; I heard it long in the elicitation.
\xref inekwi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 08040
\lxam iwiyotetekets
\lxam_c iwiyotetekets
\dt 06/Jul/2002
\ref 08041
\lxam tsomiki
\lxam_alt tsonmiki
\lxam_c tsonmiki
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\ref 08042
\lxam kekechpitsa:wi
\lxam_c kekechpitsa:wi
\dt 06/Jul/2002
\ref 08043
\lxam ikxopahli pani
\lxam_c i:kxopal pani
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e top of the foot
\sense_s parte superior del pie
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root xo
\root_rel -ko; -pal; pan
\ref 08044
\lxam ma:kpahli pani
\lxam_c i:ma:kpal pani
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\root ma
\root_rel -ko; -pal; pan
\qry Recheck vowel length. Note that /-ma:k/ is listed as long. Compare the two. Note that apparently I had Am originally with a short initial /a/; this should be checked. Also, check
Oapan /ma:hp-/ against other words such as /ma:pala:ni/
\ref 08045
\lxam te:ntlapahlo:tia
\lxam_c kite:ntlapahlo:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-para-h/wa/tia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to paint the edge of (e.g., ceramics, etc.)
\sense_s pintar la orilla de (p. ej., cerámica, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\root pa:
\ency_note painting
\qry Check for existence of intransitive /tlapahlowa/ as well as the adjectival form ?/tlapahloh/, which probably does exist. In one filecard I have recorded /tlapa:lo:ltia/ as on Gram Tape
#1:320. Check.
\ref 08046
\lxam te:nxoloxtik
\lxam_c te:nxoloxtik
\dt 06/Jul/2002
\root te:n
\root xoloch
\ref 08047
\lxam te:nxolochiwtok
\lxam_c te:nxolochiwtok
\dt 24/Jul/2002
\root te:n
\root xoloch
\ref 08048
\lxam tatapayo:tia
\lxam_c kitatapayo:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\ref 08049
\lxam kamate:ma
\lxam_c kikamate:ma
\dt 24/Jul/2002
\ref 08050
\lxam tla:lkanaktli
\lxam_c tla:lkanaktli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-
\sense_e land with a thin topsoil
\sense_s terreno con una capa delgada de tierra
\sense_d Am
\root tla:l
\root kana:
\ref 08051
\lxam poti:xaki:sa
\lxam_c poti:xaki:sa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp S-V1
\infv class-3a
\ref 08052
\lxam tla:kayo:na:miki
\lxam_c kitla:kayo:na:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to do the body well (e.g., a food that gives one energy, or a medicine that is successful in curing an ill)
\sense_s quedarle bien al cuerpo de (algn, p. ej., una comida que da energía o aumente el peso, o un remedio que alivie una enfermedad)
\sense_d Am
\root tla:ka
\root na:miki
\ref 08053
\lxam tsi:nistakax
\lxam_c i:tsi:nistakax
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e ring that is placed around a round-bottomed pitcher to allow it to stand upright
\sense_s anillo que se pone alrededor de un jarro con base redonda para que se pueda para
\sense_d Am
\sense_e part of the rear end, slightly concave, that is just below the end of the spine on people with large rear ends
\sense_s parte concava de las nalgas inmediatamente abajo de donde termina la columna vertebral y que se hallan en gente con las nalgas grandes
\sense_d Am
\root tsi:n
\root sta
\root kax
\ref 08054
\lxam tsi:ntepetl
\lxam_c i:tsi:ntepetl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e part of the rear end, boney sectoin, that is just below the end of the spine
\sense_s parte huesosa de las nalgas inmediatamente abajo de donde termina la columna vertebral
\sense_d Am
\root tsi:n
\root te
\root petla
\ref 08055
\lxam istakaxitl
\lxam_c istakaxitl
\lxoa istakaxitl
\lxoa_cpend istakaxitl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e small bowl for holding salt, particularly sea salt
\sense_s pequeño plato profundo que se utiliza para sal, particularmente sal del mar
\sense_d Am
\root sta
\root kax
\semref istaxi:kahli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08056
\lxam tlakukwaltemowa
\lxam_c tlakukwaltemowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4c(pano)
\ref 08057
\lxam witsmimilowa
\lxam_c kiwitsmimilowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2b
\qry_fon Check the vowel length of the first /mi:/. I usually here it short, but it should be checked.
\grm /ki-/: note that one cannot say */kwitsmi:milowa/. The reason for this is not clear.
\ref 08058
\lxam yekachi:maliwi
\lxam_c yekachi:maliwi
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e for the point (e.g., of a stake) to flatten out (e.g., as it is driven against a stone)
\root yeka
\root chi:mal
\ref 08059
\lxam uwimati
\lxam_c kuwimati
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv Irregular; see mati
\sense_e to know ones way; to know the path (e.g., to get from one village to another, or merely to walk through an area traversed by paths)
\sense_s saber el camino (p. ej., para ir de un pueblo a otro, o simplemente por conocer las sendas y veredas que atraviesan una zona)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (often used in the negative) to be aware of the antecedents; to be aware of the past or how things stand; (e.g., a dispute or litigation)
\sense_s (a menudo utilizado en el negativo) saber la historia; conocer los antecedentes (p. ej., de un litigio o pleito)
\sense_d Pending
\root oh
\root mati
\nse The status of the wi in owimati is unclear although it is not unprecedented in other dialects. Thus RS gives a Classical lexeme from Paredes
ouiotl 'lo que concierne a los caminos.' There is a stem owih 'difficult,' but owimati does not seem to be related to this stem, but rather to
ohof otli (Am). It is also possible that the /i/ derives from the stem (i)hmati. The figurative and metaphoric use of owimati
is used most often in the negative to indicate that one does not know the past or the history of a given situation: xniowimati 'I'm not familiar with the history (of a
particular situation).'
\mod Check the transitive and intransitive forms of this verb.
\ref 08060
\lxam tlateko:nka:n
\lxam_c tlateko:nka:n
\dt 27/Jan/2005
\psm N(loc)
\root te
\root ko:m
\root_rel -ka:n
\ref 08061
\lxam a:moyaktli
\lxam_c a:moyaktli
\dt 08/Nov/2004
\psm N
\root a:
\root moya
\ref 08062
\lxam kuwpala:nahli
\lxam_c kuwpala:nahli
\dt 08/Jul/2002
\ref 08063
\lxam mapiltipan
\lxam_c se: mapiltipan
\dt 08/Jul/2002
\ref 08064
\lxam kwexa:ntli
\lxam_c kwexa:ntli
\dt 08/Jul/2002
\psm N
\root kwexa:m
\ref 08065
\lxam ixa:yak ko:lo:tl
\lxam_c ixa:yak ko:lo:tl
\dt 10/Apr/2003
\psm N
\ref 08066
\lxam sa:ndiakwe:xtli
\lxam_c sa:ndiakwe:xtli
\dt 08/Jul/2002
\ref 08067
\lxam tlayo:kohli
\lxam_c tlayo:kohli
\dt 03/Aug/2004
\ref 08068
\lxam a:tilia
\lxam_c ka:tilia
\dt 08/Jul/2002
\ref 08069
\lxam mapilkwa
\lxam_c kimapilkwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-1
\ref 08070
\lxam a:xi:xalistli
\lxam_c a:xi:xalistli
\dt 08/Jul/2002
\psm N
\root a:
\root xi:xa
\ref 08071
\lxam kweskonkahli
\lxam_c kweskonkahli
\dt 08/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08072
\lxam kechakia
\lxam_c nokechakia
\dt 08/Jul/2002
\ref 08073
\lxam tlatska:to:to:tl*
\lxam_c tlatska:to:to:tl
\dt 06/Jun/2003
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root tlats
\root to:to:
\ref 08074
\lxam chika:waltia
\lxam_c kichika:waltia
\dt 08/Jul/2002
\root chika:
\qry E.g., ramada/komaxahli; chi:hli, etc. Check.
\ref 08075
\lxam to:naltlatla
\lxam_c to:naltlatla
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\ref 08076
\lxam kuwwia
\lxam_c kikuwwia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\root kuw
\qry_fon Check for the best orthography for this form and the precise acoustic characteristics of the /ww/ sequence.
\ref 08077
\lxam kalwa:wyowa
\lxam_c kalwa:wyowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\ref 08078
\lxam suwa:ko:lo:tl
\lxam_c suwa:ko:lo:tl
\dt 10/Jul/2002
\ref 08079
\lxam kwe:mekayo
\lxam_c i:kwe:mekayo
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08080
\lxam bie:jomiki
\lxam_c bie:jomiki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to die of old age
\sense_s morirse de vejez
\sense_d Am
\root miki
\ref 08081
\lxam pipitsika
\lxam_c pipitsika
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq]
\infv class-4a
\sense_e [meaning pending]
\sense_s [significado pendiente]
\sense_d Pending
\ref 08082
\lxam ka:ldoh de omitetl
\lxam_c ka:ldoh de omitetl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e broth with chile and one or various soup bones
\sense_s caldo de chile con uno o más huesos
\sense_d Am
\root omi
\root te
\root chi:l
\root a:
\semref komitechi:la:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08083
\lxam kala:chin kipia ima:stla:kapal
\lxam_c kala:chin kipia ima:stla:kapal
\dt 01/Apr/2003
\qry Apparently the same as /kala:chin kipia i:matlapal/, check.
\ref 08084
\lxam pa:tsmiki
\lxam_c pa:tsmiki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\ref 08085
\lxam wekatlania
\lxam_c wekatlania
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to become deep (a river, hole, etc.)
\sense_s hacerse profundo (un río, hoyo, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to make a deep impression (e.g., a tumpline in someone's forehead, etc.)
\sense_s dejar una impresión (p. ej., un laso empleado para cargar algo en la piel)
\sense_d Pending
\root wehka
\root_rel -tlan
\qry Check to determine whether /inf should be class 4a or 4c.
\qry_fon Check quality of first vowel in Oapan pronunciation.
\grm -tia: Note the use of the verbalizer /-tia/ in this case where it is added to a locative formation.
\semref wekatlantia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref wákatlántia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08086
\lxam tetepon
\lxam_c i:tetepon
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N2
\sense_e knee
\sense_s rodilla
\sense_d Oa
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root tepon
\semref tlankwa:ix
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08087
\lxam metskuwyotetotomaktik
\lxam_c metskuwyotetotomaktik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infa tik>tikeh
\sense_e to be thick-thighed; to have thick thighs (e.g., as some athletes, certain animals such as chickens, donkeys, etc.)
\sense_s tener los muslos fornidos o gruesos (p. ej., como algunos atletas, ciertos animales, gallinas, etc.); tener los muslos llenos.
\sense_d Oa
\root mets
\root toma:
\semref mesté:tomáhtik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08088
\lxam awa
\lxam_c mitsawa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to bark at
\sense_s ladrar a
\sense_d Am
\root hyawa
\qry_h Check SJ for location of /h/ if there is one. If /tlahyawa/ then make sure a separate entry. If /tlayahwa/ then perhaps combine 08088 with /awa/ 'to scold'.
\xref tlayawa
\xref_t plus_tla
\xref_d Am
\ref 08089
\lxam pi:tsko:ntik
\lxam_c pi:tsko:ntik
\dt 11/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\root pi:ts
\root ko:n
\ref 08090
\lxam ma:nelwayo:tia
\lxam_c noma:nelwayo:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\ref 08091
\lxam sa:ndiakwa
\lxam_c sa:ndiakwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-1
\ref 08092
\lxam tlapasoliwtok
\lxam_c tlapasoliwtok
\dt 11/Apr/2003
\root pahsol
\ref 08093
\lxam kuwxio:tl de kwexonte:roh
\lxam_c kuwxio:tl de kwexonte:roh
\dt 11/Jul/2002
\ref 08094
\lxam totolkatok
\lxam_c totolkatok
\dt 23/Jul/2002
\qry Query how this applies to cats.
\ref 08095
\lxam kwa:tlatlami:ntik
\lxam_c kwa:tlatlami:ntik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\sense_e to have the hairs on ones head pointing up
\sense_s tener el cabello erizado hacia arriba
\sense_d Pending
\root kwa:
\root mi:n
\ref 08096
\lxam ko:kosa:liwi
\lxam_c ko:kosa:liwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\ref 08097
\lxam sá:ndiah de tsitsi:katsi:n
\lxam_c sá:ndiah de tsitsi:katsi:n
\dt 20/Jan/2005
\root tsi:ka
\ref 08098
\lxam sá:ndiah de pi:pitik iyo:ltsi:n
\lxam_c sá:ndiah de pi:pitik iyo:ltsi:n
\dt 20/Jan/2005
\root pitik
\root yo:l
\semref sá:ndiah de tsitsi:katsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 08099
\lxam tla:ltlatla
\lxam_c tla:ltlatla
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\ref 08100
\lxam sá:ndiah de uwe:i iyo:l
\lxam_c sá:ndiah de uwe:i iyo:l
\dt 20/Jan/2005
\root we:i
\root yo:l
\nse This is the same as the watermelon known as 'criollo.'
\ref 08101
\lxam te:i:xtla:lia:ni
\lxam_c te:i:xtla:lia:ni
\dt 11/Jul/2002
\root i:x
\root tla:l
\ref 08102
\lxam yaomiktia
\lxam_c *noyaomiktia
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\ref 08103
\lxam kwi:tso:ltia
\lxam_c kikwi:tso:ltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\ref 08104
\lxam miahkawia
\lxam_c kimiahkawian
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\ref 08105
\lxam tei:skitia
\lxam_c tei:skitia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\root te
\root i:ski
\ref 08106
\lxam wekatlanilia
\lxam_c kwekatlanilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to deepen
\sense_s hacer más profundo
\sense_d Pending
\ref 08107
\lxam kwi:xin kostik
\lxam_alt kwi:xin un kostik we:i
\lxam_c kwi:xin kostik
\dt 27/Aug/2004
\ref 08108
\lxam sese:ktik
\lxam_c sese:ktik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\sense_e bland
\ref 08109
\lxam tla:linchi:n
\lxam_c tla:linchi:n nokone:w tla:linchi:n
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm Interj
\ref 08110
\lxam kancho:n
\lxam_c na:nkah mokancho:n nokone:w
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08111
\lxam ikxipa:chaka:ti
\lxam_c ikxipa:chaka:ti
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3d(ti)
\ref 08112
\lxam nana:ntsi:npepena
\lxam_c nana:ntsi:npepena
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a
\ref 08113
\lxam tlikuwpepena
\lxam_c tlikuwpepena
\dt 11/Jul/2002
\ref 08114
\lxam tlayo:lpepena
\lxam_c tlayo:lpepena
\dt 11/Jul/2002
\ref 08115
\lxam i:xkwa:chi:nah
\lxam_c i:xkwa:chi:nah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) china
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-denom-tik
\lexical Lex. rdp-s
\infa Gender
\sense_e to have the front of ones hair lightly curled (in reference to the hair of certain adolescent girls)
\sense_s tener el cabello por enfrente ligeramente enchinado (en referencia al estilo de ciertas muchachas)
\sense_d Am
\root i:x
\root kwa:
\nae The pitch accent pattern of i:xkwá:chichí:natík, in which two of the pitch accents are reflexes of underlying {h} and the other is intonational, derives from the {h} of the
reduplicant and the final {h} of the Spanish loan chi:nah. Note that the loan is borrowed in the feminine form, with final /ah/ given that this adjectival refers to a type of
female hair, apparently curly bangs.
\semref i:xkwá:chichí:natík
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref kwa:chichí:notík
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08116
\lxam ma:stla:kapalko:kotsi:n*
\lxam_c ma:stla:kapalko:kotsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\sense_e type of small bird about the size of a dove, one of two types of ko:kotetsi:n
\sense_s tipo de pájaro pequeño como el tamaño de la tortolita, uno de dos tipos de ko:kotetsi:n
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root ma:stla:kapal
\root tlapal
\root ko:koh
\semref tlapalkó:kotsí:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref tlapalkó:kotsí:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08117
\lxam pitsa:hka:nposteki
\lxam_c kipitsa:hka:nposteki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a(k)
\ref 08118
\lxam pitorreá:l*
\lxam_c pitorreá:l
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\sense_e type of brightly colored bird with a crest
\sense_s tipo de pájaro muy colorado con una cresta
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\qry Apparently these two birds are the same, AM and OA, but this needs to be carefully checked. Roberto Mauricio mentioned that he had heard of a bird by this name, and knew it to
be different from the te:kwa:nto:to:tl.
\semref te:kwa:nto:to:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08119
\lxam michpepena
\lxam_c michpepena
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a
\ref 08120
\lxam michpepenke:tl
\lxam_c michpepenke:tl
\dt 11/Jul/2002
\ref 08121
\lxam i:xte:nto:ne:wi
\lxam_c i:xte:nto:ne:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\ref 08122
\lxam te:nkochkwalaktli
\lxam_c i:te:nkochkwalak
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm N
\root te:m
\root koch
\root kwalak
\ref 08123
\lxam poxkahki
\lxam_c poxkahki
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08124
\lxam kokomekatik
\lxam_c kokomekatik
\dt 28/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\qry_fon Check vowel length of first vowel.
\ref 08125
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /tsi:nte:nko/ but has been removed as vulgar.
\dt 28/Jul/2002
\ref 08126
\lxam tlama:te:kalistli
\lxam_c tlama:te:kalistli
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm N
\root ma:
\root te:ka
\ref 08127
\lxam a:xi:xtsakwa
\lxam_c na:xi:xtsakwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a(kw)
\ref 08128
\lxam xi:xtsakwa
\lxam_c noxi:xtsakwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a(kw)
\ref 08129
\lxam a:tlawmatli
\lxam_c a:tlawmatli
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\psm N
\root a:tlaw
\root mah
\qry I originally had this written as /a:tlahmatli/. Check and perhaps consult with other speakers.
\ref 08130
\lxam po:chahki:sa
\lxam_c po:chahki:sa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a
\ref 08131
\lxam chi:chitilia
\lxam_c kichi:chitilia
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\root chi:chi:
\ref 08132
\lxam yénkwiyokone:tl
\lxam_c i:yénkwiyokone:w
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\psm N
\qry_fon Check the length of the /o/ of /yo-/ and as well check the stress pattern.
\grm Stress: discuss the reasons for the stressed 1st syllable.
\ref 08133
\lxam ma:ngastetekwia
\lxam_c noma:ngastetekwia
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\infv class-3c(pia)
\ref 08134
\lxam tla:lkwepaltik
\lxam_c tla:lkwepaltik
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08135
\lxam wi:pi:low
\lxam_c i:wi:pi:low
\dt 28/Jul/2002
\infn N2
\ref 08136
\lxam kwa:tewe:ia
\lxam_c kwa:tewe:ia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\ref 08137
\lxam Tose:pa:n na:ntsi:n
\lxam_c Tose:pa:n na:ntsi:n
\dt 10/Feb/2004
\psm N
\root na:n
\ref 08138
\lxam tliwa:tskwa
\lxam_c kitliwa:tskwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-1
\ref 08139
\lxam tsi:nmolo:nia
\lxam_c tsi:nmolo:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\ref 08140
\lxam ko:sal
\lxam_c ko:sal
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08141
\lxam xuchitl
\lxam_c xuchitl
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08142
\lxam kane:loh
\lxam_c kane:loh
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08143
\lxam tsonpo:ni
\lxam_c tsonpo:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a
\ref 08144
\lxam kokoxoka
\lxam_c kokoxoka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq]
\infv class-4a
\root koxo:
\ref 08145
\lxam ni:was
\lxam_c ni:was
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm N
\qry_fon Check vowel length,
\ref 08146
\lxam tsatsa:hla:nteki
\lxam_c kitsatsa:hla:nteki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a(k)
\ref 08147
\lxam pilkaya:n
\lxam_c pilkaya:n
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm N(loc)
\ref 08148
\lxam patla:hwia:n
\lxam_c i:patla:hwia:n
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm N(loc)
\ref 08149
\lxam ma:ko:tsi:liwistli
\lxam_c *ma:ko:tsi:liwistli
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\psm N
\root ma:
\qry It is not clear if this is a word. C. Flores could not pronounce it and always used the verbal form.
\ref 08150
\lxam ikxiko:tsi:wilistli
\lxam_c *ikxiko:tsi:liwistli
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\psm N
\root kxi
\qry It is not clear if this is a word. C. Flores could not pronounce it and always used the verbal form.
\ref 08151
\lxam pankokone:tl
\lxam_c pankokone:tl
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08152
\lxam isika:tsi:n
\lxam_c isika:tsi:n
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08153
\lxam yeyekawi:tia
\lxam_c kiyeyekawi:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\ref 08154
\lxam pitsa:hka:nposteki
\lxam_c pitsa:hka:nposteki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(k)
\ref 08155
\lxam tlakoko:hloh
\lxam_c tlakoko:hloh
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\qry_fon Check vowel length.
\ref 08156
\lxam koto:npatla:wtok
\lxam_c koto:npatla:wtok
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to have ones shirt wide open
\sense_s con la camisa todo abierta
\ref 08157
\lxam a:te:ntetl
\lxam_c a:te:ntetl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\sense_e stone found by or in the river that has been smooth by the action of running water (Am. synonym a:te:ntetl)
\sense_s piedra lisa que se encuentra por la orilla o dentro del río y que ha sido pulida por la acción de agua corriente (Am. sinónimo a:te:ntetl)
\sense_d Am
\root a:
\semref a:pantetl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08158
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was the entry for /kwa:tlamimi:ntik/ but is apparently in error. C. Flores gave it at one time as equivalent to /kwa:tlatlami:ntik/ but then, during the recording of the
entry/headwords he denied that /kwa:tlamimi:ntik/ was a word and instead gave /kwa:tlatlami:ntik/.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 08159
\lxam temo:ltsi:n
\lxam_c temo:ltsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e stone pestle used for grinding up chile in a mortar
\sense_s mano de piedra para moler chile en un molcajete
\sense_d Oa
\root te
\root mo:l
\semref chí:ltamó:ltsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref támó:ltsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08160
\lxam ikxitolopochiwi
\lxam_c ikxitolopochiwi
\lxoa_cpend ixitolopochiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get a ball-like swelling on the hind legs
\sense_s hincharsele algo como una bolita al las patas posteriores
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root tolopoch
\ref 08161
\lxam istitolopochiwi
\lxam_c istitolopochiwi
\lxoa_cpend istitolopochiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get a ball-like swelling on the hooves
\sense_s hincharsele algo como una bolita a las patas
\sense_d Oa
\root sti
\root tolopoch
\ref 08162
\lxam koto:ntsatsakwa
\lxam_c nokoto:ntsatsakwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a(kw)
\ref 08163
\lxam ma:xeliwtok
\lxam_c ma:xeliwtok
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\infv Durative
\ref 08164
\lxam a:tompits
\lxam_c a:tompitsmeh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound S-N
\der N-b
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l)
\infn N1
\sense_e type of small worm that reproduces in standing, stored water (such as the water in an a:ko:ntlior water tank)
\sense_s tipo de gusanillo que sale en agua amacenada (como la que se guarda en un a:ko:ntlio tanque)
\sense_d Am
\root a:
\root tom
\root pits
\nse For Ameyaltepec a:tonkwitsmeh appears to be idiosyncratic (it is rarely used); the more common form is a:tonkwilin or
a:tompitsmeh. Cristino Flores stated that this term is used in Oapan and in Ameyaltepec they are called a:tompitsmeh. In Acatlán, they are called
ahtonquiztle :"maromeros, gusanillos que se reproducen en ollas con agua"; see Matías A. and Constantino L. (1996:73).
\nae Apparently reduplication is the motive for Oapan Nahuatl pitch accent in á:tonkwístih. However, there are two scenarios. The first is that the vowel is underlyingly long
(perhaps from the root a:'water') and that reduplication is reflected simply in pitch accent (with no lengthening of an already long vowel). This is perhaps the most
likely scenario (cf. a:polaki, unreduplicated, and á:poláki, reduplicated). However, it might be that the vowel is originally short with pitch accent and
reduplication has led to lengthening (? átonkwístih, unreduplicated, and á:tonkwístih, reduplicated). It is interesting that the only cognate form from
another dialect obtained to date, from Acatlán, Guerrero, has an /h/ closing the first syllable, ahtonquiztle. If this were representative of the underlying morphology,
then Oapan would have a surface form (after the predictable phonological changes) of átonkwístih. With this analysis the pitc h accent derives from an underlying {h}
and not reduplication; reduplication, however, would lead to vowel lengthening. However, given the probably relation of á:tonkwístih to a:tl 'water,' with
a long vowel, the first interpretation seems more likely.
\vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens.
\qry_h atonkwitsmeh.
\root_notes Note that /kwits/ might here be an allomorph of /kwil/ as in /kwilin/.
\semref a:tonkwilin
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref a:tonkwitsmeh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref á:tonkwístih
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08165
\lxam chi:lteka:kala:n
\lxam_c chi:lteka:kala:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N1/2; Aln
\sense_e (often possessed) chile sauce ground in a mortar
\sense_s (a menudo poseído) salsa de chile hecho en un molcajete
\sense_d Oa
\root kala:
\nse Kala:n is a word used occasionally by elder women of Oapan. It is synonymous to chi:lmo:hliand the name derives from the sound the pestle makes as
it hits against the side of the mortar.
\semref chi:ltekakala:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref chi:lmo:hli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref kala:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08166
\lxam kostik tlatlastaltik
\lxam_c kostik tlatlastaltik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\sense_e light yellow (as the color of certain cakes)
\sense_s amarillo pálido o pastel
\sense_d Am
\root kos
\root tlastal
\semref koska:tlastaltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08167
\lxam sila:ntroteyo:hli
\lxam_c sila:ntroteyo:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) cilantro
\psm N
\compound N-[N-N]
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e corriander seeds
\sense_s semilla de cilatro
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld domesticated
\root te
\root yo:l
\semref kolá:ntoteyó:hli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08168
\lxam takachwepe:wa
\lxam_c kitakachwepe:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to chip
\sense_s desportillar; desconchar
\sense_d Pending
\root takach
\root wepe:
\semref takache:wi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08169
\lxam takalwetsi
\lxam_c takalwetsi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e for a scab to fall off (of a wound)
\sense_s caerse la costra (de una herida)
\sense_d Oa
\root takal
\root wetsi
\qry Check potential subjects of this verb. Is it the wound or the person?
\ref 08170
\lxam chapoltlatlamake:tl
\lxam_c chapoltlatlamake:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who gathers grasshoppers
\sense_s persona que caza chapulines
\sense_d Am
\root chapol
\root ma
\semref cháchapólmaké:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08171
\lxam sintia
\lxam_c sintia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\ref 08172
\lxam mo:so:yoh
\lxam_c mo:so:yoh
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\root mo:so:
\ref 08173
\lxam poso:nilia
\lxam_c kiposo:nilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\infv class-2a
\ref 08174
\lxam tlapachka:tlatowa
\lxam_c tlapachka:tlatowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-2b
\root pach
\root hto
\ref 08175
\lxam ma:tetenawia
\lxam_c noma:tetenawia
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\infv class-2a
\ref 08176
\lxam tsatsilistli
\lxam_c tsatsilistli
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm N
\root tsahtsi
\ref 08177
\lxam techichika:hka:miki
\lxam_c techichika:hka:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e see techichikakmiki
\sense_s véase techichikakmiki
\sense_d Pending
\qry I originally had a citation from C. Flores of /techichika:hkamiki/ but he changed it before recording the discussion to /techichikakmiki/.
\ref 08178
\lxam techichikamiki
\lxam_c techichikamiki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\semref techichika:hka:miki
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 08179
\lxam temanastexa:hloh
\lxam_c temanastexa:hloh
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08180
\lxam te:nkwatilia
\lxam_c kite:nkwatilia
\lxoa té:nkwatília
\lxoa_pr te:nkwatilia
\lxoa_cpend kité:nkwatília
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e to cause the edge of (e.g., a cliff, precipice or other similar terrain) to break off (e.g, by walking too close to the edge)
\sense_s hacer caer o romperse la orilla de (p. ej., un risco o peñasco u otro terreno parecido, p. ej. al caminar demasiado cerca de la orilla)
\sense_d Pending
\root te:n
\qry Check motivation of p-a in Oapan. Check whether the first syllable is stressed from reduplicatoin.
\xref te:nkwati
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref té:nkwatí
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 08181
\lxam mawisyo:tl
\lxam_c mawisyo:tl
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08182
\lxam mawisyo:tlato:hli
\lxam_c mawisyo:tlato:hli
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08183
\lxam chiantik
\lxam_c chiantik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\sense_e beige spotted with black
\sense_s beige salpicado de negro
\sense_d Pending
\ref 08184
\lxam tla:lti:sayoki:sa
\lxam_c tla:lti:sayoki:sa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a
\ref 08185
\lxam tlasotilia
\lxam_c kitlasotilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\root tlasoh
\ref 08186
\lxam ma:pitso
\lxam_c i:ma:pitso
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08187
\lxam tsi:npasol
\lxam_c i:tsi:npasol
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm N
\root tsi:n
\root pahsol
\ref 08188
\lxam ikxikopaliwtiw
\lxam_c ikxikopaliwtiw
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv Irregular; see -tiw
\ref 08189
\lxam ikxikopal
\lxam_c ikxikopal
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08190
\lxam pa:xowilia
\lxam_c kipa:xowilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\infv class-2a
\ref 08191
\lxam ikxipeysiwtok
\lxam_c ikxipeya:siwtok
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv Durative
\ref 08192
\lxam tlikuwpepenke:tl
\lxam_c tlikuwpepenke:tl
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08193
\lxam tsokwilowilia
\lxam_c kitsokwilowilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\infv class-2a
\ref 08194
\lxam kuwtlate:nyoh
\lxam_c kuwtlate:nyoh
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08195
\lxam kuwte:nyoh
\lxam_c kuwte:nyoh
\dt 13/Jul/2002
\ref 08196
\lxam mahka:kwi:tia
\lxam_c kimahka:kwi:tia
\lxoa mahka:kwi:tia
\lxoa_cpend kimahka:kwi:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\ref 08197
\lxam tsi:npeya:stik
\lxam_c tsi:npeya:stik
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08198
\lxam yekayeswetsi
\lxam_c yekayeswetsi
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\ref 08199
\lxam mixtlatsoyo:ni:hli
\lxam_c mixtlatsoyo:ni:hli
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08200
\lxam i:xna:miktilia
\lxam_c ki:xna:miktilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\infv class-2a
\ref 08201
\lxam mile:wi
\lxam_c mi:mile:wtiw
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\qry MAKE SURE TO INCLUDE DISCUSSION OF mi:mile:wtiw (water) and mimile:wtok (sintli). Note difference between /mi:mile:wtiw/ (i.e., river water) and /mi:miliwtiw/ (a rock
rolling slowing down a hill). Cf. conversation here with Cristino Flores.
\ref 08202
\lxam ikxiwi:teki
\lxam_c nokxiwi:teki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a(k)
\ref 08203
\lxam kakatsa:wa
\lxam_c nokakatsa:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (refl.) to dirty oneself
\sense_s (refl.) ensuciarse (al defecar en los pantalones)
\sense_d Pending
\root katsa:
\ref 08204
\lxam tila:wilia
\lxam_c kitila:wilia
\lxoa tila:wilia
\lxoa_cpend kitila:wilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to put too much (e.g., salt) on
\sense_s echarle demasiado (p. ej., sal) sobre
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:ka tiktila:wili:s ye ti:roh!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Don't go putting too much salt on it!
\phrase_s ¡No le vayas a estar echando demasiado sal!
\sense_e to add to (something) making it closer together (e.g., to place additional fence posts in between other posts of a fence already constructed to make it more sturdy)
\sense_s agregarle a (algo) haciéndolo más apretado (p. ej., colocando más estantes entre otros de una cerca ya construida para que agarre más fuerza)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tila:
\ref 08205
\lxam tlatsi:ntlakopa
\lxam_c tlatsi:ntlakopa
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adv
\infv class-3a
\sense_e toward below
\sense_s hacia abajo
\sense_d Pending
\ref 08206
\lxam itiye:kchi:wa
\lxam_c kitiye:kchi:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a(w)
\ref 08207
\lxam ma:tetepoltik
\lxam_c ma:tetepoltik
\dt 26/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08208
\lxam ma:kakayol
\lxam_c i:ma:kakayol
\dt 26/Jul/2002
\psm N
\root ma:
\root kayol
\ref 08209
\lxam xa:yakata:takale:wi
\lxam_c xa:yakata:takale:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\sense_e see xa:yakata:takaliwi
\sense_s véase xa:yakata:takaliwi
\sense_d Am
\ref 08210
\lxam mapiltlatla
\lxam_c mapiltlatla
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\root mapil
\root tla
\ref 08211
\lxam temanasteyoh
\lxam_c temanasteyoh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e area full of the types of stones called temanastetl (Am), which are often used for hearthstones
\sense_s área llena del tipo de piedra llamada piedra ligera y algo suelta puesta en las tres equinas de un triángulo para soporte de las ollas y comal colocadas sobre el fuego; el
tipo de piedra empleada (tla:la:mo:hli endurecida en Ameyaltepec y tepoxahtetlen oapan) se escoge porque no explota con el calor
\sense_d Am
\semref temanasioh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 08212
\lxam osto:kakahli
\lxam_c osto:kakahli
\dt 26/Jul/2002
\psm N
\root osto:
\root kal
\ref 08213
\lxam xokotetso:hli
\lxam_c xokotetso:hli
\dt 26/Jul/2002
\psm N
\root xoko
\root tetso:l
\ref 08214
\lxam osto:yoh
\lxam_c osto:yoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e area of the terrain characterized by cliffs and steep drops
\sense_s área del terreno caracterizado por peñascos y riscos
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n I:pan osto:yoh tia:skeh.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e We are going to go along terrain that has a lot of cliffs.
\phrase_s Vamos a ir por terrenos que tienen muchos riscos y peñascos.
\root osto:
\ref 08215
\lxam tsi:katlan
\lxam_c tsi:katlan
\dt 27/Jan/2005
\psm N(loc)
\root tsi:ka
\root_rel -tlan
\ref 08216
\lxam kuwtsi:katlan
\lxam_c kuwtsi:katlan
\dt 27/Jan/2005
\psm N(loc)
\root kuw
\root tsi:ka
\root_rel -tlan
\ref 08217
\lxam tsi:nxolochsa:lowa
\lxam_c kitsi:nxolochsa:lowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2b
\root tsi:n
\root xoloch
\root sa:l
\ref 08218
\lxam i:xte:nte:skatl
\lxam_c ni:xte:nte:skaw
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e (arch.) glasses (for the eyes)
\sense_s (arc.) lentes; anteojos
\sense_d Pending
\ref 08219
\lxam pati:l
\lxam_c i:pati:l
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e (arch.) price
\sense_s (arc.) precio
\sense_d Am
\root pati
\qry_fon Check vowel length of final /i:/.
\ref 08220
\lxam kwa:texama:nia
\lxam_c nokwa:texama:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\root kwa:
\root xama:
\ref 08221
\lxam ayukilso:tl
\lxam_c ayukilso:tl
\dt 26/Jul/2002
\psm N
\root ayoh
\root kil
\root so:
\ref 08222
\lxam to:ka:yo:tilia
\lxam_c kito:ka:yo:tilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\infv class-2a
\ref 08223
\lxam yo:li:xkochachaya:wi
\lxam_c yo:li:xkochachaya:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\ref 08224
\lxam koto:npa:patla:ntiw
\lxam_c koto:npa:patla:ntiw
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv Irregular; see -tiw
\grm Frequentative: Note that according to C. Flores /koto:npa:patla:ntiw/ refers to a situation where the clothes have been torn whereas /koto:npapatlakatiw/ refers to a
situation where the shirt is not torn, simply open and"bellowing."
\ref 08225
\lxam koto:npapatlakatiw
\lxam_c koto:npapatlakatiw
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\grm Vowel length; phonology: Use this and the previous word to contrast vowel length in the middle of a word /pa:patla:n.../ vs. /papatlaka.../.
\ref 08226
\lxam wa:kaxnamakake:tl
\lxam_alt wa:kaxnemakake:tl
\lxam_c wa:kaxnamakake:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) vaca
\psm N
\incorp [N-V2]-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who sells cattle
\sense_s persona que vende ganado
\sense_d Am
\root wa:kax
\root namaka
\nse Given that many Oapan Nahuatl speakers abbreviate wa:kax to wa:x, which is homophonous with the root of wa:xin, the nominalized
compound wa:xnema:ke:tl acquires two significations: a seller of guajes and a seller of cattle.
\semref wa:xnemake:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08227
\lxam te:nkwalkaxpale:wia
\lxam_c note:nkwalkaxpale:wia
\lxoa te:nkwalkaxpale:wia
\lxoa_c note:nkwalkaxpale:wia
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\compound N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi[e]
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to rest ones chin in ones hand
\sense_s (refl.) descansar o sostener la barba en la mano (p. ej., para apoyarse)
\sense_d Oa
\root te:n
\root kax
\root pale:
\root_rel -ko
\ref 08228
\lxam o:mema:wia
\lxam_c ko:mema:wia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\der V2-denom-wia
\sense_e to use two hands on
\sense_s utilizar las dos manos de o para
\sense_d Am
\root o:me
\root ma:
\ref 08229
\lxam tlawe:lmiktia
\lxam_c notlawe:lmiktia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\root tlawe:l
\root miki
\ref 08230
\lxam itipa:xiwi
\lxam_c itipa:xiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to have ones stomach or midsection sunken in
\sense_s sumirsele a uno el estómago o barriga
\sense_d Oa
\root hti
\root ko:pa:x
\semref itika:xiwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ítiko:pa:xíwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08231
\lxam nelo:ltia
\lxam_c kinelo:ltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to mix in (an ingredient into a food); to mix together
\sense_s mezclar (un ingrediente con otro); agregar (un ingrediente a una comida)
\sense_d Am
\root nel
\semref neno:ltia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\xref nelowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 08232
\lxam te:nola:n
\lxam_c ite:nola:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan ?
\psm N
\der N-loan
\infn N2; Intrin(yo)
\sense_e part of an apron, the lowest part just below i:kwe:yo and that cover from the upper thighs to the knees
\sense_s parte de un delantal, la parte más abajo que se cose a i:kwe:yo y cubre desde la muslo superior a las rodillas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\disamb tlake:ntli
\semref ola:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref jola:nyo
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08233
\lxam ta:chka:w
\lxam_c ta:chka:w
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e Devil
\sense_s diablo
\sense_d Pending
\root a:chka:
\ref 08234
\lxam ma:tlasa:watl
\lxam_c ma:tlasa:watl
\dt 13/Sep/2004
\psm N
\root ma:tla
\root sa:wa
\ref 08235
\lxam kwa:tsatsi
\lxam_c kwa:tsatsi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\root kwa:
\root tsahtsi
\ref 08236
\lxam a:mi:na
\lxam_c na:mi:na
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\infv class-3a
\root a:
\root mi:na
\ref 08237
\lxam chi:lmamana
\lxam_c chi:lmamana
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to transplant chile
\sense_s transplantar chile
\sense_d Am
\root chi:l
\root mana
\nae This word has only been documented in the reduplicated form; Cristino Flores (Am) specifically denied that ? chi:lmana was an acceptable word.
\semref chi:ltla:lia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08238
\lxam chi:lte:ma
\lxam_c chi:lte:ma
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\root chi:l
\nae Here Cristino Flores denied that the reduplicated form occurs with the incorporated noun stem chi:l : ? chi:ltete:ma.
\grm Reduplication: cf. /chi:lmanana/ to /chi:lte:ma/.
\ref 08239
\lxam wito:nia
\lxam_c kwito:nia
\dt 15/Jul/2002
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\trans ~Intrans
\ref 08240
\lxam uwetskistli
\lxam_c uwetskistli
\lxoa wetskistli
\lxoa_cpend wetskistli
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 08241
\lxam chi:patla:wi
\lxam_c chi:patla:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\impers Am, Oa
\infv class-3a(w)
\ref 08242
\lxam pitsa:wilia
\lxam_c kipitsa:wilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\infv class-2a
\ref 08243
\lxam i:xte:mpapachiwi
\lxam_c i:xte:mpapachiwi
\dt 15/Jul/2002
\ref 08244
\lxam tla:lte:ntli
\lxam_c i:tla:lte:nko
\dt 27/Jan/2005
\psm N(loc)
\root tla:l
\root_rel -te:nko
\ref 08245
\lxam komole:wa
\lxam_c kikomole:wa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi[e]
\trans ~Intrans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e see tekomolowa
\sense_s véase tekomolowa
\sense_d Pending
\root komol
\vl Tag the Oapan speech tokens here with #2875. The links there should be taken from these later speech tokens.
\ref 08246
\lxam ikxikoltotsiwi
\lxam_c ikxikoltotsiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get or have cramps in ones leg
\sense_s tener calambres en la pierna
\sense_d Pending
\root kxi
\root koltots
\qry Also check existence of transitive cognate and possible usage.
\root_notes Perhaps further analysis will yield roots of /ko:/ and /tsilV/. Check.
\ref 08247
\lxam tlake:nkuwa
\lxam_c kitlake:nkuwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3b(ow)
\root ke:n
\root ko:wa
\ref 08248
\lxam te:istla:koke:tl
\lxam_c te:istla:koke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e snooper
\sense_s fisgón
\sense_d Am
\root stla:k
\ref 08249
\lxam istastok
\lxam_c istastok
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\infv Durative
\root sta
\qry_fon Check and note apparently short first /a/, unexpected.
\ref 08250
\lxam ke:ntia
\lxam_c kike:ntia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\root ke:m
\qry Check meaning of /pare:joh kike:ntia/.
\ref 08251
\lxam tlaxi:pe:waltia
\lxam_c tlaxi:pe:waltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-2a
\ref 08252
\lxam to:nalchika:wi
\lxam_c to:nalchika:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\ref 08253
\lxam tliwa:chilia
\lxam_c kitliwa:chilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\root tli
\root wa:
\ref 08254
\lxam i:xte:nwi:teki
\lxam_c ni:xte:nwi:teki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a(k)
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root wi:teki
\ref 08255
\lxam ma:ichpa:na
\lxam_c noma:ichpa:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a
\root ma:
\root chpa:
\ref 08256
\lxam po:kchikaya:ya
\lxam_c po:kchikaya:ya
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\root po:k
\root chika:
\root hya:
\ref 08257
\lxam a:ko:kotitlan
\lxam_c ia:ko:kotitlan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e Adam's apple
\sense_s nuez de la garganta
\sense_d Pending
\ref 08258
\lxam a:poso:ni:hli
\lxam_c a:poso:ni:hli
\dt 26/Jul/2002
\psm N
\root a:
\root poso:
\ref 08259
\lxam mapilkoltotsiwi
\lxam_c mapilkoltotsiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\qry Discussion: this is permenant as opposed to /mapilko:tsi:liwi/ which is passing. MAKE SURE TO RECORD THE DIF>BETWEEN THE TWO TERMS.
\ref 08260
\lxam mapilko:tsi:liwi
\lxam_c mapilko:tsi:liwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\ref 08261
\lxam kechpi:pilo:hloh
\lxam_c kechpi:pilo:hloh
\dt 26/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\qry Apparently refers in Am mostly to pigs.
\ref 08262
\lxam kechpi:pilo:hli
\lxam_c kechpi:pilo:hli
\dt 26/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08263
\lxam paxko:nah
\lxam_alt paxko:nah
\lxam_c paxkó:nah
\dt 20/Jan/2005
\psm Adj
\ref 08264
\lxam tla:tlachilia
\lxam_c kitla:tlachilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\infv class-2a
\xref tla:tlata
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 08265
\lxam takachowa
\lxam_c kitakachowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2b
\root takach
\ref 08266
\lxam kwa:tla:tlachilia
\lxam_c kikwa:tla:tlachilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\infv class-2a
\root kwa:
\root ta
\ref 08267
\lxam tsi:nelwatl
\lxam_alt tsi:nnelwatl
\lxam_c tsi:nnelwatl
\dt 26/Jul/2002
\psm N
\root tsi:n
\root nelwa
\ref 08268
\lxam a:lachio
\lxam_c i:a:lachio
\dt 26/Jul/2002
\psm N
\root a:lach
\ref 08269
\lxam xa:litik
\lxam_c xa:litik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-itik
\sense_e to be sandy (e.g., as in a beach)
\sense_s estar cubierto de arena (p. ej., una playa)
\sense_d Am
\root xa:l
\semref xá:hlotík
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08270
\lxam te:nxoloche:wtok
\lxam_c te:nxoloche:wtok
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\infv Durative
\root te:n
\root xoloch
\ref 08271
\lxam te:ma:wa
\lxam_c te:ma:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\pss Adj
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to be contagious
\sense_s ser contagiosos
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:wa
\ref 08272
\lxam kajé:l
\lxam_c kajé:l
\lxoa kaje:l
\lxoa_cpend kaje:l
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\psm N
\nse This word is archaic in Ameyaltepec, though it used to be widely used.
\ref 08273
\lxam yekapuntaseselik
\lxam_c yekapuntaseselik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\sense_e see yekaseselik
\sense_s véase yekaseselik
\sense_d Pending
\ref 08274
\lxam tlauwi:kaltia:ni
\lxam_c tlauwi:kaltia:ni
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\psm N
\grm /tla-/ vs /te:-/: C. Flores gives a good discussion here of the difference between /tlauwi:kaltia/ and /te:uwikaltia/. Note.
\ref 08275
\lxam po:kchikayá:k
\lxam_c po:kchikayá:k
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\sense_e grey or smoke colored
\sense_s humeado
\sense_d Pending
\root po:k
\ref 08276
\lxam tlake:nkokopi:na
\lxam_c kitlake:nkokopi:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to undress; to take clothes off of; to remove the clothes from
\sense_s desvestir; quitarle la ropa a
\sense_d Oa
\root kopi:
\semref tsotsolowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tlake:nki:xtia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tlake:nkokopi:na
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tlá:kopí:nia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08277
\lxam tlakorra:ltila:wa
\lxam_c tlakorra:ltila:wa
\loan (part) corral
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to repair (a fence of upright posts) by placing new ones where some have deteriorated
\sense_s reparar (una cerca de palos verticales) al remplazar los que se han deteriorados con palos nuevos
\sense_d Am
\root tila:
\semref korra:lkohtila:wa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08278
\lxam ko:latsotsomi:ntik
\lxam_c ko:latsotsomi:ntik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan (part) cola
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf-tik
\lexical Op. infix te- : ko:latetsotsomi:ntik
\sense_e to have a hairless tail (a donkey, horse, etc.)
\sense_s tener la cola sin pelo (un burro, caballo, etc.)
\sense_d Am
\root tson
\root mi:ni
\semref kólaté:mí:ntik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08279
\lxam rrama:dah
\lxam_c rrama:dah
\dt 26/Jul/2002
\psm N
\der N-loan
\semref ye:kahyo:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08280
\lxam po:kchikaya:ktik
\lxam_c po:kchikaya:ktik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\sense_e grey or smoke colored (an ox)
\sense_s humeado (un buey)
\sense_d Pending
\ref 08281
\lxam chi:lbake:roh
\lxam_c chi:lbake:roh
\dt 26/Jul/2002
\psm N
\root chi:l
\ref 08282
\lxam tepotsoki:sa
\lxam_c tepotsoki:sa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a
\ref 08283
\lxam tepotsotia
\lxam_c tepotsotia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\ref 08284
\lxam kechnekwiliwi
\lxam_c kechnekwiliwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\ref 08285
\lxam kuwteki
\lxam_c kuwteki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(k)
\root kuw
\root teki
\ref 08286
\lxam kamatekoyak
\lxam_c kamatekoyak
\dt 26/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08287
\lxam tlatlako:lchi:wa
\lxam_c tlatlako:lchi:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\root chi:wa
\ref 08288
\lxam tsonteyo
\lxam_c i:tsonteyo
\dt 26/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08289
\lxam weyahka:mela:wa
\lxam_c kweyahka:mela:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a(w)
\ref 08290
\lxam tio:tlakitia
\lxam_c tio:tlakitia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\ref 08291
\lxam tio:tlaki
\lxam_c tio:tlaki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\mod Note that the past is /yo:tiotlakik/; Cf. CF stated that one can also say /yo:tiotlak/.
\qry_fon NOte that I hear C. Flores (Am) pronunciation with a long /o:/. Check. For now I have continued to write it with a short /o/.
\ref 08292
\lxam tesokoya:ya
\lxam_c tesokoya:ya
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\lexical te-
\lexical_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to acquire a strong, pungent or stinging smell
\sense_s emitir un olor fuerte o que pique
\sense_d Am
\root te
\root soko
\root hya:
\semref tesokoyá:k
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 08293
\lxam tesokoyá:k
\lxam_c tesokoyá:k
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lexical te-
\lexical_d Am
\psm Adj
\sense_e having a strong, pungent smell
\sense_s con un olor fuerte y picoso
\sense_d Pending
\root soko
\root hya:
\nse The range of items that create this smell are still not clear. Cristino Flores (Am) mentioned the smell of chile that is being toasted on a clay griddle and the smell emitted by a
chi:lpa:n de te:sotla:wani when it stings (his precise words were kiki:sas ifwerte:yo pan moyekatso:l 'its strong smell wafts up to your nose.' Other
related words are tenextesokoyá:k (Am) and a:xi:xtésokwiyá:ya(Oa), which suggests that lime and urine are other items that emit this type of smell.
\nae The etymology of tesokoyá:k is not entirely clear. Obviously it contains the root hya:added to a stem tesoko. There is evidence that the
te- is a prefix, or at least not part of the same stem as soko. Note the Oapan plant name tsómakíhli de té:sokoyá:k. The long, pitch-accented
té: suggests tha reduplication with *h of soko. For now, and on this basis, the etymology of tesoko has been considered to contain lexicalized use
of the intensifier te-.
\ref 08294
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This used to be an entry for /tsitsilkaltia/, the transitive of /tsitsilka/, which C. Flores uttered once when I asked him what a scorpion does to one. However, he later denied that it
was a word.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\ref 08295
\lxam kuwtekintsi:n
\lxam_c kuwtekintsi:n
\lxoa kohtekini
\lxoa_cpend kohtekini
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-ni
\sense_e type of insect collected but still not identified
\sense_s tipo de insecto colectado pero todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root kuw
\root teki
\nse According to Inocencio Díaz the animal he knows is different than the one collected. Instead of being entirely black it is somewhat striped, black and white.
\ref 08296
\lxam kwa:mantok
\lxam_c kwa:mantok
\dt 26/Jul/2002
\semref torompo kwa:mantik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08297
\lxam ma:ngaspeto:ni
\lxam_c ma:ngaspeto:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a
\root peto:
\ref 08298
\lxam ikxitlatlaka:miki
\lxam_c ikxitlatlaka:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\ref 08299
\lxam yekachichika:wi
\lxam_c yekachichika:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\ref 08300
\lxam akopanketsaltia
\lxam_c kakopanketsaltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cause to buck or rear-up
\sense_s hacer reparar o encabritar
\sense_d Pending
\root ahko
\root pan
\root ketsa
\mod C. Flores suggested that the /o/ be written /u/, as it is pronounced.
\ref 08301
\lxam ma:tekopi:ni
\lxam_c ma:tekopi:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a
\ref 08302
\lxam ma:tekopi:nki
\lxam_c ma:tekopi:nki
\dt 26/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08303
\lxam i:xwetskilia
\lxam_c ki:xwetskilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\ref 08304
\lxam kwa:momo:yo
\lxam_c kwa:momo:yo
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\nae The plural form is kwa:momo:yo:meh.
\ref 08305
\lxam kwa:momo:yo:tik
\lxam_c kwa:momo:yo:tik
\dt 26/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08306
\lxam tepostla:lki:sa
\lxam_c tepostla:lki:sa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to become or get rusty
\sense_s oxidarse
\sense_d Am
\root tepos
\root tla:l
\root ki:sa
\grm Noun incorporation; /-yo:/. In general when the relationship of a noun stem to the subject of a verbal compound (N-V) or a verbalization is one of part-to-whole then the
/-yo:/ suffix is used (which, given that it is not in word-final position is manifested with a long vowel). This is good evidence that the underlying vowel length of the intrinsic
possessive suffix is /o:/. Examples of this type of construction include verbs such as /ixiyo:tia/ 'to place legs on' and the present /tepostla:hlo:ki:sa/, where the subject of the
verb (the metal upon which rust forms) is in a whole-to-part relation with the incorporated noun.
\semref tepostla:hlowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref tepostla:hlo:ki:sa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08307
\lxam tlakwisa:hlo:tl
\lxam_c tlakwisa:hlo:tl
\dt 26/Jul/2002
\psm N
\qry_fon Check vowel length on acoustic recording.
\ref 08308
\lxam a:to:lneloke:tl
\lxam_c a:to:lneloke:tl
\dt 26/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08309
\lxam chi:chiwalxakwalowa
\lxam_c kichi:chiwalxakwalowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2b
\root xakwal
\ref 08310
\lxam chi:chiwalxakwaliwi
\lxam_c chi:chiwalxakwaliwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\root xakwal
\ref 08311
\lxam kwa:momo:yo:tia
\lxam_c kwa:momo:yo:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\root kwa:
\ref 08312
\lxam ikxixoxopo:naltia
\lxam_c kikxixoxopo:naltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\ref 08313
\lxam xoxo:hka:wa:ki
\lxam_c xoxo:hka:wa:ki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(k)
\root wa:
\ref 08314
\lxam ikxixoxopo:ni
\lxam_c ikxixoxopo:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a
\ref 08315
\lxam ma:xoxopo:naltia
\lxam_c kima:xoxopo:naltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\root ma:
\root xopo:
\ref 08316
\lxam ma:xoxopo:ni
\lxam_c ma:xoxopo:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a
\ref 08317
\lxam ma:pi:chowa
\lxam_c kima:pi:chowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2b
\root ma:
\root pi:ch
\ref 08318
\lxam yeyemaxiwi
\lxam_c yeyemaxiwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\ref 08319
\lxam tlikuwtlatlika:wahli
\lxam_c tlikuwtlatlika:wahli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e firewood that is partially burned
\sense_s leña que estáparcialmente quemada
\sense_d Oa
\root kow
\root tli
\root ka:wa
\semref tlatlika:wahli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08320
\lxam marra:yah
\lxam_c marra:yah mitskwa
\dt 28/Jul/2002
\psm Modal
\ref 08321
\lxam tlake:ntatapayo:tia
\lxam_c kitlake:ntatapayo:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\ref 08322
\lxam to:puwayowa
\lxam_c to:puwayowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\ref 08323
\lxam tlitsomo:ni
\lxam_c tlitsomo:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a
\ref 08324
\lxam nexto:ntik
\lxam_c nexto:ntik
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\qry_fon Recheck vowel lenght of /o:/.
\ref 08325
\lxam nexto:nah
\lxam_c nexto:nah
\dt 16/Jul/2002
\ref 08326
\lxam yo:li:xkotemo:ltilia
\lxam_c kiyo:li:xkotemo:ltilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\root yo:l
\ref 08327
\lxam tsi:ncho:ka
\lxam_c tsi:ncho:ka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-4a
\ref 08328
\lxam tlapechkomoliwtok
\lxam_c tlapechkomoliwtok
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\infv Durative
\ref 08329
\lxam i:xmontsotsokwe:lowa
\lxam_c ni:xmontsotsokwe:lowa
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\infv class-2b
\ref 08330
\lxam te:tlamih
\lxam_c te:tlamih
\dt 26/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08331
\lxam mahka:yáw
\lxam_c mahka:yáw, o:mahka:yah
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv Irregular; see yaw
\ref 08332
\lxam kwa:kuwchichikipe:l
\lxam_c kwa:kuwchichikipe:l
\dt 26/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08333
\lxam kwa:kuwchichikipe:ltik
\lxam_c kwa:kuwchichikipe:ltik
\dt 16/Jul/2002
\ref 08334
\lxam tla:hlo:mah
\lxam_c tla:hlo:mah
\dt 02/Feb/2005
\loan part loma
\psm N
\root tla:l
\ref 08335
\lxam tla:laraba:toh
\lxam_c tla:laraba:toh
\dt 26/Jul/2002
\psm N
\root tla:l
\ref 08336
\lxam tsonakakochi
\lxam_c tsonakakochi
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\infv class-3a(ch)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to sleep on ones side
\sense_s dormir por el lado
\sense_d Pending
\root tsonaka
\root kochi
\ref 08337
\lxam xa:yakatlatskapa:ni
\lxam_c xa:yakatlatskapa:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a
\root xa:yaka
\root tlats
\root kapa:
\ref 08338
\lxam xolochki:tskia
\lxam_c kixolochki:tskia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\ref 08339
\lxam chi:chi:le:watki
\lxam_c chi:chi:le:watki
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\der Adj
\grm Innovation: Note discussion of this word as an innovation by C. Flores!
\ref 08340
\lxam ye:lo:tia
\lxam_c ye:lo:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\ref 08341
\lxam ikxitexama:ni
\lxam_c ikxitexama:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to have ones foot get smashed (e.g., by dropping sth heavy on it)
\sense_s apachurarse el pie (a algn, p. ej., al dejar caer algo pesado sobre ello)
\sense_d Am
\root kxi
\root xama:
\nae Apparently the te- element is not the nominal stem for 'rock' but the intensifier element, indicating that an"abnormal"action occurred, in this case the crushing of the feet.
\semref ma:tekwe:chowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref ixitekwe:chowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08342
\lxam ma:texama:ni
\lxam_c ma:texama:ni
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. infix te-
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to have ones hand get smashed (e.g., by dropping sth heavy on it)
\sense_s apachurarse la mano (a algn, p. ej., al dejar caer algo pesado sobre ello)
\sense_d Am
\root ma:
\root xama:
\nae Apparently the te- element is not the nominal stem for 'rock' but the intensifier element, indicating that an"abnormal"action occurred, in this case the crushing of the hands.
\semref ma:tekwe:chowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08343
\lxam a:maxo:chiteteki
\lxam_c a:maxo:chiteteki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp [(N-N)-V1]-N
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to cut out figures from crepe paper for adornment
\sense_s cortar figuras de papel china para adorno
\sense_d Am
\root a:ma
\root xo:chi
\root teki
\nae The pitch accent in a:maxo:chí:tehké:tl is the result of a reduplicated verb, tétekí that reduces onto the short final vowel of the nominal stem
a:maxo:chitl, lengthening and"pitch-accenting"this vowel.
\vl The first female token is /a:maxo:chitétehké:tl/, with the reduplicated verb stem /tétehké:tl/. It should be tagged but not linked. Link only the"reduced"forms
/a:maxo:chí:tehké:tl/.
\ref 08344
\lxam chi:lsolo:tsi:n
\lxam_c chi:lsolo:tsi:n
\dt 26/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08345
\lxam sakateki
\lxam_c sakateki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to cut grass with a machete
\sense_s cortar pasto o zacate con machete
\sense_d Am
\root saka
\root tson
\root teki
\semref sakatsonteki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08346
\lxam tlatetsi:lo:hli
\lxam_c ye tlatetsi:lo:hli
\dt 26/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08347
\lxam chi:ltlama:tsowilia
\lxam_c kichi:ltlama:tsowilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\grm Applicative; valency: Note that Am has /chi:lma:tsowa/ as a transitive (to fold a tortilla with chile inside) and the appplicative /chi:ltlama:tsowilia/. Discuss.
\ref 08348
\lxam xokoteki
\lxam_c xokoteki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(k)
\root xoko
\root teki
\grm Reduplication: Note that with fruits, seeds, etc. the incorporated forms often are not reduplicated (although they can be): /xokoteki/ and /kiteteki xokotl/. One cannot say, or
seldom says /xokoteteki/. Or, /chi:lte:ma/ but /kitete:ma chi:hli/. One cannot say /chi:ltete:ma/. NB.
\ref 08349
\lxam surkotoka
\lxam_c kisurkotoka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\root toka
\ref 08350
\lxam komekayowa:ki
\lxam_c komekayowa:ki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(k)
\root komeka
\root wa:
\ref 08351
\lxam tepe:kopa
\lxam_c tepe:kopa
\dt 09/Aug/2005
\psm Adv
\qry_fon Cristino Flores here and elsehwere with /kopa/ suggested writing a /u/: /tepe:kupa/. Analyze acoustically and decide on the basis of the best practical orthography.
\ref 08352
\lxam kextlansa:lowa
\lxam_c kikextlansa:lowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2b
\ref 08353
\lxam kexsa:lowa
\lxam_c kikexsa:lowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2b
\root kech
\root sa:l
\ref 08354
\lxam bese:rrotlama
\lxam_c bese:rrotlama
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-1
\ref 08355
\lxam bu:rrotlama
\lxam_c bu:rrotlama
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-1
\ref 08356
\lxam kaba:yotlama
\lxam_c kaba:yotlama
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-1
\ref 08357
\lxam mulatlama
\lxam_c mulatlama
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-1
\ref 08358
\lxam mia:waposteki
\lxam_c kimia:waposteki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a(k)
\root mia:wa
\root posteki
\ref 08359
\lxam ma:istaya
\lxam_c ma:istaya
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4b(ya-s)
\ref 08360
\lxam mimilte:ka
\lxam_c kimimilte:ka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-4a
\ref 08361
\lxam kextla:lti:sayowa
\lxam_c kextla:lti:sayowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\root kech
\root tla:l
\root ti:sa
\ref 08362
\lxam ma:tla:lti:sayowa
\lxam_c ma:tla:lti:sayowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-4a
\ref 08363
\lxam tekesteko
\lxam_c o:notekestekok
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-4a
\ref 08364
\lxam tla:liteko
\lxam_c o:notla:litekok
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-4a
\ref 08365
\lxam ye:watiteko
\lxam_c o:ye:watitekok
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\ref 08366
\lxam ye:lkamak
\lxam_c moye:lkamak
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm N(loc)
\qry Differentiate from /yo:li:xko/.
\ref 08367
\lxam ko:koye:kchi:wa
\lxam_c noko:koye:kchi:wa
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\compound N-N-V2
\der V2-b
\trans +Refl/-trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (refl.) to clear ones throat
\sense_s (refl.) despejarse la garganta
\sense_d Am
\root ko:koh
\root ye:k
\root chi:wa
\semref a:kó:koye:hchí:wa
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08368
\lxam i:xte:nkokose:wi
\lxam_c i:xte:nkokose:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\ref 08369
\lxam teposmi:na
\lxam_c kiteposmi:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to shoot with a rifle
\sense_s tirar con un rifle
\sense_d Am
\ref 08370
\lxam tlake:ntli:liwi
\lxam_c tlake:ntli:liwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\ref 08371
\lxam yo:lika:wia
\lxam_c noyo:lika:wia
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\infv class-2a
\ref 08372
\lxam yekwa:ni
\lxam_c yekwa:ni
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08373
\lxam to:mochi:kwepok
\lxam_c to:mochi:kwepok
\lxgen to:mohtle
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loan
\sense_e prickly pair of the large cactus called ó:rganoh de un we:i
\sense_s tuna delórgano grande llamado ó:rganoh de we:i
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\grm /-yoh/ Note that the adjectival form retains the verbal base: /to:mochikwepo:nyoh/.
\semref tó:mowéwé:i
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref to:motli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 08374
\lxam ketspaltomatl
\lxam_c ketspaltomatl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\sense_e type of herbaceous plant with edible fruit, still not identified
\sense_s tipo de planta herbácea con fruta comestible, todavía no identificada
\sense_d Am
\root a:
\root ketspal
\root toma
\qry Recheck and confirm that this is /a:ispaltomatl/ and not /a:ispalintomatl/.
\semref totomatsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref a:ispaltomatl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08375
\lxam yetlasohli
\lxam_c yetlasohli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\sense_e dried bean pod
\sense_s vaina seca de frijol
\sense_d Am
\root ye
\root kawa
\semref yekakawatl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08376
\lxam kopa:lchih
\lxam_c kopa:lchih
\lxoa_cpend chichi:k kohxo:chitl
\lxgen kopa:kchin
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dimin
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\mod Note that this entry should be divided into two.
\semref chichi:k kohxo:chitl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08377
\lxam a:teteyoh
\lxam_c a:teteyoh
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-Adj
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Am
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e area of water that is rocky
\sense_s área de agua que estácubierta por piedras
\sense_d Pending
\root a:
\root te
\ref 08378
\lxam tlama:tsowia
\lxam_c kitlama:tsowia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-2a
\nae Tlama:tsowia is an applicative verb form ending in /-ia/.
\grm Applicative: Tlama:tsowia is an applicative verb form ending in /-ia/.
\ref 08379
\lxam i:xteme:tsiwi
\lxam_c i:xteme:tsiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\root i:x
\root te
\root me:ts
\ref 08380
\lxam ki:xteme:tsowilia
\lxam_c ki:xteme:tsowilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\root i:x
\root te
\root me:ts
\grm Applicative: Note that when /ki:xte:me:tsowa/ appeared, Cristino Flores suggested that more correct was /ki:xteme:tsowilia/. Here not the use of the applicative for
the"destination"(check roles) of the transitive action. Note that the meaning of this is 'to stare at (while sb is not watching) and then to lower ones eyes when the person
looks' that is, it seems to be used to mean to surreptitiously stare at.
\ref 08381
\lxam chi:ltla:tla:wa:ntia
\lxam_c chi:ltla:tla:wa:ntia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-2a
\root chi:l
\ref 08382
\lxam kosta:lakia
\lxam_c kikosta:lakia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to put into a sack
\sense_s meter en un saco
\sense_d Pending
\root ak
\ref 08383
\lxam kokomekatia
\lxam_c kokomekatia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\ref 08384
\lxam ma:tlawi:tektasi
\lxam_c o:noma:tlawi:tektasik
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-4a
\grm Aspectuals: Note discussion here by C. Flores of the difference between /noma:tlawi:tektasi/ and /noma:tlawi:tektiki:sa/.
\ref 08385
\lxam toto:naltia
\lxam_c kitoto:naltia
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\gloss_e to.give.fever.to
\gloss_s dar.calentura.a
\sense_e to give a fever to
\sense_s darle una calentura a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kitowan deke miák tihkwa:s (kuwi:skitl), pues como ke:n titoto:nias, te:h, no: san ke:itlah san kipia san ke:chkitsi:n tihkwa:s. Deke o:tikpano:ltilih
mistoto:nalti:s.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 08385_01_am
\src_p Inocencio Díaz 0029_Am_ID_md04_tr25.wav /2:30
\phrase_e They say that if you eat of lot (of the kuwi:skitl fruit), well, like you'll get a fever, you know, it's like there's a limit to how much you can eat. If you exceed
this, it'll give you a fever.
\phrase_s Dicen que si comes mucho (de la fruta del kuwi:skitl), pues como vas a tener calentura, es como hay un límite a cuanto puedes comer. Si pasas, te dará
calentura.
\xref toto:nia
\xref_t val_reduce1
\xref_d Am
\root to:na
\ref 08386
\lxam mapilxohka:n
\lxam_c i:mapilxohka:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N(loc)
\nae The plural is i:mapilxoxohka:n 'his knuckles.'
\ref 08387
\lxam tlase:waya:ntia
\lxam_c tlase:waya:ntia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\ref 08388
\lxam kwaltsi:ntilia
\lxam_c kikwaltsi:ntilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\root kwal
\ref 08389
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /chi:ltlayekwania/, recorded by C. Flores, but apparently this is not a correct form.
\grm /tla-/: Note the use of /tla-/ in an incorporated verb. Discuss that this is evidence for analyzing /tlayekwania/ as a new intransitive verb into which /chi:l/ is incorporated as a
modifier (like an antipassive).
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\ref 08390
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /burrotlayekwania/, recorded by C. Flores, but apparently this is not a correct form.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 08391
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /mulatlayekwania/, recorded by C. Flores, but apparently this is not a correct form.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 08392
\lxam xa:yakata:takalowa
\lxam_c kixa:yakata:takalowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2b
\ref 08393
\lxam kuwnelwatlan
\lxam_c kuwnelwatlan
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm N(loc)
\ref 08394
\lxam ma:tla:ltechiwi
\lxam_c ma:tla:ltechiwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\nae The plural, in reference to many branches of a tree, is ma:tlatla:ltechiwi.
\grm Reduplication; pluralization: The plural, in reference to many branches of a tree, is ma:tlatla:ltechiwi.
\ref 08395
\lxam a:piste:ka
\lxam_c ka:piste:ka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\compound N-V2
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to keep from eating (e.g., sb who takes another person along to work and doesn't leave time to eat)
\sense_s no dejar (a algn) comer (p. ej., algn que lleva a otro a trabajar y no le da tiempo para comer)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e (refl.) to go a long time without eating
\sense_s (refl.) ir mucho tiempo sin comer
\sense_d Am
\root a:pis
\root te:ka
\ref 08396
\lxam a:pismiktia
\lxam_c ka:pismiktia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\semref a:piste:ka
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 08397
\lxam kose:watki
\lxam_c kose:watki
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08398
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This was an entry for /ke:nemeh/ but it should be word 6993. The words are tagged there.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 08399
\lxam tlakose:wtok
\lxam_c tlakose:wtok
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be yellow all over (as in a drought)
\sense_s ser todo amarillo (como ocurre durante una sequía)
\ref 08400
\lxam kuwmi:naltilia
\lxam_c kikuwmi:naltilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\ref 08401
\lxam tiri:siah
\lxam_c tiri:siah
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08402
\lxam ikxipilpi:pitik
\lxam_c ikxipilpi:pitik
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08403
\lxam a:naltilia
\lxam_alt kiya:naltilia
\lxam_c ka:naltilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\ref 08404
\lxam tlake:namakake:tl
\lxam_alt tlake:nemakake:tl
\lxam_c tlake:namakake:tl
\dt 08/Jul/2003
\psm N
\ref 08405
\lxam chi:chi:lka:kafe:ntsi:n
\lxam_c chi:chi:lka:kafe:ntsi:n
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08406
\lxam yeskwi:kwi:hli
\lxam_c yeskwi:kwi:hli
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08407
\lxam tlaksi
\lxam_c tlaksi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp tla-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\ref 08408
\lxam Motepe:k
\lxam_c Motepe:k
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08409
\lxam tlatio:chi:walso:ya:tl
\lxam_c tlatio:chi:walso:ya:tl
\dt 20/Jun/2003
\psm N
\qry_fon Check vowel length of first /o/.
\ref 08410
\lxam i:xna:miktlapa:na
\lxam_c ki:xna:miktlapa:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a
\ref 08411
\lxam tlayo:lkwalo:ni
\lxam_c tlayo:lkwalo:ni
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08412
\lxam tlamaxakape:lotok
\lxam_c tlamaxakape:lotok
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be with ones legs wide open
\sense_s estar con las piernas abiertas
\ref 08413
\lxam tsi:ntechichikil
\lxam_c tsi:ntechichikil
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08414
\lxam tsi:ntepetlatik
\lxam_c tsi:ntepetlatik
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08415
\lxam a:papa:ka
\lxam_alt a:pupa:ka
\lxam_c ka:papa:ka
\lxoa á:pá:ka
\lxoa_cpend ká:pá:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to wash (with water and soap)
\sense_s lavar (con agua y jabón)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root a:
\root pa:ka
\nse In Oapan this case be used to indicate the action of washing nextamahli; a floor; plates and utensils; ones face, feet or hands. It is apparently equivalent to
pápá:ka in reference to these items. However, when used in reference to clothes, there seems to be a difference between á:pá:ka and
pa:ka. The latter refers to washing the entire item of clothing whereas the former is more often used to refer to washing out a particular spot (e.g, where chile has
dripped).
\nae Interestingly, in Oapan the long vowel reduplicant form of á:pá:ka includes the 3rd-person object prefix k-. Thus with long vowel reduplication this yields
ka:ká:pá:ka. Here the first k- is the object prefix, whereas the second k- has been in essence incorporated into the stem (even though it is not
reduplicated). This is an unusual manifestation of reduplication that has not been documented. Perhaps, however, the /k/ may be considered as being in effect inserted in order to
avoid a sequence of two long vowels: ? nika:á:pá:ka. In regard to semantics, Jeremías Cabrera suggested that in the imperative the difference between
xká:pá:ka and xka:ká:pá:ka is that the second is a softer or less direct imperative. In general the long vowel reduplicant here (and in many other cases)
seems to indicate a slower, more deliberate action. Thus when used in an imperative form it may indicate a l ess demanding order.
\grm Reduplication, imperative: Interestingly, in Oapan the long vowel reduplicant form of á:pá:ka includes the 3rd-person object prefix k-. Thus with
long vowel reduplication this yields ka:ká:pá:ka. Here the first k- is the object prefix, whereas the second k- has been in essence
incorporated into the stem (even though it is not reduplicated). This is an unusual manifestation of reduplication that has not been documented. Perhaps, however, the /k/
may be considered as being in effect inserted in order to avoid a sequence of two long vowels: ? nika:á:pá:ka. In regard to semantics, Jeremías Cabrera
suggested that in the imperative the difference between xká:pá:ka and xka:ká:pá:ka is that the second is a softer or less direct imperative. In
general the long vowel reduplicant here (and in many other cases) seems to indicate a slower, more deliberate action. Thus when used in an imperati ve form it may indicate
a less demanding or der.
\qry_fon Check vowel quality in the reduplicant. Probably this should just be written as /a:papa:ka/ with an accompanying note as to vowel quality change.
\ref 08416
\lxam xoxonakatl
\lxam_c xoxonakatl
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm N
\root xonaka
\semref i:xonak kuwatl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 08417
\lxam tsi:ntewe:itik
\lxam_c tsi:ntewe:itik
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08418
\lxam te:mpitsako:tsi:n
\lxam_c te:mpitsako:tsi:n
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\root te:n
\root pitsa:
\ref 08419
\lxam kuwkalaktia
\lxam_c kikuwkalaktia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\ref 08420
\lxam to:nalyema:nki
\lxam_c to:nalyema:nki
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08421
\lxam tla:lteosto:tl
\lxam_c tla:lteosto:tl
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm N
\root tla:l
\root te
\root osto:
\ref 08422
\lxam akoya:chin
\lxam_c akoya:chin
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\qry_fon Recheck vowel length. I would have thought the first /a/ long, but it does not seem so.
\ref 08423
\lxam kakawaka
\lxam_c kakawaka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\ref 08424
\lxam wa:kaxkwitlatl
\lxam_c wa:kaxkwitlatl
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08425
\lxam ye:skayowa
\lxam_c ye:skayowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan yesca
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to get a rotten and powdery interior (a trunk, log, or branch of wood that is hard on the outside)
\sense_s podrirse y hacerse polvo el interior (de un tronco o rama de madera cuyo exterior es duro)
\sense_d Am
\fl ye:skatl
\root ye:ska
\ref 08426
\lxam kwexontia
\lxam_c kwexontia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4d(tia)
\root kwexoma
\ref 08427
\lxam tlatlama:pi:lotok
\lxam_c tlatlama:pi:lotok
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\infv Durative
\ref 08428
\lxam sonektik
\lxam_c sonektik
\dt 23/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08429
\lxam tekwi:nwetsi
\lxam_c tekwi:nwetsi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(ts)
\ref 08430
\lxam kwa:tlatlama:pi:lotok
\lxam_c kwa:tlatlama:pi:lotok
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\infv Durative
\ref 08431
\lxam yekayo
\lxam_c i:yekayo
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08432
\lxam yeyekayowa
\lxam_c yeyekayowa
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e to lose ones 'soul'
\sense_s perder el 'alma'
\sense_d Pending
\ref 08433
\lxam fwe:rteyo
\lxam_c i:fwe:rteyo
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e the strong scent of
\sense_s el olor fuerte de
\sense_d Pending
\grm /-yo/: Note the use of /-yo/ for intrinsic possession here.
\ref 08434
\lxam yekatso:ltelowa
\lxam_c kiyekatso:ltelowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2b
\qry_fon Check whether there is a slight pause or division between /yekatso:l/ and /telowa/.
\ref 08435
\lxam kamateteltia
\lxam_c kamateteltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\root kama
\root tel
\ref 08436
\lxam mawistlato:hli
\lxam_c mawistlato:hli
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08437
\lxam tlakpaktilia
\lxam_c kitlakpaktilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\ref 08438
\lxam nesawalpan
\lxam_c nesawalpan
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08439
\lxam tlake:nisoliwi
\lxam_c tlake:nisoliwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\ref 08440
\lxam tlake:nisoltik
\lxam_c tlake:nisoltik
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08441
\lxam seliktsi:n
\lxam_c xwa:hla noseliktsi:n
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08442
\lxam kwa:tsontekontlapa:na
\lxam_c nokwa:tsontekontlapa:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a
\ref 08443
\lxam chi:pi:ltlatowa
\lxam_c chi:pi:ltlatowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-2b
\ref 08444
\lxam a:pupwa
\lxam_c a:pupwa
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e to clean or cleanse water
\sense_s limpiar agua
\sense_d Pending
\root a:
\ref 08445
\lxam ne:nkwahli
\lxam_c ne:nkwahli nankateh?
\dt 28/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08446
\lxam te:tlalka:waltih
\lxam_c te:tlalka:waltih
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e to make people forget
\sense_s hacer olvidar a la gente
\sense_d Pending
\ref 08447
\lxam te:nxio:yo
\lxam_c i:te:nxio:yo
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\psm N
\grm Word innovation: there is a good discussion here with C. Flores about words that are just made up.
\ref 08448
\lxam kuwmi:nilia
\lxam_c kikuwmi:nilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\ref 08449
\lxam a:tekonmekatl
\lxam_c a:tekonmekatl
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08450
\lxam kwa:tekakaya:wilia
\lxam_c nokwa:tekakaya:wilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to fool; to trick
\sense_s engañar
\sense_d Am
\root kwa:
\root kaya:
\ref 08451
\lxam a:petla:nwi:lo
\lxam_c a:petla:nwi:lo
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a(pass)
\root a:
\grm Passsive: Note that in this case both the transitive and the passive appear. The use of /-lo/ is interesting and should be discussed.
\ref 08452
\lxam kechkoya:wa
\lxam_c kikechkoya:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a(w)
\ref 08453
\lxam tlapechxi:ma
\lxam_c tlapechxi:ma
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(m)
\ref 08454
\lxam nakaskoto:na
\lxam_c kinakaskoto:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a
\ref 08455
\lxam chi:lko:koto:na
\lxam_c kichi:lko:koto:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a
\ref 08456
\lxam to:nalkwi:lia
\lxam_c kito:nalkwi:lia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\ref 08457
\lxam tetlatlastalki:stinemi
\lxam_c tetlatlastalki:stinemi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(m)
\ref 08458
\lxam iya:nka:n
\lxam_c i:ya:nka:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N(loc)
\sense_e hiding place
\sense_s escondite
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n I:ya:nka:n kipia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I have it in its hiding place.
\phrase_s Lo tengo en su escondite.
\root hya:na
\ref 08459
\lxam maxtlamekatl
\lxam_c maxtlamekatl
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08460
\lxam tlanekwistika:n
\lxam_c tlanekwistika:n
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm N(loc)
\ref 08461
\lxam tio:tlahka:n
\lxam_c tio:tlahka:n
\dt 20/Jun/2003
\psm N(loc)
\ref 08462
\lxam kamatlapachowa
\lxam_c nokamatlapachowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2b
\ref 08463
\lxam kubo
\lxam_c i:kuboh
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08464
\lxam tlatla:kati
\lxam_c tlatla:kati
\lxoa tlatla:kati
\lxoa_cpend tlatla:kati
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e for there to be a birth (of Jesus, on Christmas Eve)
\sense_s haber un nacimiento (de Jesús, en Noche Buena)
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:ka
\nse The Ameyaltepec sense of this word (heard in a recording with Cristino Flores) has still not been determined. Inocencio Díaz (Am) said he had never heard this word, but if he were
to venture a meaning he would say that it refers to a woman who dresses like a man. In Oapan, however, this word is used often, though exclusively to refer to the birth of Jesus on
Christmas Eve (which is called tlatla:katilistli).
\nae The Ameyaltepec form tlatla:kati needs to be analyzed in context. However, if the meaning ascribed to this word by Inocencio Díaz is the correct one, then the first
tla- is a reduplicant that indicates a metaphoric extension of the meaning tla:kati 'to be(come) a man.' A definitive analysis, however, must await further
analysis of the significance of this word in Ameyaltepec. In Oapan, tlatla:kati refers to the birth of Jesus. The nature of the initial tla- is unclear. It would
seem not to be a reduplicant since the most common reduplicant is with a coda {h} and this would motivate pitch accent in Oapan, which does not appear. It might be that the
reduplicant is without a coda {h}, but this is not expected. Another possibility is that the initial tla- in an impersonal. This would be unusual in that the impersonal prefix
tla- almost exclusively refers to an impersonal event involving an inanimate. However, it might be that despite the fac t tha t tlatla:kati refers to Jesus the
impersonal tla- is used (perhaps because it refers to an image of Jesus and not to a"real"person). Also, it might be that since tla:katilo is already used to
refer to a human birth, the other impersonal form was selected to distinguish the divine birth as not a normal human event.
\grmx Impersonal; /tla-/: The Ameyaltepec form tlatla:kati needs to be analyzed in context. However, if the meaning ascribed to this word by Inocencio Díaz is the
correct one, then the first tla- is a reduplicant that indicates a metaphoric extension of the meaning tla:kati 'to be(come) a man.' A definitive
analysis, however, must await further analysis of the significance of this word in Ameyaltepec. In Oapan, tlatla:kati refers to the birth of Jesus. The nature of
the initial tla- is unclear. It would seem not to be a reduplicant since the most common reduplicant is with a coda {h} and this would motivate pitch accent in
Oapan, which does not appear. It might be that the reduplicant is without a coda {h}, but this is not expected. Another possibility is that the initial tla- in an
impersonal. This would be unusual in that the impersonal prefix tla- almost exclusively refers to an impersonal event involving an inanimate. However, it m ight
be that despite the fact that tlatla:kati refers to Jesus the impersonal tla- is used (perhaps because it refers to an image of Jesus and not to
a"real"person). Also, it might be that since tla:katilo is already used to refer to a human birth, the other impersonal form was selected to distinguish the divine
birth as not a normal human event.
\qry_h Determine whether there is an /h/ in the SJ (or SMig) form; this will help the analysis of the first /tla-/ (as either the imperson /tla-/ or a reduplicant). However, the lack of
pitch accent in Oapan suggests an imperson form!
\ref 08465
\lxam tlakwalko:ntli
\lxam_c tlakwalko:ntli
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm N
\root kwa
\root ko:m
\ref 08466
\lxam i:xkwatolwe:weyak
\lxam_c i:xkwatolwe:weyak
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08467
\lxam tei:skitla:lia
\lxam_c kitei:skitla:lia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\ref 08468
\lxam tsomilia
\lxam_c kitsomilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\ref 08469
\lxam me:stekipanowa
\lxam_c me:stekipanowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-2b
\ref 08470
\lxam tlakuwxiwteki
\lxam_c tlakuwxiwteki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(k)
\grm /tla-/ Note the use of /tla-/ here and in words such as /tlakorra:ltia/ where there is a transitive action but now patient/recipient, etc. Add this to use of /tla-/ and discuss in
regards to transitivity.
\ref 08471
\lxam nakakwa
\lxam_c nakakwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-1
\ref 08472
\lxam tixwa:tsa
\lxam_c kitixwa:tsa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a(ts)
\ref 08473
\lxam tekichi:hke:tl
\lxam_c tekichi:hke:tl
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\ref 08474
\lxam nextamalkwa
\lxam_c nextamalkwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-1
\ref 08475
\lxam tlato:lkuwtik
\lxam_c tlato:lkuwtik
\dt 25/Jul/2002
\ref 08476
\lxam chi:lwia
\lxam_c kichi:lwia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\root chi:l
\ref 08477
\lxam toto:kwati
\lxam_c toto:kwati
\dt 28/Jul/2002
\qry_fon Check length of final /a/.
\ref 08478
\lxam ke:chkich
\lxam_c ke:chkich
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e (arch.) how much?
\sense_s (arc.)¿cuánto?
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ke:chkich ipatil
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e How much is its price?
\phrase_s ¿Cuánto es su precio?
\root ke:ch
\ref 08479
\lxam si:yatia
\lxam_c kisi:yatia
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\ref 08480
\lxam te:uwi:kaltia:ni
\lxam_c te:uwi:kaltia:ni
\dt 26/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08481
\lxam kechnekwilowa
\lxam_c kikechnekwilowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2b
\ref 08482
\lxam kuwtekini
\lxam_c kuwtekini
\dt 26/Jul/2002
\psm N
\root kuw
\root teki
\ref 08483
\lxam te:nkweptok
\lxam_c te:nkweptok
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e with the edge turned over (e.g., a bowl)
\sense_s con la orilla volteada (p. ej., como ocurre con una olla)
\ref 08484
\lxam a:lachioh
\lxam_c a:lachioh
\dt 26/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08485
\lxam a:lache:wi
\lxam_c a:lache:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\ref 08486
\lxam te:nkochkwalahki:sa
\lxam_c te:nkochkwalahki:sa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a
\ref 08487
\lxam nexto:n
\lxam_c nexto:n
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\qry_fon Recheck vowel lenght of /o:/.
\ref 08488
\lxam ikxitoto:kwati
\lxam_c ikxitoto:kwati
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3d(ti)
\qry_fon Check length of final /a/.
\ref 08489
\lxam i:xte:nxakwalowa
\lxam_c ni:xte:nxakwalowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) to rub ones eyes
\sense_s (refl.) frotarse los ojos
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\nae This form is not acceptable, according to Cristino Flores (Am), with a reduplicant: * ni:xte:nxaxakwalowa.
\grm Reduplication: This form is not acceptable, according to Cristino Flores (Am), with a reduplicant: * ni:xte:nxaxakwalowa.
\ref 08490
\lxam tla:lyema:nia
\lxam_c tla:lyema:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4b(ya-x; long)
\ref 08491
\lxam yo:li:xkoxoxo:tlaltia
\lxam_c kiyo:li:xkoxoxo:tlaltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\ref 08492
\lxam yo:li:xkopapachowa
\lxam_c kiyo:li:xkopapachowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2b
\nae Apparently also correct is yo:li:xkopachowa , without the reduplicant, although the reduplicated form is apparently more common.
\ref 08493
\lxam itipa:xtik
\lxam_c itipa:xtik
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08494
\lxam wito:nilia
\lxam_c kwito:nilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\infv class-2a
\ref 08495
\lxam tamalkwa:ni
\lxam_c tamalkwa:ni
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08496
\lxam tlama:pi:lowa
\lxam_c ontlama:pi:lowa
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\qry_fon Check vowel lenght
\ref 08497
\lxam te:nxoloch
\lxam_c i:te:nxoloch
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\ref 08498
\lxam to:nalyema:nia
\lxam_c to:nalyema:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4b(ya-x; long)
\ref 08499
\lxam tlato:listla:kowa
\lxam_c kitlato:listla:kowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2b
\ref 08500
\lxam mihkasiwilistli
\lxam_c mihkasiwilistli
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm N
\root miki
\root hsiwi
\ref 08501
\lxam ko:kotetsomo:nia
\lxam_c kiko:kotetsomo:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\ref 08502
\lxam iswarrama:dah
\lxam_c iswarrama:dah
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08503
\lxam tetsi:lowilia
\lxam_c kitetsi:lowilia
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\ref 08504
\lxam to:mochikwepo:nyoh
\lxam_c to:mochikwepo:nyoh
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08505
\lxam kwa:peya:ska:yoh
\lxam_c xnokwa:peya:ska:yoh
\dt 07/Aug/2002
\psm Adj
\grm Neg. /xkaman nokwa:peya:ska:yoh/.
\ref 08506
\lxam tlaneltokani
\lxam_c tlaneltokani
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08507
\lxam tlake:nisolowi:tia
\lxam_c kitlake:nisolowi:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\ref 08508
\lxam tlake:nisolowa
\lxam_c kitlake:nisolowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2b
\ref 08509
\lxam kalto:roh
\lxam_c kalto:roh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N1/2; Inal
\sense_e palm lean-to
\sense_s un alberguito de palma, de media agua
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semref kalma:tli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 08510
\lxam kwa:tekakaya:wa
\lxam_c kikwa:tekakaya:wa
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\ref 08511
\lxam ixwilia
\lxam_c kixwilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\grm Applicative: Note the use of teh applicative here to form a transitive verb.
\ref 08512
\lxam tlatemonexka:n
\lxam_c tlatemonexka:n
\dt 11/Apr/2003
\psm N(loc)
\root mohnex
\ref 08513
\lxam tenexpa:tskahli
\lxam_c tenexpa:tskahli
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08514
\lxam tema:stik
\lxam_c tema:stik
\lxoa tema:stik
\lxoa_cpend tema:stik
\dt 12/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\root te
\root ma:ts
\ref 08515
\lxam tema:tsiwi
\lxam_c tema:tsiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\ref 08516
\lxam te:mpi:tsko:ntik
\lxam_c te:mpi:tsko:ntik
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08517
\lxam kuwma:tli
\lxam_c kuwma:tli
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm N
\root kow
\root ma:
\ref 08518
\lxam_notes zzz
\mod This entry for /kakale:rah/ has been removed as offensive.
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\ref 08519
\lxam a:xi:xtlapo:wi
\lxam_c a:xi:xtlapo:wi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\qry Check vowel length.
\ref 08520
\lxam kuwxio:yoh
\lxam_c kuwxio:yoh
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08521
\lxam Tona:nah Dió:s
\lxam_c Tona:nah Dió:s
\dt 20/Jan/2005
\ref 08522
\lxam kwi:tsita
\lxam_c kikwi:tsita
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e to view with exasperation
\ref 08523
\lxam tei:skitilia
\lxam_c kitei:skitilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\root te
\ref 08524
\lxam kwala:nka:pan
\lxam_c i:kwala:nka:pan
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\root kwal
\ref 08525
\lxam mati
\lxam_c o:matiko
\dt 27/Jul/2002
\ref 08526
\lxam neliwi
\lxam_c neliwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get mixed up
\root nel
\ref 08527
\lxam kuwmatsakahli
\lxam_c kuwmatsakahli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e small teepee-like shelter placed in the fields to shield him from the sun
\qry_fon Check vl of first /a/.
\ref 08528
\lxam tsi:nkwepale:wtok
\lxam_c tsi:nkwepale:wtok
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08529
\lxam kostik xo:chitl pi:pitik
\lxam_c kostik xo:chitl pi:pitik
\dt 28/Jul/2002
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\ref 08530
\lxam tlatlachpa:nwa:htsi:n de un moradi:toh ixo:chio
\lxam_alt tlatlachpa:nwa:stsi:n de un moradi:toh ixo:chio
\lxam_c tlatlachpa:nwa:stsi:n de un moradi:toh ixo:chio
\dt 27/Aug/2004
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\ref 08531
\lxam tlatlachpa:nwa:htsi:n ista:k ixo:chio
\lxam_alt tlatlachpa:nwa:stsi:n de un ista:k ixo:chio
\lxam_c tlatlachpa:nwa:stsi:n de un ista:k ixo:chio
\dt 27/Aug/2004
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\ref 08532
\lxam tsi:katlako:tl
\lxam_c *tsi:katlako:tl
\dt 28/Jul/2002
\semfld plant
\semfld tlako:tl
\ref 08533
\lxam a:kawtomitl de un chichí:k
\lxam_c a:kawtomitl de un chichí:k
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\nse This is apparently also called, at least occasionally in Ameyaltepec, a:kwatomitl temonextik.
\ref 08534
\lxam me:me:ya de un wekapania
\lxam_c me:me:ya de un wekapania
\dt 27/Aug/2004
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\ref 08535
\lxam sakatsontetl de istá:k
\lxam_c *sakatsontetl de istá:k
\dt 20/Jan/2005
\semfld plant
\semfld sakatl
\ref 08536
\lxam sasa:lik xiwtli de un nosowa ipan tla:hli
\lxam_c sasa:lik xiwtli de un nosowa ipan tla:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\nse This term was used by Cristino Flores to describe the plant also known as te:kwa:nxiwtli.
\ref 08537
\lxam sasa:lik xiwtli de un wekapania
\lxam_c sasa:lik xiwtli de un wekapania
\dt 27/Aug/2004
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\ref 08538
\lxam a:tlapa:ntsi:n de susuwa:tl
\lxam_c a:tlapa:ntsi:n de susuwa:tl
\dt 01/Apr/2003
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semref a:tlapa:ntsi:n yeyewaltik ixiwio
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 08539
\lxam a:tlapa:ntsi:n de tlatla:katl
\lxam_c a:tlapa:ntsi:n de tlatla:katl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\nse This is also referred to as a:tlapa:ntsi:n mora:doh i:xiwyo.
\semref a:tlapa:ntsi:n pitsa:wak ixiwyo
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 08540
\lxam a:tlapa:ntsi:n de un yeyewaltik ixiwio
\lxam_c a:tlapa:ntsi:n de un yeyewaltik ixiwio
\dt 27/Aug/2004
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semref a:tlapa:ntsi:n de suswa:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 08541
\lxam a:tlapa:ntsi:n de un pitsa:wak ixiwyo
\lxam_c a:tlapa:ntsi:n de un pitsa:wak ixiwyo
\dt 27/Aug/2004
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semref a:tlapa:ntsi:n de tlaka:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 08542
\lxam cha:chaya:tsi:n de un pipitsa:wak
\lxam_c cha:chaya:tsi:n de un pipitsa:wak
\dt 27/Aug/2004
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semref cha:chaya:tsi:n a:te:ncha:neh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 08543
\lxam tla:pa:tl istá:k
\lxam_c tla:pa:tl istá:k
\dt 20/Jan/2005
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\ref 08544
\lxam tla:pa:tl de mora:doh
\lxam_c tla:pa:tl de mora:doh
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\ref 08545
\lxam tlakwa:mpets istá:k
\lxam_c tlakwa:mpets istá:k
\dt 20/Jan/2005
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld kuwtli
\ref 08546
\lxam tlakwa:mpets de un tli:ltik
\lxam_c tlakwa:mpets de un tli:ltik
\dt 27/Aug/2004
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld kuwtli
\ref 08547
\lxam ista:kwistli de un tli:ltik
\lxam_c ista:kwistli de un tli:ltik
\dt 27/Aug/2004
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld tree
\ref 08548
\lxam tsatsapotsi:n de we:lik
\lxam_c tsatsapotsi:n de we:lik
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld kuwtli
\ref 08549
\lxam yeyekatso:ltsi:n
\lxam_c yeyekatso:ltsi:n
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semref tlatlapi:tsaltsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 08550
\lxam tlatlapi:tsaltsi:n
\lxam_c tlatlapi:tsaltsi:n
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semref yeyekatsoltsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 08551
\lxam tetekolo:tsi:n de un pi:pitik
\lxam_c tetekolo:tsi:n de un pi:pitik
\dt 27/Aug/2004
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld kuwtsi:ntli
\ref 08552
\lxam tetekolo:tsi:n de un uwe:i
\lxam_c tetekolo:tsi:n de un uwe:i
\dt 27/Aug/2004
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld kuwtsi:ntli
\semref tetekolo:tsi:n de xwelik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 08553
\lxam tetekolo:tsi:n de un xwe:lik
\lxam_c tetekolo:tsi:n de un xwe:lik
\dt 27/Aug/2004
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld kuwtsi:ntli
\semref tetekolo:tsi:n de uwe:i
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 08554
\lxam tlako:tl para tlachpa:nwa:stli
\lxam_c tlako:tl para tlachpa:nwa:stli
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld tlako:tl
\root tlako:
\root chpa:na
\ref 08555
\lxam kakawana:n
\lxam_c kakawana:n
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld tree
\semref kakawana:nchih
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 08556
\lxam isti bwe:yeh
\lxam_c isti bwe:yeh
\dt 10/Apr/2003
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld kuwtsi:ntli
\ref 08557
\lxam ikuw chichi de we:lik
\lxam_c ikuw chichi de we:lik
\dt 10/Apr/2003
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld komekatl
\ref 08558
\lxam xo:wi:lika:tsi:n
\lxam_c xo:wi:lika:tsi:n
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld komekatl
\ref 08559
\lxam nextamalxo:chitl
\lxam_c nextamalxo:chitl
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld kuwtsi:ntli
\ref 08560
\lxam popoi:toh
\lxam_c popoi:toh
\lxoa popoi:toh
\lxoa_cpend popoi:toh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\loan pollo
\der N-loan
\sense_e in Oapan this is apparently the more common name for Aristolochia foetidaKunth (also known as tlakó:patlítomá:wak) given the shape of its
flowers
\sense_s en Oapan aparentemente este es el nombre más común para Aristolochia foetidaKunth (también conocido como tlakó:patlítomá:wak) dado la
forma de sus flores
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\qry Check for p/a in Oapan. Also make sure that this is indeed the Aristolochia foetida Kunth. Finally, determine whether this term is the name of the same plant in Am, or whether there
it also refers to another plant (as I believe is the case). Check recordings.
\ref 08561
\lxam memexkaltsi:n de ipan kuwtli notla:lia
\lxam_c *memexkaltsi:n de ipan kuwtli notla:lia
\dt 10/Jan/2003
\psm N
\semfld plant
\ref 08562
\lxam to:nalkaxa:ni
\lxam_c to:nalkaxa:ni
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a
\ref 08563
\lxam ka:lsah
\lxam_c i:ka:lsah
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08564
\lxam yo:li:xkosese:ya
\lxam_c yo:li:xkosese:ya
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\root yo:l
\root_rel -i:xko
\ref 08565
\lxam chi:liksi
\lxam_c chi:liksi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\root chi:l
\root ksi
\ref 08566
\lxam tlato:lkuwtilia
\lxam_c notlato:lkuwtilia
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\infv class-2a
\ref 08567
\lxam nextamalkwitla
\lxam_c nextamalkwitla
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08568
\lxam nelwayo:tsonteki
\lxam_c kinelwayo:tsonteki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a(k)
\ref 08569
\lxam kuwmimilte:ka
\lxam_c kikuwmimilte:ka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-4a
\ref 08570
\lxam te:ko:ntlapa:na de un ixo:chio asul sele:steh
\lxam_c te:ko:ntlapa:na de un ixo:chio asul sele:steh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\nse This is the morning glory with larger flowers, cf. te:ko:ntlapa:na a:sul ultramá:r
\ref 08571
\lxam te:ko:ntlapa:na de un ixo:chio asul mora:doh
\lxam_c te:ko:ntlapa:na de un ixo:chio asul mora:doh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\nse This is the morning glory with smaller flowers, also known as te:ko:ntlapa:na a:sul ultramá:r ; cf. te:ko:ntlapa:na a:sul sele:steh.
\ref 08572
\lxam to:motlaxkahli de wekapan
\lxam_c to:motlaxkahli de wekapan
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\ref 08573
\lxam ila:mah de un istá:k
\lxam_c ila:mah de un istá:k
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld kuwtli
\nse This is also referred to as i:la:makuwtli istá:k.
\ref 08574
\lxam ila:mah de un moradi:toh
\lxam_c ila:mah de un moradi:toh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld kuwtli
\nse This is also referred to as i:la:makuwtli moradi:toh.
\ref 08575
\lxam te:tlatia de susuwa:tl
\lxam_c te:tlatia de susuwa:tl
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld kuwtli
\ref 08576
\lxam te:tlatia de tlatla:katl
\lxam_c te:tlatia de tlatla:katl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\sense_e same as te:tlatia pitsa:wak
\sense_s lo mismo que te:tlatia pitsa:wak
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kuwtli
\ref 08577
\lxam kostik xo:chitl de un wekapania
\lxam_c kostik xo:chitl de un wekapania
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\sense_e same as kostik xo:chitl uwe:i
\sense_s lo mismo que kostik xo:chitl uwe:i
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld flower
\ref 08578
\lxam sa:ntokopalkuwtli
\lxam_c sa:ntokopalkuwtli
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld kuwtli
\root kopal
\root kow
\ref 08579
\lxam kopa:lsa:ntoh
\lxam_c kopa:lsa:ntoh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\sense_e same as sa:ntokopalkuwtli
\sense_s lo mismo que sa:ntokopalkuwtli
\sense_d Pending
\qry_fon Check vowel length; this might be a reborrowin gfrom Spanish hence the long /a:/, not in the original Nahuatl word. Check.
\ref 08580
\lxam xiwtli de un kochi
\lxam_c xiwtli de un kochi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\sense_e same as kochi xiwtli
\sense_s lo mismo que kochi xiwtli
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\ref 08581
\lxam iko:lah koyo:tl
\lxoa_cpend *i:ko:lah koyo:tl
\dt 10/Apr/2003
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\ref 08582
\lxam komekatl de ma:rgari:tah
\lxam_c komekatl de ma:rgari:tah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld komekatl
\nse During the Sept. 2001 fieldwork session this was identified as kuwtsi:ntli de margari:tah.
\ref 08583
\lxam ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl koló:r de ro:sah
\lxam_c ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl koló:r de ro:sah
\dt 20/Jan/2005
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld tree
\ref 08584
\lxam ó:rganoh para tlapextli
\lxam_c ó:rganoh para tlapextli
\dt 20/Jan/2005
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld cactus
\root pech
\ref 08585
\lxam matsa:nxiwtli
\lxam_c matsa:nxiwtli
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\root matsa:n
\root xiw
\ref 08586
\lxam ixi:tepoi:toh
\lxam_c ixi:tepoi:toh
\dt 10/Apr/2003
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld kuwtsi:ntli
\qry_fon Check /tew/ or /te/ before /poi:toh/.
\ref 08587
\lxam oo:lo:tsi:n
\lxam_c oo:lo:tsi:n
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\ref 08588
\lxam tlachpa:nwa:stli de istá:k
\lxam_c tlachpa:nwa:stli de istá:k
\dt 19/May/2005
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld tlako:tl
\ref 08589
\lxam nana:ntsi:n de un xoxo:hka:iksi
\lxam_c nana:ntsi:n de un xoxo:hka:iksi
\dt 27/Aug/2004
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld kuwtli
\ref 08590
\lxam nana:ntsi:n de un kokostik
\lxam_c nana:ntsi:n de un kokostik
\dt 27/Aug/2004
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld kuwtli
\ref 08591
\lxam tlaxi:xtli
\lxam_c tlaxi:xtli
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld kuwtsi:ntli
\root xi:xa
\ref 08592
\lxam to:motla:lsa:watl
\lxam_c *to:motla:lsa:watl
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld to:motli
\ref 08593
\lxam a:wexo:tl
\lxam_c a:wexo:tl
\lxoa a:waxo:tl
\lxoa_cpend a:waxo:tl
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\ref 08594
\lxam boli:chih
\lxam_c boli:chih
\lxoa boli:cheh
\lxoa_cpend boli:cheh
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\psm N
\semfld plant
\semfld kuwtli
\ref 08595
\lxam malakakuwtli
\lxam_c malakakuwtli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e type of tree still not identified
\sense_s tipo deárbol todavía no identificado
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Malakakuwtli | Bwe:noh para mori:yos, sole:rah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Malakakuwtli : It is good for house beams and main support beams.
\phrase_s Malakakuwtli : Es bueno para morillos y soleras.
\root malaka
\root kow
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\semref malakawistli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08596
\lxam sempwalxo:chitl de tlatla:katl
\lxam_alt sampwalxo:chitl de tlatla:katl
\lxam_c sempwalxo:chitl de tlatla:katl
\lxoa sampwelxo:chitl de tlatla:katl
\lxoa_alt sempwelxo:chitl de tlatla:katl
\lxoa_c sampwelxo:chitl de tlatla:katl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e marigold
\sense_s cempasúchil o zempoalsúchil, tambíen flor de muerto
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld flower
\root sem
\root powa
\root xo:ch
\root tla:ka
\notes_nature This is classified by consultants as both a xo:chitl and xiwtli. Schoenhals (1988) under flor de muerto states, in part:"1. (Tagetes
erecta) 'marigold,' 'African marigold.' Since ancient times, marigolds have been associated with religious rites. They are currently used in the Day of the Dead
observances [All Saints holidays]. A widely cultivated plant; it is common in cemeteries as well as gardens. Also called caléndula azteca, cempasúchil, cempaxúchil, clavel
de oro, zempoalxóchitl."All consultants mentioned that there is both a male and female variety, the former being smaller and with fewer
\qry_fon Check whether C. Flores starts with /sampw.../ or /sempw.../.
\semfld flower
\ref 08597
\lxam sempwalxo:chitl de susuwa:tl
\lxam_alt sampwalxo:chitl de susuwa:tl
\lxam_c sempwalxo:chitl de susuwa:tl
\lxoa sampwelxo:chitl de sísiwá:tl
\lxoa_alt sempwelxo:chitl de sísiwá:tl
\lxoa_c sampwelxo:chitl de sísiwá:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e marigold
\sense_s cempasúchil o zempoalsúchil, tambíen flor de muerto
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld flower
\root sem
\root powa
\root xo:ch
\root tla:ka
\notes_nature This is classified by consultants as both a xo:chitl and xiwtli. Schoenhals (1988) under flor de muerto states, in part:"1. (Tagetes
erecta) 'marigold,' 'African marigold.' Since ancient times, marigolds have been associated with religious rites. They are currently used in the Day of the Dead
observances [All Saints holidays]. A widely cultivated plant; it is common in cemeteries as well as gardens. Also called caléndula azteca, cempaschil, cempaxóchil, clavel de
oro, zempoalxóchitl."All consultants mentioned that there is both a male and female variety, the former being smaller and with fewer
\qry_fon Check whether C. Flores starts with /sampw.../ or /sempw.../.
\semfld flower
\ref 08598
\lxam tlama:tsowia
\lxam_c kitlama:tsowia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\infv class-2a
\ref 08599
\lxam ma:tsowilia
\lxam_c kima:tsowilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\infv class-2a
\ref 08600
\lxam we:i patli
\lxam_c we:i patli
\lxoa we:ípatlí
\lxoa_cpend we:ípatlí
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-compl
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of hallucinogenic medical herbaceous plant still not collected nor identified
\sense_s tipo de planta herbácea medicinal que causa halucinaciones todavía no colectada ni identificada
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semfld medicine
\root we:i
\root pah
\nse According to some consultants in Oapan, this plant is also known as kwa:techipahtsi:n, though this second name needs to be further substantiated.
\ref 08601
\lxam tsi:ntsomo:nia
\lxam_c kitsi:ntsomo:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\root tsi:n
\root tsomo:
\ref 08602
\lxam mona:rkah
\lxam_c mona:rkah
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08603
\lxam ye:xpa
\lxam_c ye:xpa
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm Adv
\root ye:i
\ref 08604
\lxam tlapextsi:ntli
\lxam_c tlapextsi:ntli
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm N
\root pech
\ref 08605
\lxam tlatlatoh
\lxam_c tlatlatoh
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\root hto
\ref 08606
\lxam uwelaxtik
\lxam_c uwelaxtik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lexical Op. prefix te-
\psm Adj
\root welax
\ref 08607
\lxam uwelaxiwi
\lxam_c uwelaxiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\root welax
\ref 08608
\lxam kukwetlaxiwi
\lxam_c kukwetlaxiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\ref 08609
\lxam witso:kwia
\lxam_c kwitso:kwia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\root witso:k
\ref 08610
\lxam ye:lteketsiwi
\lxam_c ye:lteketsiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\root ye:l
\ref 08611
\lxam xo:panki:xtia
\lxam_c xo:panki:xtia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-2a
\ref 08612
\lxam ye:ltekestik
\lxam_c ye:ltekestik
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08613
\lxam ux
\lxam_c dale nokone:w ne:nkah ux
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08614
\lxam uch
\lxam_c dale nokone:w ma tpe:wi:kan touch
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08615
\lxam wa:lwi:ka
\lxam_c kwa:lwi:ka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-4a
\ref 08616
\lxam yeko:ltilia
\lxam_c kiyeko:ltilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\infv class-2a
\root ehko
\ref 08617
\lxam we:weka:wtipan
\lxam_c we:weka:wtipan
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\sense_e very rarely; only every once in a while
\sense_s raramente; solamente de vez en cuando
\sense_d Pending
\ref 08618
\lxam wi:wixowa
\lxam_c kwi:wixowa
\lxoa tewi:wixowa
\lxoa_cpend kitewi:wixowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to shake (e.g., a person to wake them up)
\sense_s mover fuerte de un lado a otro (p. ej., una persona para despertarla)
\sense_d Pending
\root wix
\ref 08619
\lxam ma:xi:lo:papatlaxtik
\lxam_c ma:xi:lo:tepapatlaxtik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\root ma:
\root xi:lo:
\nse In describing this word Cristino Flores pointed to his forearm in referring to i:ma:xi:lo:w. At other times he had referred to the biceps. Here he stated that the term can
refer to both parts of the arm.
\ref 08620
\lxam tlayewi:ltia
\lxam_c kitlayewi:ltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\ref 08621
\lxam i:xte:ntlikwi
\lxam_c i:xte:ntlikwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\ref 08622
\lxam i:xte:ntsonakaita
\lxam_c ki:xte:ntsonakaita
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv Irregular; see ita
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root tsonaka
\root ta
\ref 08623
\lxam i:xte:nkwitlanextik
\lxam_c i:xte:nkwitlanextik
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\psm Adj
\root i:x
\grm Reduplication: Note discussion here by Cristino Flores of the difference between /i:xte:nkwitlanextik/ and /i:xte:nkukwitlanextik/.
\ref 08624
\lxam tla:yo:tilia
\lxam_c kitla:yo:tilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\root a:
\ref 08625
\lxam kwitlaxkolki:xtia
\lxam_c kikwitlaxkolki:xtia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\ref 08626
\lxam tsi:nnekwiliwtok
\lxam_c tsi:nnekwiliwtok
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm Adj
\root tsi:n
\ref 08627
\lxam kukwi
\lxam_c kikukwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-4a
\ref 08628
\lxam burronextamalkwitla
\lxam_c burronextamalkwitla
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08629
\lxam to:ronextamalkwitla
\lxam_c to:ronextamalkwitla
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08630
\lxam ba:kanextamalkwitla
\lxam_c ba:kanextamalkwitla
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08631
\lxam krusadi:toh
\lxam_c krusadi:toh
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08632
\lxam san ontla:tlachia
\lxam_c san ontla:tlachia
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08633
\lxam korra:l we:i
\lxam_c korra:l we:i
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08634
\lxam korrali:toh
\lxam_c korrali:toh
\dt 29/Jul/2002
\psm N
\ref 08635
\lxam a:njoli:nteki
\lxam_c a:njoli:nteki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(k)
\qry_fon Check vowel length.
\ref 08636
\lxam a:tlakwa
\lxam_c a:tlakwa
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-1
\sense_e to drink while eating
\sense_s beber al comer
\sense_d Pending
\root a:
\root kwa
\nse Someone who drinks with his meal is said to a:tlakwatiw. This is not the normal way in which Ameyaltepequeños (and apparently others from nearby villages)
traditionally eat. Rather, the traditional way is to finish eating and then drink. In fact, there is a story, probably apocryphal, in Ameyaltepec of a visitor who was invited to eat and got
up to take some water from the large clay water jug (a:ko:ntli). When he returned to where he had been eating his plate was gone, his having gone to get water
had been taken as a sign that he had finished eating.
\mod Note citaiton of this in cf 1-50 at about 12:16.
\dt 20/Feb/2006
\ref 08637
\lxam i:xte:nxoxok
\lxam_c i:xte:nxoxok
\lxoa i:xte:nxoxok
\lxoa_c i:xte:nxoxok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to have green eyes
\sense_s tener los ojos verdes
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to have ones eyes painted green with mascara
\sense_s estar con, o tener, los ojos pintados verdes con maquillaje
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to have a black eye
\sense_s tener un moretón por el ojo
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root xo
\nse In Oapan if there are a lot of bruises the form i:xte:ntexó:xók can be used. In Ameyaltepec to refer to a person with a black eye one would say
o:i:xte:nxoxo:wiak.
\qry Check vowel length in /-xoxok/. Check whether /i:xte:ntexoxok/ is correct as the 'singular' and /i:xte:nxó:xók/ can be used for the plural (i.e., without /te-/. Check.
\grm Oapan reduplication: Note If there are a lot of bruises: i:xte:ntexó:xók whereas the singular is /i:xte:nxoxok/ is the singular.
\semref i:xtexoxok
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 08638
\lxam tsi:nkoto:na
\lxam_c kitsi:nkoto:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-ni
\infv class-3a
\root tsi:n
\root koto:
\ref 08639
\lxam tlatsoyowa:na
\lxam_c tlatsoyowa:na
\dt 07/Aug/2002
\dt 07/Aug/2002
\ref 08640
\lxam tsi:nkuwyo:kopi:na
\lxam_c kitsi:nkuwyo:kopi:na
\dt 07/Aug/2002
\ref 08641
\lxam ikxikwe:chiwi
\lxam_c ikxikwe:chiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\root kxi
\root kwe:ch
\ref 08642
\lxam tlatsmoli:nahlo:tl
\lxam_c tlatsmoli:nahlo:tl
\lxam_cpend tlatsmoli:nahlo:tl
\dt 08/Aug/2002
\ref 08643
\lxam tsopi:lo:na:ntli
\lxam_c tsopi:lo:na:ntli
\lxam_cpend tsopi:lo:na:ntli
\dt 08/Aug/2002
\ref 08644
\lxam ma:pipilkatok
\lxam_c ma:pipilkatok
\lxam_cpend ma:pipilkatok
\dt 08/Aug/2002
\ref 08645
\lxam kwa:meme:chaki:sa
\lxam_c kwa:meme:chaki:sa
\lxam_cpend kwa:meme:chaki:sa
\dt 08/Aug/2002
\ref 08646
\lxam kwa:i:xiwintilia
\lxam_c kikwa:i:xiwintilia
\lxam_cpend kikwa:i:xiwintilia
\dt 08/Aug/2002
\ref 08647
\lxam aujah de michin
\lxam_c aujah de michin
\lxam_cpend aujah de michin
\dt 08/Aug/2002
\ref 08648
\lxam a:mikilistli
\lxam_c a:mikilistli
\dt 07/Aug/2002
\ref 08649
\lxam a:xa:hloh
\lxam_c a:xa:hloh
\dt 07/Aug/2002
\ref 08650
\lxam to:rokone:tl
\lxam_c to:rokone:tl
\dt 07/Aug/2002
\ref 08651
\lxam i:xte:nxoxo:hki
\lxam_c i:xte:nxoxo:hki
\lxam_cpend i:xte:nxoxo:hki
\dt 08/Aug/2002
\psm Adj
\ref 08652
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa na:hyo:pan
\lxoa_cpend i na:hyo:pan
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\sense_e the fourth day (from a given point in time)
\sense_s el tercer día (después de un día dado)
\sense_d Oa
\nse Remi Simeón has an entry for nauhyopa o nauhyopan "adv. precedido a menudo de ye o ye on. Hace cuatro días."He relates this
etymologically to iyopa or yopa meaning 'the first time' or 'only one time.'
\ref 08653
\lxam i:xita
\lxam_c ki:xita
\lxam_cpend ki:xita
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e to judge or estimate with ones eyes (i.e., by looking)
\sense_s estimar con la vista
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root ita
\ref 08654
\lxam itikoltotsiwilistli
\lxam_c itikoltotsiwilistli
\lxam_cpend itikoltotsiwilistli
\dt 08/Aug/2002
\ref 08655
\lxam tlatotonwia
\lxam_c kitlatotonwia
\lxam_cpend kitlatotonwia
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e to sic (a dog) on
\sense_s echar (un perro) encima de
\sense_d Pending
\ref 08656
\lxam tlapo:kte:mi
\lxam_c tlapo:kte:mi
\dt 07/Aug/2002
\ref 08657
\lxam tlatekxi:ni
\lxam_c tlatekxi:ni
\lxam_cpend tlatekxi:ni
\dt 08/Aug/2002
\ref 08658
\lxam kwa:po:ksolektik
\lxam_c kwa:po:ksolektik
\lxam_cpend kwa:po:ksolektik
\dt 08/Aug/2002
\ref 08659
\lxam tlanchikohlo:tia
\lxam_c kitlanchikohlo:tia
\lxam_cpend kitlanchikohlo:tia
\dt 07/Aug/2002
\ref 08660
\lxam chikohlo:tia
\lxam_c kichikohlo:tia
\lxam_cpend kichikohlo:tia
\dt 07/Aug/2002
\ref 08661
\lxam mantik
\lxam_c mantik
\lxam_cpend mantik
\dt 07/Aug/2002
\ref 08662
\lxam kwa:uwasowa
\lxam_c nokwa:uwasowa
\lxam_cpend nokwa:uwasowa
\dt 07/Aug/2002
\ref 08663
\lxam ikxiyeti:ya
\lxam_c ikxiyeti:ya
\lxam_cpend ikxiyeti:ya
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia[k][v]
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to have ones legs to feel heavy
\sense_s sentirse las piernas pesadas y cansadas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kxi
\root e
\ref 08664
\lxam pitsa:hka:no:li:ni
\lxam_c pitsa:hka:no:li:ni
\lxam_cpend pitsa:hka:no:li:ni
\dt 07/Aug/2002
\ref 08665
\lxam ma:o:li:ni
\lxam_c ma:o:li:ni
\lxam_cpend ma:o:li:ni
\dt 08/Aug/2002
\ref 08666
\lxam ikxio:li:ni
\lxam_c ikxio:li:ni
\lxam_cpend ikxio:li:ni
\dt 08/Aug/2002
\ref 08667
\lxam pitsotetlayel
\lxam_c pitsotetlayel
\lxam_cpend pitsotetlayel
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lexical Op. infix te- : pitsotetlayel
\ref 08668
\lxam tliwe:wentsi:n
\lxam_c tliwe:wentsi:n
\lxam_cpend tliwe:wentsi:n
\dt 07/Aug/2002
\ref 08669
\lxam tlilamatsi:n
\lxam_c tlilamatsi:n
\lxam_cpend tlilamatsi:n
\dt 07/Aug/2002
\ref 08670
\lxam itipo:te:tia
\lxam_c itipo:te:tia
\dt 07/Aug/2002
\ref 08671
\lxam tlikuwxaxama:nia
\lxam_c tlikuwxaxama:nia
\lxam_cpend tlikuwxaxama:nia
\dt 08/Aug/2002
\ref 08672
\lxam rreso:rtekuwtsi:ntli
\lxam_c rreso:rtekuwtsi:ntli
\lxam_cpend rreso:rtekuwtsi:ntli
\dt 08/Aug/2002
\ref 08673
\lxam kextotolkatok
\lxam_c kextotolkatok
\lxam_cpend kextotolkatok
\dt 08/Aug/2002
\ref 08674
\lxam mihka:pan
\lxam_c i:mihka:pan
\lxam_cpend mihka:pan
\dt 08/Aug/2002
\ref 08675
\lxam i:xte:nkwe:ntia
\lxam_c ki:xte:nkwe:ntia
\lxam_cpend ki:xte:nkwe:ntia
\dt 08/Aug/2002
\ref 08676
\lxam te:pipi:na:wtih
\lxam_c te:pipi:na:wtih
\lxam_cpend te:pipi:na:wtih
\dt 08/Aug/2002
\qry Question meaning of /san te:pipi:na:wtih ika o:niwa:hlah/.
\ref 08677
\lxam tla:ltikpak
\lxam_c tla:ltikpak
\lxam_cpend tla:ltikpak
\lxoa tla:ltehpak
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\sense_e (ritual) (~ kristia:noh) person
\sense_s (ritual) (~ kristia:noh) persona
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (ritual) term often found in stories, combined with other terms such as te:lpakawahto indicate what would literally be 'earthly young man', etc.
\sense_s (ritual) término utilizado a menudo en cuentos, combinado con otros términos como te:lpakawahpara indicar lo que literalmente sería 'hombre terrestre'
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:l
\root_rel -ikpak
\ref 08678
\lxam tlapetso:hloh
\lxam_c tlapetso:hloh
\lxam_cpend tlapetso:hloh
\dt 08/Aug/2002
\ref 08679
\lxam xopaltsi:n
\lxam_c xopaltsi:n
\lxam_cpend xopaltsi:n
\dt 08/Aug/2002
\ref 08680
\lxam weyakte:ma
\lxam_c kweyakte:ma
\lxam_cpend kweyakte:ma
\dt 07/Aug/2002
\ref 08681
\lxam ma:koltotsiwilistli
\lxam_c ma:koltotsiwilistli
\lxam_cpend ma:koltotsiwilistli
\dt 08/Aug/2002
\ref 08682
\lxam ikxikoltotsiwilistli
\lxam_c ikxikoltotsiwilistli
\lxam_cpend ikxikoltotsiwilistli
\dt 08/Aug/2002
\ref 08683
\lxam a:xi:xkwalo:listli
\lxam_c a:xi:xkwalo:listli
\lxam_cpend a:xi:xkwalo:listli
\dt 08/Aug/2002
\ref 08684
\lxam tlasaki:ltia
\lxam_c kitlasaki:ltia
\lxam_cpend kitlasaki:ltia
\dt 07/Aug/2002
\ref 08685
\lxam tema:tsowa
\lxam_c notema:tsowa
\lxam_cpend notema:tsowa
\dt 07/Aug/2002
\ref 08686
\lxam kwa:po:ksole:wi
\lxam_c kwa:po:ksole:wi
\lxam_cpend kwa:po:ksole:wi
\dt 07/Aug/2002
\ref 08687
\lxam xopale:wa
\lxam_c kixopale:wa
\lxam_cpend kixopale:wa
\dt 07/Aug/2002
\ref 08688
\lxam xopale:wi
\lxam_c xopale:wi
\lxam_cpend xopale:wi
\lxoa xópalé:wi
\lxoa_pr xopale:wi
\lxoa_cpend xópalé:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e for ones skin (of a person near death) to turn dark purple
\sense_s volversele la piel morada oscura (a una persona a punto de morir)
\sense_d Oa
\root xohpal
\nse The meaning of this word is unclear and should be carefully checked with older speakers. It is a word seldom used. In Oapan, Roberto Mauricio stated that it means
kwa:pa:ya:kwi and translated it into Spanish as 'tener marea'. However, Victórico Jiménez and his wife said that it was used to refer to the color that the skin of a
person on the verge of death becomes. Although the mentioned a dizziness, they seemed to associate this not with the meaning of xópalé:wi itself, but rather as another
symptom of being near death. Finally, although Cristino Flores (Am) gave a transitive form of this verb, this might be a result of elicitation and should be checked. The etymology is
not clear, but the pitch accent of the Oapan form suggests an underlying {h}. The one person from San Juan I asked had not heard of this word.
\qry_h Check for /h/. Oapan apparently has a pitch accent.
\ref 08689
\lxam techikol
\lxam_cpend techikol
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj(ap)
\lexical te-
\der Adj-ap
\sense_e to be tall and thin (e.g., a person)
\sense_s ser alto y delgado (p. ej., una persona)
\sense_d Am
\src_s CF Dict Discussion 07001-07050/00:50
\root chikol
\ref 08689
\lxam techikoltik
\lxam_cpend techikoltik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\lexical Lex. prefix te-
\der Adj-tik
\sense_e to be tall and thin (e.g., a person)
\sense_s ser alto y delgado (p. ej., una persona)
\sense_d Am
\src_s CF Dict Discussion 07001-07050/00:50
\root chikol
\qry Check whether form without /te-/ is correct. Check other meanings.
\ref 08691
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tepatlachmichin
\lxoa_cpend tepatlachmichin
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e carp (a type of fish found in the Balsas River)
\sense_s carpa (tipo de pez encontrado en el Río Balsas)
\sense_d Oa
\semref a:pitso
\semref_t natural
\semref_d Am
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\nde In Ameyaltepec this fish is known as a:pitso and in Tlalcozauhtitlan as a:patlach
\root patlach
\root mich
\ref 08692
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xa:la:michin
\lxoa_cpend xa:la:michin
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-(N-N)
\sense_e type of small fish with a big belly (like a po:tetl)
\sense_s tipo de pez pequeño barrigón (como un po:tetl)
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:l
\root a:
\root mich
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\nse According to Roberto Mauricio (Oa) this is a small fish, but it is different from that known as xa:lmichin.
\ref 08693
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlama:pilowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lxoa_cpend tlama:pilowa
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-(N-V2)
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to fish with a line and hook by holding the line in ones hand (cf. tlapilowa)
\sense_s pescar con hilo y anzuelo sostenido en la mano (cf. tlapilowa)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root pil
\ref 08694
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa abió:n mátlapalkó:pi:l
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\loan (part) avión
\der N-comp
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e jet
\sense_s jet
\sense_d Oa
\root mah
\root tlapal
\nse This word was documented in a non-elicited context in Oapan as a term that was used with jets were first noticed. The term mátlapalkó:pi:l described the form of the
wings, which are close to the sides of the plane, unlike the avionetasformerly seen in the area.
\ref 08695
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i na:hyo:pan
\lxoa_cpend i na:hyo:pan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\sense_e the day before the day before yesterday
\sense_s el día anterior al antier
\sense_d Oa
\root na:wi
\root_rel pan
\nse The etymology and derivation of this term is uncertain. Florencia Marcelino (Oa) used it in reference to the day after the day after tomorrow. It apparently is a possessed term and
the"possessor"might be the present day (e.g., a:man ina:yyo:pan) although this needs to be checked. Note that the double /yy/ is derived from an underlying sequence
of {wy} and that the first /y/ is voiceless. It still remains to be determined whether the orthographic /ina:yyo:pan/ is the best way of representing this sequence, or whether
/ina:wyo:pan/ might be better.
\grm Oapan orthography: Note the sequence /yy/ derived from underlying {wy} with the first /y/ voiceless. Determine whether this is the best way of representing this sound
sequence.
\ref 08696
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa te:nkoko:ya
\lxoa_cpend te:nkoko:ya
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\lexical rdp-s
\lexical_d Oa
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to feel a burning sensation in ones mouth (from contact with sth spicy such as chile)
\sense_s sentir un dolor ardiente en la boca (por contacto con algo picoso como el chile)
\sense_d Oa
\root te:n
\root koko:
\semref te:nto:ne:wi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08697
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixikaki
\lxoa_cpend kixikaki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\der V2-b
\incorp N-V2
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to recognize (sb) from the sound of his footsteps
\sense_s reconocer (a algn) por el paso de sus pies
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to recognize (sth, such as a truck) from the sound it (i.e., its motor) makes
\sense_s reconocer (a algo, como una camioneta) por el sonido que hace al caminar
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root kaki
\ref 08698
\lxam tlawiwi:ka
\lxam_cpend tlawiwi:ka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\lexical rdp-s/*
\lexical_d Am
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to take or carry away ones possessions (as in moving from one place to another)
\sense_s llevar las posesiones de uno a otro lugar (p. ej., al cambiar de morado de un lugar a otro)
\sense_d Am
\root wi:ka
\nse In the Ameyaltepec term tlawiwi:ka the short vowel reduplication (with underlying {h} coda in the reduplicant) indicates the plurality of the objects carried. The
tla- prefix is idiomatically used to indicate the fact that it is ones possessions are those that are taken. In Amyeltepec the verb wi:ka can be used with
animate or inanimate objects and has an implicit directional sense of 'away from a deictic point of reference' (in this case the point of origin of the subject). In Oapan
wi:kais used only with animates with the sense of 'to accompany.' For material objects the form ihtiis used. Note also that if many trips are made, a
long vowel reduplication is used: tlawi:wi:ka. Cf. to tlaoonkwi and tlawawa:lki of Ameyaltepec and tlaí:tiand
tlá:kwifrom Oapan. Note that the opposite of tlawiwi:ka in Ameyaltepec is tlawawa:lki whereas the opposite of Oapan tlaíh
tíis wa:htla wá:hki. All four of these terms are used when the person carrying the items departs from the same place as the objects. Thus
tlawiwi:ka and tlaítí are used when the agent is originally at the same point as the objects taken and he takes these objects with him in leaving. At the
same time tlawawa:lki and wa:htlawá:hkíare used when the agent departs toward a deictic point of reference with the items that he is carrying.
However, there is another set of verbs used if the agent goes in a certain direction to pick up items that he them takes with him. To indicate the idea that one comes toward a given
location to pick up and take away ones things (all at one time) Ameyaltepec used tlawawa:lki (or, in the past o:tlawawa:lki) whereas Oapan used
wa:htlá:kwí (or, in the past, o:tlá:kwíko). To indicate the idea that one goes toward a given location to pick up an d bring back ones things, A
meyaltepec used tlaoonkwi w h e reas Oapan uses ontlá:kwís. See the entries for Ameyaltepec tlawawa:lki and
tlaoonkwi and for Oapan tlaíhtí, tlá:kwís, and wa:htlawá:hkí. Thus, to summarize, one has the following equivalences:
1) to take ones belongings from a point of departure to a destination (there): Ameyaltepec tlawiwi:ka / o:tlawiwi:kak and Oapan tlaíhtí /
o:tlaíhtík ; 2) to bring ones belongings from a point of departure to a destination (here): Ameyaltepec tlawawa:lki / o:tlawawa:lkik and
Oapan wa:htlawá:hkí / o:wa:htlawá:hkík ; 3) to go to a given place (there) to pick up ones things and bring them back: Ameyaltepec
tlaoonkwi / o:tlakwikwito and Oapan ontlá:kwi / o:tlá:kwikó ; and finally, 4) to come to a given plac e (here) to pick up
ones things and take them away: Ameyaltepec wa:ltlawawa:lki / o:tlawawa:lkiko and Oapan wa:htlá:kwi / o:tlá: kw ikó.
\grm Reduplication: In the Ameyaltepec term tlawiwi:ka the short vowel reduplication (with underlying {h} coda in the reduplicant) indicates the plurality of the
objects carried. The tla- prefix is idiomatically used to indicate the fact that it is ones possessions are those that are taken. In Amyeltepec the verb
wi:ka can be used with animate or inanimate objects and has an implicit directional sense of 'away from a deictic point of reference' (in this case the point
of origin of the subject). In Oapan wi:kais used only with animates with the sense of 'to accompany.' For material objects the form ihtiis
used. Note also that if many trips are made, a long vowel reduplication is used: tlawi:wi:ka. Cf. to tlaoonkwi and
tlawawa:lki of Ameyaltepec and tlaí:tiand tlá:kwifrom Oapan. Note that the opposite of tlawiwi:ka in
Ameyaltepec is tlawawa:lki whereas the opposite of O apan tl aíhtíis wa:htlawá:hki. All four of these terms are used when
the person carrying the items departs from the same place as the objects. Thus tlawiwi:ka and tlaítí are used when the agent is originally at the
same point as the objects taken and he takes these objects with him in leaving. At the same time tlawawa:lki and wa:htlawá:hkíare used
when the agent departs toward a deictic point of reference with the items that he is carrying. However, there is another set of verbs used if the agent goes in a certain
direction to pick up items that he them takes with him. To indicate the idea that one comes toward a given location to pick up and take away ones things (all at one time)
Ameyaltepec used tlawawa:lki (or, in the past o:tlawawa:lki) whereas Oapan used wa:htlá:kwí (or, in the past,
o:tlá:kwíko). To indicate the idea that one goes toward a given locatio n to pick up and bring back ones things, Ameyaltepec used tlaoonkwi
whereas Oapan uses ontlá:kwís. See the entries for Ameyaltepec tlawawa:lki and tlaoonkwi and for Oapan
tlaíhtí, tlá:kwís, and wa:htlawá:hkí. Thus, to summarize, one has the following equivalences: 1) to take ones belongings from
a point of departure to a destination (there): Ameyaltepec tlawiwi:ka / o:tlawiwi:kak and Oapan tlaíhtí /
o:tlaíhtík ; 2) to bring ones belongings from a point of departure to a destination (here): Ameyaltepec tlawawa:lki /
o:tlawawa:lkik and Oapan wa:htlawá:hkí / o:wa:htlawá:hkík ; 3) to go to a given place (there) to pick up ones things and
bring them back: Ameyaltepec tlaoonkwi / o:tlakwikwito and Oapan ontlá:kwi / o:tlá:kwikó ; and finally, 4) to
come to a given place (here) to pick up ones things and take them away: Ameyaltepec wa:ltlawa wa:lki / o:tlawawa:lkiko and Oapan
wa:htlá:kwi/ o:tlá:kwikó.
\semref tlaítí
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08699
\lxam tlawawa:lki
\lxam_alt tlawawa:hki
\lxam_cpend tlawawa:lki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-(dir-V2)
\der V2-b
\lexical rdp-s/*
\lexical_d Am
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to bring ones possessions (as in moving from an old place of residence to a new one; Oa syn. wa:htlawá:hkí)
\sense_s traer las posesiones de uno a otro lugar (p. ej., al cambiar de morado de un lugar a otro; Oa sin. wa:htlawá:hkí)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to come to take ones possessions away (Oa. syn. tlá:kwí)
\sense_s venir a recoger y llevar las posesiones de uno a otro lugar (Oa. sin. tlá:kwí)
\sense_d Am
\root kwi
\nse In the Ameyaltepec term tlawawa:lki the short vowel reduplication (with underlying {h} coda in the reduplicant) indicates the plurality of the objects carried. The
tla- prefix is idiomatically used to indicate the fact that it is ones possessions are those that are brought. If many trips are made, long vowel reduplication is used:
tlawa:wa:lki. For further discussion, see entry under tlawiwi:ka. The pronunciation of tlawawa:lki was given by Inocencio Díaz, it may
be that others use tlawawa:hki given the alternation between wa:hki and wa:lki in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl (see entry under
wa:hki. Note that the two senses of tlawawa:lki 'to bring ones possessions (along with one as one moves from one place to another)' and 'to come
pick up and take away' is apparently derived from the two sense of wa:hki in Ameyaltepec as 'to bring' and 'to come and get (to take away)'. However, like
wa:hki there are two d istinct past tenses. O:tlawawa:lkik meaning 'he brought his possessions with him here' and o:tlakwi:kwiko 'he
came here to take his possessions away.' The reason for the long vowel reduplication is not clear, given that in all other forms a short vowel reduplication is used (cf. also Oapan
o:tlá:kwikó). It might be that the long vowel reduplication is simply in order to distinguish this form from o:tlakukwiko 'he came to pick it up (off the
ground).' For a further discussion, see entry under tlawiwi:ka (Am).
\grm Reduplication: In the Ameyaltepec term tlawawa:lki the short vowel reduplication (with underlying {h} coda in the reduplicant) indicates the plurality of the
objects carried. The tla- prefix is idiomatically used to indicate the fact that it is ones possessions are those that are brought. If many trips are made, long vowel
reduplication is used: tlawa:wa:lki. For further discussion, see entry under tlawiwi:ka. The pronunciation of tlawawa:lki was
given by Inocencio Díaz, it may be that others use tlawawa:hki given the alternation between wa:hki and wa:lki in
Ameyaltepec Nahuatl (see entry under wa:hki. Note that the two senses of tlawawa:lki 'to bring ones possessions (along with one as one
moves from one place to another)' and 'to come pick up and take away' is apparently derived from the two sense of wa:hki in Ameyaltepec as 'to bring' and
'to come and get (to take away)'. However, like wa:hkithere are two distinct past tenses. O:tlawawa:lkik meaning 'he brought his possessions
with him here' and o:tlakwi:kwiko 'he came here to take his possessions away.' The reason for the long vowel reduplication is not clear, given that in all
other forms a short vowel reduplication is used (cf. also Oapan o:tlá:kwikó). It might be that the long vowel reduplication is simply in order to distinguish this
form from o:tlakukwiko 'he came to pick it up (off the ground).' For a further discussion, see entry under tlawiwi:ka (Am).
\semref tlá:kwi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08700
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlaí:htí
\lxoa_pr tlaí:hti
\lxoa_cpend tlaí:htí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Oa
\pitch yes
\sense_e to take or carry away ones possessions (as in moving from one place to another)
\sense_s llevar las posesiones de uno a otro lugar (p. ej., al cambiar de morado de un lugar a otro) }
\sense_d Am
\root tki
\nse For further discussion, see Ameyaltepec tlawiwi:ka. Since the Oapan verb ihtihas an implict directional meaning, it is never used (as far as I have
been able to determine) with a directional affix. It is only used with material objects; for animates the verb wi:kais used.
\qry Check lack of directional use with /iti/.
\semref tlawiwi:ka
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 08701
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa wa:htlawá:hkí
\lxoa_pr wa:htlawá:hki
\lxoa_cpend wa:htlawá:hkí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp dir-tla-(dir-V2)
\der V2-b
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Oa
\pitch yes
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to bring ones possessions (as in moving from an old place of residence to a new one)
\sense_s traer las posesiones de uno a otro lugar (p. ej., al cambiar de morado de un lugar a otro)
\sense_d Am
\root kwi
\nse The Oapan term is interesting given that the reduction of the reduplicant is on the first vowel of the verb wa:hki with is both long and preceded by the semivowel /w/.
Nevertheless, the pitch accent and the general meaning strongly suggest that the pitch accent is the reflex of an underlying reduplicant. If so, this would be the only case so far noted
of reduplicant being reduced on a long vowel that is not stem initial. This should be checked. Note also that Roberto Mauricio gave the perfective form of this verb as
o:wa:htlawá:hkík, which indicates that the initial directional has been fused to the stem and is a second directional in this verb. For a further discussion of these terms,
see entry under tlawiwi:ka (Am) as well as tlawawa:lki.
\semref tlawawa:lki
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 08702
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlá:kwí
\lxoa_pr tlá:kwi
\lxoa_cpend ontlá:kwí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp tla-(dir-V2)
\der V2-b
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Oa
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes
\sense_e (with directional affix) to come (or go) to take ones possessions away
\sense_s (con afijo directional) venir a recoger y llevar las posesiones de uno a otro lugar
\sense_d Oa
\root kwi
\nse The Oapan verb tlá:kwí is used with a full range of directional affixes to indicate that an agent at a given location goes to another place to pick up and bring back his
possessions. Thus one has ontlá:kwís 'he will go to pick up and bring back his possessions' and o:tlá:kwikó 'he came to pick up and take away his
possessions'. The Ameyaltepec equivalent of this use is oontlakwi. However, the Oapan term tlá:kwí may also be used with an intraverse directional
(e.g., wa:htlá:kwís 'he will come to pick up and taken away his possessions.' In this sense the Ameyaltepec equivalent is wa:ltlawawa:lkis , or, in the
perfective, o:tlawawa:lkik. For further discussion, see entry under tlawiwi:ka.
\semref tlaoonkwi
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tlawawa:lki
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 08703
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa papahtekolo:tl
\lxoa_cpend papahtekolo:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of Pygmy-Owl, perhaps the Mountain Pygmy-Owl, Glaucidium gnoma, G. griseiceps, or a closely related species
\sense_s tipo de buho pequeño, quizá Glaucidium gnoma, G. griseiceps, o una especie cercana
\sense_d Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 25, p. 360
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root tekolo:
\nse It is still not clear if this refers to only one species of tecolote or to various. Nor is it certain how many species there in fact are in the valley.
\notes_nature The tekolo:tl is not classified as a to:to:tl by speakers.
\semref metlapiltetso:tsontsi:n
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref kupa:ktekolo:tl
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 08704
\lxam te:po:poloh
\lxam_cpend te:po:poloh
\lxoa te:po:poloh
\lxoa_cpend te:po:poloh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e confusing
\sense_s que causa confusión, que confunde
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root pol
\nse For example, in giving directions to someone who then looks confused one might say, xte:po:polohótlí (Oa) 'the road is not confusing' meaning that the way to the
destination is easy, that it is not confusing.
\ref 08705
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa te:kwik
\lxoa_cpend te:kwik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e sth that gets on people, clothes, etc., dirtying them (e.g., earth, loose adobe, etc.)
\sense_s algo que fácilmente queda sobre las personas, la ropa, etc., dejándolos sucios (p. ej., tierra, adobe no bien compactado, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root kwi
\nse I heard this word first uttered by someone from Oapan who leaned up against my house wall, made of compact earth called sillarand then realized that his shirt had
been left with a cover of dusty earth. Apparently it is equivalent, at least in this use, to té:asík (Oa), although there may perhaps be some difference in collocational use.
\semref té:asík
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08706
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa té:asík
\lxoa_cpend té:asík
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e sth that gets on people, clothes, etc., dirtying them (e.g., earth, loose adobe, etc.)
\sense_s algo que fácilmente queda sobre las personas, la ropa, etc., dejándolos sucios (p. ej., tierra, adobe no bien compactado, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root ahsi
\semref te:kwik
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08707
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tenexa:wi:teki
\lxoa_cpend kitenexa:wi:teki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp (N-N)-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e whitewash
\sense_s blanquear (p. ej., una pared) con cal
\sense_d Oa
\root tenex
\root a:
\root wi:teki
\ref 08708
\lxam a:tlakwi:ltia
\lxam_cpend ka:tlakwi:ltia
\lxoa á:tlakwí:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Oa
\sense_e to use (e.g., a mule or other beast of burden) to draw water
\sense_s utilizar (p. ej., una mula u otra bestia) para traer agua
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root a:
\root kwi
\nse The causative construction here is of a transitive verb, which is somewhat rare in Nahuatl. Note, however, that it is used to refer to"causing"a non-volitional animal (a beast of
burden) to carry water, i.e., to using an animal for such a purpose.
\nae In Oapan átlakwí is usually found in reduplicated form (i.e., with a reduplicant reduced onto the long intial vowel of the stem); in Ameyaltepec this verb is rarely
reduplicated. The same pattern continues onto the causative construction of the present entry.
\grm Causative; reduplication: re /a:tlakwi:ltia/: The causative construction here is of a transitive verb, which is somewhat rare in Nahuatl. Note, however, that it is used to refer
to"causing"a non-volitional animal (a beast of burden) to carry water, i.e., to using an animal for such a purpose.
\ref 08709
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:skawia
\lxoa_f [a:s ka 'wi ya]
\lxoa_cpend ka:skawiah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-wia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to get attacked or covered by ants (e.g., a bed, a person, tortillas, etc.)
\sense_s ser atacado o cubierto por hormigas (p. ej., una cama, una persona, tortillas, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root a:ska
\nse This verb is only used in the plural.
\nae There is a general alternation between Ameyaltepec and Oapan for passive constructions with nonvolitional agents between -wi:lo endings in Ameyaltepec and
-wia endings in Oapan. Thus one finds Ameyaltepec a:skawi:lo and Oapan a:skawia, which like sa:yo:lwiaalways has a
plural 3rd person"subject."Note that the 3rd person plural subject is also used in passive construction such as mitsmikti:skeh 'you will be killed.' In Ameyaltepec the form
ta:skawi:lo:s was uttered spontaneously by Inocencio Díaz when he saw my bed covered with ants. When I asked Florencia Marcelino (Oa) for the Oapan form, she
gave mitsa:skawi:skeh. Note that Launey suggests that forms such as kiawi:lo are derived from an"applicative"of an impersonal (parallel to the -wi/-wia
alternation of some applicatives).
\grm Passive: There is a general alternation between Ameyaltepec and Oapan for passive constructions with nonvolitional agents between -wi:lo endings in
Ameyaltepec and -wia endings in Oapan. Thus one finds Ameyaltepec a:skawi:lo and Oapan a:skawia, which like
sa:yo:lwiaalways has a plural 3rd person"subject."Note that the 3rd person plural subject is also used in passive construction such as
mitsmikti:skeh 'you will be killed.' In Ameyaltepec the form ta:skawi:lo:s was uttered spontaneously by Inocencio Díaz when he saw my bed covered
with ants. When I asked Florencia Marcelino (Oa) for the Oapan form, she gave mitsa:skawi:skeh. Note that Launey suggests that forms such as
kiawi:lo are derived from an"applicative"of an impersonal (parallel to the -wi/-wia alternation of some applicatives).
\semref a:skawi:lo
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 08710
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ítipilíwi
\lxoa_pr itipiliwi
\lxoa_cpend ítipilíwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e for ones belly (of a fat person) to sag down head to droop down
\sense_s tener la barriga grande y colgante (p. ej., una persona gorda)
\sense_d Oa
\root hti
\root pil
\ref 08711
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kohtlípatlí
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-compl
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of tree still not identified that is noted for its hard wood (good for horcones) and whose sap causes blisters
\sense_s tipo deárbol todavía no identificado que se conoce por su dura madera (es bueno para horcones) y cuya savia causa ampollas
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\root kow
\root pah
\ref 08714
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa a:kama:yah
\lxoa_cpend a:kama:yah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\compound N-N
\infn N1
\sense_e type of marine animal, red in color, like a chakalin(shrimp) only slightly larger
\sense_s tipo de animal marino, rojo de color, como un chakalin(camarón) sino un poquito más grande
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\root a:
\root kama:yah
\ref 08715
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlako:michin
\lxoa_cpend tlako:michin
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b-in
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e type of small fish so called for its long, thin form
\sense_s tipo de pez pequeño asíllamado por su forma larga y delgada
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\root tlako:
\root mich
\ref 08715
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlaye:wahli
\lxoa_cpend tlaye:wahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\sense_e type of tree still not identified nor collected; in Spanish it is called both tlamiawal or palo morado
\sense_s tipo deárbol todavía no identificado no colectado; en español se llama tanto 'tlamiawal' como 'palo morado'
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli (pending)
\root tlaye:wal
\notes_nature The wood of this tree is also good for the main beams of houses (mori:yoh). It is extremely hard. The tree flowers in January and February with small,
purplish flowers. The Spanish name was given by Tomás Muñoz García, a man originally from Teloloapan who now lives in Iguala.
\qry Etymology uncertain, check.
\semref tlamia:wahli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref tlapeya:wahli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08716
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mixti:greh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) tigre
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-loan
\infn N1
\sense_e type of inedible fish that just appeared in Oapan about 2001; the fish is spiney, has a large mouth on the front lower part of its body; it is considered very ugly; no one
knows where it came from
\sense_s tipo de pez no comestible que apenas apareciópor el río de Oapan por el año 2001 (más o menos); este pez tiene púas, una larga boca por la parte inferior del cuerpo; se
considera muy feo; nadie sabe por donde viene
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld marine
\root mich
\ref 08716
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlatla:katilistli
\lxoa_cpend tlatla:katilistli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-lis
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e Christman Eve
\sense_s Noche Buena
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:ka
\nse See entry under tlatla:kati.
\ref 08717
\lxam tsi:n
\lxam_cpend tsi:n
\lxoa tsi:n
\lxoa_alt tsi:h
\lxoa_cpend tsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Baby
\der N-bb
\sense_e little bug; creepy-crawler (generally in reference to a bug; baby talk)
\sense_s animalito (generalmente en referencia a un insecto; habla de niños)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Mitskwa:s tsi:n!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e That little-bitty bug is going to bite you!
\phrase_s ¡El animalito pequeño te va a morder!
\semfld baby
\root tsi:n
\nae Apparently this children's word is derived from yo:lka:tsi:n. It is equivalent, or the virtual equivalent, of i:x. It seems that i:x
is used more in Ameyaltepec, and tsi:n more in Oapan.
\ref 08718
\lxam i:x
\lxam_cpend i:x
\lxoa i:x
\lxoa_cpend i:x
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Baby
\der N-bb
\sense_e little bug; creepy-crawler (generally in reference to a bug; baby talk)
\sense_s animalito (generalmente en referencia a un insecto; habla de niños)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Mitskwa:s i:x!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e That little-bitty bug is going to bite you!
\phrase_s ¡El animalito pequeño te va a morder!
\semfld baby
\root kowi:x
\nae Apparently this children's word is derived from kuwi:xin (Am) / kowi:xin(Oa). It is equivalent, or the virtual equivalent, of tsi:n. It
seems that i:x is used more in Ameyaltepec, and tsi:n more in Oapan.
\ref 08719
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlaxopilo:hli
\lxoa_cpend tlaxopilo:hli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn N1
\sense_e spoonful
\sense_s cucharada
\sense_d Oa
\root xopil
\nse Although I have not heard this word used in natural conversation, several consultants in Oapan have given this as the correct term. For example, once when I mistakenly used the
term tlaxopihli, Inocencio Jiménez quickly corrected me with tlaxopilo:hli. Silvestre Pantaleón some time later gave the same term.
\ref 08720
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xo:pan tlakwahli
\lxoa_cpend xo:pan tlakwahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e food that is eaten during the summer, being the time that such food is abundant (such as green beans, yexo:tl)
\sense_s comida que se come durante el verano, por ser el tiempo en que abunda (p. ej., ejotes, yexo:tl)
\sense_d Oa
\root xo:
\root oh
\root_rel -pan
\nae Provisionally this entry has been written as two words although a check with a recorded version should clarify whether this decision is correct. If this word is found in Ameyaltepec
(as well as Oapan, where it has been documented in natural speech) one would expect a velarized nasal before a word boundary and the absence of velarization with a single word;
see sana:man (vs. san a:man). Note, however, that with the lexicalized xo:pan po:cho:tl there is a definite /n/ in xo:pan
and no shift to a bilabial nasal (/m/).
\qry_fon Note: listen for velarization of nasal in /xo:pan/ in Am pronunciation. If this is the case, then it indicates two words. Recheck and correct here and elsewhere as necessary.
\ref 08721
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kóhpatlí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of tree with medicinal properties, still not collected nor identified
\sense_s tipo deárbol con propiedades medicinales, todavía no colectado ni identificado
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld kohtli
\semfld medicine
\root kow
\root pah
\notes_nature The mother of Inocencio Jiménez mentioned that the bark of this tree is crushed and ground up and boiled in water. It is then drunk. It functions as a remedy for children
who have diarrhea or noxwitiah.
\ref 08722
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlak
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N(rel)
\der Rel-stem/poss-sim
\infn N2(rel)
\sense_e see collocation with kalaki; cf. Am -tech)
\sense_s véase colocación con kalaki; véase Am -tech)
\sense_d Oa
\root tlak
\ref 08723
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ta:tamaliwi
\lxoa_c ta:tamaliwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi(a)
\lexical rdp-s
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get red, weal-like bumps on ones skin
\sense_s salirsele ronchas rojas a la piel como de verdugones
\sense_d Oa
\flo ta:tapale:wi
\root tamal
\nse See ta:tamale:wi. Victórico Jiménez used the form ta:tamaliwiand did not seem to accept ta:tamale:wi. He used this term when referring
to what happened to his skin when he gets bit by a scorpion. His wife mentioned that it refers to many small red bumps that surface, as if one had been bitten by many mosquitos.
\qry Make sure the unreduplicated form does not exist. The /lxo field here should should be changed to /ta:tapale:wi/ for Oapan and another entry set for /ta:tamale:wi/. Also, the
recordings should be adjusted.
\root_notes The root tapal seems clearly related to tlapal , which has to do with dye, paint, or ink and the color red.
\semref tatapale:wi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 08724
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa istapanowa
\lxoa_cpend istapanowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4c(pano)
\sense_e to get too salty
\sense_s pasarse de sal
\sense_d Oa
\root sta
\root pano:
\ref 08725
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa nekaxa:ni:lxihtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e type of vine still not collected or identified
\sense_s tipo de bejucco todavía no colectada ni identificada
\sense_d Oa
\root kaxa:
\root xiw
\notes_nature According to Chica, wife of Manuel Jiménez, this is a plant distinct from /nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl/. However, it is also used to cure women who have become"loosened"or débil
from working too soon after having given birth.
\ref 08726
\lxam pa:hka:kwa
\lxam_cpend kipa:hka:kwa
\lxoa pa:hka:kwa
\lxoa_cpend kipa:hka:kwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Part-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-1
\sense_e to eat with gusto or relish
\sense_s comer con gusto y muchas ganas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root pa:ki
\root kwa
\ref 08727
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tekpinxo:chitl
\lxoa_cpend tekpinxo:chitl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of herbaceous plant with small red flowers, still not collected nor identified
\sense_s tipo de planta herbácea con pequeñas flores rojas, todavía no colectada ni identificada
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld fl
\root tekp
\root xo:ch
\ref 08728
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa komichkwitlatl xo:chitl
\lxoa_cpend komichkwitlatl xo:chitl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N-compl
\compound N-N
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of herbaceous plant still not collected nor identified
\sense_s tipo de planta herbácea todavía no colectada ni identificada
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld fl
\root kimich
\root kwitla
\root xo:chi
\ref 08729
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:tl ina:n
\lxoa_cpend a:tl ina:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N-compl
\compound N-N
\infn N1
\sense_e type of herbaceous plant still not collected nor identified
\sense_s tipo de planta herbácea todavía no colectada ni identificada
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld fl
\root a:
\root na:n
\ref 08730
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kowi:skiámó:hli
\lxoa_cpend kowi:skiámó:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound (N-N)-N
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e fruit of the Zizyphus mexicana, tree of the Rhamnaceae family, that is ground up and used as shampoo
\sense_s fruta del Zizyphus mexicana,árbol de la familia Rhamnaceae, que se utiliza molida como shampú
\sense_d Oa
\root ko
\root i:ski
\root ahmo:l
\ref 08731
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlase:ntekuwahli
\lxoa_cpend tlase:ntekuwahli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound (N-V2)-Ag
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn N1
\sense_e sth bought in its complete form (e.g., clothes already sewn)
\sense_s algo comprado en su forma completa (p. ej., ropa ya cosida)
\sense_d Oa
\root se:m
\root ko:wa
\qry_fon Recheck vowel length. I have heard it long. Cf. to /senki:sa/.
\ref 08732
\lxam tlakuwahli
\lxam_cpend tlakuwahli
\lxoa tlakuwahli
\lxoa_cpend tlakuwahli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e sth bought
\sense_s algo comprado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ko:wa
\ref 08733
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlapochi:nahli
\lxoa_cpend tlapochi:nahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn N1
\sense_e sth that has been carded (such as maguey fiber to make hemp rope)
\sense_s algo que ha sido cardado (como la fibra de maguey que se utiliza para hacer cuerda de ichtli)
\sense_d Oa
\root pochi:
\nse The process of making maguey fiber starts with stripping the meat from the maguey leaves, leaving the inner fibers which, if of ka:ka:lo:te:ntliare then put into
bunches that are violently snapped and agitated in ones hands, in order that the remaining meaty parts of the maguey fall off. This is referred to as nó:moló:nia. After
this is accomplished the strands are pulled apart, almost one by one, and the strands are placed parallel in a neatly arranged bundle. This is then twisted into rope or twine.
\ref 08734
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa konexa:ko:ntli
\lxoa_cpend konexa:ko:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound (N-N)-(N-N)
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(m)
\sense_e larger earthen water jug (see a:ko:ntli) in which at large fiestas nextamahliis made
\sense_s tinaja grande de tierra (véase a:ko:ntli) en la cual se hace nixtamal en las fiestas grandes
\sense_d Oa
\root ko
\root nex
\root a:
\root ko:m
\nse Before large metal vidones appeared, the konexa:ko:ntih were employed to make nixtamal. The maize was poured into the earthenware jug
and then hot tenexa:tlwas poured over it so that the maize whould loose its outer husk.
\nae The etymology of konexa:ko:ntli is uncertain. Native speakers often relate the first ko to ko:ntli, but as far as I can determine the vowel
length is distinct. It is possible that the initial ko- is the second element of tliko, but this is somewhat unlikely.
\ref 08735
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:kayo:chin
\lxoa_cpend a:kayo:chin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e type of edible grasshopper still not identified
\sense_s tipo de chapulin comestible, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root a:ka
\nse According to Lupe Tolentino and several other consultants, the a:kayo:chin is the male counterpart of (and as such smaller than) the a:kayo:chpestli.
However, according to Roberto Mauricio the a:kayo:chin and the a:kayo:chpestli are two different types of grasshopper. He stated that there are two
a:kayo:chin, one male and one female. The male is thin and the female is thick. The male is reddish and the female is tetla:ltik, i.e., grey. They appear in
early June at the first rains.
\nae The etymology of a:kayo:chin is uncertain.
\ref 08736
\lxam chi:chiwalka:wa
\lxam_cpend chi:chiwalka:wa
\lxoa chi:chiwalka:wa
\lxoa_cpend chi:chiwalka:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to stop suckling (a child or animal)
\sense_s dejar de tomar leche de pecho (un niño o animal pequeño)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root chi:chi
\root ka:wa
\xref chi:chiwalka:waltia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08737
\lxam chi:chiwalka:waltia
\lxam_cpend kichi:chiwalka:waltia
\lxoa chi:chiwalka:waltia
\lxoa_cpend kichi:chiwalka:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to wean (a child or animal)
\sense_s dejar de dar pecho a (un niño o animal pequeño)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root chi:chi
\root ka:wa
\xref chi:chiwalka:walka:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08738
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsontekoma:ma
\lxoa_cpend tsontekoma:ma
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-0
\infn N1
\sense_e type of inedible grasshopper still not identified
\sense_s tipo de chapulin no comestible todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root tson
\root tekoma
\root ma:ma
\ref 08739
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwa:techipahtsi:n
\lxoa_cpend kwa:techipahtsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik
\lexical Lex. te-
\sense_e another name for some people in Oapan for the plant known as we:ípatlí
\sense_s otro nombre para algunas personas de Oapan para la planta conocida como we:ípatlí
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semfld medicine
\root kwa:
\root chipa:
\nse At least one individual from Oapan mentioned that kwa:techipahtsi:n is an alternative name for we:ípatlí, the plant most commonly used as an
intoxicating remedy for witchcraft afflictions.
\ref 08740
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa Sa:n Martí:n
\lxoa_cpend Sa:n Martí:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\loan San Martí:n
\der N-compl
\infn N1
\sense_e name used by some Oapan curanderos and individuals to refer to chikomolin, Leucaena sp.Benth., type of guaje of the
Leguminoseae family
\sense_s nombre utilizado por algunos curanderos e individuos de Oapan para referirse al chikomolin, Leucaena sp.Benth., type of guaje of
the Leguminoseae family
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semfld medicine
\nse According to Bartolo Mondragón, a curandero from Oapan, Sa:n Martí:n is an alternate name for chikomolin. It is thus like Sa:n
Pe:droh(tenexyetl) and Margari:tah(sese:htsi:n), which are also alternate human or saints names for plants.
\semref chikomolin
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08741
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa Sa:n Pe:droh
\lxoa_cpend Sa:n Pe:droh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\loan San Pedro
\compound N-compl
\infn N1
\sense_e name used by some Oapan curanderos and individuals to refer to tenexyetl, Nicotiana plumbaginifoliaViviani, plant of the Solanaceae family
\sense_s nombre utilizado por algunos curanderos e individuos de Oapan para referirse al tenexyetl, Nicotiana plumbaginifoliaViviani, plant of the
Solanaceae family
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semfld medicine
\nse According to Bartolo Mondragón, a curandero from Oapan, Sa:n Pe:droh is an alternate name for tenexyetl. It is thus like Sa:n
Martí:n(chikomolin) and Margari:tah(sese:htsi:n), which are also alternate human or saints names for plants.
\semref tenexyetl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08742
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa Margari:tah
\lxoa_cpend Margari:tah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\loan Margarita
\infn N1
\sense_e name used by some Oapan curanderos and individuals to refer to sese:htsi:n, a plant still not collected nor identified
\sense_s nombre utilizado por algunos curanderos e individuos de Oapan para referirse al sese:htsi:n, una planta todavía no colectada ni identificada
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld xiwtli
\semfld medicine
\nse According to Bartolo Mondragón, a curandero from Oapan, Margari:tah is an alternate name for sese:htsi:n. It is thus like Sa:n
Martí:n(chikomolin) and Sa:n Pe:droh(tenexyetl), which are also alternate human or saints names for plants.
\semref sese:htsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08743
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlámacha:ní:hli
\lxoa_cpend tlámacha:ní:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e double pair of palm leaves that are meshed together at their places of bifurcation (two leaves on each side)
\sense_s doble par de hojas de palma que están entrelazadas por sus bifurcaciones
\sense_d Oa
\root mahcha:
\ilus_note create illustration or photo
\nse The deverbal noun tlámacha:ní:hli is often
\nae The etymology of tlámacha:ní:hli is uncertain. See 'macha:nía
\ref 08744
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa 'macha:nia
\lxoa_cpend kímachá:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to place together two pairs of bifurcated objects (particularly palm, but also things such as rods) so that each pair is inserted into the bifurcation of the other
\sense_s juntar dos pares de objetos bifurcados (particularmente palma, pero también cosas como varas) para que cada par se inserta en la bifurcación del otro
\sense_d Oa
\root mahcha:
\qry_h Check for location of /h/
\nae With transitive verbs that have a pitch accent shift to the prefix, when the imperative is used the pitch accent remains on the initial syllable of the verb: xmáchá:ni.
\qry_fon Check p-a of imperative vis-a-vis: With transitive verbs that have a pitch accent shift to the prefix, when the imperative is used the pitch accent remains on the initial syllable
of the verb: xmáchá:ni.
\grmx Oapan phonology: With transitive verbs that have a pitch accent shift to the prefix, when the imperative is used the pitch accent remains on the initial syllable of the verb:
xmáchá:ni. [note that this should be rechecked].
\semref tlámacha:ní:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08745
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlamali:ntli
\lxoa_cpend tlamali:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-perf
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e sth (usually cord of hemp) that is made by twisting strands (usually of maguey fiber, (yextli), which is twisted against ones leg; however it can also be used to
refer to other things, such as wire, that is twined)
\sense_s algo (generalmente cuerda de fibra) que se hace al torcer hilos (generalmente de fibra de maguey, yextli, que se tuerce contra la pierna; sin embargo se
puede utilizar también para referirse a alambre recocido que ha sido torcido)
\sense_d Oa
\root mali:
\semref tlamali:nahli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08746
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlamali:nahli
\lxoa_cpend tlamali:nahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn N1
\sense_e sth (usually cord of hemp) that is made by twisting strands (usually of maguey fiber, (yextli), which is twisted against ones leg; however it can also be used to
refer to other things, such as wire, that is twined)
\sense_s algo (generalmente cuerda de fibra) que se hace al torcer hilos (generalmente de fibra de maguey, yextli, que se tuerce contra la pierna; sin embargo se
puede utilizar también para referirse a alambre recocido que ha sido torcido)
\sense_d Oa
\root mali:
\semref tlamali:ntli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08747
\lxam tlatetsi:lo:hli
\lxam_cpend tlatetsi:lo:hli
\lxoa tlatetsi:lo:hli
\lxoa_cpend tlatetsi:lo:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e twine or cord that has two or more strands that have been twisted together with a taravía
\sense_s laso o cuerda que tiene dos o más hilos que han sido torcidos juntos por medio de una taravía
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tetsi:l
\ref 08748
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tili:nka:ketsa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Part-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to pull (sth such as a strand of a rope, thread, etc.) tight so that it remains taught
\sense_s jalar (algo como un hilo de un laso, de ropa, etc.) para que quede jalado y apretado
\sense_d Oa
\root tili:
\root ketsa
\nse I have also documented this word, in the reflexive, in reference to an item of clothing in which one strand has been pulled taught causing the cloth to bunch up.
\qry Check further meanings.
\ref 08749
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tli:lihki tlako:tl
\lxoa_cpend tli:lihki tlako:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-compl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of rod not yet collected nor identified that was used in the roofing of thatched houses
\sense_s tipo de vara todavía no colectada ni identificada que se utilizaba en los techos de palma y zacate
\sense_d Oa
\semfld plant
\semfld rod
\root tli:l
\root tlako:
\ref 08750
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yo
\lxoa_cpend yo ista:k
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Reltzer
\der Reltzer-b
\sense_e the one that
\sense_s el que; la que
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n ¡Tiaweh yónawá!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Let us go my dear!
\phrase_s ¡Vamos corazón!
\root yehwa
\root on
\nse See yonfor further discussion.
\semref yon
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08751
\lxam iú:n
\lxam_alt yeú:n
\lxam_cpend iú:n chi:chi:ltik
\lxoa yon
\lxoa_cpend yon chi:chi:ltik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Reltzer
\der Reltzer-b
\sense_e the one that
\sense_s el que; la que
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Nihkuwas se: burri:toh i-n [tli:n] we:i.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I will buy a donkey that is big.
\phrase_s Voy a comprar un burro grande.
\phrase_n Tikwi:kas yon tawá!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e You will accompany your partner (lit. 'the one who is yours')!
\phrase_s Vas a acompañar a tu corazón!
\root yehwa
\root on
\nse Note the use of yon with the emphatic pronouns to indicate 'the one who is (of the person indicated by the pronoun).'
\nae Apprently yo and yon are in complementary distribution. They are used in relative phrases, apparently for all relativizing clauses: of subject, object,
locative, etc. The form yon seems to occur before words that begin with a consonant (except a nasal) or /w/. The other form, yo, is found before
vowels, nasals, and variably (along with yo) before /y/.
\grm Relative clauses: Note the use of yon with the emphatic pronouns to indicate 'the one who is (of the person indicated by the pronoun).' /yo nawa/, /yo tawa/,
etc.
\semref yo
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref iú:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 08752
\lxam piliwi
\lxam_cpend piliwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\ref 08753
\lxam pilowa
\lxam_cpend kipilowa
\lxoa pi:lowa
\lxoa_cpend kipi:lowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\ref 08754
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa te:liwi
\lxoa_cpend onte:liwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[ca]
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (with extraverse directional affix) to reach a point (sth being put into a hole or similar place) where it doesn't fit or cannot be further pushed in
\sense_s (con afijo direccional extraversa) llegar a un punto (p. ej., algo metido en un hoyo o agujero) donde no queda más
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xok nitlakwa:s, yo:te:liwito.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I won't eat anymore, it (the food I've eaten) has come up against a brick wall (i.e., cannot fit in anymore).
\phrase_s Ya no voy a comer, ya (la comida que he comido) se topócontra pared.
\nse Te:liwi is always found with an extraverse directional, on-, -ti, -to, or -to:ya as the case calls for. But because it
may take either a prefix or suffix, depending upon the tenses or aspect, the verbal stem alone has been chosen for the headword entry. Apparently te:liwi is
synonymous (though much less common) with ye:wi.
\root te:l
\semref ye:wi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08755
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xá:po kwé:xtli
\lxoa_pr xa:poh kwe:xtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) jabón
\psm N
\der N-compl
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\pitch yes
\sense_e detergent (used for washing dishes and, often, clothes)
\sense_s detergente (utilizado para lavar trastes y, a menudo, ropa)
\sense_d Oa
\root kwe:ch
\ref 08756
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xá:po tepí:stik
\lxoa_pr xa:poh tepi:stik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) jabón
\psm N
\der N-compl
\infn N1
\pitch yes
\sense_e type of hard white soap in a bar (used for washing clothes)
\sense_s detergente (utilizado para lavar trastes y, a menudo, ropa)
\sense_d Oa
\root kwe:ch
\ref 08757
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xá:po tsóyá:k
\lxoa_pr xa:poh tsoya:k
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) jabón
\psm N
\der N-compl
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e hand soap (i.e., bar of perfumed soap used for the body)
\sense_s jabón perfumado (utilizado para lavar el cuerpo)
\sense_d Oa
\root tso
\root hya:
\ref 08758
\lxam na:mí:
\lxoa na:mí:
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e see na:miki
\sense_s véase na:miki
\sense_d Oa
\root na:miki
\semref ní:
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08759
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:l-
\lxoa_cpend tla:ltoto:nia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Undeter
\sense_e the precise nature of tla:l- is not clear. It is found as a preclitic before certain verbs indicating bodily states of illness to indicate an incipient stage
\sense_s la naturaleza precisa de tla:l no es claro. Se encuentra como preclítico de ciertos verbos de enfermedades para indicar una etapa incipiente
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:l
\semref tla:ltoto:nia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref tla:lxo:tla
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref tla:lkówasíwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08760
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:ltoto:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Clit-V1
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\sense_e to feel an incipient fever
\sense_s sentir una calentura incipiente
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:l
\root to:n
\semref tla:lxo:tla
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref tla:l-
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08761
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:lxo:tla
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Clit-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to feel an incipient fever
\sense_s sentir una calentura incipiente
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:l
\root xo:tla
\semref tla:ltoto:nia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\semref tla:l-
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08762
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:lkówasíwi
\lxoa_pr tla:lkowasiwi
\lxoa_cpend tla:lkówasíwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp Clit-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to feel incipient aches in ones body
\sense_s sentir dolores del cuerpo incipientes
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:l
\root kowa
\root hsi
\semref tla:l-
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08763
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa so:ya:so
\lxoa_cpend kiso:ya:so
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to pierce thatching with a kuwi:xinwith a strand of palm that is then used to tie the thatching to the roof
\sense_s perforrar un techo de sacate o palma con un kuwi:xincon una sola hoja de palma que entonces se utiliza para atar el sacate o palma al techo
\sense_d Oa
\root so:ya:
\root so
\nse This process is done slowly, with a person on the ground passing a strand of palm to a person outside the roof who then uses the palm to tie the thatching material to the roof.
\qry Determine precise difference between /so:ya:so/ and /so:ya:matilowa/.
\semref so:ya:matilowa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\nae See the discussion under so.
\ref 08764
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa so:ya:matilowa
\lxoa_cpend kiso:ya:matilowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to pierce thatching with a kuwi:xinwith a palm tied end to end that is then used to tie the thatching to the roof
\sense_s perforrar un techo de sacate o palma con un kuwi:xincon una larga tira de palma atada cabo a cabo, que entonces se utiliza para atar el sacate o palma al
techo
\sense_d Oa
\root so:ya:
\root matil
\nse This process is done slowly, with a person on the ground passing a palm to a person outside the roof who ties the palm end to end and then uses it to tie the thatching material to the
roof.
\qry Determine precise difference between /so:ya:so/ and /so:ya:matilowa/.
\semref so:ya:so
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08765
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mile:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi[e]
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e see miliwi
\sense_s véase miliwi
\sense_d Oa
\root mil
\ref 08766
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsoma
\lxoa_cpend tlatsoma
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e to thatch (a house, with palm or grass)
\sense_s poner un techo (de palma o zacate a una casa)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsoma
\nse Apparently the object of this verb is the house, or similar construction, that is thatched. The verb is often used in the antipassive, tlatsoma with oblique reference to the
object that is thatched, p. ej., tlatsomalo ya so:yo:tl.
\qry Check full meaning and use. Also can this be used as /kitsoma/. Check for pa.
\ref 08767
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:yo:chpilowa
\lxoa_cpend na:yo:chpilowa
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\der V2-alt-wi
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) to get a watery sore on ones skin
\sense_s (refl.) formarse una ampolla con agua en la piel
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root pil
\nse The difference between this and a:yo:tia, á:xopó:ni, or á:xotó:niis not entirely clear. I have documented a:yo:chpilowa in
reference to a sore that developed on a little girls lips. Roberto Mauricio also said that it can be used also in reference to the watery blisters that may develop on someone's hands
after chopping wood for an entire day.
\nae The etymology of this word is not altogether clear, particularly the origin of /ch/. It may be related to the palatalization of the sequence /tia/ which is this reanalyzed as part of a stem.
\ref 08768
\lxam tepo:tskalaki
\lxam_cpend tepo:tskalaki
\lxoa tepo:tskalaki
\lxoa_cpend tepo:tskalaki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-b
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to get stuffed into a space or container)
\sense_s meterse en (algo) hasta quedarse apretado o atiborrado
\sense_d Oa
\root tepo:ts
\root kalak
\vl There are four additional tokens at 06173. From the original 5294 tokens, link the 2nd female token and 2nd male token.
\xref tepo:tskalaktia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref tepo:tskalahtia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 08769
\lxam para
\lxam_cpend para
\lxoa para
\lxoa_cpend para
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Conj
\der Conj-loan
\sense_e in order that; for
\sense_s para
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to be for
\sense_s ser para
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nse In Oapan and Ameyaltepec para can be used predicatively with xtlah, which is fronted: xtlah nipara 'I'm not good for anything,' / 'No soy
para nada'. The analysis of this form is not entirely clear, but it may be derived from a basic or underlying sequence nipara xtla in which ni- is the subject
preclitic placed at the beginning of the clause para xtlah ('para nada'). This seems to be clearly a calque from the Spanish, but the fact that Nahuatl accepts such
predicate forms is interesting and perhaps indicates a basic tendency to accept predication in a wide variety of circumstances. Note that the Spanish loan de can also
function or be used in a similar vein, as in Ameyaltepec nide San Juan 'I am from San Juan.'
\grm Predication: In Oapan, at least, para can be used predicatively with xtlah, which is fronted: xtlah nipara 'I'm not good for
anything,' / 'No soy para nada'. The analysis of this form is not entirely clear, but it may be derived from a basic or underlying sequence nipara xtla in which
ni- is the subject preclitic placed at the beginning of the clause para xtlah ('para nada'). This seems to be clearly a calque from the Spanish, but
the fact that Nahuatl accepts such predicate forms is interesting and perhaps indicates a basic tendency to accept predication in a wide variety of circumstances. Note that
the Spanish loan de can also function or be used in a similar vein, as in Ameyaltepec nide San Juan 'I am from San Juan.'
\ref 08770
\lxam tsakwa:naltia
\dt 22/Jun/2004
\ref 08771
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwaltsi:n
\lxoa_cpend kwaltsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\der N-tsi:n
\sense_e used by young women in Oapan as in interjection to indicate joking displeasure at something said, virtually equivalent to ma:hkiused in this sense; perhaps
a good English translation would be 'That's really cute!'
\sense_s término empleado por jovenes mujeres de Oapan como interjección para indicar un tipo de disgusto alegre o de broma por algo dicho, cerca en sentido y uso a
ma:hki; quizáuna buena traducción al español sería '¡Québonito!'
\sense_d Oa
\root kwal
\nse The use of kwaltsi:n as an interjection seems to be limited to young girls, either unmarried or recently married. It thus seems to be both gender and age specific. The
first /a/ is often exagerratedly lengthened.
\ref 08772
\lxam estri:boh
\lxam_cpend iestri:bos
\lxoa estri:boh
\lxoa_cpend i:estri:bos
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\loan estribos
\der N-loan
\sense_e (usually plural and possessed: iestri:bos (Am) / i:estri:bos (Oa)) lower part of the legs of grasshoppers, the part which is used to kick off
\sense_s (generalmente plural y poseído: iestri:bos (Am) / i:estri:bos (Oa)) parte inferior de las piernas de los chapulines, la parte que se usa para
brincar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (usually singular and possessed: i:estri:boh) part of lime kilns that separates the upper chamber (where the rocks are placed) and the lower chamber (where
the firewood is stoked)
\sense_s (generalmente singular y poseído: i:estri:boh) parte de un horno de cal que separa la cámara superior (donde se colocan las piedras) y la cámara inferior
(donde se pone la leña)
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld body part
\ref 08773
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa pépexté:ma
\lxoa_pr pepexte:ma
\lxoa_cpend kí:pexté:ma
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp S-V2
\der V2-alt-mi
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Oa
\infv class-3a(m)
\pitch yes
\sense_e to lay or place flat (one object on top of the other, e.g., zacate that is being laid down on a thatched roof)
\sense_s colocar o acostar plano (un objeto sobre otro, p. ej., el zacate que estásiendo colocado en el techo de una casa)
\sense_d Oa
\root pech
\root te:m
\qry Determine the difference between the reflexive use of /pepexte:ma/ and the fully intransitive /pepexte:mi/.
\ref 08774
\lxam te:kwala:nih
\lxam_cpend te:kwala:nih
\lxoa te:kwala:nih
\lxoa_cpend te:kwala:nih
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der Adj-dvb-perf
\sense_e sth that is maddening or annoying
\sense_s algo que hace enojar o que fastidia
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwala:
\ref 08775
\lxam te:nkwati
\lxam_cpend te:nkwati
\lxoa té:nkwatí
\lxoa_pr te:nkwati
\lxoa_cpend té:nkwatí
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4a
\irregular In Ameyaltepec this verb is a class 3d(ti) verb, with loss of final vowel in the perfective o:pat but maintenance in the progresive patitok , as in
Oapan.
\pitch yes
\sense_e to lose a portion of an edge (e.g., a cliff part of whose edge has crumbled, a plate or other type of ceramic)
\sense_s perderse o derrumbarse una sección de la orilla o borde (p. ej., un risco o peñasco a que se le derrumba la orilla, un plato con la borde quebrado, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root te:n
\root kwa
\nae For inflectional paradigms, see notes with pati (Am).
\grm Verbal derivation /-ti/: Note that the input to the verbal derivation in /-ti/ is a deverbal adjectival /te:nkwah/. This demonstrates the very productive use of /-ti/ (and /-tia/,
since /te:nkwatia/ also exists).
\semref te:nkwatia
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\semref té:nkwatía
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\xref te:nkwatilia
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Am
\xref té:nkwatília
\xref_t val_add_caus
\xref_d Oa
\ref 08776
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kaltlama:tsioh
\lxoa_alt kaltlama:sioh; kaltema:tsioh; kaltema:sioh; kaltama:sioh; kaltama:tsioh
\lxoa_cpend kaltlama:tsioh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-denom-yoh
\sense_e having (a house with a thatched roof) a roof constructed with the type of beams called kaltlama:stli
\sense_s con (una casa con techo de palma o zacate) un techo construido con las vigas de madera llamadas kaltlama:stli
\sense_d Oa
\semfld construct-part
\root kal
\root tema:ts
\ency_note kahli
\nae As with kaltlama:stliI have documented several pronunciations of kaltlama:tsioh. The variations occurs in the second syllable and in regard to the /s/ or
/ts/ of the final syllable. Thus within a group of men the following pronunciations were documented: kaltlama:tsioh, kaltlama:sioh,
kaltema:tsioh, kaltema:sioh, and kaltama:sioh. It appears, from the meaning, that the final /tsioh/ sequence might be more accurate,
although further checking with other consultants should be carried out.
\mod Cf. illustration and description in Fld-1984-04-29.1 and words there listed. Cf. illustration under entry for /kahli/.
\ref 08777
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa chíchikonakástia
\lxoa_pr chichikonakastia
\lxoa_cpend kí:chikonakástia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp Mod-V2
\der V2-d-tia
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e to counsel (sb) so that a poor choice or option is taken
\sense_s mal aconsejar a (algn)
\sense_d Oa
\root chiko
\root nakas
\ref 08778
\lxam tlasolxi:ni
\lxam_cpend tlásolxí:ni
\lxoa tlásolxí:ni
\lxoa_pr tlasolxi:ni
\lxoa_cpend tlásolxí:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der N-V1
\der V1-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e for debris (such as dried leaves, brush, etc.) to fall and scatter on the ground
\sense_s caerse basura (como hojas secas deárbol, hierba seca, etc.) y quedar regada por el suelo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root hsol
\root xi:
\nae In the pronunciation of many Oapanecos the sequence {lx} is realized as [lch]. Nevertheless, given that some Oapanecos do pronounce the sequence as /lx/ and that the underlying
verb is xi:ni, the /x/ has been maintained in the orthographic representation.
\grm Oapan phonology: x>ch / l ___. Note that in /tlásolxí:ni/: In the pronunciation of many Oapanecos the sequence {lx} is realized as [lch]. Nevertheless, given that some
Oapanecos do pronounce the sequence as /lx/ and that the underlying verb is xi:ni, the /x/ has been maintained in the orthographic representation.
\ref 08779
\lxam tlasolxi:nia
\lxam_cpend tlásolxí:nia
\lxoa tlásolxí:nia
\lxoa_pr tlasolxi:nia
\lxoa_cpend tlásolxí:nia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der N-V2
\der V2-alt-ni(a)
\infv class-3a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to toss out debris (garbage, such as dried leaves, brush, etc.) on the ground
\sense_s tirar o echar basura (como hojas secas deárbol, hierba seca, etc.) por el suelo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root hsol
\root xi:
\nae In the pronunciation of many Oapanecos the sequence {lx} is realized as [lch]. Nevertheless, given that some Oapanecos do pronounce the sequence as /lx/ and that the underlying
verb is xi:ni, the /x/ has been maintained in the orthographic representation.
\ref 08780
\lxam istaya
\lxam_cpend istaya
\lxoa istaya
\lxoa_cpend istaya
\allomorph i-epen
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\infv class-4b(ya-s)
\sense_e to turn white
\sense_s volverse o quedarse blanco
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root sta
\ref 08781
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa to:nalwe:weh
\lxoa_cpend to:nalwe:weh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e (se: ~) all day; the entire day; a long day (e.g., from sunrise to sunset)
\sense_s (se: ~) todo el día; el día entero; un día largo (p. ej., de amanecer al ponerse el sol)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Se: to:nalwe:weh o:tekit.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He worked an entire day.
\phrase_s Trabajóun día entero.
\root to:na
\root we:weh
\nse Generally, the opposite of to:nalwe:weh is tláko to:náhli. In Ameyaltepec the term to:nalwe:weh is not used. Instead, one simply refers to
nochi to:nahli.
\ref 08782
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xo:pante:nko
\lxoa_cpend xo:pante:nko
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\infn N1
\sense_e at the cusp of the rainy season (i.e., the late spring months just before the rains begin)
\sense_s al comienzo de la temporada de lluvias (esto es, los meses finales de la primavera antes de que empiecen las lluvias)
\sense_d Oa
\root xo:
\root_rel -pan
\root_rel -tlah
\root_rel -te:nko
\ref 08783
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlai:xyo:tl
\lxoa_cpend tlai:xyo:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-d-yo:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e (san tlai:xyo:tl -no:tsa) to speak superficially to
\sense_s (san tlai:xyo:tl -no:tsa) hablar superficialmente a
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\nse According to Carlota Pantaleón, this is a word that was used by
\ref 08784
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa te:poyo
\lxoa_cpend te:poyo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\sense_e type of inedible grasshopper collected but still not identified
\sense_s tipo de chapolin no comestible, colectado pero todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root poyo:
\nae The etymology of this insect's name is not clear; for now the name itself has been considered a single root. According to Moises Domínguez there are 3 types of
te:poyo : 1) one that is tetla:ltik; 2) one that is me:dioh tetla:ltik; and 3) one that is me:dioh chi:chi:ltik. For now these have
not been given separate entries. Note that according to several Oapan consultants, none of these is edible. According to Roberto Mauricio there are two sexes of this grasshopper.
The female is fat, the male is small. Both are greyish and a light reddish color.
\ref 08785
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa chowilili
\lxoa_cpend chowilili
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn N1
\sense_e type of edible grasshopper collected but still not identified
\sense_s tipo de chapolin comestible, colectado pero todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root chowilil
\nse According to Roberto Mauricio there are male and female varieties of this insect. The male is black and green on the wings; the female is entirely green.
\nae The etymology of this insect's name is not clear. It was identified by Roberto Mauricio who clearly had a final glottal stop, although one would expect an ending in /-in/. The name of
this insect should be checked with others.
\ref 08786
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xákaltsí:n
\lxoa_alt xókaltsí:n
\lxoa_pr xakaltsi:n
\lxoa_cpend xákaltsí:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of large, black cricket, collected but not yet identified
\sense_s tipo de grillo grande y negro, colectado pero no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root xahkal
\nse According to Inocencio Díaz en Ameyaltepec this insect is known as gri:yoh de un we:i or gri:yoh de un tli:ltik because there is another type of cricket
that is smaller and grey.
\qry_h Check for {h} in S. Juan or similar villages.
\ref 08787
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlapo:hwika:tsi:n
\lxoa_cpend tlapo:hwika:tsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b-in
\sense_e type of small flying insect, still not identified
\sense_s tipo de insecto volador pequeñísimo, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root po:k
\nse In a discussion with several people from Oapan they suggested that this animal is one called po:yo:lin in Ameyaltepec. However, it is not certain that this is the
equivalent.
\ref 08788
\lxam tla:na
\lxam_cpend tla:na
\lxoa tla:na
\lxoa_cpend tla:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der tla-V2
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (usually with an extraverse directional affix) to retrieve animals that have been left out to pasture for a day or two
\sense_s (usualmente con un afijo direccional extraverso) recoger animales que han sido dejado a apacentar por uno o dos días
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root a:na
\semref tlaka:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08789
\lxam chi:lpa:n de te:sotla:wani
\lxam_alt chi:lpa:n de un te:sotla:wani
\lxam_cpend chi:lpa:n de te:sotla:wani
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn N1
\sense_e type of striped yellow and coffee-colored wasp
\sense_s tipo de avispa rayado de amarilllo y color café
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Chi:lpa:n, kwa:' mitskwa:s de un te:sotla:wani, pero asta kiki:sas ifwerte:yo pan moyekatso:l, un tesokoyá:k, kamatika asta tiyekxo:s.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 08789_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 15:43
\phrase_e A wasp, when one of those that causes people to faint, it's strong smell will surround your nose, the bitter smell, and sometimes you'll even sneeze.
\phrase_s Una avispa, cuando te pica una de esas que hacen desmayar
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root chi:l
\root sotla:
\semref chi:lpa:me:koh
\semref_t natural
\semref_d Oa
\semref chi:lpa:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08790
\lxoa chi:lpa:me:koh
\lxoa_cpend chi:lpa:me:koh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan (part) meco
\psm N
\der N-Adj
\infn N1
\sense_e type of striped yellow and coffee-colored wasp
\sense_s tipo de avispa rayado de amarilllo y color café
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root chi:l
\root sotla:
\semref chi:lpa:n de te:sotla:wani
\semref_t natural
\semref_d Am
\semref chi:lpa:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08791
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tio:pixka:tsi:ntli
\lxoa_cpend tio:pixka:tsi:ntli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\infn Stem 1(n)
\sense_e type of small black bug with red wings, still not identified, that is found on the tlankwa:petsin the summer
\sense_s tipo de pequeño insecto negro con alas rojas, todavía no identificado, que se halla en losárboles de tlankwa:petsdurante la temporada de lluvias
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root tio:
\root piya
\nse Apparently this is different from the small bug known in Ameyaltepec as itskwin tiopixki.
\ref 08792
\lxam itskwin tio:pixki
\lxam_cpend itskwin tio:pixki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\infn N1
\sense_e type of small, fuzzy red insect that appears on the ground immediately after the first rains
\sense_s tipo de velloso insecto rojo que aparece por la tierra inmediatamente después de las primeras lluvias
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root tio:
\root piya
\nse Apparently this is different from the small bug known in Oapan as tiopixka:tsi:ntli.
\semref angeli:toh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08793
\lxam ta:chka:w
\lxam_cpend ta:chka:w
\lxoa ta:chka:w
\lxoa_cpend ta:chka:w
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\infn N1/2
\sense_e elderly person of the village (i.e., i we:wentsi:n)
\sense_s persona ya de mayor edad en el pueblo (esto es, i we:wentsi:n)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (possessed) father
\sense_s (poseído) padre
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Nihli:s nota:chka:w!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I'm going to tell my father!
\phrase_s ¡Se lo voy a decir a mi padre!
\sense_e devil (syn. Am tia:chka:w)
\sense_s diablo (sin. Am tia:chka:w)
\sense_d Am
\root a:chka:
\ref 08794
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xte:nkochawia
\lxoa_cpend ni:xte:nkochawia
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e see i:xte:nkochawia
\sense_s véase i:xte:nkochawia
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root kocha
\ref 08795
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xkochawia
\lxoa_cpend ni:xkochawia
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to get something (such as dust, dirt, a piece of a plant, etc.) in ones eyes
\sense_s (refl.) metersele (a uno) algo (como polvo, tierra, un pedacito de una planta) en los ojos
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root kocha
\nse Irma Herrera also gave the form i:xte:nkochawia though the form of this entry is perhaps more common.
\ref 08796
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xte:nkocha:na
\lxoa_cpend ki:xte:nkocha:na
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a
\sense_e see i:xte:nkochawia
\sense_s véase i:xte:nkochawia
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root kocha
\root a:na
\ref 08797
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xkocha:na
\lxoa_cpend ki:xkocha:na
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to remove dirt, lint, dust, etc. from the eye of (sb) by licking the eye with ones tongue
\sense_s quitarle polvo, tierra, o basura del ojo de (algn) al lamerle el ojo con la lengua
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root kocha
\root a:na
\nse Irma Herrera also gave the form i:xte:nkocha:na though the form of this entry is perhaps more common.
\ref 08798
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa sásajosé:ntsi:n
\lxoa_cpend sásajosé:ntsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan San José
\psm N
\der N-tsi:n
\infn N1
\pitch yes
\sense_e type of edible, cloth-eating grasshopper (kiteki tlake:ntli), still not identified, which most consultants identify as a type of grasshopper (see
chapolin)
\sense_s tipo de insecto comestible que come tela (kiteki tlake:ntli) pero todavía no identificado plenamente, la mayoría de los aesores lo clasifican como un tipo
de chapulin (véase chapolin)
\sense_d Oa
\nse This grasshopper was mentioned by Lupe Domínguez. I was not able to make absolutely sure of the pitch accent pattern and vowel length. These should be rechecked.
\ref 08799
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlake:nkwa
\lxoa_cpend te:tlake:nkwa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\compound N-V2
\infv class-1
\sense_e to eat (an insect) the clothes of
\sense_s comer (un insecto) la ropa de
\sense_d Oa
\root tlake:n
\root kwa
\nse This verb may also be used with the nonspecific object prefix te:- to indicate that something (such as an insect) eats peoples clothes: sásajosé:ntsi:n
te:tlake:nkwa
\ref 08800
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwékwetlaxáhtsi:n
\lxoa_alt kwíkwitlaxahterí:toh
\lxoa_alt werachi:toh
\lxoa_cpend kwékwetlaxáhtsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\infn N1
\pitch yes
\sense_e type of edible, tailless grasshopper, like the to:topo, still not identified
\sense_s tipo de chapulin comestible, algo como el to:topopero sin cola, todavía no se ha identificado
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root kwitlax
\nse According to Roberto Mauricio there are two types of this grasshopper, one female and the other male. The male does not have a tail, tsi:nkoli:tahas does the female.
The female is simply called to:topo whereas the male is called kwékwetlaxahtsi:n.
\ref 08801
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tso:tsopa
\lxoa_cpend tso:tsopa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\infn N1
\sense_e type of edible grasshopper still not identified
\sense_s tipo de chapulin comestible todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root tsopa
\nse According to Lupe Domínguez and several other consultants, this grasshopper is the spouse (female counterpart) of the te:si:s, which is known as
i:we:wentsi:n 'its husband.'
\ref 08802
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwahli chapolin
\lxoa_cpend kwahli chapolin
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-complex
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e type of edible grasshopper still not identified
\sense_s tipo de chapulin comestible todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root kwal
\root chapol
\nse According to Roberto Mauricio this grasshopper when small is green. Within a month, after the 28th of August, it changes its color and is black and red, tiger-striped in color. The
female of this species is greener, with just a little red; the male has more red. The woman is fatter.
\ref 08803
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:kayo:chpestli
\lxoa_cpend a:kayo:chpestli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\infn Stem 1(s)
\sense_e type of grasshopper still not identified
\sense_s tipo de chapulin, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root a:ka
\nse According to Lupe Tolentino and several other consultants, the a:kayo:chpestli is the female counterpart of (and as such larger than) of the
a:kayo:chin. However, according to Roberto Mauricio the a:kayo:chin and the a:kayo:chpestli are two different types of grasshopper.
He stated that there are two a:kayo:chpestli, one male and one female. The male is thin and the female is thick and bigger. The male is reddish and grey, mixed, as well
as the female. They appear in early June at the first rains.
\nae The etymology of the beginning elements of a:kayo:chpestli is uncertain.
\ref 08804
\lxam itskwintli
\lxam_cpend itskwin
\lxoa itskwintli
\lxoa_cpend i:tskwin
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\sense_e (usually possessed) dog
\sense_s (generalmente poseído) perro
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tskwin
\ref 08805
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa nó:chmatlapáhli
\lxoa_cpend nó:chmatlapáhli
\lxgen no:chmahtlapahle
\lxvar Tetel
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-dvb-pas
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of large wild cactus as yet unidentified, like the nopal cactus but not edible, either its flesh nor its fruit
\sense_s tipo de cactus hasta ahora no identificado, como el nopal pero no comestible, ni sus hojas ni su fruta.
\sense_d Pending
\semfld plant
\semfld cactus
\root no:ch
\root mahtlapal
\ency_note to:motli
\notes_nature This type of cactus is not mentioned in either Ramírez (1991) or Ramírez and Dakin (1979). It is similar to the nopal cactus, with broad flat leaves, though it is not used for
food. (It may be a variety of this cactus so-called for not growing high off the ground.) For a preliminary list of the cactuses found in the area, see the entry under
to:motli. Its fruit is eaten by the tekoch (i.e., woodpecker).
\mod Note that originally Florencia Marcelino identified the Ameyaltepec form /to:motlaxkahli/ as /tó:motlaxkáhli/, but this has since been corrected since this word in Oapan refers to the
small variety. The large unedible cactus, like a nopal cactus, is /nó:chmatlapáhli/. Note also that at one time Asención Marcelo stated that the San Juan Tetelcingo word was
/mahno:chtlapahli/. However, during fieldwork the form now listed in the headword was given. The correctness of the previous mahno:chtlapahli should be checked.
\qry Confirme absence of /h/ in SJ form.
\semref to:motlaxkahli
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 08806
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:kó:kokohpitsíwi
\lxoa_pr a:ko:kokohpitsiwi
\lxoa_c a:kó:kokohpitsíwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to get something stuck in ones throat (e.g, particularly food that refuses to go down)
\sense_s atorarsele algo en la garganta (p. ej., comida que no baja)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root a:
\root ko:koh
\root kow
\root pits
\mod This was originally (after some adjustment) 00464 Oapan. But it was changed from /a:ko:kokopi:tsiwi/ to the correct /a:kokokohpitsiwi/ and given the new #08806. The sound files
were changed to this number once on the served.
\qry Check orthography and pronunciation of Oapan form. Check length of /a/. It seems to be long in several instances although I originally had it short.
\qry_fon Of Oapan and Am form check for initial /a:/ and compare to other /a/-initial words. Check throughout for any changes to headwords. Recheck the vowel length of /i:/.
\vl There are 4 extra tokens of this word originally recorded at 6436. These should be tagged as 464 and, moreover, two of these later recorded words should be chosen for
the link.
\semref a:ko:kopi:tsiwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 08807
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa te:tsol
\lxoa_alt te:tsotsol
\lxoa_cpend te:tsol
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\lexical rdp-s
\lexical_d Oa
\infn N1
\sense_e type of small beetle-like bug that lives in the trees called tlankwapets
\sense_s tipo de animal como escarbajo chiquito que vive en losárboles llamados tlankwapets
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal-insect
\root tsol
\nse Although most people pronounce the name of this animal with the reduced reduplicant, te:tsol, some people do not do so. In fact, the woman who gave me the
non-reduced form did not recognize the name te:tsol. This suggests that the latter has been lexicalized with some (apparently most) of the population although some
individuals have not lexicalized the reduced form, nor do they recognize it.
\ref 08808
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mé:tsmalí:na
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\der V2-b
\incorp N-V2
\infv class-3a
\sense_e (refl.) to cross ones leg above the knee, with the legs close together
\sense_s (refl.) cruzarse las piernas arriba de la rodilla, con las piernas juntas
\sense_d Oa
\root mets
\root mali:
\ref 08809
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa sehto:to:tl
\lxoa_cpend sehto:to:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of swallow, of the family Hirundinidae, perhaps the Mangrove Swallow, Tachycineta albilinea, or Grey-breasted Martin, Progne chalybea, or a
related species
\sense_s tipo de"swallow,"de la familia Hirundinidae, quizáel"Mangrove Swallow," Tachycineta albilinea, o"Grey-breasted Martin," Progne chalybea, o una
especie cercana
\sense_d Am
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 44, pp. 531, 530
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root sek
\root to:to:
\ref 08810
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa póchawís
\lxoa_cpend póchawís
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\infn N1
\pitch yes
\sense_e type of wren, so named for the sound of its song, of the family Certhiidae; it has an upright tail. Perhaps it is Northern House Wren, Troglodytes aedon parkmani;
the Brown-throated Wren, Troglodytes brunneicollis, the Banded Wren, Thryothorus pleurostictus, or a closely related species
\sense_s tipo de"wren,"asíllamado por su canto, de la familia Certhiidae; tiene la cola parada. Quizáel"Northern House Wren," Troglodytes aedon parkmani;
the"Brown-throated Wren," Troglodytes brunneicollis, el"Banded Wren," Thryothorus pleurostictus, o una especie cercana
\sense_d Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 49, various
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root pochawi
\nae The name is apparently otomotopoetic and not related to the root pocha:wi.
\notes_nature The tekolo:tl is not classified as a to:to:tl by speakers.
\ref 08811
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xté:nkarení:toh
\lxoa_cpend i:xté:nkarení:toh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\loan part?
\der N-ap
\infn N1
\sense_e type of sparrow, perhaps the"White-eared Ground Sparrow," Melozone leucotis occipitalis, or a closely related species
\sense_s type of gorrión ("sparrow"), quizáel"White-eared Ground Sparrow," Melozone leucotis occipitalis, o una especie cercana
\sense_d Oa
\src_s Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 61, p. 696
\semfld animal
\semfld bird
\root i:x
\root te:n
\nse Although some younger consultants in Oapan stated that this was equivalent to the tsilkoother consultants were clear that the two were different (e.g., Roberto
Mauricio and Silvestre Pantaleón), with the i:xté:nkarení:toh having a white chest and the tsilko with a black chest. However, both appear to be
sparrows.
\ref 08812
\lxam na:palowilia
\lxam_cpend na:palowilia
\lxoa na:palowilia
\lxoa_cpend na:palowilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to cradle or hold a child for
\sense_s sostener o abrazar un niño para
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root na:pal
\xref tlana:palowilia
\xref_t val_reduce2
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08813
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:ko:si:lin
\lxoa_cpend a:ko:si:lin
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\infn Stem 4
\sense_e type of water animal, like a small shrimp (chakalin)
\sense_s tipo de animal acuático, como un camarón chiquito (chakalin)
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root ko:si:l
\ref 08814
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xihyo:pitsahtik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\sense_e to have narrow leaves (a tree)
\sense_s tener hojas angostas (unárbol)
\sense_d Oa
\root xiw
\root pitsa:
\ref 08815
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa á:pá:ntli
\lxoa_cpend á:pá:ntli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\infn Stem 1(n)
\der N-b
\sense_e garland of marigolds or sásanmigé:ltsi:nthat are placed around the necks of saints (syn. Oa á:pá:ntlí)
\sense_s guirnalda de sempoalxochitl o sásanmigé:ltsi:nque se colocan por los cuellos de los santos (sin. Oa á:pá:ntlí)
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root pa:n
\grm Reduplication: In general note the pattern in Oapan of reduplicating the /a:/ of 'water'. This is found in many words: á:tlakwí, á:pá:ntli, etc.
The reason for this reduplication (reduced) is not always clear.
\ref 08816
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kohpeya:stli
\lxoa_cpend kohpeya:stli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e any branch or tree trunk that is straight
\sense_s cualquier rama o tronco deárbol que quede derechito
\sense_d Oa
\root kuh
\root peya:
\ref 08817
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa téchipiréntik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\der ?
\ncol koma:hli
\ncol sombréotlí
\sense_e wide, flat, and thin (like certain stones, but also hats and the leaves of some plants)
\sense_s ancho, plano y delgado (como ciertas piedras, pero también algunos sombreros y las hojas de algunas plantas)
\sense_d Oa
\ref 08818
\lxam tlana:palowilia
\lxam_cpend tlana:palowilia
\lxoa tlana:palowilia
\lxoa_cpend tlana:palowilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to baptize a child of (sb)
\sense_s bautizar el niño de (algn)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root na:pal
\xref na:palowilia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08819
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa sentlakwaltia
\lxoa_cpend sentlakwaltia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\compound N-V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give an offering of food (chicken and tamales) to maize that has been harvested and husked and is piled up in a house to have the grains taken off
\sense_s hacerle una ofrenda de comida (pollo y tamales) a maíz que ha sido cosechado y pelado y estáamontonado en la casa para desgranarse
\sense_d Oa
\root sen
\root kwa
\nse Apparently in Ameyaltepec the equivalent term contains the Spanish loan combate as in kichi:wilia comba:teh.
\ref 08820
\lxam reme:dioh
\lxam_cpend reme:dioh
\lxoa reme:dioh
\lxoa_cpend reme:dioh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\loan remedio
\der N-loan
\infn N1/2; Aln(1=2)
\sense_e medicine, remedy
\sense_s remedio, medicina
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nse In general for the nominal 'medicine' all Nahuatl speakers use the Spanish loan remedio. However, occasionally speakers will use a verbal form te:patia
(Am) / té:patiá (Oa), which has the sense of 'it cures people.'
\ref 08821
\lxam bwe:noh
\lxam_cpend bwe:noh
\lxoa bwe:noh
\lxoa_alt we:noh
\lxoa_cpend bwe:noh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\loan bueno
\sense_e good
\sense_s bueno
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nse Although there are Nahuatl terms for Spanish bueno(e.g., kwahli) this loan has been entered in the dictionary because it is so widespread in the
lexicon of even the most monolingual speakers. In many transcriptions this is considered a Spanish loan and written bueno or, if missing the first stop,
'ueno.
\ref 08822
\lxam i:xkechia
\lxam_cpend ki:xkechia
\lxoa i:xkechia
\lxoa_cpend ki:xkechia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\compound N-V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to fix ones gaze on; to stare at
\sense_s clavarle la vista a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root i:x
\root kech
\nae Note that although in the Ameyaltepec Carnival song Misto:nkaya:ntsi:n this verb is used as a ditransitive, it appears to be a transitive verb with the object that being
stared at (e.g., a person). In Oapan (if not in Ameyaltepec) there is a cognate form with an equivalent meaning, nokechia.
\semref nokechia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08823
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa nokechia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lxoa_cpend kinokechia
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\compound N-V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to fix ones gaze on; to stare at
\sense_s clavarle la vista a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kech
\semref i:xkechia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08824
\lxam iyeko:ltia
\lxam_cpend kiyeko:ltia
\lxoa íyekó:ltia
\lxoa_alt yéyekó:ltia
\lxoa_cpend kí:yekó:ltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to try (sth) on (sb)
\sense_s probar (algo) a (algn)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Mí:tsyekó:ltia i:tlake:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He tries his clothes on you (e.g., to see if they fit).
\phrase_s Te prueba su ropa (p. ej., para ver si te queda).
\root ekowa
\xref iyekowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\xref íyekówa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 08825
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa sombreri:toh
\lxoa_cpend sombreri:toh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\loan sombrero
\infn N1
\sense_e type of small, shiny and multicolored beetle-like insect
\sense_s tipo de insecto pequeño, brilloso y de varios colores
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\nse These insects roll up into a ball and cling; children occasionally put them on their earlobes as fake earings.
\ref 08825
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa angeli:toh
\lxoa_cpend angeli:toh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\loan angelito
\infn N1
\sense_e type of small, fuzzy red insect that appears on the ground immediately after the first rains
\sense_s tipo de velloso insecto rojo que aparece por la tierra inmediatamente después de las primeras lluvias
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\semref itskwin tio:pixki
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 08827
\lxam tsi:nkolah
\lxam_alt tsi:nkoli:tah
\lxam_cpend tsi:nkolah
\lxoa tsi:nkolah
\lxoa_alt tsi:nkoli:tah
\lxoa_cpend tsi:nkolah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\loan part cola)
\infn N2 (Aln 1=2)
\sense_e tail (of an animal)
\sense_s cola (de un animal)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e end (e.g., of a rope or similar item)
\sense_s rabo (p.ej., de un laso o cosa similar)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e hanging part of something long and narrow (e.g., a the part of a furrow that hangs down over a small hill or hump)
\sense_s parte colgante de algo largo y angosto (p.ej., la parte de un surco al final que cuelga sobre una lomita)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tsi:n
\ref 08828
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kó:skayá:ntsi:n
\lxoa_cpend kó:skayá:ntsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of small marigold flower with red and yellow petals
\sense_s tipo de sempoalxochitl con pétalos rojos y amarillos
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e type of edible grasshopper, so called because its coloring is similar to the flower of the same name
\sense_s tipo de chapolin comestible, asíllamado por su apariencia, que se parece a la flor del mismo nombre
\sense_d Oa
\root ko:ska
\nae The motivation for the pitch accent in Oapan is not clear and should be checked in neighboring dialects.
\qry_h ko:skaya:ntsi:n
\ref 08829
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa té:kwitlákwa
\lxoa_cpend té:kwitlákwa
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\infn N1
\sense_e type of grasshopper still not identified, which some people eat
\sense_s tipo de chapulin todavía no identificado, que alguna gente come
\sense_d Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld insect
\root a:ka
\nse According to Roberto Mauricio there are two types, male and female. The male is thin and small, and colored black, white, and green. The female is of the same color but bigger.
\ref 08830
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa té:tlaké:nkwa
\lxoa_cpend té:tlaké:nkwa
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\infn N1
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e type of non-edible grasshopper, still not identified
\sense_s tipo de chapolin no comestible, todavía no identificado
\sense_d Oa
\root tlake:n
\root kwa
\nse According to Roberto Mauricio there are male and female types of this grasshopper. They are both green and black, the male is smaller than the female.
\grm Pitch-accent: the reason for the pitch accent in this word is not clear. Perhaps this is related to a general tendency to use pitch accent with animal names.
\ref 08831
\lxam ayokakawatl
\lxoa áyokakawatl
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 08832
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa á:tokóhtli
\lxoa_cpend á:tokóhtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\infn Stem 1(w)
\sense_e branches and trunks (used as firewood) that has been carried downriver by a strong current after a rain
\sense_s troncos y ramas (utilizada como leña) que han sido llevadas río abajo después de una fuerte lluvia
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root tok
\root kuw
\ref 08833
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa á:tokohpépená
\lxoa_cpend á:tokohpépená
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to gather up branches and trunks (used as firewood) that have been carried downriver by a strong current after a rain
\sense_s recoger troncos y ramas (utilizada como leña) que han sido llevadas río abajo después de una fuerte lluvia
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root tok
\root pena
\ref 08834
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa wákalté:tsó:yo:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e small gourd bowl, as if for a child
\sense_s jícara pequeña, como para niño
\sense_d Oa
\root wehkal
\root tso:yo:
\semref wákalté:tsó:yo:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref wákalpiténtsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08835
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa wákalpiténtsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\infn N1/2
\sense_e small gourd bowl, as if for a child
\sense_s jícara pequeña, como para niño
\sense_d Oa
\root wehkal
\root piten
\semref wákalté:tsó:yo:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08836
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kone:tétsotsó:yo:tl
\lxoa_alt kone:té:tsó:yo:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e runty kid; little kid (used despectively)
\sense_s niñecillo (utilizado despectivamente)
\sense_d Oa
\root kone:
\root tso:yo:
\ref 08837
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa totopoxpilowa
\lxoa_cpend totopoxpilowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to make totopoxtliby pushing sweetened, and sometimes colored with prickly pears, ground nextamal off the edge of a metate while another person gathers
up the ruffled sheet of ground nextamal to take it to be toasted on a clay griddle
\sense_s hacer totopoxtlial empujar la masa de nextamal endulzada, y a veces colorada con tuna molida, por la borde de un metate mientras que otra mujer recoja la
capa de masa delgada y la lleva a un comal para tostarse
\sense_d Oa
\root topo:
\root pil
\semref totopoxtli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref tlapilowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08838
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xpanti
\lxoa_cpend ni:xpanti
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to occ
\root i:x
\root_rel -pan
\nae This is a defective verb which always takes a 3rd-person subject and is combined with the possessive prefixes. With the 3rd-person possessive prefix the form is
i:xpanti, e.g., nihneki ma i:xpanti toba:leh 'I want it to occur in front of (in the presence of) our friend.'
\ref 08839
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixi:tsolka:pan
\lxoa_cpend noxi:tsolka:pan
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\sense_e barefooted
\sense_s descalzo
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n O:timosok ya: moxi:tsolka:pan.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e You got a thorn (or splinter, in your foot) because you were barefoot.
\phrase_s Te espinaste (con púa, madera, etc.) porque estabas descalzo.
\root kxi
\root tsol
\root_rel -pan
\nse It appears that Silvestre Pantaleón has an alternate pronunciation of this word with a reduced reduplication on the possessive prefix, nó:xi:tsolka:pan,
mó:xi:tsolka:pan, i:xi:tsolka:pan, etc.
\nae This modifier is used with possessive prefixes, apparently mostly predicatively.
\ref 08840
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ixite:tsoltetl
\lxoa_cpend ixite:tsoltetl
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\infn Stem 2
\lexical rdp-s
\lexical Oa
\sense_e person who is barefooted
\sense_s alguien que anda descalzo
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root tsol
\nae Apparently this is used most often as a predicate noun, and as such always has a subject prefix.
\ref 08841
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ni:yó
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\sense_e (used before a verb) not even that
\sense_s (utilizado antes de un verbo) ni eso de
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Ni:yóo:ninotlake:ntih, xo:ninokuwilih notlake:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I didn't even cloth myself, I did not buy myself clothes.
\phrase_s Ni eso de comprarme ropa, no me compréropa.
\root ni:
\root yehwa
\nae The etymology of this form is uncertain. It appears to derive from the particle ni:nand the 3rd-person emphatic pronoun. It appears also to be used only before verbs
to indicate that not even (as would be expected) did the verbal action take place. In this use it has, therefore, a slightly modal sense.
\ref 08842
\lxam tlatili:naltia
\lxam_cpend tlatili:naltia
\lxoa tlatili:naltia
\lxoa_cpend tlatili:naltia
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e to have ones breasts get heavy and full with milk (from having not nursed an offspring for a long time)
\sense_s quedársele los senos pesados y llenos de leche (por no haber amamantado una cría o niño por mucho tiempo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tili:
\xref tili:naltia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08843
\lxam tsi:nkukwitla
\lxam_cpend tsi:nkukwitla
\lxoa tsí:nkwitlá
\lxoa_pr tsí:nkwitla
\lxoa_cpend tsí:nkwitlá
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Oa
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e person or animal with excrement all over the rear end (e.g., a young child, or an animal such as a pig or cow, etc.)
\sense_s persona o animal con excremento por todo el trasero (p. ej., un niño pequeño, o un animal como un marrano o ganado, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tsi:n
\root kwitla
\ref 08844
\lxam yekatekukwitla
\lxam_cpend yekatekukwitla
\lxoa yeká:kwitlá
\lxoa_pr yeká:kwitla
\lxoa_cpend yeká:kwitlá
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Am, Oa
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have mucous all over ones nose (e.g., a person with a bad cold, or a young baby who doesn't wipe his nose, etc.)
\sense_s mocoso; tener mocos por la nariz (p. ej., una persona con gripa, o un niño pequeño a quien no le limpian la nariz)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root yeka
\root kwitla
\ref 08845
\lxam nakastekukwitla
\lxam_cpend nakastekukwitla
\lxoa naká:skwitlá
\lxoa_pr naká:skwitla
\lxoa_cpend naká:skwitlá
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Am, Oa
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have a lot of wax in ones ears
\sense_s tener mucha cerilla por las orejas
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root nakas
\root kwitla
\ref 08846
\lxam i:xte:nkukwitla
\lxam_cpend i:xte:nkukwitla
\lxoa i:xté:nkwitlá
\lxoa_pr i:xté:nkwitla
\lxoa_cpend i:xté:nkwitlá
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\lexical rdp-s/h
\lexical_d Am, Oa
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have a lot of mucous in the corners of ones eyes
\sense_s tener mucha lagaña en los ojos
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root kwitla
\ref 08847
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlapo:nia
\lxoa_cpend tlapo:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V2-alt-ni(a)[ca]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to suckle intensely at a breast full of milk (an animal or a human baby)
\sense_s mamar o chupar fuertemente a un seno lleno de lecho (un animal o un niño)
\sense_d Oa
\root po:
\xref po:nia
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Oa
\ref 08848
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tekiwetsi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-b
\compound N-V1
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to no longer be used for work (e.g., a plow that is old and broken, a table that is wobbly, etc.)
\sense_s dejar de serútil para el trabajo (p. ej., algo que estámuy desgastado o acabado, como un arado, mesa, etc., y que no sirve)
\sense_d Oa
\root teki
\root wetsi
\ref 08849
\lxam niú:n
\lxam_alt niú::n
\lxam_cpend niú:n
\lxoa ni:on
\lxoa_cpend ni:on
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\sense_e not even
\sense_s ni
\sense_d Am; Oa
\phrase_n Niú:n xa:tli.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He doesn't even drink water.
\phrase_s Ni toma agua.
\nae Although close to Nahuatl ni:nthis form is apparently borrowed from Spanish ni un. It is used in Ameyaltepec but not in Oapan to mean 'not even,'
although it is often followed by se: as in niú:n se: tlaxkahli kikwa 'he doesn't even eat one tortilla.' One also finds, e.g., niú:n o:me itlaxkal
xkikwa. According to Inocencio Díaz this form, niú:n , is used much more commonly than ni:n, which is more common in Oapan. However,
note that in the story Ye:i ihni:htih Joaquín Herrera does use ni:on several times. Consultants such as Jeremías Cabrera have suggested that this sounds
more like an Ameyaltepec form; it may be as Joaquín´s father-in-law, Silvestre Pantaleón, spent many years planting near Ameyaltepec and has some traces of this variant in his
speech.
\mod Get sound file for Ameyaltepec with /ni:n/. Switch.
\semref ni:
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08850
\lxam tlakukwaltik
\lxam_cpend tlakukwaltik
\lxoa tlá:kwaltík
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\sense_e lumpy (e.g., atole)
\sense_s con terrones o parte del líquido no bien disuelto
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwa
\nse Apparently this word derives from tlakukwahli (Am) / tlá:kwahlí(Oa), which refers to food that is not fully masticated. Liquids such as atole that have
this texture are referred to by this adjective (see also tlá:kwahlóh(Oa)). Roberto Mauricio mentioned that even water may be referred to as tlá:kwaltík
if a young child regurgitates his food into it.
\ref 08851
\lxam ma:ki:tskia
\lxam_cpend kima:ki:tskia
\lxoa ma:ki:tsia
\lxoa_alt ma:ki:tskia
\lxoa_cpend kima:ki:tsia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to hold the hand of
\sense_s agarrar la mano de; tomar (a algn) de la mano
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ma:
\root ki:tski
\ref 08852
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlá:kwahlóh
\lxoa_cpend tlá:kwahlóh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\sense_e lumpy (e.g., atole)
\sense_s con terrones o parte del líquido no bien disuelto
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwa
\nse Apparently this word derives from tlakukwahli (Am) / tlá:kwahlí(Oa), which refers to food that is not fully masticated. Liquids such as atole that have
this texture are referred to by this adjective (see also tlá:kwahlóh(Oa)). Roberto Mauricio mentioned that even water may be referred to as tlá:kwaltík
if a young child regurgitates his food into it.
\semref tlakukwaltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tlá:kwaltík
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08853
\lxam metlate:ka
\lxam_cpend nometlate:ka
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\sense_e (refl.) to begin to work at the metate (i.e., grinding nixtamal)
\sense_s (refl.) empezar a trabajar con el metate (al moler nixtamal)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root metla
\root te:ka
\nse This verb has only been documented in the reflexive form.
\ref 08854
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa to:pí:leká:ti
\lxoa_pr to:pi:leka:ti
\lxoa_cpend to:pí:leká:ti
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-3d(ti)
\pitch yes
\sense_e to become a topile
\sense_s ser o llegar a ser topile
\sense_d Oa
\root to:pi:l
\nae The perfective form of this verb is
\grm Pitch accent; reassignment: Note that the long vowel of the nominal stem /to:pi:l/ attracts the pitch accent of the {eh} syllable.
\semref to:pi:leti
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref to:pí:letí
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08855
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yéyé:ka tekopahli
\lxoa_cpend yéyé:ka tekopahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn N1/2; Aln
\sense_e type of incense
\sense_s tipo de incienso
\sense_d Pending
\semfld medicine
\root te
\root kopal
\nse Apparently this is the same incense as that called simply tekopahli. However, an alternate name seems to be yéyé:ka tekopahli given that it is crushed
and placed in water, which is then sprayed out through the mouth (usually by the mother) onto a child to prevent him or her being affected by the yéye:ká:meh. For a
fuller description, see entry under tekopahli.
\qry Check whether this should be two words, as entered in /yéyé:ka tekopahli/, or one word, which would be /yéye:ka tekopáhli/
\semref tekopahli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08856
\lxam maxaliwi
\lxam_cpend maxaliwi
\lxoa maxaliwi
\lxoa_cpend maxaliwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to split into two forked sections; to bifurcate (e.g., a road that splits into two paths)
\sense_s bifurcar; separarse en dos partes (p. ej., un camino que se divide en dos)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to develop split ends (hair; see kwilin)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) quedarse rotos los cabos (del cabello; véase kwilin)
\sense_d Oa
\root maxal
\ref 08857
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa má:así
\lxoa_pr ma:asi
\lxoa_cpend kimá:así
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to catch in ones hand (e.g., sth thrown)
\sense_s agarrar en las manos (p. ej., algo aventado)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root ahsi
\qry Check to make sure that this does not always occur in reduplicated form.
\ref 08858
\lxam kaki:lia
\lxam_cpend kikaki:lia
\lxoa kaki:lia
\lxoa_cpend kikaki:lia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to hear from (a person who says sth); to overhear from (a person who is speaking to sb else)
\sense_s escuchar de (una persona que se lo plactica); escuchar de casualidad de (una persona quien estáhablando con otro)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:nikte:kaki:lih ihkí:n kitowan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I heard from people that this is what they say.
\phrase_s Escuchéde alguien que asílo dicen.
\root kaki
\nse This ditransitive verb is often used with the nonspecific human object prefix te:- as in kite:kaki:lia.
\nae As is often the case with verbs that end in /i/, the final vowel is lengthened before the applicative.
\grm Applicative; vowel lengthening: As is often the case with verbs that end in /i/, the final vowel is lengthened before the applicative of /kaki:lia/.
\xref kaki
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08859
\lxam xi Diós
\lxam_cpend xi Diós mitska:wa
\lxoa xi Diós
\lxoa_cpend xi Diós mitska:wa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\sense_e see ka:wa
\sense_s véase ka:wa
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root x-
\root i
\ref 08860
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tehtla:lia
\lxoa_c kitehtla:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to stop (movement in a particular direction, a task that is being performed, a situation, the functioning of a machine, etc.)
\sense_s parar (movimiento en una dirección en particular, una tarea que se estáhaciendo, una situación, el funcionamiento de una máquina, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root tel
\root tla:l
\nse This is apparently equivalent to teltiarefers mostly to physical movement or the functioning of something (like a tool) that is stopped. For a further discussion see
this former word. In Ameyatepec tehtla:lia is recognized and understood, but interpreted as a word from San Juan Tetelcingo.
\ref 08861
\lxam xa:yakapipilixtik
\lxam_cpend xa:yakapipilixtik
\lxoa xa:yaká:pilíxtik
\lxoa_alt xa:yakapípilíxtik
\lxoa_alt xa:yá:pilíxtik
\lxoa_c xa:yaká:pilíxtik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\lexical Reduced rpd-s(prev-s)
\pitch yes-red-rdp
\sense_e to have a wrinkled face (from old age in particular)
\sense_s tenerse la cara arrugada (de la vejez en particular)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root xa:yaka
\root pilich
\nse The reduplicated form is used as the main entry given that this verb is usually found reduplicated as the process affects both cheeks simultaneously.
\nae Note that in Oapan there are several variations of this word. The base form would be xa:yakapípilichíwi, with the short vowel reduplication of the verbal stem and the
unaltered incorporated noun. However, the reduplicant may be reduced onto the final short vowel of the incorporated noun, yielding xa:yaká:pilichíwi. In addition, the
intervocalic /k/ may be lost yielding xa:yá:pilichíwi. Occasionally, the /ya/ syllable is lost, yielding xa:ká:pilichíwi.
\ref 08862
\mod This used to be an entry for /kea:manin/ but was removed as a duplicate.
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 08863
\lxam a:mani:n
\lxam_cpend a:mani:n
\lxoa a:maní:n
\lxoa_alt a:maní:n
\lxoa_alt a:maní:
\lxoa_alt a:maní:h
\lxoa_cpend a:maní:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\sense_e most likely; probably
\sense_s a lo mejor
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n A:mani:n ya:lwa o:mik!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Most likely he died yesterday!
\phrase_s ¡A lo mejor, ayer se murió!
\phrase_n A:mani:n yo:se:xiwtik ka o:yah.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Most likely it's been a year since he left.
\phrase_s A lo mejor ya tiene un año que se fue.
\root a:man
\root i:n
\nse In Oapan a:manis used to indicate ahora, i.e., 'right away' or 'soon.' Thus one finds a:man wa:hla:s or a:man i wa:hla:s 'he
will come shortly or soon.' In Oapan the present term, a:mani:n is used to mean 'today.' Thus one has a:mani:n wa:hla:s 'he will come today.' In
Ameyaltepec, on the other hand, a:mani:n is used to indicate probability and a:man is used to indicate 'today' (e.g., a:man wa:hla:s 'he
will come today.').
\nae This term has been written as one word given the accent on the /ma/ syllable in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan. According to Inocencio Díaz (Am) this word has a light final syllable,
i.e., with a short vowel. In Oapan the pronunciations of this word and kea:manioften have a final glottal stop, indicating that if the original source or etymology of this
word was i:nthe final nasal has been lost. Nevertheless, in some pronunciations it seems that the final /i:/ is long, and is realized as such if there is a following word.
Finally, in the pronunciation of elder individuals the final /n/ (or /h/) is present: a:mani:n and kea:mani:n. This phenomenon has been noted in other cases,
but in the case of a:mani:n the variation between final /-i:n/, /-i:h/, /-i:/ and /-i/ is very clear among different speakers.
\ref 08864
\lxam tla:hki
\lxam_cpend tla:hki yes
\lxoa tla:hki
\lxoa_cpend tla:hki yes
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\sense_e (often followed by yes) that's fine; that's the way it will be
\sense_s (a menudo seguido por yes) síestábien; asíserá
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tla:
\root iw
\nse This term is fairly common in Oapan, much rarer in Ameyaltepec.
\ref 08865
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa weliá:
\lxoa_cpend weliá:
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\sense_e (often followed by a verb in the optative or imperative) until the moment that; in the meantime
\sense_s (a menudo seguido por un verbo en el optativo o imperativo) hasta el momento en que (verbo); mientras; en lo que (verbo)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Weliá: xtlami i:n tla:hli, nawa ma nasiti nocha:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Finish (working) this land, while I go quickly to my house.
\phrase_s Termine (trabajando) la tierra, mientras que vaya yo a mi casa.
\sense_e (~ tepitsi:n) a short time later
\sense_s (~ tepitsi:n) poco tiempo después
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Weliá: tepitsi:n yo:yekok.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e A short time later, he arrived (e.g., a short time after some other moment in the past).
\phrase_s Poco tiempo después llegó(p. ej., poco después de otro evento en el pasado)
\root wel
\root ka
\nse Apparently weliátepitsi:n is used only with a verb in the past tense, to indicate that an event or action occurred a short time later. For use with a future tense verb, see
tepitsi:n.
\ref 08866
\lxam xokitlah
\lxam_cpend xokitlah
\lxoa xokwitlah
\lxoa_cpend xokwitlah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\sense_e there is no more left
\sense_s ya no hay
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ok
\root itlah
\nse This is a compound of xokand itlah. It is entered as a single word given its extremely common use and the phonetic change in the Oapan
form of /k/ to /kw/.
\ref 08867
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa hma:yatsi:n
\lxoa_alt hma:ya
\lxoa_alt hma:yetsi:n
\lxoa_alt ma:yetsi:n
\lxoa_alt ma:yatsi:n
\lxoa_alt ma:ya
\lxoa_cpend ma:yatsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\sense_e in a while
\sense_s en un rato, al rato
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:ya
\nae All consultants in Oapan suggested that this word begins with an /h/. This is hard to hear at the beginning of a phrase, but after a word ending in a vowel it is more obvious: ta
hma:ya ya:s 'He will go in a little while.'
\ref 08868
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa niya:mah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N-ad
\sense_e dear (term of endearment used to address ones children or nephews and neices)
\sense_s corazón (término utilizado para dirigirse a un niño(a) o sobrino(a)
\sense_d Oa
\ref 08869
\lxam ke
\lxam_cpend ke
\lxoa ki
\lxoa_alt ke
\lxoa_cpend ki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adv
\loan que
\sense_e then
\sense_s ahora
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n A:man ke yewa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Now it's his turn.
\phrase_s Ahoraél.
\phrase_n A:man ki no niá:s.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Now it is my turn to go.
\phrase_s Ahora que yo voy a ir.
\ref 08870
\lxam cha:nyekwania
\lxam_cpend nocha:nyekwania
\lxoa cha:nyékwaniá
\lxoa_pr cha:nyekwania
\lxoa_cpend nocha:nyékwaniá
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e (refl.) to move (i.e., in moving from one house to another)
\sense_s (refl.) mudarse (esto es, en cambiar de una casa a otra)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root cha:n
\root ehkwa
\nse This verb is usually found in the reflexive, although the transitive form such as ne:xcha:nyekwania (Am) may also be used.
\ref 08871
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa yá:h
\lxoa_cpend yá:h
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Pr(indef)
\der Pr-indef
\sense_e someone
\sense_s alguien
\sense_d Oa
\root ak
\nse The fact that this monosyllabic word is always stressed is indicated by the accent mark.
\semref yekah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08872
\lxam tlanechiko:hloh
\lxam_cpend tlanechiko:hloh
\lxoa tlanechiko:hloh
\lxoa_cpend tlanechiko:hloh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\sense_e concocted (e.g., some drink or mixture made up of various things that have been combined together)
\sense_s mezclado, combinado de varias fuentes (p. ej., un brebaje o remedio hecho de varias hierbas medicinales o insectos)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e collected (i.e., money or other items that have been collected among a group, such as a village)
\sense_s juntado (esto es, dinero u otras cosas que se juntan entre un grupo, como una comunidad)
\sense_d Pending
\root nechik
\ref 08873
\lxam tlanelo:hloh
\lxam_cpend tlanelo:hloh
\lxoa tlanelo:hloh
\lxoa_cpend tlanelo:hloh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\sense_e mixed or stirred together (e.g., atole with plums, cement with sand and gravel, etc.,)
\sense_s mezclado o batido (p. ej., atole con ciruelas, o cemento con arena y grava, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e mixed (e.g., dry things such as several types of seeds that have been mixed together to plant: maize, beans, watermelon, melon, etc.; syn. Oa tlawi:kahloh)
\sense_s revuelto (p. ej., cosas secas como varios tipos de semilla que han sido mezcladas para sembrar: maíz, frijoles, sandía, melón, etc.; sin. Oa tlawi:kahloh)
\sense_d Am
\root nel
\ref 08874
\lxam on-
\lxam_alt o-
\lxoa_cpend ontlakwa
\lxoa on-
\lxoa_alt o-
\lxoa_cpend ontlakwa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Dir
\sense_e directional prefix that indicates movement away from a deictic reference point
\sense_s prefijo direccional que indica movimiento partiendo de un punto de referencia deíctico
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root on
\nae An explanation of this prefix is found in the grammar. Before stems that have an initial nasal the final nasal of on- assimilates and is reduced, e.g.,
onemis 'he will go live there.'
\ref 08875
\lxam wa:l-
\lxam_alt a:l-
\lxoa_cpend wa:ltlakwa
\lxoa wa:l-
\lxoa_alt wa:l-, a:l-, a:h-, a:-
\lxoa_cpend wa:htlakwa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Dir
\sense_e directional prefix that indicates movement toward a deictic reference point
\sense_s prefijo direccional que indica movimiento hacia un punto de referencia deíctico
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root on
\nae An explanation of this prefix is found in the grammar. In Ameyaltepec there is little variation in the form of this prefix, although rarely one finds a:l- after fricatives, e.g.,
ne:cha:litas. In Oapan the form of this prefix is much more variable. The /w/ is lost after affricates and the /l/ surfaces as /h/ before consonants, e.g,
ne:cha:hpale:wi:s 'he will come to help me.' Note that before the verb ihliathe prefix is reduced to a:- as in ne:cha:ihli:s 'he
will come to tell me.'
\ref 08876
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mani
\lxoa_cpend mani nichichi
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Modal
\sense_e (~ [noun]) what to be [subject] a [noun]
\sense_s (~ [sustantivo]) a poco [sujeto es sustantivo]; ni que [sujeto ser sustantivo]
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Mani nichichi!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e What am I? a dog!
\phrase_s ¡Ni que fuera perro! (¿A poco soy perro?)
\phrase_n Mani ya: mila:k!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Is it really true!
\phrase_s ¡Ni que fuera cierto!
\phrase_n Mani yo ya: o:niwa:hlah on?
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Do you think that this is why I came?
\phrase_s ¿Crees que por eso vine?
\phrase_n Mani xmo:stla wa:hla:s!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Isn't it tomorrow that he is going to come! (e.g., in response to a statement 'let me call him so that he comes')
\phrase_s ¡A poco no es mañana que va a venir! (p. ej., en respuesta a una frase 'voy a hablarle para que venga')
\root mani
\semref ma
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08877
\lxam ma:sta
\lxam_cpend ma:sta
\lxoa ma:sta
\lxoa_cpend ma:sta
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\loan (part) hasta
\sense_e even in the case that; even though
\sense_s aun en el caso de que; aunque
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Ma:sta tewa tiwi:ts, itekiw xtlah tikchi:was.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Even in the case that you (yourself) come, it's certain that you won't get anything done.
\phrase_s Aun en el caso de que vengas tu mismo, es cierto que no vas a hacer nada.
\root ma:
\root so
\nse The meaning of this term is 'even if' with the sense that even in the best of cases that something occurs, something else won't happen, e.g., 'even if you gave me 1,000 pesos, I won't
help you': ma:sta mil pesos xne:chmaka, xnimitspale:wi:s.
\nae This lexeme is a contracted form of ma:ski and the Spanish borrowing hasta.
\ref 08878
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsi:ntemowah
\lxoa_cpend tsi:ntemowah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-V1
\der V1>N
\sense_e name of one of the 12 songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as kwa:tepail
\sense_s nombre de uno de los 12 sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como kwa:tepail
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:n
\root temo:
\nse For a more extensive discussion of this dance and the name of all 12 songs, see entry under kwa:tepail.
\ref 08879
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa korrali:toh
\lxoa_cpend korrali:toh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\loan corral
\sense_e name of one of the 12 songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as kwa:tepail
\sense_s nombre de uno de los 12 sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como kwa:tepail
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e name of two of the songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as mímixtíh; there are two different songs by this name in the dance, the second one
is referred to as korrali:toh tlá:kapá:nia in reference to the fact that the dancers stomp their feet against the ground during their movements
\sense_s nombre de dos de los sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como mímixtíh; el segundo de estos dos sones se llama korrali:toh
tlá:kapá:nia en reference al zapateo de los danzantes al hacer sus movimientos
\sense_d Oa
\nse For a more extensive discussion of the first dance and the name of all 12 songs, see entry under kwa:tepail. For a more extensive discussion of the second dance, see
entry under mímixtíh.
\ref 08880
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa san se: weyak
\lxoa_cpend san se: weyak
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\loan corral
\sense_e name of one of the 12 songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as kwa:tepail
\sense_s nombre de uno de los 12 sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como kwa:tepail
\sense_d Oa
\nse For a more extensive discussion of this dance and the name of all 12 songs, see entry under kwa:tepail.
\root san
\root se:
\root weya
\ref 08881
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tepailtsi:n
\lxoa_cpend tepailtsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\loan corral
\sense_e name of one of the 12 songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as kwa:tepail
\sense_s nombre de uno de los 12 sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como kwa:tepail
\sense_d Oa
\nse For a more extensive discussion of this dance and the name of all 12 songs, see entry under kwa:tepail.
\root te
\root payol
\ref 08882
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mona:rkah
\lxoa_cpend mona:rkah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\loan monarca
\sense_e name of two of the 12 songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as kwa:tepail; apparently the two songs known by this name are distinct in
music and form of the dance
\sense_s nombre de dos de los 12 sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como kwa:tepail; aparentemente los dos sones conocidos con este nombre son
distintos en música y forma de bailar
\sense_d Oa
\nse For a more extensive discussion of this dance and the name of all 12 songs, see entry under kwa:tepail.
\ref 08883
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ilakastsi:n
\lxoa_cpend ilakastsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\sense_e name of one of the 12 songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as kwa:tepail
\sense_s nombre de uno de los 12 sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como kwa:tepail
\sense_d Oa
\root ilakats
\nse For a more extensive discussion of this dance and the name of all 12 songs, see entry under kwa:tepail.
\ref 08884
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa koro:stsi:n
\lxoa_cpend koro:stsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\loan cruz
\sense_e name of two of the 12 songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as kwa:tepail; apparently the two songs known by this name are distinct in
music and form of the dance
\sense_s nombre de dos de los 12 sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como kwa:tepail; aparentemente los dos sones conocidos con este nombre son
distintos en música y forma de bailar
\sense_d Oa
\nse For a more extensive discussion of this dance and the name of all 12 songs, see entry under kwa:tepail.
\ref 08885
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa nomá:kwíh
\lxoa_cpend nomá:kwíh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der perfective
\sense_e name of one of the 12 songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as kwa:tepail
\sense_s nombre de uno de los 12 sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como kwa:tepail
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root kwi
\nse For a more extensive discussion of this dance and the name of all 12 songs, see entry under kwa:tepail.
\ref 08886
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa we:i korra:l
\lxoa_cpend we:i korra:l
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\loan (part) corral
\sense_e name of one of the 12 songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as kwa:tepail
\sense_s nombre de uno de los 12 sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como kwa:tepail
\sense_d Oa
\root we:i
\nse For a more extensive discussion of this dance and the name of all 12 songs, see entry under kwa:tepail.
\ref 08887
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xilá:k
\lxoa_cpend xilá:k
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\sense_e isn't it true
\sense_s ¿verdad que sí?;¿no es cierto?
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xila:k tine:chpale:wi:s mo:stla!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Isn't it true that you are going to help me tomorrow?
\phrase_s ¿No es cierto que me vas a ayudar mañana?
\root mela:
\nse The difference between Oapan xmila:k and xila:k is subtle. The former is an assertion by speaker of a negative condition. Thus xmila:k
tine:chpale:wi:s mo:stla 'It is not true (and I know or assert that it is not true) that you will help me tomorrow.' However, xila:k is used when the speaker is not
certain and is not asserting anything. Thus, xila:k tine:chpale:wi:s mo:stla is more 'Are you really (isn't it true that you are) going to help me tomorrow?
\ref 08888
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kina:man
\lxoa_cpend sa: kina:man
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\loan que
\sense_e just recently
\sense_s apenas
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xa:k ma:noh! sa: kina:man o:yah.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He's not here sir, he just recently left.
\phrase_s No estámano, apenas se fue.
\phrase_n A:man sápása: kina:man o:wa:hlah.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Today once again he he now came (e.g., late in the day).
\phrase_s Hoy otra vez apenas vino (esto es, apenas ya algo tarde).
\nse In Ameyaltepec the equivalent phrase is recorded as sa: kea:man ; cf. entry under kea:man.
\ref 08889
\lxam ikanochi
\lxam_cpend tikanochi
\lxoa iya:nochi
\lxoa_cpend tiya:nochi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\sense_e (often with diminutive -tsi:n) to be the only (sibling)
\sense_s (a menudo con el diminutivo -tsi:n) ser elúnico (hijo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ka
\root nochi
\nae This is an alternate form of the sequence ika nochi (Am) / ya nochi (Oa), with the subject prefix before the quantifier nochi. Thus
ika tinochi (Am) is the equivalent of tikanochi. This form is used only with a singular subject. It is often found in the diminutive, e.g.,
tiya:nóchitsí:n (Oa), which in Oapan seems to always result in a pitch-accented word (as indicated). The length of the two initial vowels in the Oapan form is unclear
but it seems that the /a:/ is long, as it is in ya:. The incorporation of the possessed relational noun ka is interesting (cf. panwetsi). It
might suggest that the subject pronominal prefixes be considered preclitics, here placed at the head of a phrase.
\grm Cliticization; pronominal subject prefixes: /ikanochi/ (am) / /iya:nochi/ (Oa) is an alternate form of the sequence ika nochi (Am) / ya nochi
(Oa), with the subject prefix before the quantifier nochi. Thus ika tinochi (Am) is the equivalent of tikanochi. This form
is used only with a singular subject. It is often found in the diminutive, e.g., tiya:nóchitsí:n (Oa), which in Oapan seems to always result in a pitch-accented
word (as indicated). The length of the two initial vowels in the Oapan form is unclear but it seems that the /a:/ is long, as it is in ya:. The incorporation of the
possessed relational noun ka is interesting (cf. panwetsi). It might suggest that the subject pronominal prefixes be considered preclitics,
here placed at the head of a phrase.
\qry_fon Check length of forms in Oapan; at times the /i/ and at times the /a/ seem long. It has been recorded.
\ref 08890
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ke:xki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\sense_e (man~) it would be good (if it were so)
\sense_s (man~) estaría bien; como no va a ser bien (así)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Man ke:xki! Piri a:man ya: xtlah tomi:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e It would be good! But now there's no money.
\phrase_s ¡Estaría bien! Pero ahora no hay dinero.
\root ke:xki
\nse To date ke:xki has been documented only in the phrase man ke:xki. It seems to be best translated as 'it would be good,' that something be done or
occur, but that for one reason or other this will not, or might not, happen, or at least has not so happened in the past.
\ref 08891
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mo:stlaka:n
\lxoa_cpend mo:stlaka:n
\psm Interj
\sense_e see notes under mo:stla
\sense_s véase notas con mo:stla
\sense_d Oa
\root mo:stla
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\ref 08892
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa man
\lxoa_alt ma
\lxoa_cpend man tli:non; man kamanon
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\sense_e what in the world! (to express frustration or exasperation)
\sense_s y; entonces (para expresar frustración o exasperación)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Man tli:n tonkwis, kwa: nika:n xno: onkah tekitl.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e What in the world are you going to get there, in
\phrase_s Y que vas a ir a traer, no es cierto que aquíhay trabajo.
\phrase_n Man tli:n ne:chihli:s!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e What in the world is he going to tell me!
\phrase_s ¡Y quéme va a decir!
\phrase_n Man ke:non, piri nikwalo!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e How in the world, I'm really sick.
\phrase_s ¿Y cómo?¡si de hecho estoy enfermo!
\phrase_n ¿Ma a:man?¿Tli:no:n?
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e And now? What?
\phrase_s ¿Y ahora?¿Qué?
\phrase_n ¿Ma a:ki:no:n?
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Who can it be?
\phrase_s ¿Quién puede ser?
\root man
\nse This word is always used with a following term, often an interrogative pronoun or relativizer. Examples are man ke:non, man
kamanon, man kaman, man kamasta, etc. This modal term is used to express surprise or exasperation on
the part of speaker. In Spanish a suggested translation has been y, e.g., man ke:non '¿y cómo?' One could, therefore, perhaps translated man
tli:non as 'now what?' or 'what's this all about?' etc. In Ameyaltepec this term is not used. Apparently dyah can be used in a similar construction with an
identical sense, e.g., dyah ke:non, nikwalo.
\nae The etymology of this term is unclear, as is it relation to maor mani.
\semref ke:xki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08893
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa teko:ya:wia
\lxoa_cpend kiteko:ya:wia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to scrape against (e.g., a wall, in carrying sth such as a board that accidentally hits it, ones sleeve in having a piece of wood being carried slip down, etc.)
\sense_s rascar contra (p. ej., una pared en alcanzarle acidentalmente con una table, la manga de una camisa cuando se le frota una tabla que uno esta cargando, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to scrape (and smooth, e.g, a new clay molcajete with a pestle to get rid of the rough spots)
\sense_s frotar (para dejar liso, p. ej., un molcajete de barro nuevo con la mano para alisarle la superficie)
\sense_d Oa
\root te
\root ko:ya:
\ref 08894
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa fa:lteh
\lxoa_cpend san de fa:lteh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\loan en balde
\sense_e (san de ~) with no result, uselessly
\sense_s (san de ~) solamente en balde
\sense_d Oa
\ref 08895
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mokon
\lxoa_cpend mokon
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\sense_e surely
\sense_s seguro; de por sí
\sense_d Oa
\root ma
\root ikwa:k
\nae It is possible that this term derives form ma kwa:kon, which has been shortened and then suffered a vowel change (harmonization) in the first syllable.
\semref kwa:kon
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08896
\lxam tlamastok
\lxam_cpend tlamastok
\lxoa tlamastok
\lxoa_cpend tlamastok
\dt 27/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be resting
\sense_s estar descansando
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xmotlasiwi:ti, sa: titlamastok!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Get a move on, you're just lying there doing nothing!
\phrase_s ¡Apúrate, estás nomás descansando!
\sense_e to be listless, without movement or energy (e.g., sb who is feeling under the weather, or very ill)
\sense_s estar sin ganas de moverse (p. ej., algn que se siente mal, o estámuy enfermo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ma: sa: xtlamasto!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Don't just be listless!
\phrase_s ¡No estés nada más sin ganas de moverte!
\sense_e (with a directional prefix, and often in progressive) to have ones thoughts in going (to a place)
\sense_s (con un prefijo direccional, a menudo en el progresivo) estar pensando en ir (a un lugar)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nosiwa:w nochipa ontlamastok ka:mpa i:na:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e My wife is always thinking about going to her mother's house.
\phrase_s Mi esposa sólo está pensando en ir a la casa de su mamá.
\root mati
\xref mati
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08897
\lxam tlamastiw
\lxam_cpend tlamastik
\lxoa tlamastiw
\lxoa_cpend tlamastiw
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e to know where one going or going to arrive
\sense_s saber donde va o va a llegar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Nitlamastiw ka:n o:nkah tlikohtli.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I know the place there where there is firewood.
\phrase_s Séel lugar alládonde hay leña.
\phrase_n I titlamastiá:s ka:no:n tasis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are going to know where you are going to arrive.
\phrase_s Vas a ir sabiendo donde vas a llegar.
\phrase_n Wa:ltlamastiw ka:no:n kochis.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He's coming along knowing where he will come to sleep.
\phrase_s Viene sabiendo donde va a dormir.
\phrase_n A:'inon i:cha:n titlamastia:s?
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e At whose house will you know where to arrive (i.e., whose house will you arrive at)?
\phrase_s En la casa de quién vas a saber donde llegar?
\root mati
\xref mati
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08898
\lxam tlamati
\lxam_cpend tlamati
\lxoa tlamati
\lxoa_cpend tlamati
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\sense_e to try out (e.g., in tasting, the depth of a river, etc.)
\sense_s probar (p. ej., un manjar, lo profundo de un río, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Xtlamatitiw deke wekatlan!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Go along checking out if it is deep (e.g., a river)!
\phrase_s ¡Ve probando para ver si es profundo (p. ej., un río)!
\sense_e (xi:pan ~) to lack respect
\sense_s (xi:pan ~) no tener respeto
\sense_d Oa
\root mati
\nse This term may be used in a sexual sense, particularly to indicate homosexuality.
\xref mati
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08899
\lxam wa:l-
\lxam_cpend wa:lmo:stla
\lxoa wa:l-
\lxoa_alt wa:h-
\lxoa_cpend wa:hmo:stla
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\sense_e (~ [day or part of day]) (come) the next [day or part of day]
\sense_s (~ [día o parte del día]) (viene) el próximo [día o parte del día]
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root wa:l
\nse The word wa:l (Am) / wa:h (Oa) is the same as the directional prefix wa:l-. However, before time periods (such as 'tomorrow,' 'the
day after tomorrow,' 'tomorrow morning,' etc., it has the meaning of 'come ____.' Thus wa:l kwalka:n o:yah (Am) / wa:h kwalka:n o:yah has the sense
of 'come early the next morning he went.' This structure is usually used with a past verbal form, though according to several consultants it may also be used with the future:
a:man xwel niaw, wa:l mo:stla niá:s. However, I have never heard this future form in actual use. As an orthographic convention, this particular is here written as a
single form with the following time period.
\nae Although the Oapan form is undoubtedly underlyingly wa:l, given that this term is never phrase final the underlying {l} never surfaces and there is no cognitive
recognition of this form. This is not the case with xok, which can occur by itself (i.e., in phrase final position) even though it is usually articulated as xoh
before a following word.
\ref 08900
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlamastite:ka
\lxoa_cpend notlamastite:ka
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\infv class-4a
\sense_e (refl.) to lie down and remain in one place without engaging in any sort of activity
\sense_s (refl.) acostarse y quedarse en un lugar sin ninguna actividad
\sense_d Oa
\root mati
\root te:ka
\grm Aspectuals: The note concerning this form has been entered in ProCite.
\ref 08901
\lxam no: hkon
\lxam_cpend no: hkon
\lxoa no: hkon
\lxoa_c no: hkon
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-manner
\der Adv-uncl
\sense_e likewise; like that; also in the same way or manner as that
\sense_s también de esa o de la misma manera que aquel o que eso; como eso
\sense_d Pending
\root no:
\root iw
\root on
\nse Although the final diectic element in no:hkón and no:hkiare different, the senses are close, the major difference being the point of reference.
Also, although at an earlier moment no: hkón was written, like no: hkí, as one word, this has been changed and now no:
hkón is written as two.
\vl Check for /no:hki/ or /no:yhki/. Apparently the former for Oapan, but unsure for Ameyaltepec. Also check vl in Oapan.
\ref 08902
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xá:lpopolíwi
\lxoa_pr xa:lpopoliwi
\lxoa_cpend xá:lpopolíwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\compound N-V1
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to disappear in or behind swirling sand (e.g., during a sandstorm)
\sense_s desaparecer entre arena que se levanta (p. ej., cuando hay mucho viento)
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:l
\root pol
\ref 08903
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa mímixtih
\lxoa_pr mimixtih
\lxoa_cpend mímixtíh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e name of a dance in Oapan, still occasionally organized and performed by the dancemaster Cirino Esteva
\sense_s nombre de una danza en Oapan, todavía presentada ocasionalmente por el maestro de danza Cirino Esteva
\sense_d Oa
\semfld dance
\root mich
\nse This dance has 12 dancers, organized in 6 pairs. The front row of dancers (delanteras) comprises two pescadores(mixtlátlamá:keh) who
hold a sáletlí. These two dancers are described by the verb tlátlamá 'they catch fish.' They do this with their net (sáletlí). The second row
of dancers comprises the xino:lah(from Spanish señora) on the left (as the dancers face to the front) and the tlátlapé:wiké:tlon the right.
The xino:lah is dressed in women's clothes. The tlátlapé:wiké:tl is a fisherman who has a short knife or dagger that he uses to prod the fish out from
under rocks in the river. The next three rows are comprised of six fishermen. Finally, the last row has a michintsi:n, a catfish or xo:wi:lin, on the left and
the a:ketspalinon the right. The dance is described in the recording by Cirino Esteva. The dance itself comprises 5 songs (sones) when the dancers exchange places,
3 songs when they catch the fish, count them, and then fight with the alligator, and 2 songs when the dancers enter and leave the place where they dance (e.g., a mayordomo's
house). The names are the following: 1) kalakilo(entry); 2) korrali:toh(fence); 3) krusa:doh(cross); 4) notsí:npatília(to fit
into each other back first or by backing in) or ná:kiá(to fit into each other); 5) korrali:toh tlakapa:nia(fence stomping ones feet on the ground); 6)
krusa:doh(cross); 7) tlátlamáh(catching, i.e., fish); 8) tlapowah(counting, i.e., fish); 9) tlatlatskopo:naltiah(slapping, i.e,
the alligator with its tail against the fisherman); 10) ki:salo (exit). A description of these songs and dance is found on the recording of Cirino Esteva.
\ref 08904
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa krusa:doh
\lxoa_cpend krusa:doh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\loan cruz
\sense_e name of two of the songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as mímixtíh; there are two different songs by this name in the dance
\sense_s nombre de dos de los sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como mímixtíh; los dos sones son distintos
\sense_d Oa
\nse For a more extensive discussion of the second dance, see entry under mímixtíh.
\ref 08905
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa nó:tsi:npatília
\lxoa_cpend nó:tsi:npatília
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\loan cruz
\sense_e name of one of the songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as mímixtíh; this song is also known by the name ná:kiá
\sense_s nombre de uno de los sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como mímixtíh; este son también se conoce por el nombre de ná:kiá
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:n
\root patla
\nse For a more extensive discussion of this dance, see entry under mímixtíh.
\ref 08906
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tsi:npatilia
\lxoa_cpend kitsi:npatilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\compound N-V3
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to place head to foot (e.g., fence stakes, palm, etc. in order to make a tight bundle)
\sense_s colocar cabeza a pie (p. ej., estacas para un corral, palma, etc. para mejor guardar o transportar)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:n
\root patla
\semref nó:tsi:npatília
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08907
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ná:kiá
\lxoa_cpend ná:kiá
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\loan cruz
\sense_e name of one of the songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as mímixtíh; this song is also known by the name nó:tsi:npatília
\sense_s nombre de uno de los sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como mímixtíh; este son también se conoce por el nombre de
nó:tsi:npatília
\sense_d Oa
\root aki
\nse For a more extensive discussion of this dance, see entry under mímixtíh.
\ref 08908
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlapowah
\lxoa_cpend tlapowah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-V1
\sense_e name of an activity/song (son) during the religious dance known in Oapan as mímixtíh; during this part of the dance the fisherman count the fish that they
have caught
\sense_s nombre de una de las actividades/sones durante la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como mímixtíh; durante esta parte de la danza los pescadores
cuentan los peces que había pescado
\sense_d Oa
\root powa
\nse For a more extensive discussion of this dance, see entry under mímixtíh.
\nae This is a restricted verb that is not inflected, but rather describes an activity in a specific context.
\semref powa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08909
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlátlamáh
\lxoa_cpend tlátlamáh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N from V1
\sense_e name of an activity/song (son) during the religious dance known in Oapan as mímixtíh; during this part of the dance the fisherman catch the fish
\sense_s nombre de una de las actividades/sones durante la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como mímixtíh; durante esta parte de la danza los pescadores
pescan los peces
\sense_d Oa
\root ma
\nse For a more extensive discussion of this dance, see entry under mímixtíh.
\semref tlama
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref mí:xtlamá
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08910
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xino:lah
\lxoa_cpend xino:lah
\loan señora
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\sense_e one of the characters in the dance known as mímixtíh, so called because the male dancer is dressed up as a woman
\sense_s uno de los carácteres en la danza conocida como mímixtíh, asíllamada porque el joven danzante se viste como mujer
\sense_d Oa
\nse This character forms a pair, in the second row of dancers, with the tlátlapé:wiké:tl. For a more extensive discussion of this dance, see entry under
mímixtíh.
\ref 08911
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlátlapé:wiké:tl
\lxoa_cpend tlátlapé:wiké:tl
\loan señora
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\sense_e one of the characters in the dance known as mímixtíh, so called because dancer, a fisherman, has a wooden knife or dagger that is used to poke at and
scare out fish from under rocks
\sense_s uno de los carácteres en la danza conocida como mímixtíh, asíllamada porque el joven danzante tiene un cuchillo de madera que se utiliza para empujar y
ahuyentar a los peces de abajo de las piedras
\sense_d Oa
\root pe:wi
\nse This character forms a pair, in the second row of dancers, with the xino:lah. For a more extensive discussion of this dance, see entry under mímixtíh.
\ref 08912
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ne:chka
\lxoa_cpend ne:chka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\sense_e over there (in reference to a point that is in sight, but somewhat distant)
\sense_s allí(en referencia a un punto que estávisible, aunque algo distante)
\sense_d Oa
\root ne:
\nse This refers to a place that is being indicated by speaker, is somewhat distant but well within sight, e.g., the far corner of a room. FK notes in regard to nechca :"there /
allí(M). According to C[arochi] (2001:331)" Nechca, over there; it requires that the place of which one speaks be shown and seen, although it be distant."
\semref ne:yhka
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref ne:yá
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08913
\lxam -tsi:n
\lxam_cpend we:itsi:n
\lxoa -tsi:n
\lxoa_cpend wé:itsí:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Suf
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e diminutive ending often used affectively, particularly in cases of individuals who have a phyiscal, financial or other sort of problem that evokes sympathy
\sense_s sufijo diminutivo a menudo utilizado de cariño, particularmente en casos de individuos que tiene un problema físico, económico u otro que provoque lástima
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:n
\nae For reasons that are not clear, the use of this suffix in Oapan appears to create a pitch-accented word in certain case. Thus, for example, nóchitsí:n,
wé:itsí:n, tlawé:itsí:n, séntetsí:n, and óntetsi:n. It appears that all these words are either adjectival or have an adjectival
function. Many other words (e.g., diminutive nouns and verbs) do not manifest pitch accent with the"diminutive": i:kaltsi:n, notlayo:ltsi:n,
poliwitsi:n, pitentsi:n. In some cases the motive for the pitch accent is clear, as in xtlátsí:n. It would appear, then, that when used with
modifying words, particularly underived adjectives and quantifiers, the suffix -tsi:n creates a pitch-accented word. Yet the range of words that become pitch accented
still needs to be determined.
\ref 08914
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:lchipa:htohtsi:n
\lxoa_alt tla:lchipa:htohtsi:n
\lxoa_cpend tla:lchipa:htohtsi:n
\dt 27/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\sense_e to be the early dawn, as the land is just becoming illuminated from the rising sun
\sense_s ser el amanecer temprano en el momento que la tierra se empieza a iluminar por el sol saliente
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:l
\root chipa:
\ref 08915
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa istaxa:hli
\lxoa_cpend istaxa:hli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\sense_e see istaxi:kahli
\sense_s véase istaxi:kahli
\sense_d Oa
\root ista
\ref 08916
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa istaxi:kahli
\lxoa_alt istaxi:'ahli
\lxoa_alt istaxa:hli
\lxoa_cpend istaxi:kahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\sense_e small bowl or shallow plate used to serve salt, particularly sea salt
\sense_s pequeño plato utilizado para servir sal, particularmente sal del mar
\sense_d Oa
\root sta
\root xi:kal
\nae Some young children pronounce this as istaxa:hli, a reinterpretation of istaxi:'ahli.
\semref istakaxitl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 08917
\lxam sa:nkah
\lxam_cpend sa:nkah
\lxoa sa:nkah
\lxoa_cpend sa:nkah
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan zanja
\loan_t Spn
\psm N
\sense_e ditch (e.g., for the foundation of a house)
\sense_s zanja (p. ej., para el cimiento de una casa)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\ref 08918
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa sí:tsí:n
\lxoa_cpend sí:tsí:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Pr
\der Pro-indef(pl)
\pitch yes
\sense_e a little, some (of an item or material object)
\sense_s un poco, algo de (una cosa material)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sí:tsí:n?
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Do you want some more (e.g., food being served or sth being offered)?
\phrase_s ¿Algo más (p. ej., comido servido u otra cosa que estásiendo ofrecida)?
\root seki
\semref seki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref sékí
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08919
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa sí:tsí:n
\lxoa_alt sí:tsí:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj-quant
\pitch yes
\sense_e some (of both countable and mass nouns)
\sense_s una cantidad de; algo de (de sustantivos contables y no contables)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sí:tsi:n ma:w?
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e (Will you give me) some of your water?
\phrase_s ¿(Me puedes dar) algo de tu agua?
\root seki
\nse With humans the plural marker -meh may be used: Sí:meh ya:skeh.
\qry_h Seki
\semref seki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref sékí
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08920
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa xo:chiko:ntsi:n
\lxoa_cpend xo:chiko:ntsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\sense_e small cup-like container that is used in traditional marriages and contains two small dolls meant to represent the bride and groom
\sense_s pequeña tasa o ollita que se emplea en las bodas tradicionales; contiene dos muñecas pequeñas que representan el novio y la novia
\sense_d Oa
\root xo:chi
\root ko:n
\ref 08921
\lxam chichi
\lxam_cpend tomi:nchichi
\lxoa chichi
\lxoa_cpend barríkachichi
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e (in noun compounds) -hog; desirous of (noun)
\sense_s (en sustantivos compuestos) deseoso de (sustantivo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Titomi:nchichi, tikneki un tomi:n, nochi para tewa.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You are a 'money-hog,' you want that money all for yourself.
\phrase_s Eres codicioso, quieres ese dinero todo para tí.
\root chichi
\ref 08922
\lxam ikxiye:kma:tli
\lxam_cpend ikxiye:kma
\lxoa ixiye:hma:tli
\lxoa_cpend i:xiye:hma
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-(N-N)
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(:)
\sense_e right leg (as body part)
\sense_s pierna derecha
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root kxi
\root ye:k
\root ma:
\qry_fon Check vowel length of /ye:k/ in Am /ye:kma:tli/, Chen Díaz asserted that it was short.
\ref 08923
\lxam ikxima:poxtli
\lxam_cpend ikxima:poch
\lxoa ixiyma:poxtli
\lxoa_cpend i:xima:poch
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-(N-N)
\der N-b
\infn Stem 1(ch)
\sense_e left leg
\sense_s pierna izquierda
\sense_d Pending
\semfld body
\semfld human
\root kxi
\root ma:
\root poch
\ref 08924
\lxam sa:hki
\lxam_cpend sa:hki
\lxoa sa:hki
\lxoa_cpend sa:hki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\sense_e without anything; simply
\sense_s asínomás sin nada (esto es, sin extravagancia); sencillamente; pobremente
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tewameh sa:hki titlakwan.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e As for us, we eat simply (i.e., nothing fancy or expensive).
\phrase_s En cuanto a nosotros, comemos sencillamente.
\phrase_n A: Ke:no:n tikma:ka:was mochpo:ch? Ba, ye nona:miktia! B: Sa:hki, ba xnikpia tli:no:n ika!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e A: How will you give away your daughter? Y'know she's about to get married! B: Without fanfare, y'know, I don't have the means (to do it with the proper trimmings, e.g., I
don't have an animal or similar thing for her to take to her in-laws)!
\phrase_s A:¿Cómo vas a entregar a tu hija?¡Pues, ya se va a casar! B:¡Asínomás, sabes pues no tengo con que (esto es, no tengo un animal ni otra cosa asíque puede llevarse a
su casa nueva con los suegros)!
\phrase_n Sa:hki o:nimoka:w o:tlan notlayo:l.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I just got left like this, my maize got all used up.
\phrase_s Me quedéasínada más, se acabómi maíz.
\phrase_n A: Roberto, xikihti i:n motale:kah! B: Ka:, sa:hki yes!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e A: Roberto, take along your bag here! B: No, it'll be (i.e., I'll go) just like this!
\phrase_s A:¡Roberto, llévate tu morral! B:¡No, asínomás va a ser (esto es, voy a ir)!
\root sa:
\root iw
\nse For a fuller discussion of the meaning of this term, see entry under sahki.
\semref sahki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08925
\lxam sa:hkón
\lxam_cpend sa:hkón
\lxoa sa:hkón
\lxoa_alt sa:hkión
\lxoa_cpend sa:hkón
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-manner
\sense_e now only like that
\sense_s ahora solamente asío en esa manera
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Sa:hkón weli, xok ma:s kitilia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That's the only way he knows how to do it, he can't see the way anymore.
\phrase_s Asínada más lo sabe hacer, ya no le ve la manera.
\phrase_n Sa:hkón o:timoka:w, titla:wa:nke:tsi:ntli!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You wound up just like that, you're a drunkard!
\phrase_s ¡Asínomás acabaste, eres un borrachito!
\phrase_n Tlayékwa:nia i:pan on tome:sah, sa:hkón ma onye.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He moves things off our table there, let it be just like that (i.e., without anything on it)!
\phrase_s Quita las cosas de sobre nuestra esa,¡que estéasíno más (esto es, sin nada en su superficie)!
\root sa:
\root iw
\nse For a fuller explanation of the semantics of this word, see the entry under sahkón. Note that in the phrase Tlayékwa:nia i:pan on tome:sah, sa:hkón ma
onye. the term sa:hkón refers to the"reduced state"of the table, i.e., lacking any objects or adornments on it.
\semref sahkón
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 08926
\lxam chi:lxoxo:hki
\lxam_cpend chi:lxoxo:hki
\lxoa chi:xo:hki
\lxoa_cpend chi:xo:hki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\sense_e green chile
\sense_s chile verde
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root chi:l
\root xo:wi
\nae The Oapan diminutive is chi:xo:hka:tsi:ntli whereas the Ameyaltepec diminutive is chi:lxoxo:hkitsi:n. Here the different rules of diminutive derivation are
clear. In Oapan the historical participial ending -ka: surfaces, as it does in Classical Nahuatl. The absolutive is not added, given its absence in the non-diminutive form. In
Ameyaltepec the diminutive is added directly onto the regular form, with no change in the final vowel (i.e., the historical -ka: does not surface). Moreover, the absolutive
is added. Note also the lost of stem-final /l/ in the Oapan form chi:xo:hki and the lack of the reduplicant, with no compensatory pitch accent.
\grm Diminutive: Am /chi:lxoxo:hki/ and Oa /chi:xo:hki/. The Oapan diminutive is chi:xo:hka:tsi:ntli whereas the Ameyaltepec diminutive is
chi:lxoxo:hkitsi:n. Here the different rules of diminutive derivation are clear. In Oapan the historical participial ending -ka: surfaces, as it does
in Classical Nahuatl. The absolutive is not added, given its absence in the non-diminutive form. In Ameyaltepec the diminutive is added directly onto the regular form, with
no change in the final vowel (i.e., the historical -ka: does not surface). Moreover, the absolutive is added.
\ref 08927
\lxam tlanelo:hloh
\lxam_cpend tlanelo:hloh
\lxoa tlawi:kahloh
\lxoa_cpend tlawi:kahloh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\sense_e mixed (e.g., dry things such as several types of seeds that have been mixed together to plant: maize, beans, watermelon, melon, etc.; syn. Am tlanelo:hloh)
\sense_s revuelto (p. ej., cosas secas como varios tipos de semilla que han sido mezcladas para sembrar: maíz, frijoles, sandía, melón, etc.; sin. Am tlanelo:hloh)
\sense_d Oa
\root wi:ka
\ref 08928
\lxam tlato:l ka:wa
\lxam_cpend tlato:lka:wa
\lxoa tláto:lká:wa
\lxoa_cpend tláto:lká:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to lose the ability to speak (e.g., a person on the verge of death)
\sense_s perder la habilidad de hablar (p. ej., una persona a punto de morir)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root hto
\root ka:wa
\ref 08929
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tehpatetl
\lxoa_cpend tehpatetl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\compound N-N
\sense_e hard, white flint-like stone, formerly used by women to roughen the surface of metates
\sense_s piedra dura, blanca, antes utilizada por las mujeres para marcar la superficie de los metates
\sense_d Oa
\root tekpa
\root te
\ref 08930
\lxoa no:mpa
\lxoa_cpend no:mpa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\sense_e there also
\sense_s allítambién
\sense_d Oa
\root no:
\root pa
\nse This should be distinguished from no mpa, which is the 1st-person short independent pronoun, followed by the adverbial mpa, with the meaning 'I there.'
\ref 08931
\lxoa ítitómiyóh
\lxoa_pr ititomiyoh
\lxoa_cpend ítitómiyóh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\compound N-Adj
\sense_e having a hairy belly
\sense_s con la panza peluda o con mucho pelo
\sense_d Oa
\root hti
\root tohmi
\nse Often this is found in the reduplicated form, ítí:tomíyoh.
\ref 08932
\lxoa serakókoné:tl
\lxoa_cpend serakókoné:tl
\lxoa_pr serakokone:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\sense_e doll made of wax
\sense_s muñeca de cera
\sense_d Oa
\root kone:
\ref 08933
\lxam ni:siwia
\lxam_cpend kini:siwia
\lxoa ni:siwia
\lxoa_c kini:siwia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\pss P2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to draw close to
\sense_s acercarse a
\sense_d Pending
\root ni:si
\nse In Ameyaltepec this word is archaic, more common is kise:rkawia.
\ref 08934
\lxam na:palo:ltia
\lxam_cpend kina:palo:ltia
\lxoa na:palo:ltia
\lxoa_cpend kina:palo:ltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give (sb a child) to hold or cradle
\sense_s dar (un niño)a (algn) para abrazar
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma nimitsna:palo:lti nokone:w!
\sense_e Let me give you my child to hold in your arms!
\sense_s ¡Déjame darte mi niño a abrazar!
\sense_d Oa
\root na:pal
\grm Causative: note that there are various types of causatives and among the most interesting semantically are those that involve the causatives of transitive verbs. In this case
the object of the causative is a person who volitionally takes a child in his or her arms. The question here is the degree of agentivity or volitionality of the object (the human
animate). It would appear that this facet of causation is directly related to the semantics of the base verb. In cases such as kwa the causative involves a
decreased agentivity or volitionality, as the semantics of the causative is something to the effect of 'to put in the mouth of' (e.g., a bit in a horse's mouth, or food in a young
child's mouth). In other cases the semantics of causation involve"let causatives"in which the action of the subject of the causative verb allows something, usually an
intransitive action, to take place. This is the case with a:toktia 'to let (sth) be swept away by the water."
\xref na:palowa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08935
\lxam_notes zzz
\lxoa wa:hka:tlatlasi
\lxoa_cpend wa:hka:tlatlasi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\compound Part-V1
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to cough with a dry cough
\sense_s toser con un tos seco
\sense_d Oa
\root wa:k
\root tlasi
\ref 08936
\lxam temasa:tl
\lxam_cpend temasa:tl
\lxoa temasa:tl
\lxoa_cpend temasa:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der te-N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e type of animal not identified that looks like a goat, if you shoot at it and don't kill it, it can blow worms on you with its breath
\sense_s tipo de animal como chivo, mansito pero si le tiras y no le das, te va soltar gusanos con su aliento
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e elder deer (with many antlers)
\sense_s venado grande o viejo (con los cuernos con muchas puntas)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld animal
\semfld mammal
\root masa:
\root_rel te
\nse According to Marcial Camilo the word temasa:tl refers to deer with 12 points on its antlers (normal deer have 6). He added that if one shoots a
temasa:tl then one will kill 12 more deer in the future. Roberto Mauricio gave the first definition above, that the animal is like a wild goat. It is also a word in
Ameyaltepec (I have heard Cristino Flores use it), but I haven't yet determined its meaning.
\semref masa:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08937
\lxoa tlatok
\lxoa_cpend i:tlatok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\infn Relational
\sense_e animal alter-ego into which one can turn oneself
\sense_s nahual, animal que es otro espiritu de una persona, a que se puede cambiar
\sense_d Oa
\nde There is no equivalent form in Ameyaltepec other than na:wahli, which is also used in Oapan.
\root toka
\ref 08938
\lxam tlatoka
\lxam_cpend tlatoka
\lxoa tlatoka
\lxoa_cpend tlatoka
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\compound tla-V2
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to be fierce (an animal such as a bull that chases after people trying to gore and kill them)
\sense_s ser bravo (un toro, por seguir a las personas tratando de cornearlos y matarlos)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (occasionally preceded by pa or ompa) to follow (in birth order; Oapan syn. te:toka)
\sense_s (a veces precedido por pa o ompa) seguir (en orden de nacer; sin. Oapan te:toka)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n Un kichkone:tl yewa pa tlatoka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e That child, he follows other in birth order.
\phrase_s Ese niño,él sigue a otros en nacer.
\root toka
\ref 08939
\lxam te:toka
\lxam_cpend te:toka
\lxoa te:toka
\lxoa_cpend te:toka
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\compound te:-V2
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to follow behind (in order, e.g, a line of people or animals)
\sense_s seguir atrás (en orden, p. ej., una línea de gente o de animales)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Sa: te:toka moto:roh.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Your bull follows up in the rear.
\phrase_s Tu toro es elúltimo en seguir a los demás.
\sense_e (occasionally preceded by pa or ompa) to follow (in birth order, either siblings or individuals being compared in age)
\sense_s (a veces precedido por pa o ompa) seguir (en orden de nacer, o entre hermanos o simplemente personas al comparar su orden de nacer)
\sense_d Am
\phrase_n To mokone:w sa: te:toka.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your child follows others in birth order.
\phrase_s Tu niño(a) sigue a los demás (en orden de nacer, esto es, es más joven o es el más joven).
\root toka
\ref 08940
\lxam masa:te:moke:tl
\lxam_cpend masa:te:moke:tl
\lxoa masa:té:moké:tl
\lxoa_pr masa:te:moke:tl
\lxoa_cpend masa:té:moké:tl
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\pitch yes
\sense_e deer hunter
\sense_s cazador de venado
\sense_d Pending
\root masa:
\root ma
\nae Apparently the /a/ is short in Oapan and long in Ameyaltepec, though in the latter this word is seldom used. More common in Ameyaltepec is masa:te:roh ; in both
Ameyaltepec and Oapan one also finds masa:te:moke:tl (Am) / masa:té:moké:tl(Oa).
\qry Apparently /masa:tlamaki/ is not acceptable.
\semref ma:satlama:ke:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ma:satlámaké:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08941
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa ye:lpanwia
\lxoa_cpend kiye:lpanwia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to carry with a horizontal strip across the chest and the load on ones back
\sense_s cargar con un tirante en el pecho y la carga por la espalda
\sense_d Oa
\root ye:l
\root_rel pan
\ref 08942
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa petskaya:wa
\lxoa_cpend nopetskaya:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to let slip or slide down (e.g., rocks or firewood on a slope)
\sense_s dejar deslizar, dejar resbalar (p. ej., piedras o leña por una bajada)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (refl.) to slip, to slide (e.g., off a slippery surface); to let oneself slide off (e.g., a slippery surface)
\sense_s (refl.) deslizarse, resbalarse, dejarse resbalar
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (refl.) to flow or fall off an inclined surface (e.g., water off of a sloped roof, a cloak, etc.)
\sense_s (refl.) correrse o deslizarse hacia abajo sobre la superficie de una inclinación (p. ej., agua que corre por un techo inclinado, o por un capote)
\sense_d Oa
\mod This was an entry for Oapan /peya:wa/, but no examples, definitions, etc. were given. It was stated taht this was an obligatorily reflexive verb. This should be checked
\ref 08943
\lxam_notes yzzzno
\lxoa pa:ya:tik
\lxoa_cpend pa:ya:tik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\sense_e foolish, thoughtless
\sense_s menso, sonso
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e weak, slow (e.g., sb who is unable to lift a light weight, to walk long distances)
\sense_s débil, despacio (p. ej., algn que no puede alzar algo medio pesado, o caminar por el cerro, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root pa:ya:
\semref pa:ya:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08944
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa xa:ma:ka:hli
\lxoa_cpend xa:ma:ka:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e type of garden patch for cilantro and other herbs and greens that is in the form of a long bed
\sense_s parte de una huerta sembrada con hierbas y quelites en una forma larga
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:ma:ka:l
\nae The etymology of this word is unclear.
\semref tekahli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref tlapacho:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08945
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa tekiti:ltia
\lxoa_cpend kitekiti:ltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make or put (sb) to work
\sense_s poner a o hacer trabajar a (algn)
\sense_d Oa
\root teki
\ref 08946
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa na:ntso:hli
\lxoa_cpend na:ntso:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\infn never possessed
\compound N-N
\sense_e mama's boy (sb who always is missing his or her mother, e.g., who always wants to live with or visit his or her mother)
\sense_s persona que tiene mamitis (esto es, que siempre quiere estar cerca de, vivir con o visitar a su mamá)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e man who misses his wife, who always wants to be with her
\sense_s hombre que extraña a su esposa, que siempre quiere estar con ella
\sense_d Oa
\root na:n
\root tso:l
\ref 08947
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa tlaíwatíkahtia
\lxoa_pr tlaiwatikahtia
\lxoa_cpend tlaíwatíkahtia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\impers Am, Oa
\pitch yes
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to get dark (e.g., outside after nightfall, in a room with no windows, etc.)
\sense_s oscurecerse al anochecer (afuera después del anochecer; en un cuarto sin ventanas, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\flao tlaiwa
\root yowa
\ref 08948
\lxam tlaiwati
\lxam_cpend tlaiwati
\lxoa tlaiwati
\lxoa_cpend tlaiwati
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to get dark (e.g., outside after nightfall, in a room with no windows, etc.)
\sense_s oscurecerse al anochecer (afuera después del anochecer; en un cuarto sin ventanas, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\flao tlaiwa
\root yowa
\ref 08949
\lxam tlaiwatia
\lxam_cpend tlaiwatia
\lxoa tlaiwatia
\lxoa_cpend tlaiwatia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to get dark (e.g., outside after nightfall, in a room with no windows, etc.)
\sense_s oscurecerse al anochecer (afuera después del anochecer; en un cuarto sin ventanas, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\flao tlaiwa
\root yowa
\nse This form is rare in Ameyaltepec. Much more common is tlaiwati.
\ref 08950
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa a:mihtoli:nia
\lxoa_cpend na:mihtoli:nia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\compound N-V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to suffer from thirst
\sense_s sufrir por sed
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root miki
\root toli:
\ref 08951
\lxam a:miktli
\lxam_cpend a:miktli
\lxoa a:mihtli
\lxoa_cpend a:mihtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e thirst
\sense_s sed
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root miki
\ref 08953
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa koxká:nenéki
\lxoa_cpend nokoxká:nenéki
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e (refl.) to pretend to be sick
\sense_s (refl.) hacerse el enfermo, fingir estar enfermo
\sense_d Oa
\root koya
\root neki
\nae Note the absence of the reduplicant in this form: ? nokokoxká:neneki.
\grm Reduplication: Note the absence of the reduplicant in this form: ? nokokoxká:neneki.
\semref kokoxka:te:ka
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 08954
\lxam kokoxka:te:ka
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\infv class-4a
\sense_e (refl.) to pretend to be sick
\sense_s (refl.) hacerse el enfermo, fingir estar enfermo
\sense_d Oa
\root koya
\root te:ka
\semref kokoxká:nenéki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08954
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa koxnénekí
\lxoa_pr koxneneki
\lxoa_cpend nokoxnénekí
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to pretend to be asleep
\sense_s hacerse el dormido, fingir estar dormido
\sense_d Oa
\root kochi
\root neki
\semref kochka:tete:ka
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref kochká:teté:ka
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08955
\lxam kochka:tete:ka
\lxam_cpend nokochka:tete:ka
\lxoa kochká:teté:ka
\lxoa_pr kochka:tete:ka
\lxoa_cpend nokochká:teté:ka
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to pretend to be asleep
\sense_s hacerse el dormido, fingir estar dormido
\sense_d Oa
\root kochi
\root te:ka
\semref koxnéneki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08956
\lxam kwelpache:wi
\lxam_cpend kwelpache:wi
\lxoa kwelpache:wi
\lxoa_cpend kwelpache:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp S-V1
\der V2-alt-wi
\trans Compl
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become bent or doubled over; to sag (e.g., a plant that is either laden with fruit or drying up and wilting); to buckle (e.g., a pole under a great weight)
\sense_s encorvarse; doblarse; combarse (p. ej., una planta cargada con fruta, o sufriendo por falta de agua); combarse (p. ej., un poste bajo un peso grande)
\sense_d Pending
\root kwel
\root pach
\nae One also has the forms, in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan, kwelpachiwi.
\ref 08957
\lxam desi:yah
\lxam_cpend modesi:yah
\lxoa desi:yah
\lxoa_cpend modesi:yah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\loan de, silla
\sense_e beast of burden (particularly a horse or mule) that is used exclusively for riding
\sense_s animal de carga que se emplea excluisvamente para montar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nae Note that in Nahuatl the borrowing desi:yah is used as a noun.
\ref 08958
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa kwahlo:tika
\lxoa_cpend san kwahlo:tika
\dt 27/Feb/2006
\psm N
\infn N1
\sense_e to be bewitched; to not be real (i.e., earthly)
\sense_s estar embrujado; no ser natural (esto es, de este mundo)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Yo on wa:kax xmila:k, xmila:k, san kwahlo:tika wa:kax on.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e That head of cattle isn't real, it's not a true animal, it's not earthly that head of cattle.
\phrase_s Ese ganado no es de a de veras, no es real, solamente es de brujería ese ganado.
\root kwa
\nse This word is found in a story told by Joaquin Herrera
\ref 08959
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa a:tlahma:tli
\lxoa_cpend a:tlahma:tli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e a small gorge that joins into another larger one
\sense_s barranquita que se junta a o sale de otra más grande
\sense_d Oa
\root a:tlaw
\root ma:
\ref 08960
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:pitsahtli
\lxoa_c a:pitsahtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e small stream of water that is left between a sandbar and the bank during the dry season
\sense_s arroyito de agua que se corre en una vara de arena y la ribera del río durante la temporada de secas
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root pitsa:
\semref a:pitsahko
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08961
\lxam dia:ntreh
\lxam_cpend dia:ntreh
\lxoa dia:ntreh
\lxoa_cpend dia:ntreh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan diablo
\psm N
\sense_e Devil
\sense_s diablo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ka:n dia:ntreh tiaw?
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Where in hell are you going?
\phrase_s ¿A dónde diablos te vas?
\nse This is used mostly in cursing, e.g, when one is mad at someone or something.
\ref 08962
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa tétekíyawá
\lxoa_pr tetekiyawa
\lxoa_cpend kí:tekíyawá
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to strongly scold
\sense_s regañar fuertemente
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n íkwá:k se: topi:pih kwala:ni, kí:tekíyawái:kone:w.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e When a woman gets mad, she strongly scolds her child.
\phrase_s Cuando una señora se enoja, regaña fuertemente a su hijo
\root teki
\root ahwa
\ref 08963
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa a:ra i:kone:w
\lxoa_alt a:rikone:w
\lxoa_cpend a:rikone:w
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\loan (part) carajo
\sense_e dam it!
\sense_s hijo del diablo!
\sense_d Oa
\root kone:
\nse This word is used in cursing when something has made one mad. In Ameyaltepec the equivalent is miktla:n ikone:w.
\ref 08964
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa ké:menó:n
\lxoa_alt ké:manó:n
\lxoa_pr ke:meno:n
\lxoa_cpend tla: ké:menó:n
\dt 23/Feb/2006
\sense_e for example (that)
\sense_s por ejemplo (ese)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Tla: ké:menó:n xya mocha:n!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e For example, go to your house!
\phrase_s ¡Por ejemplo, ve a tu casa!
\phrase_n To:to:tsi:ntli ké:menó:n yo xma:s wewe:imeh.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Birds such as those that are not that big.
\phrase_s Pájaros, por ejemplo los que no son muy grandes.
\nse This word is often preceded by tla:
\semref ké:mení:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref kea:man
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08965
\lxam saló:n
\lxam_cpend saló:n
\lxoa salo:n
\lxoa_alt salo:h
\lxoa_cpend salo:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan salón
\psm N
\sense_e 22 caliber rifle, particularly Winchesters
\sense_s rifle de calibre 22, particularmente el Winchester
\sense_d Am, Oa
\ref 08966
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa tlikwi:tia
\lxoa_cpend kitlikwi:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V3
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to light (firewood, candle, griddle, etc.)
\sense_s prender (leña, veladora, comal, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to turn on (e.g., a light or electrical apparatus)
\sense_s encender (p. ej., un foco o aparato eléctrico)
\sense_d Pending
\root tli
\root kwi
\grm Note that in Oapan both causative forms are found: /tlikwi:tia/ and /tlikwi:ltia/, with perhaps the former more common.
\xref tlikwi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\xref tlikwi:tilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\semref tlikwi:ltia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08967
\lxoa tlikwi:tilia
\lxoa_cpend kitlikwi:tilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap[ca]
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to light (a fire) for; to light a candle for (e.g., a saint)
\sense_s prender (un fuego) para; prender una vela para (p. ej., un santo).
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to turn on (e.g., a light, an electric appliance) for
\sense_s encender (p. ej., un foco, un aparato eléctrico) para
\sense_d Pending
\root tli
\root kwi
\nde This applicative form is not found in Ameyaltepec, where instead one finds tlikwi:ltiaand tlikwi:ltilia, terms also found in Oapan.
\xref tlikwi:tia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 08968
\lxam i:xte:mowa
\lxam_cpend tlai:xte:mowa
\lxoa i:xte:mowa
\lxoa_cpend tlai:xte:mowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to look for just with ones gaze (i.e., without moving)
\sense_s buscar con la pura vista (esto es, sin moverse)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root i:x
\root te:m-2-
\ref 08969
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa kenekwa:w
\lxoa_alt kenkwa:w
\lxoa_alt kenikwa:w
\lxoa_alt kenekwa:htsi:n
\lxoa_alt kenikwa:htsi:n
\lxoa_cpend kenekwa:w
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\sense_e to make believe; to pretend
\sense_s hacer de cuenta; pretender ser que
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n San kenekwa:htsi:n tona:mihti:skeh.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Let's pretend that we are going to get married.
\phrase_s Hacemos de cuenta que nos casemos.
\sense_e (tla: ~) Ah! [modal form that indicates surpise on the part of speaker]
\sense_s (tla: ~) Ah! [forma modal que indica sorpresa por parte del que habla]
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Tla: kenekwa:w yo:t'ma:k nawa no:hki o:hmakato.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Ah! You gave it to him! I also when to give it to him.
\phrase_s ¡Ah quéya se lo diste! yo también se lo fui a dar.
\root kenekwa:w
\ref 08970
\lxam i:xtlami
\lxam_cpend i:xtlami
\lxoa i:xtlami
\lxoa_cpend i:xtlami
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\compound N-V1
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e (with the directional prefix on-) to see as far as
\sense_s (con el prefijo direccional on-) alcanzar la vista tan lejos como
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Toni:xtlami ne: i:pan tepe:tl.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e The furthest that you can see is there on the hill.
\phrase_s Lo más lejos que alcanzas ver es alláen el cerro.
\root i:x
\root tlam
\nae This verb is usually used with the prefix on-. It appears that in the perfective it is more common to maintain the prefix, ya:lwa o:noni:xtlan although often
speakers will accept the use of the suffix ya:lwa o:ni:xtlamito.
\grm Directionals: This verb is usually used with the prefix on-. It appears that in the perfective it is more common to maintain the prefix, ya:lwa
o:noni:xtlan although often speakers will accept the use of the suffix ya:lwa o:ni:xtlamito.
\ref 08971
\lxam siyatia
\lxam_cpend kisiyatia
\lxoa síyatiá
\lxoa_pr siyatia
\lxoa_cpend nihsíyatiá
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to saddle (an animal)
\sense_s ponerle silla a (un animal)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\ref 08972
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa tlá:tlakwáhli
\lxoa_pr tlá:tlakwahli
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\sense_e (usually possessed) favorite dish
\sense_s (generalmente poseído) platillo o comida favorito
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa
\nse Occasionally only one reduplication is used with the same sense, e.g., nó:tlakwáltsi:n.
\semref tlakwahli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref tlá:kwahlí
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08973
\lxam_notes zzz
\lxoa po:nki
\lxoa_cpend po:nki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\sense_e (usually in the negative) open (a flower)
\sense_s (usualmente en el negativo) abierta (una flor)
\sense_d Oa
\root po:
\ref 08974
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa óté:mpan
\lxoa_cpend óté:mpan
\lxoa_pr ote:mpan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Loc
\sense_e at the side of the road
\sense_s por la orilla del camino
\sense_d Oa
\root oh
\root te:m
\root_rel -pan
\ref 08975
\lxam_notes zzz
\lxoa no:mpayá:
\lxoa_cpend no:mpayá:
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adv
\sense_e also over there
\sense_s también por allí
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n No:mpayá: nicha:nti.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I also live over there.
\phrase_s Yo también por allívivo.
\root no:
\root pa
\root ika
\ref 08976
\lxam tla:katilia
\dt 15/Jan/2004
\ref 08977
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tla:kati:ltia
\lxoa_cpend kitla:kati:ltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-tilia
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to give birth to (an animal of its young, a woman to a child)
\sense_s hacer nacer; dar a luz (un animal a su cría, una mujer a un niño)
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:ka
\semref tla:katilia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08978
\lxam ke:nihki
\lxam_cpend ke:nihki
\lxoa ke:nihki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adv
\sense_e with difficulty
\sense_s con trabajo
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n San ke:nihki wa:hlaw.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He comes with difficulty (e.g., because he is sick)
\phrase_s Viene con trabajo (p. ej., por estar enfermo)
\sense_e in any way whatsoever; in any which way
\sense_s como sea; en cualquier manera
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n San ke:nihki kitla:lia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e He just sets it down in any way whatsoever (i.e., without any particular order or concern).
\phrase_s Lo coloca como sea (esto es, en cualquier manera, sin cuidado).
\phrase_n Tikwa:ta:takaltik, o:mitsxi:nkeh san ke:nihki.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You have places on your head with real short hair, they cut your hair just in any old way.
\phrase_s Tienes lugares con poco pelo por tu cabeza, te cortaron el pelo sin cuidado.
\root ke:n
\root iw
\semref ke:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref ihki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08979
\lxam na:nawe:lah
\lxam_cpend na:nawe:lah
\lxoa na:nawe:lah
\lxoa_cpend na:nawe:lah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\loan (part) abuela
\compound N-N
\sense_e woman of advanced age
\sense_s mujer de edad avanzada
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root na:n
\ref 08980
\lxam ta:nawe:loh
\lxam_cpend ta:nawe:loh
\lxoa ta:nawe:loh
\lxoa_cpend ta:nawe:loh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\loan (part) abuela
\compound N-N
\sense_e man of advanced age
\sense_s hombre de edad avanzada
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root na:n
\nse This word is now seldom used (less so in Ameyaltepec).
\semref na:nawe:lah
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08981
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ówiyó
\lxoa_cpend íowíyo
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\sense_e see ótlí
\sense_s véase ótlí
\sense_d Oa
\root oh
\ref 08982
\lxam a:mako:hke:tl
\lxam_cpend a:mako:hke:tl
\lxoa a:mako:hke:tl
\lxoa_cpend a:mako:hke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who buys amate (bark paper)
\sense_s comprador de amates
\sense_d Pending
\root a:ma
\root ko:wa
\ref 08983
\lxam michko:hke:tl
\lxam_cpend michko:hke:tl
\lxoa michko:hke:tl
\lxoa_cpend michko:hke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who buys fish
\sense_s comprador de pescado
\sense_d Pending
\root mich
\root ko:wa
\qry_fon In all these cases, check /w/, or should it be /h/.
\ref 08984
\lxam petlako:hke:tl
\lxam_cpend petlako:hke:tl
\lxoa petlako:hke:tl
\lxoa_cpend petlako:hke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who buys straw mats
\sense_s comprador de petates
\sense_d Pending
\root petla
\root ko:wa
\qry_fon In all these cases, check /w/, or should it be /h/.
\ref 08985
\lxam tlake:nko:hke:tl
\lxam_cpend tlake:nko:hke:tl
\lxoa tlake:nko:hke:tl
\lxoa_cpend tlake:nko:hke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who buys clothes or cloth
\sense_s comprador de ropa o tela
\sense_d Pending
\root tlake:m
\root ko:wa
\ref 08986
\lxam tla:lko:hke:tl
\lxam_cpend tla:lko:hke:tl
\lxoa tla:lko:hke:tl
\lxoa_cpend tla:lko:hke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who buys land
\sense_s comprador de terrenos
\sense_d Pending
\root tla:l
\root ko:wa
\qry_fon In all these cases, check /w/, or should it be /h/.
\ref 08987
\lxam tlapechko:hke:tl
\lxam_cpend tlapechko:hke:tl
\lxoa tlapechko:hke:tl
\lxoa_cpend tlapechko:hke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who buys beds
\sense_s comprador de camas
\sense_d Pending
\root pech
\root ko:wa
\qry_fon In all these cases, check /w/, or should it be /h/.
\ref 08988
\lxam tlayo:lko:hke:tl
\lxam_cpend tlayo:lko:hke:tl
\lxoa tlayo:lko:hke:tl
\lxoa_cpend tlayo:lko:hke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who buys maize
\sense_s comprador de maíz
\sense_d Pending
\root o:ya
\root ko:wa
\qry_fon In all these cases, check /w/, or should it be /h/.
\ref 08989
\lxam wa:xko:hke:tl
\lxam_cpend wa:xko:hke:tl
\lxoa wa:xko:hke:tl
\lxoa_cpend wa:xko:hke:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag-ke:tl
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e person who buys guajes
\sense_s comprador de guajes
\sense_d Pending
\root wa:x
\root ko:wa
\semref wa:kaxko:hke:tl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08990
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa ixtsátsitíw
\lxoa_cpend ixtsátsitíw
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\infv Irregular; see -tiw
\sense_e to walk rapidly with heavy sounding steps (from ones shoes or boots)
\sense_s caminar rápido con los pasos resoñanando fuerte (con zapatos o botas)
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\sense_e (usually with aspectual -tiw) to walk rapidly with heavy sounding steps
\sense_s (a menudo con el aspectual -tiw) caminar rápido con los pasos resoñanando fuerte
\sense_d Oa
\root tsahti
\nse According to Roberto Mauricio, whereas ixtsátsitíw refers to the heavy resounding footsteps of one walking heavily with shoes or boots, tla:tekwistiw
can refer to a similar sound including that made with sandals.
\semref tlatetekwitsa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref tla:tekwitsa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08991
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa tlaxitéchikítiw
\lxoa_cpend tlaxitéchikítiw
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv Irregular; see -tiw
\sense_e to go along making a shuffling sound (dragging ones feet along the ground)
\sense_s ir haciendo el sonido de rastrear los pies en el suelo
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root hchiki
\ref 08992
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa tekwikwihlo:tia
\lxoa_cpend notekwikwihlo:tia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to become striped crosswise or horizontally (i.e., not lengthwise)
\sense_s quedarse atravestado por colores rayados
\sense_d Oa
\root kwil
\nse This verb is used to refer to the change in color that affects certain animals: malintsi:n, kwe:tla, and chapolin. The corralillo snake is also
tekwikwiltik. Note that in Ameyaltepec the borrowing me:koti is used. For the adjective one finds me:kotik. Cf.
si:sikwiltik.
\semref me:koti
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref si:sikwiltik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 08993
\lxam tesi:sikwil
\lxam_cpend tesi:sikwil
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e spotted; having polk-a-dots
\sense_s salpicado de color; pinto
\sense_d Am
\semfld color-pattern
\root sikwil
\ncol sa:ndiah
\ncol a:yotli
\ncol bese:rroh
\semref si:sikwiltik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 08994
\lxam xi:hki:sa
\lxam_cpend xi:hki:sa
\lxoa xi:hki:sa
\lxoa_cpend xi:hki:sa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\sense_e to have ones belly-button pop out
\sense_s salirsele (a uno) el ombligo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root xi:k
\root ki:sa
\nse In Ameyaltepec it is said that if a young child is born and then looks at a pregnant woman, kitlama:maltia, xi:hki:sa, tlama:ma iun ye nemi 'she (the pregnant woman)
places a burden on him (the young child), his belly button pops out, the one that is already born carries a weight.'
\ref 08995
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa xi:hkomoliwi
\lxoa_cpend xi:hkomoliwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to have ones belly-button sink into ones belly
\sense_s hundirsele el ombligo (a uno)
\sense_d Oa
\root xi:k
\root komol
\semref xi:hkalaki
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08996
\lxam xi:hkalaki
\lxam_cpend xi:hkalaki
\lxoa xi:hkalaki
\lxoa_cpend xi:hkalaki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e to have ones belly-button sink into ones belly
\sense_s hundirsele el ombligo (a uno)
\sense_d Oa
\root xi:k
\root kala
\semref xi:hkomoliwi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 08997
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa xi:hkomoliwi
\lxoa_cpend xi:hkomoliwi
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\sense_e having a sunken belly-button
\sense_s con el ombligo entrado o hundido
\sense_d Oa
\root xi:k
\root komol
\ref 08998
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa ma:pochik
\lxoa_cpend ma:pochik
\infn pl. ma:pochihmeh (Oa) / ma:pochikmeh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(ap)
\der N-ap-ni-k
\sense_e type of insect similar to daddy longlegs (also called crane fly and harvestman (not considered a tokatl)
\sense_s tipo de insecto parecido al segador o araña zancuda (no considerado un tokatl)
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root se:ka
\root pochi:
\nse Ma:se:kapochik are used as a remedy for whooping cough (tosferina). They are collected and boiled in water and then the water is drunk.
\grm Plural: Note that the plural in Am is /ma:se:kapochikmeh/, at least according to Cristino Flores. In Oapan, according to Roberto Mauricio, it is
ma:pochihmeh.
\semref ma:se:kapochik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ma:sia:pochik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 08999
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa á:mó:lwia
\lxoa_pr a:mo:lwia
\lxoa_cpend ne:chá:mo:lwía
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to apply soap from the amole tree to
\sense_s aplicarle jabón delárbol llamado amole a
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root mo:l
\ref 09000
\lxam tlapechyo:tia
\lxam_cpend kitlapechyo:tia
\lxoa tlapechyo:tia
\lxoa_cpend kitlapechyo:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to place cactus rods on (e.g., a thatched or teja roof)
\sense_s ponerle varas de cactus sobre (p. ej., una casa de palma, zacate o teja)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root pech
\ref 09001
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa á:pá:ntia
\lxoa_cpend ká:pá:ntia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to place a garland of flowers (usually of marigolds, or of sé:piyá:ka:tl) on (usually a saint or cross)
\sense_s colocar una guirnalda de flores (generalmente de cempoalxochitl o sé:piyá:ka:tl) sobre (generalmente un santo o cruz)
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root pa:n
\ref 09002
\lxam pio:kwa
\lxam_cpend pio:kwa
\lxoa pio:kwa
\lxoa_cpend pio:kwa
\loan (part) pio
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-1
\sense_e to eat chicken
\sense_s comer pollo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwa
\ref 09003
\lxam ri:koti
\lxam_cpend o:ri:kot
\lxoa rí:kotí
\lxoa_pr ri:koti
\lxoa_cpend o:ri:kotik
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3d(ti)
\infv_d Am
\infv class-4a
\infv_d Oa
\sense_e to become rich
\sense_s hacerse o volverse rico
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nae In Oapan, the underlying {h} from the loan ri:koh is maintained in the underlying verb form and motivates its inclusion in class 4. However, in Ameyaltepec the {h} is
completely lost and the verb is placed in class 3. Note also that the length of the borrowed noun is maintained in the verb, yielding ri:koti and not ?
riko:ti.
\grm Vowel length; loans: re /ri:koti/ Note also that the length of the borrowed noun is maintained in the verb, yielding ri:koti and not ? riko:ti.
\ref 09004
\lxam_notes zzz
\lxoa kahtilia
\lxoa_cpend mitskahtilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V1-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to calm down (an illness or sth that hurts) for (sb)
\sense_s calmarle (una enfermedad o algo que duele) a (algn)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Mitskahtilia ka:mpa mitsokowa.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e It calms down for you the place where it hurts you.
\phrase_s Te calma el lugar donde te duele.
\root kaki
\semref kahtiw
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09005
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa pákó:ntli
\lxoa_cpend pákó:ntli
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\sense_e cave that is filled with bat dung
\sense_s cueva llena de estiercol de murciélago
\sense_d Oa
\root pah
\root ko:m
\ref 09006
\lxam ikxina:miki
\lxam_cpend kikxina:miki
\lxoa ixina:miki
\lxoa_cpend kixina:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\allomorph i-epen
\compound N-V2
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to step on accidentally (e.g., a scorpion, or an animal underneath the water)
\sense_s pisar accidentalmente (p. ej., un alacrán, o un animal abajo del agua)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kxi
\root na:miki
\ref 09007
\lxam i:xte:na:miki
\lxam_cpend ki:xte:na:miki
\lxoa i:xte:na:miki
\lxoa_cpend kixina:miki
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\compound N-V2
\infv class-3a(k)
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\impers -:lo
\impers_d Am
\sense_e to come across and see accidentally (i.e., without specifically looking for, e.g., one needs wood for ones house and in walking through the woods comes across wood that
will be useful)
\sense_s ver de repetente algo que no se esperaba ver (p. ej., una persona buscaba algo pero después lo dejaba de buscar, y después, por casualidad, lo ve)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root na:miki
\ref 09008
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa mixtla:wi:lowa
\lxoa_cpend to:to:tla:wi:lowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V1-b
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to illuminate (in fishing at night) fish in shallow water with light from a torch made of tekono:xtli(Oa)
\sense_s iluminar (en pescar durante la noche) peces en agua poco profunda con la luz de una antorcha hecha de tekono:xtli(Oa)
\sense_d Pending
\semfld hunting
\root mich
\root tla:wi:l
\ilus_note Illustrate general scene.
\ref 09009
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa pakiyo:tl
\lxoa_cpend pakiyo:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e thorns that are used in fencing where the thorns are interwoven between stakes to keep cattle out of a field
\sense_s ramas espinosas que se utilizan en hacer una cerca, entrelazándolas con estantes para que no pasen los animales a un campo u otraárea protegida
\sense_d Oa
\root paki
\ref 09010
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa tlako:hikiti
\lxoa_alt tlako:w ikiti
\lxoa_cpend tlako:hikiti
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to make a fence of interwoven rods
\sense_s hacer una cerca de varas entrelazadas
\sense_d Oa
\root tlako:
\root ikiti
\semref china:ntia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 09011
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa pakiyo:tia
\lxoa_cpend tlapakiyo:tia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to make a fence of thorny branches that are interwoven between fence posts to keep animals out of a field
\sense_s hacer una cerca de ramas espinosas que se entrelazan entre estantes para que animales no entren a un campo o sembradío
\sense_d Oa
\root paki
\ref 09012
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa má:ke:ketsí:hli
\lxoa_alt má:ketsí:hli
\lxoa_pr ma:ke:ketsi:hli
\lxoa_cpend i:má:ke:kétsi:l
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e heel of the palm
\sense_s parte inferior de la palma de la mano
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root kehtsi:
\ref 09013
\lxam ikxitsotsoliwi
\lxam_cpend ikxitsotsoliwi
\lxoa ixi:tsoliwi
\lxoa_cpend ixi:tsoliwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\compound N-V1
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to roll ones pants up
\sense_s arremangarse o subirse los pantalones
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to go barefoot
\sense_s andar descalzo
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root tsol
\ref 09014
\lxam ikximumuwi
\lxam_cpend ikximumuwi
\lxoa ixí:mowí
\lxoa_pr ixí:mowi
\lxoa_cpend ixí:mowí
\allomorph i-epen
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\compound N-V1
\sense_e to be afraid of stepping on something (that might bite or sting)
\sense_s tener miedo de pisar algo (que muerde o pica)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kxi
\root muwi
\ref 09015
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa o:hpatla:lwia
\lxoa_cpend ko:hpatla:lwia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to finish plowing (after going over the field a second time after the maize has sprouted)
\sense_s terminar de arar (al dejar la milpa al hacer el segundo paso por ello después de brotada la milpa)
\sense_d Oa
\root o:m
\root tla:l
\nse This word is only recorded in a story told by Silvestre Pantaleón.
\semref tla:lwia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref ma:ka:wa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09016
\lxam_notes zzz
\lxoa te:mpatlach
\lxoa_alt te:mpatlah
\lxoa_cpend te:mpatlach
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\sense_e flat piece metal, shaped like an elongated triangle, placed on the end of a digging stick (and, by extension, the entire digging stick with this type of point attached)
\sense_s pieza de metal, plano y ancho (como un triángulo elongado), que se coloca al cabo de una coa (y, por extensión, todo una coa asíarmad
\sense_d Oa
\semfld tool-cultivate
\ency_note witso:ktli; agricultural tools
\nse As a type of metal point for a digging stick, the espá:tulah contrasts with the witso:ktli and tewitso:ktli.
\root te:m
\root patla:
\ref 09017
\lxam iskuwa
\lxam_cpend noskuwa
\lxoa iskowa
\lxoa_cpend noskowa
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\allomorph i-epen
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to warm oneself by a fire
\sense_s calentarse por una fogata o fuego
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root sko
\nae The initial vowel of this verb is uncertain as it has only been documented in the reflexive and no applicative is used. The word is no in disuse in Ameyaltepec though part of the
lexicon of Oapan and other villages (e.g., in San Francisco Ozomatlán).
\ref 09018
\lxam_notes zzz
\lxoa chi:ltla:lahtia
\lxoa_c chi:ltla:lahtia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to transplant chile
\sense_s transplantar chile
\sense_d Oa
\root chi:l
\root tla:l
\root a:k
\semref chi:ltla:lia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref chi:lmamana
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 09019
\lxam sa:ka
\lxam_cpend sa:ka
\lxoa sa:yá:
\lxoa_cpend sa:yá:
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-manner
\sense_e just with [number] (in the sense of a reduction from a previously higher number)
\sense_s solamente con [número] (en el sentido de una reducción de un número anterior más alto)
\sense_d Oa
\root sa:
\root ka
\nse The difference between saka and sa:ka (Am) follows the general pattern of the difference between sanand
sa:in that words with sa:refer to a reduced state from a previously more ample one. Thus one may say both saka se: ima:
and sa:ka se: ima: (Am). The former expresses the concept of 'just with one hand' with no implication of a previous state of more. The second, with
sa:ka , refers to 'just with one hand' when there was a previous state with two hands. Thus is a person has been holding on to something with both hands and one tires
and slips, then sa:ka se: ima: kiki:tskitok.
\ref 09020
\lxam_notes zzz
\lxoa xo:chitla:lia
\lxoa_cpend xo:chitla:lia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to transplant flowers (in particular, marigolds and zinnias)
\sense_s transplantar flores (en particular, sempualxochitl y zinnias)
\sense_d Oa
\root xo:chi
\root tla:l
\semref xo:chimamana
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 09021
\lxam xo:chimamana
\lxam_cpend xo:chimamana
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to transplant flowers (in particular, marigolds and zinnias)
\sense_s transplantar flores (en particular, sempualxochitl y zinnias)
\sense_d Am
\root xo:chi
\root mana
\semref xo:chimamana
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 09022
\lxam_notes zzz
\lxoa ma:xo:chitla:lia
\lxoa_cpend noma:xo:chitla:lia
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\compound N-N-V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to transplant
\sense_s transplantar
\sense_d Oa
\root ma:
\root xo:chi
\root tla:l
\nse This is not a commonly used word anymore. It is apprently only found in the reflexive. According to Roberto Mauricio is refers to the transplanting from a seed garden (e.g.,
tlapacho:hli) of chile, marigolds, zinnias, red tomatoes and green tomatoes (chi:hli, sempwalxo:chitl, sásamigé:ltsi:n,
xi:tomatland mi:ltomatl).
\ref 09023
\lxam iye:n
\lxam_cpend iye:n
\lxoa iye:n
\lxoa_cpend iye:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\sense_e yes (in answer to a question)
\sense_s sí(en contestar a una pregunta)
\sense_d Am
\nse The response iyé:n is common in Ameyaltepec, more so than ke:mah, which is used in Oapan, where iyé:n is less often used.
\semref ke:mah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 09024
\lxam_notes zzz
\lxoa mekakohtli
\lxoa_cpend mekakohtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\sense_e the rod of a snare trap that is tripped and pulls a cord around the trapped animal (usually a bird)
\sense_s la varita de una trampa que se suelta para jalar un mecate alrededor del animal cazado (generalmente un pájaro)
\sense_d Am
\root meka
\root koh
\ref 09025
\lxam_notes zzz
\lxoa tsowa:stla:lia
\lxoa_cpend kitsowa:stla:lia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\compound N-V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to place the string loop at the end of the rod (mekakohtli) of a snare trap (e.g., for birds)
\sense_s colocarle el lasito a la varita (mekakohtli) de una trampa (p. ej., para cazar pájaros)
\sense_d Oa
\root tson
\root tla:l
\ref 09026
\lxam sanok
\lxam_cpend sanok
\lxoa sanok
\lxoa_cpend sanok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adv
\sense_e for now, just in the meantime
\sense_s por mientras
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Sanok hkon, sapa ta mo:stla.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e For now that's fine, tomorrow again.
\phrase_s Por mientras así, mañana otra vez.
\qry Check whether sanok or sahnok.
\root san
\root ok
\ref 09027
\lxam_notes zzz
\lxoa tomi:nkwa
\lxoa_cpend te:tomi:nkwa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\compound N-V2
\infv class-1
\sense_e to enrich oneself at the expense of (sb)
\sense_s enriquicerse aprovechando de (algn)
\sense_d Oa
\root tomi:n
\root kwa
\nse This verb has been mostly with the nonspecific human object prefix te:- to refer to someone (such as a politician) who takes advantage of a position to take money from
people (e.g., obtaining government support and then pocketing the money).
\ref 09028
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa senka:wa
\lxoa_cpend kisenka:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to sell everything (of sth) in a single transaction, to sell (sth) wholesale,
\sense_s vender todo (de algo) en una sola transacción, vender (algo) por mayoreo
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to leave (sth) in a final state (e.g. a house being constructed, or a bride who has been dressed and has had her hair arranged, etc. for a wedding)
\sense_s dejar en un estado final y terminado (p. ej., una casa construida, o una novia antes de la boda, con su ropa, cabello arreglado, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root sen
\root ka:wa
\ref 09029
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa te:tekwintik
\lxoa_c te:tekwintik
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\psm Adj
\ref 09030
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa taya:hki
\lxoa_cpend taya:hki
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\loan (part) hasta
\sense_e to this degree
\sense_s hasta de esta manera
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n ¡Ma:ka taya:hki xkwala:ni!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Don't get so mad!
\phrase_s ¡No te enojes tanto así!
\root iw
\nse The word taya:hki has only been documented to date preceded by the negative imperative/optative ma:ka or ma:. The meaning of the
phrase ma: taya:hki is something to the effect of 'que no hasta asíde esta manera'.
\nae The etymology of this form and taya:hkónis not completely clear, but both seem to be formed from the borrowing ta(from Spanish hasta)
added to ihkiand ihkón, respectively. The difference between the two forms is the deictic reference, e.g., 'to this degree' or 'to that
degree.'
\semref taya:hkón
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09031
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa taya:hkón
\lxoa_cpend taya:hkón
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adv
\loan (part) hasta
\sense_e to that degree
\sense_s hasta de esa manera
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n ¡Ke:mechih taya:hkón xtitlakaki!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e How can it be that difficult for you to understand?
\phrase_s ¡Quétanto asíno entiendes!
\root iw
\semref taya:hki
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09032
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa kwi:chiwi
\lxoa_cpend kwi:chiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get dirty (clothes, a person, a blanket, furniture)
\sense_s ensuciarse (ropa, una persona, una cobija, muebles)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n ¡Xpatla motlake:n, milá: o:tikwi:chiw¡
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Change your clothes, you've gotten really dirty.
\phrase_s ¡Cámbiate de ropa, ya quedaste muy sucio!
\root kwi:ch
\ref 09033
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa tepo:soliwi
\lxoa_cpend tepo:soliwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get dirty (clothes, a person, a bag, teja)
\sense_s ensuciarse (ropa, una persona, una talega, teja)
\sense_d Oa
\root tepo:sol
\ref 09034
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa tla:liwi
\lxoa_cpend tla:liwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get dirty (clothes, a person, a bag, teja)
\sense_s ensuciarse (ropa, una persona, una talega, teja)
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:l
\ref 09035
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa tla:lka:miki
\lxoa_cpend tla:lka:miki
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get very dirty (clothes, a person, a bag, teja)
\sense_s ensuciarse mucho (ropa, una persona, una talega, teja)
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:l
\root miki
\ref 09036
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa teposana:ltik
\lxoa_cpend teposana:ltik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\sense_e without color (a person who is sick and has no coloring, a watermelon that has not turned red inside)
\sense_s sin color (una persona enferma que no tiene color, una sandía que estáblanco, no rojo, por adentro)
\sense_d Oa
\root teposana:l
\nae The etymology of this root is not clear, although it obviously involves more than one root.
\ref 09037
\lxam_notes zzz
\lxoa tla:kateposana:l
\lxoa_c tla:kateposana:l
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\sense_e man who is palid (from being sick)
\sense_s hombre pálido (por estar enfermo)
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:ka
\root teposana:l
\nse This term is used to refer to a man who is sick and palid, in Nahuatl one may say, xok kipia i:yesio (Oa).
\ref 09038
\lxam tepo:na:siwi
\lxam_cpend tepo:na:siwi
\lxoa tepo:na:siwi
\lxoa_cpend tepo:na:siwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get a big belly
\ref 09039
\lxam_notes zzz
\lxoa xo:chitetl
\lxoa_cpend xo:chitetl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\sense_e (often in diminutive) tassle (such as that on the crown of certain dance headdresses, or that which hangs from the back of a sombrero)
\sense_s (a menudo en el diminutivo)
\sense_d Oa
\root xo:chi
\root te
\ref 09040
\lxam_notes zzz
\lxoa o:ntekochi
\lxoa_cpend o:ntekochih
\dt 03/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers -lo
\impers_d Oa
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to sleep two in a single bed
\sense_s dormir dos en una sola cama
\sense_d Oa
\root o:me
\root te
\root kochi
\ref 09041
\lxam_notes zzz
\lxoa ye:tekochi
\lxoa_cpend ye:tekochih
\dt 03/Mar/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers -lo
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to sleep three in a single bed
\sense_s dormir tres en una sola cama
\sense_d Oa
\root ye:i
\root te
\root kochi
\ref 09042
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa porta:r
\lxoa_cpend porta:r
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan por tal
\sense_e all for simply [verb]
\sense_s todo nada más para [verbo]
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Tonkwis silye:teh san porta:r timotla:li:s.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e You're going to go get a chair all just to sit down (e.g., with others at the table).
\phrase_s Vas a ir por una silla todo por sentarte.
\ref 09043
\lxam i:xtlapo:wi
\lxam_cpend i:xtlapo:wi
\lxoa i:xtlapo:wi
\lxoa_cpend i:xtlapo:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\compound N-V1
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become aware or conscious (e.g., of a situation)
\sense_s darse cuenta (p. ej., de una situación)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root i:x
\root tlapo:
\nse This word, and its synonym i:xtotomi (Am) is used to refer to cases in which a person or group of people become aware of a damaging situation, e.g., of the way in
which indigenous people have been exploited in the past.
\semref i:xtotomi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref í:xtotómi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09044
\lxam i:xtotomi
\lxam_cpend i:xtotomi
\lxoa i:xtótomí
\lxoa_pr i:xtotomi
\lxoa_cpend i:xtótomí
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\compound N-V1
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to become aware or conscious (e.g., of a situation)
\sense_s darse cuenta (p. ej., de una situación)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root i:x
\root tom
\nse See entry under i:xtlapo:wi.
\semref i:xtlapo:wi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 09045
\lxam kokoxka:tsi:n
\lxam_cpend kokoxka:tsi:n
\lxoa koxka:tsi:n
\lxoa_cpend koxka:tsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e Apostol (e.g., the role played during the Passion Play)
\sense_s Apóstolo (p. ej., el papel desempeñado durante la Pasión de Cristo)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root koya
\ref 09046
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa i:xtehko
\lxoa_cpend i:xtehko
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e in the eyes
\sense_s en los ojos
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root te
\root_rel -ko
\ref 09047
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa tla
\lxoa_cpend tla
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\sense_e why in the world? what for? you're kidding!
\sense_s ¿por qué?
\sense_d Oa
\root tle:ka
\nse This exclamation is used only by men when they don't like what they have heard. Roberto Mauricio mentioned that it might derive from tliá:. It seems to be the
equivalent of the exclamation koh. The female equivalent of tla is se.
\ref 09048
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa se
\lxoa_cpend se
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Interj
\sense_e damn!
\sense_s ¡híjole!
\sense_d Oa
\root se
\ref 09049
\lxam_notes zzzno
\lxoa pih
\lxoa_cpend pih
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Interj
\sense_e damn!
\sense_s ¡híjole!
\sense_d Oa
\root pih
\ref 09050
\lxam i:xtepostoka
\lxam_cpend ki:xtepostoka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\compound N-(N-V2)
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to covet (sth) one sees
\sense_s desear (algo) que uno ve
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root tepos
\root toka
\nse The sense of the verb i:xtepostoka is not simply to desire or covet something seen, but to be constantly on the lookout for something that someone else has and that
one wants for oneself.
\ref 09051
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlakih
\lxoa_alt tlakeh
\lxoa_cpend tlakeh, tio:tlakih
\dt 05/Mar/2006
\psm Interj
\der Interj
\allomorph Plural: tlákikéh
\sense_e Good afternoon (from noon to vespers)!
\sense_s ¡Buenas tardes (desde mediodía hasta la hora de oración)!
\sense_d Pending
\root_rel -tlak
\ency_note greetings
\qry Check plural formal
\nse In Oapan this form is much more common than the full form tio:tlakihor tio:tlakeh.
\semref tio:tlakih
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 09052
\lxam tsompilkatok
\lxam_cpend tsompilkatok
\lxoa tsompilkatok
\lxoa_cpend tsompilkatok
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\der *V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be in a position with ones head drooping down; to be slumped over (e.g., a large sunflower, a person very tired, etc.)
\sense_s estar con la cabeza inclinada hacia abajo; estar cabizabajo (p. ej., un girasol grande, una persona con mucho sueño, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsom
\root pil
\nse This form is common in Ameyaltepec; in Oapan (and rarely in Ameyaltepec) one also finds tsompiliwi.
\ref 09053
\lxam tsompipi:liwi
\lxam_cpend tsompipi:liwi
\lxoa tsó:mpi:líwi
\lxoa_pr tsó:mpi:liwi
\lxoa_c tsó:mpi:líwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\trans ~Trans
\lexical Lex. rdp-s(sem)
\infv class-3a(w)
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e to have ones hair hanging down in clumps (particularly from not having washed ones hair for a long time)
\sense_s tener el cabello colgado y pegado (particularmente por no haberlo lavado por mucho tiempo)
\sense_d Pending
\root tson
\root pi:l
\nae Oapan has a three-way contrast between tsompiliwi, tsompi:liwi, and tsó:mpi:líwi.
\ref 09054
\lxam saraga:teh
\lxam_cpend saraga:teh
\lxoa saraka:teh
\lxoa_cpend saraka:teh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan ?
\psm Adj
\sense_e having a lot of women (a man, also applied to animals such as donkeys, roosters, etc.)
\sense_s mujeriego; con muchas mujeres (un hombre, también se les aplica a los animales como burros, pollos, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\ref 09055
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa tlalo
\lxoa_cpend tlalo
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Interj
\sense_e Come here!
\sense_s ¡Ven acá!
\sense_d Oa
\root tlalo
\ref 09056
\lxam na:nah we:lah
\lxam_alt na:nah weli:tah
\lxam_cpend na:nah we:lah
\lxoa na:nah we:lah
\lxoa_alt na:nah we:litah
\lxoa_cpend na:nah we:lah
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) abuela
\psm N
\sense_e elder woman
\sense_s mujer vieja, de edad avanzada
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tah
\nse This form is more common in stories and is now rarely used in everyday speech. It consists of a Nahuatl term of address (na:nah) and a modified loan from
Spanish, abuela('grandmother'). It is used to refer to a woman of advanced age and is often found in the Spanish diminutive, na:nah weli:tah.
\ref 09057
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa kochkwakwalaka
\lxoa_cpend kochkwakwalaka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\compound N-V1
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to snore
\sense_s roncar
\sense_d Oa
\root koch
\root kwala:
\ref 09058
\lxam_notes yzz
\lxoa niman
\lxoa_cpend niman
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Conj
\sense_e and
\sense_s y
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Nawa niá:s niman tawa timoka:was.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I will go and you will stay behind.
\phrase_s Yo me voy y túte quedarás.
\sense_e as well as; and also
\sense_s y luego; tanto como; además de
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Notla:lko:nchi:wilia pitso, niman chichi.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Pigs hollow out depressions in the ground (e.g., to give birth), and also dogs.
\phrase_s Las marranas excavan sus pocitos en el suelo (p. ej., para parir), y luego las perras.
\root niman
\ref 09059
\lxam ta:tah we:loh
\lxam_cpend ta:tah we:loh
\lxoa ta:tah we:loh
\lxoa_cpend ta:tah we:loh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\loan (part) abuelo
\psm N
\sense_e elder man
\sense_s hombre viejo, de edad avanzada
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tah
\nse This form is more common in stories and is now rarely used in everyday speech. It consists of a Nahuatl term of address (ta:tah) and a modified loan from
Spanish, abuelo('grandfather'). It is used to refer to a man of advanced age.
\ref 09060
\lxam tla:hkón
\lxam_cpend tla:hkón yes
\lxoa tla:hkón
\lxoa_alt tla:hkión
\lxoa_cpend tla:hkón yes
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\sense_e (often followed by yes) that's fine; that's the way it will be
\sense_s (a menudo seguido por yes) sí está bien; asíserá
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root tla:
\root iw
\nse This term is fairly common in Oapan, much rarer in Ameyaltepec.
\ref 09061
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa kwetlaxahtli
\lxoa_cpend kwetlaxahtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\sense_e sandal
\sense_s huarach
\sense_d Oa
\root kwetlax
\root ak
\ref 09062
\lxam_notes yzzzno
\lxoa raso:nmatki
\lxoa_cpend raso:nmatki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\loan (part) razón
\sense_e person who is reasonable, who knows how to give good counsel
\sense_s persona razonable, que sabe aconsejar
\sense_d Oa
\root mati
\ref 09063
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa piri
\lxoa_cpend piri
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\loan pero (?)
\sense_e indeed
\sense_s de veras
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n ¡Piri ke:mah, n'ki:xti:s!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Indeed so, I will get it out!
\phrase_s ¡De veras asíes, lo voy a sacar!
\nse The lemma piri is a well-known marker of Oapan speech and used often by Ameyaltepequeños when imitating Oapan speech. Etymologically it might be derived from
Spanish pero. The meaning seems to be that of speaker confirming that a given statement is indeed true.
\ref 09064
\lxam_notes zzz
\lxoa kwi:tsih kwi:tsih kwi:tsih
\lxoa_c kwi:tsih kwi:tsih kwi:tsih
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Interj
\sense_e words (sound) used for calling dogs
\sense_s palabras (sonidos) utilizadas para llamar a un perro
\sense_d Pending
\root tsikwin
\ref 09065
\lxam kapon
\lxoa kapoh
\lxoa_cpend po:yoh kapoh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan capar
\psm Adj
\sense_e (po:yoh~) rooster (castrated)
\sense_s (po:yoh~) gallo (castrado)
\sense_d Pending
\semref karayo:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09066
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa tlákokáh
\lxoa_cpend tlákokáh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\sense_e during the day
\sense_s en el día
\sense_d Oa
\root tlahko
\nae Although it would seem that the ending of this word might seem to involve the locative ending -ka:n, the final vowel seems short. Moreover, this terms is cognate to
classical tlahkah.
\ref 09067
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kakatsi:n
\lxoa_cpend kakatsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\sense_e toad
\sense_s sapo
\sense_d Oa
\root kaka
\nde The term in Tlalcozauhtitlan for toad is a:kwahkwatsi:n. The etymology of both the Oapan and Tlalcozauhtitlan terms is unclear.
\ref 09068
\lxoa i:xkwecha:wi
\lxoa_cpend i:xkwecha:wi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\compound N-V1
\der V1-alt-wi
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to start feeling the effects of alcohol
\sense_s empezar a sentirse los efectos del alcohol
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root kwecha:
\nse According to Roberto Mauricio this word refers to the fact that when one begins to get drunk one starts to sweat lightly on ones face, which also becomes slightly flushed; cf.
kwecha:wi.
\ref 09069
\lxam maria:ntsi:n
\lxam_cpend maria:ntsi:n
\lxoa mária:tsí:n
\lxoa_cpend mária:ntsí:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\loan María
\sense_e type of small frog
\sense_s tipo de rana pequeña
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semref temotl
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09070
\lxam_notes yzz
\lxoa 'popó:sowia
\lxoa_pr popo:sowia
\lxoa_cpend ma tó:pó:sowí:ka:n
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\loan pozo
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\infv class-2a
\pitch yes
\sense_e (reflexive) to play a certain type of marbles in which a hole is dug and the players try to shoot the marbles into a small hole (about the size of ones index finger and thumb
formed into a circle)
\sense_s (reflexivo) jugar un cierto tipo de ganicas en que se hace un pocito y los jugadores tienen como objetivo tirarle la ganica al pocito (del tamaño como del círculo formado
del primer dedo y el dedo pulgar)
\sense_d Pending
\nse To date several types of playing with marbles have been determined for Oapan. See 'popósowia, kwi:lia, mihtia.
\ency_note marbles
\ref 09071
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa mi:hlatik
\lxoa_cpend mi:hlatik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Loc
\sense_e inside the cornfield
\sense_s dentro de la milpa
\sense_d Oa
\root mi:l
\ref 09072
\lxam ma:niye:wa
\lxam_c kima:niye:wa
\lxoa má:yé:wa
\lxoa_c kimá:yé:wa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp N-V2
\der V2-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to let slip or fall out of ones mouth; to not catch in ones mouth (e.g., sth tossed)
\sense_s dejar caer o escaparse de la boca; no agarrar en la boca (p. ej., algo aventado)
\sense_d Pending
\root kama
\root ma:
\root yaw
\semref ma:niye:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\semref má:yé:wa
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09073
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa si:meh
\lxoa_cpend si:meh siwa:montih
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\sense_e some (of humans)
\sense_s algunos (dicho de humanos)
\sense_d Oa
\root seki
\semref sékí
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref sí:tsí:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09074
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa tla:hliwi
\lxoa_cpend tla:hliwi
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to get dirty; to get covered with earth (a person or object)
\sense_s cubrirse de tierra, ensuciarse (una persona o objeto)
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:l
\nae It is unusual for intransitive verbs ending in -iwi to be formed from nominal stems in the manner here observed. The double underlying {ll} is not easily explained, cf.
tli:hliand tli:liwi.
\grm Intransitives in iwi
\ref 09075
\lxam_notes zzz
\lxoa te:máchiské:tl
\lxoa_cpend te:máchiské:tl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\sense_e male representative of the bridegroom's father who is given the task of informing parents that their daughter has eloped
\sense_s representante (hombre) del padre de un novio a quien se le encarga informar a los padres de la novia que ella se fugó
\sense_d Pending
\root mati
\nse Generally the representative is generally a neighbor or friend of the bridegroom's father. He is not paid. Instead a reciprocal arrangement is initiated under the terms of which the
father of the bridegroom will serve as te:máchiské:tl of the man who had been his representative.
\ref 09076
\lxam tekwi:nia
\lxam_cpend kitekwi:nia
\lxoa tekwi:nia
\lxoa_c kitekwi:nia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\sense_e to inform or communicate information to (sb)\
\sense_s informar o comunicar información a
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n O:n'tekwi:nih notah ya: ninona:mihti:s.
\sense_e I have informed my father that I will get married.
\sense_s Informéa mi padre que me voy a casar.
\sense_d Oa
\root tekwi:
\nae The information that is communicated can be expressed in a clause beginning with the Spanish loan para or, at least in Oapan, with a clause beginning with the
subordinator ya:.
\ref 09077
\lxam_notes yznno
\lxoa tlacha:ne:xtia
\lxoa_cpend tlacha:ne:xtia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to take care of a house
\sense_s cuidar una casa para
\sense_d Oa
\root cha:n
\root ne:si
\nae This verb has only been documented with the nonspecific marker tla-
\xref tlacha:ne:xtilia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Oa
\ref 09078
\lxam_notes yznno
\lxoa tlacha:ne:xtilia
\lxoa_cpend kitlacha:ne:xtilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to take care of a house for (sb)
\sense_s cuidar la casa para (algn)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Diki i tiaw xikihli:ti mona:n nika:n ma mistlacha:ne:xtílitó
\sense_e If you are going, go ask your mother to come here and watch over your house for you.
\sense_s Si ya te vas, ve a decirle a tu mamáque venga a cuidar tu casa para tí.
\sense_d Oa
\root cha:n
\root ne:si
\nae This verb has only been documented with the nonspecific marker tla-
\xref thacha:ne:xtia
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 09079
\lxam ma:we:weyakia
\lxam_cpend ma:we:weyakia
\lxoa ma:we:weyakia
\lxoa_cpend ma:we:weyakia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4b(ya-x)
\der V1-para-ki/ya/lia
\lexical Lex. rdp-l
\sense_e to get long branches (a tree)
\sense_s crecersele las ramas a (unárbol)
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\root weya
\grm Reduplication: long and short vowels:
\ref 09080
\lxam we:ililia
\lxam_c kwe:ililia
\lxoa we:ililia
\lxoa_c kiwe:ililia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\der V3-d-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to enlarge or to bigger for
\sense_s hacer grande (algo para algn)
\sense_d Pending
\root we:i
\nse Several younger speakers in Oapan gave the applicative form as we:ilia although Roberto Mauricio rejected this.
\xref we:ililia
\xref_t val_add_applic
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 09081
\lxam tla:lte:skatl
\dt 20/Jul/2004
\ref 09082
\lxam_notes yznno
\lxoa tla:tlapaló:tlatówa
\lxoa_pr tla:tlapalo:tlatowa
\lxoa_cpend tla:tlapaló:tlatówa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to let (sb) overhear words of complaint (without direct reference to that person)
\sense_s dejar (a algn) escuchar palabras de queja (sin hacerle una referencia directa); echarle pedradas a (algn)
\sense_d Oa
\root tlapalo:
\root hto
\semref kaki:tia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 09083
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa a:ká:pá:ka
\lxoa_cpend ka:ká:pá:ka
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e see á:pá:ka
\sense_s véase á:pá:ka
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root pa:ka
\ref 09084
\lxam_notes yzz
\lxoa tlapa:kaltia
\lxoa_cpend tlapa:kaltia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to obligate to wash (particularly clothes); to give cloth washing as a task to (e.g., a daughter-in-law living in the household)
\sense_s hacer o obligar a lavar (particularmente ropa; p. ej., a una yerna que vive en la casa)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Mila:k kitlapa:kaltiah nokone:w.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e They (in this case referring to a mother-in-law) really obligate my child to wash clothes.
\phrase_s Ellos (en este caso refiriendo a una suegra) de a de veras obligan a mi hija lavar ropa.
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication) to obligate to wash off (dishes, metate, table tops)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer o obligar a limpiar; lavar (platos, metates, mesas)
\sense_d Oa
\root pa:ka
\nae Several consultants from Oapan were asked if the causative exists and all said that they had never heard it, although Roberto Mauricio did accept the possiblity of a form such as
tlapa:kaltia and later gave an example of how it might be used, referring to a situation in which a woman goes to live with her husband's family upon marriage and her
mother-in-law is a taskmaster who gives her a lot of washing to do. If the washing were of plates and utensils the reduplicated form woulc be used tlá:pa:káltia.
\qry Determine whether there is a causative ?pa:kaltia.
\xref pa:ka
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\semref tlapa:kiltia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 09085
\lxam_notes yzz
\lxoa to:nilia
\lxoa_cpend to:nili:lo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to maintain a vigil through the night, not sleeping
\sense_s velar (p. ej., a un santo en una casa particular o la iglesia)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to be full (the moon, i.e., to be visible throughout the night)
\sense_s estar llena (la luna, esto es, ser visible por toda la noche)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Xtsonteki ta ikwa:k to:nili:s me:stli!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Cut it down (a tree) when the moon is full!
\phrase_s ¡Córtale (unárbol) hasta cuando estéllena la luna.
\root to:na
\nae Note that given that this is an applicative of an impersonal verb, the increased valency results only in an intransitive, with a specific object.
\grm Applicative; valency: Re: to:nilia. Note that given that this is an applicative of an impersonal verb, the increased valency results only in an intransitive, with a specific
object.
\xref to:na
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Oa
\ref 09086
\lxam yema:nilia
\lxam_cpend kiyema:nilia
\lxoa yema:nilia
\lxoa_cpend kiyema:nilia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\der V2-d-ca
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to loosen up (e.g., earth or similar substances tightly packed together)
\sense_s aflojar (p. ej., la tierra u otras substancias parecidas, apretadas y duras)
\sense_d Pending
\root yema:n
\nae The use of yema:nilia as a transitive (V2) is uncertain. More common is yema:nia, which is both an intransitive and a transitive. The most common
understanding was of yema:nilia as a V3, with two objects: ne:chonyema:nili:s notla:l. However, Roberto Mauricio, Jeremías Cabrera, and Emiliana
Domínguez all did accept the possibility of yema:nilia as a V2.
\semref yema:nia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 09087
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa yema:naltia
\lxoa_cpend kiyema:naltia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to soften
\sense_s ablandar
\sense_d Pending
\root yema:n
\ref 09088
\lxam pa:ktli
\lxam_cpend pa:ktli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e happiness
\sense_s felicidad
\sense_d Pending
\root pa:k
\ref 09089
\lxam_notes yzz
\lxoa a:wilnemi
\lxoa_cpend a:wilnemi
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e to fool around (a woman or young girl with a lot of lovers)
\sense_s andar con amantes (una mujer o muchacha)
\sense_d Pending
\root a:wil
\root nemi
\ref 09090
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tetsilik
\lxoa_cpend motetsilik
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\sense_e bottle cap from soda that has been flattened and perforated so that it can be spun around on a string
\sense_s corcholata de refresco que ha sido aplastado y agujerado para que se pueda hacer girar sobre un hilo
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e boyfriend (said by young girls of others)
\sense_s novio (dicho por muchachas de otras muchachas)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n O:te:chpanawikeh motetsilik.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Your boyfriend passed by us.
\phrase_s Tu novio nos pasó.
\root tsili:
\nse Apparently this word derives from the fact that the caps are spun around on a thread or string. With the meaning of 'boyfriend' it is a saying formerly commonly used by young girls
but no longer in use.
\ref 09091
\lxam_notes yzz
\lxoa 'tlapixka:ká:wa
\lxoa_pr tlapixka:ka:wa
\lxoa_cpend kítlapixka:ká:wa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (usually with te:wa ending) to leave behind as a house guardian
\sense_s (generalmente con la terminación te:wa) dejar atrás encargado de cuidar una casa
\sense_d Pending
\root hpia
\root ka:wa
\ref 09092
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa cha:ntilia
\lxoa_cpend kicha:ntilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\der V2-d-ca
\sense_e to make a good household with, to live well with (sb, i.e., as a spouse)
\sense_s convivir bien en familia con (algn, esto es, como esposo o esposa)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwahli ne:xcha:ntilia nosiwa:w, kwahli i:wa:n ninowi:ka.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e My wife makes a good household for me, I get along with her well.
\phrase_s Mi esposa convive bien en familia conmigo, me llevo bien con ella.
\root cha:n
\ref 09093
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa sehto:ntsi:n
\lxoa_cpend sehto:ntsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e person who is easily chilled
\sense_s persona friolenta
\sense_d Pending
\root sek
\semref sekwintsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 09094
\lxam sekwintsi:n
\lxam_cpend sekwintsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e person who is easily chilled
\sense_s persona friolenta
\sense_d Pending
\root sek
\nse Although I originally heard this word from Rutilia Barrera (Oa) it is an Ameyaltepec form that she probably learned there.
\semref sehto:ntsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09095
\lxam_notes yzz
\lxoa a:í:xmotsí:n
\lxoa_c a:í:xmotsí:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\sense_e type of water bug that scoots on the surface of the water
\sense_s tipo de insecto acuático que corre por la superficie del agua
\sense_d Pending
\root a:
\root i:xmon
\nae The pitch-accent pattern in a:í:xmotsí:n is not clear but apparently derives from a coda {h} in the penultimate syllable. Whether this is a reanalysis of
i:xmon to i:xmoh (cf. í:xmotlí) is not clear.
\ref 09096
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa temimihlo:tl
\lxoa_cpend temimihlo:tl
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-b
\lexical Lex. rdp-s*
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e buds (of certain flowers)
\sense_s botones (de ciertas flores)
\sense_d Oa
\root mil
\disamb xo:chitemimihlo; totopoyo
\semref totopoyo
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref xo:chitemimihli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref mimihlo:tl
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09097
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa ke:mach
\lxoa_cpend ke:mach xo:timik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Modal
\sense_e it is amazing (that)
\sense_s ¡quémilagro!
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n ¡Ke:mach o:tiwahlah!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e It's amazing that you have come!
\phrase_s ¡Quémilagro que viniste!
\root ke:
\root mach
\ref 09098
\lxam_notes yzz
\lxoa i:xté:nkopístik
\lxoa_alt i:xté:nkokopístik
\lxoa_cpend i:xté:nkopístik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e to have eyelids that are tired (and feel hard and painful, causing one to rub them continually)
\sense_s tener los párpados cansados (y que se sienten algo duros, haciendo que uno los frote continualmente)
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root kopits
\nse This condition keeps one from sleeping; it can be the result of having been frightened by the 'aires.' It can also be the result of lack of sleep; the following day one feels this way.
\ref 09099
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xte:nkohtik
\lxoa_alt i:xté:nkokóhtik
\lxoa_cpend i:xte:nkohtik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e to have a strong, steady sight and be able to stare someone down
\sense_s tener la vista fuerte (en el sentido de poder clavar la vista en algn y no mirar hacia el lado)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to be able to avoid blinking (e.g., as sth approaches ones eyes, such as a blow or punch that comes close)
\sense_s poder evitar cerrar los ojos cuando se le acerque algo al rostro (como un golpe o una mano)
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root kwaw
\ref 09100
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa i:xte:nkohtia
\lxoa_cpend i:xte:nkohtia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to get tired eyes
\sense_s cansarsele (a uno) los ojos
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root kwaw
\ref 09101
\lxam tepopoyotik
\lxam_cpend tepopoyotik
\lxoa te:poyotik
\lxoa_cpend te:poyotik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\sense_e grey
\sense_s color gris
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root poyo:
\ref 09102
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:mani:n
\lxoa_cpend a:mani:n
\psm Adv-time
\sense_e today
\sense_s hoy (mismo)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n A:mani:n ilwitl.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Today is a holiday.
\phrase_s Hoy es día de fiesta.
\root a:man
\root i:n
\nae The difference in pronunciation between a:maní:n 'probably' and a:mani:n 'today' is very slight. The word for 'today' seemingly has a penultimate stress
when pronounced in isolation and is virtually stressless when followed by another word. the word for 'probably' seems to have a slightly higher and longer final syllable, though not as
strong as a normally stressed vowel.
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\semref a:maní:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09103
\lxam kochka:tlakwa
\lxam_cpend kochka:tlakwa
\lxoa kochka:tlakwa
\lxoa_cpend kochka:tlakwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-1
\sense_e to eat while on the verge of falling asleep
\sense_s comer estando a punto de dormir
\sense_d Pending
\root koch
\root kwa
\ref 09104
\lxam tahkón
\lxam_cpend tahkón
\lxoa tahkón
\lxoa_cpend tahkón
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adv
\sense_e just like that there
\sense_s hasta asícomo ese
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root iw
\root on
\ref 09105
\lxam sa:ntoh
\lxam_alt santi:toh
\lxam_cpend santi:toh
\lxoa sa:ntoh
\lxoa_alt santi:toh
\lxoa_cpend santi:toh
\loan santo
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e saint (particularly in reference to an image)
\sense_s santo (particularmente en reference al imagen de un santo)
\sense_d Pending
\ref 09106
\lxam kochkwepa
\lxam_cpend nokochkukwepa
\lxoa kochkopa
\lxoa_c nokochkokopa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\sense_e (with short vowel reduplication: nokochkukwepa (Am) / nokochkókopá (Oa)) to toss and turn in ones sleep (repeatedly and often)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal corta: nokochkukwepa (Am) / nokochkókopá (Oa)) voltearse repetidamente mientras duerme (seguido)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication: nokochkwe:kwepa (Am) / nokocho:ókopa (Oa)) to toss and turn in ones sleep (once in a while, at times spaced
out)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga: nokochkwe:kwepa (Am) / nokochko:kopa (Oa)) voltearse de vez en cuando mientras duerme (seguido)
\sense_d Pending
\root koch
\root kwepa
\grm Reduplication: Note taht no Oapan consultants accepted the reduction of the reduplicant in nokochkókopá, i.e., *nokó:chkopáwas not accepted.
\ref 09107
\lxam tla:
\lxam_c tla: xwa:hla
\lxoa tla:
\lxoa_c tla: xwa:hla
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Modal
\sense_e please (before an imperative)
\sense_s favor de (antes de un imperativo)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Tla: xwa:hla!
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Please come!
\phrase_s ¡Favor de venir!
\root tla:
\grm Imperative: note the mitigated imperative with /tla:/ : /tla: xwa:hla/ 'please come.'
\ref 09108
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa a:paltia
\lxoa_cpend a:paltia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-tia
\infv class-4d(tia)
\sense_e to get soaked or drenched (e.g., in the rain, but with ones clothes on)
\sense_s quedar empapado (p. ej., en o por la lluvia, pero con la ropa puesta)
\sense_d Pending
\root a:
\root pal
\disamb paltia; patsiwi
\qry Check to see if the cognate intransitive /palti/ exists. According to one person this refers to getting soaked or drenched, e.g. in the rain, but getting wet with ones clothes on. This
should be checked. Check other possible subjects.
\root_notes The etymology of paltia is not entirely clear; it may be related to the archaic stem for 'water' with vowel shortening for some undetermined reason.
\semref paltia
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 09109
\lxam i:xte:nyo:ltsi:ntli
\lxam_cpend ni:xte:nyo:ltsi:n
\lxoa i:xte:nteyo:hli
\lxoa_cpend i:xte:nteyo:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e eyeball
\sense_s ojo
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root yo:l
\ref 09110
\lxam_notes yzzzno
\lxoa i:xte:nteyo:lkopi:na
\lxoa_cpend ki:xte:nteyo:lkopi:na
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to pluck the eyes out of (sb)
\sense_s sacarle los ojos de (algn)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n O:ki:xte:ntekopi:n tsoma.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e The buzzard plucked its eyes out.
\phrase_s El zopilote le sacólos ojos.
\root i:x
\root te:n
\root te
\root yo:l
\root kopi:
\ref 09111
\lxam amanka:yo:tl
\lxam_cpend amanka:yo:tl
\lxoa ámanká:yo:tl
\lxoa_cpend noámanká:yo, námanká:yo
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e sadness
\sense_s tristeza
\sense_d Pending
\root ahmana
\ref 09112
\lxam mahka:yo:tl
\lxam_cpend mahka:yo:tl
\lxoa mahka:yo:tl
\lxoa_cpend mahka:yo:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e fear
\sense_s miedo
\sense_d Pending
\root mawi
\ref 09113
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa pachka:yo:tl
\lxoa_c i:pachka:yo
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e type of parasitic plant that grows on the surface of the earth around the roots of other plants (such as lemon trees, granadas, or any plant)
\sense_s tipo de planta parasítica que crece por la superficie de la tierra sobre las raices de otra planta (como un limón, granada, o cualquier otra planta)
\sense_d Pending
\root pach
\semref kechpachka:yo
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref te:mpachka:yo
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref ma:pachka:yo
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09114
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa to:tolo:ntik
\lxoa_cpend to:tolo:ntik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\sense_e thicker or fatter in places (e.g., a log)
\sense_s con partes más gordas que otras (p. ej., un palo de madera)
\sense_d Oa
\root tolo:
\ref 09115
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa ihpahli
\lxoa_cpend ihpahli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e legless bench on which to sit
\sense_s banco sin patas para asentarse
\sense_d Oa
\root hpal
\ref 09116
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa i:xpi:lwia
\lxoa_c ki:xpi:lwia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to swarm or fly around the face of (e.g., insects, particularly small insects)
\sense_s volar cerca del rostro de (algn, p. ej., insectos)
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root pi:l
\ref 09117
\lxam sampaika
\lxam_cpend sampaika
\lxoa sampaika
\lxoa_alt sampayá:
\lxoa_c sampaika
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-place
\der Adv-pl
\sense_e just over in that direction
\sense_s solamente por allí, en esa dirección
\sense_d Pending
\root san
\root_rel -pa
\root_rel ka
\ency_note adverbs, e.g., cf. sampa to ne:, etc..
\ref 09118
\lxam resi:moh
\lxam_cpend resi:moh
\lxoa resi:moh
\lxoa_cpend resi:moh
\loan racimo
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\sense_e bunch
\sense_s manojo
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nse Particularly used for the manner in which certain plants grow. Some Oapan consultants mentioned this as equivalent with tematsakaltik. Edith Alcaráz mentioned that
this is used when mimiak wa:hlaw 'many come (out, e.g, branches or stems).'
\ref 09119
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa kone:ne:neki
\lxoa_cpend nokone:ne:neki
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\infv class-3a(k)
\sense_e (refl.) to have difficulty in conceiving a child
\sense_s (refl.) tener dificultad en concebir
\sense_d Oa
\root kone:
\root neki
\ref 09120
\lxam tlapi:tso:tilia
\lxam_cpend tlapi:tso:tilia
\lxoa tlapi:tso:tilia
\lxoa_cpend tlapi:tso:tilia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to have an offspring after another
\sense_s tener cría (o un niño) después de otra
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Ni:ni:sik tlapi:tso:tilia nowa:kax, se:se:xtli.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e My cow has offspring close together, every year.
\phrase_s Mi vaca tiene cría muy seguido, cada año.
\phrase_n Wewe:i tlapi:tso:tilia, cada yeye:i xihpan.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e It has offspring spaced far apart, every three years (e.g., a cow).
\phrase_s Tiene cría muy de vez en cuando, cada tercer año (p. ej., una vaca).
\root pi:tso:
\nse This term, uses a nonspecific object in a situation in which a specific object would apparently not be used, although perhaps one could say ? kipi:tso:tilia 'she gives
birth to a sibling immediately following (object) in birth order.'
\grm Reduplication. Note the difference in vowel length of the reduplicant in /Ni:ni:sik tlapi:tso:tilia nowa:kax, se:se:xtli/ 'My cow has offspring close together, every year.' and
/Wewe:i tlapi:tso:tilia, cada yeye:i xihpan/ 'It has offspring spaced far apart, every three years (e.g., a cow).'
\ref 09121
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa xo
\lxoa_cpend xo
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Pr(ind)
\der Pr-ind
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e not he, she, or it
\sense_s noél o ella
\sense_d Oa
\root yehwa
\nae This entry comprises the negative clitic xand the short form of the 3rd-person emphatic pronoun yo.
\ref 09122
\lxam tetolo:ntik
\lxam_cpend tetolo:ntok
\lxoa tolo:ntik
\lxoa_cpend to:tolo:ntik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\sense_e overweight, fat (used in reference to humans)
\sense_s gordo (utilizado en referencia a personas)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e having a large lump or ball on the surface (e.g., certain trees or pieces of wood, or land with bumps; syn. Oa tolopoxtik)
\sense_s con una bola por la superficie (p. ej., ciertosárboles o troncos, o un terrenito no plano, con topes; sin. Oa tolopoxtik)
\sense_d Oa
\root tolo:
\ref 09123
\lxam mamatsakalowa
\lxam_cpend nomamatsakalowa
\lxoa matsakalowa
\lxoa_c notematsakalowa
\lx_te tematsakalowa
\lx_te_d Oa
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (refl.) to send out many branches that are close together (e.g., a tree, bush, or herbaceous plant)
\sense_s (refl.) crecerle muchas ramas o ramitas (a unárbol, arbusto o planta herbáceae)
\sense_d Pending
\semref mamatsakale:wi
\semref_t discussion
\semref_d Am
\root ma
\root tsakal
\ref 09124
\lxam_notes yzz
\lxoa tlake:ntsa:tsa:s
\lxoa_cpend tlake:ntsa:tsa:s
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e to have translucent or very see-through or thin clothes
\sense_s tener la ropa semi-transparente
\sense_d Pending
\root ke:m
\root tsa:ts
\ref 09125
\lxam_notes yzz
\lxoa tlake:ntsa:tsa:stik
\lxoa_cpend tlake:ntsa:tsa:stik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e to have translucent or very see-through or thin clothes
\sense_s tener la ropa semi-transparente
\sense_d Pending
\root ke:m
\root tsa:ts
\ref 09126
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa pi:hya:n
\lxoa_cpend mopi:hya:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\sense_e part of the body that includes the area between ones legs or in the lower abdomen
\sense_s ingle
\sense_d Oa
\root pi:k
\root -ya:n
\nse The precise location of this area is not clear. Some individuals equate it to the crotch, others to the lower abdomen, and still others to the body part in Spanish called
ingle.
\ref 09127
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa koné:tlasóti
\lxoa_pr kone:tlasoti
\lxoa_cpend koné:tlasóti
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V1
\pitch yes-lex
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to have difficulty in conceiving a child
\sense_s tener dificultad en concebir
\sense_d Oa
\root kone:
\root tlasoh
\ref 09128
\lxam_notes yzzzno
\lxoa temi:ni
\lxoa_cpend kitemi:ni
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to squirt (e.g., with water, for example the accion of a dog urinating on a plant)
\sense_s regar como en un chorrito (p. ej., agua a una planta, pero sin llegar a regar bien)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (with directional prefix) to strike (e.g., rays of sunlight against an object such as a plane; Ameyaltepec synonym, see wi:teki)
\sense_s (con prefijo direccional) pegar contra (p. ej., rayos del sol contra un objeto como avión; sinónimo de Ameyaltepec, véase wi:teki)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Kontemi:ntok to:nahli, tsotla:ntiw.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e The sun is striking it (in this case a high-flying plane), it's going shining along.
\phrase_s El sol le estápegando (en este caso contra un avión volando muy algo), se va brillando.
\root mi:
\nse This word refers to the accion of letting water or another liquid squirt out of a hose (or similar action). This is used when the water is not sprayed or otherwise put under high
pressure or dispersed.
\ref 09129
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa tlachpa:nka:n
\lxoa_alt tlá:chpá:nka:n
\lxoa_cpend tlachpa:nka:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e place that has been swept
\sense_s lugar que ha sido barrido
\sense_d Pending
\root chpa:
\ref 09130
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa tla:ká:nekí
\lxoa_cpend notla:ká:nekí
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e (refl.) to act like a bigshot
\sense_s (refl.) fanfarronear; creerse más que los demás
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:ka
\root neki
\semref tla:kapowa
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 09131
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa maxahto:nalmiki
\lxoa_cpend maxahto:nalmiki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e to feel hot and sweaty between ones legs
\sense_s sentir calor y sudar entre las piernas
\sense_d Oa
\root max
\root to:na
\root miki
\ref 09132
\lxam mamatsakaltik
\lxam_cpend mamatsakaltik
\lxoa matsakaltik
\lxoa_cpend tematsakaltik
\lx_te tematsakaltik
\lx_te_d Oa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\sense_e having many branches, often intertwined (a tree, bush, herbaceous plant, etc.)
\sense_s con muchas ramas, a menudo muy cercanas unas a otras (unárbol, arbusto o planta herbácea)
\sense_d Oa
\root ma
\root tsakal
\semref mama:yoh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref mámá:wah
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09133
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa nia:mah
\lxoa_cpend nia:mah
\loan alma
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\sense_e word of endearment for addressing ones young children (or, by extension, other young children; this can be used by elders in addressing younger relatives)
\sense_s palabra de cariño para dirigirse a los niños de uno (y, por extensión, a otros niños; también se puede emplear por personas mayores para dirigirse a parientes de menor
edad con un sentido afectivo)
\sense_d Oa
\ref 09134
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa kwe:sosolka
\lxoa_cpend kwe:sosolka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to make noise with ones skirt or dress as one walks (e.g., by having the fabric rub together between ones legs)
\sense_s hacer ruido con la falda o vestido al andar (p. ej., al frotarse las partes inferiores de la falda)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwe:
\root solo:
\semref kwe:tésanáka
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09135
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa te:ntemonetsi:n
\lxoa_cpend te:ntemonetetsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\sense_e short-snouted or short-beaked (parakeet, chicken, cat, pig, dog, etc.)
\sense_s con el hocico o pico reducido, corto (perico, pollo, gato, marrano, perro, etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root te:n
\root temo
\root nete
\nse This word is found in a text by Silvestre Pantaleón. The more usual term is te:ntemotso:ltik.
\ref 09136
\lxam te:ntemotso:ltik
\lxam_alt te:ntemotso:ltsi:n
\lxam_cpend te:ntemotso:ltsi:n
\lxoa te:ntemotso:ltik
\lxoa_alt te:ntemotso:ltsi:n
\lxoa_cpend te:ntemotso:ltsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\sense_e short-snouted or short-beaked (parakeet, chicken, cat, pig, etc.)
\sense_s con el hocico o pico chato, reducido o corto (perico, pollo, gato, marrano etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root te:n
\root temo
\root tso:l
\ref 09137
\lxam komo:nki
\lxam_cpend komo:nki
\lxoa komo:nki
\lxoa_cpend komo:nki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\sense_e deep or resounding (e.g., a voice)
\sense_s con tono grave (p. ej., una voz)
\sense_d Pending
\root komo:
\nae Often used with the intensifier te- : tekomo:nki
\ref 09138
\lxam tekomo:nki
\lxam_cpend tekomo:nki
\lxoa tekomo:nki
\lxoa_cpend tekomo:nki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\sense_e see komo:nki
\sense_s see komo:nki
\sense_d Pending
\root komo:
\ref 09139
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa kekowa:ya:n
\lxoa_cpend kekowa:ya:n
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\root ehko
\semref tlapowetska:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref tla:ltech
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09140
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa tlapowetska:n
\lxoa_cpend tlapowetska:n
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\root ehko
\semref kekowa:ya:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref tla:ltech
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09141
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa tlamixtsontemo:tla
\lxoa_cpend tlamixtsontemo:tla
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to throw a heavy rock down on another in the water under which there are fish in order to kill them
\sense_s aventarle una piedra pesada a otra piedra dentro del agua para matar a los peces que se esconden abajo
\sense_d Oa
\root mich
\root tson
\root mo:tla
\nae The reduplicated form of this word, indicating repeated action, is tlamixtsonté:mó:tla
\ref 09142
\lxam tlekowa:ya:n
\lxam_c tlekowa:ya:n
\lxoa_notes yzzno
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e steep upward slope; place or section of land that is steep (generally used for an upward slope)
\sense_s subida; lugar o sección de tierra muy inclinada (generalmente utilizado para cuestas hacia arriba)
\sense_d Am
\semfld topography
\root ehko
\semref tlakaltech
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tla:ltech
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09143
\lxam kwe:kokomoka
\lxam_cpend kwe:kokomoka
\lxoa kwe:kokomoka
\lxoa_cpend kwe:kokomoka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to make noise with ones skirt or dress as one walks (in walking, or by the wind, e.g., by having it long and heavy)
\sense_s hacer ruido con la falda o vestido al andar (al caminar, o por el viento, por tenerlo grande y holgado)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwe:
\root komo:
\ref 09144
\lxam a:te:mpankopa
\lxam_cpend a:te:mpankopa
\lxoa a:te:mpankopa
\lxoa_c a:te:mpankopa
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adv
\sense_e upriver; in the direction from which water in a river flows
\sense_s río arriba, en la dirección de donde viene el agua de un río
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root a:
\root te:m
\root_rel -pan
\root_rel -kopa
\qry Check whether a:te:mpan is found in both villages.
\ref 09145
\lxam_notes yzz
\lxoa kakaisiwi
\lxoa_cpend kakaisiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become worn thin (cloth, sheets, etc.)
\sense_s luirse (ropa, sábanas, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to become bug-eaten (e.g., leaves of the Cordia sp. so that they can be seen through)
\sense_s quedarse carcomido (p. ej., las hojas de la Cordia sp. para que pase luz)
\sense_d Oa
\root kayas
\ref 09146
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa mósihka:míki
\lxoa_cpend mósihka:míki
\lxoa_pr mosihka:miki
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\root hsiwi
\root miki
\ref 09147
\lxam te:tlayo:koltih
\lxam_cpend te:tlayo:koltih
\lxoa_notes yzzno
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\sense_e saddening
\sense_s entristecedor
\sense_d Am
\root yo:koya
\nse In Oapan the form te:tlayo:koltih is not used. Rather one finds té:yamánor te:tlayowi:ltih
\semref té:yamán
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\ref 09148
\lxam te:tlayo:wi:ltih
\lxam_cpend te:tlayo:wi:ltih
\lxoa té:tlayo:wí:ltih
\lxoa_alt te:tláyo:wí:ltih
\lxoa_cpend té:tlayo:wí:ltih
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e causing suffering (e.g., sth that is difficult to accomplish, a boss who is hard)
\sense_s causando sufrimiento (p. ej., algo o algn)
\sense_d Pending
\root hyo:
\ref 09149
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa ixitlalowa
\lxoa_cpend noxitlalowa
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\allomorph i-epen
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to move ones legs rapidly while running (e.g., birds such as a roadrunner or quail, or a person who has started to slip down a hill and moves his feet quickly to start
running downhill to avoid a fall)
\sense_s mover los pies rapidamente al correr (p. ej., ciertos pájaros como el correcaminos o codorniz, o una persona que ha empezado a resbalarse y mueve los pies para empezar
a correr y evitar caerse)
\sense_d Oa
\root kxi
\root tlal
\ref 09150
\lxam menta:rowa
\lxam_cpend kimenta:rowa
\lxoa menta:rowa
\lxoa_cpend kimenta:rowa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\loan mentar
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to brag about
\sense_s ensalzar
\sense_d Am, Oa
\nse Speakers often give this as equivalent to we:ika:powa(Am/Oa) or we:ika:te:ne:wa, we:ite:ne:wa, or iwia:nte:ne:wa
\ref 09151
\lxam_notes yzznochen
\lxoa kamá:paláxtik
\lxoa_pr kamá:palaxtik
\lxoa_cpend kamá:paláxtik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\sense_e person who likes to eat good food (e.g., meat, sweets, etc.)
\sense_s goloso; persona que quiere comer lo que es bueno
\sense_d Oa
\root kama
\root pala:
\ref 09152
\lxam_notes yzznochen
\lxoa yo:lne:si
\lxoa_cpend yo:lne:si
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\compound N-V1
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to have seeds inside (e.g., a pod) become visible (e.g., of a huamúchil as it becomes ripe)
\sense_s tener las semillas que están adentro (p. ej., de una vaina) quedarse visible (p. ej., de un huamúchil cuando se madura)
\sense_d Oa
\root yo:l
\root ne:si
\ref 09153
\lxam ma:i:loh
\lxam_cpend ma:i:loh
\lxoa ma:i:loh
\lxoa_cpend ma:i:loh
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\loan hilo
\loan_t Part
\sense_e having good aim (in throwing, or in pouring a liquid, etc.)
\sense_s con buen atino (en tirar, o en vertir un líquido, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root ma:
\ref 09154
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa kwe:tésanáka
\lxoa_pr kwe:tesanaka
\lxoa_cpend kwe:tésanáka
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to make noise with ones skirt or dress as one walks (e.g., by having the fabric rub together between ones legs)
\sense_s hacer ruido con la falda o vestido al andar (p. ej., al frotarse las partes inferiores de la falda)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root kwe:
\root hsanaka
\semref kwe:sosolka
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09155
\lxam tlasio:wia
\lxam_cpend tlasio:wia
\lxoa tlasio:wia
\lxoa_cpend tlasio:wia
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\sense_e To add a sió:tlto corn dough being ground for tortillas in order to make it stickier.
\sense_s Agregar sió:tla la masa para tortillas para que se vuelva más pegajosa.
\sense_d Oa
\root sio
\ref 09156
\lxam ki:ki:ski
\lxam_cpend ki:ki:ski
\lxoa ki:ki:ski
\lxoa_cpend ki:ki:ski
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\sense_e restless (e.g., an animal that goes from one area to another, grazing)
\sense_s inquieto (e.g., un animal que anda de un lado a otro, apacentando)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ki:sa
\ref 09157
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa tekwi:si:liwi
\lxoa_cpend tekwi:si:liwi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to remain with small leaves (a plant because it does not take root well, or because insects eat it)
\sense_s quedarse con hojas pequeñas (una planta, por no hallarse o por haber sido comido por insectos)
\sense_d Oa
\root kwi:si:l
\nse According to Roberto Mauricio this verb is applied to plant leaves such as sandiaxihtli, melo:nxihtli, yexo:xihtli, áyokíhli. It
can also be said of certain trees such as ilimonor many others.
\ref 09158
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa tekwi:si:ltik
\lxoa_cpend tekwi:si:ltik
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\sense_e having small leaves (a plant because it does not take root well, or because insects eat it)
\sense_s con hojas pequeñas (una planta, por no hallarse o por haber sido comido por insectos)
\sense_d Oa
\root kwi:si:l
\semref tekwi:si:liwi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09159
\lxam respo:nsoh
\lxam_cpend respo:nsoh
\lxoa respo:nsoh
\lxoa_cpend respo:nsoh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\loan responso (?)
\sense_e type of prayer in Latin that is employed, particularly in Oapan, when a person dies (during the vigil) or when there is a marriage
\sense_s tipo de oración en latín que se emplea, particularmente en Oapan, cuando alguien se murió(durante la vigilia) o cuando hay un casamiento
\sense_d Oa
\ency_note make a recording of the definition
\ref 09160
\lxam_notes Apparently this form is not used in Ameyaltepec.
\lxoa nomastok
\lxoa_alt nomastikah
\lxoa_alt nomastikatsi:n
\lxoa_cpend cho nomastikah
\dt 27/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\sense_e (san or cho ~) just
\sense_s (sano cho ~) nada más
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Cho nomastikatsi:n a:chitsi:n o:ke:hchi:w chi:hli.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e She just made a little bit of chile.
\phrase_s Nada más preparó un poquito de chile.
\root mati
\ref 09161
\lxam te:ntemotso:l
\lxam_alt te:ntemotso:l
\lxam_cpend te:ntemotso:l
\lxoa te:ntemotso:l
\lxoa_alt te:ntemotso:l
\lxoa_cpend te:ntemotso:l
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\sense_e short-snouted or short-beaked (parakeet, chicken, cat, pig, dog, etc.)
\sense_s con el hocico o pico chato, reducido o corto (perico, pollo, gato, marrano, dog etc.)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root te:n
\root temo
\root tso:l
\nse This word, and te:ntemotso:ltik, are used with animals. Like other words that indicate physical characteristics, it is insulting when used with people.
\semref te:ntemotso:ltik
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 09162
\lxam we:ika
\lxam_alt we:i ika
\lxam_cpend we:ika
\lxoa we:ika
\lxoa_alt we:i ika
\lxoa_cpend we:ika
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adv
\sense_e a long way; distant
\sense_s lejos
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n We:ika yaw tlawe:hli.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e The problems spread out.
\phrase_s Los problemas van lejos
\phrase_n We:ika yaw motlake:n ika xiti:ntiw.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Your clothes have unraveled (e.g., at the seam) a long way.
\phrase_s Ha ido lejos el descosido de tu ropa.
\root we:i
\ref 09163
\lxam tlawe:ika:n
\lxam_cpend tlawe:ika:n
\lxoa tlawe:ika:n
\lxoa_cpend tlawe:ika:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Loc
\sense_e a place that is very big and open
\sense_s un lugar muy grande o extenso
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Pon tlakomolko mila:
\root we:i
\root_rel -ka:n
\ref 09164
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa kalakilia
\lxoa_cpend kikalakilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to hit (with a blow)
\sense_s asestar (un golpe)
\sense_d Oa
\root kalak
\ref 09165
\lxam akilia
\lxam_cpend kakilia
\lxoa akilia
\lxoa_cpend akilia
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to strike (with a blow)
\sense_s pegar, asestar (un golpe fuerte)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Toba:leh mila: kakiliah ma:tli.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Our friend there really gets beaten up.
\phrase_s A nuestro amigo de veras le dan un tunda.
\phrase_n Xkakili tlako:tl mobu:rroh para ma toto:katiw.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Hit your donkey hard with a stick so that it goes fast.
\phrase_s Pégale duro a tu burro para que camine rápido
\root aki
\ref 09166
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa sentlapal
\lxoa_cpend sentlapal
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adv
\sense_e on the other side (of a river, gorge, etc.)
\sense_s por el otro lado (de un río, barranca, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root sen
\root tlapal
\ref 09167
\lxam_notes zzno
\lxoa i:xtlapoya:wi
\lxoa_cpend i:xtlapoya:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\incorp tla-N-V1
\der V0-tla
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to become dusk as the sun just sets
\sense_s atardecer al apenas ponerse el sol
\sense_d Am
\root i:x
\root poya:
\nse Whereas tlapoya:wirefers to the darkness that sets in well after the sun has set, i:xtlapoya:wi refers to the light at dusk, when the sun has just set and it is
just getting dark.
\qry Check to determine if non-impersonal form exists, i.e., /i:xpoya:wi/. If it does enter it and also add /xbtl field here.
\semref tlapoya:wi
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09168
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa no:sah
\lxoa_cpend no:sah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adv
\sense_e again; once again
\sense_s otra vez
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n No:sah i tine:chawatok.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Once again you are scolding me.
\phrase_s Otra vez me estás regañando.
\root no:
\root san
\ref 09169
\lxam ye:lpankostik
\lxam_cpend ye:lpankostik
\lxoa ye:lpankostik
\lxoa_cpend ye:lpankostik
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\sense_e yellow-breasted (particularly in reference to birds)
\sense_s con el pecho amarrillo (particularmente en referencia a pájaros)
\sense_d Pending
\root ye:l
\root kos
\root_rel -pan
\ref 09170
\lxam_notes yzzz
\lxoa kwa:kohwah
\lxoa_c kwa:kohwah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-posr-wah
\infn pl. kwákwa:kóhwakéh
\sense_e animal that has horns (e.g., cattle, goats, etc.)
\sense_s animal que tiene cuernos (p. ej., ganado, chivos, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root kwa:
\root kow
\semref kwa:kuwyoh
\semref_t equivalent
\semref_d Am
\ref 09171
\lxam_notes yzznochen
\lxoa a:chí:tatlí
\lxoa_cpend a:chí:tatlí
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e type of fishing tool, a hoop made of wire and cord or fishing line used to scoop up fish killed by electric shock
\sense_s tipo de herramienta para pescar, un aro de alambre con red de cuerda utilizada para recoger peces matados por corriente eléctrico
\sense_d Oa
\root a:
\root chi:tah
\ref 09172
\lxam tlamawisowa
\lxam_cpend tlamawisowa
\lxoa tlamawisowa
\lxoa_cpend tlamawisowa
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\incorp tla-V2
\sense_e to have a good time; to enjoy oneself (e.g., at a party, during a festival, etc.)
\sense_s (con tla-) divertirse
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Ma titlamawiso:tin.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e Let's go have a good time (i.e. go watch and enjoy something: a dance, fireworks, a rodeo)!
\phrase_s ¡Vamos a ir a divertirnos (p. ej. ir a ver y disfrutar algo: un baile, un castillo, un jaripeo)!
\root mawis
\nse In Oapan this verb with the sense of 'divertirse' is rarely used, and now used only by elders. Rather, the verb té:tlatlátais used, with an oblique construction that
indicates what is being observed (enjoyed).
\semref té:tlatláta
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\xref mawisowa
\xref_t minus_tla
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 09173
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa tlaki:stipan
\lxoa_cpend tlaki:stipan
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\der N-loc-1
\sense_e time at the end of the rainy season (i.e., October)
\sense_s tiempo al final de la temporada de lluvias (esto es, octubre)
\sense_d Pending
\root ki:sa
\root_rel -pan
\nse This is a much rarer form than tlaki:ska:tlan. It is documented once in a story by Silvestre Pantaleón.
\semref tlaki:ska:tlan
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09174
\lxam te:tlatlata
\lxam_cpend te:tlatlata
\lxoa té:tlatláta
\lxoa_alt té:tláta
\lxoa_cpend té:tlatláta
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv Irregular; see ita
\sense_e to observe people (with bad intentions, e.g., to determine what they have; syn. istla:kowa)
\sense_s observar a la gente (con mala intención, p. ej., para determinar que tienen; sin. syn. istla:kowa)
\sense_d Am
\sense_e to have a good time (watching sth, e.g., television, movies, a rodeo, a game of soccer, etc.; syn. Am tlamawisowa)
\sense_s divertirse (al observar o mirar a algo, p. ej., televisión, cine, jaripeo, partido de futbol, etc.; sin. Am tlamawisowa)
\sense_d Oa
\root ita
\ref 09175
\lxam me:koh
\lxam_cpend me:koh
\lxoa me:koh
\lxoa_cpend me:koh
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\loan meco
\psm Adj
\sense_e striped
\sense_s rayado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semref tigretsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tígritsí:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09176
\lxam tigretsi:n
\lxam_cpend tigretsi:n
\lxoa tígritsí:n
\lxoa_cpend tígritsí:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\loan tigre
\sense_e striped
\sense_s rayado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semref me:koh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref te:kwa:ntik
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09177
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa a:kwe:xtli
\lxoa_cpend a:kwe:xtli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\sense_e fine mist or drizzle (blown by the wind)
\sense_s lluvia o llovizna fina (llevado por el viento)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Ne:cha:hmakilitikah a:kwe:xtli, kalaki nokali ikwa:k kiawi.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e A fine mist is hitting me, it enters my house (e.g. of teja), when it rains.
\phrase_s Una fina llovizna me estápegando, entra en mi casa cuando llueve.
\root a:
\root kwe:ch
\semref a:pi:si:hli
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 09178
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa kiawia:n
\lxoa_c i:kiawia:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N(loc)
\infn Obligatorily possessed with 3rd person
\sense_e place where it rains a lot
\sense_s lugar donde llueve mucho
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Ne: i:pan so:ya:yoh, mila:k i:kiawia:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e There where there is a lot of palm, it is a place where it rains a lot.
\phrase_s Alládonde hay mucha palma, es un lugar de mucha lluvia.
\root kiawi
\nse This word is one of several in Oapan that seem to take an obligatory 3rd-person possessor, with no obvious referent. The others documented so far are
se:waya:nand to:naya:n.
\grm -ya:n, possession; impersonal; kiawia:nis one of several in Oapan that seem to take an obligatory 3rd-person possessor, with no obvious referent. The
others are se:waya:nand to:naya:n.
\ref 09179
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa se:waya:n
\lxoa_c i:se:waya:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N(loc)
\infn Obligatorily possessed with 3rd person
\sense_e place where it is very cold
\sense_s lugar donde hace mucho frío
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Toluca, mila:k i:se:waya:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Toluca is a place where it is very cold.
\phrase_s Toluca es un lugar donde hace mucho frío.
\root se:wa
\semref kiawia:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09180
\lxam tla:kia:n
\lxam_cpend itla:kia:n
\lxoa tla:kia:n
\lxoa_cpend i:tla:kia:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N(loc)
\sense_e place where (a plant) yields a lot of fruit (i.e., where it grows well)
\sense_s lugar donde rinde mucho (una fruta)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n So:la:pan milá:k i:tla:kian sandiah.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Solapan is a place where watermelon really grows well.
\phrase_s Solapan es un lugar donde la sandía rinde bien.
\phrase_n Kaxti:hla:yetl i:tla:kia:n i:pan xa:ltla:hli.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Frijol chino gives a good yield in sandy soil.
\phrase_s Frijol chino rinde bien en tierra arenosa.
\root tla:ki
\ref 09181
\lxam isihka:tlakwa
\lxam_cpend isihka:tlakwa
\lxoa isihka:tlakwa
\lxoa_cpend isihka:tlakwa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\infv class-1
\sense_e to eat quickly
\sense_s comer rápido
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root hsi
\root kwa
\ref 09182
\lxam_notes yzznochen
\lxoa tékoyóka
\lxoa_pr tekoyoka
\lxoa_cpend tékoyóka
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to make a scraping sound (sth as it is dragged along the ground, e.g., a bucket, chair leg, etc.)
\sense_s hacer un ruido de arrstre (algo se arrastra por la tierra)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e to make a sound of one small object beating against another
\sense_s hacer un sonido de golpeteo fuerte
\sense_d Oa
\root kohyo
\nse This word can be applied to the sound of rocks in a strong flood current; a strong, hard rain in the distance; gravel when it is dumped from a truck; a large snake that runs through
the grass; the skin of a cow as it is dragged by dogs, etc.
\ref 09183
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa techi:pa:lo:tsi:n
\lxoa_c techi:pa:lo:tsi:n
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\sense_e runty, small and thin (said of chickens and people, although with the latter it is insulting)
\sense_s chaparro y delgado (dicho de pollos y personas, aunque con losúltimos es insultante)
\sense_d Oa
\root chi:pa:lo:
\nse Although this word is only applied to chickens and people, a virtual synonym, té:tsó:yocan be used for pigs, dogs, donkeys, cats, people, etc. When used in regard to
people it, as are almost all negative descriptions of a physical characteristic, is considering insulting. It can also be used for material objects such as table lamps, reading glasses (with
small lenses), etc.
\ref 09184
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa hkichin
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\sense_e like this (great
\sense_s así(de mucho)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n ¡Simi ta hkichin tine:chmakas!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e You're going to give me this much!
\phrase_s ¡Hasta tanto asíme vas a dar!
\root iw
\ref 09185
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa xa:ltla:hli
\lxoa_cpend xa:ltla:hli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\sense_e sandy soil
\sense_s tierra arenosa
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Kaxti:hla:yetl i:tla:kia:n i:pan xa:ltla:hli.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Frijol chino gives a good yield in sandy soil.
\phrase_s Frijol chino rinde bien en tierra arenosa.
\root xa:l
\root tla:l
\ref 09186
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa tla:kapan
\lxoa_cpend tla:kapan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N(loc)
\sense_e back (of an animal, person, etc.)
\sense_s espalda; lomo (de un animal, persona, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:ka
\root_rel -pan
\semref tla:kayo
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref kwitlapan
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 09187
\lxam_notes yzznochen
\lxoa la:mpa
\lxoa_alt la:impa
\lxoa_cpend la:mpa
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Modal
\sense_e how much!
\sense_s ¡quétanto!,¡cuánto!
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n ¡La:mpa i tiwe:i!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e My how you've grown!
\phrase_s ¡Cuánto has crecido mucho!
\phrase_n ¡Kwa: la:mpa iwiá:n!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e ¡Is he really that smart!
\phrase_s ¡A poco es muy listo!
\phrase_n ¡Ma: la:impa xtlakwa!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e ¡Do not eat that much!
\phrase_s ¡No comas tanto!
\root mela:
\root pa
\ref 09188
\lxam xa:yakapetsiwi
\lxam_cpend xa:yakapetsiwi
\lxoa xa:yakapetsiwi
\lxoa_alt xa:ya'apetsiwi
\lxoa_alt xa:ka:petsiwi
\lxoa_cpend xa:ya'apetsiwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to have ones face (complexion) clear up (e.g., after having had pimples or acne)
\sense_s quedarse con la cara lisa (p. ej., después de haber tenido acnéo muchos granos)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to get a smooth face (a man after shaving)
\sense_s quedar lampiño (un hombre después de razurarse)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e to get a new coat of fur on the face (e.g., a donkey, dog, etc.)
\sense_s quedarse con pelo nuevo en la cara (un animal como burro, perro, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root xa:yaka
\root pets
\ref 09189
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa moxtitlan
\lxoa_c moxtitlan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N(loc)
\sense_e cloud-covered (the sky)
\sense_s nubloso, tapado de nubes (el cielo)
\sense_d Pending
\root mox
\root_rel -titlan
\ref 09190
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa tahki
\lxoa_cpend tahki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adv
\loan (part) hasta
\sense_e even like this
\sense_s hasta así
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Tahki miek.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Even so many as these.
\phrase_s Hasta asíde muchos.
\root iw
\ref 09191
\lxam_notes yzz
\lxoa te:kwa:ntik
\lxoa_cpend te:kwa:ntihtsi:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\sense_e striped
\sense_s rayado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semref me:koh
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref tigretsi:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\semref tígritsí:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09192
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa ma:kwetla:ntok
\lxoa_cpend ma:kwetla:ntok
\dt 27/Feb/2006
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv Durative
\sense_e to have (a tree) branches hanging down
\sense_s con las ramas colgadas
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Wa:hma:kwetla:ntoya i:pan on osto:tl.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Its branches were hanging down from that cliff.
\phrase_s Sus ramas estaban colgadas de ese peñasco.
\root ma:
\root kwetla:
\ref 09193
\lxam xi:kahli
\lxam_cpend xi:kahli
\lxoa xi:kahli
\lxoa_pr xi:kahli
\lxoa_cpend xi:kahli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\sense_e gourd for scooping and drinking water, atole, etc.
\sense_s calabazo para tomar y beber agua, atole, etc.
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e gourd bowl for transporting mole to ceremonies in the countryside, where it is left as an offering
\sense_s calabazo para transportar mole a las ceremonias en el campo, donde se deja como ofrenda
\sense_d Oa
\root xi:kal
\nse Many consultants stated that the xi:kahli was the same as the wekahli (Am) / wákahlí(Oa). However, Roberto Mauricio (Oa)
stated that the former is made of the a>tekomatlplant whereas the latter is made of the kohtekomatl(Oa) /
kuwtekomatl(Am) and that the former is used to transport mole (now a teposko:ntliis used).
\qry Check to make sure def is same in Ameyaltepec.
\semref wékahlí
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09194
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa xí:hkahlí
\lxoa_c xí:hkahli
\lxoa_cpend xí:hkahlí
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e blind made of grass and other plants used to hide a hunter
\sense_s escondite hecho de sakatl y otras plantas en que se esconde un cazador
\sense_d Oa
\root xih
\root kal
\ref 09195
\lxam xo:panpanowa
\lxam_cpend xo:panpanowa
\lxoa xo:panpanowa
\lxoa_cpend xo:panpanowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4c(pano)
\sense_e to spend the summer (in a place)
\sense_s pasar el verano (en un lugar)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Xkanah o:niah, no mpa o:nixo:panpano:k.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I didn't go anywhere, I spent the summer there.
\phrase_s No fui a ningún lado, yo allípasétodo el verano.
\root xo:
\root pano:
\root_rel pan
\ref 09196
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa pítohwé:s
\lxoa_pr pitohwe:s
\lxoa_cpend pitohwe:s
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e Great Kiskadee, Pitangus sulphuratus, large bird with yellow breast and a long beak, a migratory bird in the Balsas area
\sense_s Kiscadí(y muchos otros nombres en español) Pitangus sulphuratus, pájaro grande con pecho amarrillo y un pico largo, migratorio en la zona del Balsas
\sense_d Pending
\ref 09197
\lxam_notes yzznochen
\lxoa tlaye:lpan
\lxoa_cpend tlaye:lpan
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-place
\sense_e at the front slope (p. ej., of a hill)
\sense_s en la parte inclinada de enfrente (p. ej., de un cerro)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Niá:s ne:chka tlaye:lpan.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e I'm going there to the front slope
\phrase_s Voy allápor la parte enfrente
\sense_e (usually followed by a color) to be (of a color) from the breasts (e.g., a lot of birds that have perched together)
\sense_s (generalmente seguido por un color) ser todo (de un color) por el pecho (p. ej., de muchos pájaros que se asentado en un lugar)
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Ta tlaye:lpan kose:wi ya: chikóyotíh.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e The whole area is yellow with the breasts of the Tropical kingbird.
\phrase_s Todo se ve amarrillo por los pechos del Madrugador abejero
\root ye:l
\root_rel -pan
\ref 09198
\lxam karre:rah
\lxam_cpend karre:rah
\lxoa kare:rah
\lxoa_cpend kare:rah
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\loan carrera
\psm Adv-manner
\sense_e rapidly
\sense_s rapídamente
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Mo:stla sapa xwa:hla, tla: xiska:n o:nekok ma: san kare:rah tone:hte:was, xne:xchia.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Come again tomorrow, if I didn't arrive early, don't depart right away, wait for me.
\phrase_s ¡Ven otra vez mañana, si no llego temprano no te vayas a salir luego luego, espérame!
\semref íská:pan
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09199
\lxam akoyoma
\lxam_cpend kakoyoma
\lxoa ákoyóma
\lxoa_cpend akoyoma
\lxoa_cpend kákoyóma
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a(m)
\compound Adv-V2
\sense_e to go up (e.g., a pole, post or tree) by grabbing it around its diameter with ones feet and arms and shimmying up
\sense_s trepar (p. ej., un poste oárbol) al abrazar (el objeto trepado) por los brazos y pies
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root ahko
\root yoma
\nse This word is used in Oapan but rare in Ameyaltepec. However, Honorio de la Rosa (Am) did know this term.
\ref 09200
\lxam_notes yzznochen
\lxoa teko:ntsi:n
\lxoa_c i:teko:ntsi:n
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm N
\sense_e throat (of a flower,, such as that of the nextamalxo:chitland tla:pa:tl)
\sense_s garganta (de una flor, como la del nextamalxo:chitly tla:pa:tl)
\sense_d Oa
\root te
\root ko:n
\ref 09201
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa tlákoto:náya:n
\lxoa_pr tlakoto:naya:n
\lxoa_cpend tlákoto:náya:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N(loc)
\sense_e in the middle of a place where the sun is strong and direct
\sense_s en medio de un lugar donde pega fuerte el sol
\sense_d Oa
\root tlahko
\root to:na
\ref 09202
\lxam_notes yzznochen
\lxoa tla:kate:ko
\lxoa_cpend i:tla:kate:ko
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N2
\compound N-N
\sense_e male owner (e.g., of an animal)
\sense_s dueño de sexo masculino (p. ej., de un animal)
\sense_d Oa
\root tla:ka
\root te:ko
\ref 09203
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa i:xa:wetsi
\lxoa_cpend i:xa:wetsi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(ts)
\sense_e to have the sediment sink to the bottom (of water, leaving it clear)
\sense_s asentarse (el agua, al caer el sedimento u otra cosa parecida, dejando el agua claro)
\sense_d Pending
\root i:x
\root a:
\root wetsi
\nse This verb is used particularly in reference a river that during the rainly season is clouded with sediment that settles to the bottom once the rains have stopped. It may also be used in
reference to things such as coffee in which the grinds settle, etc.
\ref 09204
\lxam se:yewalowa
\lxam_cpend se:yewalowa
\lxoa seyewalowa
\lxoa_cpend seyewalowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to spend the entire night (doing something or being in a particular location)
\sense_s pasar la noche entera (haciendo algo o estando en un lugar en particular)
\sense_d Pending
\root se:
\root yewal
\ref 09205
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa xíxikwíntik
\lxoa_pr xixikwintik
\lxoa_cpend xíxikwíntik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\lexical Reduced rdp-s(pref): ní:xikwíntik
\pitch yes-rdp
\sense_e glutton; person who eats whatever and all that is offered
\sense_s glotón; persona que come cualquier cosa y todo que se le ofrece
\sense_d Pending
\root xikwin
\nse In Oapan the adjectival form xíxikwíntikis more common than the nominal form xíxikwín.
\qry Check for verb /xixikwinoa/.
\semref xixikwin
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 09206
\lxoa mímixtí
\lxoa_pr mimixti
\lxoa_cpend ní:mixtí
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4a
\pitch yes
\sense_e to perform in the dance called mímixtí
\sense_s ser danzante en la danza llamada mímixtí
\sense_d Oa
\root mich
\ref 09207
\lxam ma:tipan
\lxam_cpend se: ma:tipan
\lxoa ma:tipan
\lxoa_cpend se: ma:tipan
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm N
\sense_e arm's length (as a measure, e.g., of cloth or lasso)
\sense_s brazada (como medida, p. ej., de tela o laso)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Tia:skeh ikwa:k se: ma:tipan to:nahli.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e We will go when the sun is one arms length above the horizon.
\phrase_s Vamos cuando el sol estáuna brazada arriba del horizonte.
\root ma:
\root_rel -tipan
\ref 09208
\lxam_notes I have not found a parallel form in Ameyaltepec.
\lxoa ké:mení:n
\lxoa_pr ke:meni:n
\lxoa_cpend tla: ké:mení:n
\dt 23/Feb/2006
\sense_e for example (this)
\sense_s por ejemplo (este)
\sense_d Oa
\semref ké:menó:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\semref kea:man
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 09209
\lxam ma:saka
\lxam_cpend ma:saka
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\sense_e even only with
\sense_s aunque solamente con
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Ma:saka istatl nihkwa:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e I'll eat it even if just with salt.
\phrase_s Me lo voy a comer aunque sea solamente con sal.
\root ma:si
\root ka
\nae The word ma:saka is a contraction of ma:ski san ika ; see also saka.
\ref 09210
\lxam peni:tas
\lxam_cpend san peni:tas
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan apenas
\psm Adv
\sense_e (~ [verb]; often preceded by san) just a little [verb]
\sense_s (~ [verbo]; a menudo precedido por san) un poco [verbo]
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Peni:tas ne:chpale:wia.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It helps me out just a little.
\phrase_s Me ayuda un poquito.
\ref 09211
\lxam tak
\lxam_cpend tak
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Interj
\sense_e see!
\sense_s ¡ves!
\sense_d Pending
\root tta
\nse This word, apparently a shortened form of o:tikitak , is used in Ameyaltepec with the sense of 'you see!' For example, in demonstrating how to do something one can
say to a person who is watching, ' tak! ,' i.e., 'did you see that?' 'see how its done!' etc.
\ref 09212
\lxam tixi:lia
\lxam_alt tixilia
\lxam_cpend kitixi:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to grind corn for
\sense_s moler maíz para
\sense_d Pending
\root tisi
\nae In a recorded text Cristino Flores pronounces this with a short second /i/. However, Inocencio Díaz has a clear long vowel. For now both forms have been entered as alternates.
Further information might clarify if one of the two possibilities is dominant or correct.
\xref tisi
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am
\ref 09213
\lxam welme:roh
\lxam_cpend welme:roh
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Modal
\loan (part) mero
\sense_e precisely
\sense_s precisamente; mero
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Welme:roh 'mpa nia:ya.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e It was precisely there that I was going.
\phrase_s Allí precisamente iba yo.
\root wel
\nse The precise or best translation of welme:roh still needs to be determined. It seems to be mostly used by speakers to emphasize the precise truth or specificity of a
proposition.
\ref 09214
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa tótolíxtik
\lxoa_pr totolixtik
\lxoa_cpend tótolíxtik
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\der Adj
\sense_e to have cravings or desires for good things to eat (e.g., sb who wants to eat meat, cheese, etc., or a child who always wants sweets and similar foods)
\sense_s tener anhelos o gustos para buenas cosas para comer (p. ej., que quiere comer carne, queso, etc.; o un niño que siempre desea dulces o golosinas); ser cuzco
\sense_d Oa
\root toli:
\nse In Oapan the form tótolíixtikis more common whereas tolix is rarely used and seems more likely to be an occasional borrowing from Ameyaltepec.
\semref tolix
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 09215
\lxam bai:toh
\lxam_cpend bai:toh
\lxoa bai:toh
\lxoa_cpend bai:toh
\loan bajito
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\sense_e color of a light dusky yellow
\sense_s color de amarrillo bajito como una madera
\sense_d Pending
\ref 09216
\lxam ye:lpanbai:toh
\lxam_cpend ye:lpanbai:toh
\lxoa ye:lpanbai:toh
\lxoa_cpend ye:lpanbai:toh
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adj
\loan bajito
\loan_t Part
\sense_e light dusky yellow-breasted (particularly in reference to birds)
\sense_s con el pecho de un amarrillo bajito (particularmente en referencia a pájaros)
\sense_d Pending
\root ye:l
\root_rel -pan
\ref 09217
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa peya:ska:ki:sa
\lxoa_cpend peya:ska:ki:sa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to have a branch grow straight and long (a tree)
\sense_s tener la rama crecer derecho y largo (unárbol)
\sense_d Pending
\root peya:s
\root ki:sa
\ref 09218
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa ítiwákalíwi
\lxoa_cpend ítiwákalíwi
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to have a hollow form (in a tree trunk, in a fruit such as a watermelon that is rotting, or is eaten by an animal such as a crow or squirrel)
\sense_s quedarse hueco por adentro (p. ej., un tronco deárbol pudrido, una fruta que se pudre o a que se le ha sido comido la parte interior)
\sense_d Pending
\sense_e to have ones stomach sink in for not eating or lack of food
\sense_s sumirse el estómago por falta de comer
\sense_d Pending
\root hti
\root wahkal
\ref 09219
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa kechpa:lakachowa
\lxoa_cpend kikechpa:lakachowa
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to twist or wring the neck of (e.g., a chicken being slaughtered, a goose-neck lamp, etc.)
\sense_s torcer el cuello de (p. ej., una gallina para matarla, una lámpara con un cuelll largo y el foco al final)
\sense_d Pending
\root kech
\root pa:lakach
\ref 09220
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa ko:laweyakixtok
\lxoa_cpend ko:laweyakixtok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\sense_e with a long tail (e.g., a bird, dog, etc.)
\sense_s con la cola larga o extendida (p. ej., un pájaro, perro, etc.)
\sense_d Pending
\root weya
\ref 09221
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa temo:hlatinemi
\lxoa_c notemo:hlatinemi
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\infv class-3a(m)
\sense_e (refl.) to go along falling on the ground and getting up (e.g., a dog or other animal that is dying, or a drunk)
\sense_s (refl.) andar cayéndose y golpeándose en el suelo (p. ej., un perro u otro animal que se estámuriendo, un borracho, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root mo:hla
\semref tetlamo:tla
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 09222
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa tsontekonkwalo:listli
\lxoa_c tsontekonkwalo:listli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e severe headache
\sense_s fuerte dolor de cabeza
\sense_d Oa
\root tson
\root tekoma
\root kwa
\nse This word is only documented in a story told by Juvenal Ramírez.
\ref 09223
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa tlá:kopké:tl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e person who turns over tortillas (e.g., helping another person cook)
\sense_s persona que voltea las tortillas (p. ej., en ayudar a otras personas en cocinar)
\sense_d Oa
\root kopa
\ref 09224
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa e:wi
\lxoa_c mowa:n ne:wi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e (- wa:n ~) to be the same age as
\sense_s (- wa:n ~) ser de la misma edad que
\sense_d Oa
\nae This word was given by Roberto Mauricio, who said he uses it quite commonly. For instance, ¿Tliá: tihto:ka:yo:tia? Xi:wa:n te:wi. 'Why do you call him by name? You
are not the same age as him.' (and thus should use a term such as ma:noh.
\root e:wi
\ref 09225
\lxam_notes yzzno
\lxoa i:xtlapahwestok
\lxoa_c i:xtlapahwestok
\dt 27/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be lying down face up
\sense_s estar acostado boca arriba
\sense_d Oa
\root i:x
\root hpa
\root wetsi
\ref 09226
\lxam suwa:wah
\lxam_cpend suwa:wah
\lxoa siwa:wah
\lxoa_cpend siwa:wah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e married man (lit. 'having a woman')
\sense_s hombre casado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root siwa:
\ref 09227
\lxam yeun
\lxam_cpend yeun
\lxoa youn
\lxoa_cpend youn
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Interj
\sense_e uh, like (i.e., a sound used when a speaker cannot find the appropriate word)
\sense_s este (esto es, un sonido empleado cuando la persona que habla no encuentra la palabra adecuada)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root yehwa
\root on
\ref 09228
\lxoa í:xtlasóhli
\lxoa_pr i:xtlasohli
\lxoa_cpend í:xtlasóhli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\pitch yes
\psm N
\compound N+N
\sense_e type of eye infection said to be caused when a woman who has lovers outside of marriage holds a young baby, bringing on this disease which causes a reddening of the
eyes
\sense_s tipo de infección de los ojos causado cuando una mujer que tiene muchos amantes fuera del matrimonio abraza un niño pequeño, causando esta enfermedad que se
manifiesta
\sense_d Oa
\nse The effects of an impure woman on the health of a child are manifested here by í:xtlasóhli, in which the stem tlásohlí 'refuse' would seem to apply both to
the woman causing the disease and the manifestations of the eye infection. See Louise M. Burkhart, 1989 The Slippery Earth, chap. 4 on"Purity and pollution."
\root i:x
\root hsol
\ref 09229
\lxam i:xtla:waka:n
\lxam_cpend i:xtla:waka:n
\lxoa ixtla:waka:n
\lxoa_cpend ixtla:waka:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 2
\sense_e plain; savanna
\sense_s llano; sabana
\sense_d Pending
\semfld topography
\root xtla:wa
\nae Apparently the initial vowel is long in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl but short in Oapan. However, this needs to be rechecked.
\lxam_notes Check initial vowel length.
\ref 09230
\lxoa íkwá:kon
\lxoa_alt ínkwá:kon
\lxoa_pr ikwa:kon
\lxoa_pr inkwa:kon
\lxoa_cpend íkwá:kon
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\psm Adv-time
\sense_e in those times
\sense_s en aquel entonces
\sense_d Oa
\ref 09231
\lxoa o:ntepia
\lxoa_cpend nime:cho:ntepias
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3c(pia)
\sense_e to have two (people, e.g., two wives or husbands)
\sense_s tener a los dos (como esposas o esposos)
\sense_d Oa
\root o:me
\root te
\root piya
\ref 09232
\lxam yo:ltla:lia
\lxam_cpend kiyo:ltla:lia
\lxoa yo:ltla:lia
\lxoa_cpend kiyo:ltla:lia
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to calm down; to assuage
\sense_s calmar; consolar (p. ej., un padre a quien se le haya fugado la hija)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Nanenemiskeh para noyo:ltla:li:s.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e You all will follow up (i.e., continue to pursue sth, in this case the soothing of an irate father whose daughter had eloped) so that he (the novia 's father) will
calm down.
\phrase_s Vas a perseguir (p. ej., seguir tratando o tramitando algo, en este caso apaciguar un padre cuya hija se había fugado con su novio) para queél (el padre de la novia) se
calme.
\root yo:l
\root tla:l
\ref 09233
\lxam cho:kistli
\lxam_cpend cho:kistli
\lxoa cho:kistli
\lxoa_cpend cho:kistli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e crying
\sense_s llano
\sense_d Pending
\root cho:ka
\ref 09234
\lxoa kalte:mpan
\lxoa_cpend kalte:mpan
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Loc
\sense_e at the village's edge
\sense_s por la orilla del pueblo
\sense_d Oa
\qry Determine the difference between kalte:mpan and kalte:nko, and tlate:nko and tlate:mpan.
\root kal
\root te:m
\root_rel -pan
\ref 09235
\lxoa chi:lmoya:wa
\lxoa_cpend chi:lmoya:wa
\infv class-3a(w)
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\incorp N-V2
\sense_e to spread chile out (e.g., on a straw mat so that it dries in the sun)
\sense_s extender chile (p. ej., sobre un petate para que se seque en el sol)
\sense_d Pending
\root chi:l
\root moya:
\ref 09236
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\lxoa tei:xmi:nka:tsi:n
\lxoa_cpend tei:xmi:nka:tsi:n
\psm N
\sense_e type of small, thin snake with a thin neck (kechpitsa:htsi:n) that is often found wrapped around small tree branches with its head elevated
\sense_s tipo de culebra pequeña y delgada con un cuello delgado (kechpitsa:htsi:n) que a menudo se encuentra en los árboles enrollado sobre las ramas delgadas
\root te
\root i:x
\root mi:n
\ref 09237
\lxam arne:roh
\lxam_cpend arne:roh
\lxoa arne:roh
\lxoa_cpend arne:roh
\loan arnero
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e metal mesh (particularly those used to clean grains)
\sense_s arnero (particularmente los que se utilizan para limpiar granos)
\sense_d Am, Oa
\ref 09238
\lxoa koma:ltepa:ntsi:ntli
\lxoa_cpend koma:ltepa:ntsi:ntli
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\compound N-N
\sense_e short mud and straw circular wall on which a clay griddle set and which has an opening through which firewood is inserted under the griddle
\sense_s pared poco alto de lodo y paja poco sobre la cual se coloca un comal; y que tiene una apertura por la cual se mete la leña
\sense_d Oa
\root koma:l
\root tepa:n
\ref 09239
\lxam korra:l
\lxam_cpend korra:l
\lxoa korra:l
\lxoa_cpend korra:l
\loan corral
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e fence
\sense_s corral
\sense_d Pending
\ref 09240
\lxoa i:skale:rah
\lxoa_cpend i:skale:rah
\loan escalera
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e chicken ladder; ladder (in general)
\sense_s escalera para subir a una troje, techo
\sense_d Pending
\ref 09241
\lxoa ne:pa
\lxoa_cpend ne:pa
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\sense_e (ta~) up to there, beyond
\sense_s (ta~) hasta allá
\sense_d Pending
\root ne:
\root_rel -pa
\nse The difference between napa(also nepa) and ne:pa, with a short
\ref 09242
\lxam istlakati
\lxam_cpend istlakati
\lxoa istlakati
\lxoa_cpend istlakati
\dt 09/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\allomorph i-epen
\infv class-3d(ti)
\sense_e to lie
\sense_s mentir
\sense_d Am, Oa
\root stlaka
\ref 09243
\lxam istiki:sa
\lxam_cpend o:nikistiki:sako
\lxoa istiki:sa
\lxoa_cpend o:nikistiki:sako
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a
\allomorph i-epen
\root ta
\ref 09244
\lxoa tla:kawákapán
\lxoa_pr tla:kawakapan
\lxoa_cpend tla:kawákapán
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e tall man
\sense_s hombre alto
\sense_d Pending
\root tla:ka
\root wehka
\ref 09245
\lxoa ásika:káki
\lxoa_alt ásoka:káki
\lxoa_pr asika:kaki
\lxoa_cpend kásika:káki
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\infv class-3a
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\incorp V-ka-V2
\der V2-b
\pitch yes-lex
\sense_e to understand the meaning of
\sense_s entender el sentido
\sense_d Pending
\root ahsi
\root kaki
\nae Emiliana Domínguez and her family use ásoka:káki although this is perhaps not the primary pronunciation.
\semref ásika:máti
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\semref asika:mati
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am
\ref 09246
\lxoa tlakiawi
\lxoa_alt tlakiewi
\lxoa_c tlakiawi
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V0
\der V0-b
\infv class-3a(w)
\sense_e to rain
\sense_s llover
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n ¿Tlakiawi Chicago?
\phrase_d Oa
\src_p Emiliana Domínguez, pc
\phrase_e Does it rain in Chicago?
\phrase_s ¿Llueve en Chicago?
\root ki
\root yawi
\nae This verb is defective in that it is only found in the 3rd person singular. In Oapan I have heard the form tlakiawiuttered by Emiliana Domínguez in the question
¿Tlakiawi Chicago?. At first I thought that this was a type of impersonal form with the meaning 'to rain constantly (all over)' but this does not seem to be the case. She
later would accent the full range of meaning, e.g, Ya:lwa o:tlakiaw 'Yesterday it rained' referring to a specific event. More research needs to be done on this form. It
might be derived from an impersonal, but my analysis has kiawi as an impersonal verb that does not accept a prefix tla-. When I asked Emiliana about
other forms such as ? tlato:na, ? tlase:wa, ? tlateciwi, etc., she denied the correctness of them all. Three things remain to be investigated:
(1) whether tlakiawi is indeed identical in meaning to kiawi, (2) whether in Ameyaltepec one finds tlakiawi as well, an d (3) if
similar forms exist with other V0 words.
\vl Carefully recheck whether there is a glide /y/ or whether this is better written /kiawi/. Be consistent.
\root_notes Tie in roots of /tlapayawi/, /kiawi/ and other similar forms.
\semref kiawi
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Am, Oa
\ref 09247
\lxam de
\lxam_cpend san de yo:tiwa:hlah
\lxoa di
\lxoa_cpend san di yo:tiwa:hlah
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\loan de
\psm Subord
\sense_e if
\sense_s si
\sense_d Am, Oa
\sense_e (~ [+ perfect verb] when [+ perfect verb]
\sense_s (~ [+ verbo en el perfecto] cuando [+ verbo en el perfecto]
\sense_d Am, Oa
\phrase_n Di yo:tiwa:hlah, tia:seh.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e When you have come, we will go.
\phrase_s Cuando ya veniste, iremos.
\sense_e see san
\sense_s véase san
\sense_d Oa
\ref 09248
\lxoa ma
\lxoa_cpend ma tli:no:n!
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Discourse
\sense_e discourse particle meant to emphasize or stress a doubt or interrogation
\sense_s partícula de discurso para emfatizar una duda o interrogación
\sense_d Oa
\root mah
\nse This is only used in Oapan and adds emphasis to an utterance. Thus one may say ¿Ke:no:n? 'How?' or ¿Ma ke:no:n? 'How could it be.' Apparently this
is related to Classical mâ which Launey (1992:322) describes as follows"El sentido propio de esta partícula es algo así como 'siendo tal que...' Sirve para 'reforzar los
términos interrogativos o negativos."For example, Launey gives," ¿A:quin mah quimati? '¿Quién puede saberlo?' Carochi (2001:335) states that "If mà with a
saltillo is placed afterward, the negation is stronger." Lockhart in his notes to Carochi states that "mà adds a hypothetical dimension, wherever it may be."
\ref 09249
\lxam no:yeh
\lxam_cpend san de no:yeh
\lxoa no:yeh
\lxoa_cpend san no:yeh
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Adv
\sense_e too much; a lot
\sense_s demasiado
\sense_d Pending
\nse This word is only used in Ameyaltepec by speakers familiar with the dialects of surrounding villages. In Oapan it is apparently used by elder speakers only. The sense is of 'too much'
as would occur in the exchange: A--- ¡Mila: to:na! B--- ¡San no:yeh!, i.e., A---It's really hot! B---You bet!
\root no:
\ref 09250
\lxam no:nkwah
\lxam_cpend no:nkwah
\lxoa no:nkwah
\lxoa_cpend no:nkwah
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adv
\sense_e separately
\sense_s aparte
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n No:nkwah cha:nti.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e He lives separately.
\phrase_s Vive aparte.
\root no:nkwah
\nae The etymology of this form is unclear
\ref 09251
\lxoa kamawísokí
\lxoa_pr kamawisoki
\lxoa_cpend tokamawisokih
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\sense_e (refl. pl.) to have a heated discussion
\sense_s (refl. pl.) tener una discussión fuerte, discutir
\sense_d Pending
\root kama
\root wihsoki
\ref 09252
\lxoa temi:nilia
\lxoa_cpend notemi:nilia
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\infv class-2a
\sense_e (refl.) to spray on oneself (e.g., with hairspray)
\sense_s (refl.) rociarse con espray (p. ej., para cabello)
\sense_d Oa
\root mi:na
\ref 09253
\lxam siawtok
\lxam_cpend siawtok
\lxoa siahtok
\lxoa_alt siahtikah
\lxoa_cpend siahtok
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Stat
\der V1-Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be exhausted; to be tired
\sense_s estar exhausto; estar muy cansado
\sense_d Am, Oa
\fl siawi
\root siawi
\ref 09254
\lxam tlatowilia
\lxam_cpend ne:xttlalatowilia
\lxoa tlátowília
\lxoa_pr tlatowilia
\lxoa_cpend kitláowília
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to sic (a dog) on
\sense_s azuzar (un perro, para que ataque a algn)
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e (short vowel reduplication of tlatowilia) to say disturbing things to
\sense_s (reduplicación de vocal corta de tlatowilia) decirle cosas molestosas a
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n O:ne:xtlatlatowilikeh para ma nikwala:ni.
\phrase_d Am
\phrase_e They said a lot of things to me to get me mad.
\phrase_s Me dijeron muchas cosas para que me enojara.
\root hto
\qry Check meaning of 'to sic on' it is either tlatowilia or tlatowia.
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\ref 09255
\lxoa tla
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\ref 09256
\lxoa se:xti
\lxoa_cpend se:xti
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\der V1-d-ti
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to complete a year
\sense_s complir un año
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n Mo:stli nise:xtis ya: o:niwa:hlah nika:n.
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e Tomorrow I will complete one year since I arrived here.
\phrase_s Mañana cumplo un año desde que llegué aquí.
\root se:
\root xiw
\ref 09257
\dt 04/Jun/2005
\root kehtsi
\ref 09258
\lxoa tití:h
\lxoa_cpend tití:h
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Baby
\der N-bb
\sense_e car
\sense_s coche
\sense_d Am, Oa
\semfld baby
\nae This might be based on the sound that cars make.
\ref 09259
\lxoa nakastitlan
\lxoa_cpend i:nakastitlan
\dt 24/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-loc-titlan
\infn N2
\sense_e concave area immediately behind the ear
\sense_s área concava inmediatamente atrás de la oreja
\sense_d Oa
\root nakas
\root_rel -titlan
\qry check whether this term exists in Ameyaltepec. Also, it is not completely certain whether this refers to the same part of the body as /nakastekontitlan/ or whether it refers to the area
behind the full ear whereas nakastekontitlan refers to the slightly depressed area just behind the lobe.
\ref 09260
\lxoa tsi:kawia
\lxoa_cpend kitsi:kawiah
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\infv class-2a
\psm V2(pass)
\sense_e to get attacked or covered by ants (e.g., a bed, a person, tortillas, etc.)
\sense_s ser atacado o cubierto por hormigas (p. ej., una cama, una persona, tortillas, etc.)
\sense_d Oa
\root tsi:ka
\nae This is an irregular verb,
\ref 09261
\lxoa ímatkí
\lxoa_pr imatki
\lxoa_cpend timimatki
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\der N-ag
\sense_e finicky, picky
\sense_s exigente
\sense_d Oa
\root hmati
\ref 09262
\lxoa te:tekikoto:n
\lxoa_cpend te:tekikoto:n
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm Adj
\sense_e interrupting people's work (e.g., television)
\sense_s que interrumpe el trabajo (p. ej., la televisión)
\sense_d Oa
\root teki
\root koto:
\ref 09263
\lxoa kamatlá:tlasiwí:tia
\lxoa_pr kamatla:tlasiwi:tia
\lxoa_cpend nokamatlá:tlasiwí:tia
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2(refl/only)
\infv class-2a
\compound N-V2
\sense_e (refl.) to eat hurriedly
\sense_s (refl.) apurarse al comer
\sense_d Oa
\root kama
\root hsiwi
\nae To date this word has only been documented in the reflexive. The pitch accent is derived from the *h of *hsiwi and not from a reduced reduplicant.
\ref 09264
\lxoa kwi:katl
\lxoa_cpend kwi:katl
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e song
\sense_s canción
\sense_d Oa
\root kwi:ka
\ref 09265
\lxoa tlankwi:tskwilo:ni
\lxoa_cpend tlankwi:tskwilo:ni
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\psm N
\sense_e fishhook
\sense_s anzuela
\sense_d Oa
\root tlan
\root kwi:ts
\root kwi
\ref 09266
\lxoa na:watl
\lxoa_cpend na:watl
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\sense_e something or someone with a loud, resonant sound
\sense_s algo o alguien con un sonido fuerte y resonante
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n ¡Milá: tina:watl!
\phrase_d Oa
\phrase_e You really have a loud, resonant voice!
\phrase_s ¡De veras tienes una voz fuerte y resonante!
\root na:wa
\nse This word was first heard in a story by Juvenal Ramírez in reference to a violin, which in the story was chosen because of its loud, clear sound. Later, Roberto Mauricio gave several
examples of the use of this word. For example, in a town meeting there might be one person whose voice is heard above the rest. The noun na:watl may be applied to
this person. However, Roberto also said that nowadays it is more common to call this person kwa:texi:kal.
\ref 09267
\lxoa ya:
\lxoa_cpend ¿ya: kwa:kon?
\dt 30/Jul/2005
\psm Conj
\root ya:
\ref 09268
\lxam pan
\lxam_cpend pan
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm Loc
\sense_e on; on top of
\sense_s sobre; encima de
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Niktleko:ltia:ya pan kweskomatl.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 09268_01_am
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\phrase_e I used to take it (maize) up to the granery.
\phrase_s Lo subía (maíz) a la troje.
\nae Ameyaltepec pan (it is not clear whether Oapan has an equivalent form) is a common shortening of the relational noun -pan with the 3rd-person
singular possessive prefix deleted. Several other commonly used relational nouns also manifest the same contraction pattern: ka for ika and
wa:n for iwa:n.
\root_rel pan
\ref 09269
\lxam tlakwaliye:wilia
\lxam_cpend kitlakwaliye:wilia
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V2
\infv class-3a
\incorp N-V3
\sense_e to remove food from
\ref 09270
\lxam niún
\lxam_cpend niún se: kineki
\dt 02/Mar/2006
\psm Adv-manner
\gloss_e not.even
\gloss_s ni
\sense_e not even; not even
\sense_s ni
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Noka:wa niún xok tlakwa, xok ixwi.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 09270_01_am
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\phrase_e It winds up that he doesn't even eat anymore, he doesn't get full.
\phrase_s Se queda con que ni ya no come, ya no se llene.
\phrase_n Niún se: yo:lka:tsi:n xkaman o:wel o:nokuwilih. Niún ikaltsi:n xo:wel o:kitekets.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 09270_02_am
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\phrase_e He could never even buy himself one animal. Nor could he ever build his house.
\phrase_s Ni un animalito nunca se pudo comprar. Ni pudo construir su casa.
\root ni:n
\semref ni:n
\semref_t synonym
\semref_d Oa
\ref 09271
\lxam no:ksekneka
\lxam_cpend no:ksekneka
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\sense_e another different
\sense_s otra manera o forma distinta
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n No:ksekneka iawia:yo, wa:n un de ko:ntli, no:ksekneka kipia iawiayo.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 05979_01_am
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\phrase_e It [food made in a metal pot, teposko:ntli] has a a different flavor, and that made in a clay pot, it has a different flavor.
\phrase_s [Comida hecha en una olla de metal teposko:ntli] tiene un sabor diferente, y la de una olla de barro, también tiene un sabor diferente.
\root no:
\root ok
\root sekneka
\nse Note that no:ksekneka is used in both clauses the subjects of which are stated to have distinct tastes.
\ref 09272
\lxam yewaliwtok
\lxam_cpend yewaliwtok
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e (often with rdp-l) to be rolled or coiled up in a circle (e.g., a snake)
\sense_s (a menudo con rdp-l) estar enrollado o enroscado en un círculo (p. ej., una culebra)
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Koxtok noye:yewalowa, dya: no: tikihlian tekwixtok pa:mpa hkon ye:yewaliwtok u:nkah.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 04339_02_am
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\phrase_e It (a snake) makes itself up into a circle, and we also say that it is coiled because it is in a circle like that.
\phrase_s Se pone en un círculo, y también le decimos que estáenrollado porque estáen un círculo así.
\root yewal
\qry Check to see if the rdp-l is necessary. Check full range of menaing.
\ref 09273
\lxam ne:nepane:wtok
\lxam_cpend ne:nepane:wtok
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e stacked up (one on top of the other, e.g., plates)
\sense_s encimado (uno sobre el otro, p. ej., platos)
\sense_d Am
\root nepan
\ref 09274
\lxam chika:wtok
\lxam_cpend chika:wtok
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\psm Stat
\infv Durative
\sense_e to be in ones prime
\sense_s estar en buen edad
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Kwa:' nichika:wtoya, nasiya de treinta dos costales. Niktleko:ltia:ya ipan kweskomatl wa:n nimoma:maltia:ya un costal de ipan tla:hli
nikakuwi. Nihtla:lia:ya nokechpan.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 09274_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 24:03
\phrase_e When I was in my prime I got up to thirty-two sacks (of maize). I would take them up to the granary and I would alone hoist the sacks of maize from the ground onto my back
(i.e., no one would help me). I would place them on my back.
\phrase_s Cuando yo era joven y fuerte alcanzaba hasta treinta dos costales de maíz. Los subía a la troje y yo mismo me los cargaba desde el suelo. Los ponía sobre mi espaldas.
\root chika:
\ref 09275
\lxoa a:kwe:xtli
\lxoa_cpend a:kwe:xtli
\dt 12/Feb/2006
\psm N
\compound N-N
\der N-b
\infn Stem 3
\sense_e mist or spray; misty rain
\sense_s neblina o brizna
\sense_e vapor or spray that comes in a window during a heavy rain
\sense_s neblina o brizna que entra por la ventana durante una fuerte lluvia
\semref a:pi:si:hli
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\root a:
\root kwe:ch
\nse Although a:pi:si:hli has been documented from Oapan, several speakers have indicated that this word is not used here. Rather, the term employed in Oapan is
a:kwe:xtli.
\nae Whether or not pi:si:hli, the second element of a:pi:si:hli and xa:lpi:si:hli , should be considered a nominal root is unclear. For
a list of words containing pi:si:lsee RJC (p. 250)
\ref 09276
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\lxoa kwitlapi:ltsakawa:s
\lxoa_cpend i:kwitlapiltsakawa:s
\psm N
\sense_e combed part in the back of a fish fin
\sense_s la parte posterior, como peine, de la cola de un pez
\sense_d Oa
\root kwitlapil
\root tsaka
\ref 09277
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lxoa chi:lté:tomahtli
\lxoa_cpend chi:lté:tomahtli
\psm N
\sense_e jalepeño chile
\sense_s chile jalapeño
\sense_d Oa
\root chi:l
\root toma
\ref 09278
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lxoa kwa:tema:stsi:n
\lxoa_cpend kwa:tema:stsi:n
\psm N-tsi:n
\sense_e superior part (of a plant) that has a raceme with bunched elements such as flowers
\sense_s parte superior (de una planta) que tiene su inflorescencia en forma de racimo
\root kwa:
\root tema:ts
\nse The term kwa:tema:stsi:n was used in reference to
\ref 09279
\dt 11/Feb/2006
\lxoa tlako:ma:tli
\lxoa_cpend tlako:ma:tli
\psm N
\sense_e rod-like or thin branch of a woody tree or bush
\sense_s rama delgada o como vara de un árbol o arbusto
\sense_d Oa
\phrase_n On kokoroni:tah, yawa nopé:pechowa i:pan, i:pan se: kohtsi:ntli, bwe:noh, i:pan se: tlako:ma:tli.
\phrase_d Oa
\snd_oa 09279_01_oa
\src_p Silvestre Pantaleón: 0005_Oa_SP_md004_tr05.wav
\phrase_e The sorrelvine, it clings on, on a small tree, well, on a thin branche.
\phrase_s La planta llamada kokoroni:tah, se agarra sobre, sobre un arbolito, bueno, sobre una ramita.
\root tlako:
\root ma:
\ref 09280
\dt 22/Oct/2005
\lxam í:jolech
\lxam_cpend í:jolech
\loan híjole
\sense_e Oh my God!
\sense_s ¡híjole!
\sense_d Am
\psm Interj
\ref 09281
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\lxoa xitlah
\lxoa_cpend xitlah
\lx_te No
\psm N
\sense_e there is nothing
\sense_s no hay nada
\sense_d Oa
\nse See the discussion under xtlah for a fuller discussion of xitlah, a word which is not used in Ameyaltepec. It appears that unlike xtlah
which may be used as an argument of a verb or with a following noun (to indicate its absence), xitlah is used by itself.
\qry The difference between xtlah and xitlah in Oapan needs to be researched.
\root itlah
\ref 09282
\dt 14/Jan/2006
\lxoa a:twah
\lxoa_cpend atwah
\psm N
\sense_e having lice
\sense_s piojoso
\sense_d Oa
\semref a:tioh
\semref_d Am, Oa
\semref_t synonym
\root at
\ref 09283
\dt 14/Jan/2006
\lxoa tépapá:waxtik
\lxoa_alt té:pa:wáxtik
\lxoa_cpend tépapá:waxtik
\lxoa_pr tepapa:waxtik
\lxoa_pr té:pa:waxtik
\psm Adj
\sense_e simple-minded, foolish
\sense_s atarantado, tontito
\phrase_n ¿La:h mistlanis? San tepapa:waxtik, ¿la:h iwia:n?
\phrase_e Do you think he'll get the better of you? He's just a fool, do you really think he's smart?
\phrase_s ¿Crees te va a ganar? Es un tonto, ¿crees que es listo?
\sense_d Oa
\sense_e easily bruised or crushed (e.g., an overripe fruit)
\sense_s que se malluga o se aplasta fácilmente
\sense_d Oa
\root pa:wa
\ref 09284
\dt 14/Feb/2006
\lxoa tlato:hla:ntilia
\lxoa_cpend tlato:hla:ntilia
\lx_te No
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to cause a crowd to gather around (e.g., a person who is very funny, or who sells coveted things, or who has a television that attracts a crowd)
\sense_s jalar o juntar gente a su alrededor (p. ej., una persona entretenida, o quien vende cosas codiciadas, o que tiene una televisión que atrae una multitud)
\sense_d Oa
\root to:l
\ref 09285
\dt 20/Feb/2006
\lxam tlakwalmanilia
\lxam_cpend kitlakwalmanilia
\psm V2
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to serve food to; to place food down (on a table) for
\sense_s servir comida a; poner comida (en una mesa) para
\root kwa
\root mana
\ref 09286
\lxam wa:le:wi:ltilia
\lxam_alt wa:le:wi:tilia
\lxam_c kwa:le:wi:ltilia
\dt 21/Feb/2006
\lx_te No
\psm V3
\incorp Dir-V2
\der V2-d-ca-ap
\infv class-2a
\sense_e to send (sb) on the way here (i.e., toward a deictic reference point) for
\sense_s encaminar o mandar (sb) hacia acá (esto es, hacia un punto de referencia deíctica) para
\semfld motion
\root e:wa
\semref one:wi:ltilia
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\xref wa:le:wa
\xref_t verb_base
\xref_d Am, Oa
\ref 09287
\dt 27/Feb/2006
\lxam tokilia
\lxam_cpend kitokilia
\lxoa tokilia
\lxoa_cpend kitokilia
\psm V3
\infv class-2b
\sense_e (with long vowel reduplication and often on-) to start (sb) on his way for (sb; e.g., by starting someones child on his or her way for the parent)
\sense_s (con reduplicación de vocal larga y a menudo on-) encaminar (algn) al llevar hasta un punto en medio para (algn; p. ej., al encaminar un hijo para un
padre)
\phrase_n Tikixi:ti:s, tikto:tokas. Tewameh tikitowan tine:xto:tokili:s.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 09287_01_am
\src_p Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 31:20
\phrase_e You'll wake him up, you'll send him on his way. We say, you will send him on his way for me.
\phrase_s Lo despiertas, lo encaminas. Nosotros decimos, lo vas a encaminar (hacia un destino) para mí.
\xref toka
\xref_t val_reduce2
\xref_d Am., Oa
\root toka
\ref 09288
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lxam tlatesosolka:n
\lxam_cpend tlatesosolka:n
\lexical te-
\psm N
\sense_e patch of earth that is worn-out and lacking ground cover
\sense_s área del suelo algo liso y desprovisto de plantas y hierbas
\phrase_n U:nkah (matsa:nkihli) te:h, yewa no:, kamantika ka:n tlatesosolka:n yewa tikontas notla:lia, te:h, noso ite:nko tsi:kate:ntli, yewa notla:lia.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 09288_01_am
\src_p Inocencio Díaz: 0027_Am_ID_md04_tr22.wav / 1:23
\phrase_e There is (the plant called matsa:nkihli), well, it also, sometimes where the ground is barren, you'll see it takes root, you know, or near the entry to an
anthill, it takes root.
\phrase_s Hay (la planta llamada matsa:nkihli), pues, ella también, a veces donde la tierra es lisa, ves allá que toma raíz, pues, o bien cerca de la entrada a un
hormiguero, la planta se agarra.
\qry Ask meaning of tlatesosolka:n, whether also in Oa.
\root sosol
\ref 09289
\dt 22/Feb/2006
\lxam mamatsakale:wi
\lxam_cpend mamatsakale:wi
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a(w)
\lexical rdp.s.h
\gloss_e to.grow.intertwined
\gloss_s crecer.entretejido
\sense_e to grow (a plant, be it tree, bush, or herbaceous plant) in a manner such that the branches are entangled and close together
\sense_s crecer (una planta, sea árbol, arbusto o planta herbácea) en tal manera que sus ramas se entretejen y se enredan
\phrase_n Matsa:nkihli tikihlian pa:mpa mamatsakale:wi ima:wa:n, o sea nochachaya:wtiw, te:h, ima:wa:n, nomama:yo:tia.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 09289_01_am
\src_p Inocencio Díaz: 0027_Am_ID_md04_tr22 / 0:18
\phrase_e The plant called matsa:nkihli is so called because (from the verb mamatsakale:wi) its stems grow in an entangled form, in other words, its
stems spread out all over, it forms a lot of stems.
\phrase_s La planta nombrada matsa:nkihli así se llama porque (del verbo mamatsakale:wi) sus tallos crecen todo enredado, o sea, sus tallos se
extienden por todas partes, brotan muchos tallos.
\root matsakal
\ref 09290
\dt 23/Feb/2006
\lxam kwilinyowa
\lxam_cpend kwilinyowa
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\sense_e to get infested or covered in worms
\sense_s agusanarse
\phrase_n Kwaltsi:n, te:h, ixiwyo. Xoxo:hki, sólo kamantika me:dioh, ke:itlah kas kwilinyowa, pe:wa un me:tskwalo i... ixiwyo, te:h.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 09290_01_am
\src_p 0030_Am_ID_md04_tr24
\phrase_e Its leaves are, you know, pretty. They are green, except that sometimes they sort of, like maybe they get worm infested, the leaves turn dark and fail to develop fully.
\phrase_s Sus hojas, pues, son bonitas. Son verdes, solamente a veces son algo, como quizás se agusanan, sus hojas se ennegrecen y no se desarrollan bien.
\root okwil
\ref 09291
\dt 23/Feb/2006
\lxoa xokotótopóntsi:n
\lxoa_alt xokótotopóntsi:n
\lxoa_pr xokototopontsi:n
\lxoa_cpend xokótotopóntsi:n
\lexical rdp.s.h
\lexical_d Oa
\psm N
\gloss_e type.of.small.plum
\gloss_s tipo.de.circuela.pequeña
\sense_e fruit variation of the kopaxokotl characterized by its small size, sweetness, and surface covered by small depressions; the same tree may have other fruits
that are larger and rounded, though not as sweet
\sense_s tipo de variación en la fruta del kopaxokotl, caracterizada por su pequeño tamaño, su sabor dulce, y su superficie cubierta con pequeñas depresiones; el
\phrase_n Yon na:nkah tikihliah ..., ya: yo tetekomoltik. Yo xokototopontsi:n nika:n. Yo xokototopontsi:n i:n na:nkah.
\phrase_d Oa
\snd_oa 09291_01_oa
\src_p Silvestre Pantaleón: 0031_Oa_SP_md04_tr24.wav / 1:34
\phrase_e This one here we call it ..., it has a lot of depressions on it. This one here is called a xokototopontsi:n. The one that's here, it's a
xokototopontsi:n.
\phrase_s Él que está aquí ..., tiene partes como sumidas. Aquí está él que se llama xokototopontsi:n. Él que está aquí, es un xokototopontsi:n.
\semref tótopóntsi:n
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Oa
\root xoko
\root tohpon
\ref 09292
\dt 23/Feb/2006
\lxam se:soh
\lxam_cpend ise:soh
\psm N
\loan seso
\sense_e inside fleshy part of certain nuts or pits
\sense_s parte interior carnosa de algunos huesos o nueces de frutas
\phrase_e Ise:soh. Y ewa bueno iyo:l. Kwa' yo:wa:k un iyo:l, ya: tiktlatlapa:nas, ya: kwaltsi:n un kipia tlaitik ise:soh, yewa te:h, newa no: n'kwa:ya.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 09292_01_am
\src_p Inocencio Díaz : BO_004_24_0000_0863.wav / 12:14
\phrase_e Its (called its) fleshy interior. Its center is really good to eat. When its heart has dried, and then you crack it in half, it has a nice inner fleshy part, that thing, I also used to
eat it.
\phrase_s Es (llamado) su "cerebro." Su corazón es bueno. Cuando se secó su parte interior, lo rompes, y la parte carnosa que tiene adentro es bonito, eso, pues, es lo que yo
también comía.
\loan_t Spn
\ref 09293
\dt 24/Feb/2006
\lxam ma:pachowa
\lxam_cpend kima:pachowa
\psm V2
\infv class-2b
\sense_e to bend or press down the branches of (a tree)
\sense_s doblar las ramas de (un árbol)
\phrase_n Kwa:k tikihlian tima:wi:ltian se: tejo:ntsi:n, yo:wekaw kwa:k titlatlakwaltia:ya na:nika ipan mo:nteh, tipano:tinemi ipan (kupaxokotl) wa:n asta
tikma:pachowan, oksepa tima:asin, tima:asin ipan, wa:n xtlah kichi:wa te:h, ke:itlah pipixtik.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 07916_01_am
\src_p Inocencio Díaz: 0030_Am_ID_mod04_tr24.wav / 3:57
\phrase_e When we say that we would play tejo:ntsi:n, a long time ago when we used to graze cattle here in the hills, we would pass by the
(kupaxokotl) and we would even bend its branches down, and again we would reach out to it with our hands, we reach out to it, and nothing would
happen to it, like its really resistant (i.e., tough and sinewy).
\phrase_s Cuando decimos que jugamos al tejo:ntsi:n, ya hace mucho cuando ibamos al monte para apacentar las bestias, pasamos sobre el
(kupaxokotl) y hasta doblamos sus ramas, otra vez agarramos con las manos, lo agarramos, y no le hace nada, pues, como es resistente.
\root ma:
\root pach
\qry Example sentence is also under tejo:ntsi:n (Am). Check whether this is to use ones hands, or whether the ma: is in reference to the branches.
\ref 09294
\dt 24/Feb/2006
\lxam ma:asi
\lxam_cpend ma:asi
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-4a
\gloss_e to.reach.out
\gloss_s extender.la.mano
\sense_e to reach out with ones hands to grab
\sense_s extender las manos como para agarrar o alcanzar algo
\phrase_n Kwa:k tikihlian tima:wi:ltian se: tejo:ntsi:n, yo:wekaw kwa:k titlatlakwaltia:ya na:nika ipan mo:nteh, tipano:tinemi ipan (kupaxokotl) wa:n asta
tikma:pachowan, oksepa tima:asin, tima:asin ipan, wa:n xtlah kichi:wa te:h, ke:itlah pipixtik.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 07916_01_am
\src_p Inocencio Díaz: 0030_Am_ID_mod04_tr24.wav / 3:57
\phrase_e When we say that we would play tejo:ntsi:n, a long time ago when we used to graze cattle here in the hills, we would pass by the
(kupaxokotl) and we would even bend its branches down, and again we would reach out to it with our hands, we reach out to it, and nothing would
happen to it, like its really resistant (i.e., tough and sinewy).
\phrase_s Cuando decimos que jugamos al tejo:ntsi:n, ya hace mucho cuando ibamos al monte para apacentar las bestias, pasamos sobre el
(kupaxokotl) y hasta doblamos sus ramas, otra vez agarramos con las manos, lo agarramos, y no le hace nada, pues, como es resistente.
\root ma:
\root ahsi
\qry Check menaing of ma:asi. This same phrase is under tejo:ntsi:n and ma:pachowa.
\ref 09295
\dt 27/Feb/2006
\lxam tlastopo:ni
\lxam_cpend tlastopo:ni
\lxoa tlastopo:ni
\lxoa_cpend tlastopo:ni
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\infv class-3a
\sense_e to emit a sudden snapping sound
\sense_s emitir repetinamente un ruido como chasquido
\sense_d Pending
\phrase_n Pero deke tikwa:lpostekis san, ixohka:ntsi:n, san wa:ltlastopo:ni, posteki, te:h.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 09295_01_am
\src_p Inocencio Díaz: BO_005_02_0000_0200.wav / 1:43
\phrase_e But if you reach over and break it (the plant po:posteki kohxihtsi:ntli, Commicarpus scandens (L.) Standl.), it just, at its joint, it just emits a sharp
snapping sound, it breaks in half.
\phrase_s Pero si lo rompes (la planta po:posteki kohxihtsi:ntli, Commicarpus scandens (L.) Standl.), solamente, por su coyuntar, solamente emite un
sonido como chasquido, se rompe, pues.
\root tlats
\root topo:
\grm Directionals: Note the use of the directionals in this phrase, i.e., two meanings of /wa:l-/ Pero deke tikwa:lpostekis san, ixohka:ntsi:n, san wa:ltlastopo:ni, posteki, te:h. (But if you
reach over and break it (the plant po:posteki kohxihtsi:ntli, Commicarpus scandens (L.) Standl.), it just, at its joint, it just emits a sharp snapping sound, it
breaks in half.)
\ref 09296
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\lxam machia
\lxam_cpend ke:no:n machia
\psm V1
\impers tla-
\sense_e to taste
\sense_s saber
\phrase_n Ko:koneh san tlayelteh kamantika ke:itlah ki..., kimatin, te:h, ke:no:n machia.
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 09318
\src_p Inocencio Díaz: 0035_Am_ID_md05_tr01 / 1:39
\phrase_e Mischievous children sometimes like, they taste it, to see how it (the inedible fruit of the kopalkuwtli) tastes.
\phrase_s Niños traviesos a veces como prueban, pues, como sabe (es este caso la fruta no comestible del kopalkuwtli).
\root mati
\qry This phrase was taken from a recordings and the sense derived from the phrase. However, the transcription, translation, or both might be in error. Check.
\ref 09297
\dt 28/Feb/2006
\lxam i:xte:mperiki:toh
\lxam_cpend i:xte:mperiki:toh
\loan perico
\loan_t Part
\psm N1
\gloss_e ripened.fruit.of.Bursera.submoniliformis
\gloss_s fruta.madura.del.Bursera.submoniliformis
\sense_e Ameyaltepec name for the ripened fruit of the kopalkuwtli (Bursera submoniliformis Engl.)
\sense_s nombre en Ameyaltepec para la fruta madura del kopalkuwtli (Bursera submoniliformis Engl.)
\phrase_n Kwa:' yo:iksik, te:h, kwa:' yo:wak, yewa i:tla:kihlo tikihlian "i:xte:mperiki:toh" pa:mpa kipia i:xtetsi:n cho tli:ltiktsi:n, dya: chi:chi:ltiktsi:n youn, yewa ika tikihlian
"i:xte:mperiki:toh."
\phrase_d Am
\snd_am 09297_01_am
\src_p Inocencio Díaz : 0035_Am_ID_md05_tr01.wav / 2:47
\phrase_e When it has gotten ripe, then, when it has dried, we call its fruit (of the Bursera submoniliformis Engl.) "i:xte:mperiki:toh" because it has a dark,black eye and
then red. For that reason we call it "i:xte:mperiki:toh."
\phrase_s Cuando ya maduró, cuando ya se secó, le decimos a su fruta "i:xte:mperiki:toh" porque es muy negro y rojo, por esta razón le decimos "i:xte:mperiki:toh."
\semref ixtew peri:koh
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am
\root i:x
\root te:m
\qry In recording check
\ref 09298
\dt 03/Mar/2006
\lxoa ye:hli
\lxoa_cpend ye:hli
\psm N
\gloss_e liver
\gloss_s hígado
\sense_e liver
\sense_s hígado
\root ye:l
\ref 09325
\dt 06/Mar/2006
\lxam no:hkón
\lxam_c no:hkón
\lxoa no:hkón
\lxoa_c no:hkón
\dt 06/Mar/2006
\psm Adv-manner
\der Adv-complex
\gloss_e likewise
\gloss_s también.así
\sense_e likewise; also in the same way or manner
\sense_s también de esa o de la misma manera; también así
\sense_d Pending
\semref ihkón
\semref_t confer
\semref_d Am, Oa
\root no:
\root iw